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C,  H.  Jones 


AMBROSl      A 

MB- 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


MANUAL 

OF 


THE  FLORA 


OF  THE 


NORTHERN  STATES  AND  CANADA 


BY 


NATHANIEL  LORD    BR1TTON,  PH.D. 

Director-in-Chief  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden 
Emeritus  Prof essor  of  Botany  in  Columbia  University 


THIRD   EDITION,   REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


NEW  YORK 

HENRY  HOLT  AND  COMPANY 
1907 


HHH 


Copyright,  1901, 

BY 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO. 


U 
PREFACE. 

THE  object  of  this  Manual  is  to  present  descriptions  of  the  wild 
fern-plants  and  seed-plants  of  northeastern  North  America  in  the  light 
of  our  present  understanding  of  them  and  of  their  interrelationships, 
accompanied  by  citations  of  their  known  natural  distribution,  their 
habitats,  and  their  periods  of  flowering. 

The  area  embraced  in  this  study  extends  from  Newfoundland  and 
Labrador  to  Manitoba,  the  southern  boundary  of  Virginia,  Kentucky 
and  Kansas,  and  the  western  boundary  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

The  work  is  based  largely  on  the  text  of  the  "  Illustrated  Flora  " 
prepared  jointly  by  the  author  and  Judge  Addison  Brown,  published 
by  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons,  1896  to  1898,  in  three  volumes,  which 
contain,  in  addition  to  the  more  lengthy  descriptions  than  are  possible 
in  this  book,  owing  to  the  necessity  of  issuing  it  in  one  volume  of 
convenient  size,  illustrations  of  the  species  described,  4,162  in  all. 
In  order  to  afford  ready  reference  by  those  using  this  Manual  to  figures 
of  the  plants,  those  of  the  "Illustrated  Flora"  are  here  cited  by 
number  at  the  beginning  of  each  description  [I.  F.  fig.  2042]. 

During  the  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  publication  of  "  Illus- 
trated Flora"  a  number  of  additional  species  have  been  made  known 
within  the  area  included  in  both  works,  and  descriptions  of  these  have 
been  incorporated  into  this  Manual  in  so  far  as  they  are  understood 
by  me. 

In  order  to  meet  present  requirements  in  a  text  book  and  to  bring 
our  botany  into  closer  relationship  with  procedure  in  other  natural 
sciences,  all  measurements  are  given  in  the  metric  system.  For  the 
convenience  of  those  not  yet  wholly  familiar  with  this  system  the  fol- 
lowing table  of  approximate  equivalents  will  be  useful : 

METRIC.  ENGLISH. 

millimetre  (mm.) one-half  line 

centimetre  (cm.) two-fifths  inch 

decimetre   (dm.) four  inches  (3.94) 

metre  (m. ) 3  feet  3.37  inches 

ENGLISH.  METRIC. 

line 2  millimetres 

inch 2.5  centimetres 

foot 3    decimetres 


IV  PREFACE. 

The  arrangement  of  orders  and  families  adopted  is  essentially  that 
of  Engler  &  Prantl's  "  Natlirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,"  Berlin,  1890- 
1901,  an  arrangement  which  seeks  to  bring  out  something  of  the  de- 
velopmental relationships  of  the  groups  by  proceeding  from  the  more 
simple  to  the  more  complex.  Order  and  family  are  not  here  regarded 
as  synonymous  terms,  but  are  used,  as  by  zoologists,  in  the  sense  of  the 
former  being  composed  of  the  latter  ;  thus  the  order  Liliales  is  com- 
posed in  our  territory  of  the  families  Juncaceae,  Melanthaceae,  Lilia- 
ceae,  Convallariaceae,  Smilaceae,  Haemodoraceae,  Amaryllidaceae, 
Dioscoreaceae,  and  Iridaceae. 

In  the  scientific  nomenclature  the  principles  adopted  by  the  botan- 
ists of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  at 
a  meeting  held  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1892,  and  in  Madison,  Wis. , 
in  1893,  supplementary  to  the  Code  of  Nomenclature  adopted  by  the 
International  Congress  of  Botanists  held  in  Paris,  France,  in  1867, 
have  been  followed  ;  these  principles  are  essentially  the  same  as  those 
followed  by  American  zoologists.  An  English  name  has  also  been 
associated  with  each  species,  accepted  either  from  popular  usage 
or  chosen  in  reference  to  some  more  or  less  distinctive  feature  of  the 
plant. 

Keys  formed  by  the  grouping  of  contrasting  features  have  been 
prefixed  to  the  descriptions  of  species,  genera  and  families,  and  a 
general  key  to  the  orders  follows  this  preface. 

The  collections  on  which  the  descriptions  are  based  are  nearly  all 
at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

I  take  much  pleasure  in  acknowledging  important  assistance  in  the 
preparation  of  the  work  by  my  associates,  Prof.  L.  M.  Underwoodj 
Dr.  John  K.  Sma'l,  Dr.  P.  A.  Rydberg,  Mr.  G.  V.  Nash,  and  Mr% 
E.  P.  Bicknell. 


N.  L.  B. 


NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN, 

August  24,  1901. 
L 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 

THE  second  edition  of  this  Manual  has  been  revised  by  the  correc- 
tion of  the  stereotyped  plates,  where  practicable,  and  by  the  insertion 
of  descriptions  of  over  one  hundred  additional  species  in  the  Appendix, 
in  order  to  attempt  to  present  the  greater  part  of  the  results  reached 
by  students  of  our  flora  during  the  past  three  years.  A  large  number 
of  synonyms  have  been  added  in  the  text,  in  order  to  make  the  book 
more  readily  comparable  with  previously  published  works  of  a  similar 
character.  To  facilitate  the  more  rapid  determination  of  genera  and 
species,  artificial  keys  to  the  families,  prepared  by  Dr.  Karl  M.  Wie- 
gand  of  Cornell  University,  have  been  added  to  the  preliminary  matter, 
and  an  artificial  key  to  the  genera  of  Composites,  also  written  by  him, 
has  been  inserted  immediately  before  the  Appendix. 

In  order  to  bring  the  species  described  in  the  Appendix  into  con- 
sideration more  readily,  the  words  "See  Appendix"  have  been  added 
after  the  generic  name  whenever  a  species  is  there  described. 

N.  L.  B. 

NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN,  November,  1904. 


NOTE  TO  THE  THIRD  EDITION. 

AN  Analytical  Key  to  the  Genera  of  the  Grasses,  prepared  by  Dr. 
Karl  M.  Wiegand,  has  been  added  to  this  edition. 

N.  L.  B. 
February,  1907. 


Td 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAG* 

GENERAL  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS vii 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS xi 

KEY     TO    THE     FAMILIES     OF     ANGIOSPERMS     CONTAINING 

DIOECIOUS  SPECIES xxii 

DESCRIPTIVE  FLORA   1-1036 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  THE    COMPOSITE....  1037 
ANALYTICAL    KEY   TO  THE   GENERA   OF  THE  FAMILY  GRA- 

MINEjE IO45 

APPENDIX 1055 

GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS 1095 

ABBREVIATIONS  OF   THE  NAMES  OF  AUTHORS 1103 

INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES 1107 

ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES 1115 

vi 


GENERAL  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS, 


Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA. 


Spores  developing  into  flat  or  irregular  prothallia  which  bear  the  repro- 
ductive organs  (antheridia  and  archegonia);  flowers  and  seeds  none. 

Sporanges  (spore-cases)  borne  on  the  back  of  a  leaf,  or  in  spikes  or  panicles. 

Order  i.  FILICALES i 

Sporanges  contained  in  sporocarps.  Order  2.  SALVINIALES.  . .      19 

Sporanges  clustered  underneath  the  scales  of  a  terminal   cone-like   spike;    stems 

jointed,  rush-like.  Order  3.  EQUISETALES.  . .     21 

Sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  scale-like  or  tubular  leaves. 

Order  4.  LYCOPODIALES..     23 

Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA 30 

Microspores  (pollen-grains)  developing  into  a  tubular  prothallium  (pollen- 
tube);  macrospores  (embryo-sac)  developing  into  a  minute  prothallium,  and, 
together  with  it,  remaining  enclosed  in  the  macrosporange  (ovule)  which 
ripens  into  a  seed;  flowering  plants. 

1.  Ovules  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary.  Class  i.  GYMNOSPERMAE.      30 

2.  Ovules  enclosed  in  an  ovary.  Class  2.  ANGIOSPERMAE...     38 

*  Embryo  with  i  cotyledon ;  stem  with  no  distinction  into  pith,  wood  and 
bark ;  leaves  mostly  parallel- veined.  Subclass  i.  MONOCOTYLEDONES.  .  38 

f  CARPELS  i  OR  MORE  DISTINCT  (united,  at  least  partially  in  family  Scheuch- 
zeriaceae  of  the  order  Naiadales,  in  which  they  are  mostly  united  until  matu- 
rity, and  in  family  Vallisneriaceae,  also  of  the  Naiadales,  which  are  aquatic 
herbs  with  imperfect  flowers);  parts  of  the  flowers  mostly  unequal  in  number. 

Inflorescence  various,  not  a  true  spadix. 

Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  dry  chaffy  scales  ;   our  species  aquatic  or  marsh 
plants. 

Endosperm  mealy  or  fleshy;  perianth  of  bristles  or  chaffy  scales;  flowers 

monoecious,  spicate  or  capitate.  Order  i.  PANDANALES..  .     38 

Endosperm   none,  or  very  little  ;   perianth   corolla-like  or  herbaceous,  or 

none.  Order  2,  NAIADALES 40 

Flowers  in  the  axils  of  dry  chaffy  scales,  arranged  in  spikes  or  spikelets. 

Orders.  GRAMINALES..      61 

Inflorescence  a  fleshy  spadix,  with  or  without  a  spathe;  or  plants  minute,  floating 
free,  the  flowers  few  or  solitary  on  the  margin  or  back  of  the  thallus. 

Order  6.  A  RALES 228 

ff  CARPELS  UNITED  INTO  A  COMPOUND  OVARY  ;  parts  of  the  usually  com- 
plete flowers  mostly  in  3's  Or  6's. 

Seeds  with  endosperm.        .      ... 

Flowers  regular,  or  nearly  so  (corolla  irregular  in  Commelina). 

Endosperm  mealy:  ovary  superior.  Order  7.  XYRIDALES. . . .     235 

Endosperm  fleshy  or  horny;  ovary  superior  or  inferior. 

Order  8.  LILIALES 244 

Flowers  very  irregular;  ovary  inferior.  Order  9.  SCITAMINALES.    288 

Seeds  without  endosperm,  very  numerous  and  minute;  ovary  inferior. 

Order  10.  ORCHIDALES.  .    288 


viii  GENERAL   KEY    TO    l^HE   ORDERS. 


PAGE 

** Embryo  normally  with  2  cotyledons;  stems  differentiated  into  pith, 
wood  and  bark;  leaves  mostly  net-veined.  Subclass  2.  DICOTYLEDONES.  306 

f  PETALS  DISTINCT  TO  THE  BASE,  OR  WANTING  (the  two  lower  petals  more 
or  less  united  in  family  Papilionaceae;  two  inner  petals  or  all  four  of  them 
coherent  in  family  Fumariaceae;  three  petals  united  with  each  other  in  family 
Polygalaceae  ;  five  petals  sometimes  slightly  united  in  Oxalis,  and  in  the 
family  Ilicaceae).  Series  I.  Choripetalae.  306 

\  Petals  none  (except  in  family  Portulacaceae  and  in  most  Caryophyl- 
laceae,  which  are  herbs  with  the  leaves  nearly  always  opposite,  the  seeds  with 
endosperm,  and  in  the  pistillate  flowers  of  the  walnuts)  (Juglans). 

Calyx  none  (except  in  the  family  Juglandaceae,  trees  with  odd-pinnate  leaves). 
Marsh  herbs  with  small  perfect  flowers,  in  nodding  spikes  in  our  species. 

Order    2.     PIPERALES 307 

Trees  or  shrubs  ;  staminate  flowers,  and  sometimes  also  the  pistillate,  in  aments. 
Leaves  simple. 

Fruit  many-seeded  ;  seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  one  end. 

Order    3.     SALICALES  307 

Fruit  i-seeded. 

Stigmas  2 ;  ovule  orthotropous  ;  endosperm  none 

Order   4.     MYRICALES 320 

Style  stigmatic  above ;  ovule  amphitropous ;  endosperm  thin. 

Order    5.     LEITNERIALES 321 

Leaves  odd-pinnate ;  fruit  a  nut  enclosed  in  a  husk. 

Order    7.    JUGLANDALES 322 

Calyx  present. 

Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate  ones,  in  aments.     Order    8.     FAG^LES 326 

Flowers  not  in  aments  (in  ament-like  spikes  in  Morus) ;  but  variously  clustered, 
or  rarely  solitary. 

Flowers  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polygamous  (sometimes  per  feet  in  Ulmus) ; 

ovary  superior,  i-celled.  Order    9.     URT»CALES 337 

Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect  ;  ovary  inferior,  at  least  in  part. 

Ovary  i-celled.  Order  n.    SANTAL^ES 344 

Ovary  several-celled  (usually  6-celled  flowers  perfect). 

Order  12.     ARISTOLOCHIALES.  346 

Flowers  mostly  perfect  in  our  genera  (dioecious  in  some  species  c/i  Rumex 
in  the  family  Polygonaceae  ;  monoecious  or  dioecious  in  som^  Chenopo- 
diaceae  and  Amaranthaceae) ;  ovary  superior. 

Embryo  straight  or  nearly  so ;  fruit  an  achene. 

Order  13.     POLYGONALES 350 

Embryo  coiled,  curved  or  annular ;  fruit  not  an  achene. 

Order  14.    CHENOPODIALES.  .  367 

|J  Petals  present  (wanting  in  Ceratophyllaceae,  aquatic  herbs  with  whorled 
dissected  leaves;  in  many  Ranunculaceae;  in  Calycocarpum,  a-  dioecious  vine 
of  the  Menispermaceae;  in  Lauraceae,  alternate-leaved  aromatic  trees  and 
shrubs;  in  Podostemaceae,  aquatic  herbs  with  the  simple  flowers  irvolucrate; 
in  Liquidambar,  a  tree  of  the  Hamamelidaceae  with  palmately  lobed  leaves 
and  capitate  flowers;  in  Sanguisorba,  pinnate-leaved  herbs  of  the  Rosaceae;  in 
Xanthoxylum,  pinnate-leaved  trees  of  the  Rutaceae;  in  Euphorbiaceae;  in 
Callitrichaceae,  Empetraceae  and  Buxaceae;  in  some  of  the  Aceraceae  and 
Rhamnaceae;  in  Thymeleaceae,  Elaeagnaceae  and  in  some  species  of  Lud- 
wigia  in  Onagraceae;  in  Hippuris  and  Froserpinaca  of  the  Haloragidaceae, 
and  in  Nyssa  of  the  Cornaceae). 

A.  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx  (partly  or  wholly  inferior  in  some  Saxifja- 
gaceae,  in  Hydrangeaceae,  Grossulariaceae,  Hamamelidaceae,  Pomaceae,  and 
Loasaceae). 

Carpels  solitary,  or  several  and  distinct  (united  in  some  Nymphaeaceae) ;  sta- 
mens mostly  hypogynous  and  more  numerous  than  the  sepals;  sepals  mostly 

distinct.  Order  15.  RANALES 403 

Carpels  2  or  more,  united  into  a  compound  ovary;  stamens  hypogynous;  sepals 
mostly  distinct. 

Plants  not  insectivorous.  Order  16.  PAPAVERALES.  . .  437 


GENERAL   KEY    TO    THE   ORDERS.  13t 

PAGE 

Insectivorous  plants,  secreting  a  viscid  liquid,  with  basal  leaves  and  scaposc 

flowers.  Order  17.  SARRACENIALES.  469 

Carpels  solitary,  or  several  and  distinct,  or  sometimes  united;  stamens  mostly 
perigynous  or  epigynous;  sepals  mainly  united  or  confluent  with  the  concave 

receptacle  (hypanthium).  Order  18.   RQSALES.  .    471 

Carpels  united  into  a  compound  ovary;  sepals  mostly  distinct  (united  more  or 
less  in  some  Rhamnaceae). 

Stamens  few,  rarely  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  fewer  and  opposite  them,  or  more 
numerous. 

Ovules  pendulous,  the  raphe  toward  the  axis  of  the  ovary. 

Order  19.  GERANIALES 573 

Ovules  pendulous,  the  raphe  away  from  ti»e  axis  of  the  ovary,  or 

erect,  or  ascending.  Order  20.  SAPINDALES 597 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  opposite  the 
petals  when  these  are  present;  ovules  erect. 

Order  21.  RHAMNALES.   . . .  611 

Stamens  usually  very   numerous   (except  in  some  Hypericaceae,  in  Elati- 
naceae,  Violaceae  and  Passifloraceae);  disc  inconspicuous,  or  none. 

Sepals  valvate;  placentas  united  in  the  axis  of  the  capsule. 

Order  22.  MALVALES 616 

Sepals  or  calyx-segments  imbricated  or  convolute  (except  in  Loasa- 
ceae,  in  which  the  calyx-tube  is  adnate  to  the  ovary;  placentae 
mainly  parietal,  sometimes  united  in  the  axis. 

Order  23.  PARIETALES 623 

B  Ovary  inferior,  adnate  to  the  calyx,  U'holly  or  in  part  (except  in  Lythraceae  and 
our  Melastotnaceae,  where  it  is  usually  merely  enclosed  by  it,  and  in  Thymeleaceae 
and  Elaeagnaceae,  which  are  shrubs  or  trees  with  no  corolla). 

Fleshy  spiny  plants,  with  jointed  stems,  the  leaves  very  small  or  none  in  our 
genera;  calyx-segments  and  petals  very  numerous. 

Order  24.  OPUNTIALES 642 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  not  fleshy  nor  spiny;  calyx-segments  rarely  more  than  5. 

Petals  none  in  our  species;  ovary  i-ovuled.          Order  25.  THYMELEALES...  645 
-Petals  present  (except  in  some  Haloragidaceae,  small  aquatic  herbs). 

Ovules  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary  (except  in  Halo- 
ragidaceae and  Trapaceae,  aquatic  herbs). 

Order  26.  MYRTALES 647 

Ovule  i  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Order  27.  UMBELLALES 667 

ft  PETALS  MORE  OR  LESS  UNITED  (nearly  or  quite  separate  in  Clethraceae, 
Pyrolaceae.  some  Ericaceae,  Primulaceae,  Styracaceae,  Asclepiadaceae, 
Oleaceae,  Cucurbitaceae  and  Galax  of  the  Diapensiaceae). 

Series  2.   Gamopetalae...   691 

\  Ovary  superior  (except  in  Vacciniaceae  and  Symplocaceae,  in  which  it  is 
partly  or  wholly  inferior). 

Stamens  mostly  free  from  the  corolla,  or  adnate  merely  to  its  base  (at  the  sinuses  of 
the  corolla  in  Diapensia  and  Pyxidanthera  of  the  Diapesiaceae),  as  many  as  the 

lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  or  twice  as  many.  Order  i.  ERICALES 691 

Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  them,  or  twice  as 
many,  or  more. 

Herbs.  Order  2.  PRIMULALES...  .    713 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Or.Jer  3.  EBENALES 720 

Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or  fewer,  and  alternate  with 
them  (in  our  species  of  Fraxinus  and  Adelia  of  the  Oleaceae  there  is  no  corolla). 
Corolla  not  scarious,  nerved. 

Ovaries  2,  distinct  (except  in  some  Loganiaceae,  and  in  Gentianaceae  and 
Menyanthaceae,  in  which  the  ovary  is  compound  with  2  cavities  or  rarely 
more,  or  with  i  cavity  and  2  placenta?  ;  flowers  regular ;  stamens  mostly 
adnate  to  only  the  lower  part  of  the  corolla ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Order  4.  GENTIANALES...    723 

Ovary  i,  compound  (2-divided  in  Dichondra  of  the  Convolvulaceae ;  in 
Boraginaceae  and  Labiatae  mostly  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style):  flow- 
ers regular  or  irregular;  stamens  mostly  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  co- 
rolla-tube or  beyond;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

Order  5.  POLEMONIALES..    749 
Corolla  scarious,  nerveless.  Order  6.  PLANTAGINALES.   856 


GENERAL  KEY   TO    THE  ORDERS. 


\\  Ovary  inferior. 
Anthers  distinct. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them  (one  fewer 
in  Linnaea  of  the  Caprifoliaceae),  or  twice  as  many;  ovary  compound, 
with  i  ovule  or  more  in  each  cavity ;  leaves  opposite  or  verticillate. 

Order  7.  RUBIALES 860 

Stamens  mostly  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  i-celled  with  i  pen- 
dulous, ovule,  or  3-celled  with  2  of  the  cavities  without  ovules. 

Order  8.  VALERIANALES.    877 

Anthers  united  (except  in  Campanula  and  Specularia  of  the  Campanulaceae, 
in  Ambrosiaceae  and  in  Kuhnia  of  the  Compositae). 

Order  9.  CAMPANULALES.    881 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF 
.    ANGIOSPERMS.* 

PREPARED    BY 

DR.  KARL  M.  WIEGAND. 

NOTE. — To  observe  the  structure  of  the  ovary,  make  several  thin  sections  with 
a  sharp  instrument,  mount  in  water,  and  view  with  a  lens  by  transmitted  light,  as 
follows: 

1.  Vertical  medial  section  to  show  inferior  or  superior  ovary  and  number  of 
ovules. 

2.  Cross-section  to  show  number  of  cells  and  placenta. 

The  older  ovaries,  being  larger,  are  preferable  for  the  study  of  cross-sections. 
The  family  names  in  parenthesis  are  those  of  Gray's  Manual. 

A.  Ovary  inferior. 

PAGE 

b  HERBS  (RARELY 'SLIGHTLY  WOODY  AT  THE  BASE). 
c  LEAVES  OPPOSITE  OR  VERTICILLATE. 

d  Flowers  in  simple  or  compound  umbels ARALIACEAE  667 

dd  Flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 

e  Stamens  syngenesious COMPOSITAE  913 

ee  Stamens  distinct. 

f  Leaves  punctate  with  resinous  dots;  heads  white  or  purple 

Kuhnia  in  COMPOSITAE  924 
ff  Leaves  not  punctate. 
g  Heads  greenish  or  yellowish,  moncecious  or  dioecious. 

AMBROSIACEAE  (in  COMPOSITAE)  908 

gg  Heads  white,  purple  or  blue;   flowers  perfect DIPSACACEAE    880 

ddd  Flowers  in  neither  umbels  nor  involucrate  heads. 
e  Corolla  gamopetalous ;  limb  of  calyx  often  minute. 
f  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  corolla  lobes. 

ADOXACEAE  (in  CAPRIFOLIACEAE)  877 
ff  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes. 

g  Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules CAPRIFOLIACEAE  869 

gg  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules;    or  whorled  and   without  stipules. 

RUBIACEAE  860 
fff  Stamens  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes. 

g    Flowers  1-2 ;  creeping  plants Linnaea  in  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  873 

g£  Flowers  many;    erect   plants VALERIANACEAE  878 

ee  Corolla  wanting,  or  not  markedly  different  from  the  calyx,  or  of  separate 
petals. 

f  Tree  parasites LORANTHACEAE  344 

^Twining  plants;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  petioled.DioscOREACEAE  281 
fff  Neither  twining  nor  parasitic. 
g  Floating  aquatics. 

*  On  page  xxii  will  be  found  a  key  to  the  families  containing  dioecious  species  for  con- 
venience in  determination  when  only  one  sex  is  at  hand. 


Xll  ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS. 


h  Perianth-parts  6;  leaves  whorled,  elliptic-linear,  sessile. 

VALLISNERIACEAE  (HYDROCHARIDACEAE)    59 
hh  Perianth-parts  4;  rarely  with  2-4  more  petals. 

*  Ovules  many  in  each  cavity ONAGRACEAE  651 

ii  Ovule  i  in  each  cavity HALORAGIDACEAE  664 

gg  Not  floating  aquatics. 

h  Ovary  4-celled ONAGRACEAE  651 

hh  Ovary  i -celled SAXIFRAGACEAE  476 

cc  LEAVES  ALTERNATE  OR  BASAL. 

d  Flowers  in  simple,  compound  or  paniculate  umbels;  leaves  mostly  com- 
pound, rarely  simple. 

e  Fruit  dry,  splitting  into  2  parts;  ovary  2-celled;  styles  2 . UMBELLIFERAE  669 
ee  Fruit  fleshy;    ovary  3-5 -celled  (rarely  2-celled);   styles  2-5.ARALIACEAE  667 
dd  Flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 
e  Flowers  all  with  ligulate  corollas;  juice  milky. 

ClCHORIACEAE  (in  COMPOSITAE)    889 

ee  Flowers  all  tubular  or  the  outer  ligulate;  juice  very  rarely  milky. 

f  Stamens  distinct  or  nearly  so;    flowers  greenish,  monoecious  or  dice- 

cious AMBROSIACEAE    (in    COMPOSITAE)  908 

ff  Stamens  syngenesious ;  flowers  green  or  showy,  perfect,   monoecious 

or  dicecious COMPOSITAE  913 

ddd  Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads  nor  in  umbels  (or  rarely  in  simple 

umbels,  then  also  the  leaves  simple). 
e  Corolla  of  separate  petals. 

f  Flowers  with  5  or  more  conspicuous  staminodia. 
g  Staminodia  petal -like;  fertile  stamen  i;  monocotyledons. 

MARANTACEAE  288 
gg  Staminodia  stamen-like;  fertile  stamens  5 ;  dicotyledons. 

PARNASSIACEAE  (in  SAXIFRAGACEAE)  475 
ff  Flowers  without  staminodia. 
g  Stamens  more  than  12. 

h  Ovaries  several,  simple;  ordinary  herbs ROSACEAE  490 

hh  Ovaries  compound,  i -celled  with  several  parietal  placentae. 

*  Plants    covered    with    tuberculate    or    spinulose-roughened,    often 

hooked  hairs LOASACEAE  641 

ii  Plants  very  fleshy,  often  aphyllous  or  spiny CACTACEAE  643 

gg  Stamens  12  or  fewer. 

h  Vines,  usually  with  tendrils CUCURBIT ACEAE  88 1 

hh  Not  vines. 

*  Ovule  i  in  each  cell;  aquatic  plants  or  in  muddy  places. 

HALORAGIDACEAE  664 

ii  Ovules  many  in  each  cell,  or  if  i,  then  plants  neither  aquatic  nor  in 
mud. 

j  Style  i ;  stamens  mostly  4-8 ONAGRACEAE  651 

jj  Styles  2  or  3;    stamens  mostly  5—10 SAXIFRAGACEAE  476 

ee  Corolla  gamopetalous. 

/  Vines  usually  with  tendrils CUCURBITACEAE  881 

ff  Not  vines. 
g  Ovary  i-celled  with  central  placenta;  stamens  opposite  lobes  of  corolla. 

PRIMULACEAE  713 
gg  Ovary  2-5 -celled;  stamens  alternate  with  lobes  of  corolla. 

CAMPANULACEAE  883 

eee  Corolla  wanting  or  not  markedly  differing  from  the  calyx. 
f  Flowers  irregular. 

g  Fertile  stamens  1-2;    monocotyledonous ORCHID  ACEAE  289 

gg  Fertile  stamens  6-many,  dicotyledonous ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  347 

ff  Flowers  regular. 

g  Leaves  linear,  parallel-veined;  monocotyledonous. 
h  Aquatic  plants;  stamens  3-12;  ovary  i -celled  (6-9-celled). 

VALLISNERIACEAE  (HYDROCHARIDACEAE)    59 


ANALYTICAL  KEY    TO  FAMILIES   OF  ANGIOSPERMS.  xiii 

PAGB 

hh  Terrestrial  plants. 

*  Stamens  6 ....... AMARYLLIDACEAE  278 

ii  Stamens  3. 

j  Stamens  opposite  outer  perianth -lobes;  flowers  showy..  IRIDACEAE  281 
jj  Stamens  opposite  inner  perianth-lobes 
k  Flowers  numerous,  small,  yellowish;  plant  stout. 

HAEMODORACEAE  278 

kk  Flowers  1-3,  blue;  plant  very  slender BURMANNIACEAE  289 

gg  Leaves,  if  linear,  not  parallel-veined  and  with  a  midrib. 
h  Ovary  i -celled. 

i  Flowers  borne  on  a  fleshy  spike  inclosed  in  a  spathe ARACEAE  229 

ii  Flowers  cymose,  umbellate  or  solitary;   no  spathe. .  .SANTALACEAE  345 
hh  Ovary  3~4-celled. 

i  Vines DIOSCOREACEAE  281 

ii  Aquatic  or  amphibious  plants HALORAGIDACEAE  664 

hkh  Ovary  6-many  celled ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  347 

bb  WOODY  PLANTS. 
c  STAMINATE  FLOWERS  IN  CATKINS,  PISTILLATE  NOT;  MONOECIOUS. 

d  Ovary  i -celled  or  incompletely  2-4-celled JUGLANDACEAE  322 

dd  Ovary  3-7-celled FAGACEAE  (in  CUPULIFERAE)  330 

cc  BOTH  STAMINATE  AND  PISTILLATE  FLOWERS  IN  CATKINS;  MONOECIOUS; 

OVARY  1-2 -CELLED BETULACEAE  (in  CUPULIFERAE)  326 

ccc  FLOWERS  NOT  IN  CATKINS. 
d  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

e  Flowers  umbellate , ARALIACEAE  667 

ee  Flowers  not  umbellate,  though  first  divisions  sometimes  clustered. 
/  Corrolla  wanting. 

g  Parasitic  on  trees LORANTHACEAE  344 

gg  Not  parasitic CORNACEAE  689 

ff  Corolla  present. 

g  Leaves  stipulate  or  whorled RUBIACEAE  860 

gg  Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 

h  Petals  united CAPRIFOLIACEAE  869 

hh  Petals  distinct. 

*  Stamens  8  or  more HYDRANGEACEAE  (in  SAXIFRAGACEAE)  484 

ii  Stamens  4 CORNACEAE  689 

dd  Leaves  alternate. 

e  Flowers  umbellate,  minute,  greenish . , ARALIACEAE  667 

ee  Flowers  not  umbellate. 
/  Corolla  absent 
g  Ovary  i -celled. 

h  Ovules  i  in  each  cell;   stamens  5-15 CORNACEAE  689 

hh  Ovules  2-4  in  each  cell ;  stamens  3-6 SANTALACEAE  345 

gg  Ovary  2 -celled,  stamens  many HAMAMELIDACEAE  488 

ff  Corolla  present,  but  calyx-limb  often  nearly  obsolete. 
g  Corolla  perigy nous. 
h  Stamens  4-5. 
i  Flowering  in  early  summer  .GROSSULARIACEAE  (in  SAXIFRAGACEAE)  486 

ii  Flowering  in  late  fall HAMAMELIDACEAE  488 

hh  Stamens  many. 

i  Ovary  2-io-celled POMACEAE  (in  ROSACEAE)  514 

ii  i-many  separate  carpels  present ROSACEAE  490 

"g  Corolla  epigynous. 

h  Filaments  more  or  less  united  below , STYRACEAE  722 

hh  Filaments  distinct. 

*  Petals  distinct;   ovary  1-2 -celled CORNACEAE  689 

U  Petals  distinct;  ovary  4-5 -celled. 

Oxy  coccus  in  VACCINIACEAE  (in  ERICACEAE)  711 
Hi  Petals  united;  ovary  2-io-celled.  .VACCINIACEAE  (in  ERICACEAE)  707 


XIV  ANAL  YTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS. 

AA>  Ovary  superior. 

PAGB 
b  COROLLA  ABSENT,  OR  NOT  MARKEDLY  DIFFERING  FROM 

THE  CALYX. 
c  SCARCELY  ANY  DIFFERENTIATION   INTO  STEM  AND  LEAVES;    FLOATING 

AQUATICS LEMNACEAE  232 

cc  ORDINARY  LEAFY  PLANTS. 

d  Grass-like    plants    with  very  small  green   or  brown  flowers;    perianth 
when  present  rigid;  bracts  rigid. 

e  Perianth  present,  6-parted JUNCACEAE  244 

ee  Perianth  absent  or  of  bristles  or  irregular  scales. 
f  Leaves  mostly  in  £  phyllotaxy,  and  mostly  with  open  sheaths;   culms 

usually  hollow GRAMINEAE    61 

ff  Leaves  mostly  in  \  phyllotaxy;  sheaths  closed;  culms  solid. 

CYPERACEAE  158 

dd  Not  grass-like,  or  if  so,  with  petaloid  soft  perianth. 
e  Aquatic;  rooted  or  floating,  only  the  flowers  sometimes  raised  above 

the  surface. 
/  Submersed  leaves  entire  or  denticulate. 

g  Flowers  yellow PONTEDERIACEAE  242 

gg  Flowers  not  pure  yellow. 
h  Flowers  in  several  racemose  dense  monoecious  heads. 

SPARGANIACEAE    39 

Mi  Flowers  not  in  heads  or  if  so,  then  perfect. 
i  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  with  a  2-lobed,  truncate  or  retuse  ovary. 

CALLITRICHACEAE  (in  HALORAGEAE)  596 
ii  Flowers  spicate,  or  if  axillary,  then  ovary  not  as  above. 

NAIADACEAE    40 

ff  Submersed  leaves  pinnate  or  dissected. 
g  Plant  attached  to  stones  in  running  water,  2-25  cm.  long. 

PODOSTEMACEAE   472 

gg  Stems  long,  in  quiet  water;  leaves  rigid CERATOPHYLLACEAE  408 

ee  Not  true  aquatics;  part  of  the  stem,  or  leaves,  raised  above  the  surface. 
/  Herbs. 
g  Perianth  none. 
h  Flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

i  Spikes   (spadix)   provided  with  spafties,   short ARACEAE  229 

ii  Spikes  long-cylindric,  nodding,  naked.  .SAURURACEAE  (PIPERACEAE)  307 
hh  Flowers  not  in  spikes  but  in  special,  often  calyx -like,  involucres. 

EUPHORBIACEAE    585 

gg  Perianth-parts  several. 

h  Perianth-parts  bristle-form;  flowers  in  dense  spikes TYPHACEAE     38 

hh  Perianth-parts  not  bristle-form. 

i  Three  parts  of  the  perianth  united  into  a  crested  organ. POLYGALACEAE  582 
ii  Parts  of  the  perianth  not  united  into  a  crested  organ. 
j  Perianth-parts  6-20. 

k  Plants  with  tendrils;  flowers  in  umbels.  .Smilaceae  (in  LTLIACEAE)  275 
kk  Plants  without  tendrils. 

/  Gray  epiphytes,  lichen-like,  on  trees BROMELIACEAE  238 

U  Not  epiphytes. 
tn  Ovary  i -celled:  ovule  i. 
n  Succulent  monocotyledons;  flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe. 

ARACEAE  229 
nn  Not  succulent,  dicotyledons;   flowers  not  as  above;  leaves 

with  stipular  sheaths POLYGONACEAE  350 

mm  Ovaries  3~many,  separate. 

n  Stamens  3-6 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE  (in  NAIADACEAE)    52 

nn  Stamens  many RANUNCULACEAE  411 

mmm  Ovary  single,  2-4-01  any-celled. 

n  Rigid-stemmed  dicotyledons;    leaves  netted;    ovules  1-2  in 
each  cavity EUPHORBIACEAE  583 


ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES   OF  ANGIOSPERMS.    XV 

PAGE 

nn  Mostly    succulent   monocotyledons;    ovules  mostly  many 

(rarely  i  or  2). 
o  Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  greenish,  usually  with  spathes. 

ARACEAE  229 
oo  Flowers,  if  in  dense  spikes,  with  showy  perianth. 

p  Fruit  a  berry. CONVALLARIACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  269 

pp  Fruit  a  capsule 
q  Leaves  pinnately  parallel-veined;    flowers  blue  or  white; 

in  water  or  mud PONTEDERIACEAE  242 

qq  Leaves  mostly  palmately  parallel-veined. 
r  Capsule  mostly  septicidal;  plants  rarely  bulbous. 

MELANTHACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  254 

rr  Capsule  loculicidal;  plants  mostly  bulbous.. LILIACEAE  260 
Jf  Perianth-parts  2-5,  or  2-5 -parted. 
k  Ovaries  2-many,  distinct. 
/  Leaves  linear,  basal;   bog  plants. 

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE  (in  NAIAD ACEAE)      $2 

//  Leaves  not  both  linear  and  basal 

m  Creeping  marsh  plants SAXIFRAG  ACEAE  476 

mm  Not  creeping  marsh  plants. 

n  Stamens  perigynous ROSACEAE  490 

nn  Stamens  hypogynous RANTTNCULACEAE  411 

kk  Ovary  i -celled,  many-ovuled;  plants  with  milky  juice. 

PAPAVERACEAE  437 
kkk  Ovary  i -celled,  i-ovuled.  ^V 

/  Flowers  in  dense  fleshy  spikes,  usually  with  spathes.  .ARACEAE  229 
//  Flowers  not  in  dense  fleshy  spikes. 
m  Perianth  medium-sized,  and  colored,  or  small  and  leaves  with 

sheath-like  stipules. 
n  Ovary  permanently  invested  by  the  perianth-tube;  fruit  not 

an  achene;    no  sheath-like  stipules NYCTAGINACEAE  382 

nn  Ovary  plainly   free;   fruit  an  achene;   sheath-like  stipules 

present POLYGONACEAE  350 

mm  Perianth  very  small  greenish,  greenish-white  or  reddish;   no 

sheath-like  stipules. 
n  Leaves  parallel-veined;  moncecious  monocotyledons. 

SPARGANIACEAE  (in  TYPHACEAE)    39 
nn  Leaves  netted-veined;  dicotyledons. 

o  Styles  or  stigmas  i URTICACEAE  341 

oo  Styles  or  stigmas  2  (3). 

p  Leaves  deeply  palmately  cleft  or  compound. 

MORACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  339 
pp  Leaves  pinnately  lobed,  serrate  or  entire. 
q  Inflorescence  scarious-bracted;  stipules  none. 

AMARANT ACEAE  377 
qq  Inflorescence  not  scarious-bracted;  stipules  none. 

CHENOPODIACEAE  368 
qqq  Stipules  scarious  or  none;  leaves  opposite. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE  387 
kkkk  Ovary  2— many-celled. 

/  Flowers  in  involucrate  heads ERIOCATJLACEAE  236 

//  Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads. 

m  Ovary  2-celled,  stamens  8-10 .SAXIFRAGACEAE  476 

mm  Ovary  3~4-celled,  stamens  1-15. 

n  Ovules  many  in  each  cell Aizo ACEAE  (FlCQlDEAE)  383 

nn  Ovules  1—2  in  each  cell. 
o  Plants  procumbent;  leaves  alternate. 

BUXACEAE  (in  EUPHORBIACEAE)  598 
oo  Plants  erect,  or  if  procumbent,  then  leaves  opposite. 

EUPHORBIACEAE  585 


XVI  ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGtOSPERMS. 

PAGE 

mmm  Ovary  5 -celled;  stamens  10. 

PENTHORACEAE  (in  CRASSULACEAE)  475 

mmmm  Ovary  lo-celled;   stamens  10 PHYTOLACCACEAE  381 

ff  Woody  plants. 
g  Flowers  in  aments. 

h  Perianth  present,  4-5-lobed ...... MORACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  339 

hh  Perianth  wanting  or  a  glandular  disk. 

i  Ovary-cells  many-ovuled SALICACEAE  307 

ii  Ovary-cells  i-2-ovuled. 
j  Styles  or  stigmas  2. 

k  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  behind  each  bract MYRICACEAE  320 

kk  Pistillate  flowers  2—3  behind  each  bract. 

BETULACEAE  (in  CUPULIFERAE)  326 

jj  Style  or  stigma  i LEITNERIACEAE  322 

gg  Flowers  not  in  aments. 
h  Recurved  or  twining  brier-like  monocotyledons. 

SMILACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  275 
hh  Ordinary  shrubs  or  trees;  dicotyledons. 
i  Ovary  2-many-celled. 
j  Styles  1-2. 

k  Ovules  many  in  each  cell. , CISTACEAE  630 

kk  Ovules  in  each  cell  i  or  2. 

/  Fruit  a  double  samara ACERACEAE  (in  SAPINDACEAE)  607 

II  Fruit  a  single  samara  or  drupe OLEACEAE  723 

Jj  Styles  3-4. 

h  Ovules  many  in  each  cavity CISTACEAE  630 

kk  Ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity. 

/  Flowers  perfect,  rarely  polygamous RHAMNACEAE  61 1 

//  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious EUPHORBIACEAE  585 

ii  Ovary  i -celled. 

j  Leaves  and  twigs  peltate-scaly ELAEAGNACEAE  646 

jj  Leaves  and  twigs  not  peltate— scaly. 

k  Ovules  many  in  each  cavity , CISTACEAE  630 

kk  Ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity. 

/  Calyx-tube  cylindric  or  urn-shaped,  large THYMELEACEAE  645 

//  Calyx-tube  short  or  none,  small. 

m  Flowers  yellowish,  often  showy LAURACEAE  435 

mm  Flowers  green. 

»  Plants  usually  with  milky  juice;  flowers  in  pedunculate  spikes 

or  heads MORACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  339 

nn  No  milky  juice;  flowers  in  sessile  heads  or  racemes. 

ULMACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  337 
bb  COROLLA  POLYPETALOUS. 
c  HERBS. 
^Saprophytes,  without  chlorophyll...  MONOTROPACEAE  (in  ERICACEAE)  695 

dd  Epiphytes,  on  trees;  lichen-like. BROMELIACEAE  238 

ddd  Ordinary  plants. 
e  Stamens  perigynous. 
/  Anthers  usually  long  and  curved,  opening  by  terminal  pores. 

MELASTOMACEAE  650 
ff  Anthers  opening  longitudinally. 
g  Calyx  with  a  fringed  crown  in  the  throat;  vines;  stamens  5. 

PASSIFLORACEAE  641 
gg  Calyx-throat  naked. 
h  Plants  fleshy;  ovules  many;  scale  at  base  of  each  carpel. 

CRASSULACEAE  473 
hh  Plants  not  fleshy;  no  scales  on  the  receptacle. 

*  Sepals  2 PORTULACACEAE  384 

ii  Sepals  5,  or  calyx  5-lobed. 
j  Ovules  many. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES   OF  ANGIOSPERMS.  XV11 

PAGE 

k  Ovaries  2,  sometimes  united  at  the  base SAXIFRAGACEAE  476 

kk  Ovary  i LYTHRACEAE  648 

y  Ovules  1-4,  or  if  many,  then  carpels  more  than  2. 
k  Style  i. 

/  Pistils   i -many,  separate,  i -celled ROSACEAE  490 

//  Pistil  i,  2-5-celled LYTHRACEAE  648 

kk  Stylesa;  pistil  i  .,..„  r . CARYOPHYLLACEAE  387 

ee  Stamens  hypogynous.    JJjj&Xl^H^: 
f  Stamens  monodelphous  or  diadelphous,  at  least  below. 
g  Flowers  irregular.  . 

h  Corolla  papilionaceous PAPILIONACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  532 

hh  Corolla  not  papilionaceous. 

*  Corolla  spurred. 

/  Ovary  i-celled PAPAVERACEAE  437 

jj  Ovary  5 -celled BALSAMINACEAE  (in  GERANIACEAE)  610 

ii  Corolla  not  spurred. 

j  Petals  fringed;  fruit  glabrous POLYGALACEAE  582 

jj  Petals  naked;  fruit  spiny KRAMERIACEAE  531 

gg  Flowers  regular 
h  Ovary  i-celled;  placenta  free-central ;  stamens  opposite  the  petals. 

PRIMULACEAE  713 
hh  Ovary  4-many-celled;  stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

*  Stamens  united  throughout,  forming  a  central  column  around  the 

pistil MALVACEAE  617 

ii  Stamens  united  only  at  the  base. 

j  Stamens  10;  leaves  3— foliolate .  .OXALIDACEAE  (in  GERANIACEAE)  575 

jj  Stamens  5;   leaves  simple LINACEAE  578 

ff  Stamens  separate. 
g  Pistils  2— many,  distinct. 

h  Leaves  conspicuously  sheathing;   pinnately  or  palmately  parallel- 
veined;  petals  and  sepals  each  3 ALISMACEAE    53 

hh  Leaves  not  conspicuously  sheathing;  netted- veined;   petals  rarely  3. 

*  Aquatic  or  in  muddy  places;  leaves  peltate  or  deeply  cordate. 

NYMPHAEACEAE  406 

ii  Rarely  aquatic;   when  so,  with  dissected  leaves.. .  RANUNCULACEAE  411 
gg  Pistil  solitary. 
h  Ovary  i -celled. 
*  Insectivorous  plants;  leaves  covered  with  glandular  tentacles. 

DROSERACEAE  470 
ii  Not  insectivorous;  no  tentacles. 
j  Styles  2-9  or  2-o.-parted. 

k  Sepals  2  (3) PORTULACACEAE   384 

kk  Sepals  4  or  5,  distinct  or  united. 

/  A  fleshy  cup-shaped  glandular  disk  at  base  of  ovary.-RESEDACEAE  469 
//  No  disk. 
m  Ovules  many. 

n  Placenta  parietal;    foliage  punctate HYPERICACEAE  624 

nn  Placenta  central;   foliage  not  punctate.  ..CARYOPHYLLACEAE  387 

mm  Ovule  one PLUMBAGINACEAE  719 

M  Style  i  (stigmas  1—4). 

k  Petals  3,  moss-like  herbs MAYACACEAE  234 

kk  Petals  4-12,  rarely  fewer;  not  moss-like. 
/  Placentse  2-5 ;  stamens  alternate  with  petals. 
m  Calyx  deciduous. 

n  Sepals  2,  or  united;  falling  very  early PAPAVERACEAE  437 

nn  Sepals  4-8,  falling  while  in  flower. 

o  Ovary  stipitate  or  stamens  8  or  more CAPPARIDACEAE  467 

oo  Ovary  sessile,  stamens  6 CRUCLFERAE  443 

mm  Calyx  persistent. 
n  Flowers  regular. 


xviii  ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS. 

PAGE 

o  No  sterile  stamens CISTACEAE  630 

oo  Sterile  stamens  present.  PARNASSIACEAE  (in  SAXIFRAGACEAE)  475 

nn  Flowers  irregular VIOLACEAE  633 

//  Placenta  i,  parietal;    stamens  alternate  with  or  opposite  to  the 

petals. 
>   -..'   m  Anthers  opening  by  uplifting  valves,  or  leaves  peltate;  stamens 

opposite  to  the  petals BERBERIDACEAE  432 

mm  Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifting  valves;    leaves  not  peltate; 
stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

n  Fruit  an  achene  or  follicle RANUNCULACEAE  411 

nn  Fruit  a  legume. 

o  Flowers   medium,  regular  or  irregular;    stamens  mostly  in- 
cluded. 
p  Upper  petal  inclosed  by  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud. 

CAESALPINACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  528 
PP  Upper  petal  inclosing  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud. 

PAPILIONACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  532 
oo  Flowers  small,  regular;  stamens  exserted. 

MIMOSACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  527 
///  Placenta  i,  free-central;  stamens  opposite  the  petals. 

PRIMULACEAE  713 
hh  Ovary  2— many-celled. 

*  Stamens  5-many;  mostly  aquatic  plants  with  peltate  or  deeply  cor- 
date leaves NYMPHAEACEAE  406 

ii  Stamens  many;  terrestrial;  leaves  not  as  above. 

j  Style  dilated,  umbrella-like;   leaves  tubular SARRACENIACEAE  470 

jj  Style  ordinary;  leaves  not  tubular. 
k  Styles  2-7. 

/  Foliage  punctate HYPERICACEAE  624 

//  Foliage  not  punctate RANUNCULACEAE  411 

kk  Style  i  or  o CISTACEAE  630 

Hi  Stamens  2-15;  plants  not  as  in  **. 
j  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores,  inverted. 

jj  Anthers  opening  longitudinally PYROLACEAE  (in  ERICACEAE)  692 

k  Stamens  tetradynamous CRUCIFERAE  443 

kk  Stamens  not  tetradynamous. 
/  Styles  2-5,  or  stigmas  5. 

m  Aquatics  or  mud-creepers;   ovules  many ELATINACEAE  629 

mm  Terrestrial,  or  if  in  mud,  erect. 
n  Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell. 

o  Leaves  alternate PENTHORACEAE  (in  CRASSULACEAE)  475 

oo  Leaves  whorled CONVALLARIACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  269 

nn  Ovules  1-2  in  each  cell. 

o  Ovary  i-3-celled EUPHORBIACEAE  585 

oo  Ovary  4— 5 -celled  or  falsely  8— lo-celled. 

p  Ovary  4-5 -celled,  deeply  4~5-lobed GERANIACEAE  573 

pp  Ovary  falsely  8-io-celled,  not  deeply  lobed LINACEAE  578 

tt  Style  i;  stigmas  1-3. 

m  Leaves  sheathing  or  clasping;  parts  in  3*5,  rarely  2*s,  monocoty- 
ledons. 
n  Petals  deliquescent,  blue  or  white;  fertile  stamens  3-6. 

COMMELINACEAE    239 

nn  Petals  not  deliquescent;  fertile  stamens  6,  rarely  4. 

CONVALLARIACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  269 
mm  Leaves  not  sheathing  nor  clasping;  parts  in  2*s  or  5's. 
n  Leaves  simple. 

o  Stamens  2;   petals  4 CRUCIFERAE  443 

oo  Stamens  many;  petals  3  or  5 CISTACEAE  630 

nn  Leaves  compound  or  pinnately  divided. 
o  Aquatics TRAPACEAE  664 


ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS.  XIX 

PAGE 

oo  Vines SAPINDACEAE  609 

ooo  Not  vines. 

p  Petals  and  sepals  2-3  . .  LIMN ANTH ACE AE  (in  GERANIACEAE)  599 

pp  Petals  and  sepals  5 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  580 

cc  WOODY  PLANTS. 
d  Stamens  15  or  more. 
e  Stamens  monadelphous,  at  least  at  base. 

f  Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud. MALVACEAE  617 

ff  Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  united  only  at  base. 

THEACEAE  (TERNSTROEMIACEAE)  623 
ee  Stamens  distinct. 
f  Pistils  several. 

g  Stamens  perigynous ROSACEAE  490 

gg  Stamens  hypogynous. 

h  Receptacle  hollow;  leaves  opposite CALYCANTHACEAE  435 

hh  Receptacle  not  hollow;  leaves  alternate  (except  in  Clematis), 
i  Fruit  aggregate;  trees;  sepals  and  petals  in  several  series  of  3*3. 

MAGNOLIACEAE  409 
ii  Fruit  separate. 

j  Sepals  and  petals  5 ;  shrubs RANUNCULACEAE  41 1 

jj  Sepals  3,  petals  6;  shrubs  and  trees ANON  ACE  AE  410 

ff  Pistil  i. 

g  Stamens  perigynous DRUPACEAE  (in  ROSACEAE)  523 

gg  Stamens  hypogynous. 

h  Leaves  compound MIMOSACEAE  (in  LEGTJMINOSAE)  527 

hh  Leaves  simple. 

*  Trees TILIACEAE  616 

ii  Shrubs. 

j  Leaves  opposite;  dehiscence  of  capsule  mostly  septicidal. 

HYPERICACEAE  624 

jj  Leaves  alternate  above;  dehiscence  loculicidal CISTACEAE  630 

dd  Stamens  fewer  than  15. 
e  Stamens  perigynous. 

f  Calyx-tube  almost  none;  flowers  small,  greenish RHAMNACEAE  6n 

ff  Calyx-tube  crowned  with  a  double  or  triple  fringe. . . PASSIFLORACEAE  641 

fff  Calyx-tube  cylindric,  naked LYTHRACEAE  648 

ee  Stamens  hypogynous. 
/  Flowers  very  irregular. 
g  Ovary  i -celled. 
h  Upper  petal  inclosed  by  lower  in  bud. 

CAESALPINACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  528 
hh  Lower  petals  inclosed  by  upper  .  .PAPILIONACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  532 

gg  Ovary  3-celled HIPPOCASTANACEAE  (in  SAPINDACEAE)  608 

ff  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 
g  Vines. 

h  Pistils  2-many MENISPERMACEAE  434 

hh  Pistil  i. 

*  Leaves  crenulate,  pointed,  lanceolate CELASTRACEAE  605 

ii  Leaves  sharply  dentate,  lobed,  compound  or  broad VITACEAE  613 

gg  Not  vines. 
h  Pistils  several. 

*  Flowers  in  pedunculate  heads PLATANACEAE  490 

ii  Flowers  cymose  or  paniculate RUTACEAE  581 

hh  Pistil  one. 

*  Style  i  (often  several  stigmas  or  branches)  or  none. 

j  Leaves  very  small,  4—7  mm.  long;  evergreen  low  shrubs. 

EMPETRACEAE  598 
J/  Leaves  larger. 

k  Anthers  opening  by  apical  valves;   leaves  or  twigs  usually  some- 
what spiny BERBERIDACEAE  433 


XX  ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO  FAMILIES   OF  ANGIOSPERMS. 

PAGE 

kk  Anthers  ordinary,  or  opening  by  terminal  valveless  pores. 
/  Ovary  i -celled. 

m  Placentae  2;  petals  4;  stamens  distinct CAPPARIDACEAE  467 

mm  Placenta  i;  petals  4-5;  stamens  distinct  or  united. 

n  Petals  valvate •. MIMOSACEAE   (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  527 

nn  Upper  petal  inclosed  by  the  others. 

CAESALPINACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  528 
//  Ovary  2-5-celled. 
m  Ovules  many  in  each  cell. 
n  Leaves  tomentose  beneath;  flowers  in  umbel-like  corymbs. 

ERICACEAE  696 
nn  Leaves  not  tomentose  beneath;  flowers  racemose. 

CLETHRACEAE  (in  ERICACEAE)  692 
mm  Ovules  1-3  in  each  cell. 
n  A  disk  or  ring-like  growth  between  petals  and  ovary. 

o  Foliage  glandular  punctate ,.RUTACEAE  581 

oo  Foliage  not  glandular  punctate. 

p  Leaves  simple CELASTRACEAE  605 

pp  Leaves  compound. 

q  Leaflets  3,  rarely  5 STAPHYLEACEAE  (in  SAPINDACEAE)  606 

qq  Leaflets  7-many. 

r  Stamens  2-3;  fruit  a  samara SIMARUBACEAE  582 

rr  Stamens  8-10;  fruit  a  berry SAPINDACEAE  609 

nn  Disk  or  ring  absent. 

o  Stamens  2,  rarely  4;  sepals  and  petals  2  or  4 OLEACEAE  723 

oo  Stamens,  sepals  and  petals  4  or  more. 

p  Flowers  minute,  greenish,  axillary ILICACEAE  602 

pp  Flowers  minute,  whitish,  in  long  dense  racemes. 

CYRILLACEAE  602 
ppp  Flowers  medium  or  large,  showy;  racemes  few-flowered. 

STYRACACEAE  722 
ii  Styles  2-5. 

j  Leaves  opposite ACERACEAE  (in  SAPINDACEAE)  607 

jj  Leaves  alternate. 

k  Ovary  i -celled;  ovule  i;  sap  resinous  or  milky ..  .AN  ACARDIACEAE  599 
kk  Ovary  2 -celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cell;  flower  white. 

ITEACEAE  (in  SAXIFRAGACEAE)  485 
kkk  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell;  flowers  greenish. 

EUPHORBIACEAE  585 

lob  COROLLA  GAMOPETALOUS. 
c    STAMENS  (FERTILE)  2-4. 
d  Herbs. 

e  Ovary  4-celled,  deeply  4-lobed;  stems  4-angled , LABIATAE  779 

ee  Ovary  i -celled 

f  Flowers  scariouS;  greenish PLANT  AGIN  ACEAE  856 

ff  Flowers  ordinary,  petaloid. 

g  Parasitic  plants  without  chlorophyll OROBANCHACEAE  848 

gg  Not  parasitic,  with  chlorophyll. 
h  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

*  Stamens  3;  grass-like  plants;  flowers  yellow XYRIDACEAE  235 

ii  Stamens  4-12;   plants  not  grass-like;  flowers  rarely  yellow. 

GENTIANACEAE  728 
hh  Flowers  conspicuously  irregular. 

*  Stamens    2 LENTIBULARIACEAE  845 

ii  Stamens  didynamous. 

j  Flowers  small;  plant  puberulent. .  PHRYMACEAE  (in  VERBENACEAE)  855 

jj  Flowers  large;   plant  clammy -pubescent. 

MARTYNIACEAE  (in  PEDALIACEAE)  852 
eee  Ovary  2-4 -celled;  not  deeply  4-lobed. 
/  Flowers  scarious,  greenish PLANTAGINACEAE  856 


ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS.  XX  i 

PAGE 

ff  Flowers  ordinary,  petaloid. 

g  Grass-like  monocots;  flowers  in  involucrate  heads ERIOCAULACEAE  236 

gg  Not  grass -like;  flowers  not  as  above. 

h  Stamens  4-5,  equal;  corolla  regular LOGANIACEAE  726 

hh  Stamens  4,  didynamous  or  2 ;   corolla  often  irregular. 

*  Ovules  i  in  each  of  the  4  cavities VERBENACEAE  776 

ii  Ovules  2-many  in  each  of  the  2  cavities. 

j  Capsule  with  elastic  valves ACANTHACEAE  853 

jj  Capsule  without  elastic  valves SCROPHULARIACEAE  818 

dd  Woody  plants;   leaves  opposite. 
e  Ovules  1-2  in  each  cell. 

f  Stamens    2 OLEACEAE  723 

ff  Stamens  didynamous  (very  rarely  2) VERBENACEAE  776 

ee  Ovules  many  in  each  cell. 

/  Placentae  parietal BIGNONIACEAE  850 

ff  Placentae  axial SCROPHULARIACEAE  818 

cc  STAMENS  5  (RARELY  6) 

d  Ovaries  2,  distinct  or  nearly  so;    juice  usually  milky;    seeds   frequently 
with  hairy  appendages. 

e  Filaments  distinct ^ APOCYNACEAE  737 

ee  Filaments  monadelphous;    corolla  with  a  crown ASCLEPIADACEAE  740 

dd  Ovary  one;  seeds  not  appendaged. 

e  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed BORAGINACEAE  766 

ee  Ovary  not  4-lobed. 
f  Ovary  i -celled. 
g  Leaves  3-foliolate,  or  floating  and  orbicular. 

MENYANTHACEAE  (in  GENTIANACEAE)  736 

gg  Leaves  dentate,  cleft,  or  pinnately  compound HYDROPHYLLACEAE  762 

ggg  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  not  as  above. 
h  Stamens  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  placenta  free-axial. 

*  Ovule  i PLANTAGINACEAE  856 

ii  Ovules  many PRIMULACEAE  713 

hh  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  placentae  parietal. 

*  Leaves  opposite;    ovules  many GENTIANACEAE  728 

ii  Leaves  alternate;  ovules  3-5 CONVOLVULACEAE  749 

ff  Ovary  2-5  celled. 
g  Parasitic  climbers,  without  chlorophyll 

CUSCUTACEAE  (in  CONVOLVULACEAE)  754 
gg  Not  parasitic,  green. 
h  Leaves  alternate. 
»  Herbs. 

J  Ovary  3-celled;  styles  or  stigmas  3. 
k  Stamens  inserted  in  sinuses  of  the  corolla;  or  monadelphous. 

DlAPENSIACEAE    712 

kk  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube,  free . .  POLEMONIACEAE  756 

jj  Ovary  2 -celled  or  4-called,  or  if  3-celled,  plant  twining;    styles  or 

stigmas  i  or  2. 

k  Corolla  plicate;   stamens  often  centrally  connivent . . SOLANACEAE  8oS 
kk  Corolla  not  plicate;  stamens  not  conspicuously  connivent. 
/  Ovules  numerous. 

m  Style  and  stigma  i SCROPHULARIACEAE  818 

mm  Styles   2 HYDROPHYLLACEAE  762 

//  Ovules  i  or  2  in  each  cell. 

m  Fruit  a  pod CONVOLVULACEAE  749 

mm  Fruit  of  2-4  nutlets BORAGINACEAE  766 

ii  Woody  plants. 

j  Stamens  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  ovules  i  in  each  cell; 

corolla  appendaged  within SAPOTACEAE  720 

jy  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes;  ovules  many. 
k  Stamens  on  the  corolla. 


XX11  ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS. 

PAGE 

/  Plants  small  or  scapose;  corolla  not  plicate DIAPENSIACEAE  712 

//  Plants  tall,  twining;  corolla  plicate SOLANACEAE  808 

kk  Stamens  free  from  the  corolla ERICACEAE  696 

hh  Leaves  opposite. 

*  Style  3-cleft;   ovary  3-celled POLEMONIACEAE  756 

ii  Style  4-cleft;  ovary  2 -celled LOGANIACEAE  726 

Ui  Style  or  stigma  i. 

j  Corolla  plicate;  ovary  2 -eel led,  very  rarely  3-5 -celled. SOLANACEAE  808 
jj  Corolla  not  plicate;  ovary  4-5 -celled,  rarely  2-5 -celled. ERICACEAE  696 
ccc  STAMENS  O-MANY. 
d  Flowers  very  irregular. 

e  Corolla  lip  crested;  sepals  unequal  and  petaloid POLYGALACEAE  582 

ee  Corolla  Up  naked;  sepals  equal,  united,  not  petaloid. 

Trifolium  in  PAPILIONACEAE  (in  LEGUMINOSAE)  539 
dd  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 
e  Plants  without  chlorophyll;  saprophytes. 

MONOTROPACEAE  (in  ERICACEAE)    695 

ee  Plants  with  chlorophyll. 
/  Herbs. 

g  Leafy  dicotyledons. 
h  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  placentae  2,  parietal. 

GENTIANACEAE  728 
hh  Stamens  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  placenta  free-axial. 

PRIMULACEAE  713 
gg  Grass-like  monocotyledons;  flowers  minute  in  heads. 

ERIOCAULACEAE  236 
ff  Woody  plants. 

g  Styles  2-6;  ovules  i  in  each  cell EBENACEAE  721 

gg  Style  i ;  ovules  i  or  more  in  each  cell. 
h  Stamens  more  than  16,  mostly  numerous. 

SYMPLOCACEAE  (STYRACACEAE)  721 
hh  Stamens  6-16. 

*  Ovules  i  in  each  cell. 

j  Corolla  not  urn-shaped STYRACEAE  72  2 

jj  Corolla  urn-shaped ERICACEAE  696 

ii  Ovules  many  in  each  cell ERICACEAE  696 

A    KEY    TO    THE    FAMILIES     OF    ANGIOSPERMS 
CONTAINING    DICECIOTJS    SPECIES. 

A.  Woody  plants. 

b  LEAVES  OPPOSITE. 

c  PARASITIC  ON  WOODY  PLANTS LORANTHACEAE  344 

cc  Not  parasitic. 

d  Scurfy  plants  covered  with  silvery  or  brown  peltate  scales.ELAEAGNACEAE  646 
dd  Not  peltate-scurfy. 
e  Leaves  compound. 
f  Leaflets  3,  rarely  5;    stamens  5-10;  calyx  5-parted;  wing  of  the  fruit 

unsymmetrical ACERACEAE  (in  SAPINDACEAE)  607 

ff  Leaflets  5-11;  stamens  2  (4);  calyx  4-parted;   wing  of  fruit  symmet- 
rical  OLEACEAE  723 

ee  Leaves  simple. 

/  Leaves  entire SANTALACEAE  345 

ff  Leaves  finely  denticulate OLEACEAE  723 

bb  LEAVES  ALTERNATE. 
c  STEM  TWINING  OR  RECURVED  AND  BRIER-LIKE. 

d  Flowers  umbellate;  monocotyledons SMILACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  275 

dd  Flowers  paniculate;  dicotyledons MENISPERMACEAE  434 


ANALYTICAL  KEY   TO  FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS.  XX111 

PAGB 

cc  STEM  NOT  TWINING  NOR  BRIER-LIKE. 
d  Flowers  in  catkins. 

e  Perianth  4-5 -parted MORACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  339 

ee  Perianth  none,  or  cup-like  and  not  parted. 

/  Perianth  cup-like SALICACEAE  307 

ff  Perianth  none. 

g  Bud-scales  single SALICACEAE  307 

gg  Bud-scales  several. 

h  Leaves  rugose-reticulated  beneath,  entire LEITNERIACEAE  322 

hh  Leaves  not  as  above MYRICACEAE  320 

dd  Flowers  not  in  catkins. 

e  Leaves  minute,  4-7  mm.  long EMPETRACEAE  598 

ee  Leaves  much  larger. 

f  Leaves  pinnately  compound SIMARUBACEAE  582 

ff  Leaves  simple. 

g  Leaves  serrate-dentate ULMACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  337 

gg  Leaves  entire  or  lobed. 
h  Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves,  or  leaves  evergreen. 

LAURACEAE  435 
hh  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

*  Branches  spiny MORACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  339 

ii  Branches  not  spiny. 

j  Flowers  racemose,  umbellate,  or  clustered,  small  and  numerous. 
k  Flowers  densely  spicate  or  capitate;  hypogynous  disk  absent. 

CHENOPODIACEAE  368 
kk  Flowers  racemose;  disk  present  and  lobed,  or  of  separate  scales. 

SANTALACEAE  345 
jj  Flowers  solitary,  or  1-3  together,  larger .• EBENACEAE  721 


A  A.  Herbs. 

b  FLOWERS  IN  INVOLUCRATE  HEADS. 
c  STAMENS  DISTINCT. 

d  Plants  scapose;   leaves  grass-like ERIOCAULACEAE  236 

dd  Plant  not  scapose;  leaves  not  grass-like;  pistillate  involucre  woody. 

AMBROSIACEAE  (in  COMPOSITAE)  908 
cc  STAMENS  SYNGENESIOUS;   PISTILLATE  INVOLUCRE  NOT  WOODY. 

COMPOSITAE  913 

bb  FLOWERS  NOT  IN  INVOLUCRATE  HEADS. 
c  Leaves  verticillate. 
d  Aquatic  plants. 

e  Leaves  dissected,  rigid CERATOPHYLLACEAE  408 

ee  Leaves  simple,  spiny-toothed,  flaccid NAIAD ACEAE     40 

dd  Terrestrial  plants ARALIACEAE  677 

cc  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

d  Grass-like    plants   with  linear  parallel-veined  leaves   and  greenish  or 
•    brownish  flowers. 
e  Leaves  usually  in   the  £  phyllotaxy;  mostly  with  open  sheaths;   and 

usually  with  hollow  culms GRAMINEAE    61 

ee  Leaves  usually  in  the  $  phyllotaxy,  with  closed  sheaths;  culms  solid. 

CYPERACEAE  158 
dd  Not  grass-like. 

e  Aquatic,  not  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  water NAIADACEAE     40 

ee  Not  strictly  aquatic- 
/  Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
g  Petals  3;    herbs ALISMACEAE    53 

/g  Corolla  deeply  5-parted  or  petals  5;  vines CUCURBITACEAE  881 
Flowers  apetalous,  or  perianth-parts  all  similar. 


XXIV  ANALYTICAL   KEY    TO   FAMILIES  OF  ANGIOSPERMS. 

PAGE 

g  Flowers  umbellate SMILACEAE  (in  LILIACEAE)  275 

gg  Flowers  not  umbellate 

h  Flowers  on  a  spadix  inclosed  in  a  spathe ARACEAE  229 

hh  Flowers  not  as  above. 

i  Leaves  ternately  compound RANUNCULACEAE  411 

ii  Leaves  simple  or  once  pinnate. 

j  Leaves  with  united  sheathing  lacerate  stipules POLYGONACEAE  350 

jj  Leaves  without  such  stipules. 

k  Leaves  3-many-lobed  or  parted MORACEAE  (in  URTICACEAE)  339 

kk  Leaves  not  lobed,  rarely  lacerate-toothed. 

/  Parasitic  on  trees LORANTHACEAE  344 

//  Not  parasitic. 
m  Inflorescence  bracted;  bracts  and  sepals  mostly  scarious. 

AMARANTHACEAE  377 
mm  Inflorescence  not  conspicuously  scarious-bracted. 

n  Vines DIOSCOREACEAE  281 

nn  Not  vines. 
o  Plants  more  or  less  scurfy;  leaves  sinuate-dentate  or  entire. 

CHENOPODIACEAE  368 
oo  Plants  not  scurfy;   leaves  sharply  dentate URTICACEAE  341 


FLORA. 

Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Ferns  and  Fern-Allies* 

Plants  containing  woody  and  vascular  tissues  producing  spores  asex- 
ually,  which,  on  germination,  develop  small  flat  mostly  green  prothallia 
(gametophyte).  On  these  are  borne  the  reproductive  organs,  the  female 
known  as  archegones,  the  male  as  antherids.  From  the  fertilization  of  the 
egg  in  the  archegone  by  spermatozoids  produced  in  the  antherid,  the 
asexual  phase  (sporpphyte)  of  the  plant  is  developed ;  this  phase  is  rep- 
resented by  an  ordinary  fern,  lycopod  or  horsetail.  Comprising  about 
4000  living  species,  of  which  more  than  three-fourths  are  confined  to 
tropical  regions. 

Order  I.   FILICALES. 

Spores,  all  of  one  kind  and  size,  produced  in  sporanges,  which  are 
borne  on  the  back  of  a  leaf,  in  spikes  or  panicles. 
Vernation  erect,  or  inclined ;  sporanges  in  spikes,  or  panicles,  opening  by  a  transverse 

slit.  Fam.  i.  Ophioglossacea. 

Vernation  coiled  ;  sporanges  reticulated,  usually  provided  with  a  ring  (annulus). 
Sporanges  opening  vertically. 

Sporanges  panicled,  with  a  rudimentary  ring ;  marsh  ferns. 

Fam.  2.  Osmundacece* 
Sporanges  sessile  on  a  filiform  receptacle ;  leaves  filmy,  translucent. 

Fam.  3.  Hymenophyllacea. 
Sporanges  ovoid,  in  panicles,  or  spikes,  with  a  vertical  ring. 

Fam.  4.  Schizceacece. 

Sporanges  opening  transversely,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring,  borne  in  sori  on  the 
back  or  margin  of  a  leaf.  Fam.  5.  Polypodiacece. 

Family  i.     OPHIOGLOSSACEJE  PresL 
•  Adder's-  Tongue  Family. 

More  or  less  succulent  plants  consisting  of  a  stem  and  leaf  growing 
from  a  fleshy  root.  Sporophyll  in  the  form  of  a  spike  or  panicle,  the 
sporanges  formed  from  the  interior  tissues,  naked,  opening  at  maturity 
by  a  transverse  slit.  Spores  yellow.  Prothalli  subterranean,  devoid  of 
chlorophyll.  Contains  five  genera,  three  of  which  are  American. 

Veins  reticulate  ;  sporanges  cohering  in  a  distichous  spike.  i.  Ophioglossum. 

Veins  free  ;  sporanges  distinct,  borne  in  spikes  or  panicles.  2.  Botrychium. 

i.  OPHIOGLOSSUM  L. 

Low  plants  from  a  small  fleshy  rootstock,  with  slender  fleshy  roots,  the  bud  for 
the  following  year  formed  at  the  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem.  Leaves  simple,  soli- 
tary, borne  on  the  stem.  Sporophyll  terminal,  formed  of  two  rows  of  large  coales- 

jl«   '       *  Contributed  by  Professor  LUCIEN  M.  UNDERWOOD, 


2  FLORA.  -~* 

cent  sporanges.  Veins  reticulate.  Spores  sulphur-yellow.  [Name  from  the 
Greek,  signifying  the  tongue  of  a  snake,  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  spike  of  spo- 
ranges. ]  About  30  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution, 

Leaf  ovate  to  elliptic,  large  ;  basal  veins,  9-13  or  more. 

Areolae  with  few  veinlets  ;  apex  obtuse.  I.  O.  vulgatunt. 

Areolae  broad,  with  many  veinlets  ;  apex  mucronate.  2.  O.  Engelmanni. 

Leaf  lanceolate,  small ;  basal  veins  5-7.  3.  O.  arenarium. 

1.  Ophioglossum  vulgatum  L.     ADDER'S-TONGU^.     (I.  F.  £  i.)    Rootstock 
short,  oblique  ;  stem  slender,  erect,  simple,  glabrous,  1-4  dm.   high,  bearing  the 
sessile  thin  ovate  or  elliptic-oblong  leaf,  3-12  cm.  long,  near  its  middle  ;  leaf  1-5 
cm.  wide,  rather  firm  in  texture,  distinctly  reticulated,  with  few  veinlets  within  the 
•areolse  ;  basal  veins  9-13  ;  spike  solitary,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng»  erect,  the  axis  extending 
beyond  the  sporanges  into  a  point.     In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Pr.  Edw.  Isl. 
to  Alaska,  south  to  Fla.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Aug. 

2.  Ophioglossum  Engelmanni  Prantl.     (I.  F.  f.  la.)     Rootstock  cylindric  ; 
stem  8-22  cm.  high,  bearing    an  elliptic  or  lanceolate-elliptic  leaf  which  is  3-9 
cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm-  wide,  obtuse  but  sharply  apiculate,  fleshy  but  becoming  pel- 
lucid ;    basal  veins   13  or  more,  the  transverse  veinlets  oblique,  forming  broad 
oblong-hexagonal  areolae  with  numerous  included  veinlets;  spike  1.5-2.5  cm.  long, 
apiculate.     In  moist  ground,  Va.  and  Ind.  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

3.  Ophioglossum  arenarium  E.  G.  Britton.     (I.  F.  f.  ib.)     Rootstock  slightly 
thickened;  stem  5-18  cm.  high,  bearing  a  lanceolate  leaf  2-5  cm.  long,  5-12  mm. 
wide,  with  a  long  tapering  base  and  an  obtuse  or  rarely  somewhat  acute  apex  ; 
basal  veins  5-7,  the  central  nearly  parallel  with  short  oblique  veinlets,  forming 
long  narrow  areolae  with  few  faint  included  veinlets  near  the  middle  of  the  leal 
and  much  shorter  irregular  ones  toward  the  margin;  spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  often 
twisted,   apiculate.      Gregarious   in   a   single   colony  near  the   seashore,   Holly 
Beach,  N.  J. 

2.  BOTRYCHIUM   Sw. 

Fleshy  plants  with  short  erect  rootstocks,  and  clustered  fleshy  roots,  the  bud 
for  the  succeeding  year  imbedded  in  the  base  of  the  stem.  Leaf  pinnately  or 
ternately  divided  or  compound,  the  sporophyll  pinnate  or  tripinnate  with  sessile 
distinct  sporanges  in  rows  on  either  side  of  its  branches,  forming  large  panicles 
in  some  species.  Veins  free.  Spores  of  various  shades  of  yellow.  [Greek,  in 
allusion  to  the  grape-like  clusters  of  sporanges.]  About  20  species,  mostly 
natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Bud  for  the  following  year  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Leaf  rising  above  the  middle  of  the  stem,  small  plants  maturing  in  early  summer. 
Vernation  partly  inclined  in  one  or  both  portions. 

Leaf  entire,  or  with  1-3  pairs  of  distant  lunate  decurrent  segments. 

1.  B.  tenebrosum. 
Leaf  with  fan-shaped  segments  ;  sporophyll  not  bent  in  vernation. 

2.  B.  Lunaria. 

Leaf  pinnatifid  or  2-pinnatifid  with  narrow  segments  ;  both  leaf  and  sporo- 

phylls  bent  in  vernation.  3.  B.  negtectum,  • 

Vernation  wholly  inclined,    recurved  in  the  fertile   portion  ;   leai   triangular. 

sessile.  4.  B.  lanceolatum. 

Leaf  rising  from  little  above  the  rootstock. 

Vernation  wholly  straight ;  bud  smooth ;  leaf  entire,  or  2-6-lobedL 

5.  B.  simplex. 
Vernation  inclined ;  bud  pilose ;  leaf  ample  ternate. 

Leaf  segments  obliquely  ovate  or  oblong,  large,  1-2  cm.  long. 

6.  B.obliquum. 
Leaf  segments  laciniate,  narrow,  i  mm.  or  less  wide. 

7.  B.  dissectum. 
Leaf  segments  small,  3-6  mm.  wide,  rounded  or  ovate. 

8.  B.  matricaria. 

Bud  enclosed  in  a  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem ;  leaf  ternate,  decompound, 
sessile  at  the  middle  of  the  stem.  9-  B.  Virginianum. 

i.  Botrychium  tenebrosum  A.  A.  Eaton.  Plant  3-20  cm.  high,  averaging 
IO-I2  cm.,  one-third  of  which  is  below  ground  ;  slender,  fleshy,  light  green  o* 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  3 

yellowish  after  fruiting,  transparent  when  dry ;  leaf  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
often  immediately  under  the  sporophyll,  short-petioled,  entire,  lobed,  or  usually 
with  1-3  pairs  of  distant  alternate  lunate  decurrent  entire  segments  ;  the  apex 
emarginate  or  with  a  triangular  elongation  ;  sporophyll  usually  short-stalked, 
simple,  or  rarely  with  one  or  two  short,  somewhat  dilated  branches,  bearing  alter- 
nate or  nearly  opposite  clusters  of  sporanges  ;  spores  very  large,  verrucose  ;  sporo- 
phyll not  bent  in  vernation.  Rich  shady  situations,  usually  among  maples  at  the 
border  of  swamps;  Mass,  and  N.  H.  to  Cent.  N.  Y. 

2.  Botrychium  Lunaria  (L.)  Sw.     MOONWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3.)    Plant  very 
fleshy,  5-30  cm.  high.     Leaf  usually  sessile,  borne  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  pinnate  with  2-8  pairs  of  lunate  or  fan-shaped  lobes  which  vary  from  crenate 
to  entire  and  are  either  close  and  imbricated  or  somewhat  distant ;  sporophyll 
2-3-pinnate,  often  dense,  3-5  cm.  long,  often  about  the  height  of  the  sterile  ;  apex 
only  of  the  leaf  bent  over  the  nearly  straight  sporophyll  in  vernation.     Greenland 
to  Alaska,  south  to  Conn.,  Cent.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Br.  Col.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Colo.,  mostly  in  fields.     Also  in  N.  Europe  and  Asia.     June-July. 

3.  Botrychium  neglectum  A.  Wood.    (I.  F.  f.  4.)   Plant  5-30  cm.  high,  often 
very  fleshy.     Sterile  portion  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  stem,  short-stalked, 
ovate  or  oblong,  i-2-pinnatifid  or  rarely  2-pinnate,  with  obtuse  divisions  and  nar- 
row toothed  segments;  midveins  disappearing  by  continued  branching  ;  sporophyll 
2-3-pinnate,  often   much  branched  ;  spores  tuberculate ;  apex  of  both    leaf  and 
sporophyll  turned  downward  in  vernation.     In  grassy  woods  and  swamps,  N.  S.  to 
Md,,  west  to  O.  and  Wash.    (B.  tnatricariafolium  Dav.,  not  A.  Br.).     May-June. 

4.  Botrychium  lanceolatum  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  Angs.     (I.  F.  f.  6.)     Plant  7-20 
cm.  high,  somewhat  fleshy.      Leaf  closely  sessile  near  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
2  cm.  or  more  wide,  3 -lobed  or  broadly  triangular  and  2-pinnatifid,  the  ultimate 
segments  lanceolate,  acute,  oblique,  entire  or  dentate  ;    midvein  continuous,  with 
forking   veinlets ;    sporophyll   slightly   overtopping   the    leaf,   short-stalked,   2-3- 
pinnate  ;  sporophyll  recurved  its  whole  length  with  the  shorter  leaf  reclined  upon 
it  in  vernation.     In  meadows,  woods,  and  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J., 
O.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-July. 

5.  Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitchcock.     (I.  F.  f.  2.)     Plant  5-16  cm.  high, 
slender,  very  variable.     Leaf  ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong,  entire,  lobed,  or  pinnately 
parted,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  sporophyll  a  simple  or  slightly  compound 
spike,  sometimes  reduced  to  only  a  few  sporanges  ;  spores  large  fcr  the  genus, 
minutely  tuberculate  ;  apex  of  leaf  and  sporophyll  erect  in  vernation.     In  moist 
woods  or  meadows,  Pr.   Edw.  Isl.  to  Md.,  west  to  Wyo.  and  Cal.     Also  in  N. 
Europe.     May-June. 

6.  Botrychium  obliquum  Muhl.     (I.  F.  f.  5,  as  B.  ternatum. )     Plant  robust, 
15  cm.-5  dm.  high.     Leaf  rising  from  near  the  base  on  a  stalk  2-10  cm.  or  more 
long,  ternate  with  the  three  divisions  nearly  equal,  bipinnate  or  somewhat  tri- 
pinnatifid  in  larger  forms,  the  ultimate  segments  obliquely  ovate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, the  terminal  of  each  division  elongate,    1-2  cm.  long,   5-8  mm.    wide,  the 
margins  crenate  or  serrate  ;  sporophyll  long-stalked,  triquadripinnate  ;  bud  densely 
pilose,  both  portions  bent  in  vernation.     Low  woods  and  open  places  widely  dis- 
tributed from  N.  B.  to  Fla.  and  Mex.  and  westward  to  Minn. 

Botrychium  obliquum  intermedium  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Underw.  Plant  larger,  the  leaf 
on  a  shorter  stalk  2-5  cm.  long,  the  leaf  sometimes  reaching  15  cm.  each  way ;  lateral 
divisions  smaller  than  the  terminal :  ultimate  segments  similar  to  the  type,  but  mostly 
shorter.  In  low  ground,  N.  N.  Y.  and  N.  E. 

7.  Botrychium  dissectum  Spreng.     (I.  F.  f.  5a.)    Plant  5-10  dm.  high  with 
slender  fleshy  stems.     Leaf  long-stalked  from  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  with 
broadly  deltoid  basal  divisions,  decompound  ;  secondary  pinnae  lanceolate  from  a 
broader  base,  pinnate  with  laciniate  and  deeply  cut  pinnules,  the  ultimate  divisions 
divergent,  often  2-toothed  at  their  apices,  usually  less  than  I  mm.  wide  ;  sporophyll 
long-stalked  2-3-pinnate  ;  bud  pilose,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem,  both  por- 
tions bent  in  vernation.     Rare  in  E.  Mass,  and  common  from  S.  N.  E.  southward 
to  Va.,  inland  to  Ind.  and  Ky. 

8.  Botrychium  matricariae  (Schrank)  Spreng.     Plant  10-15  cm.  high,  with 
slander  fleshy  stems.     Leaf  moderately  short- stalked,  ternate,  small,  3-5  cm.  wide 
and  hi^h,  the  three  divisions  similar,  bipinnatifid  or  bipinnate  ;  ultimate  segments 


4  FLORA. 

small,  3-6  mm.  wide,  rounded  or  somewhat  obliquely  ovate,  the  margins  undulate 
or  crenate  ;  sporophylls  rather  long-stalked  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  2-3-pinnate 
with  large  sporanges  ;  bud  pilose. .  In  old  meadows,  N.  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  and 
northward;  also  in  Europe. 

9.  Botrychium  Virginianum  (L.)  Sw.  (I.  F.  f.  7.)  Plant  2-6  dm.  high,  the 
stem  slender  but  fleshy.  Leaf  nearly  or  quite  sessile  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
spreading,  thin,  ternate  with  the  primary  divisions  pinnate  to  2 -pinnate  and  the 
segments  i-2-pinnatifid  ;  ultimate  segments  oblong,  more  or  less  toothed  near  the 
apex  ;  epidermal  cells  flexuous  ;  sporophyll  long-stalked,  2-3-pinnate  ;  bud  for 
the  following  year  pilose,  enclosed  in  a  glabrous  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  sporophyll  recurved  its  whole  length,  the  leaf  reclined  upon  it 
in  vernation.  In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Br.  Col.  and  Ariz.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-July. 

Family  2.  OSMUNDACEAE  R.  Br. 

Large  ferns  with  stout  often  erect  rootstocks,  1-2  pinnate  leaves  which 
are  coiled  in  vernation,  the  veins  free,  mostly  forked,  running  to  the 
margins  of  the  pinnules  or  lobes.  Sporanges  large,  globose,  with  mere 
traces  of  an  elastic  ring  of  cells  or  none,  borne  on  modified  contracted 
pinnae  or  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  pinnules.  Three 
genera ;  only  one  American. 

i.  OSM^NDA   L. 

Tall  swamp  ferns,  growing  in  large  crowns,  with  the  fertile  (spore-bearing) 
portions  very  much  contracted,  the  short-pedicelled  naked  sporanges  on  the  mar- 
gins of  their  rachis-like  divisions,  which  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll.  Veins  forked,, 
regular  and  prominent.  Sporanges  thin,  reticulated,  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
cleft  into  two  halves,  a  few  parallel  thickened  cells  near  the  apex  representing  the 
rudimentary  transverse  ring.  Spores  green.  [From  Osmunder,  a  name  for  the 
god  Thor.  ]  Six  species,  mostly  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Leaves  bipinnate,  fertile  at  the  apex.  i.  O.  spectabilis* 

Sterile  leaves  bipinnatifid. 

Pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  with  a  tuft  of  tomentum  at  base  ;  fertile  leaf  distinct  from 

sterile.  2.  O.  cinnamomea. 

Pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  without  a  tuft  of  tomentum  at  base ;  leaves  fertile  in  the 
middle.  3.  O.  Claytoniana* 

1.  Osmunda  spectabilis  Willd.    ROYAL  FERN.    (I.  F.  f.  8.)   Rootstock  bearing 
a  cluster  of  severaftall  bipinnate  leaves,  6  dm.-2  m.  high,  and  3  dm.  or  more 
wide.     Pinnae    1.5-3    dm.    long,    5-10   cm.   wide,   the   pinnules   oblon-g-ovate   or 
lanceolate-oblong,  sessile  or  slightly  stalked,  glabrous,  finely  serrulate,  especially 
near  the  apex  and  occasionally  crenate  towards  the  truncate,  oblique  or  cordate 
base  ;  sporophylls  linear-cylindric,  panicled  at  the  summit,  withering  and  shriv- 
elling with  age,   greenish  before  maturity,  but  becoming  dark   brown   after   the 
spores  have  fallen.     In  swamps  and  marshes,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  N.  W.  Terr.,  Neb. 
and  Miss.     Also  in  Mexico.     Has  been  confused  with  O.  regalis  L.      May-July. 

2.  Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.     CINNAMON  FERN.     (I.  F.  f.  9.)     Rootstock 
very  large,  widely  creeping,  bearing  a  circular  cluster  of  sterile  leaves  with  one  or 
more  fertile  ones  within.     Stipes  3  dm.  or  more  long,  clothed  with  ferruginous 
tomentum  when  young,    glabrous  when   old  ;    sterile    leaves   3    dm.-i    m.  long, 
glabrous  when  mature,  except  a  small  tuft  of  tomentum  at  the  base  of  each  pinna  ; 
pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  oblong  obtuse  segments  ;  sporophyll 
contracted,    bipinnate,    soon   withering  ;    sporanges   cinnamon-colored   after    the 
copious  green  spores  have  been  discharged.     In  wet  places,  N.   S.  to  Minn.,  to 
Fla.  and  Mex.     Forms  occur  with  leaves  variously  intermediate  between  the  fertile 
and  sterile  ;  some  being  sterile  at  the  apex,  others  in  the  middle,  others  on  one 
side  only.     May-June. 

3.  Osmunda  Claytoniana  L.     CLAYTON'S  FERN.     (I.  F.  f.  10.)   Rootstock 
stout,  bearing  a  circle  of  2-pinnatifid  leaves  6  dm. -2  m.  high,  1.5-2.5  dm.  wide  ; 
sterile   pinnae   without  tufts  of  tomentum  at  the  base,  linear- lanceolate,   deeply 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  5 

cleft  into  oblong  obtuse  segments,  some  of  the  leaves  contracted  in  the  middle  and 
bearing  2-5  pairs  of  sporophylls  with  dense,  cylindric  divisions  which  are  green- 
ish at  first,  afterwards  dark  brown,  finally  withering  ;  leaves  clothed  with  tomen- 
tum  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature,  the  fertile  ones  taller  than  the  sterile,  and 
finally  widely  recurving.  In  moist  places,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  N.  C.  and  Mo.  Also  in 
India.  May-July. 

Family  3.  HYMENOPHYLLACEAE  Gaud. 

Membranous,  mostly  small  ferns  with  filiform  or  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Leaves  usually  much  divided.  Sporanges  sessile  on  a  filiform, 
usually  elongated  receptacle,  surrounded  by  a  transverse  ring  which  opens 
vertically.  Several  genera,  comprising  some  200  species,  very  abundant 
in  tropical  regions. 

i.  TRICHO'MANES  L. 

Delicate  filmy  ferns,  the  leaves  usually  much  divided.  Sporanges  flattened, 
surrounded  by  a  broad  entire  transverse  ring  opening  vertically,  sessile  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  slender  filiform  receptacle.  Receptacle  surrounded  by  a  tubular 
or  funnel-shaped  indusium  which  is  truncate  or  slightly  2 -lipped.  [Greek,  in  al- 
lusion to  the  thin  hair-like  segments  of  some  species.  ]  About  100  species,  mostly 
of  tropical  regions. 

i.  Trichomanes  Boschianum  Sturm.  BRISTLE  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  n.)  Rootstock 
filiform,  wiry,  tomentose,  creeping.  Stipes  (petioles)  ascending,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long, 
naked  or  nearly  so;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  1.5-3.3  cm-  wide,  membranaceous,  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-3-pinnatifid  ;  pinnae  ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  side  of  the 
cuneate  base  parallel  with  or  appressed  to  the  narrowly  winged  rachis  ;  segments 
toothed  or  cut  into  linear  divisions  ;  indusia  terminal  on  short  lobes,  1-4  on  a  pin- 
nule, the  mouth  slightly  2-lipped,  receptacle  more  or  less  exserted.  On  wet  rocks. 
Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Has  been  confused  with  the  West  Indian  71  radicans  Sw. 

Family  4.  SCHIZAEACEAE  Reichenb. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  with  simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Sporanges  borne 
in  spikes  or  panicles,  ovoid,  sessile,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opening 
vertically  by  a  longitudinal  slit.  Several  genera  and  about  100  species, 
mainly  tropical. 

Spofanges  in  close  2-ranked  spikes  ;  leaves  filiform  or  linear.  i.  Schizaea. 

Sporanges  in  ample  panicles  ;  pinnules  palmate.  2.  Lygodium. 

i.    SCHIZAEA  J.  E.  Smith. 

Small  slender  ferns  with  filiform  or  linear  leaves,  the  fertile  distinct  from  the 
sterile.  Sporanges  sessile  in  close  distichous  spikes  along  the  single  vein  of  the 
narrow  divisions  of  the  sporophylls,  provided  with  a  complete  apical  ring.  [Greek, 
in  allusion  to  the  cleft  leaves  of  some  species.]  A  genus  of  19  species,  of  wide  dis- 
tribution, mostly  tropical. 

I.  Schizaea  pusllla  Pursh.  CURLY-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  12.)  Sterile  leaves 
linear,  slender  and  tortuous. .  Sporophylls  longer,  7-12  cm.  high,  the  fertile  portion 
terminal,  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of  crowded  pinnae,  forming  a  distichous  spike; 
sporanges  ovoid  or  pyriform,  sessile  in  two  rows  along  the  single  vein  of  the  narrow 
incurved  linear  divisions  of  the  fertile  leaf,  partially  concealed  by  its  incurved 
margins,  which  are  hooded  at  the  apex  and  ciliate  ;  ring  apical,  the  sporanges 
opening  by  a  vertical  slit.  In  wet  soil,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  and  in  N.  S.  and 
Newf.  Rare  and  local.  Aug. -Sept. 

2.  LYGODIUM  Sw. 

Twining  or  climbing  ferns,  the  lower  divisions  sterile,  variously  stalked  and 
lobed,  the  fertile  terminal,  panicled.  Sporanges  ovoid,  solitary  or  in  twos  in  the 
axils  of  imbricated  scale-like  indusia,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opening  verti- 


O  FLORA. 

cally.     Indusia  fixed  by  their  broad  bases  to  short  oblique  veinlets.    [Greek,  in  al- 
lusion to  the  flexible  stipes.  1     About  20  species,  mostly  tropical. 

I.  Lygodium  palmatum  (Bernh.)  Sw.  CLIMBING  IERN.  HARTFORD  FERN. 
(I.  F.  f.  13.)  Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender,  flexible  and  twining; 
leaves  4-10  dm.  long,  their  short  alternate  branches  2-forked,  each  fork  bearing  a 
nearly  orbicular  4-7-lobed  pinnule  which  is  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base  with 
a  narrow  sinus  ;  surfaces  naked  ;  fertile  pinnules  contracted,  several  times  forked, 
forming  a  terminal  panicle  ;  spo ranges  solitary,  each  covered  by  a  scale-like  in- 
dusium.  In  moist  thickets  and  open  woods,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and 
Tenn. ;  rare.  Summer. 

Family  5.  POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br. 

j,u  Fern  Family. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  the  rootstocks  horizontal  and  often  elongate, 
or  short  and  erect,  the  leaves  entire,  pinnate,  pinnatifid  or  decompound, 
coiled  in  vernation.  Sporanges  borne  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  side 
or  margins  of  the  leaves  or  their  segments,  stalked,  provided  with  a  ver- 
tical ring,  opening  transversely.  Sori  with  or  without  a  membranous 
covering  (indusium).  Prothallium  green.  About  200  genera  and  3000 
species  of  wide  distribution. 

Leaves  all  flat,  or  their  edges  only  slightly  revolute. 
Sori  without  indusia. 

Sori  roundish  or  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  pinnatifid. 

i.  Poly  podium. 
Stipes  not  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  2-3-pinnatifid 

or  ternate.  14.  Phegopteris. 

Sori  linear  and  marginal.  2.  Notholaena. 

Sori  with  marginal  indusia  formed  of  the  more  or  less  altered  edge  of  the  leaf. 
Sporanges  at  the  ends  of  veins,  borne  on  a  reflexed  portion  of  the  leaf. 

3.  Adiantum. 
Sporanges  borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  apices 

of  the  veins.  4.  Pteridium. 

Sporanges  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins. 

Leaves  of  two  forms ;  stipes  pale.  5.  Cryptogramma. 

Leaves  uniform  ;  stipes  usually  dark-colored. 

Sori  mostly  forming  a  continuous  indusium  around  the  segment. 

6.  Pellaea. 

Sori  minute ;  indusium  usually  interrupted,  if  continuous  the  seg- 
ments small  and  bead-like.  7.   Cheilanthes. 
Sori  dorsal  or  marginal,  provided  with  special  indusia. 

Sori  linear  or  oblong ;  indusia  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Sori  in  chain-like  rows  parallel  to  the  midribs  or  rachises. 

Leaves  dimorphous.     -\   *  8.  Lorinseria. 

Leaves  uniform.  8a.  Anchistea. 

Sori  all  oblique  to  the  midrib  or  rachises ;  veins  free. 

Sori  single  on  the  upper  side  of  a  veinlet  or  rarely  crossing  it. 

9.  Asplenium. 
Sori  confluent  in  pairs  with  an  apparently  double  indusium  opening  in 

the  middle  ;  leaf  simple.  10.  Phyllitis. 

Sori  partly  parallel  to  the  midrib,  partly  oblique  ;  veins  united. 

j  i .   Camptosorus. 

Sori  roundish,  indusia  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Indusium  superior. 

Indusium  orbicular,  peltate,  fixed  by  the  centre.  12.  Polystichum. 

Indusium  reniform  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow   sinus  by  which  it  is 

attached  to  the  leaf.  13.  Dryopteris. 

Indusium  delicate,  partly  inferior,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  and  enclosing  the 

sorus  like  a  hood.  15-  FMx. 

Indusium  wholly  inferior. 

Indusium  roundish  or  stellate.  16.    Woodsta. 

Indusium  cup-shaped  or  somewhat  2-valved.  17.  Dennstaedtia. 

Spore-bearing  leaves  closely  rolled  together  with  necklace-like  segments. 

Leaves  with  free  veins  ;  rootstock  stout,  erect.  18.  Mateuccia. 

Leaves  with  anastomosing  veins ;  rootstock  creeping  with  scattered  leaves. 

19.  Onoclea. 


PTERWOPHYTA.  f 

X.  POLYPODIUM  L. 

Pinnate  or  simple  ferns  with  stipes  articulated  to  the  creeping  rootstocks.  Sori 
hemispheric,  dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midribs.  Indusium 
none.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  trans- 
versely. Veins  free  in  the  northern  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  branched 
rootstocks  of  some  species.]  About  350  species,  of  wide  distribution,  mostly 
tropical. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  glabrous  ;  plant  green.  i.  P.  vulgare. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  densely  scaly  ;  plant  grayish.  2.  P.  polypodioides. 

1.  Polypodium   vulgare   L.     POLYPODY.      (I.  F.  f.  71.)      Rootstock  widely 
creeping,  densely  covered  with  cinnamon-colored  scales.     Stipes  light-colored,  gla- 
brous,  5—15    cm.   long  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  narrowly  oblong  in  outline,   sub- 
coriaceous,  evergreen,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  7-25  cm.  long,  2.5-4.5  cm.  wide, 
cut  nearly  to  the  rachis  into  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  obtuse  or  subacute,  linear 
or  linear-oblong  segments  ;  sori  large,  borne  about  midway  between  the  midrib 
and  the  margins  of  the  segments  ;  veins  free.     On  rocks  or  rocky  banks,  almost 
throughout  N.  Am. ,  Asia  and  Europe.    Forms  with  the  ends  of  the  segments  enlarged, 
somewhat  palmately  lobed,  and  the  upper  crested  are  known  as  var.  cristatum. 
Forms  with  the  segments  broad  and  deeply  pinnatifid  are  called  var.  Cambricum. 

2.  Polypodium  polypodioides  (L.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.   (I.  F.  f.  72.)   Rootstock 
widely  creeping,  woody,  covered  with  small  brown  scales.     Stipes  densely  scaly,  2.5- 
4.5cm.  long  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  acute,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  3-15 
cm.  long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide,  cut  very  nearly  or  quite  to  the  rachis  into  entire  oblong 
or  linear-oblong  obtuse  segments,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  the 
lower  densely  covered  with  gray  peltate  scales  with  darker  centres,  as  are  also  the 
rachises  ;    veins  indistinct,   unconnected,   and  usually  once  forked.     On  trees  or 
rarely  on  rocks,  Pa.  to  Va.  and  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Mo.  and  Tex.,  and  throughout 
tropical  America.    {Polypodium  incanum  Sw.) 

i.  NOTHOLAENA  R.  Br. 

Mostly  small  rock-loving  ferns,  with  1-3 -pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and 
marginal  roundish  or  oblong  sori,  which  are  at  first  distinct  but  soon  confluent  into 
a  narrow  band.  Indusium  none,  but  the  sporanges  are  sometimes  at  first  covered 
by  the  inflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Veins  free.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided 
with  a  vertical  transversely  bursting  ring.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  often  covered 
with  a  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder,  or  in  some  species  with  a  dense  tomentum. 
[Greek  in  allusion  to  the  woolly  lower  surfaces.]  About  40  species,  of  wide  dis- 
tribution, most  numerous  in  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  13  others  are 
found  in  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

I.  Notholaena  dealbata  (Pursh)  Kunze.  (I.  F.  f.  70.)  Rootstock  short,  chaffy 
with  narrow  brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  very  slender,  shining,  dark  brown, 
2.5—4.5  cm.  long  ;  leaves  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  acute,  broadest  at  the  base, 
2.5-10  cm.  long,  3-pinnate,  the  rachis  black  and  shining  ;  pinnae  ovate,  the  lower 
slender- stalked  ;  ultimate  pinnules  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  lobed,  crenate  or  entire, 
small,  scarcely  2  mm.  long,  white  and  powdery  on  the  lower  surface.  On  calcare- 
ous rocks,  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Ariz,  and  Tex. 

3.  ADIANTUM  L. 

Graceful  ferns  of  rocky  hillsides,  woods,  and  ravines,  with  much  divided  leaves 
and  short  marginal  sori  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  reflexed  and  altered  portion 
of  the  pinnule,  which  serves  as  an  indusium.  Stipes  and  branches  of  the  leaves 
very  slender  or  filiform,  polished  and  shining.  [Name  ancient.]  A  genus  of  80  or 
90  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America. 

Leaves  2-pinnate,  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline.  i.  A.  Capillus-  Venerts. 

Leaves  dichotomously  forked  with  pinnate  branches.  2.  A.  pedatum* 

i.  Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris  L.  VENUS-HAIR  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  59.)  Root- 
stock  creeping,  rather  slender,  chaffy  with  light-brown  scales.  Stipes  very  slender, 
black  or  nearly  so,  shining,  7-22  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  bi- 


fLORA. 

pinnate  below,  simply  pinnate  above,  membranous,  commonly  drooping,  1.5-6  dm. 
long,  1-3  dm.  wide  at  the  base;  pinnules  and  upper  pinnae  wedge-obovate  or 
rhomboid,  rather  long-stalked,  glabrous,  the  upper  margin  rounded  and  more  or 
less  incised,  crenate  or  dentate-serrate,  except  where  it  is  recurved  to  form  tho  in- 
dusia.  In  ravines,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.,  S.  Dak.  and  Cal.  Widely  distributed. 
2.  Adiantum  pedatum  L.  MAIDEN-HAIR  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  60.)  Rootstock 
slender,  creeping,  chaffy,  rooting  along  its  whole  length.  Stipes  2-4.5  dm.  l°ng» 
dark  chestnut-brown,  polished  and  shining,  dichotomously  forked  at  the  summit; 
leaves  obliquely  orbicular  in  outline,  2-4.5  dm.  broad,  the  pinnae  arising  from  the 
upper  sides  of  the  two  branches  of  the  stipe,  somewhat  radiately  arranged,  the 
larger  ones  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  2.5-5  cm'  wide;  pinnules  oblong,  triangular- 
oblong,  or  the  terminal  one  fan-shaped,  short-stalked,  the  lower  margin  entire  and 
slightly  curved,  the  upper  margin  cleft,  lobed  or  dentate,  bearing  the  linear-oblong, 
often  short  sori.  In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  Utah  and  Cal., 
in  Alaska  and  W.  Asia. 

4.  PTERIDIUM  Scop. 

Large,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  growing  in  open  sunny  places,  with  variously  di- 
vided leaves,  and  marginal  linear  continuous  sori  which  occupy  a  slender  or  fili- 
form receptacle,  connecting  the  tips  of  free  veins.  Indusium  membranous,  formed 
of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Stipes  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  [Greek 
name  for  ferns,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the  wings  of  birds.] 
About  ico  species  of  wide  distribution,  mostly  of  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

I.  P.  aquilinum  (L.)  Kuhn.  BRAKE.  BRACKEN.  (I.  F.  f.  $i.)  Rootstock 
stout,  woody,  horizontal.  Stipes  3-6  dm.  long,  straw-colored  or  brownish;  leaves 
6-12  dm.  long.  3-9  dm.  wide,  usually  glabrous,  ternate,  the  three  branches  each 
bipinnate;  upper  pinnules  undivided,  the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid.  In  sunny 
places,  distributed  over  nearly  the  whole  of  N.  Am.  \Pteris  aquilina  L.j 

P.  aquillnum  lathisculum  (Desv:)  Underw.  Pinnules  linear  and  entire,  or  with  the 
segments  less  crowded  and  the  terminal  lobe  attenuate,  narrow  and  entire.  In  sandy 
soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  (P.  aquilinum  pseudocaudatum  Clute.) 

5.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br.    ROCK-BRAKK. 

Light  green,  alpine  and  arctic  ferns  with  leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  segments  of 
the  sterile  much  broader  than  those  of  the  fertile,  the  sporanges  in  oblong  or 
roundish  sori,  which  are  at  length  confluent  and  cover  the  backs  of  the  fertile  pin- 
nules. Indusium  formed  of  the  somewhat  altered  margin  of  the  pinnule,  at  first 
reflexed  to  the  midrib,  so  that  the  segments  appear  pod-like,  at  length  opening  out 
flat.  Sporanges  borne  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins.  [Greek,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  hidden  sporanges.]  Two  species. 

1.  Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.   (I.  F.  f.  62.)    Rootstock  stout,  short, 
chaffy.     Stipes  slender,  densely  tufted,  straw-colored,  5-15  cm.  long,  chaffy  below; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  thin,  glabrous,  2-3 -pinnate,  the  sterile 
shorter  than  the  fertile,   their  ultimate  segments  and  pinnules  crowded,   ovate, 
oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  crenate  or  slightly  incised;  fertile  leaves  with  linear  or 
linear-oblong  segments  6-12  mm.  long,  2  mm.  or  less  wide,  the  margins  involute  to 
the  midrib  at  first,  expanded  at  maturity  and  exposing  the  light  brown  sporanges. 
Forming  dense  patches  among  rocks,  Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  Colo.,  and  Cal. 

2.  Cryptogramma  Stellcri  (Gmel.)  Prantl.    (I.  F.  f.  63.)   Rootstock  slender, 
creeping,  threadlike,  somewhat  scaly.     Stipes  scattered,  5-8  cm.  long,  straw-col- 
ored  or  pale  brown,  slightly  chaffy  below;  leaves  thin-membranous,  ovate  in  out- 
line, 5-13   cm.  long,  2.5-5   cm.  wide,  2-3 -pinnate  or  pinnatifid  above,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile  and  with  narrower  pinnules  and  segments;  pinnae  lanceolate- 
deltoid,  cut  to  the  rachis  into  a  few  blunt  or  subacute  slightly  lobed  or  entire  seg- 
ments; indusium  broad,  continuous;  veins  of  the  fertile  leaves  mostly  only  one- 
forked,  everywhere  apparent  and  conspicuous.     On  rocks,  preferring   limestone, 
Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mass.,  Penn,,  Iowa  and  Colo.     Also  in  Asia.    JPellaea 
Stelleri  Watt.] 


PTER1DOPHYTA.  Q 

6.  PELLAEA  Link.     CLIFF-BRAKB. 

Rock-loving  ferns  of  small  or  medium  size  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and 
intramarginal  sori  borne  on  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins,  at  length  confluent  and 
forming  a  marginal  line.  Indusium  commonly  broad  and  membranous,  formed  of 
the  reflexed  margins  of  fertile  segments  which  are  more  or  less  modified  and  mem- 
branous. Fertile  and  sterile  leaves  similar.  Stipes  usually  dark-colored.  [Greek, 
in  allusion  to  the  dark-colored  stipes.]  About  55  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  2-pinnate  with  large  pinnules.  i.  P.  atropurpurea. 

Leaves  small,  3-pinnate,  the  pinnules  narrow.  2.  P.  densa. 

1.  Pellaea  atropurpurea  (L.)  Link.     (I.  F.  f.  64.)    Rootstock  short,  densely 
clothed  with  rusty  hair-like  scales..    Stipes  tufted,  5-15  cm.  long,  dark  purple  or 
nearly  black;  leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  1-3  dm. 
long,   5-15  cm.  wide,   simply  pinnate  or  2-pinnate  below;  rachis  dark-brown  or 
purple,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  pinnules  and  upper  pinnae  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  glabrous, 
6  mm.   or   less  wide,   short-stalked   or  sessile;    indusium  formed  of  the   slightly 
altered  incurved  margin  of  the  pinnules;  veins  obscure,  commonly  twice  forked. 
On  rocks,  preferring  limestone,   Ont.  to  Br.   Col.,  south  to  Conn.,  Ga.,  Ariz,  and 
N,  Hex. 

2.  Pellaea  densa  (Brack.)  Hook.     (I.  F.  f.  65.)     Rootstock  rather  slender, 
chaffy  with  blackish  scales.     Stipes  densely  tufted,  wiry,  slender,  light  brown,  7-22 
cm.  long;  leaves  ovate  or  triangular-oblong  in  outline,  2.5-4.5  cm.  long,  densely 
3-pinnate,  the  segments  6-12  mm.  long,  linear,  nearly  sessile,  acuminate  or  mucro- 
nate,  those  of  the  fertile  leaves   tapering  at   each  end,   with  narrowly  recurved 
margins;  apices  of  the  rare  sterile  leaves  sharply  serrate,  otherwise  similar  to  the 
fertile  ones.    Mt.  Albert,  Gaspe,  P.  Q.     Also  from  Br.  Col.  to  Wyo,  and  Cal. 

7.  CHEILANTHES  Sw.     LIP-FERN. 

Mostly  pubescent  or  tomentose  rock-loving  and  small  ferns  with  much  divided 
leaves,  the  sori  terminal  on  the  veins,  ultimately  more  or  less  confluent.  Indusium 
formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf,  roundish  and  distinct  or  more  or  less  con- 
fluent. Sporanges  often  much  concealed  in  the  scales  or  tomentum  which  covers 
the  segments  in  many  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  lipped  indusia  of  some 
species.]  About  65  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Leaves  nearly  glabrous,  2-pinnate.  i.  C.  Alabamensis. 

Leaves  hirsute  and  glandular,  not  tomentose  ;  indusia  not  continuous. 

2.   C.  lanosa. 

Leaves  more  or  less  tomentose  ;  indusia  mostly  continuous. 

Leaves  5-10  cm.  long  ;  stipes  slender,  at  length  nearly  glabrous.  3.  C.  Fi'ei, 
Leaves  1.5-4.5  dm.  long ;  stipes  stout,  densely  brown-tomentose.  4.  C.  tomentosa, 

1.  Cheilanthes   Alabamensis   (Buckl.)     Kunze.      (I.  F.  f.  66.)      Rootstock 
creeping,  rather  stout  and  short,  with  slender  brown  scales.    Stipes  black,  7-18  cm. 
Jong,  slender,  wiry,  villous  at  least  towards  the  base  with  rusty  wool;  leaves  lanceo- 
late in  outline,  glabrous,  5~25  cm>  l°nS>  2-pinnate;  pinnae  numerous,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  very  short- stalked,  the  lowest  usually  smaller  than  those  above; 
pinnules  oblong  or  triangular-oblong,  mostly  acute,  often  auriculate  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  base,  more  or  less  toothed  or  incised;  indusia  pale,  membranous,  interrupted 
by  the  incising  of  the  pinnae.     On  rocks,  Va.  to  Ala.,  west  to  Ark.  and  Ariz. 

2.  Cheilanthes  lanosa  (Michx.)  Watt.    (I.  F.  f.  67.)     Rootstock  short,  creep- 
ing, with  pale  rusty-brown  scales.     Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  chestnut-brown,  5-10  cm. 
long,  hirsute;  leaves  herbaceous,  oblong- lanceolate  in  outline,  10-22  cm.  long,  2.5-5 
cm.  wide,  gradually  attenuate  to  the  apex,  2-pinnate  ;  pinnules  somewhat  distant, 
lanceolate-deltoid,  acute,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  incised,  more  or  less  covered  with 
almost  bristly  hairs  and  usually   somewhat  glandular,  obtuse  or  subacute;    sori 
numerous,  covered  by  the  infolded  ends  of  the  rounded  or  oblong  lobes.     On  rocks, 
West  Rock,  New  Haven,  and  southern  New  York  to  Ga.,  west  to  Mo.,  Ark.  and 
Tex. 

3.  Cheilanthes  Feei  Moore.     (I.  F.  f.  68.)     Rootstock  short,  covered  with 
narrow  brown  scales  lined  with  black.     Stipes  densely  tufted,  slender,  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves,  at  first  covered  with  woolly  hairs,  at  length  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 


10  FLORA. 

ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  5-10  cm.  long,  2.5-5  cm-  wide,  3-pinnate  or  2-pinnate 
with  the  pinnules  pinnatifid,  the  upper  surface  slightly  tomentose,  the  lower  densely 
matted  with  whitish-brown  woolly  hairs;  upper  pinnae  oblong-ovate,  the  lower 
deltoid,  the  lowest  distant;  ultimate  segments  or  lobes  minute,  the  terminal  ones 
slightly  larger  than  the  others,  all  roundish  or  obovate  and  much  crowded;  indusium 
narrow.  On  rocks,  111.,  to  Br.  Col.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.  (C,  gracilis  Mett.) 

4.  Cheilanthes  tomentosa  Link.  (I.  F.  f.  69.)  Rootstock  stout,  short, 
densely  chaffy  with  light  brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  1-2  dm.  long,  rather  stout, 
densely  brown -tomentose  even  when  mature;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
3-pinnate,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  densely  tomentose,  especially  beneath,  with  slender 
brownish- white  obscurely  articulated  hairs;  pinnse  and  pinnules  ovate-oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  ultimate  pinnules  about  I  mm.  long,  the  terminal  ones  some- 
times twice  as  large  as  the  others;  indusium  pale,  membranous,  continuous.  On 
rocks,  Va.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 

8.  LORINSERIA  Presl.    CHAIN-FERN. 

Medium-sized  ferns  of  swamps  with  dimorphous  pinnate  leaves,  and  linear  sori 
sunk  in  cavities  of  the  leaf,  arranged  parallel  to  the  midribs.  Indusia  subcoriaceous, 
fixed  by  their  outer  margins  to  a  veinlet  and  covering  the  cavity  like  a  lid.  Veins 
copiously  reticulated.  Only  the  following  species.  [Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Gus- 
tav  Lorinser,  a  Bohemian  physician  and  naturalist.] 

i.  Lorinseria  areolata  (L.)  Underw.  (I.  F.  f.  43.)  Rootstock  slender, 
creeping,  chaffy.  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile  taller  than  the  sterile  and  borne 
on  longer  stipes,  3-6  cm.  high,  their  pinnse  narrowly  linear;  sterile  leaves  deltoid- 
ovate,  membranous,  the  segments  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  minutely  serru- 
late or  undulate,  their  bases  connected  by  a  rather  broad  rachis-wing.  Tn  swamps, 
Me.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  Ark.;  also  in  Mich.  (Woodwardia  areolata  (L.)  Moore.) 

8a.  ANCHISTEA   Presl.    CHAIN-FERN. 

Large  coarse  ferns  of  swamps  or  wet  woods,  with  uniform  nearly  bi pinnate 
leaves  and  oblong  sori  arranged  in  chain-like  rows  parallel  to  the  midribs.  In- 
dusia fixed  by  their  outer  margins  to  a  veinlet.  Veins  forming  a  single  row  of 
areolse  next  the  midrib,  then  free  to  the  margin.  Two  species  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  the  following  and  one  of  eastern  Asia.  [Greek,  referring  to  its  rela- 
tionship to  WoodiuardiaJ\ 

I.  Anchistea  Virginica  (L.)  Presl.  (I.  F.  f.  42.)  Rootstock  stout,  sub- 
terranean, creeping,  chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  3-4.5  dm.  long,  nearly  or  quite  naked; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-6  dm.  long, 
15—22  cm.  wide;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  oblong  obtuse  segments  with  minutely  serrulate  margins; 
sori  4  mm.  long.  In  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.,  La.  and 
Ark.  (Wood-war dia  Virginica  (L.)  J.  E.  Smith.) 

9.  ASPLENIUM  L.     SPLEENWORT. 

Large  or  small  ferns  with  entire,  lobed,  pinnate,  2-3-pinnate,  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  linear  or  oblong  sori  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  Leaves  mostly 
uniform.  Veins  free.  Indusia  straight  or  curved,  opening  towards  the  midribs 
when  single.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  an  elastic  ring,  bursting  ^trans- 
versely.  [Ancient  Greek  name  ;  some  species  were  supposed  to  be  remedies  for 
diseases  of  the  spleen.]  A  genus  of  some  200  species,  of  very  wide  geographic 
distribution. 

Sori -straight  or  rarely  slightly  curved,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a  vein;  mostly  small 

(except  in  No.  7). 
Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  below,  tapering  to  a  point. 

Stipes  blackish  below ;  lobes  rounded  or  the  lowest  acuminate. 

i.  A.  pinnattfidum. 
Stipes  blackish  throughout;  lobes  acute  or  acuminate.         2.  A.  ebenoides. 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  II 

Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Pinnae  7  mm.-8  cm.  long,  mostly  blunt. 
Rachis  chestnut-brown  or  blackish. 

Pinnae  auricled  at  the  upper  side  of  the  base. 

Pinnae  opposite,  oblong  ;  rachis  dark  brown  or  black. 

3.  A.  resiliens* 
Pinnae  partly  alternate,  lanceolate ;  rachis  chestnut-brown. 

4.  A.  platyneuron. 
Pinnae  not  auricled,  partly  alternate,  partly  opposite. 

5.  A.  Trichomanes. 
Rachis  green;  pinnae  not  auricled.                                    o.  A.  viride. 

Pinnae  5-12  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate.  7.  A.  angustifolium. 

Leaves  2-3-pinnatifid. 

Stipes  green  ;  leaves  ovate-deltoid ;  pinnules  fan-shaped,  veins  flabellate. 

8.  A.  Ruta-muraria. 
Stipes  dark  at  the  base,  green  above. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  broadest  near  the  base.  9.  A.  montanum. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  above  the  middle.  10.  A.fontanum. 

Stipes  chestnut- brown  throughout,  as  also  the  lower  part  of  the  rachis. 

ii.  A.  Bradle\i. 
Sori  usually  more   or  less  curved,   sometimes  horseshoe-shaped,  often  crossing  to  the 

outer  or  lower  side  of  the  veinlet ;  large  ferns. 

Leaves  2-pinnatifid ;  segments  blunt,  scarcely  crenate.  12.  A.  acrostichoides. 

Leaves  2-pinnate;  pinnules  acute,  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  13.  A.  Filix-fcemina. 

1.  Asplenium  pirmatifidum  Nutt.     (I.  F.  f.  46.)     Rootstock  short,  creeping, 
chaffy.     Stipes   tufted,   polished,   blackish   below,    green   above,    5-12    cm.   long, 
somewhat  chaffy  below,  at  least  when  young  ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline. 
7-25   cm.   long,   firm,  tapering    upward  to  a    long  narrow  tip,  pinnatifid.  or  the 
lower  parts  pinnate  ;  lowest  pinnae  or  occasionally  several  pairs  sometimes  taper- 
ing to  a  point  like  that  of  the  apex  of  the  leaf ;  lobes  or  pinnae  rounded  or  the 
lowest  acuminate.     On  rocks,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  111.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

2.  Asplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott.     (I.  F.  f.  47.)     Rootstock  short,  chaffy. 
Stipes  blackish  tufted,  4-10  cm.   long  ;    leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  variable  in 
size  and  length,  8-25  em.  long,  2.5—5  cm-  w'de  at  the  base,   firm,  tapering  into 
a  very  long  narrow  acuminate  apex,  pinnatifid,  or  commonly  pinnate  below,  the 
segments  or  pinnae  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  irregular  in 
length,  the  lower  sometimes  shorter  than  those  just  above  ;  sori  several  on  each 
segment,  straight  or  slightly  curved.      On   limestone,  Vt.  to  Ind.,  south  to  Ala. 
Local;  rare  except  in  the  last-named  locality. 

3.  Asplenium   resiliens   Kunze.      (I.    F.    f.  48.)     Rootstock  short,  chaffy 
with  black  stiff  scales.     Stipes  tufted,  blackish  and  shining,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  leaves 
rather  firm,  linear-oblong  or  linear-oblanceolate,  7-25  cm.  long,  10-25  mm.  wide, 
once  pinnate  ;    pinnae   4-12  mm.  long,  mostly    opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or 
crenulate,  auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  nearly  sessile,  the  middle  ones  the  long- 
est, the  lower  gradually  shorter  and  reflexed  ;  rachis  dark  brown  or  black  ;  sori 
oblong,  short,  borne  about  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin  of  the 
pinnae,  nearly  or  quite  straight.       On  limestone,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.,  Tex., 
and  N.  Mex. 

4.  Asp'enium    platyneuron    (L.)    Oakes.     (I.   F.  f.  49.)     Rootstock  short. 
Stipes  tufted,  purplish -brown  and  shining,  2.5-10  cm.  long  ;  leaves  linear,  2-4  cm. 
long,    1.2—3.5  cm.   wide,   firm,  once  pinnate,   the  rachis  chestnut-brown  ;    pinnae 
20-40  pairs,  lanceolate,  subfalcate,  alternate  or  partly  so,  sessile,  crenate,  serrate  or 
incised,  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base  and  occasionally  also  on  the  lower  ; 
lower  pinnae  gradually  smaller  and  oblong  or  triangular  ;  sori  8-12  on  each  side 
of  the  midrib  of  the  pinnae,  becoming  crowded  at  maturity.     On  rocks  and  banks, 
preferring  limestone  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  lo  Fla.,  Colo,  and  Tex.    (A.  ebeneum  Ait.) 

5.  Asplenium  Trichomanes  L.     (I.  F.  f.  50.)     Rootstock  short,  nearly  erect, 
chaffy  with  blackish  scales.     Stipes  densely  tufted,  numerous,  2.5-12  cm.  long, 
purplish-brown  and  shining  ;  leaves  linear  in  outline,  7-20  cm.   long,  12-20  mm. 
wide,  rather  rigid,  once  pinnate,  evergreen  ;  pinnae  oval  or  roundish-oblong,   in- 
equilateral, partly  opposite,  partly  alternate,  or   nearly  all  opposite,  cuneate  at 
the  base,  the  point  of  attachment  to  the  dark  brown  rachis  narrow,  their  margins 
slightly  crenate;  sori  3-6  on  each  side  of  the  forking  and  evanescent  midrib,  short, 


12  FLORA. 

narrowed  at  either  end.     On  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  throughout  nearly  the 
whole  of  N.  Am.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

6.  Asplenium  viride  Huds.     (I.  F.  f.  51.)     Rootstock  stout,    creeping,  with 
brown  nerveless  scales.     Stipes  numerous,  densely  tufted,  brownish  below,  green 
above  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  5-20  cm.  long,  8-20  cm.  wide,  once  pinnate,  pale 
green,  soft,  herbaceous  or  almost  membranous;  rachis  green;  pinnae  12-20  pairs, 
ovate  or  rhomboid,  deeply  crenate,  obtuse,  unequal  sided,  their  upper  edges  nar- 
rowed suddenly  at  the  base,  the  lower  obliquely  truncate  ;  sori  oblong  and  num- 
erous or   scattered   and   fewer.      On  rocks,  N.  B.  and  Vt.  to  Br.  Col.     Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  Asplenium  angustifolium  Michx.     (I.  F.  f.  52.)     Rootstock  stout,  creep- 
ing, rooting  throughout.     Stipes  growing  in  a  crown,  brownish  or  green  above,  chaff- 
less,  2-3  dm.  long,  sometimes  slightly  scaly  toward  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate  in 
outline,  3-6  dm.  long,  once  pinnate,  glabrous  ;  pinnae  20—30  pairs,  linear-lanceolate, 
or  those  of  the  sterile  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  5-12  cm.   long  flaccid,  the  margins  entire  or  slightly  crenulate  ;  fertile 
leaves  commonly  taller  than  the  sterile,  narrower,  their  pinnae  generally  much  nar- 
rower, often  falcate  ;  sori  20-30  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  linear,  crowded.     In 
moist  woods  P.  Q.  to  Wis.  south  to  Va.  and  Ky. 

8.  Asplenium  Ruta-muraria  L.     (I.  F.  f.  53.)     Rootstock  short,  ascending. 
Stipes  tufted,  naked,  green,  5-7  cm.  long  ;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate  in  outline, 
5-12  cm.  long,  glabrous,  evergreen,  2-3 -pinnate  or  pinnatifid  above  ;  pinnae  and  pin- 
nules stalked  ;  pinnules  rhombic  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  dentate  or  incised,  cune- 
ate  at  the  base  ;  veins  flabellate  ;  sori  few,  linear-oblong,  confluent  when  mature  and 
covering  nearly  the  whole  pinnule,  the  indusium  membranaceous  and  delicate.     On 
limestone,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  Conn.,  Ala.  and  Mo.     Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and  N.  Africa. 

9.  Asplenium  montanum  Willd.     (I.  F.  f.  54.)     Rootstock  short,  chaffy  at 
the  summit.     Stipes  tufted,  naked,  slender,  blackish  at  the  base,  5-7  cm.  long  ; 
leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rather 
firm,   1-2  pinnate  ;  lower  pinnae  longest,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  or  seg- 
ments ovate  or  oblong  ;  upper  pinnae  less  divided,  merely  toothed  or  incised  ;  veins 
obscure  ;  sori  linear-oblong,  short,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  double,  usually  abun- 
dant, often  confluent  at  maturity  and  concealing  the  narrow  membranous  indusia. 
On  rocks,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  west  to  O.  and  Ark. 

10.  Asplenium    fontanum    (L.)    Bernh.      (I.   F.  f.   55.)      Rootstock   short, 
ascending,  with  narrow  dark  scales  at  the  apex.     Stipes  tufted,  2.5-7  cm.  long, 
somewhat   blackish    at  the   base  especially  on  the  inner  side,  usually  glabrous  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,   broadest  above  the  middle,   thin,   2-3  pinnate,  7-15  cm.   long, 
1-3  cm.  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base;  pinnae  10-15  Pairs> 
the  segments  deeply  dentate  with  spinulose  teeth  ;  sori  only  I  to  4  on  each  segment, 
covered  with  a   membranous  subentire    indusium,    rarely  confluent.      On   rocks, 
Lycoming  Co.,  Pa.,  and  Springfield,  O.     Also  in  Europe. 

11.  Asplenium  Bradleyi  D.  C.  Eaton.     (I.  F.  f.  56.)    Rootstock  short,  chaffy 
with  brown  scales.     Stipes  tufted,   slender,   5-7  cm.  long,   chestnut-brown;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong,   acuminate  at  the  apex,   not  narrowed  at  the  base, 
pinnate  with  8-12  pairs  of  short-stalked  or  sessile,  oblong-ovate  pinnae,  the  lower 
again  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes  or  pinnules,  which  are  toothed 
at  the  apex,  the  upper  pinnatifid  with  dentate  or  nearly  entire  lobes;  rachis  brown; 
sori  short,  borne  near  the  midrib,  covered  with  the  narrow  indusium  until  maturity. 
On   rocks,    often   preferring   limestone,    N.  Y.  to    Ga.    and   Ala.,   west    to   Ark. 
Local.     July-Sept. 

12.  Asplenium  acrostichoides  Sw.     (I.  F.  f.  57.)     Rootbtock  sinuous,  creep- 
ing.    Stipes  2-3  dm.   long,  straw-colored,  somewhat  chaffy  below  at  least  when 
young  ;    leaves   lanceolate  in  outline,   3-9   dm.    long,    1.5-3  dm.    wide,   acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,    pinnate-pinnatifid;    pinnae  linear- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  acuminate,    deeply  pinnatifid  into  numerous  oblong  obtuse  or 
subacute,  slightly  crenate  segments;  sori  crowded,  slightly  curved  or  straight,  the 
lower  ones  often  double;  indusium  light-colored  and  somewhat  shining  when  young. 
In  rich  moist  woods,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     Also  in  E.  Asia. 

13.  Asplenium  Filix-fo^mina  (L.)  Bernh.     (I.  F.  f.  58.)     Rootstock  creep- 
ing, rather  slender  for  the  RJZQ  of  the  plant.      Stipes  tufted,   1.5-2.5  dm.    long, 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  13 

straw-colored,  brownish  or  reddish;  leaver  oroadly  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  the  apex,  3-9  dm.  long,  bipinnate;  pinnae,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
short-stalked  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  1-2  dm.  long;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate, 
incised  or  serrate,  their  lobes  or  teeth  often  again  toothed,  those  toward  the  ends  ol 
the  pinnae  confluent  by  a  very  narrow  margin  to  the  secondary  rachis  ;  sori  short, 
the  indusia  straight  or  variously  curved,  sometimes  horseshoe-shaped.  In  woods, 
thickets,  and  by  walls  and  fences,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ariz. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

10.  PHYLLITIS  Hill,  1756.     {Scolopendrium  Adans.  1763.] 

Large  ferns  with  oblong  or  strap-shaped  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  linear 
elongated  sori  which  are  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib  and  contiguous  in 
pairs,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  a  vein  let,  the  other  on  the  lower  side  of  the  next 
contiguous  veinlet,  thus  appearing  to  have  a  double  indusium  opening  longitudinally 
along  its  middle.  Five  species,  mainly  of  temperate  regions.  Only  the  following 
is  known  to  occur  in  N.  Am.  [Greek  name  of  the  Harts-tongue.] 

i.  Phyllitis  Scolopendnum  (L.)  Newman.  HARTS-TONGUE.  (I.  F.  f.  44  \ 
Rootstock  short,  chaffy  with  light  brown  scales.  Stipes  5-15  cm.  long,  fibrillose 
chaffy  below  or  sometimes  up  to  the  base  of  the  leaf ;  leaves  entire,  bright  green, 
firm,  2-4.5  dm.  long,  2.5-6  cm.  wide,  cordate  at  the  base,  the  margins  entire  or 
undulate,  the  lower  surface  of  the  midrib  sometimes  chaffy;  pairs  of  sori  distinct, 
4-15  mm.  long;  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface,  the  sporanges  dark  brown  at 
maturity;  veins  free,  usually  once  forked  near  the  midrib.  On  shaded  cliffs  of  the 
corniferous  limestone,  Chittenango  Falls  and  Jamesville,  N.  Y. ;  near  South  Pitts- 
burg,  Tenn. ;  Owen  Sound,  Ont.,  N.  B.  and  Mex.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe, 
Asia  and  Africa. 

ix.  CAMPTOSORUS  Link. 

Slender  ferns  with  tapering  simple  entire  or  undulate  leaves,  bearing  linear  or 
oblong  sori  several  times  longer  than  broad,  irregularly  scattered  on  either  side  of 
the  reticulate  veins  or  sometimes  crossing  them,  partly  parallel  to  the  midrib  and 
partly  oblique  to  it,  the  outer  ones  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs.  Indusium 
membranous.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  bent  or  curved  sori.]  Two  species. 

i.  Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  (L.)  Link.  WALKING-FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  45.) 
Rootstock  short,  usually  creeping,  chaffy.  Stipes  light  green,  2.5-15  cm.  long, 
tufted,  spreading  ;  leaves  rather  thin,  lanceolate,  simple,  long-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  cordate,  hastate  or  rarely  narrowed  at  the  base,  10-25  cm-  l°ng>  sometimes  with 
a  more  or  less  elongated  pair  of  basal  auricles;  tip  of  the  leaf  and  sometimes  the  tip 
of  one  or  both  of  the  basal  auricles  rooting  and  forming  a  new  plant  by  the  ultimate 
withering  away  of  its  tissue,  but  commonly  two  or  sometimes  as  many  as  four 
plants  are  found  connected;  sori  usually  numerous,  irregularly  scattered  on  the 
lower  surface.  On  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  P.  Q.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to 
N.  Car.  and  Kan. 

la.  POLYSTICHUM  Roth. 

Coarse  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ferns  growing  from  an  erect  rootstock,  with  round 
sori  usually  borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins,  the  sterile  and  fertile  leaves  similar  in 
outline.  Indusium  superior,  centrally  peltate,  orbicular.  Stipe  continuous,  not 
jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Veins  free.  [Greek,  signifying  many  rows,  without 
obvious  application.  ]  Some  45  species  of  wide  distribution. 

Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Stipes  short ;  lower  pinnae  much  reduced.  i.  P.  Lonchitis. 

Stipes  longer  ;  lower  pinnae  usually  little  reduced.  2.  P.  acrosticlioides. 

Leaves  2-pinnate.  3.  P.  Braunii* 

I.  Polystichum  Lonchitis  (L.)  Roth.  HOLLY-FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  26.)  Rootstock 
short,  stout  densely  chaffy.  Stipes  2.5-12.5  cm.  long,  bearing  large  dark  brown 
scales  with  some  smaller  ones  ;  leases  rigid,  evergreen,  narrowly  lanceolate  in 
outline,  once  pinnate  ;  pinnae  broadly  lanceolate-falcate,  2.5-5  cm'  l°ng?  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base  and  obliquely 
truncate  on  the  lower,  densely  spinulose-vkutate,  the  lowest  commonly  triangular 


14  FLOJZA. 

and  shorter  ;  sori  large,  at  length  contiguous,  borne  nearer  the  margin  than  the 
midrib.  On  rocks,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ont.  and  Br.  Col.,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mts.  to  Utah.  Also  in  N.  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Polystichum  acrostichoides  (Michx.)  Schott.     CHRISTMAS  FERN.     (I.  F. 
f.  27.)    Rootstock  stout,   creeping.     Stipes  12-16  cm.  long,  densely  chaffy  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,    1.5-6  dm.  long,  7-12  cm.  wide,  rigid,  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  once 
pinnate  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  falcate,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  acutish  at  the 
apex,  half  halberd-shaped  at  the  base,   bristly  with  appressed  teeth,    the  lower 
scarcely  smaller  ;  fertile  fronds  contracted  at  the  summit,  bearing  the  large  con- 
tiguous sori  near  the  middle,  which  soon  cover  the  whole  lower  surface.     In  woods 
and  rocky  places,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ont.,  Wis.,  and  Miss.     July- 
Aug.     Forms  with  cut-lobed  or  incised  pinnoe  are  known  as  var.   Schiueinitzii  ; 
occasional  forms  are  2-pinnatifid. 

3.  Polystichum    Braunii    (Spenner)    Fee.     (I.   F.  f.  28.)      Rootstock  stout. 
Stipes  10-12  cm.  long,  chaffy  with  both  broad  and  narrow  brown  scales  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,   not  coriaceous,    2-pinnate,    the  rachis  chaffy,    at  least  below  ; 
pinnae  numerous,  close  together,   lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  the 
base,  cut  to  the  midvein  into  ovate  or  oblong  pinnules  ;  middle  pinnae  6-10  cm. 
long,  the  lower  gradually  shorter  ;  pinnules  truncate  and  nearly  rectangular  at  the 
base,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply  toothed  and  beset  with  long  soft  hairs  and  scales  ; 
sori  small,  mostly  nearer  the  midvein  than  the  margin.      In  rocky  woods,  Quebec 
to  Alaska,  south  to  Me.,  the  mountains  of  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Br.  Col.     Aug. 

13.     DRYOPTERIS   Adans.     [ASPIDIUM  Sw.]     SHIRLD-FKKN. 

Ferns  with  2~3-pinn?te  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  usually  borne  on  the 
backs  of  the  veins,  the  fertile  and  sterile  leaves  similar  in  outline.  Indusium 
flattish,  cordate  reniform,  superior,  fixed  by  its  sinus.  Stipe  continuous,  not 
jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Veins  free.  [Greek,  signifying  oak-fern,  in  allusion 
to  the  forest  habitat  of  most  species.]  About  150  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Texture  thin-membranous;  veins  simple  or  once  forked;  leaves  pinnatifid. 

Lower  pinnae  very  much  reduced.  i.  D.  Noveboracensis. 

Lower  pinnse  little  smaller  than  the  middle  ones. 

Veins  i-2-forked  ;  sori  crowded,  10-12  to  a  segment.          2.  D.  Thelypteris. 
Veins  simple;  sori  larger,  distant,  4-10  to  a  segment.         3.  D.  simulata. 
Texture  firmer,  sometimes  subcoriaceous;  veins  forking  freely. 
Leaves  2-pinnatifid  or  2-pinnate;  segments  not  spinulose. 

Leaves  small,  narrowly  lanceolate.  4.  D.fragrans. 

Leaves  larger,  mostly  0.4-1.6  m.  high. 
Indusia  large,  thinnish  and  flat. 

Pinnae  widest  at  the  base.  5.  D.  cristata. 

Pinna?  widest.  *t  the  middle.  6.  D.  Goldieana. 

Indusia  convex,  without  marginal  glands. 

Sori  near  the  margin.  7,  D.  marginalis. 

Sori  near  the  midvein.  8.  D.  Filix-mas. 

Leaves  2-pinnate  or  3-pinnatifid  ;  segments  spinulose-toothed. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  not  narrowad  below ;  scales  of  stipes  usually 

with  a  dark  centre.  9.  D.  spinulosa. 

Leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  stipes 
pale  brown.  10.  D.  Boottii. 

1.  Dryopteris    Noveboracensis   (L.)   A.    Gray.     (I.  F.  f.  29.)     Rootstock 
slender,  creeping.     Leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  botn  ways  from  the  middle,  3-6  dm. 
long,  10-15  cm.  wide,  membranous,  long-acuminate  atthe  apex,  once  pinnate;  pinnoe 
lanceolate,  sessile,   long-acuminate,   deeply  pinnatifid,  ciliate  and  finely  pubescent 
beneath,  3-7  cm.  long,  the  two  or  more  lower  pairs  gradually  shorter  and  deflexed, 
commonly  distant ;    segments  flat,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  basal  ones  often  enlarged; 
veins  simple  or  those  of  the  basal  lobes  forked ;  sori  not  confluent,  borne  near  the 
margin;  indusium  minute,  reniform,  delicate,  glandular.     In  moist  woods,  Newf. 
to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Ark. 

2.  Dryopteris  Thelypteris  (L.)  A.  Grfiy.     (I.  F.  f.  30.)     Rootstock  slender, 
creeping.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely  narrower  at  the  base 

atthe  middle,  3~8dm  long,  10-15  cm*  w^e?  short-acuminate,  membranous,  once 


P  TERID  OPH  YTA.  1 5 

pinnate;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  short-stalked  or  sessile,  mostly  horizontal,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long,  slightly  pubescent  beneath, 
deeply  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse  or  appearing  acute  from  the  strongly  revo- 
lute  margins;  veins  regularly  once  or  twice  corked;  sori  crowded,  10-12  to  each 
segment ;  indusia  reniform,  slightly  glandular  or  glabrous.  In  marshes,  N.  B.  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  Dryopteris  simulata    Davenp.     (I.  F.  f.  31.)      Rootstock  wide-creeping, 
brownish;  stipes  1.5-5  ^m-  l°ng>  straw-colored,  dark  brown  at  base,  with  deciduous 
scales;  leaves  2-5  dm.  long,  5-16  cm.  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  an  acu- 
minate apex  (abruptly  tapering  in  the  fertile  leaf),  little  or  not  at  all  narrowed  at 
the  base;  pinnse  12-20  pairs,  lanceolate,  pinnatind,  the  segments  obi iquely  oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  slightly  revolute  in  the  fertile  leaf;  surfaces  finely  pubescent,  espe^ 
daily  near  the  midribs;  texture  rather  thin;  veins  simple,   nearly  straight;  sori 
rather  large,  somewhat  distant,  4-10  to  each  segment;  indusia  finely  glandular  at 
the  margins,  withering-persistent.     In  woodland  swamps,  Me.  to  Conn,  and  Md. 

4.  Dryopteris  fragrans  (L.)  Schott.    (I.  F.  f.  32.)    Rootstock  stout,  with  brown 
shining  scales.      Stipes  5-10  cm.   long,  chaffy;  leaves  lanceolate,  firm,  glandular, 
and  aromatic,  pinnate  or  nearly  bipinnate,  acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
7-30  cm.  long;  pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid,  numerous,   lanceolate,   acute,  1.2-3  cm. 
long  ;    segments  oblong,  obtuse,  dentate  or  nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  by  the 
large  sori;  indusium  thin,  nearly  orbicular,  persistent  long  after  the  sporanges  have 
matured,  its  margin  ragged  and  sparingly  gland-bearing.     On  rocks,  Labrador  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Vt.  and  Wis.     Also  in  Greenland,  Europe,  and  Asia. 

5.  Dryopteris  cristata  (L.)  A.  Gray.     (I.  F.f.33.)     Roolstock  stout,  densely 
chaffy.     Stipesof  the  sterile  leaves  5-12  cm.  long,  those  of  the  fertile  1.5-2.5  dm.  long; 
leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  gradually  and  slightly  narrowed  to 
the  base,  rather  firm,  3-8  dm.  long,  10-15  cm.  wide,  pinnate;  pinnse  lanceolate  or 
triangular-ovate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  the  lower  pinnate,  the  segments 
6-10  pairs,  serrate  or  incised;  sori  about  midway  between  the  margin  and  midrib; 
indusium  thin,  glabrous.     In  wet  woods  and  swamps,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Ky.  and  Ark.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Dryopteris  cristata  Clintoni&na  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Underw.  Leaves  8-12  dm.  long, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  pinnae  which  are  broadest  at  the  base  and  10-15  cm-  l°ng  5  seg- 
ments 8-16  pairs,  linear-oblong,  obscurely  serrate ;  veins  pinnately  forking,  bearing  the 
sori  near  the  midvein.  Me.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Wis. 

6.  Dryppteris  Goldieana  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.     (I.  F.  f.  34.)     Rootstock  stout, 
chaffy.     Stipes  2.5-4.5  dm.  long,  chaffy  at  least  below  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  rather 
firm,  6-12  dm.  long,  usually  3  dm.  or  more  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dark  green 
above,   pinnate  or  nearly  2-pinnate  ;  lower  pinnse  broadly  lanceolate,   widest  at 
about  the  middle,  1.5—2.5  dm.  long,  2.5—5  cm*  wide,  parted  into  about  20  pairs  of 
oblong-linear  subfalcate  segments  which  are  serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  sori  very 
near  the  midrib,  close  together  but  distinct,  large  ;  indusium  orbicular,  glabrous, 
persistent.     In  rich  woods,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn. 

7.  Dryopteris  marginalis  (L.)  A.  Gray.   (I.  F.'f.  35.)    Rootstock  stout,  ascend- 
ing, chaffy  with  dark  brown  shining  scales.     Stipes  7—20  cm.  long,  chaffy  below  ; 
leaves  borne  in  a  crown,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  subcoriaceous, 
1.5-7.5  dm.  long,  pinnate  or  2-pinnate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed 
at  the  base  ;    pinnae  numerous,  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  glabrous.  5-12.5  cm.  long, 
the  lower  broader  and  shorter  than  the  middle  ones,  the  upper  pinnatifid,  the  lower 
pinnately  parted  into  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  falcate  obtuse  entire  dentate  or  pin- 
nately lobed  pinnules  ;  sori  distinct,  close  to  the  margin,  covered  by  the  glabrous 
indusium.     In  rocky  woods,  Pr.  Edw.  Isl.  to  Minn,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Ark.     A 
hybrid  with  D.  cristata  has  been  described. 

8  Dryopteris  Filix-mas  (L.)  Schott.  MALE  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  36.)  Rootstock 
stout,  ascending  or  erect,  chaffy.  Stipes  10-15  cm-  l°ng>  very  chaffy  below  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed  to  the  base, 
3-9  dm.  long,  rather  firm,  half  evergreen,  pinnate  or  partly  2-pinnate  ;  pinnae 
lanceolate,  broadest  at  the  base,  gradually  acuminate  to  the  apex,  7-15  cm.  long, 
pinnatifid  almost  to  the  rachis  or  pinnately  divided  into  oblong  glabrous  lobes  or 
pinnules  ;  pinnules  slightly  dentate,  incised  or  nearly  entire  ;  sori  large,  borne  near 
the  midvejn,  more  numerous  on  the  lower  halves  of  the  segments  ;  indusium  firm, 


l6  FLORA. 

convex,  glabrous.     In  rocky  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Mich,  and  Br. 
Col.     Also  in  Greenland,  Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  the  Andes  of  S.  Am. 

9.  Dryopteris  spinulosa  (Retz)  Kuntze.  (I.  F.  f.  37.)  Rootstock  chaffy.    Stipes 
1.5-4.5  dm.  long,   bearing  a  few  pale  brown  deciduous  scales  ;  leaves  ovate-Ian- 
ceolate,  2-pinnate,  the  pinnae  oblique  to  the  rachis,  elongated-triangular,  rather  thin, 
the  lower  pairs  broadly  triangular,  slightly  shorter  than  the  middle  ones  ;  pinnules 
oblique  to  the  midrib,  connected  by  a  very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  incised  or  pin- 
natifid  with  spinulose-toothed  lobes  ;  indusium  glabrous.     In  rich  woods,  Newf.  to 
Alaska  and  Wash.,  south  to  Ky.  and  Mich. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Underw.  Scales  of  the  stipes  few,  brown 
with  a  darker  centre  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  s-3-pinnate,  the  pinnse  oblong-lanceolate, 
spreading,  the  lowest  unequally  triangular-ovate  ;  pinnules  crowded,  pinnately  divided  ; 
indusium  delicate,  beset  with  stalked  glands.  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Mo. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  dilat&ta  (Hoffm.)  Underw.  Scales  of  the  stipe  large,  brown 
with  a  darker  centre  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  commonly  3-pinnate  ; 
pinnules  lanceolate-oblong,  the  lowest  often  much  elongated  ;  indusium  glabrous.  Newf. 
to  Wash,  and  Alaska,  south  along  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  and  to  O.  and 
Neb.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

10.  DryopterisBo6ttii(Tuckerm.)  Underw.     (I.  F.  f.  38.)    Rootstock,  ascend- 
ing.    Stipes  2-3  dm.  long,  covered,  at  least  below,  with  thin  pale-brown  scales  ; 
leaves  elongated-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline,  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  or  quite  2-pinnate,  3-7.5  dm.  long,  7.5-12.5  cm.  wide  ; 
pinnae  lanceolate,   long-acuminate,   broadest  at  the  nearly  sessile  base  ;    pinnules 
broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pinnatifid  ;  sori  distinct,  borne  about  half- 
way between  the  midvein  and  margin  ;  indusium  minutely  glandular.     In  woods, 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Del.  and  W.  Va.     Also  in  N.  Eu.  and  Asia. 

14.  PHEGOPTERIS  F<5e. 

Medium-sized  or  small  ferns  with  2-3 -pinnatifid  or  ternate  leaves  and  small  round 
sori  borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins  below  the  apex.  Stipe  not  jointed  with  the 
rootstock.  Indusium  wanting.  Fertile  (spore-bearing)  and  sterile  leaves  similar. 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Greek, 
signifying  beech-fern.  ]  About  75  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Leaves  triangular,  2-pinnatifid  ;  pinnae  sessile,  adnate  to  the  winged  rachis. 

Leaves  longer  than  broad,  usually  dark  green.  i.  P.  Phegopteris. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  long,  or  broader,  usually  light  green.  2.  P.  hexagonoptera. 

Leaves  ternate,  with  the  three  divisions  petioled  ;  rachis  wingless. 

Divisions  subequal,  often  deflexed  at  right  angles  to  the  stipe. 

3.  P.  Dryopteris. 
Terminal  division  largest  erect,  the  leaves  thus  appearing  pinnate. 

4.  /I  Robertiana. 

1.  Phegopteris    Phegopteris    (L.)   Underw.      (I.    F.   f.    39.)      Rootstock 
slender,  creeping,  somewhat  chaffy  at  least  when  young.     Stipes  15-22  cm.  long; 
leaves  triangular,  thin,  mostly  longer  than  wide,  10-25  cm-  l°n&>  7—I5  cm-  wide, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins  beneath;  pinnae  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile,  broadest  above  the  base,  pin- 
nately parted  very  nearly  to  the  rachis  into  oblong  obtuse  entire  segments,  the  lower 
pair  deflexed  and  standing  forward  ;  basal  segments,  at  least  those  of  the  upper 
pinnae,   decurrent   and  adnate  to  the  winged   rachis.     In  moist  woods,  Newf.   to 
Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  Va.,  Mich,  and  Wash.   Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Aug.     (P.  polypodioides  Fee.) 

2.  Phegopteris  hexagonoptera  (Michx.)  Fee.    (I.  F.  f.  40.)   Rootstock  creep- 
ing, chaffy,  somewhat  fleshy.    Stipes  2-4.5  dm.  long,  straw-colored,  naked  ;  leaves 
triangular,  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  long,  2-3  dm.  wide,  slightly  pubescent  and 
often  slightly  glandular  beneath,  acuminate  at  the  apex  ;  uppermost  pinnae  oblong, 
obtuse,  dentate  or  entire,  small,  the  middle  ones  lanceolate,   acuminate,  the  very 
large  lowest  pair  broadest  near  the  middle,  pinnately  parted  nearly  to  the  mid- 
vein  into  linear-oblong  obtuse   segments  ;    sori  mostly  near  the  margin.     In  dry 
woods,  Quebec  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La, 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  \*J 

3.  Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.     OAK-FERN.     (I.  F.  f.  41.)   Rootstock 
creeping.     Stipes  slender,  1-3  dm.  long,  chaffy  at  least  near  the  base  ;  leaves  thin, 
broadly  triangular,   almost  glabrous,  1-2    dm.   wide,   ternate,   the    three  primary 
divisions   stalked,  pinnate  or   partly  bipinnate,  the  terminal  one  slightly  larger, 
all  spreading  more  or  less  at  right  angles  to  the  stipe  ;  pinnules  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, obtuse   to  subacute,  sessile  ;    segments   oblong,  obtuse,  entire   or 
crenate,    close  together.     In  moist  woods  and  swamps,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Va.,  Minn.,  Or.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.      Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Phegopteris   Robertiana  (Hoffm.)  A.  Braun.      Stipes    15-25    cm.  long, 
straw-colored  when  dry  ;  leaves  8-20  cm.  long,  mostly  erect,  12-18  cm.  wide,  del- 
toid-ovate, bipinnate,  the  lowest  pinnae  much  the  largest,  pinnatifid  or  again  pinnate; 
upper  pinnae  smaller,  pinnatifid,  lobed  or  entire;  sori  numerous.    Lab.  to  la.  and 
Idaho.     Also  in  Europe.     {Phegopteris  Dryopteris  Robertiana  Davenp.) 

15.  pfLIX  Adans,  1763.     \Cystopteris  Bernh.  1806.] 

Delicate  rock  ferns  with  slender  stipes,  2-4-pinnate  leaves,  and  roundish  sori 
borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins.  Indusium  membranous,  hood-like,  attached  by  a 
broad  base  on  its  inner  side  and  partly  under  the  sorus,  early  opening  and  some- 
what evanescent.  Veins  free.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  transversely 
bursting  vertical  ring.  [Ancient  name  of  the  fern  plant.]  Five  species,  natives  of 
the  north  temperate  zone. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2-3-pinnate. 

Leaves  broadest  at  base,  long-tapering,  bearing  bulblets  beneath.  i.  F*  bulbifera. 

Leaves  scarcely  broader  at  base,  short- pointed  ;  no  bulblets.  2.  F.fragilis. 

Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3~4-pinnate.  3.  F,  montana. 

1.  Filix   bulbifera   (L.)   Underw.      (I.  F.  f.  23.)     Rootstock  short,  rooting. 
Stipes  10-15  cm.  long,  light-colored;  leaves  elongated,  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base, 
3-8  dm.  long,  2-3 -pinnatifid  or  pinnate  ;    pinnules  crowded,   toothed  or  pinnatifid  ; 
rachis  wingless,  commonly  bearing  underneath ,  in  the  axils  of  the  pinnae  and  seg- 
ments, large  fleshy  bulblets  which  fall  away  and  propagate  the  plant ;  indusia  short, 
truncate  on  the  free  side,  early  thrown  back  and  withering.     On  moist  rocks,  espe- 
cially limestone,  Quebec  to  Wis.,  south  to  Tenn.  and  Ark. 

2.  Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Underw.     (L  F.  f.  24.)     Rootstock  short.    Stipes  10-20 
cm.  long;  leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  tapering  below,  1-3  dm.  long,  2-3- 
pinnatifid  or  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate-ovate,  irregularly  pinnatifid,  with  a  broad 
central  space  and  bluntly  or  sharply  toothed  segments  decurrent  along  the  mar- 
gined or  winged  rachis,  without  bulblets  ;  indusia  narrow  or  acute  at  the  free  end, 
early  withering  ;  texture  membranous.    On  rocks  and  in  moist  grassy  woods,  Newf. 
to  Alaska,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ariz.     Almost  cosmopolitan. 

3.  Filix  montana  (Lam.)  Underw.     (I.  F.  f.  25.)     Rootstock  widely  creeping. 
Stipes  15-22  cm.  long,  slender;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3~4-pinnate,  about  15  cm.  long 
and  broad,,  the  lowest  pinnae  deltoid-lanceolate  and  much  larger  than  the  upper, 
their  inferior  pinnules  2.5-3  cm.  long  ;  segments  deeply  divided  into  oblong  lobes, 
deeply  toothed  ;  sori  numerous ;  indusia  acute,  soon  withering.     On  rocks,   Lab. 
and  Quebec  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  the  north  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  Colo.     Also 
in  NrEurope  and  Asia. 

16.  WO^DSIA  R.  Br. 

Small  or  medium-sized  ferns,  growing  in  rocky  places,  with  i-2-pinnate  or 
pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  borne  on  the  backs  of  simply  forked  free  veins. 
Indusia  inferior,  thin  and  often  evanescent,  roundish  or  stellate,  either  small  and 
open  or  early  bursting  at  the  top  into  irregular  lobes  or  segments.  Stipes  often 
jointed  above  the  base  and  separating  at  the  joint.  [Name  in  honor  of  Joseph 
Woods,  1776-1864,  English  architect  and  botanist.]  About  15  species,  natives  of 
temperate  and  cold  regions. 

Jndusium  minute  or  evanescent,  flat,  concealed  beneath  the  sorus,  its  margin  cleft  into 
slender  hair-like  segments, 


I 8  FLORA. 

Stipes  obscurely  jointed  near  the  base;    cilia  of  the  indusium  inflexed  over  the 

sporanges. 

Leaves  with  more  or  less  rusty  chaff  underneath.  i.   W.  Ilvensis. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaf  lanceolate,  not  tapering  below;  pinnae  cordate-ovate,  5  y-lobed. 

2.  W.  alpina. 
Leaf  linear  or  linear-oblong,  often  tapering-both  ways ;   pinnae  deltoid. 

3.  W.glabella. 
Stipes  not  jointed  ;  cilia  of  the  indusium  very  short,  hidden  by  the  sporanges. 

Puberulerit ;  indusium  deeply  cleft,  ending  in  hairs  with  cylindric  cells. 

4.  W.  scopulina. 
Leaves  and  stipes  glabrous ;  indusium  divided  to  centre  into  beaded  hairs. 

5.  W.  Oregana. 
Indusium  distinct,  at  first  enclosing  the  sporanges,  splitting  into  jagged  lobes. 

6.  W.  obtusa. 

1.  Woodsia  Ilvensis  (L.)  R.  Br.     (I.  F.  f.  16.)     Rootstock  short,  caespitose. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  10-25  cm.  long,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  covered  with  rusty 
chaff  beneath,  as  are  also  the  slender  stipes;  pinnae  crowded,  sessile,  pinnately 
parted,  the  crowded  segments  oblong,  obscurely  crenate;  stipes  jointed  near  the 
base;  sori  borne  near  the  margins  of  the  segments,  somewhat  confluent  when  old; 
indusium  minute,  concealed  beneath  the  sorus,  its  margin  cleft  into  filiform  seg- 
ments, which  are  inflexed  over  the  sporanges  and  inconspicuous,  especially  when 
mature.  On  exposed  rocks,  Lab.  and  Greenland  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and 
Ky.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Woodsia  alpina  (Bolton)  S.  F.  Gray.    (I.  F.  f.  17.)     Rootstock  short,  caespi- 
tose.    Leaves  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  15-25  cm.  wide,  scarcely 
narrower  below  ;    pinnae  cordate-ovate  or  triangular-ovate  ;  pinnately  5-y-lobed, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  soon  both  surfaces;  stipes  jointed  near  the  base;  sori  some- 
what scattered  on  the  segments;  indusium  as  in  the  preceding  species.     On  moist 
rocks,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  B.,  N.  N.  Y.  and  W.  Out. 

3.  Woodsia  glabella  R.  Br.  (I.  F.  f.  18.)    Rootstock  small,  caespitose.    Stipes 
obscurely  jointed  at  the  base;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  5—12  cm.  long,  8-15  mm. 
wide;  pinnae  deltoid   to  ovate,   the  lower   remote,   obtuse,   crenately  lobed,   often 
somewhat  smaller  than  the  middle  ones,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  sori  scattered  on 
the    segments  ;    indusium   minute,    membranous,   with    6-IO   radiating    segments, 
covered  by  the  sporanges,  its  filamentous  segments  only  inflexed  over  them  when 
young.     On  moist  rocks,   Lab.  to  Alaska,    south  to  N.   H.,   Vt.,    N.   N.    Y.  and 
the  north  shore  of  L.  Superior.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.     (I.  F.  f.  19.)     Rootstock  short,  densely 
chaffy.     Stipes  5-10  cm.  long,  not  jointed,  puberulent  like  the  rachis  and  lower 
surface  of  the  leaf  with  minute  flattened  hairs  and  stalked  glands;  leaves  lanceolate, 
12-25   cm.   long,  tapering  from  about  the  middle  to  both  ends;  pinnae  numerous, 
oblong-ovate,   pinnatifid  into   10-16  oblong  toothed  segments;    indusium  hidden 
beneath  the  sporanges,  very  deeply  cleft  into  short  cilia  with  cylindric  cells.     In 
crevices  of  rocks,  N.  Minn,  and  W.  Out.  to  Or.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz., 
and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Cal.     Summer. 

5.  Woodsia   Oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.     (I.  F.  f.  20.)     Rootstock  short.     Stipes 
and  leaves  glabrous  ;  stipes  not  jointed,  brownish  below  ;  leaves  5-25  cm.  long, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  the  sterile  shorter  than  the   fertile  ;  pinnae  triangular-oblong, 
obtuse,   pinnatifid;  lower  pinnae  reduced  in  size  and  somewhat  remote  from  the 
others  ;  rachis  straw-colored  ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,   dentate  or  crenate,  the 
teeth  often  reflexed  and  covering  the  submarginal  sori;  indusia  minute,  concealed 
by  the  sporanges,  divided  almost  to  the  centre  into  a  few  beaded  hairs.     On  rocks, 
N.  Mich.,  Minn,  and  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz.,  and 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Cal.     July-Aug. 

6.  Woodsia  obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr.    (I.  F.  f.  21.)    Rootstock  short.   Stipes  not 
jointed,   pale  green,   7-15   cm.   long  ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  15-40  cm.  long, 
minutely  glandular-pubescent,  nearly  2 -pinnate;  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangular- 
ovate,  or  oblong,  pinnately  parted  into  obtuse  oblong  crenate-dentate  segments  ; 
veins  forked  and  bearing  the  sori  on  or  near  the  minutely  toothed  lobes;  indusia 
conspicuous,  at  first  enclosing  the  sporanges,  at  length  splitting  into  several  jagged 
lobes,   which  are  mugh  wider  than   those  \\\  any  of  the  preceding  species,     On 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  1Q 

rocks,  N.  S.  to  N.  N.  Y.,  Wis.  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  the  Lid.  Terr,  and 
Ariz.     Ascends  to  670  m.  in  Va.     July-Aug. 

17.  DENNSTAEDTIA  Bernh. 

Large  ferns  with  2  3-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  creeping  or  erect  rootstocks.  Sori 
small,  globular,  marginal  or  submarginal.  Sporanges  borne  in  an  elevated  globular 
receptacle,  enclosed  in  the  membranous  cup-shaped  inferior  indusium,  which  is 
open  at  the  top  and  on  the  outer  side  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the  leaf. 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely. 
Veins  always  free.  [Named  in  honor  of  August  Wiihelm  Dennstedt,  a  student  of 
the  Flora  of  Weimar.]  About  30  species  of  wide  distribution. 

I.  Dennstaedlia  punctilobula  (Michx.)  Moore.  (I.  F.  f.  22.)  Rootstock 
creeping,  not  chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  chaffless,  pale  green  and  sweet-scented  ;  leaves  3- 
10  dm.  long,  12-20  cm.  wide,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  frequently  long- 
attenuate,  usually  3-pinnatifid,  thin  and  delicate  ;  rachis  and  under  surface  minutely 
glandular  and  pubescent ;  sori  minute,  each  on  a  recurved  toothlet,  usually  one  at 
the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe  ;  sporanges  few  ;  indusium  cup-shaped  with  a  delicate 
membranous  irregular  margin.  In  various  situations,  most  abundant  on  open  hill- 
sides, N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Ind.  and  Minn,  (according  to  Upham),  south  to  Ala.  and 
Tenn.  Ascends  to  1680  m.  in  Va.  Aug.  (Dicksonia  punctilobula  A.  Gray.) 

18.  MATTEUCCIA  Todaro,  1866.     \_Struthiopteris  Willd,  1809.     Not  Scop.  1760.] 

Coarse  ferns  growing  in  a  crown  fron  an  erect  rootstock,  with  the  sporophylls 
closely  rolled  together  into  necklace-like  segments  entirely  unlike  the  broad  bi- 
pinnatifid  sterile  leaves.  Veins  free. — Three  species  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
i.  Matteuccia  Struthicpteris  (L.)  Todaro.  OSTRICH  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  15.) 
Rootstock  stout,  ascending,  bearing  a  circle  of  sterile  leaves  with  one  or  more 
fertile  ones  within.  Fertile  leaves  3-5  dm.  high,  simply  pinnate  with  necklace- 
shaped  pinnae  which  are  formed  of  the  closely  revolute  margins  ;  sori  crowded  and 
confluent ;  sterile  leaves  6  dm. -2  m.  high,  1.5-4  dm.  wide,  broadly  lanceolate,  bi- 
pinnatifid,  much  the  broadest  above  the  middle  and  gradually  tapering  below,  the 
lower  pinnae  being  gradually  much  reduced ;  veins  pinnate,  free  and  simple  ; 
texture  firm  ;  rootstocks  stoloniferous.  In  moist  thickets,  especially  along  streams, 
N.  S.  to  Md.,  west  to  111.  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

19.     ONOCLEA  L. 

Coarse  ferns,  with  leaves  growing  separately  from  a  wide  creeping  slender 
rootstock,  with  the  sporophylls  closely  rolled  up  into  berry-like  segments,  and  en- 
tirely unlike  the  broad  pinnatifid  foliage  leaves.  Sori  round,  borne  on  the  back 
of  the  veins.  Indusium  very  thin  and  membranous,  hemispheric  or  hood-shaped, 
fixed  at  the  inferior  side  of  tke  sorus.  Sporophylls  unrolling  at  maturity,  allowing 
the  spores  to  escape,  and  remaining  long  after  the  sterile  leaves  have  been  killed 
by  frost  Veins  forming  small  areolae.  [Name  ancient,  not  originally  applied  to 
these  plants..]  A  single  species. 

i.  Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  SENSITIVE  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  14.)  Rootstock  rather 
slender,  rooting  ;  sporophylls  3-7  dm.  high,  persistent  over  winter,  much  contracted, 
and  with  short  pinnules  rolled  up  into  berry-like  closed  involucres  forming  a  narrow 
panicle;  foliage  leaves  3-13  dm.  high,  broadly  triangular,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the 
segments  lanceolate-oblong,  entire,  undulate,  or  the  lower  pairs  sinnuate-pin- 
natifid  ;  veins  freely  anastomosing  ;  lowest  segments  tapering  both  ways  from  the 
middle.  In  moist  soil,  Newf.  and  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  south  to  the  Gulf.  Ascends 
to  900  m.  in  Va.  Various  forms  intermediate  between  sporophylls  and  foliage 
leaves  occur.  Sensitive  to  early  frosts.  Aug.-Nov. 

Order  2.     SALVINlALES. 

Aquatic  or  uliginous  herbs  with  entire  or  2-lobed,  filiform,  or 4-f olio- 
late  leaves.  Spores  of  two  kinds  and  sizes  (microspores  and  macrospores) 
contained  in  sporocarps. 

Plants  rooting  in  the  mud  ;  leaves  4-f oliolate  or  filiform.  Family  i.  Marsileaceae. 

Plants  floating ;  leaves  entire,  or  g-lobed,  Family 


2O  FLORA. 

Family  i.  MARSILEACEAE  R.  Br. 

Perennial  herbaceous  plants  rooting  in  mud,  with  slender  creeping 
rootstocks  and  4-foliolate  or  filiform  leaves.  Asexual  propagation  consist- 
ing of  sporocarps  borne  on  peduncles  which  rise  from  the  rootstock  near 
the  leaf-stalk  or  are  consolidated  with  it,  containing  both  macrospores 
and  microspores.  The  macrospores  germinate  into  prothallia  which 
bear  archegonia,  while  the  microspores  grow  into  prothallia  bearing 
antheridia.  Two  genera  and  some  45  species  of  wide  distribution. 

i.  MARSILEA  L. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of  shallow 
water,  slender-petioled,  4-foliolate.  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles,  arising 
from  their  bases  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  them.  Sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean- 
shaped,  composed  of  two  vertical  valves  with  several  transverse  compartment% 
(sori)  in  each  valve.  [Name  in  honor  of  Giovanni  Marsigli,  an  Italian  botanist, 
who  died  about  1804.]  About  40  species,  widely  distributed. 

Sporocarps  glabrous  and  purple  when  mature.  I.  M,  quadrifolia. 

Sporocarps  dense^  covered  with  hair-like  scales.  2.  M.  vestita* 

1.  Marsilea   quadrifolia  L.     EUROPEAN  MARSILEA.     (I.  F.  f.   73.)     Root- 
stock  slender,  buried  in  the  muddy  bottoms  of  shallow  lakes  or  streams.     Petioles 
usually  slender,  5—13  cm.  high,  or  when  submerged  sometimes  elongated  to  3-6 
dm.     Leaflets  mostly  triangular-obovate,  variable  in  outline,  6— 16  mm.  long,  4—12 
mm.   wide,   glabrous   or  rarely   with    scattered  hairs  when  young,  the    margins 
entire  ;  sporocarps  2  or  rarely  3  on  a  branching  peduncle,  which  is  attached  to  the 
petiole  at  its  base,  covered  with  short  yellowish-brown  hairs  when  young,  becom- 
ing glabrous  and  dark  purple  when  mature  ;  sori  8  or  9  in  each  valve.     Along  the 
shores  of  Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield  Co.,  Conn.,  whence  it  has  been  introduced  into 
various  parts  of  the  country,  notably  into  E   Mass.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Marsilea  vestita  Hook  &  Grev.    (I.  F.  f.  74.)    Rootstock  slender.    Petioles 
slender,  5-13  cm.  high;  leaflets  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  entire  or 
toothed  ;  sporocarps  4-8  mm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  with  a  short  raphe,  a  short 
and  blunt  lower  tooth  and  an  acute  and  sometimes  curved  upper  one,  densely 
covered  with  soft  spreading  narrow  hair-like  scales,  or  (in  the  forms  known  as  M. 
mucronata]  these  are  short  and  appressed  or  almost  wanting  ;  sori  6-1 1  in  each 
valve.     In  wet  sand  or  in  shallow  ditches,  Kan.  to  Ariz,  and  Mex.,  north  to  Br. 
Col.     Also  found  in  Fla. 

Family  2.  SALVINIACEAE  Reichenb. 

Small  floating  plants  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  and  sometimes 
branching  axis  bearing  apparently  2-ranked  leaves.  Sporocarps  soft, 
thin-walled,  borne  2  or  more  on  a  common  stalk,  i-celled,  with  a  central 
often  branched  receptacle,  which  bears  macrosporanges  containing  a 
single  macrospore  or  micros poranges  containing  numerous  microspores. 
The  macrospores  germinate  into  prothallia  which  bear  archegones,  the 
microspores  into  prothallia  which  bear  antherids.  The  family  consists 
of  two  genera. 

Leaves  12-18  mm.  long,  2-ranked,  on  mostly  simple  stems.  I.  Salvinia. 

Leaves  minute,  closely  imbricated  on  pinnately  branching  stems.  2.  Azolla. 

i.  SALVINIA  Adans. 

Floating  annual  plants  with  slender  stems  bearing  rather  broad  2-ranked 
leaves.  Sporocarps  glotose,  depressed,  9-i4-sulcate,  membranous,  arranged  in 
clusters,  i  or  2  of  each  cluster  containing  10  or  more  sessile  macrosporanges,  each 
containing  few  macrospores,  the  others  containing  numerous  smaller  globose 
pedicelled  microsporanges  with  very  numerous  microspores,  Leaves  rather  dark 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  21 

green,  finely  papillose  on  the  upper  surface.      [Name  in  honor  of  Antonio  Maria 
Salvini,  1633-1729,  Italian  scientist.]     About  13  species  of  wide  distribution. 

I.  Salvinia  natans  (L.)  Hoffm.  (I.  Y.  f.  75.)  Leaves  oblong,  rather  thick, 
obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  entire,  15-30 
cm.  long,  pinnately  veined,  bright  green  and  papillose  above,  the  lower  surface 
densely  matted  with  brown  pellucid  hairs;  sporocarps  4-8  in  a  cluster,  the  upper 
ones  containing  about  10  macrosporanges,  each  containing  a  few  macrospores,  the 
remainder  containing  numerous  microsporanges  each  with  numerous  microspores; 
macrosporcs  marked  with  3  obtuse  lobes  which  meet  at  the  apex.  Bois  Brul£ 
Bottoms,  Perry  Co.,  Mo.,  and  near  Minneapolis,  Minn.  Introduced  into  ponds 
in  S.  E.  N.  Y.  Reported  by  Pursh  in  1814  from  Cent.  N.  Y.,  but  his  exact  station 
is  unknown.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

a.  AZOLLA   Lam. 

Minute  moss-like  reddish  or  green  floating  plants,  with  pinnately  branched 
stems  covered  with  minute  imbricated  2-lobed  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets  beneath. 
Sporocarps  of  two  kinds  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  smaller  ovoid  or  acorn- 
shaped,  containing  a  single  macrospore  at  the  base  and  a  few  corpuscles  above  it 
whose  character  is  not  fully  known,  the  larger  globose,  producing  many  pedicelled 
sporanges,  each  containing  several  masses  of  microspores  which  are  often  beset 
with  a  series  of  anchor-like  processes  of  unknown  function.  [Greek,  signifying 
killed  by  drought.]  About  5  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

I.  Azolla  Caroltniana  Willd.  (I.  F.  f.  76.)  Plants  greenish  or  reddish,  2-4 
mm.  each  way,  deltoid  or  triangular-ovate,  pinnately  branching,  sometimes  covering 
large  surfaces  of  water.  Macrospores  minutely  granulate,  with  three  accessory 
corpuscles  ;  masses  of  microspores  armed  with  rigid  septate  processes  ;  leaves  with 
ovate  lobes,  their  color  varying  somewhat  with  the  amount  of  direct  sunlight,  the 
lower  usually  reddish,  the  upper  green  with  a  reddish  border.  Floating  on  still 
water,  Ont.  and  W.  N.  Y.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 

Order  3.    EQUISETALES. 

Rush-like  perennial  plants,  with  mostly  hollow  jointed  simple  or 
often  much-branched  grooved  stems,  provided  with  a  double  series  of 
cavities  and  usually  with  a  large  central  one,  the  branches  verticillate, 
the  nodes  provided  with  diaphragms.  Rootstocks  subterranean.  Leaves 
reduced  to  sheaths  at  the  joints,  the  sheaths  toothed.  Sporanges  i- 
celled,  clustered  underneath  the  scales  of  terminal  cone-like  spikes. 
Spores  all  of  the  same  size  and  shape,  furnished  with  2  narrow  strap-like 
appendages  attached  at  the  middle,  coiling  around  the  spore  when  moist 
and  spreading,  when  dry  and  mature,  in  the  form  of  a  cross  (elaters). 
Epidermis  impregnated  with  silica,  rough.  Prothallium  on  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  green,  usually  dioecious. 

Family   i.  EQUISETACEAE   Michx. 

Horsetail  Family. 
The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  : 

i.  EQUISETUM   L.     HORSETAILS.     SCOURING  RUSHES. 

Characters  of  the  order.     [Name  ancient,   signifying  horsetail,  in  allusion  to 
the  copious  branching  of  several  species.]     About  25  species,  of  very  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution. 
Stems  annual ;  stomata  scattered. 

Stems  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile. 

Fertile   stems   simple,    soon   withering;   sheaths  of   branches  of  sterile  stems 

4-toothed.  i.  E.  arvense. 

Fertile  stems  branched  when  old,  only  the  apex  withering. 

Branches  of  the  stem  simple,  their  sheaths  3-toothed.        2.  E.  pratens^ 
Branches  compound  3.  E.  sylvattcum. 


22  FLORA. 

Sterns  all  alike ;  spores  mature  in  summer ;  branches  simple  or  none, 
j,-  ,,  u    Sheaths   rather  loose ;   branches   usually  long ;  stems  bushy  below,  attenuate 
upwards. 

Central  cavity  Very  small ;  spike  long.  4.  E.  palustre* 

Central  cavity  about  one-half  the  diameter  of  stem ;  spike  short. 

5.  E.  lit  tor  ale. 

Sheaths  appressed  ;  branches  usually  short.  6.  E.  fluviatile. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen  ;  spikes  tipped  with  a  rigid  point ;  stomata  in  regular  rows. 
Stems  tall,  usually  many-grooved. 

Stems  rough  and  tuberculate,  prominently  ridged. 

Ridges  with  i  line  of  tubercles ;  ridges  of  sheath  tricarinate ;  stem  stout. 

7.  E.  robustum. 
Ridges  of   the  stem  with  2  indistinct  lines  of  tubercles ;   ridges  of  sheath 

obscurely  4-carinate  ;  stem  slender.  8,  E,  hvemale. 

Stems  not  tuberculate  ;  sheaths  enlarged  upward.  9,  £,  laevigatum. 

Stems  low,  slender,  tufted,  usually  5-io-grooved. 

Central  cavity  small ;  sheaths  5-io-toothed.  10.  E.  variegatum 

Central  cavity  none ;  sheaths  3-toothed.  n.  E,  scirpoides. 

1.  Equisetum  arvense  L.     FIELD  HORSETAIL.    (I.  F.  f.  77.)     Stems  annual, 
with  scattered  stomata,   the  fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile. 
Fertile  stems    1-2.5   dm.  n*gh>  n°t  branched,   soon  withering,   light  brown,   their 
loose  scarious  sheaths  mostly  distant,  whitish,  ending  in  about  12  brown  acuminate 
teeth  ;  sterile  stems  green,  rather  slender,  5  cm. -6  dm.  high,  6-i9-furrowed,  with 
numerous  long  mostly  simple  verticillate  4-angled  or  rarely  3-angled  solid  branches, 
the  sheaths  of  the  branches   4-toothed,  the  stomata  in  2   rows  in  the  furrows  ; 
central   cavity  one-fifth    to  one -fourth  the  diameter  of  the  stem.     In  sandy  soil, 
especially  along  roadsides  and  railways,  Newf.  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Va.  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     An  occasional  form  in  which  the  sterile 
stem  bears  a  terminal  spike  is  known  as  var.  serotinum. 

2.  Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.     (I.  F.  f.  78.)     Stems  annual,  2-4  dm.  high, 
with  scattered  stomata,  the  fertile  appearing  in  spring  before  the  sterile,  branched 
when  old,  only  its  apex  withering,  the  two  becoming  similar  ;  stems  rough,  8-20 
ridged  with  narrow  furrows  and  cylindric  or  cup-shaped  sheaths  ;  branches  straight, 
rather   short,    simple,    densely    whorled,    3-angled  or   rarely   4-5 -angled,    solid ; 
sheaths  of  the  stem  with  about  II  short  ovate-lanceolate  teeth,  those  of  the  branches 
3-toothed  ;  rootstocks  solid,  acutely  angled.     In  sandy  places,  N.  S.  and  Rupert 
R.  to  Minn.,  and  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  Equisetum  sylvaticum.L.      (I.  F.  f.  79.)     Stems  annual,  with  scattered 
stomata,  the  fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile,  at  first  simple,  at 
length  much  branched  and  resembling  the  sterile,  only  its  naked  apex  withering. 
Stems    2-5    dm.    high,    usually    12-furrowed,    producing    verticillate    compound 
branches,   the   branchlets   curved   downward  ;    sheaths  loose,    cylindric  or   cam- 
panulate,  those  of  the  stem  with  8-14  bluntish  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  with  4 
or  5  teeth,  those  of  the  branchlets  with  3  divergent  teeth  ;  central  cavity  nearly 
one-half  the  diameter  of  the  stem  ;  branches  and  branchlets  solid.     In  moist  sandy 
woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Va.  and  Mich.     Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Equisetum  palustre  L.     (I.  F.  f.  80.)     Stems  annual,  slender,  all  alike, 
2.5-4.5  dm.  long,  deeply  5-9-grooved,  the  grooves  separated  by  narrow  roughish  wing- 
like  ridges,  the  central  canal  small ;  sheaths  rather  loose,  bearing  about  8  subulate- 
lanceolate  whitish-margined  teeth  ;  branches  simple,  few  in  the  whorls,  4-7-angled, 
always  hollow,  barely  sulcate,  more  abundant  below  than  above,  their  sheaths  mostlv 
5 -toothed  ;  spike  rather  long  ;  stomata  abundant  in  the  furrows.     In  wet  places, 
N.  S.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Me.,  W.  N.  Y.,  Minn,  and  Ariz.     Also  in  Europe. 

5.  Equisetum  littorale  Kuehl.     (I.  F.  f.  81.)     Stems  annual^  very  slender,  all 
alike,  2—4.5  ^m.  n^Sn>  slightly  roughened,  6— ig-grooved,  the  ridges  rounded,  the  cen- 
tral canal  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  diameter  ;  sheaths  dilated  above,  the  uppermost 
inversely  campanulate,  their  teeth  herbaceous,  membranous  at  the  margins,  narrow, 
lanceolate  ;  branches  of  two  kinds,  simple,  some  4-angled  and  hollow,  some  3-angled 
and  solid,  the  first  joint  shorter  or  a  trifle  longer  than  the  sheath  of  the  stem  ;  spike 
short  with  abortive-spores,  these  commonly  with  no  elaters.     On  sandy  river  and 
Jake  shores,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.,  west  to  Br.  Col.     Also  in  Europe. 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  2$ 

6.  Equisetum  fluviatile  L.     (I.  F.  f.  82.)    Stems  annual,  all  alike,  6-12  dm. 
high,  io-3O-furro\ved,  very  smooth,  usually  producing  upright  branches  after  the 
spores  are  formed,  the  stomata  scattered.     Sheaths  appressed  with  about  18  dark 
brown  short  acute  rigid  teeth,  air  cavities  wanting  under  the  grooves,  small  under 
the  ridges  ;  central  cavity  very  large  ;  branches  hollow,  slender,  smaller  but  other- 
wise much  like  the  stems,  short  or  elongated  ;  rootstocks  hollow.     In  swamps  and 
along  the  borders  of  ponds,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Va.,  Neb.  and  Wash.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  Equisetum     robustum  A,    Br.      (I.  F.  f.  83.)     Stems   perennial,    stout, 
tall,   evergreen,    1-2.5  m-   high?   sometimes    2  cm.   in   diameter,   2 0-48 -furrowed, 
simple  or  little  branched.     Ridges  roughened  with  a  single  series  of  transversely 
oblong  siliceous  tubercles  ;  sheaths  short,  cylindric,  appressed,  marked  with  black 
girdles  at  the  base,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  dark  caducous  teeth  ;  ridges  of  the 
sheath  3-carinate  ;  branches  when  present  occasionally  fertile  ;  spikes  tipped  with 
a  rigid  point.     In  wet  places,  O  to  La.  and  Mex.,  west  to  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     Also 
in  Asia.     May-June. 

8.  Equisetum   hyemale  L.    SCOURING-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  84.)    Stems  slender, 
rather  stiff,   evergreen,  6-12  dm.  high,  with  the  stomata  arranged  in  rows,  rough, 
8-34-furrowed,  the  ridges  with  two  indistinct  lines  of  tubercles,  the  central  cavity 
large,   from  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  diameter  ;  sheaths   rather  long,  cylindric, 
marked  with  one  or  two  black  gird'es,   their  ridges  obscurely  4-carinate  ;   teeth 
brown,   membranous,    soon   deciduous  ;    spikes   pointed ;    stem  rarely  producing 
branches  which  are  usually   short  and  occasionally  fertile;  forms  are  sometimes 
found  with  longer  sterile  branches.     In  wet  places  and  on  banks,  especially  along 
rivers  and  lakes,  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  N.  Am.,  Europe  and  Asia. 

9.  Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br.     (L  F.   f.   85.)      Stems  3-15  dm.  high, 
simple  or  little  branched,  pale  green,  persistent,  14-30  furrowed,  the  ridges  almost 
smooth.     Sheaths  elongated  and  enlarged  upward,  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of 
the  mostly  deciduous,  white-margined  teeth  and  rarely  also  at  their  bases  ;   ridges 
of  the  sheath  with  a   faint  central  carina  and   sometimes  with  faint  short  lateral 
ones  ;  stomata  arranged  in  single  series  ;  central  cavity  very  large,  the  wall  of  the 
stem  very  thin  ;  spikes  pointed.     Along  streams  and  rivers,  especially  in  clay  soil, 
vaLey  of  the  Delaware  R.  in  N.  J.  and  E.  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  and  La.,  west  to  Br. 
Col.  and  the  Mexican  border. 

10.  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.     (I.  F.  f.  86.)     Stems  slender,  peren- 
nial, evergreen,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  usually  simple   from  a  branched  base,   tufted, 
5-io-furrowed,  the  .stomata  borne  in  regular   rows.     Sheaths    companulate,   dis- 
tinctly 4-carinate,    variegated   with  black    above,    the    median   furrow  deep  and 
excurrent  to  the  teeth  and  downward  to  the  ridges  of  the  stem,  the  teeth  5-10,  each 
tipped  with  a   deciduous  bristle  ;  central  cavity  small,  rarely  wanting.     Lab.   and 
Greenland  to  N.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  H.,  W.  N.  Y.,  Neb.  and  Nev.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     May-June. 

11.  Equisetum   scirpoides  Michx.     (I.  F.   f.  87.)     Stems   perennial,   ever- 
green, filiform,  4-15  cm.  long,  somewhat  rough,  flexuous  and  curving,  growing  in 
slender  tufts,  mostly  6-furrowed  with  acute  ridges,  simple  or  branching  from  near 
the  base.     Sheaths  3 -toothed,   distinctly  4-carinate,  the  central  furrow  broad,  the 
lateral  narrow,  the  bristly  teeth  rather  persistent ;  central  cavity  entirely  wanting. 
On  moist  or  wet  wooded  banks.  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Penn.,  111.  and  Br.  Col. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Orders  LYCOPODIALES. 

Spores  produced  in  sporanges,  which  are  borne  in  the  axils  of  scale- 
like  or  elongated  leaves. 

Spores  all  of  one  sort  and  size.  Fam.  i.  Lvco£e4iaceae 

Spores  of  two  sizes. 

Leaves  scale-like,  4-many-ranked,  on  branching  stems. 

Fam.  2.  Selaginellaceae. 
Leaves  elongated,  clustered  on  a  corm-like  trunk  ;  aquatic  or  mud  plants. 

Fam.  3.  Isoetaceae* 


24  FLORA. 

Family  i.  LYCOPODIACEAE  Michx. 

Club-moss  Family. 

Somewhat  moss-like,  erect  or  trailing  terrestrial  herbs  with  numerous 
small  lanceolate  or  subulate  simple  leaves,  sometimes  oblong  or  roundish, 
arranged  in  2-many  ranks,  the  stems  often  elongated,  usually  freely 
branching.  Sporanges  i-3-celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  on 
their  upper  surfaces.  Spores  uniform,  minute.  Prothallia  (as  far  as 
known)  mostly  subterranean,  with  or  without  chlorophyll,  monoecious. 
Four  genera  and  about  no  species. 

i.  LYCOPODIUM  L.     CLUB-MOSSES.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  plants  with  evergreen  i -nerved  leaves  arranged  in  4—16  ranks.  Spo- 
ranges coriaceous,  flattened,  reniform,  i-celled,  situated  in  the  axils  of  ordinary 
leaves  or  in  those  of  the  upper  modified,  bract-like  ones,  which  are  imbricated  in 
sessile  or  peduncled  spikes,  opening  transversely  into  2  valves,  usually  by  a  line 
around  the  margin.  Spores  all  of  one  kind,  copious,  sulphur-yellow,  readily  in- 
flammable from  the  abundant  oil  they  contain.  [Greek,  meaning  wolfs  foot,  per- 
haps in  allusion  to  the  branching  roots  of  some  species.]  About  100  species  of 
wide  distribution. 

Sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  leaves  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the  stem. 
Sporanges  mostly  wanting  in  the  axils  of  the  upper,  mostly  8-ranked  leaves. 
Stems  mostly  erect,  rigid ;  leaves  uniform,  ascending.          i.  L.  Selago. 
Stems  somewhat  lax,  spreading ;  leaves  spreading  or  deflexed,  alternately  longer 

and  shorter.  2.  L.  lucidulum* 

Sporanges  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  forming  terminal  spikes ;    leaves 

many-ranked. 

Plant  slender ;  leaves  acute,  soft,  mostly  entire.  3.   L.  inundatum. 

Plant  stout ;  leaves  narrow,  spinulose-pointed,  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle. 

4.  L.  alopecuroides, 
Sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  yellowish  ovate  or  cordate  scale-like  leaves,  which  are  very 

unlike  those  of  the  sterile  stems. 
Stems  leafy  up  to  the  base  of  the  spike  or  nearly  so. 
Spikes  erect,  closely  sessile. 

Stems  erect,  tree-like.  5.  L.  obscurum. 

Stems  creeping  with  ascending  branches. 

Leaves  uniform,  spreading,  5-ranked.  6.  L.  annotinum. 

Leaves  of  2  forms,  erect-imbricate,  4-ranked.         • 

7.  L.  alpinum. 
Spikes  erect,  short-peduncled ;  leaves  small,  appressed,  4-ranked. 

8.  L.  sabinaefolium. 
Fertile  branches  with  minute  leaves  so  that  the  spikes  appear  long-ped uncled. 

Leaves  uniform,  many-ranked;  stems  terete.  9.  L.  clavatum. 

Leaves  of  2  forms,  few-ranked  ;  stems  flattened. 
Sterile  stems  entirely  creeping ;  spikes  solitary. 

10.  L  Carolinianum. 
Sterile  stems  with  fan-like  ascending  branches ;  spikes  clustered. 

ii.  L  complanatum. 

1.  Lycopodium  Selago  L.    (I.  F.  f.  88.)     Stems  7-15  cm.  high,  thick,  rigid, 
erect,  2-5   times  forked,   the  branches  forming  a  level-topped  cluster.       Leaves 
crowded,  uniform,  ascending,  elongated-lanceolate,  mucronulate,   entire  or  spinu- 
lose-denticulate,  nerved  be]ow,  convex  above,  the  upper  mostly  8-ranked,  sterile, 
those  below  bearing  the  small  sporanges  in  their  axils,  those  of  the  lower  half  of 
the  stem  again  sterile  ;  plant  propagated  also  by  bud-like  organs  which  have  a 
lower  pointed  bract  and  2  or  3  upper  fleshy  and  obovate  ones.     On  rocks,    Lab. 
and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  Me.,  N.  H.,  Vt.  and  N.  N.  Y  , 
on  the  summits  of  the  higher  Alleghenies  to  N.  Car.,  and  to  Mich,  and  Wash. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  . 

2.  Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.     (I.  F.  f.  89.)     Stems  lax,   ascending  or 
spreading,  thick,  2-3  times  forked,  the  branches  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  widely 
spreading  or  reflexed,   dark  green,  shining,  i -nerved,  acute,  minutely  toothed,  a 
series  of  longer  ones  alternating  with  a  series  of  shorter,  the  latter  more  frequently 
bearing  the  sporanges  at  a  short  distance  below  the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  sporanges 


PTERIDOFHYTA.  2$ 

of  preceding  years  often  persistent ;  plant  also  propagated  like  the  preceding 
species  by  gemmae,  which  fall  to  the  ground  and  become  new  plants.  In  cold, 
damp  woods,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.  south  to  N.  Car.  and  la. 

3.  Lycoppdium  inundatum  L.     (I.  F.  f.  90.)     Plants,  2.5-13  cm.  long,  with 
creeping  flaccid  forking  brittle  sterile  stems  closely  appressed  to  the  earth.     Fertile 
stems  erect,  solitary,   2.5-15  cm.  high,  terminated  by  a  short  spike  ;    leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  lanceolate- subulate  with  hyaline  margins,  those  of  the  spike  similar  to 
those  below,  acute,  soft,  spreading,  mostly  entire,  those  of  the  sterile  stems  curved 
upward ;    spikes   rarely    two   together,    1.5-3.5    cm.   long,   yellowish ;    sporanges 
transversely    oval,   splitting   nearly  to   the   base  ;    spores   large,   reticulated.     In 
sandy  bogs,  Newf.  to  W.  Ont.  and  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Larger  forms  with  fertile  stems'  12-17  cm.  high  and  more  pointed  serrate  leaves 
have  been  separated  as  var.  Bigelovii. 

4.  Lycopodium  alopecuroides  L.    (I.  F.  f.  91.)    Plant  stout,  leafy,  the  sterile 
branches  flaccid,  recurved  and  creeping,  sometimes  25   cm.  long.     Fertile  stems 
stout,  rigid,  erect,  15-50  cm.  high,  terminated  by  a  spike  1.8-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  and, 
including  its  leaves,  8-10  mm.  thick;  leaves  narrowly  linear-subulate,  those  of  the 
spike  similar  to   those  below,  spinulose -pointed,  spreading,  conspicuously  bristle- 
toothed  below  the  middle,  those  of  the  spike  with  long  setaceous  tips  ;  sporanges 
transversely  oval,   splitting  to  near  the  base.     In  pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.  to 
Fla. ,  near  the  coast,  west  to  Miss. 

5  Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  GROUND  PINE.  (I.  F.  f.  92.)  Stems  erect,  1.5-3 
dm.  high,  bushy,  the  branches  fan-like,  the  rootstocks  subterranean,  nearly  hori- 
zontal. Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  entire,  8-ranked  on  the  main  stem,  those 
of  the  branches  6 -ranked,  with  the  two  upper  and  the  two  lower  ranks  shorter  and 
appressed,  or  all  alike  and  equally  incurved-spreading,  densely  clothing  the  stems 
up  to  the  bases  of  the  spikes;  spikes  i-io  on  each  plant,  12-35  cm.  long,  com- 
posed of  many-ranked  ovate  scarious-margined  bracts  (scale-like  leaves),  each 
with  a  transversely  oval  sporange  in  its  axil.  In  moist  woods,  Newf.  and  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Ind.  Also  in  Asia.  (L.  dendroidettm  Michx.) 

6.  Lycopodium  annotinum  L.     (I.  F.  f.  93  )    Stems  much  branched,  slender, 
creeping,  rather  stiff,  3-12.  dm.  long,  the  branches  similar,  ascending,  12-20  cm. 
high,    sparingly   forked.     Leaves    uniform,    spreading,    5 -ranked,    rigid,    linear- 
lanceolate,  minutely  serrulate,  nerved  below;  s-pikes  solitary  or  several  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  oblong-cylindric,  2.5-6  cm.  long,   composed  of  ovate  or  ovate- 
cordate,  short-acuminate  and  denticulate  bracts,  each  with  a  sporange  in  its  axil; 
spores   smooth    or   spinulose  -  reticulated    on   the   basal   surface.     In   woods   and 
thickets,  commonly  in   dry   soil,  Lab.  to   Alaska,   south   to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  Mich., 
Colo,    and  Wash.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Mountain  forms  with  more  rigid 
pointed  leaves  have  been  separated  as  var.  pungens. 

7.  Lycopodium  alpinum  L.     (I.  F.  f.  94.)     Stems  elongated,  creeping,  with 
ascending  densely  crowded  dichotomous  branches.     Leaves  4-ranked,  erect-imbri- 
cate,  adnate-decurrent,  of  two  forms;  those  of  the  lateral  rows  lanceolate,  falcate, 
acute,  carinate,  concave  within,  those  of  the  intermediate  rows  scarcely  one-third 
as  large,  lanceolate-subulate,  the  upper  and  lower  rows  alike;  spikes  solitary  at 
the  apices  of  slightly  elongated  branches,  erect,  closely  sessile,  the  stems  leafy  to 
their  bases  ;   bracts   broadly   ovate,  acuminate,  dentate;   spores   reticulated.     Li 
woods,  Lab.  to  L.  Superior,  Wash,  and  Alaska.     Sometimes  united  with  L.  com- 
flanalnm.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

8.  Lycopodium  sabinaefolium  Willd.    (I.  F.  f.  95.)    Stems  elongated,  creep- 
ing, or  subterranean  with  short  erect  dichotomous  clustered  ascending  branches, 
5-8  cm.  long.     Leaves  4-ranked,  small,  appressed  or  slightly  curved  outward, 
lanceolate,  mucroiiate,  entire,  apparently  terete  ;  spikes  short-peduncled,  solitary, 
cylindric,  with  cordate  acuminate  erose-denticulate  or  entire  bracts  ;  sporanges 
transversely  oval  or  somewhat  reniform,  deeply  splitting.     In  cold  woods,  Lab.  to 
N.  J.  and  Br.  Col. 

9.  Lycopodium  clavatum  L.     RUNNING  PINE.     (I.  F.  f.  96.)     Stems  creep- 
ing, 3-20  dm.  long,  with  similar  short  irregular  ascending  or  decumbent  densely 
leafy  branches.     Leaves  much  crowded,  many-ranked,   incurved,   linear-subulate, 
bristle-tipped,  the  lower  denticulate,  the  upper  nearly  entire  and  slightly  decurrent 
on  either  side  ;  spikes  1-4  on  long  8-striate  peduncles  ;  bracts  membranous,  round- 


26  FLORA. 

ish,  erose-denticulate  below,  bearing  in  the  axil  a  transversely  oval  sporange  which 
splits  nearly  to  the  base  ;  spores  narrowly  reticulate.  In  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
south  to  N.  Car.,  Mich  and  Wash.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and  Cent.  Am. 

10.  Lycopodium  Carolinianum  L.    (I.  F.  f.  97.)    Sterile  stems  and  their  few 
short  branches  creeping,  closely  appressed  to  the  earth,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  emitting 
numerous  roots  on  the  lower  side.     Leave  of  fertile  stems  of  two  forms,  the  lateral 
ones  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  and  somewhat  oblique,  I -nerved,  widely  spreading, 
in  2  ranks  with  a  shorter,  intermediate  row  appressed  on  the  upper  side  ;  peduncles 
simple,  slender,  5-15  cm.  high,  clothed  with  small  bract-like  leaves  and  bearing  a 
single  cylindric  spike  ;  bracts  cordate,  short-acuminate,  mostly  entire  with  trans- 
versely oval  sporanges  in  the  upper  axils.     In  moist  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
La.  near  the  coast. 

11.  Lycopodium  complanatum  L.    (I.  F.  f.  98.)   Stems  extensively  creeping, 
with   erect  or   ascending  fan-shaped  branches  several  times  forked  above,  with 
crowded  flattened  branch  lets.     Leaves  minute,  imbricate-appressed,  4-ranked,  the 
lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading  tips,  the  intermediate  smaller,  narrower  and 
wholly  appressed,  forming  a  flat  surface;  peduncle  slender,  5-15  cm.  high,  dichotom- 
ous,  bearing   2-4  linear-cylindric    spikes  ;   bracts  broadly  ovate,   acuminate,  the 
margins  pale  and  erose  ;  sporanges  transversely  oval,  deeply  splitting.     In  woods 
and  thickets,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Mich,  and  Br.  Col.    Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     Forms  with  less  distinctly  dimorphous  leaves  and  narrower,  more  erect 
and  bushy  branches  have  been  separated  as  var.  Chamaecyparissus. 

Family  2.  SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw. 

Terrestrial,  annual  or  perennial,  •  moss-like  plants  with  branching 
stems  and  scale-like  leaves,  which  are  many-ranked  and  uniform,  or  4- 
ranked  and  of  two  types  spreading  in  two  planes.  Sporanges  i -eel led, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  more  or 
less  quadrangular  spikes,  some  containing  4  macrospores  (macrospo- 
ranges),  others  containing  numerous  microspores  (microsporanges),  which 
develop  into  small  prothallia,  those  from  the  macrospores  bearing  arche- 
gones,  those  from  the  microspores  antherids.  The  family  consists  of  the 
following  genus : 

i.  SELAGIN^LLA  Beauv. 

Characters  of  family.  [Name  diminutive  of  Selago,  ancient  name  of  a  Lyeo- 
podium.~\  About  340  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  tropical  regions. 

Stem-leaves  all  alike,  many-ranked. 

Stems  compact  with  rigid  leaves ;  spikes  quadrangular.  I.  S.  rupestris, 

Stems  slender ;  leaves  lax,  spreading  j  spikes  enlarged,  scarcely  quadrangular. 

2,  S.  selaginoides. 

Stem-leaves  of  2  kinds;  4-ranked,  spreading  in  2  planes.  3.  S.  apus 

1.  Selaginella  rupestris  (L.)  Spring.    (I.  F.  f.  99.)    Stems  tufted,  with  occa- 
sional sterile  runners  and  sub-pinnate  branches,  2.5-8  cm.  high,  commonly  curved 
when  dry.    Leaves  rigid,  appressed-imbricated,  2  mm.  or  less  long,  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  convex  on  the  back,  more  or  less  ciliate,  many-ranked,  tipped  with  a 
distinct  transparent  awn;  spikes  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or  branches,  strongly 
quadrangular,  12-25  mm-  l°ng>  about  2  mm.  thick  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  broader  than  the  leaves  of  the  stem  ;  macrosporanges  and  microspo- 
ranges borne  in  the  same  spikes,  the  former  more  abundant.     On  dry  rocks,  Me. 
to  Ont.  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Ga.,  Mo.  and  Cal. 

2.  Selaginella  selaginoides  (L.)  Link.    (I.  F.  f.  100.)    Sterile  branches  creep- 
ing, slender,  12-50  cm.  long,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascending,  thicker,  2.5-8  cm.  high, 
simple ;    leaves  lanceolate,    acute,   lax  and  spreading,    sparsely  spinulose-ciliate, 
2-4  mm.  long  ;  spikes  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  fertile  branches,  enlarged,  oblong, 
linear,   subacute,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  4-5  mm.  thick  ;   bracts  of  the  spike  lax, 
ascending,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  ciliate.     On  wet  rocks,  Lab.  to 
Alaska,  south  to  N.  H.,  Mich,  and  Colo.     Also  in  N.  Europe  and  Asia. 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  2/ 

3.  Selaginella  apus  (L.)  Spring.  (I.  F.  f.  101.)  Annual,  light  green,  stems 
Creeping,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  much  branched,  flaccid,  angled  on  the  face.  Leaves 
minute,  membranous,  of  2  kinds,  4-ranked,  spreading  in  2  planes  :  upper  leaves  of 
the  lower  plane  spreading,  the  lower  reflexed,  ovate,  acute,  serrulate,  not  distinctly 
ciliate  ;  leaves  of  the  upper  plane  ovate,  short-cuspidate  ;  spikes  6-16  mm.  long, 
obscurely  quadrangular ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  sometimes  serrulate,  acutely  keeled  in 
the  upper  half ;  macrosporanges  more  abundant  toward  the  base  of  the  spike.  In 
moist  shaded  places,  often  among  grass,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to 
Fla.,  La.  and  Tex. 

Family  3.     ISQETACEAE   Underw. 
Quillwort  Family. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  a  short  buried  2- 
lobed  or  3-lobed  trunk  (stem)  sending  out  abundant  roots  and  sending  up 
a  compact  tuft  of  rush-like  leaves.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  some  containing  macrospores  (macrosporanges),  others  micro- 
spores  (microsporanges)  ;  the  former  germinate  into  prothallia  bearing 
only  archegones,  the  latter  into  prothallia  bearing  usually  only  a  single 
antherid.  The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  only. 

i.  ISOETES   L.    QUILLWORTS.     (See  Appendix.) 

Submerged,  amphibious  or  uliginous  plants  with  a  cluster  of  elongated  awl- 
shaped  leaves  rising  from  a  more  or  less  2-3-lobed  fleshy  short  stem,  the  leaves  with 
or  without  peripheral  bast-bundles,  with  or  without  stomata,  bearing  a  small 
membranous  organ  (ligule)  above  the  base.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  excavated  bases 
of  the  leaves,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  the  sides  more  or  less  covered  with  a  fold  of  the 
inner  side  of  the  leaf-base  (velum).  The  sporanges  of  the  outer  leaves  usually  con- 
tain spherical,  mostly  sculptured  macrospores,  those  of  the  inner  ones  contain  minute 
powdery  usually  oblong  microspores.  [Name  Greek,  taken  from  Pliny,  apparently 
referring  to  the  persistent  green  leaves.]  About  50  species,  widely  distributed. 
Owing  to  their  aquatic  habitat  and  apparently  local  distribution,  these  plants  are 
popularly  little  known. 

Submerged  or  rarely  emersed  in  very  dry  seasons ;  leaves  quadrangular,  without  peripheral 

bast-bundles. 
Stomata  wanting ;  macrospores  crested. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  scarcely  tapering.  j.  /.  lacustris. 

Leaves  slender,  tapering.  •     2.  /.  l^ickermani. 

Stomata  present  ;  macrospores  echinate.  3.  /.  echinospora. 

Amphibious  or  submerged  only  in  earlier  stages  ;  stomata  always  present  on  the  quad- 
rangular leaves. 
Peripheral  bast-bundles  wanting. 

Microspores  papillose  or  tuberculate,  not  reticulate,  white. 

Leaves  5-8  cm.  long  •  macrospores  with  minute  warts.     4,  7.  saccharata. 
Leaves  10-20  cm.  long  :  macrospores  with  jagged  crests.     5.  7.  riparia. 
Microspores  densely  reticulate  and  often  slightly  papillose,  dark  brown  ;  macro- 
spores  with  thick- walled  reticulations.  6.  I.foveolata. 
Peripheral  bast-bundles  irregular  or  wanting  ;  submersed  leaves  very  long  ;  macro- 
spores  with  convolute  labyrinthine  ridges.  7.  7.  Eatoni. 
Peripheral  bast-bundles  present. 

Macrospores  sparsely  covered  with  irregular  crests.  8.  7.  Canadensis. 

Macrospores  with  honeycomb-like  reticulations.  9.  7.  Engelmanni. 

Terrestrial  ;  stomata  abundant  on  the  triangular  leaves. 

Leaves  15-60,  usually  black  at  the  base.  10.  7.  melanopoda. 

Leaves  8-12,  bright  green,  paler  at  the  base.  n.  7.  Butleri. 

X.  Isoetes  lacustris  L.  (I.  F.  f.  102.)  Submerged  or  rarely  above  water; 
leaves  10-25,  rigid,  rather  thick,  scarcely  tapering,  dark  or  olive  green,  obtusely 
quadrangular,  5-15  cm.  long  ;  stomata  none  ;  peripheral  bast-bundles  wanting  ; 
sporange  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptic,  unspotted  ;  velum  rather  narrow  ;  ligule 
triangular,  short  or  somewhat  elongated  ;  macrospores  50x5-800  //  in  diameter, 
marked  all  over  with  distinct  or  somewhat  confluent  crests,  and  bearing  three  con- 


28  FLORA. 

verging  ridges  ;   microspores  35-46  n  long,  smooth.     In  water  0.3-1.6  m.  deep, 
Lab.  to  tlie^N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  E.  Mass,  and  N.  J.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Isoetes  Tuckermani  A.  Br.     (I.  F.  f.  103.)     Submerged  or  rarely  partly 
or  wholly  emersed  in  dry  seasons  ;  leaves   10-30,   very   slender,   tapering,   olive- 
green,    quadrangular,   5-8  cm.    long,   without  peripheral  bast-bundles,    the  outer 
recurved  ;  sporange  oblong,  mostly  white,  its  upper  one-third  covered  by  the  velum; 
macrospores  440-560  /*  in  diameter,  with  wavy  somewhat  parallel  and  branching 
ridges  on  the  upper  half,   separated  by  the  three  converging  ridges,  the  lower 
covered  with  an  irregular  network  ;  microspores  26-32  jit  long,  nearly  smooth.     In 
ponds,  Newf.  to  Middlesex  County,  Mass.,  clustered  in  shallow  water. 

3.  Isoetes  echinospora  Braunii  (Durieu)  Engelm.  (1.  F.  f.  104.)   Submerged 
or  rarely  emersed  ;  leaves  12-25,  tapering,  soft,  reddish -green,  7-20  cm.  long,  with- 
out peripheral  bast-bundles,  bearing  stomata  only  toward  the  tip  ;  sporange  orbicu- 
lar or  broadly  elliptic,  spotted,  one-half  to  three-fourths  covered  with  the  velum  ; 
macrospores  400-500  //  in  diameter,  covered  with  broad  spinules  which  are  often 
slightly  confluent  and  incised  at  the  tips  ;  microspores  26-39  ju  long,  smooth.     Lab. 
and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Utah. 

Isoetes  echinospora  robusta  Engelm.  Much  larger  than  the  preceding,  leaves  25-70 
or  even  more  12-30  cm.  long,  with  abundant  stomata  throughout.  With  the  preceding, 

Isoetes  echinospora  Bo6ttii  Engelm.  Leaves  12-20,  soft,  erect,  bright  green, 
10-13  cm.  long,  with  a  few  stomata  near  their  tips  ;  sporange  nearly  orbicular,  with  pale 
spots,  two  thirds  or  more  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  390-500  /u.  in  diameter,  with 
longer  and  more  slender  simple  spinules  ;  microspores  26-30/01  long.  In  ponds,  Middlesex 
County,  Mass.,  usually  submerged. 

Isoetes  echinospora  muric^ta  (Durieu)  Engelm.     Leaves  15-20,  flaccid,  bright  green, 

15-30  cm.  long,  bearing  few  stomata  ;  sporange  broadly  oval,  with  pale-spots,  about  one- 

,  half  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  400-580  /u,  in  diameter,  with  shorter  and  more 

confluent,  almost  crest -like  spinules  ;  microspores  28-32  /u.,  slightly  rough  on  the  edges. 

Submerged  in  running  water  in  tributaries  of  Mystic  Pond,  Middlesex  County,  Mass. 

4.  Isoetes  saccharata  Engelm.    (I.  F.  f.  105.)     Amphibious  or  uliginous  with 
a  flat  depressed  trunk.      Leaves  10-20,  olive- green,  pale  at  the  base,  spreading,  5-8 
cm.   long,   quadrangular  ;  stomata  numerous  ;  sporange  oblong,  unspotted,  with  a 
narrow  velum  covering  only  one-fourth  or  one-third  of  its  surface  ;  peripheral  bast- 
bundles  wanting  ;  ligule  triangular,  rather  short  ;  macrospores  400-470  fj,  in  di- 
ameter, with  very  minute  distinct  or  rarely  confluent  warts  as  if  sprinkled  with 
grains  of  sugar  ;  microspores  papillose,  24—28  ju  long.     In  mud  overflowed  by  the 
tides,  Wicomico  and  Nanticoke  rivers,  E.  Md.  and  near  Washington,  D.  C. 

5.  iioetes  riparia  Engelm.    (I.  F.  f.  106.)    Amphibious  or  uliginous,  usually 
emersed  ;  leaves  15-30,  deep  green,  rather  rigid,  10-20  cm.  long,  quadrangular, 
bearing  numerous  stomata  ;  peripheral  bast-bundles  wanting  ;  ligule  rather  short, 
triangular  ;  sporange  mostly  oblong,  distinctly  spotted  with  groups  of  brown  cells, 
one-fourth  or  rarely  one-half  covered  with  the  velum  ;  macrospores  450-650^  in 
diameter,  marked  with  distinct  or  anastomosing  jagged  crests  or  somewhat  reticu- 
late on  the  lower  side  ;  microspores  28-32  //  long,  more  or  less  turberculate.    Bor^ 
ders  of  the  lower  Delaware  R.  to  Me. 

6.  Isoetes    foveolata   A.  A.   Eaton.    (I.  F.  f.    io6c.)     Amphibious  from  a 
bilobed  or  rarely  trilobed  base  ;  leaves  15-70,  stout  5-15  cm.   long,  pinkish  even 
when  dry  or  rarely  dark  green  ;  stomata   scattered  found  only  near  the  tips  ;  no 
peripheral  bast-bundles  ;    monoicous  or  becoming  dioicous  ;  velum  covering  one- 
fourth  or  one-third  of  the  sporange  ;  ligule  round-ovate  ;  sporanges  thickly  sprinkled 
with  dark  cells  which  are  often  collected  in  groups  ;  macrospores  380-560/4  in  di- 
ameter, covered  beneath  with  very  thick-walled  reticulations,  the  openings  appear- 
ing like  little  pits  ;    reticulations  elongate  on   the  upper  surface    of  the  spore  ; 
microspores  dark  brown,    22-35  p.  long,   densely  reticulate  and  usually  slightly 
papillose.     In  muddy  banks  of  the  Pautuckaway  River,  Epping  and  E.  Kingston, 
N.  H. 

7.  Isoetes  i£atoni  Dodge.   (I.  F.  f.  io6b.)     Amphibious  from  a  large    trunk 
2.5—10  cm.  in    diameter.      Leaves   of  the    submerged  plant   20—200,   varying  in 
length  up  to  7  dm.,  marked  with  an  elevated  ridge  on  the  ventral  side  ;  leaves  of 
the  emersed   plant  shorter,  7.5-15  cm.   long,  stomata  abundant  ;  peripheral  bast- 
bundles  irregular  in  occurrence  or  often  wanting  ;  velum  covering  one-fourth  of  the 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  2$ 

sporange  ;  polygamous;  sporanges  large,  10  by  4  mm.,  pale,  spotted  ;  macrospores 
small,  300-400  //  in  diameter,  marked  with  convolute  labyrinthine  ridges  and 
cristate  on  the  angles  of  the  inner  face  ;  microspores  25-30  u  in  diameter,  smooth 
or  slightly  papillose.  In  mud  flats.  E.  Kingston  and  Epping,  N.  H. 

8.  Isoetes    Canadensis     (Engelm.)     A.   Br.      Plant    amphibious     from  a 
2-lobed  trunk.     Leaves  10-75,  2-4.5  dm   Icng>  when  submersed,  erect  or  spirally 

•  ascending  when  scattered  ;  emersed  leaves  10-15  cm.  long,  tortuous  and  often  inter- 
laced, with  numerous  stomata  and  usually  lour  bast- bundles  ;  velum  narrow,  cover- 
ing from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  of  the  sporange  ;  sporanges  thickly  sprinkled  with 
dark  brown  cells  ;  macrospores  more  numerous  on  submersed  plants,  globose 
500-675  LI  in  diameter,  sparsely  covered  with  irregular  crests  which  at  maturity 
separate  into  irregular  groups  leaving  bare  spaces,  serrate  or  spinulose  at  the  top  ; 
microspores  more  numerous  on  emersed  plants,  22-40  /*  in  diameter,  ashy,  papillose. 
In  mud,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  Pa.,  and  in  Br.  Col.  (I.  F.  f.  io6a.) 

9.  Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br.   (I.  F.  f.  107.)   Amphibious,  usually  partly  im- 
mersed when  mature.     Leaves  25-100,  light  green,  quadrangular,  tapering,  22-50 
cm.  long,  bearing  abundant  stomata  ;  peripheral  bast-bundles  present  ;  sporange 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,    unspotted  ;  velum  narrow  ;    macrospores  400—520  fi  in 
diameter,  covered  with  honeycomb-like  reticulations  ;    microspores  24-28  //  long, 
mostly  smooth.     In  ponds  and   ditches,  rooting  in  mud,  Me.  to  Del.  and  Penn., 
111.  and  Mo. 

Isoetes  Engelmanni  vdlida  Engelm.  Leaves  50-200,  keeled  on  the  upper  side,  4.5-6 
dm.  long ;  sporange  linear  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  one-third  to  two-thirds  covered  by  the 
velum  ;  microspores  320-480  ju.  in  diameter  ;  microspores  24-27  /*  long,  spinulose.  War- 
riorsmark,  Cornwall  and  Smithville,  Pa.,  and  Wilmington,  Del. 

Isoetes  Engelmanni  gracilis  Engelm.  Leaves  8-12,  slender,  22-30  cm.  long;  bast- 
bundles  often  quite  small  or  only  two  present;  spores  as  in  the  typical  form.  S.  New 
Eng.  to  N.  J. 

10.  Isoetes  melanopoda  J.  Gay.    (I.  F.  f.  108.)    Terrestrial  with  a  subglobose 
deeply  2-lobed  trunk.     Leaves  15-60,  slender,  erect,  bright  green,  with  a  blackish 
shining  base,  12—15  cm.  long,  triangular,  bearing  stomata  throughout,  well  developed 
peripheral  bast-bundles,  thick  dissepiments  and  small  air-cavities  within  ;  ligule 
triangular,  awl-shaped  ;  sporange  mostly  oblong,   spotted  with  a  narrow  velum  ; 
polygamous  ;  macrospores  250-400  ju  in  diameter  with  low  more  or  less  confluent 
tubercles,  often  united  into  worm-like  wrinkles,  or  almost  smooth  ;  microspores  23- 
28  fj,  long  spinulose.     In  moist  prairies  and  overflowed  fields,  111.  to  la.,  Mo.  and 
Tex. 

11.  Isoetes  Butleri  Engelm.     (I.  F.  f.  109.)     Terrestrial  from  a  subglobose 
trunk.     Leaves  8-15,  bright  green,  paler  at  the  base,  triangular,  4.5-18  cm.  long, 
bearing  numerous  stomata,  and  with  well  developed  peripheral  bast-bundles,  thick 
dissepiments  and  small  air  cavities   within  ;    sporange   usually  oblong,   spotted  ; 
velum   very  narrow  or  none  ;    ligule  small,   triangular ;    dioecious  ;    macrospores 
500-630  JLI  in  diameter,  with  distinct  or  confluent  tubercles  ;  microspores  28-34  /it 
long,  dark  brown,  papillose.     On  rocky  hillsides,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  on  saline 
flats,  Ind.  Terr. 


Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Seed-bearing  Plants. 

Plants  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo  formed  of  one  or 
more  rudimentary  leaves  (cotyledons),  a  stem  (hypocotyl,  radicle),  and  a 
terminal  bud  (plumule),  or  these  parts  sometimes  indifferentiated  before 
germination.  Microspores  (pollen-grains)  are  borne  in  microsporanges 
(anther-sacs)  on  the  apex  or  side  of  a  modified  leaf  (filament).  The  macro- 
sporanges  (ovules)  are  borne  on  the  face  of  a  flat  or  inrolled  much  modi- 
fied leaf  (carpel)  and  contain  one  macrospore  (embryo-sac) ;  this  develops 
the  minute  female  prothallium,  an  archegone  of  which  is  fertilized  by 
means  of  a  tube  (pollen-tube),  a  portion  of  the  male  prothallium  sprouting 
from  the  pollen-grain. 

There  are  two  classes  which  differ  from  each  other  as  follows  : 

Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale;  stigmas  none.    Class  i.  GvMr*    SPERMAE. 
Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  (ovary) ;  stigmas  i  or  more. 

Class  2.  ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Class  I.     GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  this  repre- 
sented by  a  scale  or  apparently  wanting.  Pollen-grains  (microspores)  di- 
viding at  maturity  into  two  or  more  cells,  one  of  which  gives  rise  to  the 
pollen-tube  (male  prothallium),  which  directly  fertilizes  an  archegone  of 
the  nutritive  endosperm  (female  prothallium)  in  the  ovule. 

The  Gymnosperms  are  an  ancient  group,  first  known  in  Silurian  time.  They  became 
most  numerous  in  the  Triassic  age.  They  are  now  represented  by  not  more  than  450 
species  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

There  are  three  orders,  Finales,  Cycadales  and  Gnetales,  the  first  of  which  is  repre- 
sented in  our  area  by  the  Pine  and  Yew  Families. 

Family  i.     PIN  ACE  AE  Lindl. 
Pine  Family.      Conifers. 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire  or  scale- 
like  leaves,  the  wood  uniform  in  texture,  without  tracheae,  the  tracheids 
marked  by  large  depressed  disks,  the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in 
separate  ipiKCJ  (aments).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several  together, 
subtended  by  a  scale ;  filaments  more  or  less  united  ;  pollen-sacs  (anthers) 
2-several-celled,  variously  dehiscent ;  pollen-grains  often  provided  with 
two  lateral  inflated  sacs.  Ovules  with  two  integuments,  orthotropous  or 
amphitropous,  borne  solitary  or  several  together  on  the  surface  of  a  scale, 
which  is  subtended  by  a  bract  in  most  genera.  Fruit  a  cone  with  numer- 
ous, several  or  few,  woody,  papery  or  fleshy  scales ;  sometimes  berry-like. 
Seeds  wingless  or  winged.  Endosperm  fleshy  or  starchy,  copious.  Embryo 
straight,  slender.  Cotyledons  2  or  several.  About  25  genera  and  240 
species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions. 

30 


PINACEAE.  31 

Scales  of  the  cone  numerous  (except  in  Larix) ;  leaf-buds  scaly. 

Cone-scales  woody  ;  leaves  needle-shaped,  2-5  in  a  sheath.  i.  Pinus. 
Cone-scales  thin  ;  leaves  linear-filiform,  scattered  or  fascicled,  not  in  sheaths. 

Leaves  fascicled  on  very  short  branchlets,  deciduous.  2.  Larix. 
Leaves  scattered,  persistent. 

Cones  pendulous ;  leaves  jointed  to  short  persistent  sterigmata. 

Leaves  tetragonal,  sessile.  3.  Picea. 

Leaves  flat,  short- petioled.  4.   Tsuga. 

Cones  erect ;  sterigmata  inconspicuous  ox  noie.  5.  Abies. 
Scales  of  the  cone  few  (3-12);  leaf-buds  naked. 

Cone-scales  spiral,  thick  ;  leaves  deciduous.  6.    Taxodium. 
Cone-scales  opposite  ;  leaves  persistent. 

Cone  oblong,  its  scales  not  peltate.  7.   Thuja. 

Cone  globose,  its  scales  peltate.  8.   Chamaecyparis. 

Fruit  fleshy,  berry-like,  a  modified  cone.  9.  Jimiperus. 

i.  PINUS  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Evergreen  trees  with  two  kinds  of  leaves,  the  primary  ones  linear  or  scale-like, 
deciduous,  the  secondary  ones  forming  the  ordinary  foliage,  narrowly  linear, 
arising  from  the  axils  of  the  former  in  fascicles  of  2-5  (rarely  solitary  in  some 
western  species),  subtended  by  the  bud-scales,  some  of  which  are  united  to  form  a 
sheath.  Staminate  aments  borne  at  the  bases  of  shoots  of  the  season,  the  clusters  of 
stamens  spirally  arranged,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  minute  scale ;  filaments  very  short ; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovule-bearing  aments  solitary 
or  clustered,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  composed  of  numerous 
imbricated  minute  bracts,  each  with  an  ovule-bearing  scale  in  its  axil,  ripening 
into  a  large  cone,  which  matures  the  following  autumn,  its  scales  elongating  and 
becoming  "woody.  Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  winged  above,  the  testa 
crustaceous.  [Name  Celtic.]  About  75  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Leaves  5  in  a  sheath  ;  cone-scales  little  thickened  at  the  tip.  i.  P,  Strobus. 

leaves  2-3  in  a  sheath  ;  cone-scales  much  thickened  at  the  tip. 
Cones  terminal  or  subterminal. 

Leaves  2  in  a  sheath ;  cones  3-6  cm.  long,  their  scales  pointless. 

2.  P.  resinosa. 
Leaves  3  in  a  sheath  ;  cones  1-2.5  dm.  long,  their  scales  prickle-tipped. 

Cones  light,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long;  leaves  2.5-4  dm.  long.        3.   P.  palustris. 
Cones  very  heavy  and  woody,  1-1.5  dm.  l°nSj  leaves  1.2-2.5  dm.  l°ng- 

4.  P.  ponderosa. 
Cones  lateral. 

Cone-scales  with  neither  spine  nor  prickle ;  leaves  in  2?s«          5.  P-  divaricata. 
Cone-scales  tipped  with  a  spine  or  prickle. 
Leaves  some  or  all  of  them  in  2's. 

Cones  3-7  cm.  long,  their  scales  tipped  with  prickles. 

Leaves  stout,  3-6  cm.  long.  6.  P.  Virgtniana. 

Leaves  slender,  7-13  cm.  long.  7.  P,  echinata. 

Cones  8-12  cm.  long,  their  scales  tipped  with  very  stout  short  spines. 

8.  P.  pungens. 
Leaves  in  3*5  (very  rarely  some  in  2's  or  4's). 

Leaves  1.5-2.5  dm.  long ;  old  sheaths  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng  >  cones  oblong-conic. 

9.  P.  Taeda. 
Leaves  7-13  cm.  long;  old  sheaths  0.6-1.2  cm.  long;  cones  ovoid. 

10.  P.  rigida. 

1.  Pinus  Strobus  L.   WHITE  PINE.  WEYMOUTH  PINE.   (I.  F.  f.  no.)  A  large 
forest   tree,   the  bark  nearly   smooth  except   when  old,   the  branches  horizontal, 
verticillate.     Leaves  5  in  a  sheath,  very  slender,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  7-12  cm. 
long,  with  a  single  fibro- vascular  bundle,  the  dorsal  side  devoid  of  stomata;  sheaths 
loose,   deciduous;  ovule-bearing  aments  terminal,   peduncled;   cones  subterminal, 
drooping,   cylindric,  often  slightly  curved,  10-15  cm-  long>  about  2-5   cm-  tnick 
when  the  scales  are  closed,  resinous;  scales  slightly  thickened  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
and  rounded  or  nearly  truncate,  without  a  terminal  spine  or  prickle.     In  woods, 
often  forming  dense  forests,  Newf.  to  Man.,  south  along  the  Allegh.  to  Ga.  and  to 
111.  and  la.     June. 

2.  Pinus  resinosa  Ait.    CANADIAN  PINE.    RED  PINE.    (I.  F.  f.  in.)    A  tall 
forest  tree,  the  bark  reddish,  rather  smooth,  flaky  when  old.     Leaves  2  in  each 
sheath,  slender,  dark  green,  10-15  cm-  l°ng>  w*tn  2  fibro- vascular  bundles;  sheaths 


32  FLORA.  \ 

12-25  mm<  l°n£  wnen  young  ;  staminate  aments  12-18  mm.  long  ;  cones  sub- 
terminal,  oval-conic,  3-6  cm.  long,  usually  less  than  2  cm.  thick  while  the  scales 
are  closed  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  rounded  and  devoid  of  spine  or 
prickle.  In  woods,  Newf.  to  Man.,  Mass.,  Penn.,  Wise,  and  Minn.  May-June. 

3.  Pinus  palustris  Mill.    LONG-LEAVED  PINE.    GEORGIA  PINE,    (I.  F.  f.  112.) 
A  large  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  30  m.,  the  bark  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  in  3*5,  slender,  dark  green,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  2.5-4  dm. 
long,  with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles;  sheaths  1.5-3  cm.  long;  buds  long;  staminate 
aments  rose-purple,  5-9  cm.  long,  very  conspicuous  ;  cones  terminal,  spreading  or 
erect,    conic-cylindric,    1-2.5    dm.   long,   5-8  cm.  thick  before  the  scales  open  ; 
scales  thickened  at  the  apex,   with  a  transverse  ridge  bearing  a  short   central 
recurved  prickle.     In  sandy,  mostly  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla  and  Tex.,  mostly  near  the 
coast.     March-April. 

4.  Pinus  ponderosa  Dougl.    WESTERN  YELLOW  PINE.    (I.  F.  f.  113.)  One  of 
the  largest  trees,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  nearly  80  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter 
of  5  m.     Branches  widely  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping  ;  bark  light  red,  scaly  ; 
leaves  in  3's  (rarely  some  of  them  in  2's),  rather  stout,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  slightly 
scabrous;  cones  subterminal,  very  dense,  heavy,  ovoid-conic,  1-1.5  dm.  l°ng>  3-4-5 
cm.  thick  ;  scales  much  thickened  at  the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  prominent, 
with  a  triangular  subulate  short  stout  recurved  prickle.     Mont,  to  Br.  Col.,  Neb., 
Tex.,  Mex.  and  Cal.;  the  shorter-leaved  eastern  form  which  reaches  our  area  has 
been  distinguished  from  the  western  type  as  var.  scopulortim.     April-May. 

5.  Pinus  divaricata(Ait.)  Gord.  LABRADOR  PINE.  GRAY  PINE.  (I.  F.  f.  114.) 
A  slender  tree,  usually  12-20  m.  high,  but  sometimes  reaching  30  m..  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  I  m.,  the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  becoming  flaky.    Leaves  in  2*s, 
stout,  stiff,  more  or  less  curved,  spreading  or  oblique,  crowded  along  the  branches, 
seldom  over  3  cm.  long  ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  2 ;  cones  commonly  very  numer- 
ous, lateral,  oblong-conic,   usually  upwardly  curved,    2.5-5  cm.  long,  18-30  mm. 
thick  when  mature;  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  the  transverse  ridge  a  mere  line  with 
a  minute  central  point  in  place  of  spine  or  prickle  at  maturity ;  young  scales  spiny- 
tipped.     In  sandy  soil,  N.  B.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Me., 
N.  N.  Y.,  N.  111.  and  Minn.     May-June.     (P.  Banksiana  Lamb.) 

6.  Pinus  Virginiana  Mill.     JERSEY  PINE.     SCRUB  PINE.     (I.  F.  f.  115.)    A 
slender  tree,  usually  small,  the  old  bark  dark-colored,  flaky,  the  branches  spread- 
ing or  drooping.     Leaves  in  2's,  dark  green,  rather  stout  and  stiff,  spreading  when 
old,    3-7  cm.  long,  with  2  fibro- vascular  bundles  ;  young  sheaths  rarely  more  than 
5  mm.  long  ;  cones  commonly  few,  lateral,  recurved  when  young,  spreading  when 
old,   oblong-conic,  3-6  cm.  long,  their    scales  somewhat  thickened  at  the    apex, 
the  low  transverse  ridge  with  a  short  central  more  or  less  recurved  prickle.     In 
sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to  S.  C.,  Ala.,  S.  Ind.  and  Tenn.     April-May.     (P.  inops  Ait.) 

7.  Pinus  echinata  Mill.     YELLOW  PINE.     SPRUCE  PINE.     (I.  F.  f.  116.) 
A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  30  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1.5  m.,  the  branches  spreading,  the  old  bark  rough  in  plates.      Leaves  some  in  2's, 
some  in  3*8,  slender,  not  stiff,  dark  green,  7—I3  cm-  l°ng>  spreading  when  mature; 
fibro-vascular  bundles  2  ;  young  sheaths  10-16  mm.  long  ;  cones  lateral,  oblong- 
conic,  about  5  cm.  long,  usually  less  than  2.5  cm.  thick  when  the  scales  are  closed; 
scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  marked  with  a  prominent  transverse  ridge  and  armed 
with  a  slender,  nearly  straight,  deciduous  prickle.    In  sandy  soil,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla., 
111.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Produces  shoots  from  stumps.     May-June.  (P.  mitis  Michx.) 

8.  Pinus    pungens    Michx.f.      TABLE-MOUNTAIN  PINE.      HICKORY  PINE. 
(I.  F.  f.  117.)     A  tree  with  a  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.  and  trunk  diameter 
of  i  m.,  the  branches  spreading,  the  old  rough  bark  in  flakes.     Leaves  mostly  in 
2's,  some  in  3*3,  stout  and  stiff,  light  green,  6-10  cm.  long,  crowded  on  the  twigs  ; 
fibro-vascular  bundles  2  ;  young  sheaths  .10-16  mm.  long  ;  cones  lateral,  usually 
clustered,   long-persistent,  ovoid,  8-12  cm.  long,   5-7  cm.  thick,   while  the  scales 
are  closed,   nearly  globular  when  these  are  expanded  ;  scales  thick,  woody,  their 
ends  with  a  large  elevated  transverse  ridge,   centrally  tipped  by  a  stout  reflexed  or 
spreading  spine  4-5  mm.  long.    In  woods,  sometimes  forming  forests,  W.  N.  J.  and 
Cent.  Pa,  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     May. 

9.  Pinus   Taeda  L.     LOBLOLLY  PINE.     OLD-FIELD  PINE.     (L  F.  f.  118.) 
A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  50  ni.  an4  *  trunk  diameter  of  1.6   m.,  the 


FIN  ACE  AE.  33 

branches  spreading,  the  bark  thick  and  rugged,  flaky  in  age.  Leaves  in  3's, 
(rarely  some  of  them  in  2's),  slender,  not  stiff,  light  green,  ascending  or  at  length 
spreading,  15-25  cm.  long;  fibro- vascular  bundles  2  ;  sheaths  16-25  mm.  long  when 


Tex.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

10.  Pinus  rigida  Mill.  PITCH-PINE.  TORCH-PINE.  (I.  F.  f.  nq.)  A  tree 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  27  m.,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  I  m.,  the 
branches  spreading,  the  old  bark  rough,  furrowed,  flaky  in  strips.  Leaves  in  3's 
(very  rarely  some  in  4's),  stout,  stiff,  rather  dark  green,  7-13  cm.  long,  spreading; 
fibro- vascular  bundles  2;  sheaths  8-13  mm.  long  when  young;  cones  lateral,  ovoid, 
3.5-7  cm.  long,  becoming  nearly  globular  when  the  scales  open,  commonly  numerous 
and  clusterevl  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  acute,  with  a 
stout  central  triangular  recurved-spreading  prickle.  In  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soil, 
N.  B.  to  Out.,  W.  Va.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.  Develops  shoots  from  stumps.  April- 
May. 

2.  LARIX  Adans. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  ascending  branches  and  small  narrowly  linear  de- 
ciduous leaves,  without  sheaths,  in  fascicles  on  short  lateral  scaly  bud-like  branch- 
lets.  Aments  short,  lateral,  monoecious,  the  staminate  from  leafless  buds  ;  the 
ovule-bearing  buds  commonly  leafy  at  the  base  and  the  aments  red.  Anther-sacs 
2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  or  obliquely  dehiscent.  Pollen-grains  simple.  Cones 
ovoid  or  cylindric,  small,  erect,  their  scales  thin,  spirally  arranged,  obtuse,  persist- 
ent. Ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  ripening  into  2  reflexed  somewhat  winged 
seeds.  [Name  ancient,  probably  Celtic.]  About  9  species,  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  and  subarctic  zones.  Besides  the  following  2  others  occur  in  the  western 
parts  of  N.  Am. 

i.  Larix  l^ricina  (Du  Roi)  Ko:h.  AMERICAN  LARCH.  TAMARACK.  HACK- 
MATACK (I.  F.  f.  no.)  A  slender  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  35  m. 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  I  in.,  the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  close  or  at  length 
slightly  scaly.  Leaves  pale  green,  numerous  in  the  fascicles,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  about 
0.5  mm.  wide,  deciduous  in  late  autumn;  fascicles  borne  on  short  lateral  branchlets 
about  4  mm.  long;  cones  short-peduncled  at  the  ends  of  similar  branchlets,  ovoid, 
obtuse,  12-17  mm-  l°ng'  composed  of  about  12  suborbicular  thin  scales,  their 
margins  entire  or  slightly  lacerate.  In  swampy  woods  and  about  margins  of  lakes, 
Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Ind.  and  Minn.  March-April. 
(L.  Americana  Michx.) 

3.  PICEA  Link. 

Evergreen  conic  trees,  with  linear  short  4-sided  leaves  spreading  in  all  direc- 
tions, jointed  at  the  base  to  short  persistent  sterigmata,  on  which  they  are  sessile, 
falling  away  in  drying,  the  bare  twigs  appearing  covered  with  low  truncate  pro- 
jections. Leaf-buds  scaly.  Staminate  aments  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  anthers  2- 
celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent,  the  connective  prolonged  into  an  append- 
age ;  pollen-grains  compound;  ovule-bearing  aments,  terminal,  ovoid  or  ob'ong; 
ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  reflexed,  ripening  into  2  more  or  less  winged 
seeds.  Cones  ovoid  or  ob!ong,  obtuse,  pendulous,  their  scales  numerous,  spirally 
arrange  1,  thin,  obtuse,  persistent.  [Name  ancient.]  About  14  species,  natives  of 
the  north  te.nperate  and 'subarctic  zones.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in 
the  northwestern  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Twigs  and  sterigmata  glabrous,  glaucous ;  cones  oblong-cylindric.         I.  P.  Canadensis. 
Twigs  pubescent,  brown  ;  cones  ovoid  or  oval. 

Leaves  not  glaucous.  2.  /*.  Mariana. 

Leaves  glaucous.  3.  P.  brevi/olia. 

I.  Picea  Canadlnsis  (Mill.)  B.  S.  P.  WHITE  SPRUCE.  (I.  F.  f.  121.)  A 
slender  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  50  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
I  m.,  but  usually  much  smaller.  Twigs  and  sterigmata  glabrous,  pale  and  glau- 
cous; leaves  light  green,  slender,  12-16  mm,  long,  very  acute;  cones  cylindric  or 


34  FLORA. 

oblong-cylindric,  pale,  3.5-5  cm.  long,  12-17  mm-  thick  before  the  scales  open; 
scales  almost  membranous,  their  margins  usually  quite  entire  ;  bracts  incised. 
Newf.  to  Huds.  Bay  and  Alaska,  south  to  Me.,  N.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  the  Black 
Hills,  Mont,  and  Br.  Col.  Sometimes  with  a  strong,  skunk-like  odor.  April- 
May.  (P.  alba  Link.) 

2.  Picea  Mariana  (Mill. )  B.  S.  P.     BLACK  SPRUCE.     RED  SPRUCE.     (I.  F.  f. 
122    and    123.)     A  tree,  sometimes  35  m.  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  reaching  a 
diameter   of  3.3    m.,  the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  smooth   or  only  slightly 
roughened.     Twigs  pubescent;    sterigmata  pubescent  or  glabrate;    leaves  thickly 
covering  the  twigs,   green,   stout,   straight  or  curved,   rarely   more  than   16  mm. 
long,  obtuse  or  acuminate  or  merely  mucronate  at  the  apex;  cones  oval  or  ovoid, 
2-5  cm.  long,  mostly  persistent  on  the  twigs  for  two  or  more  seasons,  their  scales 
with  entire,  lacerate  or  erose  margins.     Newf.  to  Huds.  Bay  and  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
south  to  N.  J.,  N.  C.,  Mich,  and  Minn.     Tree  very  variable  in  the  size  of  cones 
and  in  the  thickness  of  its  leaves;  the  leaves  of  the  lower  branches  often  very  sharp- 
pointed,  while  those  of  the  upper  are  blunt  or  mucronate.     May-June.    (/>.  nigra.) 

3.  Picea  brevifolia  Peck.     SWAMP  SPRUCE.     (I.  F.  f.  i22a.)    A  small  slender 
tree,  or  on  mountains  reduced  to  a  shrub.     Twigs  pubescent;  sterigmata  glabrous, 
or  slightly  pubescent;  leaves  nearly  straight,  mostly  glaucous,  obtuse,  or  merely 
mucronate,  stout,  4-12  mm.  long;  cones  oval,  persistent  for  two  seasons  or  more, 
1.5-3  cm.  long,  the  scales  with  eroded  margins.    In  swamps  and  bogs,  Vt.  to  Ont., 
N.  N.  Y.  and  Mich.     June. 

4.  TSOGA  Carr.     j 

Evergreen  trees  with  slender  horizontal  or  drooping  branches,  flat  narrowly 
linear  scattered  short-petioled  leaves,  spreading  and  appearing  2 -ranked,  jointed  to 
very  short  sterigmata  and  falling  away  in  drying.  Leaf-buds  scaly.  Staminate 
aments  axillary,  short  or  subglobose;  anthers  2 -celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehis- 
cent, the  connective  slightly  produced  beyond  them;  pollen-grains  simple.  Ovule- 
bearing  aments  terminal,  the  scales  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  each  bearing  2  reflexed 
ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  small,  ovoid  or  oblong,  pendulous,  their  scales  scarcely 
woody,  obtuse,  persistent.  Seeds  somewhat  winged.  [Name  Japanese.]  About  7 
species,  the  following  of  E.  N.  Am.,  2  in  N.  W.  N.  Am.,  2  or  3  Asiatic. 

Cones  1-2  cm.  long,  their  scales  remaining  appressed.  I.   T.  Canadensis. 

Cones  2.5-3  cm'  l°ng)  their  scales  widely  spreading  at  maturity.          2.   T.  Caroliniana. 

1.  Tsuga  Canadensis  (L.)  Carr.     HEMLOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  124.)    A  tall  forest 
tree,   sometimes  35  m.   high,   the  trunk  reaching   1.6  m.   in  diameter,  the  lower 
branches  somewhat  drooping,  the  old  bark  flaky  in  scales.     Foliage  dense;  leaves 
obtuse,  flat,  12-18  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath, 
the  petiole  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  blade;    cones  oblong, 
obtuse,   as  long  as  or  slightly  longer  than  the  leaves,  their  scales  suborbicular, 
obtuse,  minutely  lacerate  or  entire,  not  widely  spreading  at  maturity.     N.  S.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  Del.,  along  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  and  to  Mich,  and  Wis. 
April-May. 

2.  Tsuga  Caroliniana  Engelm.     CAROLINA  HEMLOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  125.)    A 
forest  tree  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  27  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1.3  m.,  the  lower  branches  drooping.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  rather  light 
green  above,  nearly  white  beneath,  14-22  mm.  long,  the  petiole  nearly  as  long  as 
the  width  of  the  blade;  cones  2.5-3  cm.  long,  the  scales  firm  but  scarcely  woody, 
oblong,  obtuse,  widely  spreading  at  maturity.    S.  W.  Va.  to  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  in  the 
mountains.     April. 

5.  ABIES  Juss. 

Evergreen  trees  with  linear  flat  scattered  sessile  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to 
appear  2 -ranked,  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged,  not  jointed  to  steris>mata,  and 
commonly  quite  persistent  in  drying,  the  naked  twigs  marked  by  the  flat  scars  of 
their  bases.  Staminate  aments  axillary  ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely 


PINACEAE.  35 

dehiscent,  the  connective  prolonged  into  a  short  knob  or  point;  pollen-grains  com- 
pound. Ovule-bearing  aments  lateral,  erect;  ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale, 
reflexed,  the  scale  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  thin  or  papery,  mucronate  or 
aristate  bract.  Cones  erect,  subcylindric  or  ovoid,  their  scales  deciduous  from  the 
persistent  axis,  orbicular  or  broader,  obtuse.  [Ancient  name  of  the  firs.  ]  About 
20  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  chiefly  in  boreal  and  mountainous 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 
and  i  in  Mex. 

Bracts  serrulate,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  scales;  leaves  obtuse.  i.  A.  balsamea. 
Bracts  aristate,  reflexed,  longer  than  the  scales ;  leaves  mostly  emarginate. 

2.  A.  Fraseri. 

1.  Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill.     BALSAM  FIR.    (I.  F.  f.  126.)    A  slender  forest 
tree  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  30  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  I  m., 
usually  much  smaller  and  on  mountain  tops  and  in  high  arctic  regions  reduced  to 
a  low  shrub.     Bark  smooth,  warty  with  resin  "  blisters."     Leaves  fragrant  in  dry- 
ing,   less  than  2   mm.   wide,    12-20  mm.   long,   obtuse,   dark  green  above,   paler 
beneath  or  the  youngest  conspicuously   whitened  on   the    lower   surface  ;    cones 
cylindric,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  thick,  upright,  arranged  in  rows  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  branches,  violet  or  purplish  when  young  ;  bracts  obovate,  serrulate, 
mucronate,  shorter  than  the  broad  rounded  scales.     Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Hud.  Bay 
and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Mass.,  Penn.,  along  the  Alleghenies  to  Va.  and  to 
Mich,  and  Minn.     Canada  balsam  is  derived  from  the  resinous  exudations  of  the 
trunk.     May-June. 

2.  Abies  Fraseri  (Pursh)  Lindl.     FRASER'S  BALSAM  FIR.     (I.  F.  f.  127.)    A 
forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species.     Leaves,  especially  the  younger,  con- 
spicuously whitened  beneath,  1-2  cm.  long,  nearly  2  mm.   wide,   emarginate  or 
some  of  them  obtuse  at  the  apex;  cones  oblong-cylindric  or  ovoid-cylindric,  5-8  cm. 
high,  about  2.5  cm.  thick,  their  scales  rhomboid,  much  broader  than  high,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  much  shorter  than  the  papery  bracts,  which  are  reflexed,  their^summits 
emarginate,  serrulate  and  aristate.    On  the  high  Alleghenies  of  S.  W.  Va.,  N.  Car., 
and  Tenn.     May. 

6.  TAXODIUM  L.  C.  Rich. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  drooping  branches,  and  alternate  spirally  arranged 
sessile  linear  or  scale-like  leaves,  deciduous  in  our  species,  spreading  so  as  to 
appear  2 -ranked,  some  of  the  twigs  commonly  deciduous  in  autumn.  Leaf-buds 
naked.  Staminate  aments  very  numerous,  globose,  in  long  terminal  drooping 
panicled  spikes,  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  anthers  2-5  celled,  the  sacs  2-valved. 
Ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid,  in  small  terminal  clusters,  their  scales  few,  bractless, 
each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  globose  or  nearly  so.  the  scales  thick 
and  woody,  rhomboid,  fitting  close  together  by  their  margins,  each  marked  with  a 
triangular  scar  at  its  base.  Seeds  large,  sharply  triangular-pyramidal.  [Name 
Greek,  referring  to  the  yew-like  leaves.]  Three  known  species,  the  following  of 
S.  E.  N.  Am.,  i  Mexican,  i  Chinese. 

i.  Taxodium  distichum  (L.)  L.  C.  Rich.  BALD  CYPRESS.  (I.  F.  f.  128.) 
A  large  forest  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  50  m.  and  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  nearly  3  m.,  the  old  bark  flaky  in  thin  strips.  Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
flat,  thin,  1-2  cm.  long,  i  mm.  wide,  or  less,  rather  light  green,  acute,  those  on 
some  of  the  flowering  branches  smaller,  scale-like;  cones  globose  or  slightly  longer 
than  thick,  pendent  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  very  compact,  2-3  cm.  in  di- 
ameter; surfaces  of  the  scales  irregularly  rugose  above  the  inversely  triangular 
scar;  seeds  8-10  mm.  long.  In  swamps  and  along  rivers,  Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Tex.,  north  in  the  Miss.  Valley  region  to  S.  Ind.,  Mo.  and  Ark.  The  roots  de- 
velop upright  con;c  " knees"  sometimes  1.5  m.  high  and  .4  m.  thick.  March- 
April. 

7.  THUJA    L. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  frond-like  foliage,  the  leaves  small  or  minute, 
scale-like,  appressed,  imbricated,  opposite,  4-ranked,  those  of  the  ultimate  branch- 
lets  mostly  obtuse,  those  of  some  of  the  larger  twigs  acute  or  subulate.  Aments 


36  FLORA. 

monoecious,  both  kinds  terminal,  the  staminate  globose;  anthers  opposite,  2-4 
celled,  the  sacs  globose,  2-valved.  Ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  small, 
their  scales  opposite,  each  bearing  2  (rarely  2-5)  erect  ovules.  Cones  ovoid  or  ob- 
long,  mostly  spreading  or  recurved,  their  scales  6-10,  coriaceous,  oprjosite,  not 
peltate,  dry,  spreading  when  mature.  Seeds  oblong,  broadly  or  narrowly  winged 
or  wingless.  [Name  ancient.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  North  America  and 
eastern  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  from  Idaho  and  Or.  to  Alaska. 
i.  Thuja  occidentalis  L.  WHITE  CEDAR.  ARBOR  VIT^.  (I.  F.  f.  129.)  A 
conical  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  22  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1.6  m.,  the  old 
bark  deciduous  in  ragged  strips.  Scale-like  leaves  of  the  ultimate  branches  nearly 
obicular,  obtuse,  2-3  mm.  broad,  the  two  lateral  rows  keeled,  the  two  other  rows 
flat,  causing  the  twigs  to  appear  much  flattened  ;  leaves  of  the  older  twigs  narrower 
and  longer,  acute  or  acuminate,  mature  cones,  8-10  long,  their  scales  obtuse;  seeds 
broadly  winged.  In  wet  soil  and  along  the  banks  of  streams,  forming  almost  im- 
penetrable forests  northward,  N.  B.  to  James  Bay  and  Man.,  south  to  N.  J.y  along 
the  Alleghenies  to  N.  C.  and  to  111.  and  Minn.  May-June. 

8.  CHAMAECYPARIS  Spach. 

.  Evergreen  trees,  similar  to  the  Thujas,  with  minute  opposite  appressed  4-ranked 
scale-like  leaves,  or  those  of  older  twigs  subulate,  and  small  monoecious  terminal 
aments.  Staminate  aments  as  in  Thuja,  but  the  filaments  broader  and  shield- 
shaped.  Ovule-bearing  aments  globose,  their  scales  opposite,  peltate,  each  bear- 
ing 2-5  erect  ovules.  Cones  globose,  the  scales  thick,  peltate,  each  bearing  2-5 
erect  seeds,  closed  until  mature,  each  with  a  central  point  or  knob.  Seeds  winged. 
[Greek,  meaning  a  low  cypress.]  About  7  species,  the  following  of  the  eastern  U. 
S.,  2  in  western  N.  Am.,  3  or  4  Japanese. 

i.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L.)B.  S  P.  SOUTHERN  WHITE  CEDAR.  (I.  F.  f. 
130.)  A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  30  m.  and  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  1.5  m.  Leaves  of  the  ultimate  branchlets  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  i  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  lateral  rows  keeled,  those  of  the  vertical  rows  slightly  convex, 
each  with  a  minute  round  discoid  marking  on  the  centre  of  the  back,  those  of  the 
o'der  twigs  narrower  and  longer,  subulate;  cones  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  blue, 
each  of  their  closely  fitting  scales  with  a  small  central  point;  seeds  narrowly 
winged.  In  swamps.  Mass,  and  N.  H.  to  N.  N.  J  ,  Fla.  and  Miss.,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  April-May.  (C.  spharoidea  Spach.) 

9.  JUNIPERUS  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  subulate  or  scale-like, 
sessile  leaves,  commonly  of  2  kinds,  and  dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious,  small 
globose  axillary  or  terminal  aments.  Leaf-buds  naked.  Staminate  aments  oblong 
or  ovoid  ;  anthers  2-6-celled,  each  sac  2-valved.  Ovule-bearing  aments  of  a  few 
opposite  somewhat  fleshy  scales,  or  these  rarely  verticillate  in  3*5,  each  bearing  a 
single  erect  ovule  or  rarely  2.  Cones  globose,  berry-like  by  the  coalescence  of  the 
fleshy  scales,  containing  1-6  wingless  bony  seeds.  [Name  Celtic.]  About  30 
species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  some  of  them  extending  into  tropical 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  4  or  5  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North 
America. 

Leaves  all  subulate,  prickly  pointed,  verticillate  ;  aments  axillary. 

Small  erect  tree  or  shrub;  leaves  slender,  mostly  straight.  i.  J.  communis. 

Low  depressed  shrub ;  leaves  stouter,  mostly  curved.  2.  J.  nana, 

Leaves  of  2  kinds,  scale-like  and  subulate,  mostly  opposite ;  aments  terminal. 

Tree ;  fruit  on  short  straight  branches.  3.  J.  Virginiana. 

Depressed  shrub  ;  fruit  on  short  recurved  branches.  4.  J,  Sabina. 

I.  Juniperus  communis  L.  JUNIPER.  (I.  F.  f.  131.)  A  low  tree  or  erect 
shrub,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  8  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  25  cm.,  usually 
smaller,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  the  bark  shreddy.  Leaves  subulate, 
rigid,  spreading,  or  some  of  the  lower  reflexed,  mostly  straight,  prickly  pointed, 
verticillate  in  3*3,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils,  1-2  cm.  long,  less 
than  2  mm.  wide,  channeled  and  commonly  whitened  on  the  upper  surface  ;  aments 


TAXACEAE.  37 

axillary ;  berry-like  cones  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  dark  blue,  6-8  mm.  diameter. 
On  dry  hills,  N.  S  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  Neb.  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  to  N.  Mex.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  The  fruit  is  used  for  flavoring  gin. 
April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.  *S<JiiJ{  ^>4<-*~*l 

2.  Junioerus  nana  Willd.     Low  Jtmifl£R|A  (I.  F.'vf.  132.)     A  depressed  rigid 
shrub,  seldom  over  0.5  m.  high,  forming  circular  patches  often  3-4  m.  in  diameter. 
Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding,  but  stouter,  similarly  channeled  and  often 
whitened  above,   appressed-ascending,  rather  rigid,  spiny-tipped,  8-12  mm.  long, 
mostly  incurved,  densely  clothing  the  twigs,  verticillate  in  3*3;  aments  axillary; 
berry-like  cones  blue,  8-iomm.  in  diameter.     In  dry,  open  places,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col., 
south  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and   in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Col.  and  Utah.      Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     The  characteristic  growth  in  a  depressed  circular  patch  gives 
the  plant  a  very  different  aspect  from  the  true  Juniper.     April-May. 

3.  Juniperus  Virginiana  L.     RED  CEDAR.     SAVIN.     (I.  F.  f.  133.)     A  tree, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  32  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1.6  m.,  conic 
when  young,  but  the  branches  spreading  in  age.    Leaves  mostly  opposite,  all  those  of 
young  plants  and  commonly  some  of  those  on  the  older  twigs  of  older  trees  subulate, 
spiny-tipped,  4-8  mm.  long,  those  of  the  mature  foliage  scale-like,  acute  or  subacute, 
closely  appressed  and  imbricated,  4-ranked,  causing  the  twigs  to  appear  quadrangu- 
lar; aments  terminal;  berry-like  cones  light  blue,  glaucous,  about  6  mm.   in  di- 
ameter,  on  straight  peduncle-like  branchlets  of  less  than  their  own  length,    1-2 
seeded.     In  dry  soil,  N.    B.  to  Br.   Col.,  Fla.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.     Also  in 
the   W.    I.     Wood  used  in  large  quantities  in  the  manufacture  of  lead  pencils. 
April-May.     Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

4.  Juniperus  Sabma  L.     SHRUBBY   RED  CEDAR.      (I.  F.  f.   134.)     A  de- 
pressed shrub,  seldom  more  than  1.3  m.  high.     Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  those  of  young  plants  and  the  older  twigs  of  older  plants  subulate, 
spiny -tipped,  those  of  the  mature  foliage  scale-like,  appressed,  4-ranked,  acute  or 
acuminate;  aments  terminal;  terry-like  cones  light  blue,  somewhat  glacuous,  8— 10 
mm.  in  diameter,  borne  on  recurved  peduncle-like  branchlets  of  less  than  their  own 
length,  1-4  seeded.     On  banks,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mass  ,  N.  N.  Y.,  Minn, 
and  Mont.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     April-May. 

Family  2.     TAXACEAE  Lindl. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  resin-bearing  except  Taxus.  Leaves  evergreen  or  de- 
ciduous, linear,  or  in  several  exotic  genera  broad  or  sometimes  fan-shaped, 
the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  clusters  or  solitary.  Perianth 
wanting.  Stamens  much  as  ir  the  Pinaceae.  Ovules  with  either  one  or 
two  integuments ;  when  two,  the  outer  one  fleshy ;  when  only  one,  its  outer 
part  fleshy.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  rarely  a  cone.  About  8  genera  and  75 
species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  numerous  in  the  southern 
hemisphere.  The  Maiden-hair  Tree,  Ginkgo  biloba,  of  China  and  Japan, 
with  fan-shaped  leaves,  is  an  interesting  tree,  formerly  included  in  the 
group,  much  planted  for  ornament,  now  regarded  as  forming  a  distinct 
natural  family. 

x.  TAXUS  L. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  spirally  arranged  short-petioled  linear  flat 
mucronate  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked,  and  axillary  and  solitary, 
sessile  or  subsessile  very  small  aments;  staminate  aments  consisting  of  a  few  scaly 
bracts  and  5-8  stamens,  their  filaments  united  to  the  middle;  anthers  4-6-celled. 
Ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  subtended  by  a  fleshy,  annular  disk  which  is 
bracted  at  the  base.  Fruit  consisting  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  becomes  cup- 
shaped,  red,  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony  seed.  [Name  ancient.]  About  6 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  Fla.,  one  in  Mex.  and  one  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

i.  Taxus  Canadensis  Marsh.  AMERICAN  YEW.  GROUND  HEMLOCK.  (I.  F. 
t  135.)  A  low  shrub,  seldom  over  1.5  m.  high.  Leaves  dark  green  on  both  sides- 
narrowly  linear,  mucronate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  12-20  mm.  long,  nearly  2  mm. 
wide,  persistent  on  the  twigs  in  drying;  staminate  aments  globose,  2  mm.  long, 
usually  numerous;  ovules  usually  few;  fruit  red  and  pulpy,  resinous,  oblong, 


3&  FLORA. 

nearly  6  mm.  hig   ,  the  top  of  the  seed  not  covered  by  the  fleshy  integument.     In 
woods,  Newf.  to  Man.,  N.  J.,  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Va.,  and  to  la.     April-May. 

Class  II.     ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  (the  ovary)  formed  by 
the  infolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of  a  modified  rudimentary  leaf 
(carpel),  or  of  several  such  leaves  joined  together,  in  which  the  seeds  are 
ripened.  The  pollen-grains  (microspores)  on  alighting  upon  the  summit 
of  the  carpel  (stigma)  germinate,  sending  out  a  pollen-tube  which  pene- 
trates its  tissues  and  reaching  an  ovule  enters  the  orifice  of  the  latter 
(micropyle),  and  its  tip  coming  in  contact  with  a  germ-cell  in  the  embryo- 
sac,  fertilization  is  effected.  In  a  few  cases  the  pollen-tube  enters  the 
ovule  at  the  chalaza,  not  at  the  micropyle. 

There  are  two  sub-classes,  distinguished  as  follows : 

Cotyledon  one ;  stem  endogenous.  Sub-class  i.  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Cotyledons  two  ;  stem  (with  rare  exceptions)  exogenous. 

Sub-Class  2.    DlCOTYLEDONES. 

Sub-class  i.     MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  of  the  germinat- 
ing plantlet  alternate.  Stem  composed  of  a  ground-mass  of  soft  tissue 
(parenchyma)  in  which  bundles  of  wood-cells  are  irregularly  imbedded ; 
no  distinction  into  wood,  pith  and  bark.  Leaves  usually  parallel-veined, 
mostly  alternate  and  entire,  commonly  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base 
and  often  with  no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole.  Flowers  mostly  3- 
merous  or  6-merous. 

Order  I.     PANDANALES. 

Our  species  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  narrow  elongated  leaves 
and  very  small,  imperfect  and  incomplete  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 
Perianth  of  bristles,  or  of  chaffy  scales.  Ovary  i,  1-2 -celled.  Endo- 
sperm mealy  or  fleshy. 

The  order  takes  its  name  from  the  tropical  genus  Pandanus,  the  so- 
called  Screw-Pine. 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes.  Fam.  i.    Typhaceae. 

Flowers  capitate,  the  heads  axillary  to  leaf-like  bracts.  Fam.  2.  Sparganiaceae. 

Family  i.     TYPHACEAE   J.  St.  Hil. 
Cat-tail  Family.* 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  and 
glabrous  erect,  terete  stems.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  ensiform,  striate, 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  termi- 
nal spikes,  which  are  subtended  by'  spathaceous,  usually  fugacious 
bracts,  and  divided  at  intervals  by  smaller  bracts,  which  are  caducous, 
the  staminate  spikes  uppermost.  Perianth  of  bristles.  Stamens  2-7, 
the  filaments  connate.  Ovary  i,  stipitate,  i-2-celled.  Ovules  anatro- 
pous.  Styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Mingled  among  the 
stamens  and  pistils  are  bristly  hairs,  and  among  the  pistillate  flowers 
many  sterile  flowers  with  clavate  tips.  Fruit  nutlike.  •  Endosperm 
copious.  The  family  comprises  only  the  following  genus  : 

i.  TYPHA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Name  ancient  ]  About  10  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  those  here  described,  another 
occurs  in  Cal. 

*  Contributed  by  -the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


SPARGA  NJA  CEA  E.  39 

Spikes  dark  brown  or  black,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  usually  contiguous,  the  former 
without  bractlets;  stigmas  spatulate  or  rhomboid;  pollen  4-grained. 

i.    7\  latifolia. 

Spikes  light  brown,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  usually  distant,  the  former  with  bract- 
lets  ;  stigmas  linear  ;  pollen  in  simple  grains.  2.    7\  angustifolia. 

1.  Typha   latifolia  L.     BROAD-LEAVED  CAT-TAIL.     (I.  F.  f.  136.)     Stems 
stout,  1-2.7  m.  high.     Leaves  6-25  mm.  broad;  spikes  dark  brown  or  black,  the 
staminate  and  pistillate  portions  usually  contiguous,  each  7. 5-30  cm.  long  and  often 
2  cm.  or  more  in  diameter,  the  pistillate  without  bractlets;  stigmas  rhomboid  or 
spatulate;  pollen-grains  in  4's  ;  fruit  furrowed,  bursting  in  water  ;  seeds  with  a 
separable  outer  coat.     In  marshes,  throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-July.     Fruit,  Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Typha    angustifolia    L.     NARROW-LEAVED    CAT-TAIL.     (I.  F.  f.  137.) 
Stems  slender,  1.5-3.5  m.  high.     Leaves  mostly  narrower  than  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  4-12  mm.  wide;  spikes  light  brown,  the  staminate  and  pistillate 
portions  usually  distant,  the  two  together  sometimes  0.5  m.  long,  the  pistillate, 
when  mature,  6-16  mm.  in  diameter,  and  provided  with  bractlets;  stigmas  linear 
or  linear-oblong;  pollen-grains  simple;  fruit  not  furrowed,  not  bursting  in  water; 
outer  coat  of  the  seed  not  separable.     Abundant  in  marshes  along  the  Atlantic 
Coast  from  N.  S.  to  Fla.  and  Cuba,  but  also  occurring  rather  rarely  inland.     Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-July.     Fruit,  Aug.-Sept. 

Family  2.     SPARGANIACEAE   Agardh.     1858. 
Bur -reed  Family  * 

Marsh  or  pond  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots, 
erect  or  floating  simple  or  branched  stems,  and  linear  alternate  leaves, 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  globose 
heads  at  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  branches,  the  staminate  heads 
uppermost,  sessile  or  peduncled.  Spathes  linear,  immediately  beneath 
or  at  a  distance  below  the  head.  Perianth  of  a  few  irregular  chaffy 
scales.  Stamens  commonly  5,  their  filaments  distinct ;  anthers  oblong 
or  cuneate.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  i -celled.  Ovules  anatropous.  Fruit 
mostly  i-celled,  nutlike.  Embryo  nearly  straight,  in  copious  endo- 
sperm. The  family  comprises  only  the  following  genus : 

i.  SPARGANIUM   L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Characters  of  the  family.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.] 
About  10  species,  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.     Besides  the  following,  one 
occurs  in  Cal. 

Fruit  sessile.  i.  S.  eurycarpum. 

Fruit  stalked. 

Inflorescence  branching.  2.  S.  androcladum. 

Inflorescence  simple. 

Staminate  heads  4-6,  pistillate  2-6,  10-16  mm.  in  diameter.  3.  S.  simplex. 

Staminate  heads  1-2,  pistillate  1—3,  4-10  mm.  in  diameter.    4.  S.  minimum. 

1.  Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.     BROAD-FRUITED  BUR-REED.    (I.  F.  f. 
138.)     Stems  stout,  1-2.8  m.  high,  branching.     Leaves  flat,  slightly  keeled  be- 
neath, the  lowest  1-2  m.  long;  staminate  heads  numerous;  pistillate  heads  2-4  on 
the  stem  or  branch,  sessile  or  peduncled,  hard,  compact  and  2-3  cm.  in  diameter 
when  mature;  style  I;  stigmas  1-2;  nutlets  6-io  mm.  long,  obtusely  4-5-angled, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  top   rounded,  flattened  or  depressed,  abruptly  tipped 
with  the  style;  scales  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  fruit  and  as  many  as  its 
angles,  often   with    2  or   3    other   exterior   ones,   somewhat   spatulate,   the    apex 
roundea,  denticulate  or  eroded      In  marshes  and  along  streams,  Newf.  to  Br, 
Col.,  south  to  Va.,  Mo.,  Utah  and  Cal. 

2.  Sparganium  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Morong.     BRANCHING  BUR-REED. 
(1.  F.  f.  139,)     Stem  slender,  more  or  less  branching,  2.5-6  cm.   high.     Pistillate 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


40  FLORA. 

heads  3-7,  sessile  or  the  lowest  peduncled,  axillary  or  the  peduncles  and  brandies 
axillary;  style  I  ;  stigma  I  (rarely  2);  fruiting  heads  12-25  mm.  in  diameter;  nut- 
lets fusiform,  4-6  mm.  long,  3  mm.  thick,  often  strongly  contracted  at  the  middle, 
tapering  into  the  style  ;  scales  oblong,  as  long  as  the  nutlets  or  shorter,  the  exterior 
ones  narrower  ;  stalk  of  fruit  2  mm.  long  or  more.  In  bogs  or  shallow  water,  N.  S. 
to  Ont.  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.  June-Aug. 

Sparganium  androcladum  fluctuans  Morong.  Floating  in  deep  water  with  long 
slender  stems  and  thin  leaves  2-7  mm.  wide ;  inflorescence  usually  sparingly  branched  ; 
fruiting  heads  8-12  mm.  in  diameter.  In  cold  ponds,  N.  B.  to  Penn. 

3.  Sparganium  simplex  Huds.     SIMPLE-STEMMED  BUR-REED.    (I.  F.  f.  140.) 
Stem  slender,  3-60  cm.   high,  simple.     Leaves  more  or  less  triquetrous,  4-8  mm. 
wide ;  inflorescence  2—20  cm.  long  ;  staminate  heads  4—6  ;  pistillate  2—6,  sessile  or 
the  lowest  peduncled ;  fruiting  heads  10-16  mm.  in  diameter ;  nutlets  fusiform  or 
narrowly  oblong,  obtusely  angled  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  middle, 
smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species  and  more  tapering  at  the  summit ;  scales 
denticulate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  nutlets  ;  stigma  linear,  as  long  as  the  style  or 
shorter,  rarely  2  ;  stalk  of  fruit  about  2  mm.  long.     Borders  of  ponds  and  streams, 
Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Penn.,  Mont,  and  Cal.     June-Aug. 

Sparganium  simplex  angustifblium  (Michx.)  Engelm.  Floating  in  deep  water. 
Leaves  very  long,  1—3  mm.  wide,  their  sheaths  often  inflated  at  the  base ;  staminate  and 
pistillate  heads  1-4 ;  fruiting  heads  6-15  mm.  in  diameter.  In  mountain  lakes  and  slow 
streams,  Newf.  to  Ore.,  N.  Y.  and  Cal. 

4.  Sparganium  minimum  Fries.     SMALL  BUR-REED.     (I.  F.  f.  141.)     Float- 
ing, stems  very  slender,  o.  i-i  m.  long.      Leaves  thin  and  lax,  1-5  mm.  wide  ;  inflor- 
escence 2  cm.  or  more  long  ;  staminate  heads  1-2  ;  pistillate,  1-3,  sessile,  axillary, 
supra-axillary  or  the  lowest  on  an  axillary  peduncle  ;  ripe  fruiting  heads  4-10  mm. 
in  diameter ;    nutlets  ovoid,   slightly  triangular,   tapering   abruptly    into    the    style, 
2-4  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  denticulate  scales;  stigma  ov?i,  often  oblique, 
about  as  long  as  the  style;  stalk  of  the  nutlet  0.5-1  mm.  long,  often  apparently 
none.     In  ponds  and  streams,  N.  B.  to  Man.  and  Ore.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Mich,  and 
Utah.     Also  in  northern  Europe.     Dwarf  forms,  growing  out  of  water,  sometimes 
occur  with  stems  3'-6'  high.     June-Aug. 


Order  2.  NAIADALES. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  the  leaves  various  in  form.  Flowers  perfect, 
monoecious  or  dioecious.  Perianth  present,  or  wanting.  Parts  of  the 
flower  mostly  unequal  in  number.  Carpels  i  or  more,  mostly  distinct  and 
separate  (united  in  Vallisneriaceae ;  united  at  least  until  maturity  in 
Scheuchzeriaceae) .;  endosperm  none,  or  very  little. 

Perianth,  if  present,  inferior  ;  carpels  mostly  distinct. 
Perianth-segments,  when  present,  herbaceous. 

Carpels  distinct ;  aquatic  herbs.  Fam.  i.  Naiadaceae, 

Carpels  united  until  maturity;  bog  plants  ;  flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 

Fam.  2.  Scheuchzeriaceae. 
Perianth  of  2  series  of  segments,  the  outer  green,  the  inner  mostly  white. 

Fam.  3.  Alismaceae. 
Perianth  superior;  carpels  united.  Fam.  4.    Vallisneriaceae, 

Family  i.     NAIADACEAE  Lindl.* 

Immersed  aquatic  plants  with  slender,  often  branching,  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  flat  or  filiform,  and  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  spicate  axil- 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


NAIADACEAE.  41 

lary  or  spadiceous  flowers.  Perianth  of  4  segments,  or  a  hyaline  envelope, 
or  wanting.  Stamens  1-4  or  occasionally  more,  distinct  and  hypogynous 
in  the  perfect  flowers,  solitary  or  connate  in  the  sterile.  Anthers  ex- 
trorse,  i-2-celled.  Ovaries  1-9,  mostly  distinct,  i-celled,  mostly  i-ovuled. 
Carpels  rarely  dehiscent.  Seeds  straight  or  curved.  Endosperm  none. 
About  10  genera  and  100  species  of  wide  geographical  distribution,  most 
abundant  in  temperate  regions.  The  months  noted  in  the  descriptions 
indicate  the  fruiting  period. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Perianth  of  4  distinct  segments.  i.  Potamogeton. 

Perianth  none ;  flowers  naked.  2.  Ruppia. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Leaves  entire. 

Leaves  i-nerved,  2-8  cm.  long,  0.5  mm.  or  less  wi«Je.  3.  Zannichellia. 

Leaves  many-nerved,  0.3-1.6  m.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide.  4.  Zostera. 

Leaves  spiny-too'thed  on  the  margins.  5.  Naias. 

i.  POTAMOGETON  L. 

Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost  opposite,  often  of  2  kinds,  submerged  and  float- 
ing, the  submerged  mostly  linear,  the  floating  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval. 
Spathes  stipular,  often  ligulate,  free  or  connate  with  the  base  of  the  leaf  or  petiole, 
enclosing  the  young  buds  and  usually  soon  perishing  after  expanding.  Peduncles 
axillary,  usually  emersed.  Flowers  small,  spicate,  green  or  red.  Perianth-segments 
4,  short-clawed,  concave,  valvate.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth- 
segments.  Anthers  sessile.  Ovaries  4,  sessile,  distinct,  I -celled,  I-ovuled,  attenu- 
ated into  a  short  style,  or  with  a  sessile  stigma.  Fruit  of  4  drupelets,  the  pericarp 
usually  thin  and  hard  or  spongy.  Seeds  crustaceous,  campylotropous,  with  an  unci- 
nate  embryo  thickened  at  the  radicular  end.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  aquatic 
habitat.]  About  65  well-defined  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions.  Besides  the 
following,  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Stipules  axillary  and  free  from  the  leaf. 
With  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 
Submerged  leaves  bladeless. 

Nutlets  more  or  less  pitted.  I.  P.  nafans. 

Nutlets  not  pitted.  2.  P.  Oakesianus. 

Submerged  leaves  with  a  proper  blade. 

Submerged  leaves  of  2  kinds,  lanceolate  and  oval  or  oblong. 
Uppermost  broadly  oval  or  elliptic,  lowest  lanceolate. 

3.  P.  amplifolius. 
Uppermost  lanceolate  and  pellucid,  lowest  oblong  and  opaque. 

4.  P.  pulc/ier. 
Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  capillary  or  linear-setaceous. 

i-nerved  or  nerveless.  25.  P.  Vaseyi. 

3-nerved  26.  P.  lateralis. 

Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  linear. 

Nearly  the  same  breadth  throughout,  obtusely  pointed,  coarsely  cellular- 
reticulated  in  the  middle.  5.  P.  Nuttallii, 
Broader  at  base,  acute,  without  cellular-reticulation. 

9.  P.  heterophyllus. 
Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  lanceolate. 

Uppermost  leaves  petioled,  lowest  sessile.  6.  P.  alpinus. 

All  the  leaves  petioled. 

Floating  leaves  large,  broadly  elliptic,  rounded  or  subcordate  at 
base.  ii.  p,  IlHnoensis. 

Floating  leaves  narrowly  elliptic,  tapering  at  base. 

7.  P,  lone  kites. 
Floating  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  tapering  at  base. 

8.  P.  Faxoni. 
All  the  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Fruit  only  2  mm.  long,  obscurely  3-keeled. 

10.  P.  spathulaeformis* 
Fruit  3  mm.  long,  distinctly  3-keeled.           12.  P.  Zizii. 


42  FLORA. 

With  submerged  leaves  only. 

Without  propagating  buds  and  without  glands. 

Leaves  with  broad  blades,  mostly  lanceolate  or  ovate,  man)r-nerved. 
Leaves  subsessile  or  short-petioled,  mostly  acute  or  cuspidate. 

13.  P,  lucens. 
Leaves  semi-amplexicaul,  obtuse  and  cucullate  at  the  apex.  . 

14.  P.  praelongus, 
Leaves  meeting  around  the  stem,  very  obtuse  at  the  apex,  not  cucullate. 

15.  P.  perfoliatus. 
Leaves  with  narrow  blades,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  several-nerved. 

Leaves  oblong-linear,  5~7-nerved,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 

16.  P.  Mysticus. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-nerved,  acute  at  the  apex. 

21.  P.foliosus. 
Leaves  with  narrow  blades,  capillary  or  setaceous,  i-nerved  or  nerveless. 

17.  P.  confervoides. 
With  propagating  buds  or  glands,  or  both. 

With  buds,  but  without  glands. 

Leaves  serrulate,  3~7-nerved.  18.  P.  crispus. 

Leaves  entire,  with  3  principal  and  many  fine  nerves. 

19.   /'.  zosteraefolius. 
Commonly  with  glands,  but  no  buds. 

Stems  long-branching  from  the  base  ;  leaves  lax,  flat,  3-nerved,  abruptly 

acute  or  cuspidate.  20.   P.  Hillii. 

Stems  simple ;  leaves  strict,  revolute,  3~5-nerved,  acuminate. 

24.  P.  rutilus. 
With  both  buds  and  glands. 

Glands  large  and  translucent  ;  buds  rare.  22.  P.  obtusifolius* 

Glands  small,  often  dull ;  buds  common. 

Leaves  linear,  5~7-nerved.  23.   P.  Friesii. 

Leaves  linear,  3-nerved.  27.  P.  pusillus. 

Leaves  capillary,  i-nerved  or  nerveless.  28.  P.  gemmiparus. 

Stipules  adnate  to  the  leaves  or  petioles. 

With  both  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 

Submerged  peduncles  as  long  as  the  spikes,  clavate,  often  recurved. 

29.  P.  diversifolius. 
Submerged  peduncles  none,  or  at  most  hardly  2  mm.  long. 

30.  P.  Spirillus. 
With  submerged  leaves  only. 

Stigma  broad  and  sessile.  31.  P.  filiform  is. 
Style  apparent ;  stigma  capitate. 

Fruit  without  keels  or  obscurely  keeled.  32.  P.  pectinatus. 
Fruit  strongly  3-keeled. 

Leaves  entire,  3-5-nerved.  33.  P.  interruptus. 

Leaves  minutely  serrulate,  finely  many-nerved.  34.  P.  RobbinSii. 

1.  Potamogeton  natans  L.     COMMON  FLOATING  PONDWEKD.     (I.  F.  f.  142.) 
Stems  0.6-1.3  m.  long,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.     Floating  leaves  thick,  the 
blade  ovate,  oval  or  elliptic,  5-10  cm.  long,   2-5   cm.  wide,  usually  with  a  ^hort 
abrupt  tip,   rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  many-nerved;  submerged  leaves 
reduced  to  phyllocles  which  commonly  perish  early;  stipules  sometimes  10  cm. 
long,  acute,  2-keeled;  peduncles  as  thick  as  the  stem,  5-10  cm.  long;  spikes  very 
dense,  about  5  cm.  long;  fruit  turgid,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  about  2.5  mm.  thick,  scarcely 
keeled,  narrowly  obovoid,  slightly  curved  on  the  face;   style  broad;  nutlet  hard, 
pitted  or  impressed  on  the   sides,  2 -grooved  on  the  back  ;  embryo  forming   an 
incomplete  circle,  the   apex  pointing  toward  the  base.     In  ponds  and  streams, 
throughout  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north,  extending  into  Mex.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     July -Aug. 

2.  Potamogeton  Oakesianus  Robbins.     OAKES'  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  143.) 
Stems  very  slender,  often  m.uch  branched  from  below.      Floating  leaves  elliptic, 
mostly  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  lo-co  mm.  wide, 
i2-:o-nerved;  petioles  5-15  cm.  long;  submerged  leaves  mere  capillary  phyllodes, 
often  persistent;  peduncles  2-8  cm.  long,  commonly  thicker  than  the  stem;  spikes 
cylindric,    12-25   cm.   long;  stipules    acute,    hardly  keeled;   fruit   obovoid,   about 
3  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  nearly  straight  on  the  face,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel 
sharp;  style  apical  or  subapical;    sides  of  the  nutlet  not  pitted,  but  sometimes 


NA1ADACEAE.  43 

slightly  impressed;  embryo  circle  incomplete,  the  apex  pointing  toward  the  base. 
In  still  water,  Anticosti  to  N.  Penn.  and  N.  J.     Summer. 

3.  Potamogeton   amplifolius  Tuckerm.     LARGE-LEAVED  PONDWEED.     (I. 
F.  f.  144.)     Stems  long,  simple  or  occasionally  branched.      Floating  leaves  oval  or 
ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  3-5   cm. 
wide,  many-nerved  ;  submerged  leaves  mostly  petioled,  large,  the  uppermost  often 
elliptic  or  oval,  7-15  cm.  long,  2-5   cm.  wide,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  often  20  cm. 
long,  with  about  25  nerves,  often  with  the  sides  closed  and  assuming  a  falcate  shape; 
stipules  tapering  to  a  long  sharp  point,  sometimes  10  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  thickened 
upward,  5-20  cm.  long;  spikes  2-5  cm.  long;  fruit  4-5  mm.  long,  2.5   mm.  thick, 
turgid,  the  pericarp  hard,  obliquely  obovoid,  3-keeled  ;  face  more  or  less  angled  ; 
style  subapical ;  embryo  slightly  incurved.     In  lakes,  Ont.   to  Br.  Col.,  south  to 
Conn.,  Ky.  and  Neb.     July-Sept. 

4.  Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.     SPOTTED  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1^5.) 
Stems  simple,   terete,  black-spotted,  0.3-0.7  mm.    long.      Floating  leaves  usually 
massed  at  the  top  on  short  lateral  branches,  alternate,  ovate  or  round-ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  2-8  cm.  long,  5—11   cm.  wide,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  about  as  thick  as 
the  stem,   5-10  cm.    long,   spotted  ;    submerged  leaves  of  2  kinds,  the  uppermost 
pellucid,   lanceolate,   long-acuminate,   undulate,  J-zo   cm.   long,   1-3.5   cm<    wide, 
tapering  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole,  io-2O-nerved ;  the.  lowest  much  thicker, 
opaque,  spatulate,  long;  stipules  2-carinate  ;  fruit  4-4.5  mm.  long,  3  mm.    thick, 
turgid,  tapering  into  a  stout  apical  style,  the  back  sharply  3-keeled  ;  face  angled 
near  the  middle,  with  a  sinus  below  ;  embryo  coiled.     In  ponds  and  pools,  Me.  to 
Ga.  and  Mo.     July. 

5.  Potamogeton  Nuttallii  Cham.  &  Sch.     NUTTALL'S  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
146.)     Stems  slender,  compressed,  mostly  simple,  0.3-2  m.  long.      Floating  leaves 
opposite,  elliptic,  to  obovate,  obtuse,  short-petioled,  3-8  cm.  long,  8-24  mm.  wide, 
many-nerved;  submerged  leaves  linear,  2-ranked,  5-17  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
5-nerved,  the  2  outer  nerves  nearly  marginal,  the  space  between  the  2  inner  and 
the  midrib  reticulated  ;  stipules  obtuse,  hyaline,  not  keeled  ;  peduncles  2-13  cm. 
long;  spikes  1-2.5  cm-  l°n&  >  fruit  round-obovoid  2.5-4  nim.  long,  2—3  mm.  thick, 
3-keeled,   the   sides  flat  and  indistinctly   impressed ;    style   short,    apical ;    embryo 
coiled  one  and  one-third  times.      In  ponds  and  streams,  N.  S.  to  Penn.  and  S.  C. 
June- Aug.     (P.  Claytonii  Tuckerm.) 

6.  Potamogeton   alpinus  Balbis.     NORTHERN  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  147.) 
Plant  of  a  ruddy  tinge;  stems  simple  or  branched,  somewhat  compressed.     Float- 
ing leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  many-nerved,  tapering  into  petioles 
2-12  cm.  long;  submerged  leaves  semi-pellucid,  the  lowest  sessile,  the  uppermost 
petioled,  oblong-linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  7-30  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide,  7-i7-nerved;  stipules  broad,  faintly  2-cari- 
nate, obtuse  or  rarely  acute;  spikes  2-3  cm.  long;  fruit  obovoid,  lenticular,  reddish, 
2  5    mm.  long,   2   mm.  thick,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  face  arched, 
beaked  by  the  short  recurved  style;  apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  directly  to  the 
basal   end.     In   ponds,    N.   S.   to   Br.    Col.,    N.  J.    and   Cal.     Also   in   Europe. 
July- Aug.     (P.  rufescens  Schrad.) 

7.  Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.    LONG-LEAVED  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
148.)     Stem  terete,  much  branched,  1-2    m.  long.     Floating    leaves  rather  thin, 
elliptic,    pointed   at   both   ends,   5-15    cm.   long,    1-3    cm.    wide,   many  -  nerved, 
petioled;  submerged  leaves  pellucid,  10-32  cm.  long,  4-24  mm.  wide,  rounded  at 
the  base  or  tapering  into  a  petiole;  stipules  acuminate,  strongly  or  faintly    2- 
carinate;  peduncles  thickening  upward,  5-8  cm.  long;   spikes  cylindric,  2-5  cm. 
long;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  obliquely  obovoid,  the  face  nearly 
straight,  the  back  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  rounded  or  often  with  a  projecting 
wing  under  the  style,  not  impressed  on  the  sides;  embryo  slightly  incurved,  apex 
pointing  slightly  inside  of  the  base.     In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  N.  Br.  to  Wash., 
Fla.  and  Cal.     July-Get. 

F'otimogeton  lonchites  Noveboracdnsis  Morong.  Floating  leaves  thicker,  7-14  cm. 
long,  about  5  cm.  wide,  2O-24-nerved,  abruptly  pointed  or  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  peduncles 
sometimes  10-12  cm.  and  spikes  7.5  cm.  long.  Lakes  of  Cent.  N.  Y. 

8.  Potamogeton    Faxoni    Morong.     FAXON'S    PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  149.) 
Floating  leaves  numerous,  mostly  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  blunt-pointed  or  obtuse 


44  FLORA, 

at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  strikingly  like  those  of  P.  spath-maeformis, 
5-9  cm.  long,  15-25  mm.  wide,  I3~i7-nerved,  petioled;  submerged  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse,  7-13  cm.  long,  1-25  cm.  wide,  5~i3-nerved, 
often  with  an  irregular  areolation  on  each  side  of  the  midrib;  petioles  1.2-2.5  cm. 
in  length;  peduncles  slightly  thicker  than  the  stem;  spikes  dense,  2—5  cm.  long; 
fruit  not  collected.  Little  Otter  Creek  and  Lake  Champlain,  Ferrisburg,  Vt. 

?.  Potamogeton  heterophy'llus  Schreb.  VARIOUS-LEAVED  PONDWEED. 
'.  f.  150.)  Stems  slender,  compressed,  much  branched,  sometimes  4  m.  long. 
Floating  leaves  pointed  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  1.5- 
10  cm.  long,  8-30  mm.  wide,  io-i8-nerved,  on  petioles  2-10  cm.  long ;  submerged 
leaves  pellucid,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cuspidate,  rather  stiff,  2-15 
cm.  long,  2-1 6  mm.  wide,  3~9-nerved,  the  uppermost  often  petioled  ;  peduncles 
often  thickened  upward,  sometimes  clustered;  stipules  spreading,  obtuse  1.5-2.5 
cm.  long;  spikes  1.8-25  cm.  long;  fruit  roundish  or  obliquely  obovoid,  2-3  mm. 
long,  1—2  mm.  thick,  indistinctly  3-keeled ;  style  short,  obtuse,  apical;  apex  of  the 
embryo  nearly  touching  the  base,  pointing  slightly  inside  of  it.  A  very  variable 
species,  occurring  in  different  forms  throughout  almost  all  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme 
north.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Sept. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  graminifblius  (Fries)  Morong.  Submerged  leaves  deli- 
cate, flaccid,  linear,  4-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide  With  the  type. 

Potamogeton  heteroph^llus  myriophyllus  (Robbins)  Morong.  Stems  dichotomously 
branching,  very  leafy  ;  submerged  leaves  delicate,  about  2.5  cm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide,  3-5- 
nerved,  linear  or  the  upper  oblanceolate ;  floating  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate-oblong ; 
rootstock  tuberous.  Mass.,  R.  I.  and  Conn. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  minimus  Morong.  Stems  long  and  almost  capillary, 
the  internodes  7-10  cm.  long,  densely  clustered  on  short  lateral  branches,  1-2.5  cm-  l°n£» 
scarcely  0.5  mm.  wide,  acuminate,  i-nerved ;  floating  leaves  1-3.5  cm.  long,  6-18  mm. 
wide,  lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate,  usually  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Mass,  and 
N.  H. 

10.  Potamogeton  spathulaeformis  (Robbins)  Morong.    SPATULATE-LEAVED 
PONDWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  151.)    Stems  many,  branched,  0.6-1  m.  long.    Floating  leaves 
obovate  or  elliptic,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  rather  thin,  13-23-nerved,  2-6  cm.  long, 
1.5-2  5  cm.  wide,  borne  on  slender  petioles;  submerged  leaves  pellucid,  spatulate- 
oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  6-i8mm.  wide,  5~l3-nerved,  cuspidate  or 
spinescent,  sessile  or  subsessile,  often  reduced  to'  phyllodes  with  a  very  narrow  blade 
and  along  acumination  at  the  base  and  apex;  peduncles  often  thickening  upward, 
2-5  cm.  long ;    stipules  obtuse,   faintly  keeled,   the  apex  slightly  hooded ;    spikes 
large ;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long,  roundish  or  obliquely  ovoid,  obscurely  3-keeled,  with 
a  curved  or  slightly  angled  face ;  embryo  with  the  apex  pointing  slightly  inside  of 
the  base.     In  Mystic  Pond,  Medford,  Mass.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

11.  Potamogeton    Illinoensis   Morong.     ILLINOIS   PONDWEED.     (I.  F.    f. 
152.)     Stem  stout,   much  branched   above.     Floating   leaves   opposite,   numerous, 
thick,  10-14  cm-  l°ng,  5-9  cm-  wide,  many-nerved'  oval  or  broadly  elliptic,  short- 
pointed,  petioled  ;   submerged    leaves   numerous,  IO-2O  cm.   long,   2-5    cm.   wide, 
13-19-nerved,  acuminate  or  the  uppermost  acute,  mostly  tapering  at  the  base  into  a 
short,  broad,  flat  petiole,  rarely  reduced  to  phyllodes  ;  stipules  5-8  cm.  long,  obtuse, 
strongly  2-carinate  ;  peduncles  5-10  cm.  long  ;  spikes  2-5  cm.  long  ;  fruit  roundish 
or  obovoid,  3-4  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  dorsally  3-keeled  ;  style  short,  blunt.      In 
ponds,  111.  to  la.  and  Minn.      Aug. 

12  Potamogeton  Zizii  Roth.  Ziz's  PONDWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  153.)  Stems 
slender,  branching.  Floating  leaves  elliptic,  4-10  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  many- 
nerved  ;  petioles  mostly  short ;  submerged  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  5-15  cm.  long,  6-30  mm.  wide,  7-i7-nerved  ;  stipules 
obtuse,  2-keeled  ;  peduncles  thicker  than  the  s'em,  6-15  cm.  long ;  spikes  2-5  cm. 
long;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  the  face  dorsally 
3-keeled ;  style  short,  blunt,  facial ;  apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  directly  to  the 
base.  In  lakes  and  streams,  Que.  to  Mont.,  Fla.  and  Wyo.  Also  in  Europe. 
July-Aug. 

Potamogeton  Zizii  Methy^nsis  (A.  Benn.)  Morong.  Middle  leaves  narrow  ;  upper 
leaves  oval ;  stipules  long; ;  fruit  small.  Methy  Lake,  Can. 


NA2ADACEAE.  45 

13.  Potamogeton  lucens  L.    SHINING  PONDWEED.   (I.  F.  f.  154.)  Stew  thick, 
branching  below  and  often  with  masses  of  short  leafy  branches  at  the  summit.     Leaves 
all  submerged,  elliptic,  lanceolate  or  the  uppermost  oval,  shining,  sessile  or  short- 
petioled,  6-20  cm.  long,  1.5-4  cm.  wide,  the  tips  olten  serrulate  ;  stipules  2 -car-mate, 
sometimes  very  broad;  peduncles  7-15   cm.  long;  spikes  5-6  cm    long,  very  thick; 
fruit  about  3  mm.  long  and  2.5  mm.  thick,  roundish,  the  face  usually  with  a  slight 
inward  curve  at  the  base  ;  apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  transversely  inward.      In 
ponds,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Cal.  and  Mex.     Local.     Also  in  Europe.     Sept.-Oct. 

Potamogeton  lucens  Connecticutdnsis  Robbins.  Stems  flexuous  ;  leaves  acuminate  ; 
fruit  larger  than  that  of  the  type  (about  4  mm.  long),  distinctly  j-carinate  and  with  a 
facial  style.  Salumstall's  1'ond,  Conn.,  and  White  Plains,  N.  Y. 

14.  Potamogeton  praelcngus  Wulf.    WHITE-STEMMED  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
155.)     Stems  white,  flexuous,  flattened,   much  branched,  growing  in  deep  water, 
sometimes  2.6  m.  long.     Leaves  all  submerged,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  semi- 
amplexicaul,  bright  green,  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  5~3°  cm-  wide,  with  3-5  main  nerves; 
stipules   white,    scarious,    obtuse    and   commonly    closely    embracing   the    stem  ; 
peduncles  7-50  cm.   long,  erect,  straight,  about  as  thick  as  the  stem;  spikes  2-5 
cm.  long,  thick,  cylindYic;  fruit  dark  green,  obliquely  obovoid,  4-5  mm.  long,  3-4 
mm.  thick,  the  back  much  rounded,  often  with  the  upper  curve  nearly  as  high  as 
the  style;  the  middle  keel  sharp  ;  style  short,  obtuse,   facial.     N.  S.  to  Br.  Col., 
N.  J.,  Minn,  and  Cal.      Also  in  Europe.     June-July. 

15  Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.  CLASPING-LEAVED  PONDWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
156. )  Stems  slender,  much  branched.  Leaves  all  submerged,  orbicular  or  ovate, 
so  netimes  lanceolate,  usually  obtuse  and  minutely  serrulate  at  the  apex,  cordate- 
psrfoliate  at  the  base,  3-5  cm.  long,  0.5-2.5  cm.  wide;  peduncles  3.5  cm.  long, 
usually  erect  or  slightly  spreading;  spikes  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  fruit  obliquely 
obovoid,  2.5-3  mm-  long,  2  mm.  thick,  obscurely  3-carinate  on  the  back,  the  face 
s  ightly  curved  outwardly  toward  the  top,  the  sides  with  a  shallow  indentation 
which  runs  into  the  face;  style  nearly  facial;  embryo  slightly  incurved  or  with  its 
apex  pointing  directly  toward  the  base.  In  ponds  and  streams,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col., 
Fla.,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 

Potamogeton  perfoliitus  Richardsbnii  A.  Bennett.  Leaves  2-12  cm.  long,  8-16 
mm.  wide  at  the  broadened  amplexicaul  base,  often  curving  inward  at  the  apex,  13-23- 
nerved.  Fruit  somewhat  larger  than  that  of  the  type,  about  4  mm.  long  and  2.5  mm. 
thick.  N.  N.  E.  to  Or.,  Del.,  Neb.,  and  Cal. 

16.  Potamogeton  M^sticus  Morong.     MYSTIC  POND  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
157.)     Whole  plant  very  slender  and  delicate,  stems  irregularly  branching  above, 
nearly  filiform,  terete,  0.3-3.3  m-  l°ng-     Leaves  all  submerged,  scattered  oblong- 
linear,  2-4  cm.   long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  5-7-nerved,  obtuse  and  rarely  with  minute 
serrulations  near  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  and  sessile  or  partly 
clasping;  stipules  obtuse,  about  12  mm.  long,  hyaline  and  with  many  fine  nerves, 
mostly  deciduous,  but  sometimes  persistent  and  closely  sheathing  the  stem;  spikes 
few,  capitate,  4-6-flowered,  borne  on  erect  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long ;  immature  fruit 
obovoid,  less  than  2  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  wide,  obscurely  3 -keeled  on  the  back, 
slightly    beaked   by   the    slender,    recurved    style.     Mystic    Pond,    Medfbrd,    and 
Miacount  Pond,  Nantucket,  Mass.     Aug. -Sept. 

17.  Potamogeton  confervoides  Reichb.     ALGA-LIKE  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
158.)      Stems    slender,   terete,    15-45    cm.   long,    the  upper    branches    repeatedly 
forking.     Leaves  very  delicate,  flat,  setaceous,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  broadest  scarcely 
0.5  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  hair-like  point,  i-3-nerved  and  often  with  a  few 
cross- veins;  stipules  delicate,  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long;  peduncles  5-20  cm.  long,  erect, 
somewhat  thickened  upward;  spikes  6 -8  mm.  long;  fruit  roundish-obovoid,  2-3  mm. 
long  and  about  as  thick,  the  back  sometimes  a  little  angular  or  sinuate,  3-keeled, 
the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  face  notched  near  the  base,  the  sides  impressed  with  a 
shallow  indentation  which  runs  into  the  notch  of  the  face  ;  apex  of  the  embryo 
nearly  touching  the  base  a  little  to  one  side.     In  cold  or  mountain  ponds,  Me.  and 
N.  H.  to  N.  J.  and  Perm.     Also  \.\  Europe.  Aug. -Sept.    (P.,  Tuckermani  Robbins.) 


46  FLORA. 

18.  Potamogeton  crispus  L.     CURLED-LEAVED  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  159.) 

Stems  branching,  compressed.  Leaves  2-ranked,  linear-oblong  or.  linear-oblanceo- 
late,  sessile  or  semi-amplexicaui,  obtuse,  serrulate,  crisped,  i-io  cm.  long,  6-14 
mm.  wide,  3-7 -nerved,  the  midrib  often  compound  and  the  outer  nerves  very  near 
the  margin;  stipules  small,  scarious,  obtuse,  early  perishing;  peduncles  2-5  cm. 
long,  frequently  recurved  in  fruit,  sometimes  very  numerous;  spikes  about  I  cm. 
long,  appearing  very  bristly  with  the  long-beaked  drupelets  when  in  fruit ;  fruit 
ovoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  2  mm.  or  more  wide,  3 -keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle 
keel  with  a  small  projecting  tooth  near  the  base,  the  face  slightly  curved,  the  style 
facial  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  drupelet;  embryo  small,  its  apex  pointing  directly 
toward  its  base.  The  plant  is  mainly  propagated  by  peculiar  winter  buds.  In 
fresh,  brackish  or  even  salt  water,  Mass.,  Penn.,  and  Va.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug. 

19.  Potamogeton  zosteraefolius  Schum.     EEL-GAASS  PONDWEED.     (I.  F. 
f.    1 60.)     Stems    much    flattened,   sometimes  winged,  widely  branching.     Leaves 
linear,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed  at  the  apex,  5-30  cm.  long,  2-5  mm. 
wide,  with  3  principal  nerves  and  many  fine  ones;  stipules  scarious,  obtuse,  finely 
nerved,  soon  perishing  ;  peduncles  3-10  cm.  long;  spikes  cylindric,  about  I  cm. 
long,  1 2- 1 5 -flowered  ;  fruit  obovoid  with  a  broad  base,  about  4  mm.  long,  2.5-3 
mm.  thick,  3 -keeled  on  the  back,  the  lateral  keels  rather  "obscure  ;  face  arched, 
beaked  with  a  short  recurved  style;  embryo  slightly  incurved.     -The  plant  is  prop- 
agated by  the  terminal  leaf-buds,  which  sink  to  the  bottom,  and  rest  during  the 
winter.     In  still  or  running  water,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Or.     Also  in  Europe. 
July-Aug. 

20.  Potamogeton  Hillii  Moron g.     HILL'S  PONDWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  161.)     Stems 
slightly  compressed,  slender,  widely  branching,  0.3-0.6  m.  long.     Leaves  linear, 
acute,   cuspidate,  or  often  almost  aristate,   2-6  cm.   long,  0.5. -2. 5  mm.  wide,   3- 
nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  delicate  and  nearer  the  margins  than  the  midrib;  stip- 
ules whitish,  many-nerved,  obtuse,  6-io  mm.  long;  peduncles  about  I   cm.  long, 
erect  or  slightly  recurved;  spikes  capitate,   3-6-fruited;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  about  4  mm.  long,  2-2.5   mm-   thick,  3-carinate  on  the  back, 
the  middle  keel  sharp  and  more  or  less  undulate,  flat  on  the  sides,  face  slightly 
arched;    style  nearly  facial,    short;  embryo  coiled.     In  ponds,  E.  N.  Y.  to  Mich. 
There  are  two  forms  of  the  species,  the  one  2-glandular  at  the  base  of  the  leaves, 
the  other  glandless.     July-Sept. 

21.  Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.     LEAFY  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  162.)     Stems 
flattened,  much  branched,  0.3-1   m.  long.     Leaves  2-5   cm.  long,  1-2   mm.   wide, 
acute,  3-nerved;  stipules  white,  hyaline,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute,  1-2  cm.  long; 
peduncles  more  or  less  clavate,  erect;  spikes  about  4-flowered;  fruit  lenticular  or 
nearly  orbicular,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  3 -keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel 
winged,  sinuate-dentate,  often  with  projecting  shoulders  or  teeth  at  each  end,  the 
face  strongly  angled  or  arch?d,  sharp,  often  with  a  projecting  tooth  at  the  base; 
style  apical.     In  ponds  and  streams,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal. 
July-Aug.      {P.  pauciflorus  Pursh.) 

Potamogeton  foli6sus  Niagardnsis  (Tuckerm.)  Morong.  Larger.  Stems  0.6-1. 
m.  long,  leaves  sometimes  over  7.5  cm.  in  length  and  2  mm.  wide,  ^-5-nerved ; 
stipules  larger  and  occasionally  acute;  spikes  8-i2-flowered.  Niagara  Falls  to  Mich, 
and  Cal. 

22.  Potamogeton  obtusifolius  Mert.  &  Koch.     BLUNT-LEAVED  PONDWEED. 
(I.    F.   f.    163.)     Stems  usually  slender,  compressed,  widely  branching.     Leaves 
linear,   5-8   cm.   long,    1-4  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  often  mucronate,   usually  3-nerved 
with  a  broad  midrib,  sometimes  5-7  nerved,  2-glandular  at  the  base,  the  glands 
large  and  translucent;  stipules  white  or  scarious,  many-nerved,  obtuse,  1-2  cm. 
long,  often  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  internodes;  peduncles  numerous,  slender, 
erect;  spikes  68  mm.  long,  ovoid.  5-8-flowereJ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  about   3 
mm.   long   and   2   mm.  thick,  3 -keeled;  style  short,  blunt,  nearly   facial.     In  still 
water,  Que.  to  Penn.,  Minn.,  and  Wyo.     Also  in  Europe.     July-Aug. 

23.  Potamogeton    Friesii  Ruprecht.     FRIES'    PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.    164.) 
Stems  compressed,  0.5-1.3  m.  long,  branching.    Leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  about  2  mm, 


NAIADACEAE.  47 

wide,  acute,  obtuse  <jf  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  mostly  5 -nerved,  rarely  7-nerved, 
2-glandular  at  the  base,  the  glands  small;  stipules  white,  hyaline,  finely  nerved, 
obtuse  or  acute,  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  often  thicker  than  the  stem  and  some- 
times thickening  upward;  spikes,  when  developed,  interrupted;  fruit  quite  similar 
to  that  of  P.  piisillusj  but  with  a  recurved  styte,  usually  with  a  shallow  pit  on  the 
sides,  and  with  the  apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  toward  the  basal  end.  In  still 
water,  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.,  west  to  I3r.  Col.  Also  in  Europe.  Propagating  buds  occa- 
sional. July-Aug. 

24.  Potamogeton   rutilus   Wolfg.     SLENDER   PONDWEED.     (I.    F.   f.    165.) 
Stems  very  slender,  0.2-0.6  m.  long,   compressed,  simple  or  nearly  so.     Leaves 
2-3.5  cm-   l°n»>  o-5-r   mm-   wide,  acute  or  acuminate,   strict,  nearly  erect,  3-5- 
nerved,  revolute,  often  2-glandular  at  base  and  bright  green,  the  nerves  prominent 
beneath;  stipules  acute,  1-2  cm.  long,  often  longer  than  the  internodes  and  hiding 
the  bases  of  the  leaves  above,  persistent,  becoming  white  and  fibrous  with  age; 
peduncles  1-3.5   cm-  l°nS;  spikes  6— 10  mm.  long,  usually  dense,  but  sometimes 
interrupted;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long  and  I  mm.  thick,  obscurely 
keeled  or  the  back  showing  only  2  small  grooves;  apex  of  the  drupelet  tapering 
into  a  short  facial  nearly  straight  recurved  style;  embryo  circle  not  coirplete.  the 
apex  pointing  a  little  inside  of  the  base.     Anticosti  and  James  Bay  to  Mich,  and 
Minn.     Also  in  Europe. 

25.  Potamogeton   Vaseyi   Robbins.     VASEY'S  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.   166.) 
Stems  filiform,    widely  branching  below,   and  with  many  short  lateral  branches 
above,  0.3-0.5  long,  the  emersed  fertile  forms  in  shallow  water,  and  the  more  com- 
mon sterile  submerged  forms  in  water  from  2-3  m.  in  depth.      Floating  leaves  on 
the  fertile  stems  only,  coriaceous,  in  1-4  opposite  pairs,  oval,  oblong  or  obovate, 
8-10  mm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  with  5-9  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  tapering 
at  the  base  into  petioles  6-8  mm.  long;  submerged  leaves  capillary,  2-4  cm.  long; 
stipules  white,  delicate,  many-nerved,  acute  or  obtuse,  4—6  mm.   long;  peduncles 
6-12    mm.    long,    thickening    in  fruit  ;  spikes   4-6   mm.    long,    2-6  fruited  ;  fruit 
roundish -obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  thick,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded,  tipped  with  a  straight  or  recurved  style.     E.   Mass,  to  S.  Ont.  and  O. 
The  plant  is  furnished  with  propagative  buds.     July-Aug. 

26.  Potamogeton  lateralis  Morong.     OPPOSITE-LEAVED  PONDWEED.     (I.  F. 
f.  167.)     Stems  filiform,  much  branched.     Floating  leaves  on  sterile  shoots  only, 
coriaceous,  elliptic,  obtuse,  8-io  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  5-7-nerved,  the  nerves 
deeply   impressed  beneath,  usually  in   1-3  opposite   pairs    which  stand  at  right 
angles  to  the  stem  on  petioles  6-20  mm.  long;  submerged  leaves  linear,  acute,  2-8 
cm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.   wide,    i-3-nerved,   2-glandular  at  the  base,  but  the  glands 
small  and  often  obsolete;  stipules  small,  hyaline,  many-nerved,  obtuse,  deciduous; 
peduncles  and  floating  leaves  lateral,  widely  spreading  at  maturity,  sometimes  re- 
curved, spikes  capitate  or  often  interrupted,  3-4-flowered;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
about  2  mm.  long,  lenticular,  the  back  much  curved  and  2-grooved,  the  face  arched 
and  surmounted  by  the  nearly  sessile  stigma ;  curve  of  the  embryo  oval,  its  apex 
nearly  touching  its  base.     In  lakes  and  slow  streams,  E.  Mass,  to  Mich.     Prolifer- 
ous shoots  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  and  on  the  upper  branches  appear  late  in  the 
season,  as  the  plants  are  beginning  to  decay.     July-Aug. 

27.  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.      SMALL  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  168.)     Stems 
filiform,  branching,  0.1-0.6  m.  long.     Leaves  all  submerged,   linear,  obtuse  and 
mucronate  or  acute  at  the  apex.  2-glandular  at  the  base,  2.8  cm.  long,  about  I  mm. 
wide,  i-3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  often  obscure;  stipules  short,  hyaline,  obtuse; 
peduncles  usually  6-18  mm.,  or  rarely  7.5  cm.  long;  spikes  3- 'O- flowered;  fruit 
obliquely  ellipsoid,  about  2  mm.  long  and  I   mm.  thick,  curved  and   2-grooved  on 
the  back  or  sometimes  with  3  distinct  keels,  the  face  slightly  arched,  beaked  by  a 
straight  or  recurved  style;  apex  of  the  embryo  slightly  incurved  and  pointing  ob- 
liquely downward.     Propagative  buds  occur  in   greater    or  less   abundance.     In 
ponds  and  slow  streams,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Va.,  Tex.,  and  Cal.     Also  in 
Europe.     July-Aug. 

Potamogeton  pusfllus  Panormit&nus  (Biv.)  Morong.  Uppermost  leaves  subcoriace- 
ons,  spatulate,  opposite,  divaricate,  3~5-nerved,  8-10  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  broad 
puiole  as  long  as  the  blaxle,  Quawa,  Qnt.  Also  in  Europe, 


4$  FLORA. 

Potamogeton  pusfllus  polyphyllus  Morong.  Stem  7-14  cm.  long,  divaricately 
branching  from  the  base  and  very  leafy  throughout ;  leaves  very  obtuse,  3-nerved.  Plant 
not  known  to  flower,  but  abundantly  provided  with  propagating  buds  which  are 
thickened,  hardened  and  closely  invested  with  imbricated  leaves.  E.  Mass. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  Sturr6ckii  A.  Bennett.  A  rare  form  with  delicate  bright  green 
pellucid  leaves,  2-8  cm.  long,  obtuse  OB  often  apiculate  at  the  apex,  less  than  2  mm.  wide, 
sometimes  5-nerved ;  fruit  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  type,  short-beaked.  E.  Mass. 
Also  in  Europe. 

28.  Potamogeton  gemmiparus  (Robbins)  Morong.  CAPILLARY  PONDWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  169.)  Stems  filiform,  terete,  branching,  0.1-1.3  m.  long.  Leaves  capil- 
lary, sometimes  not  as  wide  as  the  stem,  often  with  no  perceptible  midrib,  taper- 
ing to  the  finest  tip,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-glandular  at  the  base;  stipules  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
mostly  deciduous;  spikes  interrupted,  3- 6- flowered;  peduncles  filiform,  or  some- 
times slightly  thickened,  1-5  cm.  long;  fruit  seldom  formed,  similar  to  that  of  P. 
pusillus,  except  that  it  is  flatter  and  somewhat  impressed  on  the  sides.  In  ponds, 
E.  Mass,  and  R.  I.  It  is  commonly  propagated  by  its  abundant  buds;  the  leaves 
and  stems  are  often  alike  in  thickness,  so  that  the  plant  seems  to  consist  of  threads. 
Aug.— Sept.  (/*.  pusillus  var.  (?)  gemmiparus  Robbins.) 

29  Potamogeton  diversifoiius  Raf.  RAFINESQUE'S  PONDWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
170.)  Stems  flattened  or  sometimes  terete,  much  branched.  Floating  leaves  coria- 
ceous, the  largest  2.5  cm.  long  by  1.2  cm.  wide,  oval  or  elliptic  and  obtuse,  or  lan- 
ceolate-oblong and  acute;  petioles  filiform  or  dilated;  submerged  leaves  setaceous, 
seldom  over  0.5  mm.  wide,  2-8  cm.  long;  stipules  obtuse  or  truncate,  6-io  mm. 
long,  those  of  the  floating  leaves  free,  those  of  the  submerged  leaves  sometimes 
adnate;  emersed  peduncles  6-14  mm.  long;  submerged  peduncles  4-6  mm.  long, 
clavate,  as  long  as  the  spikes;  emersed  spikes  6-IO  mm.  long,  occasionally  inter- 
rupted; fruit  cochleate,  rarely  over  I  mm.  long,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  narrowly 
winged  and  usually  with  7  or  8  knob-like  teeth  on  the  margin,  the  lateral  keels 
sharp  or  rounded;  embryo  coiled  \Y2  times.  In  still  water,  Me.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Neb.  and  Tex.  June-Sept.  (P.  hybridis  Michx.) 

Pomategon  diversiffrlius  multidenticul&tus  Morong.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the 
numerous  teeth  of  the  fruit,  as  many  as  12  being  sometimes  found  on  the  middle  keel, 
and  each  lateral  keel  with  6-8  more,  the  teeth  often  bristle-like  and  sometimes  2-prongeil. 
Conn,  to  E.  Penn.  and  Del. 

Potamogeton  diversif&lius  trichophy"llus  Morong.  Plant  about  15  cm.  long,  with- 
out floating  leaves,  the  submerged  leaves  as  fine  as  floss  silk  and  entirely  nerveless. 
Lake  Marcia,  N.  J. 

30.   Potamogeton  Spirillus  Tuckerm.     SPIRAL  PONDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  171.) 

Stems  compressed,  branched,  15-150  cm.  long,  the  branches  often  short  and  re- 
curved. Floating  leaves  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  the  largest  about  2.5  cm.  long  and 
1.2  cm.  wide,  with  5-13  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  their  petioles  often  2.5  cm. 
long;  submerged  leaves  linear,  3-4  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  wide,  mostly  5-nerved; 
stipules  of  the  upper  floating  leaves  free;  those  of  the  submerged  leaves  adnate  to 
the  blade  or  petiole;  spikes  above  water  6-10  mm.  long,  continuous,  the  lower 
mostly  sessile,  capitate  and  I— lo-fruited;  fruit  cochleate,  roundish,  less  than  2  mm. 
long,  flat  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  sides,  3-keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel 
winged  and  sometimes  4-5 -toothed  ;  style  deciduous  ;  embryo  spiral,  about  \\ 
turns.  In  ponds  and  ditches,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and 
Neb.  June-Aug. 

3r.  Potamogeton  filiformis  Pers.  FILIFORM  PONDWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  172.) 
Stems  from  a  running  rootstock,  slender,  1-7  m.  long,  filiform  above,  stout  and 
thick  toward  the  base.  Leaves  numerous,  5-30  cm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  wide, 
I -nerved  with  a  few  cross  veins;  sheaths  about  2  mm.  long  and  the  free  part  of  the 
stipule  12  mm.  long,  scarious  on  the  ed^es  ;  flowers  on  long,  often  recurved 
peduncles,  2-12  in  each  whorl;  fruit  2-3  mm.  long,  slightly  less  than  2  mm.  wide, 
the  sides  even,  the  back  not  keeled,  the  face  nearly  straight  or  obtusely  angled 
near  the  top;  stigma  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  remaining  on  the  fruit  as  a  broad 
truncate  projection.  In  ponds  and  lakes,  Anticosti  to  W.  N,  Y.  and  Mich.  August. 


NAIAD  A  CEA  E.  49 

Potamogeton  fiHf&rmis  Macbunii  Morong.  Leaves  2-7.5  cm-  l°ng»  the  largest  i  mm. 
or  more  wide,  obtuse,  stiff,  with  a  strong  midrib  and  raised  or  slightly  revolute  margins; 
fruit  rarely  more  than  2  mm.  long;  peduncles  only  1.5-2  cm.  long;  plant  commonly 
with  a  compact  bushy  habit.  In  brackish  or  salt  water  lakes,  prairie  region  of  Can. 

32.  Potamo^eton  pectinatus  L.  FENNEL-LEAVED  PONDWEED.  (I.  F.  £• 
173.)  Stems  slender,  much  branched,  0.3-1  mm.  long,  the  branches  repeatedly 
forking.  Leaves  setaceous,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  I -nerved,  2.5-15  cm.  long,  often 
capillary  and  nerveless;  stipules  half  free,  1.2-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  their  sheaths  scarious 
on  the  margins;  peduncles  filiform;  the  flowers  in  verticils;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
with  a  hard  thick  shell,  3-4  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm-  wide,  without  a  middle  keel,  but 
with  obscure  lateral  ridges  on  the  back,  plump  on  the  sides  and  curved  or  occa- 
sionally a  little  angled  on  the  face;  style  straight  or  recurved,  facial;  embryo  apex 
pointing  almost  directly  toward  the  basal  end.  In  fresh,  brackish,  or  salt  water, 
Cape  Breton  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 

3  -.  Potamogeton  interruptus  Kitaibel.  INTERRUPTED  PONDWEED.  (I.  F. 
f.  174.)  Stems  arising  from  a  running  rootstock  which  often  springs  from  a  small 
tuber,  0.6-1.3  m-  l°ng>  the  branches  spreading  like  a  fan.  Leaves  linear,  7-15 
cm.  lon^,  ^-25  mm.  wide,  3-5 -nerved,  with  many  transverse  veins;  narrow,  I- 
nerved  leaves  occur  on  some  plants  and  these  are  acuminate,  much  like  those  of 
P.  pectinatus;  stipules  partially  adnate  to  the  leaf-blade,  sometimes  with  narrowly 
scarious  margins,  the  free  part  shorter  and  scarious,  obtuse;  spikes  interrupted; 
fruit  broadly,  obliquely  obovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  largest  4  mm.  long  and 
nearly  as  broad,  prominently  keeled  and  with  rounded  lateral  ridges  on  the  back, 
the  face  nearly  or  quite  straight;  style  facial,  erect.  In  ponds  and  streams,  Pr. 
Edvv.  Isl.  to  N.  Ind.,  Mich.,  and  Neb.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug. 

34.  Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes.  ROBBINS'  PONDWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  175.) 
Stems  stout,  widely  branching,  0.6-1.3  m-  l°ng>  from  running  rootstocks  sometimes 
0.3  m.  long.  Leaves  linear,  7-13  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  acute,  finely  many- 
nerved,  ^crowded  in  2  ranks,  minutely  serrulate,  auriculate  at  the  point  of  attach- 
ment with  the  stipule;  stipules  adnate,  the  free  part  1.2-2.5  cm.  long,  acute,  persist- 
ent,  white,  membranous,  mostly  lacerate;  peduncles  2-7  cm.  long,  the  inflorescence 
frequently  much  branched  and  tearing  from  5-20  peduncles;  spikes  interrupted, 
flowering  under  water;  fruit  obovoid,  alxjut  4  mm.  broad  and  3  mm  wide,-  3 -keeled 
on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  lateral  ones  rounded,  the  face  arched,  the 
sides  with  a  shallow  depression  which  runs  into  the  face  below  the  arch;  style  sub- 
apical,  thick,  slightly  recurved;  apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  a  little  inside  the 
basal  end.  In  ponds  and  lakes,  N.  B.  to  Or.,  south  to  Del.,  Penn.,  and  Mich.  The 
plant  is  freely  propagated  by  fragments  of  the  stems  which  throw  out  rootlets  from 
each  joint,  but  this  is  the  rarest  of  our  species  to  form  fruit.  Aug. -Sept. 

i.  RUPPIA  L. 

Slender,  widely  branched  aquatics  with  capillary  stems,  slender  alternate 
i -nerved  leaves  tapering  to  an  acuminate  apex,  and  with  membranous  sheaths. 
Flowers  on  a  capillary  spadix-like  peduncle,  naked,  consisting  of  2  sessile  anthers, 
each  with  2  large  separate  sacs  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  peduncle,  having  be- 
tween them  several  pistillate  flowers  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the  rachis,  the 
whole  cluster  at  first  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf.  Stigmas  sessile, 
peltate.  Fruit  a  small  obliquely-pointed  drupe,  several  in  each  cluster  and  pedi- 
celled;  embryo  oval,  the  cotyledonary  end  inflexed,  and  both  that  and  the  hypo- 
cotyl  immersed.  [Name  in  honor  of  Heinrich  Bernhard  Rupp,  a  German  botanist.] 
In  the  development  of  the  plants  the  staminate  flowers  drop  off  and  the  peduncle 
elongates,  bearing  the  pistillate  flowers  in  2  clusters  at  the  end,  but  after  fertiliza- 
tion it  coils  up  and  the  fruit  is  drawn  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Three  or  four  species,  occurring  in  salt  and  brackish  waters  all  over  the  world. 
The  following  are  the  only  ones  known  to  occur  in  N.  Am. 

Sheaths  6-8  mm.  long ;  drupes  about  2  mm.  long.  i.  R.  maritima. 

Sheaths  12-35  mm,  long;  drupes  3-4  mm.  long.  9.  #.  occidentalis. 


4    5°  FLORA. 

I.  Ruppia  maritima  L.  MARITIME  RUPPIA.  (I.  F.  f.  176.)  Stems  usually 
whitish,  often  I  m.  long,  the  internodes  irregular,  naked.  Leaves  2-8  cm.  long, 
1.5  mm.  or  less  wide;  sheaths  with  a  short  free  tip;  peduncles  in  fruit 
sometimes  0.3  m.  long;  pedicels  4-6  in  a  cluster,  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng;  drupes 
with  a  dark  hard  shell,  ovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  often  oblique  or  gibbous 
at  the  base,  pointed  with  the  long  style,  but  varying  much  in  shape; 

f-  forms  with  very  short  peduncles  and  pedicels,  and  with  bioad,  strongly  marked 
sheaths  occur.  Common  in  brackish  or  salt  water  along  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Coasts  of  N.  Am.  and  in  the  saline  districts  in  the  interior.  W'idely  distributed  in 
£•-.  Old  World  and  in  S.  Am.  July- Aug. 

1  */2.  Ruppia  occidentalis  S.Wats.  WESTERN  RUPPIA.  (I.  F.  f.  177.)  Stems 
pouter,  the  branching  fan-like.  Leaves  7-20  cm.  long,  with  large  branches  and 

mr leaves  often  thickly  clustered  at  the  nodes,  the  theaths  overlapping  each  other; 
drupes  larger,  ovoid  or  pyriform,  borne  on  pedicels  about  2  mm.  long,  the  peduncles, 
bright  red  when  fresh  and  sometimes  nearly  0.7111.  in  length.  In  saline  ponds, 
Neb.  to  Br.  Col.  Summer. 

3.  ZANNICHELLIA  L. 

Stems,  flowers  and  leaf-buds  all  at  first  enclosed  in  a  hyaline  envelope,  corre- 
sponding to  the  stipule  in  Potamogetcn.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the 
same  axil;  the  staminate  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  2-celled  anther,  borne  on  a 
short  pedicel-like  filament;  the  pistillate  2-5.  Ovary  flask-shaped,  tapering  into 
a  short  style;  stigma  broad,  hyaline,  somewhat  cup- shaped,  its  margins  angled  or 
dentate.  Fruit  a  flattish  falcate  nutlet,  ribbed  or  sometimes  toothed  on  the  back. 
Embryo  bent  and  coiled  at  the  cotyledonary  end.  [In  honor  of  J.  H.  Zannichelli, 
1662-1729,  Italian  physician  and  botanist]  Two  or  three  species  of  very  wide 
geographical  distribution  in  fresh-water  ponds  and  streams. 

i.  Zannichellia  palustris  L.  ZANNICHELLIA.  (I.  F.  f.  178.)  Stems  capillary, 
sparsely  branched,  the  rhizome  creeping;  roots  fibrous.  Leaves  2-7  cm.  long,  0.5 
mm.  or  less  wide,  acute,  thin,  I -nerved  with  a  few  delicate  cross-veins;  spathe-like 
envelope  separate  from  the  leaves  and  fruits  at  maturity;  fruits  2-6  in  a  cluster, 
2-4  mm.  long,  sometimes  sessile,  sometimes  pedicelled,  sometimes  the  whole  cluster 
peduncled;  style  persistent,  straight  or  curved,  1-2  mm.  long;  plant  flowering  and 
ripening  its  fruit  under  water.  In  fresh  or  brackish  ponels,  pools  or  ditches,  nearly 
throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Old 
World.  July-Sept. 

4.  NAIAS  L. 

Slender,  branching  aquatics,  wholly  submerged,  with  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, alternate  or  verticillate,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
axillary,  solitary,  sessile  or  pedicelled.  Sterile  flower  with  a  double  perianth,  the 
exterior  one  entire  or  4-horned  at  the  apex,  the  interior  one  hyaline,  adhering  to 
the  anther;  stamen  sessile  or  stalked,  i-4-celled,  apiculate  or  2-lobed  at  the  summit 
Fertile  flowers  of  a  single  ovary  which  tapers  into  a  short  style;  stigmas  2-4,  subu- 
late. Mature  carpel  solitary,  sessile,  ellipsoid,  its  pericarp  crustaceous.  Seed  con- 
formed to  the  pericarp  and  embryo  to  the  seed,  the  raphe  distinctly  marked. 
[Greek,  a  water-nymph.]  About  10  species,  occurring  in  fresh  water  all  over  the 
world.  The  following  are  the  only  ones  known  in  N.  Am. : 

Sheaths  broadly  rounded,  their  margins  entire  or  with  a  few  large  teeth. 

i.  A',  marina. 
Sheaths  narrowly  and  obliquely  rounded,  each  margin  with  5-10  minute  teeth ;  leaves 

linear. 

Seeds  shining,  with  30-50  rows  of  faint  reticulations.  2.  N.flexilis. 

Seeds  dull,  with  16-20  rows  of  strongly  marked  reticulations.  3.  N.  Guadalupensis. 
Sheaths  auriculate  ;  leaves  delicately  filiform.  4.  N.  grac illima. 

i.  Naias  marina  L.  LARGE  NAIAS.  (I.  F.  f.  179.)  Dioecious;  stem  stout, 
compressed,  commonly  armed  with  teeth  twice  as  long  as  their  breadth.  Leaves 
opposite  or  verticillate,  1-2.5  cm<  l°ng»  about  2  mm.  wide,  with  6-io  spine-pointed 
teeth  on  each  margin  and  frequently  several  along  the  back;  sheaths  with  rounded 
lateral  edges j  fruit  large,  4-",  mm.  long  the  pericarp  tipped  with  a  long  persistent 


NAIADACEAE.  51 

style  and  3  thread-like  stigmas;  seed  not  shining,  rugose.  In  lakes,  Cent.  N.  Y.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Cal.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

Naias  marina  grdcilis  Morong.  Internodes  2-8  cm.  long,  with  a  few  teeth  on  the 
upper  part;  leaves  scarcely  0.5  mm.  wide,  with  15-24  large  teeth  on  the  margins  and  a 
few  on  the  back ;  sheaths  with  2  or  3  teeth  on  each  margin  ;  seed  sculptured  with  about 
-25  rows  of  nearly  square  or  irregularly  oblong  reticulations.  Cent.  N.  Y.  and  Fla. 

Naias  marina  recurvilta  Dudley.  Branches  and  leaves  recurved;  leaves  6-12  mm. 
long,  narrow,  with  2-4  large  teeth  on  each  margin  and  none  on  the  back;  internodes 
short,  naked,  or  with  I  or  2  teeth;  sheaths  i-toothed  on  each  side.  Cayuga  Marshes, 

N.  Y. 

but 

2.  Naias  flexilis  (Willd.)  Rost.  &  Schmidt.     SLENDER  NAIAS.    (I.  F.  f.  1 80.  pa- 
Stem  slender,  forking.      Leaves  linear,  pellucid,  acuminate  or  abruptly  acute,  1-2.5 
cm.  long.  1-2  mm.  wide,  numerous  and  crowded  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  branches, 
with  25-30  minute  teeth  on  each  edge  ;  sheaths  obliquely  rounded  with  5-10  teeth 
on  each  margin  ;  fruit  ellipsoid  with  very  thin  pericarp,  2-4  mm.  long,  0.5-1  mm. 

in  diameter  ;  style  long,  persistent ;  stigmas  short  ;  seed  smooth,  shining,  straw- 
colored,  sculptured,  though  sometimes  quite  faintly,  with  30-40  rows  of  nearly 
square  or  hexagonal  reticulations  which  are  scarcely  seen  through  the  dark  peri- 
carp. In  ponds  and  streams  throughout  nearly  all  N.  Am.  Also  in  Europe.  Sum- 
mer. 

Naias  flexilis  robiista  Morong.  Stem  stout,  few-leaved,  1-2  m.  long  ;  internodes 
elongated.  Mass,  to  Mich,  and  Tex. 

3.  Naias  Guadalupensis  (Spreng.)  Morong.    GUADALOUPE   NAIAS.  (I.  F.  f. 
181.)  Stems  nearly  capillary,  0.3-0. 7  m.  long,  widely  branched  from  the  base.   Leaves 
numerous,  12-18  mm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  wide,  acute,  opposite  or  in  fascicles  of  2-5, 
frequently  recurved,  with  sheaths  and  teeth  like  those  of  N.  flexilis  but  generally 
with  40-50  teeth  on  each   margin  of  the  leaf ;  fruit  about  2   mm.  long  ;  pericarp 
dark  and  strongly  marked  by  16-20  rows  of  hexagonal  or  rectangular  reticulations 
which  are  transversely  oblong  ;  seed  straw-colored,    not   shining.     In  ponds  and 
lakes,  Neb.  to  Or.  and  Tex.,  east  to  Fla.     Also  in  tropical  America.     July-Sept. 

4.  Naias  gracillima  (A  Br.)  Morong.    THREAD-LIKE  NAIAS.     (I.  F.  f.  182.) 
Dioecious  ;  stem  capillary,  15-40  cm.  U.ng,  much  branched,  the  branches  alternate. 
Leaves  numerous,  opposite  or  often  fascicled  in  3's— 5*5  or  more,  setaceous,  2—5  cm. 
long,  usually  with  about  20  minute  teeth  on  each  margin  ;  sheaths  auricled,  with  6 
or  7  teeth  on  each  auricle,  the  teeth  standing  upon  setaceous  divisions  of  the  sheath; 
stigmas  very  short ;  fruit  oblong-cylindric,  I  mm.  long,  0.5  mm.  in  diameter,  slightly 
curved   inwardly  or  straight,  the  pericarp  straw-colored  or  purplish,  marked  by 
about  25  rows  of  irregularly  oblong  reticulations  ;  seed  not  shining.     In  pools  and 
ponds,  E.  Mass,  to  Del.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

5.    ZOSTERA  L.  W 

Marine  plants  with  slender  rootstocks  and  branching  compressed  stems.  Leaves* 
2-ranked,  sheathing  at  the  base,  the  sheaths  with  inflexed  margins.  Spadix  linear, 
contained  in  a  spathe.  Flowers  monoecius,  arranged  alternately  in  2  rows  on  the 
spadix.  Staminate  flower  merely  an  anther  attached  to  the  spadix  near  its  apex, 
I -celled,  opening  irregularly  on  the  ventral  side  ;  pollen  thread-like.  Pistillate 
flower  fixed  on  its  back  near  the  middle  ;  ovary  I  ;  style  elongated  ;  stigmas  2, 
capillary  ;  mature  carpels  flask-shaped,  membranous,  rupturing  irregularly, 
beaked  by  the  persistent  style  ;  seeds  ribbed  ;  embryo  ellipsoid.  [Greek,  refer- 
ring to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.]  About  6  species  of  marine  distribution.  Besides 
the  following  one  occurs  in  Fla.  and  one  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

I.  Zostera  mari.ia  K.  EEL-GRASS.  GRASS-WRACK.  (I.  F.  f.  183.)  Leaves 
ribbon-like,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  0.3-2  m.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  with  3-7  principal 
nerves.  Spadix  2.5-6  cm.  long  ;  flowers  about  6  mm.  long,  crowded,  usually  from 
10-10  of  each  kind  on  the  spadix  ;  ovary  somewhat  vermiform;  at  anthesis  the 
stigmas  are  thrust  through  the  opening  of  the  spathe  and  drop  off  before  the  anthers 
of  the  same  spadix  open  ;  the  anthers  at  anthesis  work  themselves  out  of  the  spathe 
and  discharge  the  glutinous  stringy  pollen  into  the  water  ;  seeds  cylindric,  strongly 


52  FLORA. 

about  2O-ribbed,  about  3  mm.  long,  and  I  mm.  in  diameter,  truncate  at  both  ends, 
the  ribs  showing  very  clearly  on  the  pericarp.  In  bays,  streams,  and  ditches  along 
the  Atlantic  Coast  from  Greenland  to  Fla.,  and  on  the  Pacific  from  Alaska  to  Cal. 
Also  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

Family  2.     SCHEUCHZERlACEAE  Agardh.* 
Arrow-grass  Family. 

Marsh  herbs  with  rush-like  leaves  and  small  spicate  or  racemose  per- 
fect flowers.  Perianth  4-6  parted,  its  segments  in  two  series,  persistent  or 
deciduous. '  Stamens  3-6.  Filaments  very  short  or  elongated.  Anthers 
mostly  2-celled  and  extrorse.  Carpels  3-6,  i-2-ovuled,  more  or  less 
united  until  maturity,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  anatropous. 
Embryo  straight.  Four  genera  and  about  10  species  of  wide  geographic 
distribution. 

Leaves  all  basal  ;  flowers  numerous  on  naked  scapes,  spicate  or  in  spike-like  racemes. 

i.    Trtglochin. 
Stem  leafy;  flowers  few  in  a  loose  raceme.  2.  Scheuchzeria. 

i.  TRIGLOCHIN  L. 

Marsh  herbs  with  basal  half-rounded  ligulate  leaves  with  membranous  sheaths. 
Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes  on  long  naked  scapes.  Perianth-segments 
3-6,  concave,  the  3  inner  ones  inserted  higher  up  than  the  outer.  Stamens  3-6  ; 
anthers  2-celled,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments 
and  attached  by  their  backs.  Ovaries  3-6,  i-celled,  sometimes  abortive  ;  ovules 
solitary,  basal,  erect,  anatropous.  Style  short  or  none.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the 
ovaries,  plumose.  Fruit  of  3- -6  cylindraceous  oblong  or  obovoid  carpels,  which 
are  distinct  or  connate,  coriaceous,  costate,  when  ripe  separating  from  the  base 
upward  from  a  persistent  central  axis,  their  tips  straight  or  recurved,  dehiscing  by 
a  ventral  suture.  Seeds  erect,  cylindraceous  or  ovoid-oblong,  compressed  or  an- 
gular. [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  three-pointed  fruit  of  some  species.]  About  9 
species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subarctic  zones  of  both  hemispheres.  Only 
the  following  are  known  to  occur  in  N.  Am.: 

Carpels  3. 

Fruit  linear  or  clavate,  tapering  to  a  subulate  base.  i.  T.  palustrts. 

Fruit  nearly  globose.  2.  7\  striata. 

Carpels  6;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base.  3.  7\  maritima. 

1.  Triglochin  palustris  L.      MARSH  ARROW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  184.)     Root- 
stock  short,  oblique,  with  slender  fugacious  stolons.     Leaves  linear,   shorter  than 
the  scapes,  12-30  cm.  long,  tapering  to  a  sharp  tip  ;  ligule  very  short  ;  scapes  I  or 
?,  slender,  striate,  0.2-0.6 m.  high;  racemes  12-30  cm.  long;  pedicels  capillary,  in 
fruit  erect-appressed  and  5-7  mm.  long  ;    perianth-segments  6,   greenish-yellow  ; 
anthers  6,  sessile  ;  pistil  of  3  united  carpels,  3 -celled,  3-ovuled  ;  stigmas  sessile  ; 
fruit  6-7  mm.  "long,  linear  or  clavate;  ripe  carpels  separating  from  the  axis  and 
hanging  suspended  from  its  apex,  the  axis  3-winged.     In  bogs,  N.  B.  to  Alaska, 
south  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.  and  Mont.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept. 

2.  Triglochin  striata  R.  &  P.    THREE-RIBBED  ARROW-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  185.) 
Rootstocks  upright  or  oblique.      Scapes   I  or  2,  more  or  less  angular,  usually  not 
over  0.3  m.  high;  leaves  slender,  slightly  fleshy,  nearly  or  quite  as   long  as  the 
scapes,  0.5-2  mm.  wide;  flowers  very  small,   light  yellow  or  greenish,  in  narrow 
racemes;    pedicels  1—2  mm.   long,   not  elongating  in  fruit;    perianth-segments   3, 
stamens  3;    anthers  oval,   large;    pistil  of  3   united  carpels ;    fruit  subglobose  or 
somewhat  obovoid,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  appearing  3-winged  when  dry  by  the 
contracting  of  the  carpels ;  carpels  coriaceous,  rounded  and  3 -ribbed  on  the  back; 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


ALISMACEAE.  53 

* 

axis  broadly  3-winged.     In  saline  marshes,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Also  in  tropical 
America.     June-Sept. 

3.  Triglochin  maritima  L.  SEASIDE  ARROW-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  186.)  Root- 
stock  without  stolons,  often  subhgneous,  the  caudex  thick,  mostly  covered  with  the 
sheaths  of  old  leaves.  Scape  stout,  nearly  terete,  0.1-0.7  m.  high;  leaves  half- 
cylindric,  usually  about  2  mm.  wide;  raceme  elongated,  often  0.4  m.  long  or  more; 
pedicels  decurrent,  2-3  mm.  long,  slightly  longer  in  fruit;  perianth-segments  6, 
each  subtending  a  large  sessile  anther;  pistil  of  6  united  carpels;  fruit  oblong  or 
ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  obtuse  at  the  base,  with  6  recurved  points  at 
the  summit;  carpels  3-angled,  flat  or  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  or  the  dorsal 
edges  curving  upward  and  winged,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  hexagonal  axis. 
In  salt  marshes,  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  and  in  fresh  or 
saline  marshes  across  the  continent  to  Alaska  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
July-Sept. 

2.  SCHEUCHZERIA  L. 

Rush-like  bog  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks,  and  erect  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  elongated,  half-rounded  below  and  flat  above,  striate,  furnished  with  a  pore 
at  the  apex  and  a  membranous  ligulate  sheath  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  race- 
mose. Perianth  6-parted,  regularly  2-serial,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  perianth-segments  ;  filaments  elongated  ;  anthers  linear,  basifixed, 
extrorse.  Ovaries  3  or  rarely  4-6,  distinct  or  connate  at  the  base,  I -celled,  each 
cell  with  i  or  2  collateral  ovules.  Stigmas  sessile,  papillose  or  slightly  fimbriate. 
Carpels  divergent,  inflated,  coriaceous,  i-2-seeded,  follicle-like,  laterally  dehiscent. 
S^eds  straight  or  slightly  curved,  without  endosperm.  [Name  in  honor  of  Johann 
Jacob  Scheuchzer,  1672-1733,  Swiss  scientist.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  north 
temperate  zone. 

I.  Scheuchzeria  palustris  L.  (I.  F.  f.  187.)  Leaves  10-40  cm.  long,  the 
upper  ones  reduced  to  bracts;  stems  solitary  or  several,  usually  clothed  at  the  base 
with  the  remains  of  old  leaves,  10-40  cm.  tall  ;  sheaths  of  the  basal  leaves  often  10 
cm.  long  with  a  ligule  12  mm.  long;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit;  flowers  white,  few, 
in  a  lax  raceme  ;  perianth-segments  membranous,  i-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  the  inner 
ones  the  narrower  ;  follicles  4-8  mm.  long,  slightly  if  at  all  united  at  the  base  ; 
seeds  oval,  brown,  with  a  very  hard  coat.  In  bogs,  Lab.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Br. 
Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Wis.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

Family  3.     ALISMACEAE  DC.* 
Water- Plantain  Family. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  glabrous,  with  fibrous  roots,  scapose 
stems  and  basal  long-petioled  sheathing  leaves.  Inflorescence  racemose 
or  paniculate.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  pedi- 
celled,  the  pedicels  verticillate  and  subtended  by  bracts.  Receptacle  flat 
or  convex.  Sepals  3,  persistent.  Petals  3,  larger,  deciduous,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  or  more ;  anthers  2-celled,  extrorse  or  dehiscing 
by  lateral  slits.  Ovaries  numerous  or  rarely  few,  i -celled,  usually  with  a 
single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Carpels  becoming  achenes  in  fruit  in  our  spe- 
cies. Seeds  uncinate-curved.  Embryo  horseshoe-shaped.  Endosperm 
none.  Latex-tubes  are  found  in  all  the  species,  according  to  Micheli. 
About  13  genera  and  70  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  fresh  water 
swamps  and  streams. 

Carpels  in  a  ring  upon  a  small  flat  receptacle.  i.  Alisma. 
Carpels  crowded  in  many  series  upon  a  large  convex  receptacle. 
Flowers  perfect,  staminate  or  polygamous. 

Pedicels  not  recurved  ;  calyx  spreading.  2.  Echinodorus. 

Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit ;  calyx  appressed  to  the  carpels.  3.  Lophotocarpus. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  4.  Sagittaria. 


*  Contributed  by  Mr.  J.  G.  SMITH. 


54  FLORA. 

i.  ALISMA  L. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  floating  leaves,  the  blades  several^ 
ribbed,  the  ribs  connected  by  transverse  veinlets,  or  seemingly  pinnately  veined. 
Scapes  short  or  elongated.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  umbellate-paniculate. 
Flowers  small,  numerous  on  unequal  3-bracteolate  pedicels,  the  petals  white  or 
rose  tinted.  Stamens  6,  subperigynous.  Ovaries  few  or  many,  in  one  whorl  on 
the  receptacle,  ripening  into  flattened  achenes  which  are  2-3-ribbed  on  the  curved 
back  and  l-2-ribbed  on  the  sides.  [Greek,  said  to  be  in  reference  to  the  occur- 
rence of  the  typical  species  in  saline  situations.]  About  10  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

x.  Alisma  Plantago-aquatica  L.  WATER  PLANTAIN.  (I.  F.  f.  188.) 
Leaves  ovate  to  linear,  acute,  cordate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
blades  3-iO-ribbed;  petioles  2-25  cm.  long;  scapes  occasionally  2  from  the  same 
root,  usually  solitary,  0.2-1.3  m.  high;  inflorescence  a  large  loose  panicle  ;  pedicels 
verticillate  in  3's-io's,  subtended  by  3  striate  acuminate  bracts;  petals  1-2  mm. 
long;  styles  deciduous,  the  base  remaining  as  a  small  point  or  short  beak  on  the 
inner  curve  of  the  achene;  stigma  small,  terminal;  achenes  obliquely  obovate, 
nearly  2  mm.  long,  arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  truncate 
head.  In  shallow  water  or  mud  throughout  N.  Am.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
lune-Sept. 

xa.  HELIANTHIUM   Engelm. 

A  low  perennial  uliginous  herb  with  narrow  basal  leaves  and  white  flowers 
umbelled  at  the  summits  of  slender  scapes.  Sepals  3,  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  3, 
obovate,  emarginate.  Stamens  9,  with  thick  filaments,  3  opposite  each  sepal  ; 
carpels  several  or.  numerous,  spirally  arranged  in  a  head;  style  very  short; 
carpels  turgid,  glandless,  beakless.  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Helianthium  tenellum  (Mart.)  Britton.  DWARF  WATER  PLANTAIN. 
Plant  delicate,  stoloniferous,  2-12  cm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, the  blades  acute  at  both  ends,  6-30  mm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide  ;  petioles 
longer  or  shorter  than  the  blades,  narrowly  dilated  at  the  base  ;  scape  solitary, 
often  surpassing  the  leaves,  commonly  reclined  ;  umbel  2-8-flowered  ;  pedkels 
very  unequal,  often  recurved  in  fruit;  bracts  lanceolate,  more  or  less  connate  at 
the  base.  In  mud,  Mass,  to  W.  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  Mex. 
and  in  S.  A.  April- Aug.  [Alisma  tenellum  Mart.;  Echinodorus  parvulus 
Engelm.] 

2.     ECHINODORUS   Rich. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  long-petioled  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  often 
cordate  or  sagittate  leaves,  3-9-ribbed  and  mostly  punctuate  with  dots  or  lines. 
Scapes  often  longer  than  the  leaves;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate,  the 
flowers  verticillate,  each  verticil  with  3  outer  bracts  and  numerous  inner  bracteoles; 
flowers  perfect;  sepals  3,  distinct,  persistent;  petals  white,  deciduous;  receptacle 
large,  convex  or  globose;  stamens  12-30;  ovaries  numerous;  style  obliquely  api- 
cal, persistent;  stigma  simple;  fruit  achenes,  more  or  less  compressed,  coriaceous, 
ribbed  and  beaked,  forming  spinose  heads.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  spinose 
heads  of  fruit.]  About  14  species,  mostly  natives  of  America.  Only  the  follow- 
ing are  known  in  N.  Am.  : 

Scapes  reclining  or  prostrate;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  beak  of  achene  short. 

i.   E.  radicans. 
Scapes  erect;  style  longer  than  the  ovary;  beak  of  achene  long.  2.  E.  cordifolius, 

i.  Echinodorus  radicans  (Nutt.)  Engelm.  CREEPING  BUR-HEAD.  (I.  F, 
f.  190.)  Leaves  coarse,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  5-20  cm.  long,  3-18  cm.  wide,  marked 
with  short  pellucid  lines,  the  nerves  5-9,  connected  by  netted  cross-veins.  Petioles 
sometimes  0.5  in.  long;  scapes  creeping,  0.6-1. 4m.  long,  slightly  scabrous,  often  root- 
ing at  the  nodes;  verticils  distant;  pedicels  3-12,  unequal,  slender  or  filiform;  sepals 
persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  heads;  petals  larger,  obovate,  about  6  mm.  long; 
stamens  about  ;o;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  achenes  numerous,  about  4  mm. 
long,  6-io-ribbed,  with  2-several  oval  glands  on  each  side  and  beaks  about  one- 


ALISMACEAE.  $$ 

fourth  their  length;  fruiting  heads  8  mm.   in  diameter.     In  swamps,  III.  to  N.  C. 
and  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     June-July. 

2.  Echinodorus  cordifolius  (L.)  Griseb.  UPRIGHT  BUR-HEAD.  (I.  F.  f.  191.) 
Leaves  variable  in  form,  often  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  the  base,  15-20 
cm.  long  and  wide,  but  in  smaller  plants  sometimes  nearly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end  and  but  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  angular,  striate;  scapes  I  or  more,  erect,  12-40 
cm.  tall;  flowers  3-6  in  the  verticils;  pedicels  erect  after  flowering;  sepals  shorter 
than  the  heads  ;  petals  4-6  mm.  long;  stamens  often  12  ;  styles  longer  than  the 
ovary;  fruiting  heads  very  bur-like,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter  ;  achenes  about  3  mm. 
long,  narrowly  obovate  or  falcate,  6-8-ribbed;  beak  apical,  oblique,  about  one-hal* 
the  length  of  the  achene.  In  swamps  and  ditches,  111.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  Also 
in  tropical  America.  June-July.  (£.  rostratus  Engelm.) 

3.   LOPHOTOCARPUS  T.  Durand. 

Annual,  bog  or  aquatic  herbs  with  basal  leaves,  and  simple  erect  or  rarely 
branching  scapes  bearing  flowers  in  verticils  of  2-3  at  the  top.  Sepals  3,  distinct, 
persistent,  erect  after  flowering  and  enclosing  or  enwrapping  the  fruit.  Petals 
white,  deciduous.  Receptacle  strongly  convex.  Bracts  membranous,  those  of  the 
lower  verticils  orbicular  or  ovate  and  obtuse,  connace  at  the  base,  those  of  the  stam- 
inate  flowers  lanceolate  and  acute,  free,  or  connate.  Stamens  9—15,  hypogynous, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle.  Filaments  flattened.  Pistils  numerous; 
ovule  solitary,  erect,  anatropous;  style  elongated,  oblique,  persistent.  Achenes 
winged  or  crested.  Embryo  horseshoe-shaped.  [Greek,  signifying  crested  fruit.] 
About  9  species,  the  following  of  E.  N.  Am.,  2  in  W.  N.  Am.,  the  others  of  tropical 
America. 

Leaves  with  sagittate  or  hastate  blades,  seldom  bladeless.     Plants  growing  in  fresh-water 

ponds  and  marshes. 
Basal  lobes  of  the  leaves  widely  divergent ;  large  plants,  2-4  dm.  high  :  petioles 

spongy,  thick.  i.  L.  calycimis. 

Basal  lobes  not  widely  divergent ;  low  plants,  1-1.5  dm.  high  ;  petioles  slender. 

2.  L.  depauperatus. 
Leaves  mostly  bladeless  phyllodes.     Submersed  seashore  and  tidal-flat  aquatics. 

Phyllodes  thick,  spongy,  nodose,  1-3  dm.  long.  3.  L.  spongiosus. 

Phyllodes  flat,  spatulate,  not  nodose,  3-7  cm.  high.  4.  L.  spathulattis. 

1.  Lophotocarpus   calycinus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.   Smith.     Leaves  floating  or 
ascending,  entire,  hastate,   sagittate,  or  triangular  crescent-shaped,  the  basal  lobes 
spreading,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  apex  acute  or  obtuse,  the  blade  varying 
from  10-20  cm.  long,  sometimes  30  cm.  wide  at  the  base.    Scape  simple,  weak  and 
at  length  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  verticils  of  flowers  2-5  ;  fertile  pedi- 
cels very  thick,  recurved  in  fruit,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  slender  sterile  ones  ; 
petals  6-10  mm.  long  ;  filaments  papillose,  about  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  achene 
cuneate,  2  mm.  long,  narrowly  winged  on  the  margins,  tipped  with  a  short  hori- 
zontal triangular  beak.     In  swamps,  N.  B.   to  Va.   and  La.,  Okla.  and  S.   Dak. 
July-Sept.     (Sagittaria  calylina  Engelm.) 

2.  Lophotocarpus   depauperatus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith.      Sagittaria  caly- 
etna    depanperata    Engelm.    in    herb.     Low,    10-15    cm-    high  ;    petioles    slender, 
ascending  ;    blades  elliptic,    hastate    or    sagittate,    acute,    3-nerved,    1.8-3.3    cm- 
long,  the  basal  lobes  divergent ;  scape  half  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  fertile  pedicels 
slender,   8—25  mm.   long  ;    fruiting  head  depressed -globose,   6.5-8  mm.   in  diam- 
eter ;    achenes  broadly  cuneate,    1.5    mm.   long,    2    mm.    wide,   the   slender  hori- 
zontal beak  one-third  the  width  of  the  body.      Margins  of  ponds,  Wis.  to  the  Ind. 
Terr.     June-Sept. 

3.  Lophotocarpus   spongiosus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith.      Sagittaria  calydna 
spongiosa   Engelm.      Submersed  aquatic,  with  thick,  spongy  nodose  phyllodes  and 
scapes   10-30  cm.  high  ;  blades  5-10  cm.   long,  spatulate  and  obtuse,  or  elliptic 
and  truncate,  or  hastate  or  sagittate  with  narrow,  falcately-divergent,  acute  lobes 
2-10  mm.  wide,  often  half  as  long  as  the  blade  ;  scape  simple,  terete,  spongy,  half 
the   length  of  the  petioles,  at  length  decumbent,  bearing  2   or  3  verticils  of  1-3 
flowers   each  ;    fertile  pedicels  3-6  mm.    thick,   10-35    cm.  long  ;   fruiting  head 


56  FLORA. 

depressed-globose,  7-10  mm.  in  diameter  ;  a'chenes  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng»  cuneate,  with 
a  narrow  dorsal  wing  and  a  very  short  ascending  or  horizontal  beak.  Margins 
of  brackish  ponds  and  tide-water  marches,  N.  B.  to  Va.  July— Aug. 

4.  Lophotocarpus  spatnulatus  J.  G.  Smith.  Low  aquatic,  3-7  cm.  high  ; 
phyllodes  bladeless  or  sometimes  spatulate  at  the  tip,  ascending,  with  the  edges 
vertical  through  a  twist  in  the  base,  3-0  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 
Scape  simple,  usually  shorter  than  the  phyllodes,  3-4  cm  long,  one-  or  two-flow- 
ered, thickened,  reflexed  after  flowering ;  bracts  scarious,  broadly  ovate,  ob- 
tuse ;  stamens  6-9,  the  filaments  flattened,  incurved,  broadest  at  the  base,  1.5-2 
mm.  long,  glabrous  ;  anthers  I  mm.  long,  oblong  ;  sepals  oblong -orbicular,  3  mm. 
long,  nerveless,  thin,  scarious  on  the  margins,  and  papery  in  fruit ;  petals  ovate- 
orbicular,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  achenes  1-5  mm.  long,  obovate,  obtuse, 
narrowly  winged  on  the  back  to  about  the  level  of  the  beak  and  sometimes  with  a 
transverse  lateral  ridge  near  the  tip;  beak  slender,  oblique  or  horizontal.  Sanely 
beaches  above  salt-water  but  within  the  influence  of  tides.  Newburyport,  Mass- 
Type  collected  by  A.  A.  Eaton,  1898. 

4.  SAGITTARIA   L. 

Perennials,  mostly  with  tuber-bearing  or  nodose  rootstocks,  basal  long-petioled 
nerved  leaves,  the  nerves  connected  by  numerous  veinlets,  and  erect,  decumbent  or 
floating  scapes,  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless  phyllodes.  Flowers  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits  of  the  scapes  in  verticils  of  3's,  pedicelled, 
the  staminate  usually  uppermost.  Verticils  3  bracted.  Sepals  persistent,  those  oil 
the  pistillate  flowers  reflexed  or  spreading  in  our  i-pecies.  Petals  3,  white,  decid- 
uous. Stamens  inserted  on  the  convex  receptacle  ;  staminate  flowers  sometimes 
with  imperfect  ovaries.  Pistillate  flowers  with  numerous  distinct  ovaries,  sometimes 
with  imperfect  stamens  ;  ovule  solitary  ;  stigmas  small,  persistent.  Achenes  num 
erous,  densely  aggregated  in  globose  or  subglobose  heads,  compressed.  Seed  erect, 
curved.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  arrow-shaped  leaves  of  some  species.]  About  30 
species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  som6 
10  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Fertile  pedicels  slender,  ascending,  not  reflexed  in  fruit. 
Leaf-blades  sagittate;  filaments  glabrous. 

Basal  lobes  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  blade. 
Beak  of  the  achene  more  than  one-fourth  its  length. 
Beak  of  the  achene  erect. 

Fruiting  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts ;  leaves  broad. 

1.  .5".  longirostra. 
Fruiting  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts;  leaves  narrow. 

2.  S.  Engelmanniana. 
Beak  of  the  achene  horizontal  or  oblique.              3.  S.  latifolia. 

Beak  of  the  achene  less  than  one-fourth  its  length. 

Petioles  rather  short,  curving  ;  bracts  long ;  bog  species. 

4.  S.  arifolia* 
Petioles  elongated;  bracts  short;  aquatic  species. 

5.  S.  cuneata, 
Basal  lobes  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  blade. 

6.  S.  longiloba. 
Leaf-blades  entire,  or  rarely  hastate  or  cordate. 

Filaments  slender,  tapering  upward;  leaves  seemingly  pinnately  veined. 
Filaments  glabrous;  bracts  connate.  7.  S.  ambigua. 

Filaments  cobwebby -pubescent;  bracts  mostly  distinct. 

8.  S.  lancifolia. 

Filaments  abruptly  dilated,  pubescent;  veins  distinct  to  the  base  of  the  blade. 
Fruiting  heads  sessile  or  very  nearly  so.  9.  S.  rigida. 

Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  pedicelled. 

Leaves  reduced  to  terete  nodose  phyllodes,  rarely  blade-bearing. 

10.  S.  teres. 
Leaves  reduced  to  flat  nodeless  phyllodes,  rarely  blade-bearing ;  petals 

with  a  rose-colored  spot  at  base.  n.  S.  Eatoni. 

Leaves  rigid;  blades  elliptic-linear.  12.  S.  cristata. 

Leaves  not  rigid ;    blades   lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  phyllodes  flat, 
nodose;  petals  white.  13.  S.  graminea. 


A  L  IS  MA  CEAE.  57 

Fertile  pedicels  stout,  reflexed  in  fruit;  filaments  dilated. 

Filaments  pubescent;  leaf-blades  ovate  or  ovate-elliptic.  14.  S.  platyphylla. 

Filaments  glabrous ;  leaf-blades  linear-lanceolate  or  reduced  to  phyllodes. 

15.  S.  subulata. 

1.  Sagittaria  longirostra  (Micheli)  J.  G.  Smith.     LONG-BEAKED  ARROW- 
HEAD.    (I.  F.  f.  193.)     Monoecious,  glabrous,  scapes  erect,  rather   stout,  0.4-1  m. 
tall.     Leaves  broad,  sagittate,    10-30  cm.  long,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,   the 
basal  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
blade;  scape  usually  longer    than  the  leaves,  6-angled  below;  bracts  triangular- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  1.5-3  cm-  l°ng?  longer  than  the  fertile  pedicels;  petals  16-28 
mm.  long;  styles  curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovaries;  achene   obovate,  about  4  mm. 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  ventral  margin  entire  or  undulate,  the  dorsal 
eroded,  its  sides  with  a  short  crest,  its  beak  stout,  erect,  or  somewhat  recurved.  In 
swamps  and  along  ponds,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ala.     July-Sept. 

2.  Sagittaria  Engelmanniana  J.  G.  Smith.     ENGELMANN'S  ARROW-HEAD. 
(I.  F.  f.  194.)     Monoecious,  glabrous;  scape  erect  or  ascending,  slender,  20-50  cm. 
high.     Leaves  narrow,  4-20  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
the  basal  lobes  narrowly  linear,  acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
blade;  scape  striate,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter' 
than  the  slender  fertile  pedicels,  8-12  mm.  long;  flowers  1.5-?. 5  cm.  broad;  style 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovaries;  achene  obovate,  4  mm.  long,  winged  on  both 
margins,  and  with  1-3  lateral  wing-like  crests  on  each  face,  the  beak  short,  stout, 
erect,  about  I   mm.  long.     In  shallow  water,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Del.,  near  the 
coast.     Aug.-Sept.     (S.  variabilis  var.  (?)  gracilis  Engelm.) 

3.  Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.    BROAD-LEAVED  ARROW-HEAD.     (I.  F.  f.  195.) 
Monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  scape  stout  or  slender, 
o.  1-1.2  m.  tall,  simple  or  branched.     Leaves  exceedingly  variable  in  form  and  size, 
sometimes  linear-lanceolate  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  wider  than  long 
and  obtuse;  basal  lobes  from  £  to  \  as  long  as  the  blade;  bracts  acute,  acuminate 
or  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  united;   flowers  2.5-4  cm.  wide;  achene  2-4 
mm.  long,  broadly  winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  even  or  i -ribbed,  the  beak 
about  one-third  its  length,  horizontal  or  nearly  so.     In  shallow  water,  throughout 
N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north,  extending-  to  Mex.     July-Sept     (S.  variabilis 
Engelm.) 

Sagittaria  latifolia  pubescens  Muhl.     Whole  plant  pubescent,  varying  from  merely 
puberulent  to  densely  hirsute.     Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Ala. 

4.  Sagittaria  arifolia  Nutt.     ARUM-LEAVED  ARROW-HEAD.     (I.  F.  f.  196.) 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  terrestrial  or  partially  submerged;  scape  weak,  ascending, 
0.2-0.5  m.  long.     Leaves  sagittate,  broad,  acute  at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the 
scape,   their  margins   slightly  curved,  their  basal  lobes   acute  or  acuminate,  one- 
fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  blade;  petioles  usually  curving  outwardly; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  usually  equalling  or  longer  than  the  fertile  pedicels,  often 
reflexed;  petals  6-10  mm.  long;  achene  cuneate-obovate,  about  2  mm.  long,  winged 
on  both  margins,  the  sides  smooth,  the  beak  short,  erect.     Quebec  to  Minn,  and 
Br.  Col.,  south  to  Me.,  Mich.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Cal. 

5.  Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon.     FLOATING  ARROW-HEAD.     (I.  F.  f.  197.) 
Aquatic,   submerged,    rooting  in  sand;  scape  very  slender,  simple,  terete,  0.3-0.6 
m.   long,  bearing  the  flowers  at  the  surface  of  the  water.     Leaves  long-petioled, 
the  blade  floating,  sagittate,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  basal 
lobes  acuminate,  about  one-fourth  its  length;  phyllodes  of  two  kinds,  one  petiole- 
like  and  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  other  lanceolate,  and  clustered  at  the  base  of  the 
plant;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender 
fertile  pedicels;  flowers  1.2-1.6  cm.  broad;  achene  only  I  mm.  long,  obovate-cune- 
ate,  its  beak  very  short,  erect.     In  shallow  water,    Minn,  to  Wash,   and  Br.   Col. 
Aug.-Sept. 

6.  Sagittaria  longiloba  Engelm.    LONG-LOBED  ARROW-HEAD.    (I.  F.  f.  198.) 
Monoecious;  glabrous;   scape  slender,  simple  or  rarely  branched,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall. 
Leaves  long-petioled,  the  apex  acute,  the  basal  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  blade;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  6-8  mm. 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  very  slender  fertile  pedicels  which  are  longer  than  the 


$8  JPLORA. 

sterile  ones;  stamens  numerous,  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene 
about  2  mm.  long,  quadrate-obovate,  somewhat  broader  above  than  below,  winged 
on  both  margins,  its  beak  exceedingly  short.  In  shallow  water,  Neb.  to  Colo.,  south 
to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

7.  Sagittaria  ambigua  J.  G.  Smith.     KANSAS  SAGITTARIA.     (I.  F.  f.  199.) 
Monoecious;  glabrous;  scape  erector  ascending,  0.3-0.6  m.  high.   Leaves  lanceolate, 
entire,  long-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  seemingly  pinnately  veined, 
really  5-7 -nerved,  12-20  cm.    long,   equalling  or  shorter  than  the  scape  ;  bracts 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-1.6  cm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  fruiting  pedi- 
cels, connate  at  the  base,  papillose;  stamens  20-25;  filaments  glabrous,  longer  than 
the  anthers;  achene  about  2  mm.  long,  oblong,  curved,  narrowly  winged  on  both 
margins,  its  sides  smooth  and  even,  its  beak  short,  oblique.     In  ponds,  Kan.  and 
the  Ind.  Terr. 

8.  Sagittaria  lancifolia  L.     LANCED-LEAVED  SAGITTARIA.     (I.  F.  f.  200.) 
Monoecious,  glabrous  ;   scape  rigid,  erect,  stout  or  rather  slender,  striate,  branched 
or  simple,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  both  ends,  firm,  en  tire,  the  blades  5— 9-nerved,  0.2-0.4  m-  l°ng>  gradually 
narrowed  into  the  long  petioles,  apparently  pinnately  veined;  flowers  numerous, 
1-2.5  cm-  broad;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  not  united  at  the  base,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  fruiting  pedicels;  stamens  numer- 
ous; filaments  cobwebby-pubescent,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene 
narrowly  obovate-cuneate,  2-3  mm.  long,  winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  smooth, 
its  beak  tapering,  oblique.     In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
near  the  coast.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

9.  Sagittaria  rigida  Pursh.     SESSILE-FRUITED.  ARROW-HEAD.    (I.  F.  f.  201.) 
Monoecious,   glabrous;   scape    simple,    weak,    curving,    ascending   or   decumbent, 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  very  variable,  linear,  lanceolate,  elliptic  or  broadly 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  with  I  or  2  short  or  slender  basal  lobes; 
bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long,  united  at'the  base  or  sometimes  distinct;  heads  of 
fruit  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng!  filaments 
dilated,  mostly  longer  than  the  anthers,  pubescent;  achene  narrowly  obovate,  3-4 
mm.  long,  winged  on  both  margins,  crested  above,  tipped  with  a  stout  nearly  erect, 
beak  of  about  one-fourth  its  length.     In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Quebec  to  Minn., 
N.  J.,  Tenn.,  Mo.  and  Neb.     July-Sept.     (S.  heterophylla  Pursh.) 

10.  Sagittaria    teres    S.    Wats.     SLENDER    SAGITTARIA.     (I.   F.    f.    202.) 
Monoecious;  glabrous;  scape  slender,  erect,  simple,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  bearing  only 
1-3    verticils   of  flowers.       Leaves   usually   reduced   to   elongated   terete   nodose 
phyllodes  or  some  of  them  short  and  bract-like,  one  or  two  of  the  longer  ones  occa- 
sionally bearing  a  linear  blade;  bracts  ovate,   obtuse,   about  3  mm.   long,    much 
shorter  than  the  filiform  fruiting  pedicels,  which  are  longer  than  the  sterile  ones; 
flowers    12-16   mm.   broad;  stamens   about   12,   their  dilated  filaments  pubescent, 
shorter  than  the  anthers;  achene  broadly  obovate,  2  mm.  long,  the  ventral  margin 
winged,  the  dorsal  7-1 1 -crested,  the  sides  bearing  several  crenate  crests,  the  beak 
short,  erect.     In  ponds,  Mass,  to  S.  Car.     Aug. -Sept. 

11.  Sagittaria   Eatoni  J.   G.   Smith.     EATON'S  SAGITTARIA.     Monoecious, 
o.  1-0.2  m.  high,    glabrous;  scape  simple,  slender,   ascending,   weak,  bearing  I,  2, 
or  rarely  3  verticils  of  flowers.     Leaves  mostly  bladeless  phyllodes,  rarely  with 
linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  blades  1.8-3  cm    l°ng»  2~4  mm-   wide;  the 
phyllodes  flat,  nodeless  ;  lowest  verticil  with  two  fertile  flowers,   and  one  stam- 
inate;  fertile  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,   shorter  than  the  sterile  ones,  very  slender; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  4  mm.  long;   petals  white,  with  a  rose-colored  spot 
at  the  base,  obovate-cuneiform,  emarginate;  stamens  12;  mature  achenes  not  known ; 
pistils   very  minute,  80-100.     Ripple-swept,  sandy  shores,  between  high  and  low 
tide,  above  the  influence  of  salt  water,  Newburyport,  Mass. 

12  Sagittaria  cristata  Engelm.  CRESTED  SAGITTARIA.  (I.  F.  f.  203.) 
Monoecious;  scape  slender,  erect,  0.3-0.8  m.  high,  simple,  bearing  4  or  5  verticils 
of  flowers  at  or  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long-petioled,  spongy  and 
rigid,  reduced  to  slender  phyllodes  or  bearing  linear-lanceolate  or  elliptic  blades 
5-10  cm.  long,  and  6-25  mm.  wide;  bracts  acute,  4-8  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than 
the  slender  fertile  pedicels;  flowers  1.6-2  cm.  broad;  stamens  about  24;  filaments 
dilated,  pubescent^  at  least  at  the  middle,  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene  obliquely 


VALLTSNERIACEAE.  59 

obovate,  the  dorsal  margin  with  a  broad  crenate  wing,  the  ventral  straight-winged, 
each  side  bearing  2  crenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  oblique.  In  shallow  water,  la. 
and  Minn.  Phyllodes  are  commonly  developed  from  the  nodes  of  the  rootstock. 
July- Aug. 

13.  Sagittaria  graminea   Michx.     GRASS- LEAVED   SAGITTARIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
204.)     Monoecious  or  dioecious;   glabrous;  scape    simple,  erect,   0.1-0.6    m.   tall. 
Leaves  long-petioled,  the  blades  linear,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends, 
5-15  cm.  long,  1-6  cm.  wide,  3-5 -nerved,  with  nerves  distinct  to  the  base,  or  some 
of  them  occasionally  reduced  to  flattened  phyllodes;  bracts  ovate,   acute,  3-6  mm. 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  or  filiform  fruiting  pedicels,  connate  to  the 
middle  or  beyond;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad;  stamens  about  18;  filaments  dilated, 
pubescent,   longer  than  or  equalling  the  anthers;  achene  obovate,  1-2  mm.   long, 
slightly  wing-crested  on  the  margins  and  ribbed  on  the  sides,  the  beak  very  short. 
In  mud  or  shallow  water,    Newf.  to  Ont.  and   S.  Dak.,  south  to  Fla.  and   Tex. 
Early  leaves  often  purplish.     July-Sept. 

14.  Sagittaria  platyph^lla  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith.     OVATE-LEAVED  SAGIT- 
TARIA.     (I.  F.  f.  205.)     Monoecious;  glabrous;  scape  erect,   simple,   rather  weak, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  rigid,  the  blades  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate 
or    ovate-elliptic,    short-acuminate    or    acute    at    the    apex,    rounded,    gradually 
narrowed  or  rarely  cordate  or  hastate  at  the  base,  seemingly  pinnately-veined,  5-15 
cm.  long;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acute,  connate  at  the  base,  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers 
1.6-3  cm.  broad;  fertile  pedicels  stout,  divergent  in   flower,  reflexed  in  fruit,  1-6 
cm.    long;   filaments   dilated,  pubescent,    rather  longer  than   the   anthers;  achene 
obliquely  obovate,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  dorsal  margins  somewhat  crested, 
the  sides  with  a  sharp  wing-like  ridge.     In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  S.  Mo.  to 
Miss,  and  Tex.     Phyllodes,  when  present,  oblong  or  oblanceolate.     July-Sept. 

15.  Sagittaria  subulata  (L.)  Buchenau.     SUBULATE  SAGITTARIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
206.)     Monoecious  or  rarely   dioecious;  scape   very   slender,  5-15   cm.  high,  few- 
flowered,  about  equalling  the  leaves.     Leaves   all  reduced   to  rigid   phyllodes  or 
sometimes  bearing  linear  or  linear- lanceolate  blades  2-4  cm.  long;  bracts   united 
to  the  apex  or  becoming  partly  separated;  flowers  I    1.6  cm.  broad;  fertile  pedicels 
reflexed  and  much  longer  than   the  bracts   in  fruit;  stamens   about  8;  filaments 
about  equalling  the  anthers,  dilated,  glabrous;  achenes  rather  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
obovate,  narrowly  winged,  with  two  or  three  crests  on  each   side,  the  wings  and 
crests  sometimes  crenate;  beak  short.     In  tide- water  mud,  S.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to 
Fla.  and  Ala.     July-Sept.     (S.  pitsilla  Nutt.) 

Sagittaria  subulata  gracillima  (S.  Wats.)  J.  G.  Smith.  Submerged;  leaves 0.6-1.3  dm. 
long,  bladeless  or  bearing  small  3-nerved  lanceolate  blades  2-5  cm.  long.  6-8  mm.  wide; 
scape  simple,  terete  or  compressed,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  few,  1.6-2  cm. 
broad.  E.  Mass,  and  R.  I.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species.  Fruit  not  seen. 

Family  6.     VALLISNERIACEAE  Dumort. 
Tape-Grass  Family. 

Submerged  or.  floating  aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  various.  Flowers 
regular,  mostly  dioecious,  appearing  from  an  involucre  or  spathe  of  1-3 
bracts  or  leaves.  Perianth  3-6-parted,  the  segments  either  all  petaloid 
or  the  3  outer  ones  small  and  herbaceous,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary 
at  its  base  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Stamens  3-12,  disti **£  or  monadel- 
phous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  i-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  or 
6-9~celled.  Styles  3-9,  with  entire  or  2-cleft  stigmas.  Ovules  anatro- 
pous  or  orthotropous.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehiscent.  Seeds 
numerous,  without  endosperm.  About  14  genera  and  40  species  of  wide 
distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following, 
another  genus,  Halophila,  occurs  on  the  coast  of  Fla. 

Stem  branched  ;  leaves  whorled  or  opposite.  i.  Philotria. 

Acaulescev.t;  stoloniferous ;  leaves  grass-like,  elongated.  2.    Vallisneria. 

Stem  stolonjferous  ;  leaves  broad,  rounded,  cordate,  petioled.  3.  Limnobium. 


6b  FLORA. 

i.  PHILOTRIA    Raf.      [ELODEA  Michx.] 

Stems  submerged,  elongated,  branching,  leafy.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 
crowded,  I -nerved,  pellucid,  minutely  serrulate  or  entire.  Flowers  dioecious  or 
polygamous,  arising  from  an  ovoid  or  tubular  2 -cleft  spathe.  Perianth  6-parted, 
at  least  the  3  inner  segments  petaloid.  Staminate  flowers  with  9  stamens,  the 
anthers  oblong,  erect.  Ovary  I -celled  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Stigmas  3, 
nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  [Name  from  the 
Greek,  referring  to  the  leaves,  which  are  often  whorled  in  threes.]  About  10 
species,  inhabitants  of  fresh-water  ponds  and  streams  in  temperate  and  tropical 
America. 

i.  Philotria  Canadensis  (Michx.)  Britton.  WATER-WEED.  DITCH-MOSS. 
WATER  THYME.  Stems  o.  i-i  m.  long.  Leaves  linear  or  elliptic,  acute  or 
abtuse,  serrulate  or  entire,  vcrticillate  in  3's  or  4's  or  the  lower  opposite,  4-15  mm. 
long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  flowers  axillary,  white,  the  staminate  minute,  sessile,  break, 
ing  off  at  the  time  of  flowering  and  rising  to  the  surface  where  they  shed  their 
pollen  around  the  pistillate  ones;  pistillate  flowers  expanding  on  the  surface,  which 
they  reach  by  means  of  the  slender  calyx-tube,  which  varies  in  length  from  5-25 
cm.,  their  spathes  10-15  mm.  long;  stigmas  spreading,  papillose  or  pubescent. 
Nearly  throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  in  Europe. 
It  has  been  maintained  that  there  are  four  N.  Am.  species.  May-Aug. 

The  p^ant  of  the  northern  lakes  and  rivers,  with  ovate  or  oval  leaves,  is  appar- 
ently the  type  of  the  species.  The  plant  of  the  Atlantic  States  with  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate  leaves  is  the  Serpicula  vertidllata  angustifolia  Muhl.  (I.  F.  f.  207); 
that  of  the  Central  States  from  Minn,  to  Ky.  and  Mo.,  with  leaves  similar  to  this, 
but  pellucid,  and  the  stems  shorter,  is  Udora  Canadensis  minor  Engelm.  These 
three  appear  to  be  distinct,  but  for  lack  of  flowers  and  fruit  in  the  material  at  my 
command,  I  am  at  present  unable  to  characterize  them  further. 

2.  VALLISNERIA  L. 

Aquatic  dioecious  submerged  perennials,  with  long  grass-like  floating  leaves. 
Staminate  flowers  with  a  2-3 -parted  spathe  on  a  short  scape,  numerous,  nearly 
sessile  on  a  conic  receptacle;  perianth  3  parted;  stamens  generally  2  (1-3).  Pis- 
tillate flowers  on  a  very  long  flexuous  or  spiral  scape,  with  a  tubular,  2-cleft, 
I -flowered  spathe;  perianth-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  3-lobed  and  with  3  small 
petals;  ovary  l-cel!ed  with  3  parietal  placentae;  stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile,  short, 
broad,  2 -toothed  with  a  minute  process  just  below  each  sinus;  ovules  numerous, 
borne  all  over  the  ovary -wall,  orthotropous.  Fruit  elongated,  cylindric,  crowned 
with  the  perianth.  [Named  for  Antonio  Vallisneri,  1661-1730,  Italian  naturalist.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  wide  distribution  both  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 

i.  Vallisneria  spiralis  L.  TAPE-GRASS.  EEL-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  208.)  Plant 
rioting  in  the  mud  or  sand,  stolon iferous.  Leaves  thin,  narrowly  linear,  5 -nerved, 
obtuse,  sometimes  serrate  near  the  apex,  0.2-2  m.  long,  4-18  mm.  wide,  the  2 
marginal  nerves  faint;  the  staminate  bud  separates  from  the  scape  at  the  time  of 
flowering  and  expands  upon  the  surface  of  the  water;  pistillate  flowers  upon  a 
long  thread  like  scape,  the  spathe  12-25  mm.  long,  enclosing  a  single  white 
flower;  ov.iry  as  long  as  the  spathe;  after  receiving  the  pollen  from  the  staminate 
flowers  the  scape  of  the  pistillate  contracts  spirally;  ripe  fruit  5-17  cm.  long.  In 
quiet  waters,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Tex.  The  "wild  celery"  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  and  a  favorite  food  of  the  canvas-back  duck.  Aug.-Sept. 

3.  LIMNOBIUM    L.  C.  Richard. 

Aquatic,  stoloniferous  herbs,  the  leaves  fascicled  at  the  nodes,  petioled,  broad,, 
often  cordate.  Flowers  monoecious,  white,  from  sessile  or  stipitate,  2-leaved, 
membranous  spathes.  Perianth  6-parted,  the  segments  petaloid,  the  3  outer 
oblong-oval,  the  3  inner  oblong-linear.  Staminate  flowers  2-4  in  a  spathe,  long- 
peduncled,  the  stamens  united  in  a  column  bearing  6-12  anthers  at  different 
heights,  sometimes  producing  only  9-12  staminodia,  the  filaments  tipped  with 
abortive  anthers.  Pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  short-ped uncled  with  3-6  vestigial 
stamens;  ovafy  6-9-celled  with  as  many  central  placentae;  stigmas  as  many  as  the 


GRAMINEAE.  6 1 

cells,  each  2-parted.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  aquatic 
habitat.]     Three  or  four  species,  natives  of  America. 

I.  Limnobium  Spongia  (Bosc.)  L.  C.  Richard.  FROG'S -BIT.  (I.  F.  f.  209.) 
Blades  of  the  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  reniform,  faintly  5-7- 
nerved  and  cross-veined,  purplish  and  spongy  beneath,  2-5  cm.  broad,  on  petioles 
2-25  cm.  in  length.  Stolons  rooting  and  sending  up  flowers  and  leaves  at  the 
nodes;  peduncles  of  the  staminate  flowers,  7-10  cm.  long,  those  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  stouter,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  nodding  in  fruit.  In  shallow,  stagnant  water,  Lake 
Ont.  to  Fla.,  111.,  Mo.  andJLa.  July-Aug. 

Order  3.     GRAMINALES. 

Grasses  and  sedges.  Monocotyledonous  plants,  mostly  herbaceous, 
with  leafy  or  leafless,  usually  simple,  stems  (culms),  the  leaves  usually  nar- 
row and  elongated,  entire  or  minutely  serrulate.  Flowers  mostly  perfect, 
small,  incomplete,  in  the  axils  of  dry,  chaffy  scales  (glumes)  arranged  in 
spikes  or  spikelets. 

Fruit  a  caryopsis  (grain);  culm  mostly  hollow.  Fam.  i.   Gramineae. 

Fruit  an  achene ;  culm  solid.  Fam.  2.   Cyperaceae. 

Family  i.     GRAMINEAE  Juss.* 
Grass  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  of  various  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees 
Culms  (stems)  generally  hollow,  but  occasionally  solid,  the  nodes  closed 
Leavesjsheathing,  the  sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  oppo- 
site~the  blade  ;  a  scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring,  naked  or  hairy,  rarely 
wanting,  called  the  Hgule,  is  borne  at  the  orifice  of  the  sheath.  Inflo- 
rescence spicate,  racemose  or  paniculate,  consisting  of  spikelets  composed 
of  two  to  many  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts,  called  scales  (glumes),  the 
two  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  always  empty,  one  or  both  of  these 
sometimes  wanting.  One  or  rriore  of  the  upper  scales,  except  sometimes 
the  terminal  ones,  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually  enclosed 
by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called  the  paj^t,  placed  opposite  the  scale 
and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla)  of.  the  spikelet,  generally  2- 
keeled  ;  sometimes  the  palet  is  present  without  the  flower,  and  vice  versa. 
Flowers  perfect  or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  sub- 
tended by  1-3  minute  hyaline  scales  called  the  lodicules.  Stamens 
1-6,  usually  3.  Anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Ovary  i-celled*  i-ovuled. 
Styles  1-3,  commonly  2  and  lateral.  Stigmas  hairy  or  plumose.  Fruit 
a  seed-like  grain  (caryopsis).  Endosperm  starchy.  About  3500  species 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  world,  growing  in  water  and  on  all 
kinds  of  soil.  Those  yielding  food-grains  are  called  cereals.  The 
species  are  more  numerous  in  tropical  countries,  while  tho  number  of 
individuals  is  much  greater  in  temperate  regions,  often  forming  extended 
areas  of  turf.  The  time  of  year  noted  is  that  of  ripening  seed. 

KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES  AND  GENERA. f 

A.  Spikelets  T  or  2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  upper  fertile,  lower  staminate; 
rachilla  articulated  below  the  scales  or  the  subtending   involucre,   and  not   extending 
beyond  the  flowers. 
Spikelets  not  flattened  laterally. 

Flowering  scale  and  palet  hyaline ;  none  of  the  scales  spiny. 

Spikelets  monoecious  ;  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  panicle. 

I.   Maydeae. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  perfect,  or  the  pedicellate  one  staminate,  empty,  rudimentary 
or  wanting.  II.  Andropogoneae. 

*  Contributed  by  Mr.  GEO.  V.  NASH. 

t  See  p.  104  <:  for  additional  analytical  key. 


62 


FLORA. 


Flowering  scale  and  palet  membranous ;  second  scale  spiny  (in  ours). 

III.  Zoysieae. 
Flowering  scale  and  palet  of  the  perfect  flower  coriaceous  or  chartaceous  ;  spikelets 

involucrate  in  Nos.  18  and  19  ;  scales  3  or  4.  IV.   Paniceae. 

Spikelets  flattened  laterally,  i-flowered  ;  scales  2.  V.   Oryzeae. 

B.  Spikelets   i -many-flowered  ;   rachilla  generally  articulated  above  the  two  lower 
scales  (below  them  in  Nos.  38,  46,  54  and  61)  and  frequently  extending  beyond  the  flower 
in  i-flowered  spikelets. 
Culms  herbaceous. 

Spikelets  upon  pedicels  in  panicles,  spike-like  panicles  or  racemes,  not  in  rows. 
Spikelets  with  but  i  perfect  flower,  which  is  terminal  except  in  Nos.  42 

and  43. 
Fifth  scale  enclosing  a  perfect  flower ;  palet  i-nerved. 

VI.  Phalarideae, 
Third  scale  enclosing  a  perfect  flower  ;  palet  2-nerved. 

VII.  Agrostideae. 

Spikelets  with  2  or  more  perfect  flowers  (or  one  staminate  in  Nos.  46  and  51). 
Flowering  scales  generally  shorter  than  the  empty  lower  ones,  usually 

with  a  bent  awn  on  the  back.  VIII.  Aveneae, 

Flowering  scales  generally  longer  than  the  empty  lower  ones,  unawned 

or  with  a  straight  awn  from  the  apex.  X.  Festuceae. 

Spikelets  in  two  rows,  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme. 

IX.   Chlorideae. 
Spikelets   in   two   opposite   rows,  forming  an    equilateral  spike    (unilateral  in 

Nardus).  XI.  Hordeae. 

Culms  woody,  at  least  at  the  base  ;  tall  reeds.  XII.  Bambtiseae. 

Tribe  I.     MAYDEAE. 

Fertile  spikelets  imbedded  in  the  joints  of  the  thick  rachis.  I.    Tripsacum. 

Tribe  II.    ANDROPOGONEAE. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  not  much  thickened  nor  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 
Spikelets  alike,  perfect.  2.  Erianthus. 

Spikelets  not  alike,  the  sessile  perfect,  the  pedicelled  staminate,  empty  or  wanting. 
Inflorescence  composed  of  spike-like  silky  racemes. 

Racemes  usually  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3's~5's  and  digitate,  the  rachis  internodes 
and  pedicels  opaque  ;  fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  with  a  blade. 

4.  Andropogon. 

Racemes  panicled,  the  rachis  internodes  and  pedicels  thickened  on  the  mar- 
gins and  with  the  intervening  portion  thin  and  translucent ;  fourth  scale 
of  the  spikelet  pedicel-like,  without  a  blade.  5.  Amphilophis. 

Inflorescence  paniculate. 

Pedicelled  spikelet  wanting  (in  our  species).  6.  Sorghastrnm. 

Pedicelled  spikelet  present  and  usually  staminate.  7.  Sorghum, 

Joints  of  the  rachis  greatly  thickened  and  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 

3.  Manisuris. 

Tribe  III.    ZOYSIEAE. 

Spikelets  in  a  terminal  spike ;  second  scale  spiny.  8.  Nazia. 

Tribe  IV.     PANICEAE. 

Spikelets  without  a  subtending  involucre  of  bristles  or  valves. 
Spikelets  all  alike. 

Second  scale  of  the  spikelet  not  enlarged  nor  saccate  at  the  base. 
Spikelets  arranged  in  one-sided  racemes. 

Spikelets  with  a  swollen  ring-like  callus  at  the  base. 

12.  Eriochloa. 
Spikelets  without  a  callus. 

Racemes  alternate  or  scattered,  rarely  in  a  terminal  pair,  or  some- 
times single   and   slender,  in   the   latter   case  the  spikelets 
broadly  oval  and  obtuse. 
Spikelet  of  3  scales. 


GRAMINEAE.  63 

Opening  in  the  flowering  scale  turned  away  from  the 
rachis  of  the  raceme  ;  spikelets  usually  oval  or  orbicular 
and  obtuse,  rarely  narrower  and  acute. 

9.   Paspalum. 

Opening  in  the  flowering  scale  turned  toward  the  rachis  of 
the  raceme  ;  spikelets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute. 

10.  Anastrophus. 
Spikelets  of  4  scales. 

Spikelets  awnless,  the  scales  glabrous. 

14.   Brachiaria. 

Spikelets  with  the  second  and  third  scales  hispid  on  the 
nerves  and  usually  long-awned,  or  in  one  species  the  third 
scale  only  awn-pointed.  15.  Echinochloa. 

Racemes  long  and  slender,  digitate  or  whorled,  sometimes  single  or 

in  pairs  ;  spikelets  lanceolate  and  acute.        13.  Syntherisma. 
Spikelets  arranged  in  a  true  panicle,  either  open  or  contracted. 

16.  Panicum. 
Second  scale  of  the  spikelet  much  enlarged,  many-nerved,  deeply  saccate  at  the 

base.  17.  Sacciolepis, 

Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  one  borne  on  terminal  panicles,  the  other  solitary  on  sub- 
terranean peduncles  and  maturing  seed.  u.  Arnphicarpon. 
Spikelets  subtended  by  an  involucre  consisting  of  : 

i-many  persistent  bristles  ;  spikelets  in  dense  spikes  or  spike-like  panicles,  deciduous. 

18.   Chaetochloa. 

2  spine-bearing  valves  forming  a  bur  enclosing  the  spikelets  and  deciduous  with 
them.  19.   Cenc/trus. 

• 

Tribe  V.    ORYZEAE. 

Spikelets  monoecious  ;  tall  aquatic  grasses. 

Pistillate  spikelets  ovate,  borne  at  the  apex  of  each  branch  of  the  panicle. 

20.  Zizaniopsts. 
Pistillate  spikelets  linear,  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle. 

21.  Zizania. 
Spikelets  not  monoecious  ;  grasses  of  swamps  or  wet  grounds.           22.  Homalocenchrust 

Tribe  VI.    PHALARIDEAE. 

Third  and  fourth  scales 

small  and  empty  or  rudimentary,  not  awned  ;  stamens  3.  23.  Phalaris. 

empty,  awned  upon  the  back  ;  stamens  2.  24.  Anthoxanthum, 

subtending  staminate  flowers  with  3  stamens ;  fertile  flowers  with  2  stamens. 

25.  Savastana. 

Tribe  VII.    AGROSTIDEAE. 

Flowering  scale  indurated  at  maturity,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  empty  scales,  and  closely 

enveloping  the  grain. 
Rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  palet. 

Flowering  scale  with  a  three-branched  awn  ;  stamens  mostly  3. 

26.  Aristida. 
Flowering  scale  with  a  simple  awn. 

Flowering  scale  narrow  ;  awn  persistent. 

Awn  tortuous  or  twisted,  stout ;  callus  evident.       27.   Stipa. 
Awn  straight,  very  slender  ;  callus  minute,  31.  Muhlenbergia. 

Flowering  scale  broad  ;  awn  slender,  straight,  deciduous  :  callus  obtuse. 
Flowering  scale  glabrous,  or  pubescent  with  short  hairs. 

28.    Oryzopsis. 
Flowering  scale  pubescent  with  copious  long  silky  hairs  extending  much 

beyond  the  scale.  29.  Plriocoma. 

Flowering  scale  awnless.  30.   Milhim. 

Rachilla  with  a  pedicel-like  extension  beyond  the  palet ;  stamens  2. 

32.  Brachyelvtrum. 

Flowering  scale  hyaline  or  membranous  at  maturity  ;  empty  scales  coarser;  grain  loose, 
Spikelets  in  a  dense  spike-like  panicle.      (Some  species  of  No.  37  may  be  looked  for 
here.) 


64  FLORA. 

Spikelets  6  mm.  or  less  long. 

Spikelets  readily  deciduous  at  maturity. 

Empty  scales  not  awned.  35.  Alopecurus. 

Empty  scales  awned,  38.  Polypogon. 

Spikelets  not  deciduous  ;  empty  scales  persistent. 

Flowering  scales  slightly  exceeding  the  empty  ones. 

33.  Heleochloa. 
Flowering  scales  much  shorter  than  the  empty  ones. 

34.  Phleum. 
Spikelets  10-12  mm.  long;  tall  seashore  grasses.                   43.  Ammophila. 

Spikelets  variously  panicled  ;  panicle  not  spike-like,  except  in  a  few  species  of  No.  37. 
Seed  loosely  enclosed  in  the  pericarp,  which  opens  readily  at  maturity. 
Empty  scales  minute  ;  low  arctip  grass.  36.  Phippsia. 

Empty  scales  not  minute ;  no  callus,  awns  or  hairs.      37.  Sporobolus. 
Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 

Palet  i-nerved  ;  stamen  i ;  flower  plainly  stalked  :  scales  not  hairy. 

40.   Cinna. 
Palet  2-nerved  ;  stamens  3  ;  flower  not  plainly  stalked. 

Flowering  scale  bifid,  with  a  delicate  awn  on  its  back  ;  rachilla  prolonged 

into  a  short  bristle.  45.  Apera. 

Flowering  scale  entire;  rachilla  not  prolonged  into  a  bristle. 

Callus  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  base  (except  in  some  species 

of  genus  42.) 

Rachilla  extended  beyond  the  palet.  42.   Calamagrostis. 

Rachilla  not  extended  beyond  the  palet.    44.   Calamovilfa. 
Callus  naked  or  with  very  short  hairs. 

Empty  scales  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones ;  arctic 

grass.  *  39.  Arctagrostis. 

Empty  scales  longer  than  the  flowering  ones ;  panicle  open  ; 
spikelets  small.  41.  Agrostis. 


Tribe  VIII.    AVENEAE. 

Spikelets  deciduous  ;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate,  awned  ;  plant  velvety. 

46.  Holcus, 
Spikelets  not  deciduous  ;  empty  scales  persistent,  flowering  ones  deciduous. 

Spikelets  of  2  perfect  flowers  ;  rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  one. 

47.  Air  a. 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered  ;  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  flower. 

Awn  of  flowering  scale  upon  the  back,  inserted  below  the  teeth. 
Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  ones  staminate  or  wanting. 
Spikelets  less  than  12  mm.  long ;  grain  free,  unfurrowed. 
Flowering  scale  finely  erose-dentate  or  2-lobed. 

48.  Deschampsia. 

Flowering  scale  cleft  or  2-toothed,  with  the  teeth  sometimes  pro- 
duced into  awns.  49.    Trisetum. 

Spikelets  over  12  mm.  long;  grain  furrowed,  usually  adherent  to  the 

scales.  50!  Avena. 

Upper  flower  perfect,  lower  staminate,  its  scale  strongly  awned. 

51.  Arrhenatherum. 
Awn  from  between  the  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  flowering  scale,  generally  twisted. 

52.  Danthonia. 

Tribe  IX.    CHLORIDEAE. 

Flowers  perfect  or  some  of  them  rudimentary. 

i  perfect  flower  in  each  spikelet ;  sometimes  2  in  Nos.  59  and  61. 
No  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 
Spikelets  deciduous. 

Rachis  produced  beyond  the  upper  spikelet ;  spikelets  narrow. 

54.  Spartina. 
Rachis  not  so  produced  ;  spikelets  globose,  sometimes  2-flowered. 

61.  Beckmannta. 

Spikelets  not  deciduous  ;  empty  scales  persistent ;  low  slender  grasses. 
Spikes  2-6,  slender,  digitate,  2.5-5  cm-  long.  53-  Capriola. 

Spikes  many  along  a  common  axis,  5-10  cm.  long. 

58.  Schedonnardus* 


GRAMINEAE.  65 

One-several  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 

Lower  empty  scales  4 ;  spike  solitary,  dense.  55.  Campulosus. 

Lower  empty  scales  2. 

Spikes  in  false  whorls  or  closely  approximate ;  scales  long-awned. 

56.  Chloris. 
Spikes  remote,  or  the  lowest  only  approximate. 

Spikelets  scattered  or  remote  on  filiform  spikes. 

57.  Gymnopogon* 
Spikelets  crowded,  sometimes  2- flowered. 

Spikes  4  or  less ;  spikelets  numerous,  25  or  more. 

59.  Bouteloua. 
Spikes  numerous,  12  or  more  ;  spikelets  few,  12  or  less. 

60.  Atkeropogon. 
8-3  perfect  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 

Spikelets  densely  crowded  ;  spikes  usually  digitate. 

Spikes  with  terminal  spikelets.  62.  Eleusine. 

Spikes  without  terminal  spikelets,  the  rachis  extending  beyond  them  into  a 
point.  63.  Dactyloctenium, 

Spikelets  distinctly  alternating  ;  spikes  remote.  64.  Leptochloa. 

Spikelets  dioecious,  very  unlike;  spikes  short ;  low  prairie  grass.     65.  Bulbilis. 

Tribe  X.    FESTUCEAE. 

Rachilla  with  long  hairs  enveloping  the  flowering  scale  ;  tall  aquatic  grass. 

67.  Phragmites. 
Rachilla  and  flowering  scales  naked  or  hairy,  hairs  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Stigmas  barbellate  ;  spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6  in  the  axils  of  stiff  spinescent  leaves. 

66.  Munroa. 
Stigmas  plumose  ;  spikelets  not  in  the  axils  of  leaves  ;  inflorescence  various. 

Spikelets  of  two  forms,  the  fertile  i-3-flowered,  surrounded  by  the  sterile,  con- 
sisting of  many  empty  pectinate  scales.  86.   Cynosurus. 
Spikelets  all  alike. 

Flowering  scale  i-3-nerved,   or  rarely  with  faint  additional  intermediate 

nerves. 
Flowering  scales  membranous  ;  seed  not  beaked  nor  exserted  from  the 

scales. 
Lateral  nerves  of  flowering  scale  pilose. 

Internodes  of  the  rachilla  long,  the  deeply  2-lobed  flowering 
scale  attached  by  a  long-pointed  callus,  which  is  copiously 
pilose  on  the  outer  surface.  70.  Triplasis. 

Internodes  of  the  rachilla  and  the  callus  of  the  flowering  scale 

short,  blunt. 

Panicle   simple   or  compound,    contracted    or    open,    the 
spikelets  on  pedicels  of  varying  length. 

69.    Tricuspis. 

Panicle  composed  of  long  branches  along  which  the  ap- 
pressed  spikelets  are  arranged  on  short  pedicels. 

72.  Diplachne. 
Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  scale  glabrous. 

Callus  of  the  flowering  scale  conspicuously  pubescent  with  long 

hairs. 
Panicle  contracted ;  flowering  scale  broadly  oval,  rounded 

at  the  apex.  74.  Rhombolytrum. 

Panicle  open  and  diffuse;  flowering  scales  lanceolate  and 
•  acute.  71.  Redfieldia. 

Callus  of  the  flowering  scale  glabrous. 

Second  empty  scale  similar  to  the  first. 

Panicle  narrow,  the  branches  appressed. 

Panicle  dull,  interrupted  ;  rachilla  articulated. 

73.  Molinia. 
Panicle   shining,    dense   and   spike-like  ;    rachilla 

continuous.  77.  Koeleria. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  more  or  less  spreading. 

Rachilla  continuous;  flowering  scales  deciduous  in 
fruit,  the  palet  persistent. 

75.  Eragrostis. 

Rachilla  articulated  ;  flowering  scales  and  palets 
both  deciduous  with  the  rachilla  internodes. 
78.  Catabrosa. 


66  FLORA. 

Second  empty  scale  very  dissimilar  to  the  fiist,  broad  and 

rounded  at  the  summit.  76.  Eatonia. 

Flowering  scales  coriaceous  in  fruit ;  seed  beaked  and  exserted  from 

the  scales.  80.  Korycarpus. 

Flowering  scales  5-many-nerved. 

Flowering  scales  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  68.  Sieglingia. 

Flowering  scales  not  3-toothed  at  the  apex. 

Spikelets  with  2  or  more  of  the  upper  scales  empty,  broad  and 

enfolding  each  other.  79.  Melica. 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  scales  flower-bearing,  or  narrow  and 

abortive. 
Keel  of  the  palet  winged  or  with  a  linear  appendage. 

81.  Pleuropogon. 
Keel  of  the  palet  not  appendaged. 

Stigmas  placed  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary  ;  flow- 
ering scales  awned  only  in  Nos.  85  and  93. 
Scales  more  or  less  strongly  compressed  and  keeled. 
Empty  basal  scales  3-6;  spikelets  flat,  2-edged. 

82.  Uniola. 
Empty  basal  scales  2  ;  spikelets  flattened. 

Panicle  contracted  ;  spikelets  dioecious. 

83.  Distichlis. 
Panicle  open  ;  spikelets  perfect. 

Flowering  scales  herbaceous,  awn- 
pointed  ;  spikelets  collected  in  one- 
sided clusters. 

85.  Dactylis. 

Flowering  scales  scarious-margined ; 
rachis  glabrous  or  with  webby 
hairs. 
Spikelets  large,  cordate. 

84.  Briza, 

Spikelets  mostly  smaller,  not  cor- 
date. 

Empty  scales  projecting  be- 
yond the  uppermost  flow- 
ering ones ;  arctic  grass. 

88.  Dupontia. 
Uppermost  scales  exceeding 

the  empty  ones;  flowering 
scales  2-10,  mostly  webby 
at  base. 

87.  Poa. 

Flowering  scales  membranous ;  rachis 
hirsute  with  stiff  hairs,  extended 
into  a  hairy  appendage. 

90.  GraphepJiorum. 
Scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 

Flowering  scales   with   a   basal   ring   of 
hairs,  toothed  at  apex ;  water  grass. 

89.  Scolochloa. 
Flowering  scales  naked  at  the  base  : 

Obtuse  or  subacute  and   scarious   at 

the  apex,  usually  toothed. 
Plainly  5~7-nerved  ;  styles  present. 

91.  Panicularia. 
Obscurely  5-nerved  ;  no  style. 

92.  Puccinellia. 
Acute,  pointed  or  awned  at  apex. 

93.  Festuca. 
Stigmas  plainly  arising  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary  J 

scales  mostly  awned.  94.  Bromus. 

Tribe  XI.     HORDEAE. 

Stfgma  I J  spite  unilateral ;  spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow.  95.  Nardtts. 

Stigmas  2;  spike  symmetrical. 

'-pikelets  solitary  at  the  notches  of  the  rachis. 

Flowering  scales  with  their  backs  turned  to  the  rachis.         96.  Lolium* 


G  KAMI  WEAK.  67 

Flowering  scales  with  their  sides  turned  to  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  i-2-flowered  in  slender  articulate  spikes.  97.  Lepturus. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered  in  stout  inarticulate  spikes   (articulated  in  one 

species).  98.  Agropyron. 

Spikelets  2-6  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis;  scales  mostly  long-awned. 
Spikelets  i-flowered  or  with  the  rudiment  of  a  second  flower. 

99.  Hordeum. 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Rachis  of  the  spike  articulated,  readily  breaking  up  into  joints. 

100.  Sitanion. 
Rachis  of  the  spike  continuous,  not  breaking  up  into  joints. 

Empty  scales  a  little  smaller  than  the  flowering  ones. 

101.  Elymus. 
Empty  scales  very  small  or  none.                              102.  Hystrix. 

Tribe  XII.     BAMBUSEAE. 

Tall  canes  with  large  flat  spikelets  in  panicles  or  racemes.  103.  Arundtnarta, 

x.  TRIPSACUM  L. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  thick  rootstocks,  rather  broad,  flat  leaves  and  monce- 
cious  flowers.  Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  in  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered, 
elongated  spikes.  Staminate  spikelets  in  2's  at  each  node  of  the  upper  part  of  the  axis. 
2-flowereri  Insisting  of  four  scales,  the  two  outer  coriaceous,  the  two  inner  thinner, 
the  palet  hyaline;  stamens  3.  Pistillate  spikelets  in  excavations  at  the  lower  joints 
of  the  spike,  I -flowered;  stigmas  exserted;  style  slender.  Grain  partly  enclosed  in 
the  excavations  of  the  spikes,  covered  in  front  by  the  horny  exterior  lower  scale. 
[Name  from  the  Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  polished  outer  scales.]  About  3  species, 
natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  America.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  the  southern  United  States. 

I.  Tripsacum  dactyloides  L.  GAMA-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  210.)  Rootstock 
1.25-2.5  cm.  thick,  culms  stout,  erect,  1-2  m.  tall.  Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous, 
3  dm.  or  more  long,  1.25-3.75  cm.  wide;  spikes  terminal,  and  in  the  upper  axils, 
solitary  or  2-3  together,  1-1.25  dm.  long;  outer  scales  of  the  staminate  spikelets 
linear  and  obtuse,  8  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  faintly  many-nerved;  exterior 
scale  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  horny,  shining.  In  swamps  or  along  streams,  Conn, 
to  Kansas,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  June-Sept. 

2.  ERIANTHUS  Michx.     (See  Appendix.) 

Tall,  generally  robust,  perennial  grasses,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  long 
flat  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Spikelets  generally  with  a 
ring  of  hairs  at  the  base,  2  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other 
with  a  pedicel,  generally  I  -flowered.  Scales  4,  the  two  outer  indurated,  the  inner 
hyaline,  the  fourth  bearing  a  terminal  straight  or  contorted  awn;  palet  small,  hya- 
line; stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek,  referring  to 
the  woolly  spikelets.]  About  17  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  tropical  re- 
gions of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,  four  others  occur  in  the  Southern 
States. 

Awn  spiral.  i.  E.  alopecuroides. 

Awn  straight. 

Panicle  lax;  branches  long  and  spreading;  basil  hairs  longer  than  the  outer  scale 

of  the  spikelet.  2.  E.  saccharoides. 

Panicle  compact  or  strict;  branches  short  and  erect  or  appressed;  basal  hairs  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  outer  scale  of  the  spikelet. 

Outer  scale  about  5  mm.  long.  3.  E.  compactus. 

Outer  scale  about  8  mm.  long.  4.  E.  brevibarbis* 

I.  Erianthus  alopecuroides  (L.)  Ell.  SPTRAL-AWNED  PLUME-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  211.)  Culms  stout,  erect,  1.5-3  m.  tall,  the  summit  and  the  axis  of  the 
panicle  densely  pubescent.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  1.5-6  dm.  long,  1.25-2.5  cm. 
wide;  panicle  oblong,  1. 5-3  dm.  long,  5-7.5  cm.  wide,  branches  spreading,  7.5-12.5 


68  FLOE  A. 

cm.  long,  slender,  loose;  awn  12-16  mm.  long,  the  portion  included  in  the  outer 
scales  tightly  spiral,  bent  at  point  of  exsertion,  and  thence  loosely  spiral.  In  damp 
soil,  N.  J.  to  Ky.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  Sept. 

2.  Erianthus   saccharoides   Michx*.    PLUME-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  212.)     Culms 
robust,  erect,  1.4-3  m-  ta^>  the  summit  and  the  axis  of  the  panicle  densely  pubescent, 
with  appressed  long  rigid  silky  hairs.     Sheaths  densely  pubescent  at  the  throat; 
leaves  0.6-2.5  cm-  wide;  panicle  lax.  broadly  oblong,  1.25-3.75  dm.  long,  5-10  cm 
wide,  its  branches    spreading,   5-10  cm.  long,  internodes  about  4  mm.  long;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  a  little  exceeding  the  pedicel  and  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 
basal  hairs;  awn  2-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  scabrous.     In  moist  sandy  soil,  S.  E.  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Eria^thus  compactus  Nash.    CONTRACTED  PLUME-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  213.) 
Culms  1-3  m.  tall,  the  summit  and  axis  of  the  panicle  densely  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed  long  rigid  silky  hairs.     Sheaths  glabrous,  or  pubescent  at  the  top;  leaves 
6-12  mm.   wide;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,    1-1.5  dm.  l°ng>  about  3.75  cm.  wide; 
branches   erect,  2.5-5   cm-  l°ng'>  internodes  about  2  mm.  long;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  exceeding  the  pedicels  and  about  equalling  the  basal  hairs;   awn  1-2  cm. 
long,  scabrous.     In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.     Aug. -Sept. 

4.  Erianthus  brevibarbis  Michx.     SHORT-BEARDED  PLUME-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f. 
214.)     Culms  stout,  erect,  1-2  m.  tall,  nodes  naked  or  scantily  barbed,  the  summit 
and  axis  of  the  panicle  smooth  or  scabrous.      Sheaths  glabrous;    leaves  rough,  3- 
4.5    dm.   long,    6-10  mm.  wide,  acuminate;  panicle  linear-oblong,  2-2.5    dm.  in 
length,  2.5-3.75  cm.  wide,  branches  erect,  5-12.5  cm.  long,  internodes  about  5  mm. 
long;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  8  mm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  pedicel 
and  equalling  or  twice  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate;  inner 
scales  shorter;  awn  1.8-2.5  cm.  long,  straight,  scabrous.     In  moist  soil,  Del.  to  N. 
C.  and  La.     Autumn. 

3.  MANISURIS  L.    [ROTTBOELLIA  L.  f.] 

Mostly  tall  perennials,  with  running  rootstocks,  narrow  flat  leaves  and  cylindri- 
cal jointed  spikes,  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each 
node  of  the  excavated  rachis,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  and 
either  staminate  or  empty.  Scales  of  the  perfect  spikelet  4,  the  outermost  thick 
and  coriaceous,  covering,  together  with  the  pedicel  of  the  sterile  spikelet,  the  exca- 
vation in  the  rachis;  second  scale  chartaceous;  third  and  fourth  hyaline,  the  latter 
subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  three.  Styles  distinct.  Grain 
free.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  tail-like  spikes.]  About  25  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  and  temperate  countries. 

Culms  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  round  ;  sheaths  round,  narrow.  i.  M.  cylindrical. 

Culms  tufted,  no  rootstocks,  much  flattened,  at  least  below  ;  sheaths  much  compressed, 

broad,  keeled.  2.  Jkf.  rugosa. 

1.  Manisuris  cylindrica  (Mx.)  Kuntze.     CREEPING  MANSURIS.     Culms  3-10 
dm.  tall,  slender;  leaves  3  dm.  or  less  long,  1-3  mm.  wide;  racemes  1-2  dm.  long; 
sessile   spikelets  4.5-5   mm.  long,  about  equalling  the   internodes,   the   first   scale 
more  or  less  pitted  in  longitudinal  lines,  or  rarely  unpitted,  the  the  pits  often  con- 
taining a  subulate  hair;  pedicellate  spikelets  reduced  to  I  or  2  scales,  the  pedicel 
linear,  shorter  than  the  sessile  spikelet  and  curved  around  its  margin.     In  sandy 
soil,  Ga.  and  Fla.  to  Tex.;  also  in  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Ind.  Terr.     June-Aug. 

2.  Manisuris  rugosa  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.    WRINKLED  MANISURIS.    (I.  F.  f.  215.) 
Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,   compressed,  much  branched  above.     Sheaths  compressed; 
leaves  flat,  1.5-6  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  spikes  partially  included  in  the  sheath 
or  more  or  less  exserted,  3-5  cm.  long;  outermost  scale   of  the  spikelets   about  4 
mm.  long,  strongly  trans  verse -rugose.     In  wet  soil  along  the  coast,  Del.   to  Fla., 
west  to  Tex.     June- Sept. 

4.  ANDROPOGON  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  grasses  with  usually  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile 
and  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate,  empty  or  reduced  to  a 


GRAMINEAE.  69 

single  scale.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outer  2  coriaceous,  the 
second  keeled  and  acute,  the  two  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  more  or  less  awned  and 
subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  in 
allusion  to  the  bearded  rachis.]  About  150  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  the  south- 
ern and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Racemes  singly  disposed ;  apex  of  the  rachilla  internodes  with  a  translucent  cup-shaped 

entire  or  irregularly-toothed  appendage. 

Spikelets  5-7  mm.  long ;  sheaths  of  the  innovations  green.  i.  A.  scoparius, 

Spikelets  8-iO  mm.  long;  sheets  of  the  innovations  strongly  compressed,  glaucous. 

2.  A.  littoralis. 

Racemes  disposed  in  pairs  or  more ;  apex  of  the  rachis  internodes  unappendaged. 
Pedicellate  spikelet  sterile,  of  i  or  2  scales,  much  smaller  than  the  sessile  one. 

Racemes  usually  protruding  from  the  lateral  fissure  of  the  spathe,  sometimes 

more  or  less  exserted  from  the  apex,  the  peduncle  never  long-exserted. 
Branches  of  the  inflorescence  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  in  a  dense 

corymbiform  panicle.  3.  A.  corymbosus, 

Branches  of  the   inflorescence   scattered  along  the   culm   in   a   long  linear 

panicle.  4.  A.  Virgtnicus. 

Racemes  much  exserted  on  long  peduncles. 

Stamen  i ;  upper  sheaths  much  enlarged.  5.    A.  Elliot  tii. 

Stamens  3;  sheaths  not  enlarged. 

First  scale  of  the  spikelet  nerveless  between  the  keels ;  terminal  hairs  of 

the  internodes  about  twice  their  length.  6.  A.  argyraeus. 

First  scale  of  the  spikelet  with  2  or  3  nerves  between  the  keels ;  terminal 
hairs  of  the  internodes  about  equalling  them. 

7.  A.  Cabanisii. 
Pedicellate  spikelet  as  large  as  or  larger  than  the  sessile,  of  4  scales  and  a  staminate 

or  rarely  perfect  flower. 
Fourth  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  with  a  long  geniculate  awn,  more  or  less  spiral 

at  the  base. 

Outer  two  scales  of  the  sessile  spikelet  more  or  less  hispidulous  all  over; 
hairs  on  the  rachis  internodes  usually  2  mm.  or  less  long. 

8.  A.  fur  cat  us. 
Outer  2  scales  of  the  sessile  spikelet  smooth  or  nearly  so,  except  on  the 

nerves ;  hairs  of  the  rachis  internodes  3-4  mm.  long,  usually  yellow. 

9.  A.  chrysocomus. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  sessile  spikelet  awnless  or  with  a  short,  straight,  untwisted 

awn . 

Marginal  hairs  on  the  pedicels  and  rachis  internodes  copious,  stiff. 

10.  A.  Hallii. 

Marginal  hairs  on  the  pedicels  and  rachis  internodes  scant  or  almost  want- 
ing, lax,  crisped.  ir.  A.  paucipilus. 

1.  Andropogon   scoparius   Michx.     BROOM   BEARD-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  216.) 
Culms  tufted,  6-12  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  sometimes  glaucous  ;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
scabrous  ;  spikes  2. 5-5  cm.  long,  loose,  solitary,  on  long-exserted  slender  peduncles ; 
rachis  slender,  flexuous,  joints  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  long,  spreading  hairs;  outer- 
most scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about  6  mm.  long;  awn  spiral,  10—12  mm.  long  ;  pedi- 
ce'led  spikelet  a  single  awn-pointed  scale.    In  dry  sandy  fields,  N.  B.  to  Alb.  south 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Andropogon    littoralis  Nash.     SEASIDE  BEARD-GRASS.     Culms  densely 
tufted,  8-10  dm.   tall,   the  innovations  with  the  leaves  and  strongly  compressed 
sheaths    glaucous;    leaves    2    dm.  long  or   less,  rough;    racemes   3-4   cm.  long, 
rarely    longer;     sessile    spikelets   8-10   mm.    long,  the   awn  of  the   fourth    scale 
geniculate,  spiral,  10-15  mm-  long  ;  pedicellate  spikelet  a  single-awned  scale.     In 
sand  along  the  seashore,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Aug. -Oct. 

3.  Andropogon  corymbosus  (Chapm.)  Nash.     BUSHY  BEARD-GRASS.     (I.  F. 
f.  221.)     Culms  4-10  dm.  tall,  from  a  little  exceeding  to  twice  as  long  as  the  basal 
leaves;  sheaths  keeled,  those  at  the  base   much   compressed   and    equitant,  rough, 
more  or  less  papillose-hirsute;  culm  leaves  rough;  spathes  very  rough,  tightly  en- 
rolled around  the  common  peduncle,  which  is  usually  as  long  as  the   spathe   and 
hispidulous  toward  the  summit;  racemes  in  pairs,  more  or  less  exserted,  2-3  cm. 


?O  FLORA. 

long;  sessile  spikelet  4-5  mm.  long,  the  awn  1-1.8  cm.  long.     Wet  soil,  D.  C.  to 
Fla.  and  Miss.     Sept.  -Oct.      [A.  glomeratus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  in  part.] 

Andropogon  corymbosus  abbrevi&tus  (Hack.)  Nash.  Differs  from  the  type  in 
having  the  spathes  generally  about  equalling  the  racemes,  and  few  if  any  of  them  narrow 
and  enrolled  on  the  peduncles.  Similar  situations,  Long  Island  to  Fla.  Sept. -Oct. 

4.  Andropogon  Virginicus    L.     VIRGINIA  BEARD-GRASS.     (I.   F.    f.    220.) 
Culms  tufted,  5-10  dm.  tall,  many  times  longer  than  the  basal  leaves;   sheaths,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  more  or  less  tuberculate-hirsute  on  the  margins;   leaves  4  dm. 
long  or  less,  more  or  less  hirsute  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  base;  spathes  3-5 
cm.  long,  broad;  racemes   generally  in  pairs,  2-3  cm.  long;   sessile   spikelets   3-4 
mm.  long,  the  awn  10-15  long;    pedicellate  spikelet  wanting  or  rarely  present  as  a 
minute  scale.     Dry  or  moist  fields,  Mass,  to  111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.- 
Sept. 

5.  Andropogon  Elliottii  Chapm.     ELLIOTT'S  BEARD-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  222.) 
Culms  tufted,  5-8  dm.  tall;  lower  sheaths  and  those  of  the  innovations  densely  ap- 
pressed-hirsute,  those  of  the  inflorescence  much  enlarged  and  much  crowded  at  the 
summit,  8-n  cm.  long;  leaves  2  dm.  or  less  long,  rough  above  and  hirsute  near 
the  base;  racemes  in  pairs,  slender,  3-4  cm.  long,  those  on  the  longer  branch  at 
each  node  exserted,  the  rest  concealed  in  the  sheaths;   sessile  spikelets  4.5-5  mm. 
long,  the  awn  geniculate,  1.5-2.3  cm.  long,  usually  spiral  at  the  base,  the  column 
much  exserted.     Dry  sandy  soil,  Pa.  (according  to  S.  Watson),  south  to  Fla.  and 
Miss.     Sept. -Oct. 

6.  Andropogon  argyraeus  Schultes.     SILVERY  BEARD-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  217.) 
Culms  6-1 2  dm.  tall,  simple  at  base,  generally  much  branched  above.   Sheaths  some- 
what compressed;  basal  leaves   1.5-3  dm.  long;  upper  5-20  cm.  by  2  mm.  wide; 
spikes  in  pairs,  2.5—5  cm'  l°ng>  on  exserted  slender  peduncles ;  joints  of  the  rachis  and 
pedicels  pubescent  with  long,  silky-white,  spreading  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  sessile 
spikelet  about  5  mm.  long,  acuminate,  hispidulous;  awn  loosely  spiral,  12-18  mm. 
long,  scabrous;  pedicelled  spikelet  a  minute  deciduous  scale.     In  dry  sandy  soil, 
Del.  to  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Sept.     [A.  argenteus  Ell.] 

7.  Andropogon  Cabanlsii   Hack.      CABANIS'   BEARD-GRASS.     Culms  6-10 
dm.    tall.     Sheaths  smooth  or  a  little  roughened;    leaves  2.5   dm.  or  less    long, 
smooth  beneath,    rough  above;    racemes  in  pairs,  4—7   cm.   long,   grayish;  sessile 
spikelets  6-7  mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  the  first  scale  strongly  hispidulous  and 
2-3 -nerved  between   the  keels;  pedicellate  spikelet  of  a  single  hispidulous  scale 
3-3.5  mm.  long.     Dry  soil,  Pa.  (according  to  Hackel)  and  Fla.     June-Aug. 

8.  Andropogon  furcatus   Muhl.     FORKED  BEARD-GRASS.     (I.    F.    f.    219.) 
Culms  stout,  9-18  dm.  tall.     Sheaths    smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1.5-4.5  dm. 
long;  spikes  2-5,   in   pairs  or  approximate,    5-10  cm.   long;  joints  of  rachis  and 
pedicels  ciliate  with  short  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  6-8   mm.  long; 
awn  10-14  mm.  long;  loosely  spiral,  geniculate;  pedicelled  spikelet  of  4  scales.     In 
dry  or  moist  soil,  Me.  to  Man.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

9.  Andropogon    chrysocomus    Nash.       YELLOW-HAIRED    BEARD-GRASS. 
Culms  7-15  dm.  tall;  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  3    dm.  long  or  less, 
smooth  beneath,  a  little  roughened  above;  racemes  in  2's-4*s,  5-9  cm.  long,  stout, 
long-exserted;   sessile  spikelets  about  I   cm.  long,  the  outer  2  scales  hispid  on  the 
nerves,  the  awn  of  the  fourth  scale  twisted  at  the  base,  geniculate,  10-12  mm.  long; 
pedicellate  spikelet  avvnless.     Dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.     July-Sept. 

10.  Andropogon  Hallii  Hack.    HALL'S  BEARD-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  218.)    Culms 
robust,  9-18  dm.  tall,  more  or  less  glaucous.     Sheaths  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves 
3dm.  long  or  less;  spikes  2— 5,  5—10  cm.  long;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet 
about  8  mm.  long,  acuminate,  glabrous  at  base,  from  sparingly  to  copiously  silky- 
pubescent  toward  the  apex;  awn  straight,  4-10  mm.  long,  or  sometimes  wanting ; 
pedicelled  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  generally  larger  than  the   sessile   spikelet 
and  enclosing   three  stamens.     Dry  sandy  soil,  Kans.  and  Mont,  to  Mex.     Aug.- 
Sept. 

zi.  Andropogon  paucipilus  Nash.  SCANT-HAIRED  BEARD-GRASS.  Culms 
10-12  dm.  tall,  rather  stout.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous,  as  are  the  leaves 
which  are  erect  and  3  dm.  long  or  less;  racemes  in  2's-3's,  5-7  cm.  long,  exserted; 


GRAMINEAE.  7 1 

sessile  spikelets  9-10  mm.  long,  the  outer  2  scales  hispid  on  the  nerves  toward  the 
apex,  pubescent  toward  the  summit  with  long  loose-crisped  hairs;  pedicellate  spike- 
let  similar  to  the  sessile  one,  staminate.  In  dry  soil,  Mont,  and  Neb.  July. 

5.  AMPHILOPHIS    Nash. 

Perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  showy,  often  silvery-white,  pan- 
icles,  the  axis  short,  making  the  panicle  appear  fan-like,  or  elongated  with  the 
branches  more  scattered.  Racemes  usually  numerous,  the  internodes  with  mani- 
festly thickened  margins,  the  median  portion  thin  and  translucent,  the  pedicels  of 
the  same  structure,  the  margins  ciliate  with  usually  long  hairs.  Sessile  spikelets 
of  4  scales,  the  first  one  2-keeled,  the  second  i -keeled,  the  third  and  fourth  scales 
hyaline,  the  latter  very  narrow,  stipe-like,  somewhat  thickened,  gradually  merg- 
ing into  a  usually  geniculate,  contorted  or  spiral  awn,  or  the  awn  rarely  wanting. 
Pedicellate  spikelets  staminate  and  similar  to  the  sessile,  or  sterile  and  smaller 
than  them.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed 
in  the  scales.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  hairs  surrounding  the  spikelets.]  About 
30  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  countries. 

i.  Amphilophis  Torreyanus  (Steud.)  Nash.  TORREY'S  BEARD  -  GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  223.)  Culms  erect,  4.5-10.5  dm.  tall,  the  nodes  naked.  Sheaths  more 
or  less  glaucous;  leaves  7.5-17.5  cm.  long,  glaucous;  spikes  2.5-3.75  cm.  long  in 
a  terminal  long-exserted  panicle  4-10  cm.  long;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet 
3-4  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  terminal  hairs  of  the  rachis-joints,  lanceolate, 
acute;  awn  8-16  mm.  long,  spiral;  pedicelled  spikelet  rudimentary.  In  dry  soil, 
Kans.  to  Ariz,  and  Mex.  Aug. -Sept.  (Andropogon  Torreyanus  Steud.) 

6.  SORGHASTRUM    Nash. 

Generally  tall  grasses,  ours  perennials,  with  long,  narrow,  flat  leaves  and  termi- 
nal panicles.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  or  3*3  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  one  sessile  and 
perfect,  the  lateral  pedicelled,  empty,  or  reduced  to  the  pedicel  only.  Perfect 
spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  two  outer  indurated  and  shining,  the  inner 
hyaline,  tlie  fourth  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  or  the  palet 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free. 
[Named  in  reference  to  its  resemblance  to  sorghum.]  About  15  species,  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  countries.  (Chrysopogon  Benth.  Not  Trin.) 

i.  Sorghastrum  avenaceum  (Michx.)  Nash.  INDIAN  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  224.) 
Culms  9-24  dm.  tall.  Lower  leaves  3  dm.  or  more  in  length;  panicle  1-3  dm. 
long,  brownish -yellow;  branches  5-10  cm.  long,  erect-spreading  ;  spikelets  erect 
or  somewhat  spreading  ;  first  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  6-8  mm.  long,  pubescent 
with  long  hairs;  second  scale  glabrous;  awn  1-2  cm.  long,  the  column  having  but 
a  single  bencl  ;  lateral  spikelets  wanting.  In  dry  fields,  Ont.  to  Man.,  south  to 
N.  H.,  Fia.  and  Ariz.  Aug.— Sept.  {Chrysopogon  az'enaceus  Benth.) 

7.  SORGHUM   Pers. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  long,  broad,  flat  leaves  and  terminal  ample 
panicles.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  the  nodes,  or  in  3*3  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  one 
sessile  and  perfect,  the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate  or  empty.  Sessile  spikelet 
consisting  of  4'  scales,  the  outer  indurated  and  shining,  obscurely-nerved,  inner 
hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  subtending  a  small  palet  and  perfect  flower,  or  palet 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  free.  [Name  Indian.] 
About  13  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  warm-temperate  regions. 

x.  Sorghum  Halepense  (L.)  Pers.  JOHNSON-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  225.)  Culms 
9-20  dm.  tall;  sheaths  smooth;  leaves  3  dm.  or  more  long,  6-25  mm.  wide;  panicle 
from  1.5-4.5  dm.  long;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  4-6  mm.  long,  usually  purplish, 
pubescent  with  long  appressed  hairs;  awn  when  present  8-16  mm.  long.  In  fields 
and  waste  places,  southern  Pa.  to  Mo.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Native 
of  southern  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 

8.  NAZIA   Adans. 

An  annual  grass,  diffusely  branched,  with  flat  leaves  and  I -flowered  decid  lous 
spikelefs,  either  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  3-5  in  a  terminal  spike.  Scales  of  spikelet 
2  or  3,  the  outermost  small  or  wanting,  the  second  rigid  and  covered  with  hooked 
prickles,  the  third  membranous,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  [Name 


72  FLORA. 

unexplained.]  A  monotypic  genus,  native  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions  of 
the  Old  World. 

i.  Nazia  racemosa  (L.)  Kuntze.  PRICKLE-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  226.)  Culms 
5-35  cm.  tall,  pubescent  above.  Leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  rather  strongly  ciliate; 
spike  2.5-10  cm.  long,  sometimes  partially  included  in  the  somewhat  inflated  upper 
sheath;  second  scale  coriaceous,  3  mm.  long,  5-nerved;  third  scale  2  mm.  long, 
I -nerved.  Occasional  in  ballast  and  waste  places  about  the  seaports.  July-Sept. 

9.  PA3PALUM  L.  (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  grasses,  various  in  habit,  with  generally  flat  leaves  and  I -flowered 
spikelets,  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  2  rows  on  i-sided  spikes,  which  are  single,  in 
pairs  or  panicled.  Spikelets  oblong  to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  outer  surface,  convex 
on  the  inner.  Scales  3,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner  one  indurated  and 
subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  separate.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free.  [An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  grass, 
used  by  Hippocrates.]  About  160  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and 
temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in  America. 

Rachis  of  the  racemes  very  broad,  twice  the  width  of  the  spikelets,  or  nearly  so,  which 

are  partially  concealed  by  its  inrolled  margins. 
Rachis  extending  beyond  the  spikelets,  long-acuminate;  spikelets  about  i  mm.  long. 

1.  P.  mucronatum. 
Rachis  not  extending  beyond  the  spikelets,  acute ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long. 

2.  P.  membranaceum. 
Rachis  of  the  racemes  narrower  than  the  spikelets,  not  inrolled  on  the  margins. 

Racemes  2,  approximately  in  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  ;  rootstocks  exten- 
sively creeping ;  culms  not  tufted.  3.  P.  distichum. 
Racemes  i-several,  alternate  ;  culms  tufted. 

Culms  simple,  no  branches  from  the  upper  sheath ;  racemes  stout. 
Spikelets  obtuse,  glabrous. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  or  less  long. 

Leaves  very  hirsute  on  both  surfaces  ;  the  hairs  on  the  sheaths  very 

dense  and  long.  4.  P,  plenipilum. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  or  nearly  so. 

Spikelets  elliptic,  hence  longer  than  broad,  decidedly  convex 
on  the  inner  side  ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

5.  P.  laeve. 

Spikelets  orbicular,  or  nearly  so,  hence  as  broad  as  long,  but 
little  convex  on  the  inner  side  ;  sheaths  hirsute. 

6.  P.  circulare. 
Spikelets  4  mm.  or  more  long.                             7.  P.  glabrattim. 

Spikelets  acute,  long  villous-ciliate  on  the  margins. 

8.  P.  dilatatum. 
Culms   branched,  the   upper   sheath   containing   from    1-3  branches;  racemes 

slender. 
Leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  or  the  midnerve  sometimes  pubescent 

beneath. 

Sheath  margins  glabrous.  9.  P.  ciliatifolium, 

Sheath  margins  pubescent. 

Spikelets  orbicular,  hence  as  broad  as  long,  straw-color,  2  mm.  in 

diameter.  10.  P.  stramineum. 

Spikelets  broadly  obovate  to  oval,  longer  than  broad,  green,  1.5  mm. 
long.  n.  P.  longipedunculatum. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  surfaces. 

Pubescence  of  copious  soft  short -appressed  hairs. 

Culms  prostrate,  the  lower  leaves  i  dm.  or  less  long. 

12.  P.  prostraturn. 
Culms  erect,  the  lower  leaves  1.5  dm.  or  more  long. 

13.  P.  Bus /tit. 
Pubescence  of  more  or  less  spreading  and  usually  rather  long  stout  hairs. 

Culm   densely  pilose  below  the  racemes ;    lower    sheaths   usually 

glabrous  or  nearly  so.  14.  P.  pubescens. 

Culm  glabrous  ;  lower  sheaths  generally  hirsute. 

Spikelets  1-1.5  mm.  long.  15.  P.  setaceunt. 

Spikelets  2-2.25  mm.  long. 

Racemes  on  the   main  culm  i,   or  sometimes  2  ;  spikelets 

glabrous  ;  leaves  rather  thin.  16.  P.  Muhlenbergii. 
Racemes  on  the  main   culm  2  or  3 ;  spikelets  pubescent; 
leaves  thick.  17.  P.  dasyphyllum. 


GRAMINEAE.  73 

1.  Paspalum  mucronatum  Muhl.    WATER  PASPALUM.    (I.  F.  f.  227.)  Culms 
ascending,  1.5-9  dm.  long,  from  a   floating  or  creeping  base,  branched.     Sheaths 
very  loose  or  inflated,   smooth  or  scabrous,   glabrous  or  pubescent  ;  leaves  7.5-30 
cm.  long,   6-25   mm.   wide,   acuminate,   scabrous;    spikes  20-100,    1.25-7.5   cm. 
long,  alternate  or  sometimes  approximately  whorled,  slender  ;  rachis  flat,  thin,  ex- 
ceeding the  spikelets,  long  acuminate,  scabrous,   its  margins  nearly  enclosing  the 
spikelets;  spikelets    in   two  rows,   about   I   mm.    long,   elliptic,    pubescent  ;    outer 
scales  very  thin,    2-nerved,  the  first  one  usually  a  little  the  longer.    In  water,  Va. 
to  southern   111.    and   Kans.,    south   to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  in  tropical  America. 
Sept.    (P.fluitans  Kunth.) 

2.  Paspalum  membranaceum  Walt.     WALTER'S  PASPALUM.     (I.  F.  f.  228.) 
Culms  erect  or  ascending,  much  branched,  smooth,  creeping  at  the  base.      Sheaths 
a  little  inflated,  smooth  ;  leaves  3.75-8.75   cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide  ;  spikes  3-7, 
alternate,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  usually  included  in  the  upper  sheath; 
rachis    not  exceeding  the   spikelets,  flat,  thin,  2-3    mm.  wide,   acute,   smooth,  its 
inrolled   margins    partly   enclosing   the  spikelets  ;     spikelets   about  2  mm.    long, 
crowded  in  2  rows,  oval,  obtuse,  smooth;    outer  scales  5 -nerved;  third  scale  len- 
ticular, slightly  shorter  than  the  outer  ones.     Moist  or  wet  grounds,  N.  J.  and  Del. 
to  southern  Ohio,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Sept.    (P.  Walterianum  Schultes.) 

3.  Paspalum   distichum   L.     JOINT-GRASS.     (I.   F.   f.    229.)     Culms   erect, 
1.5-6  dm.  tall,  extensively  creeping  at  base.     Sheaths  smooth,   sometimes  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  or  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  flat,  3.75-12.5   cm.  long,   2-4  mm. 
wide,  acuminate,  smooth;  spikes  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  in  pairs,  or  occasionally  with 
a  third,  exserted  ;  rachis  flat,  1-2   mm.  wide,  smooth  ;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
elliptic,  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  acute,  nearly  sessile  in  2  rows  ;    outer 
scales    3-5 -nerved,   slightly    exceeding   the    acute   third   one,  which    is    sparingly 
bearded  at  the  apex.     Va.  to  Mo.  and  Cal.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     Also  in 
the  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  America.     Aug. -Sept. 

4.  Paspalum  plenipilum  Nash.  LONG-HAIRED  PASPALUM.     Culms 
tufted,  erect,  rather  slender,  3-8  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  little  compressed,  very  densely 
pubescent  with  long  spreading  white  hairs;  leaves  erect  or  nearly  so,  2.5  dm.  or 
less  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  densely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  with  stiff  hairs,  those, 
toward  the  base  on  the  upper  surface  very  long;  racemes  2-4,  ascending,  3-6  cm. 
long;  spikelets  singly  arranged,  oval,  2.5-2.75  mm.  long  and  about  2  mm.  broad, 
prominently  convex  on  the  inner  side,  the  empty  scales  glabrous,  3 -nerved.     In 
dry  places,  N.  J.     Aug. 

5.  Paspalum  laeve  Michx.    FIELD  PASPALUM.    (I.  F.  f.  234.)    Bright  green, 
culms  rather  stout,    erect  or  ascending,  3-9   dm.    tall,   glabrous.       Sheaths  com- 
pressed, glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  7.5-30  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
acuminate,  glabrous  beneath,  hirsute  above  near  the  base;  spikes  2-6,  3.5-7.5  cm. 
long,  more  or  less   spreading,  alternate,  about  2-5   cm.  apart  on  the   single  stout 
peduncle,    pilose  in  the  axils;  spikelets   2.5—3  mm>   l°ng»   oval,  close,   crowded  v 

2  rows,   glabrous.     In  moist  fields,  R.  I.  to  Ky.  and  Mb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Ascends  to  1700  ft.  in  N.  C.     Aug.-Sept. 

6.  Paspalum     circulate    Nash.      ROUND-FLOWERED    PASPALUM.      Culms 
erect  or  nearly  so,  3-8  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  compressed,  at  least  the  lower  ones  hir- 
sute; leaves  erect  or  ascending,  3  dm.  or  less  long,   5— 8  mm.  wide,  glabrous  beneath, 
hirsute  above  toward  the  base;  racemes  usually  in  pairs,  sometimes  in  3's,  rarely 
in  4's,  4-9  cm.  long;    spikelets  singly  arranged,  orbicular,   about  3  mm.   in  dia- 
meter, the  inner  side  but  slightly  convex,  the  empty  scales  glabrous,   very  thin, 
bright  green,  3-nerved.     In  moist  or  dry  fields,  N.  Y.  to  N.  C. ;  also  in  Mo.    July- 
Sept. 

7.  Paspalum     glabratum    (Engelm.)     Mohr.       ENGELMANN'S     PASPALUM. 
(I.  F.  f.  235.)     Culms  stout,    erect,   9-18  dm.  tall,  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  gla- 
brous.    Sheaths    glabrous,   sometimes   glaucous;  leaves   2—4  dm.  long,  6-14  mm. 
wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  beneath,  hirsute  above;  spikes  2-5,  on  the  single  stout 
peduncle,  5-12  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  bearded  in  the  axils;  rachis  about 
2  mm.  wide,  flat  on    the  back,  scabrous  on  the  margins;    spikelets  4  mm.   long, 
broadly  oval,   glabrous,   glaucous,   singly  disposed  and  crowded  in  2  rows;  outer 
scales  5-nerved;  third  scale  striate.     Moist  places,  Del.  to  Ky.  and  Kans.,  south  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.     Sept.      (Paspalum  Floridanum  Michx.  in,  part.) 


74  FLORA. 

8.  Paspalum  dilatatum  Poir.     TALL  PASPALUM.     (I.  F.  f.  230.).     Culms 
erect,  9-18  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  3  dm.  oi 
more  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  sometimes  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base;  spikes  4-12, 
5-12.5  cm.  long,  spreading,  alternate;  rachis  of  the  spikes  narrow,  less  than  2  mm. 
wide,   somewhat  flexuous,  scabrous;  spikelets  about  3   mm.  long,  in  3  or  4  rows 
acute;  outer  scales  5 -nerved,  the  first  villous  on  the  margins,  the  second  glabrous 
or  sparsely  pubescent,  the  third  nearly  orbicular,  minutely  punctate-striate.     In 
moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

9.  Paspalum    ciliatifolium   Michx.      CILIATE-LEAVED    PASPALUM.     Culms 
tufted,  erect,  4-8  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  5-25  cm.   long, 
6-15  mm.  wide,  smooth  and  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  the  margins  conspicuously 
ciliate  with  long  hairs;  racemes  single  or  sometimes  in  2's,  5-11  cm.   long;  spike- 
lets  in  pairs,  1. 8-2. 1  mm.   long  and  1.5-1.8  mm.   broad,  oval  to  broadly  obovate, 
the  empty  scales  3 -nerved,  or  the  midnerve  rarely  lacking  in  the  second,  glabrous. 
In  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  D.  C.  and  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     June-Sept. 

10.  Paspalum   stramineum  Nash.     STRAW-COLORED  PASPALUM.     Foliage 
yellowish-green,  the  spikelets.  and  sometimes  also  the  sheaths,  pale  straw,.color. 
Culms  tufted,  2-8  dm.  tall;  sheaths,  all  but  the  lower  ones,  glabrous  except  on  the 
margins;  leaves  erect  or  nearly  so,   firm,   long-cilia te  on  the  margins,  otherwise 
glabrous,  5-25  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide;  racemes  4-10  cm.  long,  usually  in  pairs, 
rarely  I  or  3;  spikelets  in  pairs,  orbicular,   2  mm.  in  diameter,  the  first  scale  3- 
nerved,  pubescent,  the   second  scale   2-nerved,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     In  sandy 
places  and  fields,  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Ind.  Terr.    July-Sept.     {Paspalum  ciliatifolium 
Michx.  in  part.) 

11.  Paspalum  longipedunculatum   Le  Conte.     LONG-STALKED  PASPALUM. 
(I.  F.  f.  233.)     Culms   reclining  or  decumbent,   3-4.5    dm.  long,  smooth,  leafy  at 
base.     Sheaths  glabrous  or  ciliate  on  the  margins,  pilose  at  the  throat;  leaves  2.5- 
8.75  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  along  the  midnerve;  pe- 
duncles 1-2  from  the   upper  sheath;  spikes   1-2,  2.5-6.25    cm.  long,  more  or  less 
curved;  rachis  very  narrow,  more  or  less  flexuous;  spikelets  about   1.5  mm.  long; 
outer  scales  3-nerved,  the  first  one  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparsely  pubescent;  third 
scale  slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones.     Sandy  soil,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Term. 
Aug.-Sept. 

12.  Paspalum    prostratum   Nash.     PROSTRATE    PASPALUM.      Culms  pros- 
trate, tufted,  forming  large,  dense  masses,  5-8  dm.  long.     Sheaths,  as  well  as  both 
surfaces  of  the  leaves,  softly  and  densely  pubescent  with  short  hairs ;  leaves  erect 
or  nearly  so,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  3.5-10  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide;  racemes  5- 
7.5  cm.  long,  usually  in  pairs  on  the  main  culm;  spikelets  in  pairs,  about  2  mm. 
long  and   1.8  mm.  wide,  oval,  the  outer  scales  densely  pubescent,  the  fir§t  scale 
3-nerved,  the  second  scale  usually  2-nerved  by  the  suppression  of  the  midnerve. 
In  dry  sandy  soil,  southeastern  N.  Y.  to- Del.     Aug.-Sept. 

13.  Paspalum    Bushii   Nash.      BUSH'S  PASPALUM.     Culms  erect,  8-10  dm. 
tall,   rather   stout,   lower   sheaths   pubescent,  the   others   pilose  on  the    margins; 
leaves  erect  or  ascending,  5-20  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  broad,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
softly  and  densely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  with  very  short  hairs;  racemes  IO-I2 
cm.  long,  in  2's  or  3*3  on  the  main  culm;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2-2.2  mm.  long  and 
about  1.8  mm.   broad,    oval,   the    empty    scales   densely  pubescent,    3-nerved,    or 
the  second  scale  sometimes  2-nerved  by  the  suppression  of  the  midnerve.     In  dry 
soil,  Mo.     Aug. 

14.  Paspalum  pubescens  Muhl.     PUBESCENT  PASPALUM.     Culms  erect,  4- 
8  dm.  tall,  pilose  at  the  summit.     Sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  4-23  cm. 
l.;ng,   3-6  mm.   wide,   rarely  broader,   densely  long-pubescent  on  both  surfaces; 
rac'emes  usually  I,  rarely  2,  6-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  in  pairs,  glabrous,  about  2 
mm.    long,   oval,    1.5—1.8  mm.  wide,   the  empty  scales  3-nerved,  or  the  second  2- 
nerved  by  the  suppression  of  the  midnerve.     In  dry   soil,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Kans., 
south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept.      (Paspalum  ciliatifolium   Michx.  in  part.) 

15.  Paspalum  setaceum  Michx.      SLENDER    PASPALUM.       (I.    F.    f.    231.) 
Culms  mostly  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  slender,  smooth.      Sheaths  and  leaves  generally 
very  pubescent,  the   latter   7.5-20  cm.    long,   2—6  mm.   wide,    erect,    acuminate; 
spikes  3.75-8.75   cm.  long,   more  or  less  curved,   generally  solitary,  occasionally 
2,  on  a  long-exserted  slender  peduncle,  with  usually  I  or  2  additional  shorter  pe- 


GRAMINEAE.  75 

duncles  from  the  same  upper  sheath;  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  in  2  narrow 
rows,  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse;  empty  scales  3 -nerved,  glabrous  or  pubescent; 
third  scale  obovate,  shining.  In  dry  fields,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  111.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.  Aug. -Sept. 

1 6.  Paspa  um    Muhlenbergii   Nash.     MUHLENBERG'S  PASPALUM.       (I.  F. 
f.  232.)     Culms  tufted,  at  first  erect,  at  length  reclining,  4-8  dm.  long.     Sheaths 
usually  hirsute  all  over;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  usually  7-1 1  mm.  wide,  sometimes 
narrower,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  generally  long  hairs,  more  or  less  pubescent  on 
both  surfaces  with  similar  hairs;  racemes  solitary  or  in  25s,  5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets 
in  pairs,  glabrous,  about  2  mm.  long  and  1.8  mm.  wide,  oval  or  broadly  obovate,  the 
empty  scales  3-nerved,  or  the  second  rarely  2-nerved  by  the  suppression  of  the  mid- 
nerve.     In   fields  or  in  sandy  or  stony  ground,  Mass,  to  Mo.  and  Ind.  Terr.,  south 
to  S.  Car.,  Ga.  and  Miss.     Aug.— Oct.      (Paspalum  ciliatifolium  Michx.  i:i  part. ) 

17.  Paspalum  dasyphyllum  Ell.     HAIRY-LEAVED  PASPALUM.     Plant  yellow- 
ish green.     Culms  tufted,   2-6  dm.  tall;  sheaths,  as  well  as  both  surfaces  of  the 
leaves,   densely  pubescent  with  long,  yellowish,  spreading  hairs  ;    leaves  erect  (  r 
ascending,  thick,  2  dm.  or  less  long,  usually  1-2  cm.  broad;  racemes  on  the  main 
culm  in  2's  or  3's,  4-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2-2.2  mm.  long  and  about 
1.8  mm.  wide,  broadly  obovate,  the  first  scale  generally  pubescent,  3-nerved,  the 
second  scale  glabrous,  usually  2-nerved  or  sometimes  3-nerved.     In  dry,  usually 
sandy,  places,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.;    also  in  Mo.     June-Sept.      (Paspalum    ciliatifolium 
Michx.  in  part.) 

10.  ANASTROPHUS   Schlecht. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  the  culms  usually  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  with  flat 
leaves  and  i -flowered  spikelets,  borne  singly  in  2  rows  in  one-sided  spikes  which 
(in  our  species)  are  disposed  in  a  single  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  or  some- 
times with  an  additional  one  a  short  distance  below.  Spikelets  oblong  to  lan- 
ceolate, convex  on  the  outer  surface,  flat  on  the  inner.  Scales  3,  the  outer  2 
membranous,  the  inner  one  firm  and  with  its  opening  turned  toward  the  rachis, 
subtending  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  separate.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free.  [Greek,  signifying  turned  around,  referring  to  the  spikelets.] 

Spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long,  oblong;.  i.  A.  compressus. 

Spikelets  about  4  mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate.  2.  A.  paspaloides, 

1.  Anastrophus   compressus   (Sw.)   Schlecht.     (I.  F.  f.  236.)     Stolons   nu- 
merous, leafy,  sometimes  6  dm.  long.     Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  slender,  compressed, 
glabrous;  sheaths  loose;  leaves  glabrous,  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate,  obtuse,  those 
of  the  culm  5-10  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  stolons  about  2.5  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide;  spikes  2-5,  2.5-5  cm<  l°ng>  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  long 
and  slender  stalk  ;    spikelets  not  crowded  nor  secund,  about  2  mm.  long,  acute. 
Va.  to  Fla.  and  west  to  La.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.      Probably 
not  native  in  the  U.  S.     Aug. -Sept.     (Paspalum  compression  Nees.) 

2.  Anastrophus  paspaloides  (Michx.)  Nash.     (I.  F.  f.  237.)     Culms  3-7.5 
dm.  tall,  from  an  extensively    creeping    base.      Sheaths    and  leaves    glabrous    or 
pubescent,  the  latter  5-22  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  obtuse;  spikes  3.75-8.75  cm. 
long,  in  pairs,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional  one;  rachis  flat,  about  I  mm.  wide; 
spikelets  about  4  mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  not  crowded  ;    outer  scales 
5-nerved,  glabrous.     Moist  ground,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west   to  Tex.     July-Aug.     (Pas- 
Palum  paspaloides  Scribn.  P,  Elliottii  S.  Watson.) 

u.  AMPHICARPON  Raf. 

Erect  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelets  of  two  kinds  ;  one  kind 
borne  in  terminal  panicles,  deciduous  without  perfecting  fruit  ;  the  other  solitary, 
terminating  subterranean  peduncles,  and  maturing  seed.  Scales  3,  membranous, 
the  innermost  subtending  a  palet  and  a  perfect  flower  ;  the  scales  of  the  subter- 
ranean spikelets  become  indurated  and  enclose  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
plumose.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  spikelets.]  Species  2,  inhabiting 
the  southeastern  U.  S.,  one  of  them  restricted  to  Fla. 


?6  FLORA. 

i.  Amphicarpon  Amphicarpon  (Pursh)  Nash.  (I.  F.  f.  238.)  Culms  3-4.5 
dm.  tall,  slender,  glabrous.  Sheaths  papillose-hirsute;  leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long,  4-12 
mm.  wide,  erect,  hirsute  and  ciliate;  panicle  linear,  1-1.5  dm.  l°ng?  branches  erect; 
spikelets  about  4  mm.  long,  elliptic;  outer  scales  5 -nerved,  glabrous;  subterranean 
•spikelets  ovoid  in  fruit,  about  6  mm.  long.  In  moist  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
near  the  coast.  Aug.-Sept.  [A.  Purshii  Kunth.] 

12.  ERIOCHLOA,  H.  B.  K. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  short-pedicelled  spikelets 
borne  in  secund  spikes,  which  form  a  terminal  panicle.  Spikelets  with  an  annular 
callus  at  the  base  and  articulated  to  the  pedicel.  Scales  3,  the  two  outer  mem- 
branous, acute,  the  inner  one  shorter,  indurated  and  subtending  a  palet  and  a  per- 
fect flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek, 
signifying  wool-grass.] 

I.  Eriochloa  punctata  (L.)  W.  Hamilt.  DOTTED  MILLET.  (I.  F.  f.  239.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall.  Sheaths  sometimes  pubescent  ;  leaves  5-^5  cm.  long  ;  spikes 
4-25,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng'  sessile  or  nearly  so;  rachis  pubescent;  spikelets  about  4  mm. 
long,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  outer  scales  pubescent  with  appressed  silky 
hairs,  the  third  about  2  mm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex  and  bearing  a  pubescent 
awn  about  I  mm.  long.  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.  Widely  distributed  in  trop.  Am. 

13.  SYNTHERISMA  Walt. 

Annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelets  borne  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in  3*5, 
in  secund  spikes  which  are  digitate  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm. 
Spikes  often  purplish.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  sometimes  3  by  the  suppression  of 
the  lowest  one;  the  fourth  or  innermost  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  simi- 
lar texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  crop- 
making,  in  allusion  to  its  abundance.]  Species  about  25,  widely  distributed  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 

Rachis  of  the  racemes  with  the  angles  wingless;  first  scale  of  the  spikelet  wanting,  or 

sometimes  present  as  an  inconspicuous  rudiment. 
Racemes  usually  short,  2-10  cm.  long ;  spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long. 

i.  S.  filiformis. 
Racemes  usually  exceeding  10  cm.  long,  rarely  shorter;  spikelets  2.25  mm.  or  more 

long.  2.   S.  villosa, 

Rachis  of  the  racemes  with  the  lateral  angles  broadly  winged;  first  scale  of  the  spikelet 

usually  present,  generally  wanting  in  Nos.  3  and  4. 
Pedicels  terete  or  nearly  so,  sparingly  if  at  all  hispidulous. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  strongly  pubescent;  second  scale  one-half  or  less  as  long  as 

the  spikelet.  3.  S.  serotina. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous;  second  scale  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

4.  S.  linearis. 
Pedicels  sharply  3-angled,  the  angles  strongly  hispidulous. 

Spikelets  usually    less  than  3  mm.   long;    third  scale  with  the  first  and  second 
nerves  on  each  side  hispid  above  the  middle.  5.  S.  sanguinalis. 

Spikelets  more  than  3  mm.  long ;  third  scale  with  the  nerves  smooth. 

6.  S.fimbriata. 

1.  Synth srisma  filiformis  (L.) Nash.  SLENDER  FINGER-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  242.) 
Culms  1.5-7  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  hirsute,   at  least  the  lower  ones;  leaves  3-20  cm. 
long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  racemes  2-5,   2-10  cm.   long,   erect  or  ascending;  spikelets 
about  1.8  mm.  long,  0.75  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  acute,  in  pairs,  the  first  scale  want- 
ing, the  second  3-ncrved,  the  third  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  deep  chestnut-brown 
at  maturity.     Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  H.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Del.,  N.  C.  and  the  Ind. 
Terr.     July- Sept.    \Panicum  fi liformc  L.] 

2.  Syntherisma  villosa  Walt.    SOUTHERN  SLENDER  FINGER-GRASS.    Culms 
densely  tufted,  6-14  dm.  tall.     Sheaths,  at  least  the   lower  ones,  hirsute;    leaves 
0.7-2.5   dm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide;  racemes  2-8,  commonly  more  than  5,  4-:o  cm. 
long,  generally  12-15  cm.,  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long,  about  0.8 
mm.  wi.le,  elliptic,  acute,  usually  in  3*3,  the  first   scale  wanting,  the  second  scale 
3-nerved,  the  third  scale  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  deep  chestnut-brown  at  matur- 
ity.    Sandy  soil,  principally  along  the  coast,  from  Ga.  and   Fla.  to  Tex.;  also  in 
the  Ind.  Terr,  and  111.     June-Oct. 


GRAMINEAE.  77 

3.  Syntherisma  serotina  Walt.     LATE-FLOWERING  FINGER-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f. 
24-ia.)     Culms  2-5  dm.  long,  tufted,  at  length  much  branched  and  prostrate  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.     Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  densely  papillose- 
hirsute  with    spreading    hairs;  leaves    1.5-10  cm.  long,  usually   less  than  5  cm., 
3-10  mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces;   racemes  2-6,  2.5-10  cm. 
long;  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.    long  and  0.6  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  acute,  usually  in 
pairs,  the  first  scale  wanting,  the  second  3-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  white.     Low, 
open  grounds,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     June-Oct. 

4.  Syntherisma  lirearis   (Krock.)     Nash.     SMALL  CRAB-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
241.)     Culms  2-5    dm.    tall,  finally  prostrate,    and  forming  large  mats.     Sheaths 
smooth  and     glabrous;    leaves    1.5-13    cm.    long,    2.5-6    mm.    wide,  smooth   and 
gl  ibrous  on  both  surfaces;   racemes  2-5,  2-8    cm.  long,  finally  widely  spreading; 
spikelets  slightly  exceeding  2  mm.  long  and  about   I   mm.  wide,  elliptic,  acutish, 
usually  in  pairs,  the  first  scale  wanting  or  sometimes  present  as  a  mere  rudiment, 
the  second  scale  3-nerved,  the  third  scale  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  deep  chestnut- 
brown  when  mature.     Introduced  into  waste  places  and  fields  and  along  roadsides. 
N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Kans.     July-Sept.    \Panicumglabrum  Gaud.] 

5.  Syntherisma   sanguinalis   (L.)  Dulac.     LARGE  CRAB-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
240.)     Culms  I  m.  or  less   long,  finally  prostrate  at  the    base  and  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes.     Lower  sheaths  densely  papillose- hirsute;  leaves  4-20  cm.  long.  4-10 
mm.  wide,  more  or  less  papillose-hirsute  on  both  surfaces;  racemes  3—10,  5-I^  cm- 
long;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm-  l°n&  and  about  0.8  mm.  wide,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute, 
in  pairs,  the  first  scale  minute,  triangular,  the  second  scale  3-nerved,  about  one-half 
as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  third  scale  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  yellowish  white, 
acutely  apiculate.     Cultivated  places,  fields,   roadsides,  etc.,  throughout  N.  Am., 
principally  in  the  north.     July-Aug.     {Panicttm  sanguinale  L.] 

6.  Synth3risma  fimb.'iata  (Link)  Nash.     FIMBRIATE  CRAB-GRASS.     Culms 
8  dm.  long  or  less,  finally  prostrate  at  the  base  and  rooting  at  the   lower  nodes. 
Lower   sheaths  densely  papillose-hirsute  with    spreading   hairs;    leaves  2-8   cm. 
long,  5-10  mm.  wide,   both  surfaces  glabrous   or  more  or  less  pubescent ;  racemes 
2-9,  2-12  c:n.  long;  spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long  and  about  0.8  mm.  wide,  lanceolate, 
very  acute,  in  pairs,  the  first  scale  minute,  the  second  scale  3-nerved,  more  than  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  third  scale  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  lanceolate, 
very  acute,  yellowish-white.     Dry  sandy  soil,  D.  C.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.,  also  in 
Kans.     June-Sept. 

14.  BRACHIARIA  Ledeb. 

Usually  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  a  panicle  composed  of  alternate 
scattered  one-sided  racemes  with  the  spikelets  borne  in  2  rows.  Spikelets  I -flowered, 
articulated  to  the  pedicel  below  the  empty  scales.  Scales  4,  the  outer  3  membran- 
ous; fourth  scale  chartaceous,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free.  Species 
about  loo,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Spikelets  ovate,  acute,  about  2.5  mm.  long.  i.  B.  digttarioides, 

Spikelets  oval  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  turgid,  about  3  mm.  long.  2.  B.  obtusa. 

1.  Brachiaria  digitarioides  (Carpenter)  Nash.     NARROW  PANICUM.     (I.  F. 
f.  245.)     Glabrous,  culms  erect  from  a  long  and  stout  creeping  rootstock,  9-15  dm. 
tall,  simple,  stout,  smooth.     Sheaths  smooth;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng>  8-16  mm.  wide, 
long-acuminate;    panicle  linear,    1.5-3  dm.   long,   its  branches  2.5-7.5  cm.   long, 
erect;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long,  ovate,  acute;  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  spikelet,  acute,  3-nerved;  second  about  2  mm.  long,  5-nerved  and  a  little 
exceeded  by  the  3-nerved  third  one;  the  fourth  3-nerved,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
third.     In   water,    Del.    to  Fla.    and   Tex.      July-Aug.      (Panicum  digitarioides 
Carpenter.) 

2.  Brachiaria  obtusa  (H.  B.  K.)  Nash.     BLUNT  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  246.) 
Glabrous,  culms  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple  or  branching  at  base,  smooth.     Sheaths 
smooth;  leaves  6.25-22  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,    usually  erect,   long-acuminate; 
panicle  linear,   5-15  cm.   lonj;  branches   1.8-3.7  cm.    long,   appressed;  spikelets 
about  3  mm?  long,  crowded,  oval  or  obovoid,   obtuse,   turgid;  first  scale    shorter 


?8  FLORA. 

than  the  rest,  obtuse,  5 -nerved;  second,  third  and  fourth  scales  about  equal,  the 
second  and  third  5 -nerved,  the  fourth  chartaceous.  Kans.  to  Ariz.,  south  to  Tex. 
and  Mex.  July-Sept.  (Paniatm  obtusum  H.  B.  K.) 

15.   ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv. 

Usually  tall  grasses,  commonly  annuals,  with  broad  leaves  and  a  terminal  in- 
florescence  consisting  of  one-sided  racemes  racemosely  or  paniculately  arranged. 
Spikelets  I -flowered,  singly  disposed,  or  in  smaller  racemes  or  clusters  on  the  ulti- 
mate divisions  of  the  inflorescence.  Scales  4,  the  outer  3  membranous,  hispid 
on  the  nerves,  the  third  and  usually  also  the  second  scale  awned,  or  sometimes 
merely  awn-pointed,  the  awn  often  very  long;  fourth  scale  indurated,  shining,  fre- 
quently pointed,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the 
stout  hispid  hairs  of  the  spikelets.J  Species  about  12,  mostly  in  warm  and  tropical 
countries. 

Sheaths  glabrous. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  the  second  and  third  scales  more  or  less  awned. 

1.  E.  Crus-galli. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  the  second  and  third  scales  merely  awn-pointed. 

2.  E.  colona, 
Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  densely  papillose-hirsute.                         3.  E.  Walteri. 

I.  Echinochloa  Crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  BARNYARD-GRASS.  COCKSPUR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  243.)  Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  often  branching  at  base.  Sheaths  smooth  and 
glabrous;  leaves  1.5-6  dm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrous; 
panicle  composed  of  5-15  sessile,  erect  or  ascending  branches,  or  the  lower  branches 
spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple,  densely  crowded  in  2-4 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  second  and  third  scales  about  3  mm.  long,  scabrous 
or  hispid,  the  third  scale  more  or  less  awned,  empty,  the  fourth  ovate,  abruptly 
pointed.  In  cultivated  and  waste  places,  throughout  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme 
north.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  regions.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Au^.-Oct.  (Panicum  Crus-galli  L. ) 

2.  Echinochloa  colona  (L.)  Link.  JUNGLE  RICE.  (I.  F.  f.  243a.)  Culms 
tufted,  smooth  and  glabrous,  1.5-7.5  dm.  tall,  often  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes  Sheaths  compressed,  usually  crowded  ;  leaves  flat,  2.5-17  cm.  long, 
2-8  mm.  wide;  inflorescence  composed  of  3-18  i-sided  more  or  less  spreading  dense 
racemes,  6-30  mm.  long,  disposed  along  a  3-angled  rachis  and  generally  somewhat 
exceeding  the  length  of  the  internodes;  spikelets  single,  in  pairs,  or  in  3*3  in  2  rows 
on  one  side  of  the  hispidulous,  triangular  rachis,  obovate,  pointed,  the  first  scale 
about'  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  3-nerved,  the  second  and  third  scales  a  little 
more  than  2  mm.  long,  awnless,  5 -nerved,  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the  fourth  scale 
cuspidate.  Fields  and  roadsides,  Va.  to  Fia.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  Common  in  all 
tropical  countries.  March-Sept.  (Panicum  colonum  L.) 

3  Echinochloa  Walteri  (Pursh)  Nash.  SALT-MARSH  COCKSPUR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  244.)  Culms  9-18  dm.  tall,  robust,  smooth.  Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower 
ones,  papillose-hispid;  leaves  3  dm.  or  more  long,  1.25-2.5  cm.  wide,  strongly  sca- 
brous above;  panicle  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  consisting  of  10-40  ascending  or  spreading 
branches;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  densely  crowded  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  cf 
the  scabrous  and  hispid  rachis,  brownish-purple;  second  and  third  scales  about  3 
mm.  long,  scabrous  and  hispid,  tipped  with  upwardly  barbed  awns,  sometimes 
10-20  times  their  length;  fourth  scale  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  In  marshes 
and  ditches,  principally  within  the  influence  of  salt-water,  Ont.  to  N.  H.  and  R.  I., 
Fla.  and  La.  Aug. -Oct.  (Panicum  Walteri  Pursh.) 

16.  PANICUM    L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annuals  or  perennials,  various  in  habit,  with  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  i-2-flovvered,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  one  staminate  only.  Scales  4,  the  3 
lower  membranous,  empty,  or  the  third  with  a  staminate  flower,  varying  in  the 
same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth  scale  chartaceous,  shining,  enclosing  a  palet  of 
HTiilar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Awns  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  fruiting  scale  and  palet. 


GRAMINEAE.  79 

[Old  Latin  name  for  some  grass,  probably  the  cultivated  Sorghum,  referring  to  its 
panicle,  taken  from  Pliny.]  About  300  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
The  geographic  distribution  of  many  of  our  species  is  not  well  ascertained.  The 
old  English  name  Panic  or  Panic-grass  is  often  applied  to  any  of  the  species. 

Palet  of  the  fourth  scale  much  enlarged  at  maturity,  forcing  the  spikelet  open  and  mak- 
ing it  gape.  i.  P.  hians. 
Palet  of  the  fourth  scale  not  enlarged,  smaller  than  the  scale. 

Spikelets  roughened  with  numerous  tubercles,  glabrous.  2.  P.  verrucosum, 

Spikelets  not  tuberculate,  or  if  so,  the  tubercles  bearing  hairs. 

(A)  Basal   and   culm    leaves  similar,   usually  elongated ;  spikelets  lanceolate  to 

ovate,  commonly  the  former,  acute  to  acuminate. 
Lower  sheaths  round  or  but  little  flattened,  not  keeled. 

Culms  branched,  at  least  at  maturity ;  no  scaly  rootstocks  nor  stolons. 
Sheaths  very  pubescent. 

Spikelets  lanceolate,  3  mm.  long  or  less. 

Annuals;  pedicels  not  usually  more  than  2-3  times  as  long 

as  the  spikelets. 

Culms  stout ;  panicle  usually  included  at  the  base,  its 
many  branches  repeatedly  divided  and  bearing  nu- 
merous spikelets.  3.   P.  capillare. 
Culms  slender ;    panicle    exserted,    its   few   branches 
but  little  divided,  and  bearing  comparatively  few 
spikelets. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  acute. 

4.  P.  Philadelphicum. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  acuminate. 

5.  P.  flexile. 
Perennial ;    pedicels   commonly  many   times    as   long   as 

the  spikelets.  6.  P.  cognatum. 

Spikelets  ovate,  5  mm.  long.  7.  P.  miliaceum. 

Sheaths  glabrous.  8.  P.  proliferum. 

Culms  simple,  from  stout,  often  scaly,  rootstocks. 

Culms  tufted  ;  rootstocks  scaly.  9.  P.  virgatum. 

Culms  not  tufted  ;  rootstocks  not   scaly  ;  leaves  glaucous  and 

very  thick.  10.  P.  amarum. 

Lower  sheaths  much  compressed,  broad,  keeled,  often  equitant. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  sessile. 

Spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  apex  curved.   13.  P.  rostratum. 
Spikelets  less  than  3  mm.  long,  the  apex  not  curved, 
Ligule  naked  ;  culms  finally  much  branched. 

11.  P.  agrostoides. 
Ligule  ciliate ;  culms  simple  or  nearly  so. 

12.  P.  longifolium. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  distinctly  stalked.      14.  P.  stipitatum. 

(B)  Basal  and  culm  leaves  dissimilar,  the  former  generally  much  shorter  and 

broader  than  the  latter  ;  rosulate  tufts  of  leaves  often  present  in  the 
fall ;  spikelets  oval  to  obovate  or  globose,  obtuse,  or  rarely  acutish  (acute 
in  No.  15). 

(A)  Middle  leaves  of  the  main  culm  less  than  1.5  cm.  wide,  usually  less  than 
i  cm.  in  width,  the  base  rounded  or  truncate,  rarely  subcordate, 
sometimes  narrowed  toward  the  base. 
(a)  Leaves   elongated,  erect,    narrow,    distinctly  narrowed  toward  the 

base,  especially  the  lower  ones. 
Secondary  panicles  borne  on  short  basal  branches,  which  are  nearly 

concealed  in  the  dense  tufts. 
Spikelets  less  than  3  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  pubescent. 

16.  P.  linearifolium. 
Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  acute,  glabrous. 

15.  P.  depauperatum. 
No  concealed  basal  panicles. 

Sheaths  glabrous,  or  merely  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Leaves  linear,  less  than  5  mm.  wide. 

17.  P.   Wcrneri. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  6-10  mm.  wide. 

1 8.  P.  Bicknellii. 

Sheaths  densely  pubescent.  19.  P.  laxiflorum. 

(£)  Leaves  not  elongated,  lanceolate,  not  manifestly  narrowed  toward 
the  base, 


So 


FLORA. 

I.  Culms,  leaves,  and    sheaths   glabrous   or  the  latter  two  merely 

ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Spikelets  glabrous. 

Nodes  of  the  culm  naked. 

Leaves    divaricate ;    culms    erect,     short,     the    later 

branches  bunched.  23.  P.  dichotomum. 

Leaves   erect ;  culms  accumbent,  weak,    finally  elon- 
gated, and  the  later  branches  scattered. 

24.  P.  sphagnicola. 
Nodes  of  the  culm  densely  barbed. 

25.  P.  barbulatum. 
Spikelets  pubescent. 

Culms  very  slender,  less   than  2   dm.  tall,  densely  tufted, 

simple.  22.   P.  Brittoni. 

Culms  not  slender,  3  dm.  or  more  tall,  at  length  branched. 
Spikelets  elliptic ;  leaves  smooth  above  or  nearly  so, 

naked  at  the  base. 
Panicle  dense,   the  branches  erect    or   nearly  so; 

spikelets  i. 5  mm.  long.    27.  P.  Eatoni. 
Panicle  loose  and  open,  the  branches  spreading ; 

spikelets  2  mm.  long.      28.   P.  boreale. 
Spikelets    globose    or    nearly    so ;   leaves  very  rough 
above,  thick,  ciliate  at  the  base. 

46.  P.  spharocarpon. 
2.  Culms,  sheaths  or  leaves,  or  all  of  them,  pubescent. 

*  Spikelets  2.5  mm.  or  less  long. 
t  Leaves  glabrous,  or  if  pubescent  beneath,  the  hairs  short  and  soft. 

Primary    leaves    long    and    narrow,    erect,    thick,    the    numerous 
secondary  leaves  very  narrow,  1.5  mm.  or  less  wide,  usually 
involute  when  dry. 
Spikelets  broadly  obovoid,  barely  2  mm.  long. 

20.  P.  neuranthum. 

Spikelets  elliptic,  3  mm.  long.  21.   P.  an  gust  if o  Hum. 

Primary  leaves  lanceolate,  the  secondary  leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  ex- 
ceeding 2  mm.  broad. 

Culms  villous  with  short  hairs,  at  least  below. 
Leaves  minutely  villous  beneath. 

Culms  erect,  rigid.  31.  P.  Columbianum. 

Culms  weak,  finally  decumbent  and  forming  mats. 
32.  P.  tsngetorum. 
Leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

Spikelets  obovoid,  1.5  mm.  long. 

30.  P.  Nashianum. 
Spikelets  elliptic,  2.5  mm.  long. 

49.  P.  Ashei. 
Culms  not  villous. 

Culms  glabrous;  spikelets  about  1.25  mm.  long. 

29.  /°.  nitidtim. 
Culms  at  base  densely  pubescent  with   long  stiff,  ap- 

pressed  hairs;  spikelets  2-2.5  nim.  long. 
Panicle  3-4  cm.    long,  oblong,  dense  ;  spikelets  2 
mm.  long  ;  leaves  naked  on  the  margins. 

39.  P.  Atldisonii. 

Panicle  5-7  cm.  long,  broadly  ovoid,  open  ;  spike- 
lets  2.5  mm.  long  ;  leaves  ciliate  at  the  base. 

40.  /'.  Commonsianum. 
ft  Leaves   pubescent  on   both   surfaces,  especially  beneath. 

Hairs  on  the  lower  surface  short,  soft,  and  copious. 

Hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  long  and  stiff  ;  spike- 
lets  about  1.5  mm.  long.  37.  P.  lanuginosum. 
Hairs  on   the    upper   surface    of   the    leaves   short,    soft,    and 

copious. 
Spikelets  nearly  2  mm.  long;  panicle  dense,  oblong;  culm*. 

slender,  glabrous.  26.   P.  annnlum. 

Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long;  panicle  open,  ovoid  ;  culms  stout, 

densely  pubescent.  38.  P.  viscidum. 

Hairs  on  the  lower,  as  well  as  the  upper,  surface  stiff  and  long, 

sometimes  scattered. 
Spikelets  1.5  mm,  long. 


GRAMINEAE.  8 1 

Culms  slender ;  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves 

extremely  long  and  copious. 
Panicle    2-3     cm.    long;    culms    minutely   pubescent 

above.  34.  P.filiculme. 

Panicle  4-6  cm.  long;  culms  hirsute  above,  especially 

in  the  panicle.  33.  P.  implicatum. 

Culms  rather  stout ;  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves  shorter  and  more  scattered,  sometimes  nearly 
wanting.  35.  P.  fubescens. 

Spikelets  a  little  more  than  2  mm.  long. 

36.  P.  Atlanticum. 
**  Spikelets  more  than  3  mm.  long. 

Leaves  glabrous,  or  sometimes  pubescent  beneath. 

Panicle  narrow,  its  branches  appressed.        44.  P.  xanthophysum. 
Panicle  open,  its  branches  spreading. 

Sheaths  glabrous,  except  the  ciliate  margins ;  spikelets  elliptic. 

45.  P.  calliphyllum. 
Sheaths  papillose-hirsute  ;  spikelets  broadly  ovoid,  turgid. 

43.  P.  Scribnerianum. 
Leaves  pubescent  on  both  surfaces. 

Leaves  erect,  rigid,  thick,  3-4  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  pubescent  with 

short  hairs.  41.  P.   Wilcoxianum. 

Leaves  often  spreading,  not  thick,  5-10  mm.  wide;  spikelets  long- 
hirsute.  42.   P.  Liebergii. 
(B)  Middle  leaves  of  the  main  culm  more  than   1.5  cm.  wide,  often  3  cm.  in 

width,  the  base  cordate  and  clasping. 
Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long  or  less. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces. 

Spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long;  panicle  oblong  and  dense;  culms 

simple.  47.  P-  polyanthes. 

Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long;   panicle  ovoid  and  open  ;    culms  branched. 
Sheaths  papillose-hispid,  especially  the  short  terminal  ones  on 

the  branches.  52.  P.  clandestinum. 

Sheaths  glabrous.  48.  P.  commutatum. 

Leaves  densely  villous.  38.  P.  viscidum. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  more. 

Nodes  manifestly  and  copiously  barbed ;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  Iqng. 

51.  P.  Porterianum 
Nodes  naked. 

Sheaths  glabrous,  or  merely  pubescent  on   the  margins;   paniclft 

open,  its  branches  spreading.  50.   P.  macrocarpon. 

Sheaths  hispid ;  panicle  contracted,  its  branches  appressed. 

44.  P.  xanthophysum. 


1.  Panicum  hians  Ell.     GAPING  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  247.)    Glabrous;  culms 
erect,    3-7.5   dm.   tall,    generally    simple,    sometimes    creeping    at  base,    smooth. 
Leaves  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  acuminate,  generally  erect;  panicle  7.5-20 
cm.    long ;  branches  few,  generally  spreading,  the  longer  ones  often  drooping,  the 
lower  naked  below  the  middle;  spikelets  about  2  mm.  long;  fourth  scale  exceeded 
by  the  third  and   its  usually  empty  palet  which  is  much  enlarged,  generally  forc- 
ing the  spikelet  wide  open.      In  moist  ground,  N.  Car.  to  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Panicum  verrucosum  Muhl.     WARTY  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  278.)     Culms 
erect  or  decumbent,  slender,  generally  much  branched  at  base.     Sheaths  glabrous, 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  5-17.5  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  erect  or 
ascending,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  margins;  panicle  7.5-30    cm.    long,    its  lower 
branches  5-15  cm.  long,  naked  below,  strict  and  ascending,  or  lax  and  spreading; 
spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  elliptic,  acutish,  borne  in  pairs   along  the  branches, 
the  first  scale  about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  warty  second  and  third,  the  fourth 
scale  apiculate.     Moist  soil,  Mass,   to  Fla.,  we^t  to  La.,   mostly  near  the  coast. 
July-Sept. 

3.  Panicum  capillare  L.     WITCH-GRASS.     TUMBLE  WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  274.) 
Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple  or  sometimes  sparingly  branched. 
Sheaths  papillose-hirsute;    leaves    1.5-3    dm.    long,    6-l6   mm.    wide,    pubescent; 
terminal  panicle  2-3.5  ^m*  ^oni>'  ^owe^  branches  1.5-2.5  dm.  long;  lateral  pani- 


82  FLORA. 

cles,  when  present,  smaller;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  acuminate;  first  scale  one- 
fourth  to  one- half  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  and  third  scales  nearly  equal, 
very  acute,  the  fourth  1.5  mm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  common  as  a  weed  in  cultivated 
fields,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Nev.  July-Sept. 

Panicum  capillare  Gattingcri  Nash.  Culms  more  slender  than  in  the  type;  terminal 
panicle  rarely  over  1.5  dm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  very  numerous.  Moist  places,  N.  j. 
to  Tenn.,  Mo.  and  southward. 

4.  Panicum  Philadelphicum  Bernh.    WOOD  PANICUM.  (I.  F.  f.  277.)    Culms 
erect,  or  occasionally  decumbent,   2-6  dm.    long,    slender,    somewhat  branched  at 
base.      Sheaths  hirsute;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long.  2-6  mm.  wide,  erect,  more  or  less 
pubescent;  panicle   10-22.5   cm.    long,  its  lower  brandies  7.5-10  cm.  long,  spread- 
ing or  ascending;  spike'ets  about  1.5   mm.   long,  elliptic,  acute,  smooth,  borne  in 
pairs  at  the  extremities  of  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  panicle;  first  scale  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  equal  acute  second  and  third  ones,  the  fourth  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  third.      In  dry  woods   and  thickets,  N.    B.   to  Ga.,  west  to  Mo. 
Aug.-Sept.      (/".  minus  (Muhl.)    Nash,  not  P.  pubescens  minus  Poir.) 

5.  Panicum  flexila  (Gattinger)     Scribn.     WIRY  PANICUM.     (I.   F.  f.  275.) 
Culms  erect,  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,   slender,  bearded   at  the  nodes.     Sheaths  papillose- 
hirsute;  leaves  10-22.5   cm<   l°nS>   4-6  mm.  wide,   erect,  long-acuminate,   more  or 
less  pubescent;  panicle    1-2.25   dm.  l°ng»  narrowly  ovoid   to  oblong  in  outline,  its 
branches  ascending,    the  lower  ones  5-8.5    cm.  long;  spikelets  3  mm.   long,  much 
shorter  than  the  pedicels,  acuminate;  first  scale  about  one-fourth  as  long    as  the 
spikelet;    second  and  third   scales  about  equal,  5-7 -nerved;  fourth  scale   elliptic, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  third.     In  moist  or  dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 
Aug. -Oct. 

6.  Panicum  cognatum  Schultes.     DIFFUSE  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  276.)   Culms 
erect  or  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  tall,  generally  much  branched  at  the  base,  slender. 
Lower  sheaths   sometimes  densely   pubescent;  leaves  3.75-10  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide,  ascending,  acuminate,   glabrous;  panicle    1.25-3   dm.    long,    bearded  in  the 
axils,  the   lower  branches    1-2  dm.  long,  finally  exserted  and  widely  spreading  at 
maturity;  spikelets   lanceolate,  about  3  mm.  long,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent, on  capillary  pedicels  of  many  times  their  length;  first  scale  minute;    second 
and  third  equal,  acute,  glabrous  or  sometimes  villous,  the  fourth  lanceolate,  2.5  mm. 
long.     In  dry  soil,  111.  to  Ga.  and  PUa.,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ariz.     July-Sept. 
(P.  aiitumnale  Bosc.) 

7.  Panicum  miliaceum  L.     MILLET.     (I.  F.  f.  272.)     Culmse  rect  or  decum- 
bent, rather  stout.  3  dm.  tall  or  more,  glabrous  or  hirsute.      Sheaths  papillose-hir- 
sute; leaves    1.25—2.5   dm.   long,  8-25   mm.  wide,   more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle 
rather  dense,  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng>  branches  erector  ascending;  spikelets  5  mm.  long, 
acuminate;    first  scale  about  two-thirds  as   long  as  the  spikelet,  acuminate,  5-7- 
nerved;  second  scale   acuminate,  13-nerved,  somewhat  exceeding  the  7-13-nervcd 
acuminate  third  one,  which  subtends  an  empty  palet;  fourth  scale  shorter  than  the 
third,  becoming  indurated,  obtuse.      In  waste  places,  Me.  to  Del.  and  Penn.,  west 
to  Neb.     Adventive  from  the  Old  World.     July-Sept. 

8.  Panicum  proliferum  Lam.     SPREADING  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  273.)     Culms 
at  first  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple,  later  decumbent  and  geniculate,  1-1.5  m.  long, 
branched  at  all  the  upper  nodes.   Sheaths  loose,  glabrous,  somewhat  flattened ;  leaves 
1.5-6  dm.  long,  4—20  mm.   wide,   long-acuminate,   scabrous  on  the  margins  and 
occasionally  on  the  nerves;  panicle  pyramidal,  1-4  dm.  long;  spikelets  2-3  mm. 
long,  crowded,  lanceolate,   acute,   glabrous,    sometimes  purplish;  first  scale  about 
one-fourth  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  enclosing  its  base;  second  and  third  scales  about 
equal,  acute,  5~7-nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic,  shining.     In  wet  soil,  Me.  to  Penn. 
and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

9.  Panicum  virgatum  L.     TALL  SMOOTH  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  270.)     Culms 
erect  from   a   creeping  rootstock,   9-15   dm.  tall,  glabrous.     Sheaths   smooth  and 
glabrous;  leaves  elongated,  3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-12  mm.  wide,  flat,    long-acumi- 
nate, narrowed  toward  the  base,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  margins;  panicle   1.5-5 
dm.  long,  the  lower  branches   1-2.5   drn.  long,  more  or  less  widely  spreading  or 
sometimes  nearly  erectj  spikelets  ovate,  acuminate,   4-4.5  mm.   long;  first  scale 


GRAMINEAE.  8  3 

acuminate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  3-5 -nerved;  second  scale  gen- 
erally longer  than  the  others,  5~7-nerved,  the  third  similar  and  usually  subtending 
a  palet  and  staminate  flower.  In  moist  or  dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Fla.,  Ivans,  and  Tex.  Aug.-Sept. 

10.  Panicum  amarum  Ell.  SEA-BEACH  PANICUM.  (I.  F.  f.  271.)  A 
tufted  tall  grass  with  glaucous  foliage  and  large  panicle.  Culms  8-12  dm.  tall; 
sheaths  overlapping;  blades  thick  and  leathery,  involute  on  the  margins,  generally 
3-6  dm.  long  or  more,  8-12  mm.  wide;  panicle  large,  narrow,  much  branched, 
usually  3-7  dm.  long,  sometimes  smaller  ;  spikelets  numerous,  4-5  mm.  long, 
usually  rather  narrow,  the  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  a 
little  longer,  the  second  and  third  scales  about  equal  in  length,  all  the  scales  very 
acute  or  acuminate.  In  sands,  along  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.  Aug.-Oct 

•  i.  Panicum  agrostoides  Spreng.  AGROSTIS-LIKE  PANICUM.  (I.  F.  f.  249.) 
Culms  erect,  4.5-6  dm.  tall,  much  branched,  compressed,  smooth.  Sheaths  ccm- 
pressed,  glabrous,  or  sometimes  hairy  at  the  throat;  ligule  very  short,  naked; 
leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-8  mm.  wide,  acuminate;  panicles  pyramidal,  1-3 
dm.  long,  terminating  the  culm  and  branches;  primary  branches  of  the  panicle 
spreading,  secondary  generally  appressed;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  acute,  straight; 
first  scale  3-nerved,  acute;  second  and  third  scales  5-nerved,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  first  and  longer  than  the  oval  fourth  scale.  Wet  ground,  Me.  to  Minn., 
south  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

12.  Panicum   longifolium  Torr.     LONG-LEAVED  PANICUM.     (I.  F.   f.  251.) 
Culms  erect,  3-6   dm.    tall,  slender,  simple,  or  occasionally  with   a   single  lateral 
panLle.     Leaves  2-3  dm.   long,   2-4  mm.  wide,  acuminate   into  a  long,  slender 
point,  rough,  glabrous;  ligule  short,  pilose;  panicles  1.15-2.25  dm.  long;  primary 
branches  long  and  slender,  spreading,  secondary  very  short,  appressed,  generally 
bearing   1-3   spikelets;  spikelets   2  mm.  long,  acuminate;  first  scale  acute,  about 
one-half  as  long   as   the   acuminate  second  one;  third  scale  equalling  the  second, 
acuminate,  one-third  longer  than  the  elliptic  obtuse  fourth  one.     Moist  soil,  Conn, 
to  Penn.  and  D.  C.     Aug-Sept. 

13.  Panicum  rostratum  Muhl.     BEAKED  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  248.)     Culms 
erect  from  a  creeping  scaly  branched  rootstock,  4.5-15    dm   tall,  much   branched. 
Sheaths  glabrous,  or  the  lower  ones  pubescent;  leaves   3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-10 
mm.  wide,  acuminate;  panicles  pyramidal,  1.5-3   dm.   long;  axis  and   ascending 
branches  scabrous;    spikelets  3   mm.    long,   crowded,   lanceolate,   acuminate;  first 
scale  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  scale  curved  at  the  apex, 
scabrous  above  on  the  middle  nerve;  third  scale  usually  subtending  a  small  empty 
palet.     Moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fia.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

14.  Panicum  stipitatum   Nash.     LONG   PANICUM.     (I.    F.  f.  250.)     Culms 
erect,  9-15  dm.  tall,  much  branched.     Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
acuminate,  scabrous;  panicles  pyramidal,  1-3  dm.  long;  primary  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  the  secondary  usually  divaricate;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.   long, 
crowded,  acuminate;  first  scale   acute  or  acuminate,   one-third  the  length  of  the 
equal  and  acuminate  second  and  third;  fourth  scale  narrowly  elliptic,  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  third  and  raised  on  a  delicate  stalk  about  0.5  mm.  long.     Moist 
soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  N.  Car,   July-Sept.   (P.  elongahun^ursh.. 
Not  Salisb.  1796.) 

15.  Panicum   depauperatum   Muhl.     STARVED  PANICUM.      (I.  F.  f.  268.) 
Culms  erect,  3  dm.  tall  or  less,  simple  or  branched  at  base.     Sheaths  glabrous  to 
hirsute;  leaves  erect,  elongated,  1-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  crowded  at  base  and  equal- 
ling cr  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  the  upper  culm-leaf  often  much  exceeding  the 
panijle;  primary  panicle  generally  much  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath,  2.5—7.5 
cm.  long,  usually  linear,   its  branches  mostly  erect;  secondary  panicles  on  very 
short  basal  brandies  and  often  concealed  by  the  lower  leaves;  spikelets  3- 4  mm. 
long,  glabrous,  acute.     In   dry  places   N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
June-Sept. 

16.  Panicum  linearifolium  Scribn.  LINEAR-LEAVED  PANICUM.  (I.  F.  f.268a.) 
Culms  tufted,  very  slender,   erect,  smooth  and  glabrous,   simple,  1.5-4  dm.  tall. 
Sheaths  glabrous  or  pilose  with  long  white  hairs;   leaves  elongated,  glabrous  or 
more  or  less  pilose,  especially  upon  the  lower  surface,  7.5-25  cm,  lc*ng>  2-4  mm. 


#4  FLORA. 

wide,  the  uppermost  leaf  the  longest,  and  often  extending  beyond  the  panicle;  pri- 
mary panicle  loose  and  open,  3.75-10  cm.  long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets 
2-2.5  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.  Dry  soil,  es- 
pecially hillsides,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Mo.  (P.  Enslini  Nash,  not  Trin.) 

17.  Panicum  Werneri  Scribn.     WERNER'S  PANICUM.   (I.  F.  f.  268b.)  Smooth 
and  glabrous,  light  green.     Culms  tufted,  erect,  slender,  simple  or  later  sparingly 
branched,  2.5-4.5  dm.  tall;  leaves  erect,  elongated,  linear,    acuminate,   5-10  cm. 
long,  3-5  mm.  wide,    panicle  loose  and  open,  6.2-8.7   cm.  long,  its  branches  as- 
cending; spikelets  about  2  mm.  long  on  longer  hispidulous  pedicels,  oval,  minutely 
and   sparsely    pubescent,    the    first    scale    orbicular,   about  one-quarter   as    Icng 
as  the  spikelet,  i-nerved,  the   second  and  third  scales   7-nerved,  the  fourth   scale 
oval,  slightly  apiculate.     Dry  knolls  in  swamps,  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.     June- July. 

1 8.  Panicum    Bicknellii   Nash.     BICKNELL'S    PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.    268c  ) 
Culms  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  slender,  2-4  dm.   tall,  the  lower  internodes 
puberulent.      Sheaths   ciliate   on   the    margins,    the    lowermost   pubescent;  leaves 
elongated,  erect,   linear-lanceolate,   acuminate,  narrowed  toward  the  ciliate  base, 
pr'mary  leaves  7.5-17.5  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide;  primary  panicle  6-7.5  cm-  l°ng> 
its  branches  ascending,  secondary  panicles  smaller,  with  appressed  branches;  •spike- 
lets  obovate  or  oval,  2.5—3  mm.  long,  pubescent  with  short,  spreading  hairs,  the  first 
scale  i -nerved,  the  second  and  third  scales  g-nerved.     Dry  wooded  hills,  N.  Y. 
and  Penn.     July-Aug. 

19.  Panicum  laxiflorum  Lam.     LAX-FLOWERED   PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  262.) 
Culms  erect,  2-4  dm.  tall,  simple,  pubescent,  or  glabrate.      Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  hirsute;  leaves  6.25—12.5  cm.  long,  4—10  mm.  wide,  erect,  generally 
narrowed  at  base,  long-acuminate,  pubescent  or  glabrate;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long, 
its  axis  and  erect  or  spreading  branches  sometimes  hirsute;  spikelets  about  2  mm. 
long,     ellipsoid   or   narrowly    obovoid,    strongly    pubescent;    first    scale    minute, 
I -nerved;  second  and  third  about  equal,  Q-nerved,  very  pubescent,  as  long  as  the 
shining,  obtuse,  minutely  apiculate  fourth  one;   third  scale  usually  with  an  empty 
palet.     Moist  soil,  Va.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Fla.     June-Aug. 

20.  Panicum  neuratit  um  Griseb.      NERVED   PANICUM.      (I.   F.   f.   i69a.) 
Culms  tufted,  slender,  at  length   much  branched,    3-7.5   dm.  tall.     Sheaths   gla- 
brous, or  the  lower  pubescent;  leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,    the  primary  erect, 
acuminate,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  those  on  the  branches  shorter,  erect  or 
ascending,  usually   involute  when  dry,  concealing  the  small  secondary  panicles; 
primary    panicle   2.5-10  cm.   long,    its  branches  at  first  erect,   at  length  widely 
spreading;  spikelets  numerous,  broadly  obovate,  about  2  mm.  long,  densely  pubes- 
cent with  short,  spreading  hairs,  the  second  and  third  scales  7-nerved.      Dry  or 
moist  soil  along  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Also  in  Cuba.     June— Oct. 

21.  Panicum  angustifMium  Ell.    NARROW-LEAVED  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  269.) 
Culms    erect,    3-6    dm.    tall,    glabrous,   at  first  simple,   later  profusely  branched 
above.     Leaves  elongated,  2-6  mm.  wide,   narrowed  to  the  base,  firm,  glabrous, 
those  of  the  culm  distant,  those  of  the  branches  shorter  and  crowded;  primary 
panicle   long-exserted,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  its  branches  ascending  or  erect;  lateral 
panicles  smaller,   shorter   than  the   leaves;    spikelets  few,    about    2.5    mm.    long, 
elliptic   to   obovoid;    first  scale  one-fourth   to  one-third  as  long  as  the   spikelet; 
second  and  third  oval,  9-nerved,  pubescent;    fourth   oval,   minutely  pubescent  at 
the  apex.     Dry  soil,  N.  Car.  to  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

22.  Panicum  Brlttoni  Nash.    BRITTON'S  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  263a.)    Smooth 
and  glabrous.     Culms  coarsely  striate,  not  branched,  tufted,  slender,  erect,  rigid, 
1—2  dm.  tall;  leaves  longer  than  the  sheaths,  those  on  the  culm  three  in  number, 
the  middle  one  the  longest,  1.25—3.1  cm.  long,  1.5—3  mm.  wide,  erect,  acuminate, 
5~7-nerved;  panicle  1.8-3.1  cm.  long,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending;  spike- 
lets  one-half  as  long  as  the  pedicels  or  less,  obovoid,  obtuse,  1.5  mm.  long,  the  first 
scale  one-third  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  second  and  third  scales  7-nerved,  densely 
pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.     Moist  sand  in  the  pine  barrens  of  southern  N.  J. 
May-June. 

23.  Panicum  dichotomum  L.     FORKED  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  264.)     Smooth 
and  glabrous,   or  the  lower  nodes  barbed.     Culms  erect,    1.5-6  dm.  tall,  at  first 
simple,  later  profusely  dichotomously  branched  at  about  the  middle.     Leaves  light 
green,  widely  spreading,  generally  much  narrowed  toward  the  bft§e?  the  primary 


GRAMINEAE.  85 

ones  distant,  $-7-5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less,  1-2  mm.  wide,  sometimes  involute;  primary  panicle  usually  long-exserted, 
2.5-5  cm.  long;  branches  lax,  spreading,  bearing  few  spikelets;  secondary  pani- 
cles smaller,  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  their  branches  with  very  few  spikelets; 
spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  ellipsoid,  glabrous.  In  woodlands  and  thickets,  N.  Y. 
to  Ky.,  Mo.  and  southward.  June-July. 

24.  Panicum  sphagnicola  Nash.     SPHAGNUM   PANICUM.     (I.   F.  f.  264^) 
Culms  slender,  4.5-9  dm.  long,   at  length  much  elongated,    dichotomously  much 
branched  and  declining.     Leaves  erect,   smooth  and  glabrous  on  both  surfaces, 
lanceolate,  the  primary   leaves  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide,  those  on  the 
branches  3.75  cm.  or  less  long;  primary  panicle  loose  and  open.  3.75-7.5  cm.  long, 
its   branches    spreading   or    ascending;  spikelets    on  elongated    filiform   pedicels, 
I-7S"2-S  mm-  l°ng'  oval  t°  obovoid,  the  scales  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent,  the 
first  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  I -nerved,  the  second  and  third  scales 
7 -nerved.     Sphagnum  bogs,  D.  C.  and  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.    June- 
Sept. 

25.  Panicum  barbulatum  Michx.    BARBED  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  265.)   Culms 
at  first  simple,  erect,  6-9  dm.  tall,  later  profusely  branched  for  their  whole  length, 
9-12   dm.  long,  prostrate  or  leaning,  the  nodes  strongly  barbed.     Leaves  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  primary  ones  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  about   1.25   cm.  wide,  widely 
spreading,  the  lower  ones  usually  reflexed,  those  of  the  branches  1.25-5  cm-  l°ng> 
2-4  mm.  wide;  primary  panicle  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  ovoid,  its  branches  ascending, 
rigid;  secondary  panicles  smaller,  lax,  the  branches  bearing  few  spikelets;   spike- 
lets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  ellipsoid,  purple,  glabrous.     Moist  soil,  Conn,  and  N.  Y. 
to  Tenn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

26.  Panicum  annul um    Ashe.     Culms  single,    sometimes   somewhat   tufted, 
slender,  4-8  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  the  nodes  densely  barbed  with  long  hairs.   Sheaths, 
especially  the  lower  ones,  pubescent;  leaves  softly  and  densely  pubescent  on  both 
surfaces,  spreading;  panicle  oblong,  dense,  5-11  cm.  long;  spikelets  nearly  2  mm. 
long,  elliptic,  pubescent.     In  dry  rocky  woods,  Md.  (according  to  Ashe)   to  Ga. 
June-July. 

27.  Panicum  Eatoni  Nash.     EATON'S  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.   2670  )     Smooth 
and  glabrous.    Culms  4.5-10.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  at  length  dichotomously  branched  and 
swollen  at  the  nodes;  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3.75-10  cm.  long,  3-10 
mm.  wide;  panicle  finally  long-exserted,  dense  and  contracted,  7  5-12.5  cm.  long, 
3.2  cm.  or  less  broad,  its  branches  erect-ascending  ;  spikelets  oval,  about  1.5  mm. 
long,  acutish,  the  first  scale  i-nerved,  the  second  and  third  scales  7 -nerved,  densely 
pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.     Along  the  coast,  in  damp  or  wet  places,  Me.  to 
N.  J.     May-Aug. 

28  Panicum  boreale  Nash.  NORTHERN  PANICUM.  (I.  F.  f.  261.)  Culms  at 
first  erect  and  simple,  3-6  dm.  tall,  later  decumbent  and  somewhat  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Leaves  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  6-13  mm.  wide,  erect,  sparsely 
ciliate  at  the  base,  acuminate;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  ovoid,  its  branches  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  spreading  or  ascending  ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the 
pedicels,  ellipsoid,  somewhat  pubescent;  first  scale  ovate,  obtuse;  second  and  third 
scales  oblong-ovate,  7-nerved,  pubescent,  equalling  the  fourth,  which  is  oval,  acute, 
and  slightly  more  than  1.5  mm.  long.  Moist  soil,  Newf.  and  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  Vt. 
and  Minn.  June-Aug. 

29.  Panicum  nltidum  Lam.     SHINING  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  263.)     Culms  at 
first  simple,  3-4.5  dm.  tall,  later  profusely  dichotomously  branched,  6-9  dm.  long. 
Sheaths  glabrous   to   pubescent;  leaves  glabrous,  the  primary  ones   2.5-7.5    cm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  erect,  those  of  the  branches  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide 
or  less;  primary  panicle  long-exserted,  2.5-5  cm-  l°n§»  ovoid,  those  of  the  branches 
smaller;  spikelets    about  I    mm.  long,  obovoid,  pubescent,  usually  purple;  second 
and  third  scales  broadly  oval  or  orbicular,  7-nerved.     Common  in  dry  sandy  soil, 
N.  E.  to  N.  Car.     June-Aug. 

30.  Panicum  Nashianum  Scribn.    NASH'S  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  264a.)    Culms 
tufted,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  slender,  1.5-3.75  dm.  tall,  at  length  much  branched. 
Leaves  erect  or  ascending,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous,  ciliate,  at 
least  at  the  base,  1.8-5  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  the  leaves  of  the  branches  smaller; 
primary  panicle  2.5-5  cm.  long,  the  branches  widely  spreading;  spikelets  about  2 


86  FLORA. 

mm.  long,  obovate,  the  second  and  third  scales  7-nerved,  densely  pubescent  with 
short,  spreading  hairs.      Pine  lands,  Va.  to  Fla.     March-July. 

31.  Panicum    Columbianum  Scribn.     (I.  F.  f.  <6jb.)     Culms  tufted,  erect, 
softly  pubescent,   2-6  dm.  tall,   at  length  dichotomously  branched,    the  branches 
erect.     Lower  sheaths   pubescent,   the   upper    glabrous;  leaves    lanceolate,  erect, 
thickish  and  firm,  glabrous  above,  the  lower  ones  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath, 
the  primary  3.75-5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  on  the  branches  smaller;  pan- 
icle small,  ovate,    2.5-3.75  cm.   long,    its  branches   ascending;    spikelets  broadly 
obovoid,  a  little  more  than  1.5  mm.  long,  the  outer  3  scales  densely  pubescent  with 
spreading  hairs.     Fields   and   open  woods,  Mass,  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Tenn.  and 
Ala.     June-Sept. 

32.  Panicum   tsugetorum   Nash.      HEMLOCK  PANICUM.      (I.    F.   f.   z6-jd.) 
Culms  and  sheaths  pubescent  with  short  appressed  or  ascending  hairs  intermixed  to- 
ward the  base  with  longer  ones.     Culms  tufted,  4.5  dm.  or  less  tall,  at  length  much 
branched  and  decumbent  or  prostrate;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  firm,  lanceolate, 
minutely  appressed-pubescent  beneath,  smooth  and  glabrous  above,   the  primary 
leaves  3.75-7.5  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  those  on  the  branches  smaller;  primary 
panicles    broadly  ovoid,   3.75-6.25  cm.   long,  the   branches    spreading-ascending; 
spikelets  broadly  obovoid,  about  1.75  mm.  long,  the  outer  3  scales  pubescent,  with 
short  spreading  hairs.     Dry  soil  in  hemlock  woods,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Ohio. 

33.  Panicum  implicatum  Scribn.    HAIRY-PANICLED  PANICUM.  (I.  F.f.  267a.) 
Culms   tufted,    erect,    2.5-4.5    dm.    tall,  very   slender,    more   or   less   pubescent, 
at    length    much    branched.       Sheaths    densely    papillose-hirsute,    at    least    the 
lower  ones;    leaves  erect,    lanceolate,    1.25-5  cm-   l°ng>   2~6  mm.   wide,   at  least 
the  lower  ones  papillose-hirsute  on  both  surfaces,  especially  beneath;  panicle  open, 
ovate,  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  its  branches  widely  spreading;  spikelets  broadly  obovoid, 
obtuse,   purplish,    about  1.5   mm.   long,  the  outer  3   scales  pubescent  with   short, 
spreading  hairs,  the  first  scale  nearly  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse.     Dry  soil,  Me.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 

34.  Panicum  filiculme  Ashe.     Culms  densely  tufted,    slender,   finally  much 
branched,  2-3  dm.  tall,  minutely  pubescent  above.     Sheaths  hirsute  with  strongly 
very  long  hairs;    leaves  erect,  the  primary  ones   1.5-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
papillose-pubescent  on  both  surfaces  or  sometimes  glabrous  beneath,  the  hairs  on 
the  upper  surface  exceedingly  long  and  copious;  primary  panicle  long-exserted, 
2-3  cm.  long;  spikelets  broadly  obovoid,  1.5  mm.  long,  pubescent.     In  dry  soil, 
N.  J.  to  Ga.     June-Aug. 

35.  Panicum  pubescens  Lam.     HAIRY  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  £267.)    Culms  at 
first  erect  and  simple,  later  profusely  branched  and  leaning  or  ascending,  glabrous 
or  pubescent.      Sheaths  hirsute,  often  papillose;  leaves   more  or  less  hirsute,  espe- 
cially beneath,  generally  more  or  less  spreading,  those  of  the  culm  5-7.5  cm.  long, 
those  of  the  branches  much  shorter;  primary  panicles  less  than  7. 5  cm.  long,  ovoid, 
their  branches  ascending;  lateral  panicles  much  smaller;    spikelets  hardly  2  mm. 
long,  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  common.  Me.  and  Quebec  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Ga., 
Ind.  Terr,  and  Aria.     June-Aug. 

36.  Panicum    Atlanticum   Nash.     ATLANTIC    PANICUM.     (I.    F.    f.    267 f.) 
Papillose-hirsute    with    long,    white,    spreading    hairs.      Culms  tufted,    at    length 
branched.  3-5  dm.  tall,  erect 'or  ascending,  a  smooth  ring  below  the  nodes  which 
are  barbed  with  spreading  hairs;    leaves  erect,   rigid,   thickish,  linear-lanceolate, 
3.75-10  cm.   long,  4-7  mm.  wide,   middle  leaves  the  longest;    panicle  3.75-6.25 
cm.   long,  3-6  cm.  wide;  spikelets  numerous,  obovoid,  a  little  over  2  mm.  long, 
1.5  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  the  outer  3  scales  densely  pubescent  with  short  spreading 
hairs.     Dry  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  Va.     June-Aug. 

37.  Panicum  lunuginosum  Ell.    WOOLLY  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  i66a.)  Culms, 
sheaths  and  leaves  villous  with  spreading  hairs,  those  on  the  leaves  and  the  upper  part 
of  the  culm  shorter.     Culms  leafy,  tufted,  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  at  length  branched, 
a  smooth   ring  below  each  barbed   node;    leaves  erect,  lanceolate,   3.75-12.5  cm. 
long,  4-9  mm.  broad;  panicle  ovoid,   3.75-10  cm.  long,  the  axis  pubescent,   the 
branches  ascending,  the  larger  2.5-5  cm-  l°ngj  spikelets  numerous,  broadly  obo- 
void, about   1.75  mm.  long,  the   first  scale  orbicular,  the  second  and  third  scales 
nearly  orbicular,  densely  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.     Dry  sandy  soil,  south- 
ern N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 


GRAMINEAE.  87 

38.  Panicum  viscidum  Ell.     VELVETY  PANICUM.     (I.   F.   f.   266.)     Culms 
erect,  6-12  dm.  tall,  simple,  or  at  length  much  branched  above,  villous.     Sheaths 
villous;  leaves   softly  pubescent,  those  of  the  culm  10-17.5  cm-  l°ng)  10-16  mm. 
wide,  distant,  those  of  the  branches  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  crowded; 
primary  panicles  7.5-15  cm.  long,  ovoid,  branches  ascending;  secondary  panicles 
much  smaller;  spikelets  ovoid  to  oval,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  pubescent;  fourth  scale 
oval,  apiculate,  2  mm.  long.     Moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  the   Ind.  Terr.,  south 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Not  viscid.     June -Aug. 

39.  Panicum  Addisonii  Nash.     RIGID   PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  2676.)     Culms 
2.5-3.75  dm.  tall,  rigid,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  at  length  much 
branched,  the-  branches  erect,  pubescent  with  long,  nearly  appressed  hairs.     Sheaths 
appressed-pubescent,    at   least  the  lower  ones;  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  thickish, 
smooth    and  glabrous   on   both    surfaces,  acuminate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm. 
wide;  panicle  ovoid  to  oblong,  1.8-5.6  cm.  long,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  obovoid,  2mm.  long;  second  and  third  scales  densely  pubescent  with 
long,  spreading  hairs.     Sandy  soil,  southern  N.  J.     May -June. 

40.  Panicum  Commonsianum  Ashe,     COMMONS'  PANICUM.     Culms  tufted, 
erect,  2  5-5   dm.  tall,  densely  appressed-hirsute   below   and  puberulent  above,  or 
rarely   somewhat  hirsute.      Sheaths,  especially  the  lower  ones,  appressed-hirsute; 
leaves  erect  or  nearly  so,  firm,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  ciliate  toward  the  base, 
4-10   cm.    long,    3-6  mm.    wide;  panicle  open,    5-7    cm.  long,  broadly  ovate,  its 
branches    spreading;    spikelets   2.5    mm.    long,   obovate,     pubescent.      On    dry, 
sandy  ridges  along  the  coast,  Del.  to  N.  Car.     June-July. 

41.  Panicum   Wilcoxianum   Vasey.     WILCOX'S   PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  260.) 
Culms  erect,  1.5-2.5  dm.  tall,  sparingly  pubescent.     Sheaths  papillose-pubescent; 
leaves  3.75-7.5  cm.  long,  less  than  4  mm.  wide,  long-acuminate,  strongly  pubes- 
cent with  long  hairs;    panicle   about    3.75  cm.   long,   oblong  to  ovoid,   compact; 
branches  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  ascending,  flexuous;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long, 
ellipsoid;  first  scale  about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  and  third 
scales  about  equal,  pubescent;  fourth  scale  about  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse.     In 
dry  soil,  Neb.  (and  Kans.  ?).     July -Aug. 

42.  Panicum  Liebergii  (Vasey)  Scribn.  LIEBERG'S  PANICUM.  (I.  F.  f.  2593.) 
Culms  erect,  slender,  glabrous,  roughish,  especially  near  the  nodes,  3-6  dm.  tall, 
at  length  branched.     Sheaths  papillose-hirsute  with  spreading  hairs;  leaves  erect 
or  ascending,  lanceolate,  5-10  cm.   long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
papillose-hispid  beneath   and  sometimes  sparingly  so  on  the  rough  upper  surface; 
panicle  oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  3-4  mm. 
long,  oval,  the  outer  three  scales  papillose-hirsute  with  long,  spreading  hairs.     Dry 
soil,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Mo.  and  Neb.     June -July. 

43.  Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash.     SCRIBNER'S  PANICUM.      (I.  F.  f.  259.) 
Culms  erect,  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  simple,  or  late  in  the  season  dichotomously  branched 
above,   sparingly  pubescent.     Sheaths  strongly  papillose-hispid;    leaves  5-10  cm. 
long,  6—12   mm.  wide,   more  or  less  spreading,   smooth  above,   scabrous  beneath; 
panicles  small,  the  primary  one  ovoid,  3.75-7.5  cm.  long,  the  secondary  ones  much 
smaller  ani  more  or  less   included;  branches  of  the   primary  panicle  spreading, 
1.6-3.7  cm.  long,  often  flexuous;  spikelets  turgid,  obovoid,  about  3  mm.   long.     In 
dry  or  moist  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.,  Kans.  and  Ariz.     June- Aug. 

44.  Panicum  xanthophysum  A.  Gray.     SLENDER  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  258.) 
Culms  erect,  3-6  dm.    tall,   simple.      Sheaths   sparingly  papillose-hirsute;    leaves 
7.5-15  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  long-acuminate,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous;  pan- 
icle !ong-exserted,  linear,  3.75-10  cm.   long,  its  branches  appressed;  spikelets  few, 
about  3  mm.  long,  obovoid,  pubescent  or  glabrate ;  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  nearly  equal  obtuse  second  and  third;  fourth  scale  indurated  and  shining, 
elliptic  or  oval.     Dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Manitoba,   south  to  N.  J.   and  Penn. 
Plant  light  green,  becoming  yellowish  in  drying.     June-Aug. 

45.  Panicum  calliphyllum  Ashe.     Plant  yellowish-green.     Culms  single  or  a 
little  tufted,  simple,  4-5  dm.  tall,   minutely  pubescent;  sheaths  glabrous,  excepting 
the   ciliate   margins;    leaves  ascending,   9-11  cm.   long,   9—12  mm.  wide,   lanceo- 
late, smooth  and  glabrous,  ciliate  at  the  base;  panicle  6-9  cm.  long,  its  ascending 
scabrous  branches  3-4  cm.  long;  spikelets  few,  3  mm.  long,  elliptic,  pubescent.    In 
dry  soil,  central  N.  Y.     June-Aug. 


88  FLORA. 

46.  Panicum  sphaerpcarpon  Ell.     ROUND-FRUITED  PANICUM.    (I.  F.  f.  252.) 
Culms    generally  erect,    simple   or   somewhat  branched   at   base,   2.5-6  dm.   tall, 
smooth,  or  the  nodes  sometimes  pubescent.     Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,   glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate;  leaves  5-10  cm.   long,  4-14  mm.  wide,  acu- 
minate, scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  the  margins  cartillaginous  and  minutely 
serrulate,  ciliate   towards  the  base;  panicle  ovoid,  5-10  cm.   long;    spikelets  less 
than  2  mm.  long,  nearly  spherical  or  somewhat  longer  than  thick,  obtuse,  purple; 
first  scale  broadly  ovate,  obtuse.     Dry  soil,  southern  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  Mo.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  and  Mex.     July-Sept. 

47.  Panicum  polyanthes  Schult.     SMALL-FRUITED  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  253.) 
Culms  generally  erect,   6-9  dm.   tall,  simple,  smooth.     Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous, 
longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  none;  leaves  1.25-2  dm.  long,  1.25-2.5  cm.  wide, 
long-acuminate,  smooth,  cordate-clasping  and  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base ;  panicle 
7.5-20  cm.  long,  ovoid  to  oblong  in  outline;  branches  slender,  ascending;  spikelets 
1.5  mm.  long,  obovoid  to  nearly  spherical,  numerous;  first  scale  minute,  second  and 
third  about  equal,  7-nerved,  puberulent,  the  fourth  white  and  shining.     Woods  and 
along  thickets,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Penn.  and  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.,  La.,  Neb.  and 
Tex.     July-Sept.      (P.  microcarpon  Muhl.) 

48.  Panicum  commutatum  Schultes.     VARIABLE  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  255.) 
Culms    erect,  3-8  dm.    tall,   glabrous  or   nearly  so,  simple,  finally  dichotomously 
branched  above.    Sheaths  glabrous  or  puberulent,  generally  ciliate  on  the  margins; 
primary  leaves  7-11  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide,  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base,  gla- 
brous,  those  of  the  branches  generally  broader  and  more  crowded  than  those  of 
the  main   stem;   panicle  J-12.$  cm.  long,  the   branches    spreading;  spikelets  2.5 
mm.  long,  elliptic;   second   and   third    scales  equal,  7-nerved,  pubescent.     In  dry 
woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    June- Aug. 

49  Panicum  Ashei  G.  Pearson.  ASHE'S  PANICUM.  Culms  tufted,  2-4  dm. 
tall,  finally  sparingly  branched,  minutely  pubescent.  Sheaths  glabrous  or  minutely 
pubescent,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  leaves  distant  on  the  main  culm,  in  the  branched 
state  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  few  branches,  spreading  or  ascending,  lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  ciliate  at  the  base,  those  on  the  main 
culm  4-7  cm.  long,  6-IO  mm.  wide,  thoseon  the  branches  smaller;  panicle  4-6  cm. 
long,  open,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long  and  about  I  mm. 
broad,  elliptic,  obtusish,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.  In  dry 
woods,  N.  Y.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga. ;  also  in  Mo.  July-  Sept. 

50.  Panicum  macrocarpon  Le  Conte.     LARGE-FRUITED  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f. 
256.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched  above,  smooth,  the 
nodes,   at  least  the  upper  ones,    naked.     Sheaths    smooth    and    glabrous,  ciliate; 
leaves  7.5-17.5  cm.  long,  1.8-3.7  cm.  wide,  cordate-clasping  at  base,  acuminate, 
smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on   both    surfaces,  ciliate;  panicles    7.5-15  cm. 
long,  generally  long-exserted,  rarely  included,  its  branches  more  or  less  ascending; 
spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  turgid,  oval  to  obovoid;  second  and  third  scales   broadly 
oval,  obtuse,  9-nerved,   pubescent.     Usually  on  dry  hillsides,  N.  H.  to  N.  Car., 
west  to  Iowa  and  K.ans.     July-Aug. 

51.  Panicum   Porterianum   Nash.     PORTER'S    PANICUM.     (I.    F.   f.    254.) 
Culms  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple  or  somewhat  dichotomously  branched  above,  the 
nodes  densely  barbed.    Sheaths  generally  softly  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  to  broadly 
lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  1.25-3.7  cm.  wide,  cordate-clasping  at  base,  acute,  gla- 
brous, at  least  below;  panicle  included  or  somewhat  exserted,  the  branches  spread- 
ing  or  ascending,  bearing  few  elliptic  short-pedicelled  appressed  spikelets  4-5  mm. 
long;  first  scale  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  pubescent  and  equal  second 
and  third  ones;  fourth  scale  about  as  long  as  the  third.     In  woods,  Me.  and  Ont. 
to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

52.  Panicum   clandestinum   L.     HISPID  PANICUM.     (I.  F.  f.  257.)     Culms 
erect  or  ascending,  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  rather  stout,  simple  at  first,  much  branched 
later  in  the  season.     Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  much  crowded  on  the 
branches,  papillose-hispid,  especially  the  upper  ones ;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  1.2-3.7 
cm.  wide,  cordate-clasping  at  base,   acuminate,  smooth   and  glabrous,  the  margins 
ciliate  at  base;  primary  panicle  sometimes  long-exserted;  panicles  of  the  branches 
included  in  the  sheaths,  rarely  slightly  exserted;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm-   long> 
soid.     In  thickets,  Quebec  to  Mich.,  south  to  Ga.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     June-July. 


GRAMINEA&.  89 

17-  SACCOLEPIS  Nash. 

A  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  a  terminal  contracted  panicle.  Spikelets 
numerous,  readily  deciduous  when  mature,  I -flowered,  articulated  to  the  pedicel 
below  the  empty  scales.  Scales  4,  the  outer  3  membranous,  the  first  scale  small, 
the  second  one  much  larger  than  the  rest,  many-nerved,  strongly  saccate  at  the  base ; 
fourth  scale  much  shorter  than  the  third,  chartaceous,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar 
texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  large  saccate  second  scale  of  the  spikelet.] 
Species  I,  native  of  the  southern  U.  S.  Also  in  Cuba. 

I.  Saccclepis  gibba  (Ell.)  Nash.  (I.  F.  f.  279.)  Culms  erect  from  a  creep- 
ing base,  6-18  dm.  long,  dichotomously  branched  below.  Lower  sheaths  densely 
hirsute,  the  upper  generally  glabrous;  leaves  7.5-17.5  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide, 
usually  spreading,  more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  7.5-22.5  cm.  long,  dense  and 
contracted;  branches  1.2—2.5  cm.  long,  erect;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  elliptic, 
somewhat  acute;  first  scale  about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  scale 
gibbous  at  base  1 1 -nerved;  third  scale  about  equalling  the  second,  7-nerved,  empty, 
the  fourth  one  shorter  than  the  second.  Swamps,  Va.  to  Tenn.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
La.  Also  in  Cuba.  July-Sept.  (Panicum  gib  burn  Ell.) 

18.  CHAETOCHI  O.I     Scribn.    (Setaria  Beauv.  1812.     Not  Ach.,  1798.)    (See  Ap>) 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  culms  and  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  in 
spike-like  clusters.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  staminate  flower, 
the  basal  bristles  single  or  in  clusters  below  the  articulation  of  the  rachilla,  and 
therefore  persistent.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  the  three  outer  membranous,  the 
third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate  flower;  the  inner  or  fourth  scale 
chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales. 
[Greek,  in  reference  to  the  bristles  of  the  inflorescence.]  Species  about  20,  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed.  i.  C.  verticillata. 

Bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Spike-like  inflorescence  racemose ;  second  scale  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

Annual ;  spikelets  exceeding  3  mm.   long ;  upper  surface  of  the  lower  leaves 

hirsute.  2.  C.  glauca. 

Perennials ;  spikelets  less  than  3  mm.  long ;  leaves  glabrous. 

Culms  tufted ;   spikelets  nearly  3  mm.  long,   the  second   scale  usually  5- 

nerved.  3.  C.  occidentals. 

Culms  not  tufted  ;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long,  the  second  scale  usually  3-nerved, 

the  fourth  scale  purple,  at  least  at  the  tip.  4.   C.  versicolor. 

Spike-like  inflorescence  paniculate,  sometimes  nearly  racemose  in  some   forms   of 

No.  5 ;  second  scale  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  nearly  so. 
Flowering  scales  dull,  faintly  rugose,  obtuse,  rather  thin  in  fruit. 

Inflorescence  2.5-8.5  cm.  long,  1.25  cm.  or  less  thick;  spikelets  about  2  mm. 

long ;  bristles  green.  5.   C.  viridis. 

Inflorescence  1-2  dm.  long,  1.25-5  cm-  thick;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long; 

bristles  usually  purple.  6.   C.  Italica. 

Flowering  scales  shining,  perfectly  smooth,  very  acute,  hard  in  fruit. 

7.   C.  magna. 

1.  Chaetochloa  verticillata  (L.)  Scribn.     FOX-TAIL  GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  280.) 
Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long, 
scabrous  above;  spikes   5—7.5    cm.  long;  spikelets  about  2   mm.  long,  equalled  or 
exceeded  by  the  downwardly  barbed  bristles;   first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  lonj; 
as  the  spikelet,  i-nerved;  second  and  third  scales  5-7-nerved,  equalling  the  oval 
fourth  one.     About  dwellings  and  in  waste  places.  N.   S.   and  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Ky. 
and  Neb.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

2.  Chaetochloa  glauca  (L.)    Scribn.      YELLOW  FOX-TAIL.     PIGEON  GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  281.)     Culms  3-12  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  glabrous;    leaves  5-15   cm.   long, 
pilose  above  near  the  base;  spikes  2.5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  much 
shorter  than  the  bristles;  fir?t  scale  i-3-nerved,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  5-nerved 
second;  third  scale  5-nerved,  equalling  the  fourth,  which  is  V-shaped  in  cross-sec 
tion,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  second.     In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds, 


90  FLORA. 

throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north.       Often  a  troublesome  weed.     Na- 
turalized from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

3.  Chaetochloa  occidentalis  Nash.  WESTERN  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.  Culms 
tufted,    from  a  branching  rootstock,    3-8  dm.   tall.     Sheaths  compressed,  keeled, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  erect,  firm',  1.6  dm.  or  less  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  gla- 
brous; spike-like^racemes  3-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  the  bristles  green;   spike- 
lets  a  little  less  th'an  3  mm.  long,  the  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  3 -nerved,  the  second  scale  a  little  longer,  3-5 -nerved,  the  fourth  scale  strongly 
transverse-rugose,  elliptic.     In  meadows,  Kans.  and  Ind.  Terr.     July. 

4.  Chaetochloa  versicolor  Bicknell.    SEACOAST  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.    Perennial. 
Culms   6-12  dm.   long,  ascending;    sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous,  compressed  and 
keeled;  leaves  long  and  narrow,  1-3.5  dm.  l°ng>  2~6  mm-  wide,  pale  green  or  glau- 
cous, smooth  or  nearly  so-;  spike-like  panicle  long-exserted,  rather  slender,   2.5-7 
cm.  long,  about  1.5   cm.  thick;  spikelets  usually  single,   about  2.5  mm.  long  and 
1.25  mm.  wide,  the  first  scale  ovate,  3-nerved,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,   the  second  scale  acute,  3-nerved,   the  third  scale  5 -nerved,  the  fourth  scale 
rather  pointed,  purple-tipped;  bristles  in  two  nearly  equal  clusters  of  5  each,  very 
slender,  6-IO  mm.  long.      Borders  of  salt  and  brackish  marshes,  Conn,  to  Fla. 

5.  Chaetochloa  vfridi?  (L.)  Scribn.  GREEN  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  282.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall.      Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves   7.5-25  cm.   long,  4-12  mm.  wide; 
spikes  compound,  2.5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  elliptic,  much  shorter 
than  the  green,  or  sometimes  yellowish,  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  long 
as  the  spikelet,  i-3-nerved;  second  and  third  scales  5 -nerved;  fourth  scale  equalling 
or  slightly  exceeding  the  second.     In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  through- 
out N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north,  and  often  a  troublesome  weed.     Naturalized 
from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

6.  Chaetochloa   Italica   (L.)      Scribn.      ITALIAN    MILLET.      HUNGARIAN 
GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  283.)     Culms  6-18  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  smooth  or  scabrous ;  leaves 
1.5-3  dm.  or  more  in  length,  6-36  mm.  wide,  generally  scabrous;  spikes  1-2.25 
dm.  long,  1.25-5  cm-  thick,  usually  very  compound ;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long,  el- 
liptic, equalled  or  exceeded  by  the  purplish  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  I— 3-nerved;  second  and  third  5-7-nerved,   fourth  scale  equal- 
ling or  somewhat  exceeding  the  second.     In  waste  places,  escaped  from  cultivation, 
Quebec  to  Minn. ,  south  to  Flat  and  Tex.     Native  of  the  Old  World.     July-Sept. 

7.  Chaetochloa  magna  (Griseb.)  Scribn.     GIANT  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.     Culms 
1.5-5  m-  ^11)  stout.     Sheaths  densely  hirsute  on  the  margins,  otherwise  glabrous; 
leaves  8  dm.  or  less  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  very  rough  on  both  surfaces;  panicle  2-6 
dm.  long,  3-6  cm.  thick,  nodding  above;  spikelets  2  mm.  long,  the  first  scale  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  3 -nerved,  the  second  scale  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 
7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  oval,  very  acute,  smooth  and  shining.     In  swamps,  Del 
(according  to  Scribner)  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     July- Aug. 

19.    CENCHRUS   L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves.  Inflorescence  spike- 
like.  Spikelets  subtended  by  a  spiny  involucre  which  is  deciduous  with  them  at 
maturity.  Scales  4;  the  first  hyaline;  the  second  and  third  membranous,  the  latter 
sometimes  having  a  palet  and  staminate  flower  in  its  axil;  the  fourth  chartaceous, 
subtending  a  palet  of  similar  structure  which  encloses  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  united  below.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales. 
[Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  grass,  probably  Millet.]  About  12  species,  in 
tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the 
southern  parts  of  N.  Am. 

T.  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.  BUR  GRASS.  HEDGEHOG  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  284.) 
Culms  erect  or  decumbent  from  an  annual  root,  2-9  dm.  long.  Sheaths  usually 
loose,  compressed,  smooth;  leaves  6.25-12.5  cm.  long;  spikes  2.5-6.25  cm.  long, 
sometimes  partially  included  in  the  upper  sheath;  involucres  crowded  on  the 
scabrous  rachis,  2-flowered,  globose,  pubescent  except  at  the  base,  forming  spiny 
burs,  the  spines  stout;  spikelets  about  6  mm.  long.  On  sandy  shores  and  in  waste 
places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Sometimes  a  noxious 
weed.  Apparently  perennial  in  the  Southern  States.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRAMINEAE.  Ql 

SO.  ZIZANIOPSIS.     Doell  and  Aschers. 

Tall  aquatic  monoecious  grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflor- 
escence. Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  pistillate  borne  at  the  top  of  the  branches,  the 
staminate  at  the  base.  Scales  2,  nearly  equal,  membranous,  the  outer  one  in  the 
pistillate  spikelets  broad,  acute,  and  bearing  an  awn.  Stamens  6.  Styles  united. 
Grain  nearly  globose,  the  pericarp  readily  separable.  [Name  in  allusion  to  the 
resemblance  of  this  grass  to  Zizania.  ]  A  monotypic  genus,  of  temperate  and  trop- 
ical America. 

I.  Zizaniopsis  miliacea  (Michx.)  Doell.  and  Aschers.  ZIZANIOPSIS.  (I.  F. 
f.  285.)  Culms  1-4.5  mm-  tall,  from  a  long  rootstock.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous; 
Hgule  8-14  mm.  long,  thin-membranous;  leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  1.25-2.5  cm. 
wide;  panicle  3-4.5  dm.  long,  narrow;  branches  erect;  staminate  spikelets  6-8 
mm.  long,  the  outer  scale  5-nerved,  the  inner  3-nerved;  pistillate  spikelets  about 
6  mm.  long,  the  outer  scale  bearing  an  awn  2-6  mm.  long,  5-nerved;  inner  scale 
3-nerved.  Swamps,  Ga.  to  Ohio  (according  to  Riddell),  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
June -July.  (Zizania  miliacea  Michx.) 

21.  ZIZANIA  L. 

A  tall,  aquatic  monoecious  grass,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle. 
Spikelets  I -flowered,  the  pistillate  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle,  the 
staminate  on  the  lower.  Scales  2,  membranous,  the  outer  somewhat  longer,  acute 
in  the  staminate,  long-awned  in  the  pistillate  spikelets.  Stamens  6.  Styles  nearly 
distinct.  Grain  linear.  [From  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia. 

i.  Zizania  aquatica  L.  WILD  RICE.  INDIAN  RICE.  WATER  OATS.  REED. 
(I.  F.  f.  286.)  Culms  erect  from  an  annual  root,  9-30  dm.  tall.  Sheaths  loose, 
glabrous;  ligule  about  6  mm.  long,  thin-membranous  ;  leaves  3  dm.  or  more  long; 
panicle  3-6  dm.  long,  the  upper  branches  erect,  the  lower  widely  spreading; 
staminate  spikelets  6-12  mm.  long,  outer  5-nerved,  the  inner  3-nerved;  scales  of 
the  pistillate  spikelets  8-24  mm.  long,  the  outer  one  5-nerved,  with  an  awn  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  the  inner  narrower,  3-nerved,  awn-pointed;  grain  1-3  cm.  long.  In 
swamps,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  June— Oct. 

22.  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg.     [LEERSIA  Sw.] 

Marsh  grasses  with  flat  narrow,  generally  rough  leaves  and  paniculate  inflores- 
cence. Spikelets  I -flowered,  perfect,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  and  usually 
more  or  less  imbricated.  Scales  2,  chartaceous,  the  outer  one  broad  and  strongly 
conduplicate,  the  inner  much  narrower.  Stamens  1-6.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  supposed  re- 
semblance of  these  grasses  to  Millet.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  temperate  and 
tropical  countries.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Spikelets  oblong,  their  width  less  than  one-half  their  length,  somewhat  imbricated. 

Spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long;  panicle-branches  usually  rigid.  i.  //.   Virginicus. 

Spikelets  4-5  mm.  long;  panicle-branches  generally  lax.  2.  //.  oryzoides. 

Spikelets  oval,  their  width  more  than  one-half  their  length,  much  imbricated. 

3.  H.  lenticularis. 

1.  Homalocenchrus  Virginicus  (Willd.)  Britton.     WHITE  GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
287.)       Culms  3-9  dm.  long,   much  branched,   slender.     Leaves   5-15   cm.    long, 
2-1 6  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  terminal  panicle  finally  open  and  long-exserted,  7-5-co 
cm.  long;  lateral  panicles  smaller  and  usually  included  ;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
about   I  mm.  wide;  outer  scale  hispid  on  the  keel  and  margins;   stamens  I  or  2. 
Swamps  or  wet  woods,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Scpt. 

2.  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Poll.     RICE  CUT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  ?8>  ) 
Culms  3-12   dm.   long,   much  branched,  rather  stout.     Leaves  7.5-25  cm.    long, 
4-10  mm.   wide  ;  terminal  panicle   1.25-2.25   dm.   long,   finally  long-exserted,  its 
branches  lax,   and  later  widely  spreading  ;    lateral  panicles    generally  included; 
spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide,  elliptic;  scales  pubescent,  the  outer 
one  hispid  on  the  keel  and  on  the  margins;  stamens  3.     In  swamps  and  along 
streams,  often  forming  dense  tangled  masses,  N.  S.  to  western  Ont.,  south  to  Fla- 
and  Tex.     Also  in  the  temperate  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.     Aug. -Sept. 


92  FLORA. 

3.  Homalocenchrus  lenticularis  (Michx.)  Scribn.  CATCH  FLY  GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  289.)  Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  usually  simple.  Leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  8-20 
mm.  wide;  panicle  1.12-2.25  dm.  l°ng>  finally  exserted,  its  branches  lax,  and  later 
spreading  ;  spikelets  much  imbricated,  4-5  mm.  long,  2-3.5  mm-  wide  ;  scales 
smooth  or  sparingly  hispid-scabrous,  the  outer  one  strongly  3 -nerved,  hispid  on  the 
keel  and  margins,  the  inner  much  narrower,  strongly  I -nerved,  hispid  on  the  keel; 
stamens  2.  Wet  grounds,  Va.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

23.  PHALARIS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  spike-like,  capi- 
tate or  a  narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  crowded,  I -flowered.  Scales  5,  the  first  and 
second  about  equal  in  length,  strongly  compressed  laterally,  usually  wing-keeled; 
third  and  fourth  scales  much  smaller  or  reduced  to  mere  rudiments;  fifth  scale  sub- 
tending a  palet  similar  to  itself  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  smooth,  enclosed  in  the  indurated  scales. 
[Greek,  alluding  to  the  shining  grain.]  About  10  species,  mostly  natives  of 
southern  Europe.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  U.  S. 

Outer  scales  not  winged  ;  inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle.  i.  P.  arundinacea. 

Outer  scales  broadly  winded  ;  inflorescence  a  spike  or  spike-like  panicle. 

Spikelets  narrow ;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  reduced,  rigid,  subulate,  hairy. 

2.  P.  Caroliniana. 

Spikelets  broad ;  third  and  fourth  scales  thin-membranous,  broadly  lanceolate,  gla- 
brous or  sparingly  hairy.  3.  P.  Canariensts. 

1.  Phalaris  arundinacea  L.     REED  CANARY-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  290.)     Gla- 
brous, 6-15  dm.  tall.     Leaves  8.75-25  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide;  panicle  7.5-20 
cm.  long,  dense  and  contracted;  spikelets  $—6  mm.  long;   outer  scales  3-nerved; 
third  and  fourth  scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth;  fifth  scale  about 
three-fourths  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  pubescent  with  long  approved  silky  hairs.     In 
moist  or  wet  soil,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ky..  Kans.  and  Nev.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     July- Aug.     The  Ribbon-grass  or  Painted-grass  of  cultivation, 
the  so-called  variety  picta,  has  leaves  variegated  with  green  and  white  stripes,  is  a 
derivative  of  this  species,  and  sometimes  escapes  from  gardens. 

2.  Phalaris  Caroliniana   Walt.     CAROLINA  CANARY-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  291.) 
Culms  3-10.5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  5-15  cm-  '°ng?  4-10  mm.  wide;   spike-like  panicle 
oblong,  2.5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  5  mm.  long,  3-nerved;  third  and  fourth  scales 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  acuminate,  pubescent  with  long  appressed  hairs.      In  moist  soil,   S.  Car. 
to  Mo.  and  Cal.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

3.  Phalaris  Canariensis   L.     CANARY-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  292.)    Culms  3-9 
dm.  tall.      Leaves  5-30  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide,   strongly  scabrous;  spikes  1.25- 
3.75   cm.    long,  ovoid;  spikelets   6-8  mm.   long;  outer  scales  whitish  with   green 
nerves;  third  and  fourth  scales  about  half  the  length  of  the  fifth,  broadly  lanceolate, 
thin-membranous,  sparingly  hairy ;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs.     In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Va.  and  Neb. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.     The  grain  is  the  common  food  of  canary  birds.     July- 
Aug. 

24.    ANTHOXANTHUM    L. 

Fragrant  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles. 
Spikelets  I -flowered,  narrow,  somewhat  compressed.  Scales  5;  the  two  outer  acute 
or  produced  into  a  short  awn,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  third  and  fourth 
scales  much  shorter,  2-lobed,  awned  on  the  back;  the  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the 
o'.hers,  obtuse.  Stamens  2.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated,  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  yellow  hue  of  the  spikelets 
in  some  species.]  A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  natives  of  Europe. 

i.  Anthoxanthum  odoratum  L.  SWEET  VERNAL-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  293.) 
Culms  3-6  dm.  tall.  L-eaves  1.25-15  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
panicles  2.5-6.25  cm.  long;  spikelets  8  mm.  long,  crowded;  outer  scales  glabrous  or 
pubescent;  the  third  and  fourth  very  hairy,  the  former  with  an  awn  nearly  twice 


GRAMINEAE.  93 

its  length  inserted  about  the  middle,  the  fourth  scale  bearing  near  the  base  an  awn 
more  than  twice  its  length.  In  fields  and  meadows  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of 
N.  Am.  Very  fragrant  in  drying.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  June -July. 

25.  SAVASTANA  Schrank.      [HIEROCHLOE  Gmel.] 

Aromatic  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  3 -flowered,  the  terminal  flower  perfect,  the  others  staminate.  Scales  5; 
the  first  and  second  nearly  equal,  acute,  glabrous;  the  third  and  fourth  somewhat 
shorter,  obtuse,  entire,  emarginate,  2-toothed  or  2-lobed,  with  or  without  an  awn, 
enclosing  a  palet  and  stamens;  fifth  scale  often  produced  into  a  short  awn,  enclos- 
ing a  p  ilet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  3,  in  the  perfect 
2.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Name 
unexplained.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions. 

Third  and  fourth  scales  unawned  ; 
Entire  ;  culms  3-10  dm.  tall. 

Panicle  i  dm.  long  or  less,  its  branches  short,  5  cm.  long  or  less  ;  leaves   short 

and  broad.  i.  S.  odor  at  a. 

Panicle  1.5-5  dm.  long,  its  branches  capillary,  drooping,  1-2    dm.  long  ;  leaves 

long  and  narrow.  2.   S,  A'asJm. 

Erose-truncate  ;  culms  1.5  dm.  tall  or  less.  3.  S.  pauciflora. 

Third  and  fourth  scales  awned.  4.  S.  alpina. 

1.  Savastana  odorata  (L.)  Scribn.    HOLY-GRASS.     SENECA  GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
294.)     Sheaths  smooth;  lower  leaves  elongated,  1-2  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  the 
upper  ones  1.25-5  cm.  long;   panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  its  branches   2.5-5  cm-  l°ng> 
usually  spreading;    spikelets  yellowish-brown  and  purple,  4-6  mm.  long;  first  and 
second  scales    acute;  third   and  fourth  villous  and  strongly  ciliate,    a\vn-pointed. 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Wis.  and  Colo.    Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
June -July.    This  and  other  sweet-scented  grasses  are  strewn  before  the  churches  in 
northern  Europe,  whence  the  name  Holy-grass.      Also  known  as  Vanilla-grass. 

2.  Savastaia  Nashii  Bicknell.     NODDING  VANILLA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  294a.) 
Plant  smooth,  glabrous  and  shining.      Culms  erect,  slender,  6-9  dm.  tall.     Sheaths 
overlapping,  striate;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  elongated,  the  culm  leaves  5  or  6, 
5-20  cm.  long,  4-6  mm  wide,  acuminate;  panicle  long-exserted,  loose  and  opt n,  1.7- 
4.5  dm.  long,  its  apex  nodding,  the  capillary  branches  drcoping,  the  larger  7.5-17.5 
cm.   long,    in  purs;  spikelets   5-8   mm.    long,  on    capillary  pedicels;  scales  5,  the 
outer  2  abruptly  long-acuminate;  the  third   and    fourth    scales  atout  5  mm.  long, 
rough,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  ascending  hairs.      Along  brackish  marshes,  N.  Y. 
City.     July-Aug. 

•  3.  Sivistana  pauciflbra  (R.  Br.)  Scribn.  ARCTIC  HOLY-GRASS.  (I.  ¥.  f . 
295.)  Glabrous;  culms  1.5  dm.  high  or  less,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  sheaths  mostly  at 
the  base  of  the  culm,  overlapping;  leaves  smooth,  the  basal  ones  2.5-5  cm.  long,  I 
mm.  wide,  involute  at  least  when  dry;  culm  leaves  1.25  cm.  long  or  less,  2  ir,m. 
wide,  fl.it;  pinicle  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  contracted;  spikelets  few,  3-4 mm.  lorg; 
first  and  second  scales  3-4  mm.  long,  smooth  and  glabrous;  third  and  fourth  shorter, 
scabrous.  Arctic  America.  Summer. 

4.  Savastaia  alpina  (Sw.)  Scribn.  ALPINE  HOLY-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  296.) 
Culms  1.5-4.5  din.  tall.  Lower  leaves  elongated,  7.5-15  cm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
wide,  the  upper  much  shorter,  1.25-5  cm.  long>  2-4  mm.  wide:  panicle  1.8-3.7  cm. 
long,  contracted;  spikelets  5-7  mm.  long,  crowded;  third  and  fourth  shorter,  cili 
ate  on  the  margins,  the  former  bearing  an  awn  about  2  mm.  long,  the  latter  with  a 
more  or  less  bent  awn  about  6  mm.  long;  fifth  scale  acute,  usually  awn-pointed. 
Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  high  mountains  of  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug. 

26.  ARISTIDA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Grasses  varying  greatly  in  habit  and  inflorescence.  Leaves  narrow,  often  in- 
volute-set  iceous.  Spikelets  narrow,  i-flowered.  Scales  3,  narrow,  the  two  outer 
car  mate;  the  third  rigid  and  convolute,  bearing  three  awns  occasionally  united  at 
the  base,  the  lateral  awns  rarely  wanting  or  reduced  to  rudiments.  Palet  2 -nerved. 


94  FLORA. 

Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  tightly  enclosed  in 
the  scale.  [Latin,  from  arista,  an  awn.]  About  100  species,  in  the  warmer 
regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am.  The  English  name  Three-awned  Grass 
is  applied  to  all  the  species. 

Awns  not  articulated  to  the  scale. 
Central  awn  coiled  at  the  base. 

First  scale  usually  equalling;  or  sometimes  slightly  shorter  than  the  second  scale, 

which  is  generally  7-9  mm.  long.  i.  A,  dichotoma. 

First  scale  much  shorter  than  the  second  (often  but  little  more  than  one-half  as 

long),  which  is  10-15  mm.  long. 

Lateral  awns  short,  straight  and  erect,  1-2  mm.  long,  the  central  awn 
usually  more  than  five  times  their  length,  its  straight  portion  5-8  mm. 
long.  2.  A.  Curtissii, 

Lateral  awns  more  or  less  spreading,  usually  a  little  spiral  at  the  base,  the 
central  awn  from  one-half  again  to  twice  their  length,  its  straight  por- 
tion 10-15  mm.  long.  3.  A.  basiramea. 
Central  awn  not  coiled  at  the  base. 

Panicle  narrow,  linear  to  oblong,  the  branches  short  (sometimes  long  in  No.  12), 

erect  or  ascending. 
Central  awn  and  sometimes  the  lateral  ones  also  strongly  reflexed,  the  bend 

semicircular.  4.  A,  ramosissima. 

Central  awn   from  erect  to  spreading  with  no  semicircular  bend  at  the  base. 
First  scale  much  shorter  than  the  second,  usually  about  one-half  as  long. 
Spikelets  crowded,  4-6  on  the  short  branches,  which  are  spikelet- 

bearing  to  the  base  or  nearly  so.  5.  A.fasciculata. 

Spikelets  not  crowded,  usually  1-3  on  branches  naked  at  the  base. 
Second    scale    of    the    spikelet    1.5  cm.  or  less  long,  usually 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  flowering  scale. 

6.  A.  Fendleriana. 

Second  scale  of  the  spikelet  2  cm.  or  more  long,  from  one-half 
again  as  long  as  to  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  flowering 
scale.  7.  A.  longiseta. 

First  scale  from  a  little  shorter  than  to  exceeding  the  second. 
Spikelets  exceeding  2  cm.  long ;  first  scale  5~7-nerved. 

8.  A.  oligantha. 
Spikelets  less  than  1.5  cm.  long;  first  scale  i-3-nerved. 

Sheaths  glabrous,  or  pubescent  only  at  the  apex. 

Leaves  strongly  involute,  densely  villous  at  the  base 

9.  A.  strict  a, 
Leaves  flat,  at  least  not  villous  at  the  base. 

First   scale   generally   shorter   than   or  equalling   the 

second.  10.  A,  gracilis. 

First  scale  usually  exceeding  the  second. 

11.  A.  purpurascens.' 
Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  densely  woolly. 

12.  A.  lanosa. 
Panicle  diffuse  and  open,  the  branches  very  long  and  widely  spreading. 

13.  A.  divaricata. 
Awns  articulated  to  the  scale,  united  at  the  base  into  a  spiral  column. 

Column  conspicuous,  6  mm.  long  or  more.  14.  A.  tuberculosa. 

Column  inconspicuous,  2  mm.  long  or  less.  15.  A.  desmantha. 

1.  Aristida  dichotoma  Michx.     POVERTY-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.   297.)      Culms 
1.5-6  dm.  tall,  dichotomously  branched.     Leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm. 
wide,  involute,  usually  scabrous;  spike-like  racemes  or  panicles  5-12.5  cm.  long, 
slender  ;  spikelets   about  6  mm.   long  ;  outer  scales   nearly   equal,    usually  awn- 
pointed  ;  third  scale  shorter  than  the  second,  the  middle  awn  horizontal,  the  termi- 
nal straight  portion  4-6  mm.  long,  the  lateral  awns  2  mm.  long  or  less,  erect.    Dry 
sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     Aug.- 
Sept. 

2.  Aristida  Curtissii  (A.  Gray)  Nash.     CURTISS'  ARISTIDA.     Culms  tufted, 
2-5  dm.  tall,  branching      Leaves  4-16  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide;  panicle  5-9  cm. 
long,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets   generally    10-12    mm.  long,  rarely  longer,  the 
first  scale  much  shorter  than  the  second,  which  usually  about  equals  the  flowering 
scale;  the  flowering  scale  7-11   mm.  long;    the   lateral   awns   very  short,  1-2  mm. 


GRAMINEAE.  95 

long,  straight  and  erect.     In  dry  soil,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  the  Ind.  Terr. ;  also  in  Va. 
Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Aristida  basiramea  Engelm.     FORKED  ARISTIDA.  (I.  F.  f.  299.)     Culms 
tufted,  rather  slender,  2-6  dm.  tall,  branching.     Leaves   3-15  cm.  long,  1.5   mm. 
wid_-  or  less;  panicle  3-9  cm.  long,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets  10-15  mm-  l°ng» 
the  first  scale  much  shorter  than  the  second;  the  flowering   scale  7-11    mm.  long, 
considerably  shorter  than  the  second  scale;  the  lateral  awns  more  or  less   spread- 
ing, usually  a  little  spiral  at  the  base,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  central 
awn,  which  is  strongly  spiral  at  the  base.     In  dry  places,  Minn,  to  Neb.,  south  to 
111.  and  Kans. 

4.  Aristida  ramoslssima  Engelm.     BRANCHED  ARISTIDA.     (I.    F.    f.    300.) 
Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  branched.     Leaves  3.5-7.5   cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
flat,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spikelets  few,  borne  in  loose  spikes,  5-10  cm. 
in  length;  first  scale  awn-pointed;  second  scale  1.6-2  cm.  in  length,  exceeding  the 
first,  terminated  with  an  awn  2-6  mm.   long;  third  scale  as  long  as   the    second; 
middle  awn  about  2.5  cm.  long,  forming  a  hook,  the  lateral  awns   erect.      In  dry 
soil,  111.  to  Ky.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

5.  Aristida  fasciculata  Torr.     BUSHY  ARISTIDA.     (I.  F.  f.  306.)    Culms  3-6 
dm.  tall,  branched.     Leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  flat;  panicle  7.5- 
17.5  cm.  long,  at  first  strict,  the  branches  finally  more  or  less  spreading;  first  scale  of 
spikelet  I -nerved,  shorter  than  the  second  scale;  third  scale  equalling   or  longer 
than  the  second;  awns  divergent,  the  middle  one  8-16  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones 
shorter.     Dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Cal.,  south  to  Mex.     Aug.-Sept.    (Arislida  dispersa 
Trin.  and  Rupr.) 

6.  Aristida  Fendleriana  Steud.    FENDLER'S  ARISTIDA.    (I.  F.  f.  304.)  Culms 
densely  tufted,  1.5-2.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple.      Sheaths  smooth,  confined  to 
the  base  of  the  culm  ;  leaves  involute,  at  least  when  dry,  often  curved,  0.5  mm.  in 
diameter;  panicle  7-10  cm.  long,    strict,    its  branches   short   and   appressed  and 
usually  bearing  a  single  spikelet;  spikelets  1.2—1.5  cm.   long,   the  flowering  scale 
9-12  mm.  long,  the  central  awn  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  tne  lateral  ones  a  little  shorter. 
In  dry  sandy  soil,   Black  Hills  to  Neb.   and  Utah,    south  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 
(Aristida  pur  pur ea  Nutt.  in  part.) 

7.  Aristida  longiseta  Steud.     LONG-AWNED  ARISTIDA.     Culms  tufted,  2-4 
dm.  tall,  simple.     Leaves  3—10  cm.  long,  involute,  at  least  when  dry;  panicle  1—2 
dm.  long,  its  branches  usually  bearing  but  a  single  spikelet;  spikelets  --2.5  cm. 
long,  the  flowering  scale  1.2-1.6  cm.  long,  from  a  little  over  one-half  to  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  second  scale,  the  central  awn  6-1 1  cm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  equal- 
ling  it  or  a  little  shorter.     In  dry  sandy  soil,   Neb.  to  Mont,  and  Wash.,  south 
to  Tex.  and  Mex.     (Aristida  purpurea  Nutt.  in  part. ) 

8.  Aristida  oligantha  Michx.      FEW-FLOWERED  ARISTIDA.     (I.  F.  f.  303.) 
Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,  dichotomously  branched.     Leaves  2.5-15  cm.   long,  1-2  mm. 
wide,   smooth;  spikelets  few,   in  a  lax  spike-like  raceme  or  panicle;  first  scale  5  - 
nerved,  occasionally  7-nerved  at  base,  equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than    the 
second,  which  bears  an  awn  4-8  mm.  long;  third  scale  shorter  than  the  first,  awns 
divergent  or  spreading,   the  middle  one  3.7-6.2  cm.   long,   the  lateral  somewhat 
shorter.     Dry  soil,  N.  J.  to  Neb.,  south  to  La.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

9.  Aristida  stri^ta  Michx.     ERECT  ARISTIDA.     (I.  F.  f.  305.)     Culms  o  12 
dm.  tall.     Leaves  involute-filiform,  the  basal  3  dm,  or  more  in  length,  those  of  the 
culm  2-3  dm.  long,  or  the  upper  shorter;  panicle  spike-like,  strict,  or  the  top  some- 
times nodding,  1.5-6  dm.  long;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  awn-pointed,  the  first 
I -nerved,  shorter  than  the  second;  third  scale  equalling  the  first  or  a  little  shorter; 
middle  awn  1-2  cm.  long,  horizontal  when  old,  the  lateral  ones  shorter,    erect  o\ 
divergent.     Dry  soil,  Va.  (icrording  to  S.  Watson),  south  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 

10.  Aristida  gracilis   Lll.      SLENDER  ARISTIDA.     (I.    F.    f.    298.)     Culms 
1,5-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  flat,  or  involute  when 
dry;  panicle  spike-like,  7.5-17.5    cm.   long,  slender;    spikelets  about  6  mm.  long; 
outer  scales  about  equal;  third  scale  about  equalling  the  second,  generally  mottled, 
middle  awn  horizontal,  the  lateral  awns  2—6  mm.  long,  erect.    Dry  soil,  N.  H.  and 
Mass,  to  111.  and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept.    * 

11.  Aristida  purpura=cens  Poir.    PURPLISH  ARISTIDA.  (I.  F.  f.  301.)    Culms 
3-7.5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  :-2  dm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  invo- 


96 


JFLORX. 


lute  in  drying;  spike-like  panicles  1.25-4.5  dm.  long,  strict,  or  sometimes  nodding; 
outer  scales  of  spikelet  awn-pointed,  the  first  longer  than  the  second;  third  scale 
from  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long  as  the  first,  middle  awn  1.8-2.4  cm-  l°n^> 
horizontal,  the  lateral  awns  somewhat  shorter,  erect  or  divergent.  In  dry  soil, 
Mass,  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Sept.-Oct. 

12.  Aristida  lanosaMuhl.     WOOLLY  ARISTIDA.     (I.  F.  f.  302.)     Culms  6-12 
dm.  tall.     Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  about  4  mm.  wide,   attenuate   into  a  long, 
slender  point;  panicle  3-6  dm.  long,  strict;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  awn-pointed, 
the  first  1-1.4  cm-  l°ng>  exceeding  the  second;  third  scale  slightly  shorter  than  the 
second,  middle  awn   1.6-2.4  cm.   long,  usually  horizontal,  the  lateral  awns  about 
two-thirds  as  long,  erect  or  divergent.     Dry  sandy  soil,  Del.  to  Fla.  west  to  Tex. 
Aug.-Sept.      (Aristida  lanala  Poir.) 

13.  Aristida  divaricata  H.  &  B.     SPREADING  ARISTIDA.     (I.  F.  f.  3063.) 
Culms  4.5-9  dm.   tall,   tufted,   erect.     Sheaths  overlapping,  rough  ;  culm  leaves, 
1.5-3  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  the  sterile   shoots  from  one-third  to  one-half  as 
long  as  the  culm,  the  leaves  narrower;  panicle  comprising  one-half  of  the  plant,  or 
more,  often  included  at  the  base,  its  branches  rigid,  at  length  widely  spreading; 
spikelets,   exclusive  of  the  awns,   about  1.25  cm.   long;  empty  scales  acuminate, 
usually  awn-pointed;  flowering  scale  commonly  slightly  shorter  than  the  empty 
ones,  firm;  the  lateral  awns  shorter  than  the  central,  which  is  1.2-2  cm.  long.    Dry 
sandy  soil,  Kans.  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.,  south  to  Mex. 

14.  Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt.    SEA-BEACH  ARISTIDA.    (I.  F.  f.  307.)    Culms 
1.5-6  dm.  tall,  dichotomously  branched.     Leaves  1.25-2.25  dm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  1.25—2  dm.  long,  branches  slender, 
ascending;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  equal,  awned,  the  third  scale  shorter; 
awns  divergent  or  reflexed,  more  or  less  coiled.     Sandy  soil,    especially  on  sea- 
beaches,  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.     Also  in  the  interior  in  111.,  Wis.,  Minn,  and 
Neb.     Aug.-Sept. 

15.  Aristida  desmantha  Trin.  &  Rupr.    WESTERN  ARISTIDA.    (I.  F.  f.  308.) 
Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,   branched.     Leaves  1.5-3  dm.   long,  less  than  2  mm.   wide, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  about  1.5  dm.  long,  the  branches  slender, 
ascending;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  equal,  the  third  one  shorter;  awns 
spreading  or  reflexed,  somewhat  coiled.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  (?),  the  Ind.  Terr,  and 
Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

27.  STIPA  L. 

Generally  tall  grasses,  the  leaves  usually  convolute,  rarely  flat,  the  inflorescence 
paniculate.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  narrow.  Scales  3;  the  two  outer  narrow,  acute 
or  rarely  bearing  an  awn,  the  third  rigid,  convolute,  with  a  hairy  callus  at  the  base, 
and  bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn,  which  is  spiral  at  the  base,  and  articulated  to  the 
scale.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  tow-like  plumes  of  some  species.]  A  genus  of  about  100  species,  distributed 
throughout  the  temperate  and  tropical  zones.  Besides  the  following,  some  20 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  4-12  mm.  long  : 

Obtuse  or  blunt-pointed,  4  mm.  in  length.  i.  S.  Macounii. 

Acute,  8-12  mm.  in  length. 

Awn  less  than  five  times  the  length  of  the  scale.  2.  S.  viridula. 

Awn  more  than  seven  times  the  length  of  the  scale.  3.  S.  avenacea. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  2  cm.  long  or  more. 

Base  of  panicle  usually  included  in  the  upper  sheath;  third  scale  8-12  mm.  long; 

awn  slender,  curled.  4.  S.  comata. 

Panicle  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath;  third  scale  1.4-2.4  cm.  long,  awn  bent. 

5.  S.  spartea. 

I.  Stipa  Macounii  Scribn.  MACOUN'S  STIPA.  (I.  F.  f.  309.)  Culms 
3-6  dm.  tall.  Leaves  5-12.5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  flat,  becoming  involute- 
setaceous  in  drying,  scabrous;  panicle  5— 12.5  cm.  long,  contracted,  the  branches  2.5—5 
cm.  long;  spikelets  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  brandies;  third  scale  pubescent  with 
lone,  appressed  silky  hairs,  callus  obtuse;  awn  8-10  mm.  long,  contorted.  N.  B. 
io  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Me.,  N.  II.,  Lake  Superior,  and  Mont.  July.  \S.  Richardsoni 
A.  Gray.]  . 


GRAMINEAE.  97 

2.  Stipa  viridula  Trin.    GREEN  STIPA.    (I.  F.  f.  310.)    Culms  4. 5-9  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  basal  ones  involute-filiform,  one-third  to  one-half  as 
long  as  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  7.5-22  cm.  long,  broader;  panicle  spike-like, 
strict  and  erect;  outer  scales  of  spikelet  6-8  mm.  long,  long-acuminate;  third  scale 
shorter,  more  or  less  pubescent  with   long  appressed  silky  hairs,  callus  acute;  awn 
1.8-3.2  cm.  long,  bent,  loosely  spiral  at  base.     Minn,  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Kans., 
N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     July-Aug. 

3.  Stipa  aveaacea  L.     BLACK  OAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.   311.)    Culms   3-7.5 
dm.    tall.     Leaves  in  volute- filiform,   smooth  beneath,    scabrous  above,    the  basal 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm   7.5-12.5  cm.  long; 
panicle  1.25-2  dm.  long,  loose,  the  branches  lax,  finally  spreading;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  8-10  mm.  long;  third  scale  a  little  shorter,  black,  pilose  at  base,  and 
with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the   top;  callus  hard,  acute;  awn  3.75-6.25  cm.  long, 
bent,  loosely  spiral  below.     In  dry  woods,  R.  I.  to  Fla. ,  mostly  near  the  coast; 
also  in  western  Ont.  and  Wis.      May-June. 

4  Stipa  comata  Trin.  and  Rupr.  WESTERN  STIPA.  (I.  F.  f.  312.)  Culms 
3-6  dm.  tall.  Uppermost  sheaths  very  long  and  inflated,  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle;  basal  leaves  involute-filiform,  one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long  as  the 
culm,  the  culm  leaves  7.5-1.5  cm.  long,  a  little  broader  than  the  basal  ones,  involute; 
panicle  1.5-2.25  dm.  long,  loose,  the  branches  erect-ascending;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  1.8-2.4  cm.  long,  acuminate  into  an  awn  4-8  mm.  in  length;  callus 
acute;  awn  1-2  dm.  in  length,  spiral  and  pubescent  below.  On  prairies,  Alberta 
to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.  June -July. 

5.  Stipa  spartea  Trin.  PORCUPINE-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  313.)  Culms  6-12  dm. 
tall.  Basal  leaves  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
usually  involute,  those  of  the  culm  1.5-3  dm.  long,  about  4mm.  wide,  generally 
flat;  panicle  1-2.5  dm.  in  length,  its  branches  erect ;  outer  scales  of  spikelet  2.5- 
3.6  cm.  long,  acuminate  into  a  long  slender  point;  callus  acute;  awn  1—2  dm.  long, 
stout,  usually  twice  bent,  tightly  spiral  and  pubescent  below,  doubly  spiral  about 
the  middle.  On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  111.  and  Kans.  June-July. 

28.  ORYZOPSIS  Michx. 

Usually  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  I -flowered,  broad.  Scales  3;  the  two  lower  about  equal,  obtuse  or  acu- 
minate; the  third  scale  shorter  or  a  little  longer,  broad,  bearing  a  terminal  awn 
which  is  early  deciduous,  the  callus  at  the  base  of  the  scale  short  and  obtuse,  or  a 
mere  scar.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free, 
tightly  enclosed  in  the  convolute  scale.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  resem- 
blance of  these  grasses  to  rice.]  About  24  species,  distributed  through  temperate 
and  subtropical  regions,  rarely  extending  into  the  tropics.  Besides  the  following, 
some  7  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Spikelet,  exclusive  of  awn,  2.5-4  mm.  long. 

Awn  less  than  2  mm.  long,  much   shorter  than  the  scale;  outer  scales  3-4  mm.  in 

length.  i.  O.  juncea. 

Awn  6-8  mm.  long,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  scale;  outer  scales  [about  2.3 

mm.  in  length.  2.   O.  micrantka. 

Spikelet,  exclusive  of  awn,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Culms  nearly  naked,  leaves   all  crowded   at   the   base;  panicle  5-7.5  cm.  long,  its 

branches  2.5  cm.  in  length  or  less,  erect.  3.    O.  asperifolia. 

Culms  leafy  to  the  top;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long;  branches  5-10  cm.  in  length,  more 
or  less  spreading.  4.   O.  melanocarpa. 

1.  Oryzopsis  juncea  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.     SLENDER  MOUNTAIN  RICE.     (I.  F.  f. 
314.)     Culms   glabrous,  1.5-6  dm.   tall,   erect.      Sheaths  usually  crowded   at  the 
b.ise  of  the  culm;  leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  erect,  involute,  the  basal  about  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  culm,  occasionally  equalling  it,  filiform,  those  of  the  culm 
2. 5-10  cm.  long;  panicle  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  the  branches  1.25-2.5   cm.  in  length, 
e.e:t  or  ascending,  the  lower  half  naked;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,   the  third  scale 
pubescent  with  short  appressed  silky  hairs*  the  awn  less  than  2  mm.  long.     In  dry 
places,  Quebec  to  Br.  Col.,  Mass  ,  Perm,  and  Wis.  May-June.  (O.  CanadensisTorr.} 

2.  Oryzopsis  micrantha  (Trin.  and  Rupr.)Thurb.    SMALL-FLOWERED  MOUN- 
TAIN  R[CE.      (I.    F.    f.    315.)     Culms   glabrous,  3-7.5    dm.   tall,    erect,    slender. 


9  FLORA. 

Leaves  erect,  scabrous,  the  basal  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  less  than  I  mm. 
wide,  usually  more  or  less  involute,  the  culm  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  broad  ; 
panicle  7.5~I5  cm-  l°ng>  the  branches  finally  spreading,  the  lower  ones  2.5-5  cm- 
long,  naked  for  about  two-thirds  their  length;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the  third 
scale  glabrous,  bearing  an  awn  6-8  mm.  long.  S.  Dak.  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. 
June-July. 

3.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.    WHITE-GRAINED  MOUNTAIN  RICE.    (I.  F. 
f.    316.)     Culms  2.5-5  dm-   tall>   erect,   smooth  or  s.abrous.     Sheaths  crowded  at 
base  ;  leaves  erect,  rough,  especially  above,  the  basal  ones  elongated,  often  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  culm,  4-8  mm.  wide,  the  I  or  2  culm  leaves  much  reduced,  less 
than   1.25  cm.   long;  panicle  5-7.5  cm.   long,  contracted,  the  branches  2.5   cm.  in 
length  or  less,  erect ;  spikelets,  exclusive  of  awn,  6-8  mm.  long  ;  third  scale  whitish, 
equalling  the  second  or  a  little  shorter,  sparingly  pubescent,  the  awn  7-10  mm.  long. 
In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
to  N.  Mex.     May— June. 

4.  Oryzopsis  melanocarpa  Muhl.    BLACK -FRUITED  MOUNTAIN  RICE.    (I.  F. 
f.  317.)     Glabrous  ;  culms  4.5-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  roughish.     Sheaths  smooth 
or  scabrous,  the  lower  ones  usual  y  longer,  the  upper  slightly  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  leaves  1.25-3  dm.  long,  4— 14  mm.  wide,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  acuminate 
at  apex  into  a  long  slender  point,  scabrous,  especially  above  ;  panicle  branched  or  nearly 
simple,  7.5-30  cm.  long,  its  branches  5-10  cm.  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
lower  half  naked  ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  equal,  6-8  mm.  in  length,  acute  ; 
third  scale  shorter,  acute,  dark  colored,  sparingly  pubescent,  the  awn  1.6-2.4  cm. 
long.       Rocky  woods,  Vt.   and   Ont.   to  Minn.,   south  to  Mass.,  N.  J.,  Ky.   and 
Mo.     July-Aug. 

29.  ERIOCOMA  Nutt. 

Perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  usually  involute  leaves  and  a  contracted  or  open 
panicle.  Spikelets  I -flowered.  Scales  3;  outer  two  membranous,  glabrous;  third 
scale  firmer,  becoming  hard  in  fruit,  densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs,  and 
bearing  a  terminal  readily  deciduous  awn,  the  callus  at  the  base  of  the  scale  short 
and  obtuse.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed 
in  the  scale.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  copious  silky  hairs  of  the  flowering  scale.] 
A  small  genus  of  2  or  possibly  more  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am. 

I.  Eriocoma  cuspidata  Nutt.  SILKY  ORYZOPSIS.  (I.  F.  f.  318.)  Culms  3-6 
dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long,  less  than  2  mm. 
wide,  involute,  stiff,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long,  diffuse, 
generally  partially  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  its  branches  widely  spreading  and 
many  times  forked,  the  ultimate  divisions  flexuous;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  6-8 
mm.  in  length,  long-acuminate,  glabrous;  third  scale  about  one-half  as  long,  acute, 
densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  erect  hairs  nearly  twice  its  own  length,  the  awn 
4-6  mm.  long.  On  prairies,  Alberta  to  Wash.,  south  to  Kans.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 
May-July.  (Oryzopsis  cuspidata  Vasey.) 

30.  MILIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  lax  panicles.  Spike, 
lets  I -flowered.  Scales  3,  obtuse,  not  awned;  the  outer  about  equal;  the  third  thin- 
membranous,  at  length  rigid,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  palet  scarcely  shorter.  St.i- 
mens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free, 
tightly  enclosed  in  the  rigid  and  shining  scale  and  palet.  [Latin  name  for  Millet.] 
Species  5  or  6,  chiefly  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

I.  Milium  effusum  L.  TALL  MILLET-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  319.)  Glabrous 
throughout;  culms  6-18  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  7.5-22.5  cm.  long, 
6-1 6  mm.  wide,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  or  scabrous;  panicle 
7.5-25  cm.  in  length,  lax,  its  branches  5-7.5  cm.  long,  slender,  somewhat  flexuous, 
naked  at  base  and  dividing  above  the  middle,  at  length  widely  spreading;  spike- 
lets  2.5—3  mm.  long;  outer  scales  equal,  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  third  scale  shorter, 
smooth,  white.  In  woods,  Caps  Breton  I  si.  and  Quebec  to  western  Ontario,  south 
to  Mass.,  Penn.  and  Mich.  Also  in  Northern  Europe  and  Asia.  June-July. 


GRAMINEAE.  99 

31.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflores- 
cence. Rootstocks  often  scaly.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  very  rarely  2-flowered. 
Scales  3,  very  rarely  4;  the  outer  ones  empty,  membranous  or  hyaline,  acute  and 
sometimes  awned;  third  scale  3-5 -nerved,  subtending  a  paletand  perfect  flower,  ob- 
tuse, acute,  or  very  often  produced  into  a  capillary  awn;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens 
often  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Callus  minute.  Grain  narrow,  free, 
tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of  Henry  Muhlenberg,  1756-1817,  North 
American  botanist.]  About  60  species,  chiefly  natives  of  America,  a  few  Asiatic. 

Panicle  contracted,  narrow,  spike-like,  the  short  branches  rarely  spreading. 
Flowering  scales  not  awned  but  sometimes  awn-pointed. 

Outer  scales  not  awned,  about  half  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  acute. 

I.  M,  sobolifera. 
Outer  scales  long-acuminate,  awn-pointed  or  awned. 

Outer  scales  about  equal  in  length  to  the  flowering  scale,  sharp-pointed, 

about  3  mm.  long.  2.  M.  Mexicana. 

Outer  scales  exceeding  the  flowering  scale,  generally  twice  its  length,  awned, 

about  5  mm.  long.  3.  M.  racemosa. 

Flowering  scale  long  awned;  awn  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  scale,  sometimes 

shorter. 
Outer  scales  about  equalling  the  flowering  scale. 

Basal  hairs  not  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale. 

Spikelets  consisting  of  3  scales  and  i  perfect  flower.  4,  M.  sylvatica. 
Spikelets  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  third  with  a  perfect   flower,  the 

fourth  empty  and  awned.  5.  M.  ambigua. 

Basal  hairs  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale.  6.  M.  comata. 

Outer  scales  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale. 

7.  M.  tenuiflora. 
Outer  scales  less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale. 

First  scale  minute,  often  wanting;  flowering  scale  with  an  awn  less  than 

twice  its  length.  8.  M.  diffusa. 

First  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  second. 

Panicle  contracted,  its  branches  closely  appressed ;    awn  about   three 

times  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale.  9.  M.  palustris. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  finally  spreading;  awn  four  times  or  more 
as  long  as  the  flowering  scale.  10.  M.  microsperma. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  long  and  spreading. 

Culms  4.5  dm.  tall  or  more;  panicle  diffuse;  leaves  elongated,  not  rigid. 

ii.  M.  capillaris. 
Culms  3  dm.  tall  or  less;  leaves  5  cm.  long  or  less,  rigid. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  single;  basal  leaves  short,  numerous,  strongly 

recurved.  12.  M.  gracillima. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled;  basal  leaves  few,  not  recurved. 

13.  M.  pungens, 

1.  Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  Trin.     ROCK  MUHLENBERGIA.    (I.  F.  f. 
320.)     Glabrous;  culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched 
above,  smooth.     Leaves  rough,  those  of  the  culm  1-1.5  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
those  of  the  branches  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,   about  2  mm.  wide;  panicle  7  5-15  cm.  in 
length,  slender,  its  branches  1.8-2.5  cm.  l°ng;  outer  scales  about  I  mm.  long,  half 
to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  spikelet;  the  third  scale  scabrous,  obtuse,  3-nerved, 
the  middle  nerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  tip.     Rocky  woods,   N.   H.   and 
Mass,  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.,  Tenn.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     Sept. -Oct. 

2.  Muhlenbergia  Mexicana  (L.)  Trin.    MEADOW  MUHLENBERGIA.    (I.  F.  f. 
321.)     Glabrous;  culms  6-12  dm.  long,  erect,  or  often  prostrate,  much  branched, 
smooth.     Leaves  scabrous,  those  of  the  culm  1-1.5  dm.   long,    2-6  mm.  wide,  the 
branch  leaves  smaller;  panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  contracted,  its  branches  spike-like, 
2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  erector  appressed;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.   long;  outer  scales  some- 
what unequal,  exceeding  the  flowering  one,  or  slightly  shorter,  acuminate  or  short- 
awned,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel  ;  third  scale  acuminate,  scabrous,  particu- 
larly toward  the  apex.     In  swamps  and  borders  of  fields,  N.  B.  to  western  Ont., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.,  Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     Aug. -Sept. 

2-  ?*  "'ilenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.  MARSH  MUHLENBERGIA.  (I. 
F.  f.  $2...)  Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  usually  m^ch  branched,  smooth  and 


100  FLORA. 

glabrous.  Leaves  5-12.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  5-11.25  cm. 
in  length,  usually  dense  and  interrupted,  the  branches  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  erect  or 
appressed,  the  spikelets  much  crowded;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  acuminate,  4-6 
mm.  long,  including  the  awn,  smooth,  or  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long,  acuminate,  the  strongly  scabrous  midrib 
excurrent  in  a  short  point.  In  wet  places,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Mo. 
and  N.  Mex.  Aug. -Sept.  (M.  gtonu-rata  Trin.) 

4.  Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.     WOOD  MUHLENBERGIA.     (I.  F.  f.  323.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.   tall,   erect,  branched.     Leaves  5-17.5   cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
rough;  panicle  7.5-17.5  cm.   in  length,   somewhat  lax,  the  branches  2.5-7.5  cm. 
long,  erect  or  ascending;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet 2. 5-3  mm.  long,  awn-pointed, 
scabrous  ;  third  scale  equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  outer  ones,  strongly 
scabrous,  attenuate  into  a  slender  awn  2-4  times  its  length.     In  moist  woods  and 
along  streams,  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.,  Neb.  and  thelnd. 
Terr.     Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Muhlenbergia  ambigua  Torr.     MINNESOTA  MUHLENBERGIA.      (I.  F.  f. 
324.)     Glabrous;  culms  3  dm.   tall  or  lower,  erect,  branched,   smooth.     Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;    leaves  2.5-7.5   cm.   long,   2-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous; 
panicle  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  rigid,  its  branches  1.25-2.5   cm.  long,   dense,  appressed; 
outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  awn-pointed,  unequal,  the  longer  about  4  mm.  in  length 
and  exceeding  the  body  of  the  third  scale,  which  is  scabrous,  villous,  and  attenuate 
into  an  awn  2—3  times  its  length;   a  fourth  narrow  awned  scale  is  nearly  always 
present.     Along  a  lake  shore  in  Minn. 

6.  Muhlenbergia  comata  (Thurb.)  Benth.    HAIRY  MUHLENBERGIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
325.)     Culms  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous;  leaves  6.2-12.5  cm.  long,  2-4 mm. 
wide,  erect,  flat,  rough;  panicle  often  tinged  with  purple,  5-10  cm.  in  length,  dense, 
branches  1.25-3.75  cm.  long,  erect;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  equal,  or  the  sec- 
ond a  little  the  longer,   smooth,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  shorter,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2—3  times  its  length,  the  basal  hairs  silky,  erect, 
fully  as  long  as  the  scale.     On  prairies,  Kans.  (?)  and  Colo,  to  Cal.     Aug. -Sept. 

7.  Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  (Willd.)   B.    S.    P.     SLENDER  MUHLENBERGIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  326.)     Culms  6-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
smooth.     Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  6.25-17.5   cm.  long, 
2-8  mm.  wide,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  acuminate,  scabrous;  panicle  1.25-2.25 
dm.  long,  slender,   its  branches  2.5-8.75  cm.  long,  appressed;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  unequal,  half  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  third  one,  awn-pointed,  sca- 
brous; third  scale  2.5-3  mm.  long,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2-4  times  its  length. 
In  rocky  woods,  Mass,  to  southern  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Ala.  and  Tex.    Aug.- 
Sept. 

8.  Muhlenbergia  diffusa  Willd.     NIMBLE  WILL.     DROPSEED-GRASS.     (I.  F. 
f.  327.)   Culms  3-9  dm.    long,    decumbent,  or  often  prostrate  or  creeping  and  as- 
cending, very  slender,   diffusely  branched.      Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
loose;  leaves  3.75-8.75  cm.  long,   1-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  5-20  cm.  long, 
slender,  somewhat  lax,  its  branches  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  erect,  outer  scales  of  the  spike- 
let  minute,  the  lower  one  often  wanting ;  the  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  about 
2  mm.  long,  strongly  scabrous,  particularly  upon  the  nerves;  the  awn  1-4  mm.  in 
length.     On  dry  hills  and  in    woods,  Me.    and  southern  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to 
Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.      Aug. -Sept. 

9.  Muhlenbergia  palustris  Scribn.     SWAMP  MUHLENBERGIA.     Culms  slen- 
der, weak,  6-io  dm.  long.      Sheaths    smooth   and   glabrous;  leaves  erect,  3-5  cm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath  and  rough  above;  panicle  slender,  con- 
tracted, 1-1.5   dm.   l°ng>  I*3   branches    appressed;   spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awn, 
2.5-2.8  mm.  long,  the  first  scale  shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  about  one-third 
as  long  as  the  spikelet;  the  flowering  scale  2.3-2.5  mm.  long,  shortly  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  bearing  an  awn  between  the  teeth  5.5-8  mm.  long,  the  callus  hairy.     In 
a  swamp  at  Washington,  D.  C.      Sept. 

10.  Muhlenbergia  microsperma  (DC.)    Trin.    SMALL-SEEDED  MUHLENBER- 
GIA.     (I.  F  f .  328.)     Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  finally  decumbent  or  somewhat 
prostrate  at  base,  slender,  diffusely  branched.     Leaves  1.25-6.25  cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide  or  less,  scabrous;  panicle  5-10  cm.  in  length,  slender,  open,  the  branches  2.5 


GRAMTNEAE.  lOl 

cm.  long  or  less,  ascending  or  erect;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  unequal,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  apex,  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  third  scale,  which  is  2.5-3  mm. 
long,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  and  strongly  scabrous;  awn  1.2-2.4  cm.  in  length.  In 
dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Cal.,  south  to  Mex. 

11.  Muhlenbergia    capillaris   (Lam.)     Trin.     LONG-AWNED   HAIR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  329.  j    Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  nearly  so.    Sheaths 
smooth,  the  lower  short  and  overlapping,  the  upper  ones  much  longer;  leaves  1.5-3 
dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  1.75-3  dm.  in  length  or  more,  diffuse, 
the  capillary  branches  1-2  dm.  long,  at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets  on  long 
hair-like  pedicels  which  are  clavate -thickened   at  the  apex;  outer  scales  unequal, 
acute   or    short-awned,    slightly    scabrous;    third  scale,  exclusive  of   the   awn,   4 
mm.   long,  about  twice   as  long  as  the  first  one,  scabrous,  the  awn  6-18  mm.  in 
length.     In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Mass,   to  N.  J.  and  Mo.,   south  to  Fla.   and 
Tex.     Panicle  usually  light  purple.      Sept.-Oct. 

12.  Muhlenbergia   gracillima  Torr.      FILIFORM  MUHLENBERGIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
330.)  Culms  1-3.5  dm.  ta^>  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  erect,  slender,  sim- 
ple, rigid.     Leaves  2.5-5   cm-  l°ng>  involute-setaceous,  smooth  or  somewhat  sca- 
brous, rigid,  the  basal  numerous,  usually  strongly  recurved,  the   1-3  culm  leaves 
erect  or  ascending;  panicle  5-22.5  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  finally  widely 
spreading,  2.5-7.5   cm.  long,  filiform;  spikelets  alxmt  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedi- 
cels, which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex;  outer  scales  unequal,  usually  awn- 
pointed  or  short-awned,  slightly  scabrous;  third  scale  2.5-3  mm.  long,  longer  than 
the  outer  ones,  sometimes  twice  as  long,  scabrous ;  awn  2-4  mm.  long.  On  prairies, 
Kans.  to  Colo.,  south  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     Sept.-Oct. 

13  Muhlenbergia  pungens  Thurb.  PRAIRIE  MUHLENBERGIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
331.)  Culms  1.5-3.75  dm.  tall,  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  erect  from  a  decumbent 
branching  base,  rigid,  minutely  pubescent.  Sheaths  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  scabrous;  leaves  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  involute-setaceous,  rigid,  scabrous;  panicle 
7.5-15  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  5-6.25  cm.  long,  single,  distant,  much  di- 
vided from  near  the  base,  the  divisions  apparently  fascicled;  spikelets  on  long  ped- 
icels, which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex;  outer  scales,  when  mature,  equalling 
or  often  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  third  one,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel; 
thirdvscale,  when  mature,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  scabrous,  the  awn  shorter  than  its  body. 
On  prairies,  Neb.  to  Utah,  south  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.  Aug. -Sept. 

32.  BRACHYELYTRUM  Beauv. 

A  tall  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  a  narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  nar- 
row, the  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower,  and  sometimes  bearing  a  minute  scale 
at  the  summit.  Scales  3;  the  outer  small  and  inconspicuous,  the  lower  often  want- 
ing; the  third  much  longer,  rigid,  5-nerved,  acuminate  into  a  long  awn;  palet 
scarcely  shorter,  rigid,  sulcate  on  the  back,  2-nerved.  Stamens  2.  Styles  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose,  elongated.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and 
palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  minute  outer  scales.  ]  A  monotypic  genus  of  east- 
ern N.  Am. 

i.  Brachyelytnm  erectura  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  BRACHYELYTRUM.  (I.  F.  f.  332.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  pubescent  at  and  near  the  nodes.  Sheaths  more  or  less  villous, 
especially  at  the  throat;  leaves  5-12.5  cm.  long,  6— 18  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
5-15  cm.  in  length,  slender,  branches  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  erect  or  appressed;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  unequal,  the  upper  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  the  flower- 
ing scale,  the  lower  minute  or  wanting;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  9-12  mm. 
long,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  midnerve,  the  awn  erect,  1.8-2.4  cm-  l°ng-  Moist 

? laces.  Newf    to  western  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.   Car.,  Tenn.  and  Kans. 
uly-Aug. 

33.  HELEOCHLOA   Host. 

Perennial  tufted  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  or  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  I -flowered.  Scales  3  ;  the  2  outer  empty,  somewhat  unequal,  membran- 
ous, acute,  ciliate-keeled  ;  the  third  scale  similar,  a  little  longer  ;  palet  shorter, 
hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  signifying  meadow-grass.] 


102  v,    FLORA. 

About  8  species,  chiefly  natives  of  the   Mediterranean  region,  one  or  two  alsi> 
widely  distributed  through  middle  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Heleochloa  schoenoides  (L.)  Host.  RUSH  CAT-TAIL  GRASS.  (I.  F.  t 
333.)  Glabrous.  Culms  1-4.5  dm-  tall>  branched,  smooth;  sheaths  about  half  the 
length  of  the  internodes,  the  upper  loose,  the  one  immediately  below  the  spike 
inflated  and  usually  partially  enclosing  it  ;  leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
flat,  acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  ;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long,  the 
empty  scales  acute,  compressed,  ciliate-keeled,  I -nerved  ;  third  scale  equalling  or 
longer  than  the  second,  acute,  compressed,  ciliate-keeled,  otherwise  glabrous, 
i -nerved.  In  waste  places,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Del.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Jaly-Aug. 

34.  PHLEUM    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  T -flowered.  Scales  3  ;  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous,  compressed,  keeled, 
the  apex  obliquely  truncate,  the  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn  ;  the  third  scale 
much  shorter,  broader,  hyaline,  truncate,  denticulate  at  the  summit  ;  palet  narrow, 
hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  somewhat  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  Greek,  taken  from 
Pliny  ;  originally  applied  to  some  very  different  plant.]  About  10  species,  inhab- 
iting the  temperate  zones  of  both  hemispheres.  The  following  only  are  natives  of 
N.  Am.  The  English  name  Cat-tail  Grass  is  applied  to  all  the  species. 

Spikes  usually  elongated,  cylindric ;  awns  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  outer 
scales;  upper  sheath  not  inflated.  i.  P.  pratense. 

Spikes  not  elongated,  ovoid  to  oblong  and  cylindric  ;  awns  about  one-half  the  length  of 
the  outer  scales  ;  upper  sheath  inflated.  2.  P.  alpinum. 

1.  Phleum  pratense  L.    TIMOTHY.     HERD-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  334.)      Glabrous 
and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so  throughout.     Culms  3-12  dm.   tall,  erect,  simple; 
sheaths  usually  exceeding  the  internodes,  sometimes  shorter,  the  upper  one  long 
and  not  inflated,   or  very  slightly  so  ;  leaves  7.5—22.5  cm.   long,  4-6  mm.   wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous  ;  spike  usually  elongated,  cylindric,  3-75-17-5  cm.  in  length, 
5-8  mm.  in  diameter  ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  2-5  mm. 
long,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  awn  less  than  half  their  length.      In  fields  and  mead- 
ows nearly  throughout  N.  Am.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Widely  cultivated  for 
hay.     The  scales  are  sometimes  modified  into  small  leaves.     July-Aug. 

2.  Phleum    alpinum    L.     MOUNTAIN    PHLEUM.     (I.  F.   f.  335.)     Glabrous. 
Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple,  smooth; 
sheaths  often  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  sometimes  longer,  the  upper  one 
usually  much  inflated;  leaves   smooth  beneath,   scabrous  above,  the   lower  5-7.5 
cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide  ;  upper  leaf  generally  very  short,  less  than  2.5  cm.  long  ; 
spike  short,  ovoid    to  oblong  and  cylindric,    1.25-5  cm-  ni  length,   6-12   mm.   in 
diameter  ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  3  mm.  long,  strongly 
ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  awn  about  one-half  their  length.     Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to 
the  mountains  of  N.  H.,  Vt.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia  and 
in  Patagonia.     Summer. 

35.  ALOPECURUS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  erect  or  decumbent  culms,  usually  flat  leaves 
and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i -flowered,  flattened  :  scales  3,  the  2  lower 
empty,  acute,  sometimes  short-awned,  more  or  less  united  below,  compressed- 
keeled  ;  keel  ciliate  or  somewhat  winged  ;  third  scale  truncate  or  obtuse,  hyaline, 
3-nerved,  awned  on  the  back,  subtending  a  perfect  flower  and  usually  a  palet  ; 
palet  hyaline,  acute,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  or  rarely 
united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  elongated,  hairy.  [Greek,  signifying  Fox-tail  Grass, 
in  allusion  to  the  spikes.]  About  20  species,  principally  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  for  one-half  their  length,  smooth  to  hispid  on  the  keel. 

i.  A.  agrestis. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  for  one-quarter  their  length  or  less,  long-ciliate  on  the 
keel. 


GRAMINEAE.  IO3 

Scales  2-2.5  mm-  in  length.  2.  A.  geniculatus* 

Scales  4-6  mm.  in  length. 

Spike  3.75-6.25  cm.  long  ;  outer  scales  glabrous^or  sparingly  pubescent  on  the 
lateral  nerves.  3.  A.pratensis. 

Spike  3.75  cm.  long  or  less;  outer  scales  villous.  4.  A.  alpinus. 

1.  Alopecurus  agrestis   L.     SLENDER  FOXTAIL.     (I.   F.  f.   336.)     Smooth 
or  slightly  scabrous ;   culms  3-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple.     Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes  ;  leaves  3-75-17-5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,   scabrous,  especially  above; 
spike  3.75-10  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick  ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  at  the 
base  for  about  half  their  length,  narrowly  wing-keeled,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  nerves 
smooth  or  scabrous,  sometimes  hispid  below,  especially  on  the  keel ;  third  scale 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  awn  in- 
serted near  the  base,  about  twice  its  length,  bent.      In  waste  places  and  ballast, 
southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Adventive  trom  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     July- 
Aug. 

2.  Alopecurus  geniculatus  L.     MARSH  FOXTAIL.     (I.  F.  f.  337.)     Glabrous 
or  very  nearly  so.     Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the 
base  ;   sheaths   usually  shorter   than  the  internodes,   loose  or  somewhat  inflated; 
leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  especially  above;  2.5-7.5  cm.  in 
length,  4-8  mm.   thick;  outer  scales  of  the   spikelet  slightly   united  at  the  base, 
2-2.5  mnl-  l°ng>  obtuse  or  subacute,  smooth,  glabrous  except  on  the  pubescent  lat- 
eral nerves  and  strongly  ciliate  keel;  third  scale  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  at  or  below  the  middle,  equalling  or  exceeding  it. 
In  wet  soil,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.    Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     July-Sept. 

3.  Alopecurus  pratensis  L.     MEADOW  FOXTAIL.     (I.  F.  f.  338.)     Nearly  or 
quite  glabrous.     Culms  3-6.25  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple;  sheaths  usually  much  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inflated;  leaves  3.75-8.75  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide,  scabrous,  at  least  above;  spikes  3.75-6.25  cm.  in  length,  8-12  mm.  thick; 
outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  uniting  at  the  base  for  about  one-quarter  their  length, 
4-6  mm.  long,  acute,  glabrous  except  the  sparingly  pubescent  lateral  nerves  and  the 
strongly  ciliate  keel;  third  scale  slightly  shorter,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the 
awn  inserted  about  quarter  way  up  the  scale  and  exceeding  it.     In  meadows,  N.  S. 
to  southern  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     June-July. 

4.  Alopecurus   alpinus  J.   E.   Smith.     ALPINE  FOXTAIL.     (I.    F.   f.    339.) 
Culms  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  1.25-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  sometimes  decum- 
bent at  the  base,   simple.     Sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose, 
often  inflated ;  leaves  2.5-17.5  cm.  long,   2-6  mm.  wide,    smooth  beneath,  slightly 
scabrous    above;    spike  3.75  cm.  in  length  or  less,  6-12  mm.  thick;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  united  only  at  the  base,  4  mm.  long,  obtuse,  villous  and  ciliate;  third 
scale  about  equalling  the  outer  ones,  obtuse,  glabrous  except  at  the  villous  apex, 
the  awn  inserted  about  one-third  the  way  up,  a  little  exceeding  the  scale.     Green- 
land and  Lab.  to  Alaska.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

36.  PHIPPSIA   R.    Br. 

A  low  annual  tufted  grass,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets 
I -flowered  ;  scales  3  ;  the  2  outer  empty,  minute,  the  first  often  wanting  ;  the  third 
scale  thin -membranous,  keeled.  Palet  somewhat  shorter,  2 -keeled.  Stamen  I, 
rarely  2  or  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  enclosed 
in  the  scale  and  palet,  which  readily  split  and  allow  it  to  drop  out.  [In  honor  of 
John  Constantine  Phipps,  1744-1792,  arctic  navigator.]  A  monotypic  genus  of 
the  arctic  -regions. 

i.  Phippsia  algida  (Soland.)  R.  Br.  PHIPPSIA.  (I.  F.  f.  340.)  Smooth  and 
glabrous  throughout.  Culms  2.5-12.5  cm.  'tall,  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  2.5  cm.  in 
length  or  less,  0.5-2  mm.  wide,  obtuse  ;  panicle  6-35  mm.  in  length,  contracted  ; 
branches  6-18  mm.  long,  erect  or  appressed  ;  spikelets  1-1.5  mm-  l°ng  >  outer 
scales  minute,  unequal,  acutish,  the  first  often  wanting  ;  third  scale  broad,  I -nerved, 
obtuse,  or  subtruncate  and  somewhat  erose,  the  palet  about  two-thirds  as  long, 
broad,  2 -keeled,  erose-truncate.  Arctic  regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.  Summer. 


104-  FLORA. 

37.  SPOROBOLUS   R.   Br.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or 
contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  generally  small,  I -flowered,  occasionally  2-3- 
flowered.  Scales  in  the  I -flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous  ;  the  2  outer  empty, 
the  first  somewhat  shorter  ;  the  third  scale  equalling  or  longer  than  the  empty  ones; 
palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  and  often  early  deciduous.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  deciduous  grain.] 
About  80  species,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  very  numerous  in  America. 
Besides  the  following,  4  or  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 

Spikelets  more  than  3.5  mm.  in  length. 

Panicle  terminal;  upper  sheaths  7.5  cm.  long  or  more. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  second  and 

usually  greatly  exceeded  by  the  palet.  i.  S.  asper. 

Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  acutish  or  obtuse,  somewhat  exceeding  the 
second  and  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  palet. 

2.  S.  longtfolius, 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  papillose-hirsute.  3.  S.  pilosus. 

Panicles  terminal  and  lateral ;  sheaths  3.75  cm.  long  or  less. 

4.  S.  vaginaeflorus. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  less. 

Sheaths  inflated,  the  uppermost  usually  enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle. 

5.  S.  neglectus. 
Sheaths  not  inflated  ;  panicle  exserted. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  not  crowded ;  third  scale  acuminate. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute,  less  than  half  as 
long  as  the  third  scale ;  ligule  about  2  mm.  long,  acutish. 

6.  S.  brevifolius. 
Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  acuminate  and  awn-pointed,  more  than  half 

as  long  as  the  third  scale ;   ligule  less  than  0.5  mm.  long,    erose- 
truncate.  7.  S.  cuspidatus. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  densely  crowded ;  third  scale  acute. 

Culms  decumbent  and  branched  at  the  base,  from  a  stout  horizontal 

rootstock  ;  panicle  short.  8.  S.  Virginicus. 

Culms  erect,  simple,  tufted;  panicle  usually  elongated. 

9.  S.  Indicus. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  more  or  less  spreading,  at  least  at  maturity. 
First  scale  one-half  as  long  as  the  second  or  less. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  verticillate. 

Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  green.  10.  S.  argutus. 

Spikelets  2.5-3  mm-  l°ng>  purple.  n.  S.  gracilis. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  alternate  or  sometimes  subverticillate. 
Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long;  first  scale  lanceolate. 

Pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  spikelets ;  first  scale  acute. 

Sheaths  naked  or   sparingly  ciliate  at  the  throat ;    panicle  usually 

exserted.  12.  S.  airoides. 

Sheaths  densely  pilose  at  the  throat ;  base  of  the  panicle  generally 

included.  13.   S.  cryptandrus. 

Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  first  scale  narrow,  acuminate. 

17.  S.  7'exanus. 
Spikelets  4-5.5  mm.  long  ;  first  scale  subulate,  usually  awned. 

14.  S.  heterolepis. 
First  scale  about  equalling  the  second. 

Perennials  ;  culms  from  long  rootstocks. 

Culms  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  elongated.  15.  S.  Torreyanus. 

Culms  decumbent  and  branched  below  ;  leaves  short. 

1 6.  S.  asperifolius. 
Annuals  ;  roots  fibrous,  no  rootstocks. 

Empty  scales  but  little  shorter  than  the  flowering  scale,  usually  pubescent. 

18.  S.  confusus. 
Empty  scales  one-half  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  glabrous. 

19.  S,  serotinus. 

I.  Sporobolus  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth.  ROUGH  RUSH-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  341.) 
Culms  6-15  dm.  tall,  erect.  Leaves  7.5-35  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide  at  the  base, 


GRAMINEAE.  1 05 

attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  tip,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous 
above,  or  somewhat  hairy  at  the  base;  panicle  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  linear,  strict, 
its  branches  2.5-5  cm-  l°n&>  appressed  ;  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales 
unequal,  acute  ;  third  scale  pubescent  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  second 
and  greatly  exceeded  by  the  long-acuminate  almost  awned  palet.  In  dry  soil, 
Del.  to  111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Sporobolus    longifolius    (Torr.)    Wood.      LONG-LEAVED    RUSH-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  342.)     Culms  4.5-10  dm.  tall,  erect,  occasionally  branched.     Leaves  I- 
4.5  dm.  long,  2—4  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  tip, 
smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  hairy  at  the  base  above;  panicle  more 
or   less   included   in   the   upper   sheath,  7.5-25   cm.  in   length,  linear,  strict,  the 
branches  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  erect ;    spikelets  4-5  mm.  long ;   outer  scales  unequal, 
acutish,  glabrous,  the  lower  shorter;  third  scale  glabrous,  acutish  or  obtuse,  exceed- 
ing the  second  and  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  obtuse  palet.     In  dry  soil, 
Me.  to  Penn.,  Neb.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Sporobolus  pilosus  Vasey.     HAIRY  RUSH-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  343.)   Culms 
3-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid,  stout.     leaves  7.5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide  at  base, 
erect,   rigid,  attenuate   into  a  slender  involute  tip,  the  lower  papillose-hirsute  on 
both  sides,  the  upper  usually  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  above  and  somewhat  hairy 
near  the  base;  panicle  5-7.5  cm.  in  length,  included  at  the  base,  erect,  strict,  its 
branches  1.25-2.5  cm.   long,  erect;  spikelets  5  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  unequal, 
glabrous,  obtuse,  the  lower  shorter;  third  scale  obtuse,  glabrous,  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  second  and  equalling  or  a   little  longer  than  the  obtuse  palet.     In  dry  soil, 
Kans.  and  Mo.     Aug. -Sept. 

4.  Sporobolus    vaginaeflorus     (Torr.)    Wood.       SHEATHED    RUSH-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  344.)     Culms  2-4.5    dm.   taU>  erect,   slender.     Sheaths  usually   inflated; 
leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  hairy  near 
the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a  slender  involute  point,  the  lower  elongated,  the  up- 
per 2.5-7.5  cm-  l°ng>  setaceous;  panicles  1.8-5  cm-  m  length,  the  terminal  one  ex  - 
serted  or  sometimes  partially  included,  strict,  the  branches   1.25  cm.  long  or  less, 
erect,  the  lateral  ones  enclosed  in  the  sheaths;  spikelets  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  the  outer 
scales  unequal,  acuminate,  the  third  scale  scabrous,  sparingly  appressed- pubescent, 
about  as  long  as  the  second  and  equalling  or  slightly  exceeded  by  the  very  acute 
palet.     In  dry  soil,  N.  H.  to  N.  Y.,  111.  and  Neb.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     Aug.- 
Sept. 

5.  Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash.    SMALL  RUSH-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  345.)   Culms 
1.5-3   dm.  tall,  erect  from  a  usually  decumbent  base,  slender.     Sheaths  inflated; 
leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and 
hairy  near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a  slender  point,  the  lower  elongated,  the 
upper  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  setaceous;  terminal  panicle  2.5-6.25  cm.  in  length,  usually 
more  or  less  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  strict;  lateral  panicles  enclosed  in  the 
sheaths;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  the  third  scale  acute, 
glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  acute  palet.     In 
dry  soil,  Mass,  to  Ky.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     Aug. -Sept. 

6.  Sporobolus    brevifolius   (Nutt.)   Nash.     SHORT -LEAVED    RUSH -GRASS. 
I.  F.  f.  346.)     Smooth  and  glabrous;  culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  arising  from  a  hori- 
zontal rootstock,  erect,  slender,  decumbent  and  branching  at  the  base.     Leaves 
1.25-5  cm.  long,  involute-setaceous;  panicle  1.25-7.5  cm.  in  length,  usually  about 
3.75  cm.,  linear,  its  branches  6-12  mm.  long,  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  2.5-3 
mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  unequal,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel  and  at  the  apex;  third  scale  long-acuminate, 
sometimes  cuspidate,  scabrous  toward  the  apex.     Anticosti  Isl.  and  Me.  to  Br.  Col., 
south  in  the  mountains  to  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     Summer. 

7.  Sporobolus  cuspidatus  (Torr.)  Wood.     PRAIRIE  RUSH-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
347.)      Smooth   and   glabrous;  culms   3-6   dm.   tall,  erect,   simple   or    somewhat 
branched.     Leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  erect,  in- 
volute-setaceous, at  least  when  dry;  panicle  3.75-12.5  cm.  in  length,  slender,  its 
branches  6-25  mm.  long,  appressed;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  half 
to  three-quarters  as  long,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
long-acuminate  and  cuspidate,  sparingly  scabrous.    In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  N. 
W.  Terr.,  south  to  Mo.  and  Kans.     Aug. -Sept. 


106  FLORA, 

8.  Sporobolus  Virginicus  (L.)  Kunth.  SEASHORE  RUSH-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f. 
348.)  Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent,  from  a  stout  rootstock. 
Sheaths  numerous,  short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at  the  lower  part  of  the  culm, 
smooth,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pilose  on  the  margins  and  at  the  throat;  leaves  2.5- 
20  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less  at  the  base,  distichous,  acuminate  into  a  long  point, 
involute  on  the  margins  and  at  the  apex,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  or  some- 
times sparingly  hairy;  panicle  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  thick,  dense  and  spike- 
like,  usually  exserted;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm-  long> tne  outer  scales  about  equal,  acute, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  third  scale  smooth  and  glabrous,  acute,  slightly  shorter  than 
the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse  palet.  On  sandy  shores,  Va.  to  Fla., 
west  to  Tex.  and  Mex.,  Also  in  Cuba.  Aug.-Sept. 

9  Sporobolus  Indicus  (L. )  R.  Br.  INDIA  RUSH-GRASS.  SMUT-GRASS. 
(I.  F  f.  349.)  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout.  Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  erect, 
tufted  ;  leaves  2-6  mm.  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  point,  the  lower 
2-3  dm.  long,  the  upper  shorter;  panicle  1-4  dm.  in  length,  usually  elongated, 
narrow,  spike-like;  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  unequal,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  lower  one  shorter, 
and  often  erose-truncate;  third  scale  acute,  somewhat  exceeding  the  obtuse  or 
acutish  palet.  In  meadows  and  waste  places,  Va.  to  Fla  ,  west  to  Ark.  and  Cal. 
Naturalized  from  tropical  regions;  very  abundant  in  Cent,  and  S.  Am.  July-Sept. 

10.  Sporobolus  argutus  (Nees)  Kunth.     POINTED  DROPSEED-GRASS.     (I.  F. 
f.  350.)     Culms  3  dm.  tall  or  less,  erect,  or  somewhat   decumbent  at   the  base. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  their  margins  sometimes  hirsute  at  the  top; 
leaves  2. 5-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous  be- 
neath, scabrous,  and  often  sparingly  hairy  at   the  base  above;  panicle  3.75-7.5 
cm.  in  length,    the   branches    1.25-2.5    cm.    long,    verticillate,   at  first  appressed, 
finally  widely  spreading;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long;  outer  scales   smooth  and  glab- 
rous, the  first  rounded  or  obtuse,  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  acute  second  one; 
third  scale  about  equalling  the    second,  acute.     Kans.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Colo., 
south  to  Tex.  and  Mex.     Also  in  the  West  Indies.     July-Sept. 

11.  Sporobolus  gracilis  (Trin.)  Merr.    PURPLE  DROPSEED-GRASS.       WIRE- 
GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.  351.)     Glabrous  and   smooth  throughout.     Culms   3-6  dm.  tall, 
tufted,  erect,   slender,   simple;    leaves  filiform  or  setaceous,  the  basal  1.5-3  dm. 
long,  numerous,  those  of  the  culm  few,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  panicle  7.5-17.5  cm.  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  verticillate,  the  lower  2. 5-5  cm.  long,  widely  spreading; 
spikelets  2.5-3  mm-  l°ng>  purple,  the  outer  scales  very  unequal,  the  first  obtuse  or 
acutish,  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  acute  second  one;  third  scale  sub- 
acute  or  blunt,  equalling  the  second  and  the  obtuse  palet.     Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Tex.    Aug.-Sept.    {Sporobolus  junceus  (Mx.)  Kth. ;  not  Agrostis  juncea 
Lam.;    S.  ejuncidus  Nash.) 

12.  Sporobolus  airoides  Torr.     HAIR  GRASS  DROPSEED.      (I.    F.    f.    352.) 
Culms  4.5-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple.     Leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  and 
sometimes  sparingly  hairy  near  the  base,  1-3  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into 
a  long  slender  involute  point,  the  basal  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  the 
upper  culm  leaves  5-12.5  cm.  in  length;  panicle  1.25-4  dm.  long,  usually  exserted, 
the  branches   alternate  or  the  upper  verticillate,  at  length   widely  spreading,  the 
lower  7  5-17.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  scales  acute,  glabrous,  the 
outer  unequal,  the  lower  one  about  half  as  long  as  the  upper;  third  scale  equalling 
the  second  and  the  palet.     Prairies,  Neb.  to  Cal.,  south  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     Aug.- 
Sept. 

13.  Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.     SAND  DROPSEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
353.)     Culms  4.5-10.5  dm.  tall,  erect.     Sheaths  with  a  dense  pilose  ring  at  the 
summit,  the  lower  short,  crowded  and  overlapping,  the  upper  much  longer,  gen- 
erally enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  leaves  7.5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  flat, 
glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  above,  long-acuminate;  panicle  1.5-2.5  dm.  in  length, 
the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  alternate,  the  lower  3.75-7.5  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  tne  scales  acute,  glabrous,  the  outer  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the 
lower  one-third  as  long  as  the  upper;  third  scale  somewhat  longer  or  shorter  than 
the  second.      In  sandy  soil,  coast  of  N.  E.,  along  all  the  Great  Lakes,  west  to 
Dak.,  south  in  the  interior  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     Aug.-Oct. 

14.  Sporobolus  heterolepis  A.  Gray.     NORTHERN  DROPSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  354.) 


GRAMINEAE.  IO7 

Cmlms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect.  Leaves  in  volute -setaceous,  glabrous,  the  margins  and 
upper  part  of  the  midrib  very  rough,  the  basal  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the 
culm,  occasionally  equalling  it,  those  of  the  culm  shorter;  panicle  7.5-25  cm.  in 
length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending,  alternate  or  subverticillate,  the  lower  3.75- 
8.75  cm.  long;  spikelets  4-5.5  mm.  long,  the  scales  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  outer 
unequal,  acuminate,  the  lower  subulate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  broad  second 
one,  often  awn-pointed;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter  than  the  second  or 
occasionally  equalling  it.  In  dry  soil,  Quebec  to  Assiniboia,  south  to  Penn.,  111., 
Neb.  and  Ark.  Aug. -Sept. 

1 5.  Sporobolus  Torreyanus  (R.  &  S.)  Nash.  FLAT-STEMMED  DROPSEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  356.)     Culms  3-6   dm.  tall,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  stout,  simple, 
much  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  compressed,  overlapping,  some- 
times scabrous   at  the  summit;  leaves  1.25-2.5  dm.  long,  2    mm.   wide  or  less, 
folded,  slightly  rough;  panicle  1-2.5  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, the  lower  5-7.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  1.75  mm.   long;  outer  scales  sub- 
equal,    obtuse  or   somewhat  acute,   smooth  and  glabrous;  third  scale  obtuse  and 
apiculate,  strongly  scabrous,  slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones.     In  bogs,  L.  I.  and 
in  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.     Sept.-Oct.      {Sporobolus  compressus    (Torr.)    Kth. 
Not  Agrostis  compressa  Willd.) 

1 6.  Sporobolus  asperifolius  Nees  &  Meyen.     ROUGH-LEAVED  DROPSEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  357.)     Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect  from  a  decumbent  and  branched  base. 
Sheaths    short,    crowded  and   overlapping;  leaves  numerous,   2.5-8.75   cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  acuminate,  strict,  often  erect,  flat,  glabrous,  smooth  be- 
neath, very  rough  above;  panicle  7. 5-20  cm.  in  length,  included  at  the  base,  rarely 
entirely  exserted,  the  capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  5-10  cm. 
long;  spikelets  occasionally  2-3-flowered,  1.5  mm.  long;  outer  scales  subequal,  acute, 
glabrous,  sparingly  scabrous;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,   glabrous,  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding the  second.     Dry  soil,  Assiniboia  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mo.,  Neb.,  Cal.  and 
Mex.     Aug. -Sept. 

17.  Sporobolus    Texanus    Vasey.      TEXAS   DROPSEED.     Culms   3-6   dm. 
tall,  branching  below.     Sheaths  crowded,  the  lower  ones  papillose-hirsute;  leaves 
erect,   firm,  4-15  cm.   long,  3-5  mm.   wide,   smooth  beneath,  very  rough    above; 
panicle  included  at  the  base,  the  upper  branches  finally  widely  spreading,  5-10  cm. 
long;  spikelets    a    little  exceeding    2  mm.   long,  on  long  slender   pedicels;  scales 
smooth  and  glabrous,  the  first  scale  narrow,  acuminate,  less  than  one-half  as  long 
as  the  second,  which  equals  the  third  scale.     Kans.  (according  to  B.  B.  Smyth)  to 
Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     Aug. 

1 8.  Sporobolus  confusus  Vasey.     Culms  tufted,   1-3  dm.  tall,  slender,  from 
an  aniHial  root.     Leaves  I— 4  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  or  less  wide  ;  panicle  open,  3-20011. 
long,    its  slender  branches  spreading  or  ascending,   the    longer    1.5-4   cm.  long; 
spikelets  1.25-1.5  mm.  long,  on  capillary  pedicels  which  are  abruptly  thickened  at 
the  apex,  the  empty  scales  shorter  than  the  flowering  scale,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
the   flowering  scale  usually  pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous.     Neb.  (according  to 
Rydberg)  and  Colo,  to  Tex,,  Ariz,  and  Mex.     July-Sept. 

19.  Sporobolus  serotinus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.     LATE-FLOWERING  DROPSEED. 
(I.  F.  f,  355.)     Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.     Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall, 
from  an  annual    root,   erect,   slender;    sheaths    short,   confined  to  the    lower   part 
of  the  culm  ;  leaves  I  mm.  wide  or  less,  slightly  scabrous  above,   flat,  the  basal 
one-third  to  half  the  length  of  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  5—10  cm.  long  ;  panicle 
7.5-22.5    cm.    in   length,   the  branches  capillary,   erect   or  ascending,  the  lower 
2.5-6.25  cm.   long;  spikelets   about    1.25    mm.  long,   the  outer  scales   subequal, 
obtuse,  smooth  or  sometimes  sparingly  scabrous  ;  third  scale  twice  the  length  of  the 
outer  ones,    acuminate.      In     wet   sandy   soil,    Maine  to   Mich.,    south  to  N.  J. 
Sept.-Oct. 

38.  POLYPOGON  Desf. 

Mostly  annual  grasses,  with  decumbent  or  rarely  erect  culms,  flat  leaves  and 
spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  i-flowered  ;  scales  3  ;  the  2  outer  empty,  each  ex- 
tended into  an  awn  ;  third  scale  smaller,  generally  hyaline,  short-awned  from  be- 
l<.w  the  apex,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower  ;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale. 
Stamens  1-3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in 


108  FLORA. 

the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  many  long  awns  which  resemble  a 
beard.]  About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  warm  regions,  rare 
in  the  tropics. 

i.  Polypogon  Monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf.  BEARD-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  358.) 
Culms  6  dm.  tall  or  less,  erect  from  a  usually  decumbent  base.  Leaves  3.75-15 
cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  especially  above;  panicle  2.5-10  cm.  m  length, 
dense  and  spike-like,  the  branches  1.25  cm.  in  length,  ascending;  spikelets  crowded ; 
outer  scales  about  2  mm.  long,  obtuse,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous,  bearing  a  more  or 
less  bent  awn  4-6  mm.  long;  third  scale  much  shorter,  erose-truncate,  hyaline, 
bearing  a  delicate  awn  about  0.5  mm.  long,  inserted  below  the  apex.  In  waste 
places,  N.  H.  to  S.  Car.,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Very  abundant  in  western 
N.  Am.,  from  Br.  Col.  to  Mex.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia. 
July-Sept. 

39.  ARCTAGROSTIS  Griseb. 

A  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  panicle.  Spikelets  i -flow- 
ered. Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  unequal,  somewhat  acute,  membranous;  the 
third  scale  exceeding  the  second,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse; 
palet  obtuse,  2 -nerved.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 
[Latin,  signifying  an  arctic  Agrostis -\i\ae  grass.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  arctic  and 
subarctic  regions. 

i.  Arctagrostis  latifolia  (R.  Br.)  Griseb.  ARCTAGROSTIS.  (I.  F.  f.  359.) 
Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  2.5-17.5  cm.  long,  2-8 
mm.  wide,  usually  erect,  scabrous;  panicle  3.75-20  cm.  long,  narrow,  its  branches 
1.25-5  cm.  in  length,  ascending  or  erect;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long;  outer  scales  un- 
equal, acutish,  the  lower  about  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  upper; 
third  scale  obtuse,  exceeding  the  second,  hispid  on  the  keel.  Greenland  to  Hud- 
son Bay  and  Alaska.  Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

40.  CINNA  L. 

Tall  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  panicled  spikelets.  Spikelets  i -flowered. 
Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  keeled,  acute;  the  third  scale  similar,  but  usually  short - 
awned  on  the  back,  subtending  a  palet  and  a  stalked  perfect  flower;  palet  a  little 
shorter,  I -nerved.  Stamen  i.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
narrow,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 
[Greek,  taken  from  Dioscorides.]  Four  known  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate 
regions  of  Europe  and  N.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  west- 
ern U.  .S. 

Panicle  narrow  at  maturity,  its  filiform  branches  erect  or  drooping; ;  spikelets  4-5  mm. 

long;  first  scale  much  shorter  than  the  second.  i.   C.  arundinacea. 

Panicle    open,   its  capillary  branches   flexuous   and   drooping;    spikelets  3  mm.  long; 

first  scale  about  equalling  the  second.  2.  C.  latifolia. 

1.  Cinna  arundinacea  L.     WOOD  REED-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  360.)    Culms  6-15 
rim.  tall,  erect.   Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng'  4-14  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  1. 5-3  dm. 
in  length,   usually   contracted,   sometimes  purple,    the  filiform  branches  erect  or 
drooping,  the  lower  3.75-11.25  cm.   long;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  in  length,  the  scale  -, 
acute,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel,  the  first  one  shorter  than  the  second;  third 
scale  slightly  exceeded  or  equalled  by  the  second,  usually  bearing  an  awn  about  0.5 
mm.   long  from  the  2 -toothed  apex.     In  moist  woods  and  swamps,   Newf.   to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  La.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.     SLENDER  WOOD  REED-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
361.)     Culms  6-12  dm.    tall,  erect.     Leaves  1-2.5  dm.  'ong»  4-12  mm.  wide,  sca- 
brous;   panicle   1.25-2.5  dm.   in  length,   open,    the  capillary  branches  generally 
spreading,  flexuous  and  often  drooping,    the  lower  3.75-12.5  cm.  in  length;  spike- 
lets  3  mm.  long;  scales  scabrous,  the  outer  acute,  strongly  hispid  on  the  keel,  .the 
first  about  equalling  the  second;  third  scale  usually  exceeded  by  the  second  and  bear- 


GRAMINEAE.  1 09 

ing  a  rough  awn  1-2  mm.  long  from  the  2 -toothed  apex.  In  damp  woods,  Newf. 
to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  in  the  Alleghanies  to  N.  Car.,  toWis.,  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  to  Colo,  and  Utah.  Also  in  Northern  Europe.  Aug. -Sept.  \C.  pendula  Trin.] 

41.  AGROSTIS   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses  with  flat  or  bristle-like  leaves  and  panicu- 
late inflorescence.  Spikelets  I -flowered.  Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  membra- 
nous, keeled,  acute;  the  third  shorter,  obtuse,  hyaline,  sometimes  bearing  a  dorsal 
awn,  subtending  a  perfect  flower;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale,  sometimes  minute 
or  wanting.  Stamens  usually  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Name  Greek,  refer- 
ring to  the  field  habitat  of  many  species.]  A  genus  of  about  100  species,  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  world,  particularly  numerous  in  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  are  found  in  western  N.  Am. 

Palet  conspicuous,  at  least  one-third  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  long  and  usually  spreading.  I.  A.  alba. 

Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  spike-like,  its  branches  short  and  appressed. 

2.  A.  coarctata. 
Palet  inconspicuous,  minute  or  wanting. 

Branches  of  the  contracted  panicle  "short,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base ;  third  scale 

awnless.  3.  A.  asperifolia. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  slender,  naked  below,  spikelet-bearing  from  about  the  middle 

to  the  end. 
Third  scale  awned. 

Awn  very  finely  filiform,  barbellate,  at  least  twice  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 

4.  A,  Elliottiana. 
Awn  stouter,  glabrous,  rigid,  usually  bent,  less  than  twice  the  length  of  the 

spikelet. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  generally  ascending  ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long. 
Culms  1.5  dm.  or  less  *all ;  panicle  2.5  cm.  or  less  long;  a  tufted 

alpine  grass.  5.  A.  rupestris. 

Culms  3-6  dm.  tall ;  panicle  exceeding  5  cm.  long. 

6.  A.  canina. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  usually  spreading;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long. 

7.  A.  rubra. 
Third  scale  not  awned,  or  very  rarely  bearing  a  short  awn. 

Culms  weak,  usually  decumbent  and  often  prostrate  at  base  ;  leaves  lax ; 

spikelets  1.5  mm.  long.  8.  A.  perennans. 

Culms  and  leaves  erect. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  capillary,  elongated,  usually  dividing  above  the 

middle,  the  spikelets  crowded  at  the  extremities. 
Spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long  ;  leaves  short.          'g.  A.  hyemalis, 
Spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long  ;  leaves  elongated. 

10.  A.  altissima. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  not  elongated,  dividing  at  or  below  the  middle. 

Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long  ;  a  grass  of  low  elevations. 

11.  A.  intermedia. 
Spikelets  2.5-3  mm«  l°ng  5  a  high-mountain  grajs. 

12.  A,  Novae-Anglian, 

1.  Agrostis  alba  L.     RED-TOP.     FIORIN.     HERD-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.   362.) 
Culms  2-7.5  dm-  tall,  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  often  stoloniferous,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.     Leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous  ;    panicle 
5-22.5  cm.  in  length,  usually  open,  or  sometimes  contracted  after  flowering,  green 
or  purplish,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  the  lower  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  spikelets 
2-2.5  mm-  l°ng;  outer  scales  about  equal,  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except  on 
the  hispid  or  scabrous  keel;  third  scale  shorter,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  palet  at  least 
one-third  its  length.     A  most  variable  species,  occurring  in  fields  and  meadows 
nearly  throughout  N.  Am.,  extensively  cultivated  for  fodder.     Naturalized  from 
Europe,  and  perhaps  also  native  northward.     July-Sept. 

2.  Agrostis  coarctata  Ehrh.      DENSE-FLOWERED  BENT-GRASS.      (I.  F.   f. 
362a.)     Glabrous.     Culms  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base  and  often  root- 
ing at  the  lower  nodes,  3-5  dm.  tall,  at  length  branching;  leaves  erect,  rough  on 


IIO  FLORA. 

both  surfaces,  3.75-8.75  cm.  long,  3  mm.  or  less  wide;  panicle  dense  and  con- 
tracted,  3.75-10  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick,  its  branches  erect,  the  longer  3.1  cm. 
longer  less;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng;  empty  scales  acute,  the  flowering  scale 
about  three-quarters  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  denticulate  at  the  truncate  or  rounded 
apex;  palet  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale.  Me.  to  N.  J.  Also  in  Europe. 
July-Sept. 

3.  Agrostis  asperifolia  Trin.      ROUGH-LEAVED  BENT-GRASS.       (I.    F.   f. 
363.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base.     Leaves 
2. 5-20  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  generally  erect,  flat,  very  rough;  panicle  contracted, 
6.25-25  cm.  in  length,  often  interrupted  or  glomerate,  the  branches  3.75-7.5  cm.  in 
length,  erect,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base;  spikelets  crowded,  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  the 
outer  scales  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale  about  three-fourths  the 
length  of  the  second;  palet  minute.     Manitoba  to  Wash.,  south  to  Wis.,  Neb.,  Tex. 
and  Cal.     Aug.-Sept.      (A.  exarata  Trin.  in  part.) 

4.  Agrostis  Elliottiana  Schultes.      ELLIOTT'S  BENT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  364.) 
Culms   1.25-3.5  dm-  tall>  erect,  slender.     Leaves  rough,  1.25-5   cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide  or  less;  panicle  5-12.5  cm.   in  length,  usually  narrow,  sometimes  open,  the 
branches  slender,  naked  below,  erect  or  ascending,  the   lower  2.5-3.75  cm.  long; 
spikelets  1.5  mm.  long;  outer  scales  subequal,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  acute;  third  scale 
about  three-quarters  as  long  as  the  first,  erose-truncate,  acute  or  2-toothed,  bearing 
a  very  finely  filiform  flexuous  barbellate  a\vn,  2-4  times  its   length,  inserted  just 
below  the  apex;  palet  short.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Ky.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     May-July. 

5.  Agrostis  rupestris  Allioni.     ROCK  BENT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  365a.)    Culms 
tufted,  1.5  dm.  tailor  less,  slender,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base.     Leaves  smooth 
and  glabrous,  those  on  the  culm  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  the  basal  leaves  from  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  culms;  panicle  contracted,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  its  axis  and 
branches  smooth,  the  latter  erect  or  nearly  so,  spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle; 
spikelets  about  2  mm.  long;  flowering  scale  hyaline,  denticulate  at  the  obtuse  or 
truncate  apex,  bearing  about  the  middle  a  dorsal  scabrous  awn  a  little  over  2  mm. 
long;  palet  wanting.     Lab.  and  the  high  mountains  of  Nev.     Also  in  Europe. 
Summer. 

6.  Agrostis  canma  L.     BROWN  BENT-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  365.)    Culms  3-6  dm. 
tall,  erect,  slender,  simple.     Leaves  2.5-7.5   cm.  in  length,  2   mm.  wide  or  less, 
scabrous;  panicle  5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  contracted  in  fruit,  the  branches  slender, 
naked  below,  ascending  or  spreading  in  flower,  the  lower  2.5-6.25  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets  2  mm.  long,  on  appressed  pedicels,  the  outer  scales  subequal,  acute,  strongly 
scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  first,  obtuse, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  bearing  a  straight  or  somewhat  bent  dorsal  awn  2-4  mm.  long, 
inserted  just  above  the  middle;  palet  minute  or  none.     In  meadows,  Newf.  to  Alaska, 
south  to  Penn.  and  Tenn.     Native  northward;  naturalized  from  Europe  southward. 
A  variable  species.     July.-Sept. 

7.  Agrostis  rubra  L.     RED  BENT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  366.)     Smooth  or  very 
nearly  so,  glabrous.     Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the 
base,   simple  ;    leaves   5-10  cm.  long,   1-3   mm.  wide  ;   panicle   6.25-12.5    cm.  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  generally  widely  spreading  and  more  or  less  flexuous, 
rarely  erect,  the  lower  2.5-6.25  cm.  long;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales 
acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  shorter  than  the  first,  obtuse,  bearing  a 
usually  bent  dorsal  awn  4-5  mm.  long,  inserted  below  the  middle.     Summits  of  the 
highest  mountains  of  N.  E.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  Car.    The  American  plant  may  be  specifi- 
cally different  from  the  European.     Summer. 

8.  Agrostis    perennans    (Walt.)    Tuckerm.     THIN-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  367.) 
Culms  3~7-5  dm.  long  from  a  decumbent  or  prostrate  base,  weak,  slender,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched  above,  smooth   and  glabrous.     Leaves  5-15   cm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  wide,  lax,  scabrous;  panicle  1-2  dm.  in  length,  open,  the  brandies  2.5-5  cm. 
long,  widely  spreading,    the   branchlets    and    pedicels   divergent;  spikelets    1.5-2 
mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale   about  three- 
quarters  the  length  of  the  first,  smooth  and  glabrous,  not  awned;  palet  small  or 
wanting.     In  shaded,  damp  places,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Wis.,  south  to  S.  Car.  and 
Kans.     Panicle  usually  light  grejn,  sometimes  purplish.     July-Sept. 

9.  Agrostis  hy emails  (Walt.)  t.  S.  P.    ROUGH  HAIR-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  368.) 


GRAMINEAE.  Ill 

Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender.  Leaves  5-12. 5  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  usually 
erect,  roughish;  panicle  1.5-6  dm.  long,  usually  purplish,  the  capillary  scabrous 
branches  ascending,  sometimes  widely  spreading,  or  often  drooping,  the  lower 
7.5-15  cm.  long,  dividing  above  the  middle,  the  divisions  spikelet-bearing  at  the 
extremities;  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  toward  the 
apex  and  on  the  keel;  third  scale  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  first  or  equalling  it. 
obtuse,  rarely  bearing  a  short  awn;  palet  usually  very  small.  In  dry  or  moist  soil 
throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.  July- Aug. 

10  Agrostis  altissima  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.  TALL  BENT-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  369.) 
Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect.  Leaves  elongated,  1.5-3  dm.  in  length,  2-3  mm.  wide, 
scabrous;  panicle  1.75-2.25  dm.  long,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  somewhat 
scabrous,  the  lower  5-10  cm.  in  length,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities;  spike- 
lets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  shorter, 
obtuse,  scabrous,  occasionally  bearing  a  short  awn;  palet  small  or  wanting.  In 
sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Panicle  usually  purplish.  Aug.-Oct. 

11.  Agrostis   intermedia  Scribn.      UPLAND  BENT-GRASS.     (I.   F.   f.   370.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect.     Sheaths  smooth,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  often 
crowded  and  overlapping;  leaves  1-2.25  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  pan- 
icle 1-2. 25  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  3. 75-7. 5  cm.  long,  ascending,  dividing  atthe 
middle  or  below,  the  divisions  divergent,  the  pedicels  appressed;  spikelets  about  2 
mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  first,  smooth;  palet  small  or  wanting.     In  dry 
soil,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     Aug.-Oct. 

12.  Agrostis   Novae-Angliae    Tuckerm.       NEW    ENGLAND    BENT-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  371.)     Culms  2-4  dm.   tall,  erect.     Sheaths   longer  than  the  internodes, 
generally  overlapping;  leaves  2.5  8.75  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wideorless,  erect,  usually 
involute,  scabrous;  panicle  1-2  dm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  as- 
cending, dividing  at  or  below  the  middle,  the  divisions  divergent,  the  pedicels  often 
appressed;  spikelets   2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  strongly  scabrous  on 
the  keel;  third  scale  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse.    NewTf.,  south  to  the  high  mountains 
ofN.  E.,  N.  Y.  andN.  Car. 

42.  CALAMAGROS1IS    Adans. 

Generally  perennial  grasses,  various  in  habit,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate 
inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  usually  prolonged  beyond  the 
flower  and  pubescent.  Scales  3  ;  the  2  outer  empty,  carinate,  membranous  ;  the 
third  scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  outer,  obtuse,  usually  copiously  long-hairy  at 
the  base,  or  rarely  the  hairs  scanty  or  short,  and  bearing  a  straight,  bent,  or  twisted 
dorsal  awn  ;  palet  shorter,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 
[Greek,  signifying  Reed-grass.]  A  genus  of  about  130  species,  widely  distributed 
throughout  temperate  and  mountainous  regions,  and  particularly  numerous  in  the 
Andes.  Besides  thefollowiiig,  some  20  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 
The  English  name  Small-reed  is  applied  to  any  of  the  species. 

Prolongation  of  the  rachilla  hairy  its  whole  length. 

Awn  strongly  bent,  manifestly  exserted,  the  hairs  of  the  callus  much  shorter  than 

the  scale. 
Sheaths  usually   naked   at   the   summit,   rarely  bearded  ;   panicle  tinged  with 

purple;  empty  scales  rather  thick.  i.   C.  breviseta. 

Sheaths  bearded  at  the  summit ;  panicle  pale  ;  empty  scales  thin. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long  ;   callus-hairs  sparse  ;    palet  equalling  the  scale  or 

nearly  so.  2.   (J.  Porteri. 

Spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long;   callus-hairs  rather  copious;  palet  considerably 

shorter  than  the  scale.  3.    C.  netnoralis. 

Awn  straight  or  nearly  so,  included,  the  hairs  of  the  callus  equalling  or  but  little 

shorter  than  the  scale. 
Panicle  open,  the  lower  rays  widely  spreading. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long,  very  acuminate.  4.   C.  Langsdorfii. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long  ;  panicle  usually  loosely  flowered. 

5.  C.  Canadensis. 
Spikejets  2-2.5  mm.  long  ;  panicle  rather  densely  flowered. 

6,  (7,  Macouniana. 


112  FLORA. 

Panicle  more  or  less  contracted. 

Culms  and  almost  filiform  leaves  i.  ft,  not  rigid.  7.  C.  neglecta. 

Culms  and  wider  leaves  hard,  more  or  less  rigid. 

Panicle  elongated,  rather  loosely  flowered;   culms  not   tufted  or  but 

little  so.  8.   C.  inexpansa. 

Panicle  short,  dense  and  spike-like;  culms  strongly  tufted. 

Panicle  narrow,  much  interrupted  below ;  awn  much  shorter  than 

the  scale.  .     9.  C.  Labradorica. 

Panicle    thick,    continuous   or  but   little   interrupted ;   awn   about 

equalling  the  scale.  10.   C.  hyperborea. 

Prolongation  of  the  rachilla  hairy  only  at  the  summit.  n.  C.  cinnoides. 

1.  Calamagrostis  breviseta  (A.  Gray)  Scribn.     PICKERING'S  REED-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  376.)     Culms  3-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  scabrous  below  the  pani- 
cle.     Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  lower  overlapping,  the  upper  one  elongated; 
leaves  3.75-10  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide,  erect,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle 
7.5-11.25  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  the  lower  2.5-3.75  cm-  l°ng> 
spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  purple  tinged,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
third  scale  shorter  than  the  second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the  basal  hairs  very  short; 
awn  bent,  not  twisted,  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  scale.     In  wet  places, 
Cape  Breton  Isl.  to  N.  H.  and  Mass.     Occurs  in  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White 
Mts.     Aug. -Sept. 

Calamagrostis  breviseta  debilis  Kearney.  Differs  from  the  above  in  its  softer 
texture,  usually  lower  and  more  slender  culms,  thinner  leaves,  smaller  panicles  and  the 
narrower  and  thinner  empty  scales.  Newf.  to  Mass. 

Calamagrostis  breviseta  laciistris  Kearney.  Differs  from  the  species  in  its  stouter 
rootstock  and  taller  culms,  which  are  usually  5-10  dm.  tall,  in  its  often  longer  panicle,  its 
shorter  palet  and  the  copious  and  longer  callus  hairs  of  the  flowering  scale.  Mountains 
of  N.  E.;  also  along  the  Great  Lakes  from  Ont.  to  Minn. 

2.  Calamagrostis  Porteri  A.  Gray.     PORTER'S  REED-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  375.) 
Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,    smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  slightly  sca- 
brous, with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit;  leaves   1.5-3  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
rough;  panicle  1—2  dm.   in  length,  the  branches  erect,  the  lower  2.5—5  cm>  ^onSI 
spikelets4-6  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  strongly  scabrous,  acute;  third  scale  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the  basal  hairs  less  than  one-hall 
the  length  of  the  scale,  sparse;  awn  bent,  about  equalling  the  scale,  the  lower  part 
much  twisted.     In  dry  woods,  Penn.  and  southern  N.  Y.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Calamagrostis  nemoralis  Kearney.     WOOD  REED-GRASS.     Slightly  glau- 
cous.    Culms  10-15  dm.  tall,  rather  slender;  sheaths  loosely  embracing  the  culm, 
usually  tomentose  at  the  apex,  glabrous;  leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  fiat,  very  rough  on 
both  surfaces,  the  lower  ones  and  those  on  the  innovations  2-3.5  dm.  lQrig;  panicle 
1-1.5  dm.  l°ng>  contracted;  spikelets  numerous,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  the  empty  scales 
acuminate,  the  awn  of  the  flowering  scale  attached  about  one-fifth  above  the  base, 
slightly  exceeding  the  scale,  stout,  bent  near  the  middle,  the  palet  about  three- 
fifths  as  long  as  the  scale.     Woods,  Me.  and  western  N.  Y. 

4.  Calamagrostis    Langsdorfii    (Link)   Trin.      LANGSDORF'S"  REED-GRASS, 
(I.  F.  f.  374.)     Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,   erect,   simple,    smooth  or  roughish.      Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
5-15  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending  or  sometimes  erect,  the  lower  2.5-5  cm- 
long,   naked   at   the  base;    spikelets  4-6  mm.   long,  the  outer  scales  acuminate, 
strongly  scabrous;  the  third  scale  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second,  scabrous, 
the  stout  awn  as  long  as  or  a  little  exceeding  the  copious  basal  hairs  which  are 
usually  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scale.     Newf.   to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains 
of  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.,  and  to  Manitoba  and  Wash.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.     Summer. 

5.  Calamagrostis  Canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.    BLUE  JOINT-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
373.)     Culms  6-15  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous.     Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more,  2-8  mm.  wide,  rough; 
panicle    1-2   dm.    in  length,   open,  usually  purplish,   the   branches   spreading  or 
ascending,  the  lower  3.75-7.5  cm.  long,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  the 
outer  scales  equal  or  subequal,  acute,  strongly  scabrous;  the  third  scale  equalling 


GRAMINEAE.  1 1 3 

or  slightly  shorter  than  the  second,  scabrous,  the  awn  delicate  and  equalling  the 
copious  basal  hairs  which  are  about  as  long  as  the  scale  or  some  of  them  shorter. 
In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  Car.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal. 
Ascends  to  1500  m.  in  the  Adirondacks.  July-Sept. 

Calamagrostis  Canadensis  acuminkta  Vasey.  Differs  from  the  species  in  its  usually 
smaller  panicle,  larger  (3.5-4  mm.  long)  spikelets  with  the  empty  scales  sharply  acuminate, 
and  more  scabrous  and  longer  awn  of  the  flowering  scale.  Lab.  and  Newf.  to  Alaska, 
south  in  the  Mountains  to  N.  Car.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal. 

6.  Calamagrostis  Macouniana  Vasey.     MACOUN'S  REED-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
372.)     Culms  6-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth   and   glabrous.      Sheaths   shorter 
than  the  internodes;  leaves  7.5-17.5  cm.   long,   2-5  mm.   wide,  erect,  acuminate, 
scabrous;  panicle  open,  7.5-11.25  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending,  or  some- 
times erect,  the  lower  2.5-3.75  cm.  long,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  2  mm.  long, 
the  outer   scales  acute,   scabrous,    the  first  shorter  than  the  second;    third  scale 
equalling  the  second,  the  awn  a  little  exceeding  it;  basal  hairs  about  as  long  as  the 
scale.     Manitoba  and  Mont,  to  Wash.,  south  to  Mo.     Summer. 

7.  Calamagrostis  negl&cta  (Ehrh.)  Gaertn.  NARROW  REED-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
378.)     Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout.     Culms  4.5-6.25  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple, 
slender.     Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  narrow,  involute  in  drying, 
the  basal  one-third  as  long  as  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  5-12.5  cm.  long,  erect; 
panicle  contracted,  6.25-10  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  erect; 
spikelets  4  mm.  long,  the  scales  scabrous,  the   outer   acute;  third   scale  obtuse, 
about  three-fourths   as  long  as  the   second,  the    awn  exceeding  the    scale.     Lab. 
to  Alaska,  south  to  northern  Me.,  Wis.,  Mont.,  Colo.,  and  Ore.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     Summer. 

Calamagrostis  neglecta  borealis.  Differs  from  the  species  in  its  shorter  culms  (2-3 
dm.  tall)  and  leaves,  smaller  and  denser  panicle  (3-5  cm.  long),  and  the  spikelets  but  3 
mm.  long.  Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay.  Also  in  northern  Europe. 

8.  Calamagrostis  inexpansa  A.  Gray.    BOG  REED-GRASS.     Culms  but  little 
tufted,  8-12  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  rough,  2-3  dm.  long, 
4mm.  wide  or  less;  panicle  1.5-2   dm.   long,  usually  nodding  at  the  summit,  its 
branches  rather  long,  nearly  erect;  spikelets  4-4.5  mm.  long,  numerous,  the  empty 
scales  scabrous,  hispid  on  the  keel,  acute,  the  flowering  scale  scabrous,  the  callus- 
hairs  from  three-fourths  as  long  to  equalling  the  scale,  the  awn  from  shorter  to  ex- 
ceeding the  scale.     Bogs  and  sandy  banks,  N.  J.  and  western  N.  Y.  to  S.  Dak. 
and  Colo. 

9.  Calamagrostis  Labradorica  Kearney.     LABRADOR  REED-GRASS.    Culms 
3.5-5  dm.  tall,  rigid.     Sheaths  tightly  embracing  the  culm;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long, 
2.5   mm.  or  less  wide,  strongly  involute,  thick,   scrabrous  above,  smooth  beneath; 
panicle  spike- like  and  dense,  6-9  cm.  long,  strict;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long,  the 
empty  scales  acute,  nearly  glabrous  excepting  on  the  hispidulous  keels,  firm,  thick, 
dark  purple,  the   flowering  scales  about  3.5  mm.  long,  scabrous,  the  awn  much 
shorter  than  the  scale,  usually  slender,  the  callus-hairs  from  somewhat  shorter  to 
nearly  equalling  the  scale.     Among  rocks  on  the  seashore,  Lab.     July. 

10.  Calamagrostis   hyperborea  Lange.     NORTHERN   REED-GRASS.     Culms 
densely  tufted,  rigid,  stout,  4-10  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves 
very  rough  on  both  surfaces,  flat,  or  often  involute  toward  the  apex,  stiff,   1-3  dm. 
long,  5  mm.  or  less  wide;  panicle  contracted,  7-14  cm.   long,  its  branches  short, 
usually   erect,  sometimes  ascending;  spikelets   3-4   mm.  long,  the   empty  scales 
scabrous,  acute,  the  flowering  scale  with  the  callus-hairs  from  a  little  shorter  than 
to  nearly  equalling  it,  the  awn  shorter  than  or  longer  than  the  scale.     Meadows 
and  swamps,  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  toPenn.,  Colo,  and  Cal.  June-Aug.  Very 
variable.     The  var.  ELONGATA  Kearney  has  the  panicle  very  long  and  rather  loose, 
with  usually  longer  branches,  and  the  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long;  the  var.  AMERI- 
CANA (Vasey)  Kearney  has  the  panicle  usually  very  dense  and  the  spikelets  about 
3  mm.  long. 

11.  Calamagrostis  cinnoides    (Muhl.)    Scribn.     NUTTALL'S    REED-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  379.)    Culms  9-15  dm.  tall,  erect.     Sheaths  smooth  or  rough,  the  lower 


114  FLORA. 

sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  and  rarely  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit;  leaves 
1-3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  occasionally  sparingly  hirsute; 
panicle  7.5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  the  lower  2. 5-5  cm. 
long;  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long;  scales  strongly  scabrous,  the  outer  about  equal, 
acuminate  and  awn-pointed;  third  scale  shorter,  obtuse,  the  basal  hairs  one-half  to 
two-thirds  its  length;  awn  stout,  exceeding  or  equalling  the  scale.  In  moist  soil, 
N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Penn.,  south  to  Ga.  July-Aug. 

43.  AMMOPHILA   Host. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  convolute  above,  and  dense  spike-like 
panicles.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  and  hairy. 
Scales  3,  rigid,  chartaceous,  acute,  keeled;  the  2  outer  empty,  the  lower  I -nerved, 
the  upper  3-nerved;  third  scale  5 -nerved,  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  base, 
subtending  a  chartaceous  2-nerved  palet  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Greek,  signifying  sand-loving,  in  allusion  to  the  habitat  of  these  grasses.]  Two 
specie?,  the  following  widely  distributed  along  the  fresh  and  salt-water  shores  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  the  other  European. 

i.  Ammoph'la  arenaria  (L.)  Link.  SEA  SAND-REED.  SEA  MAT-WEED. 
MARAM.  (I.  F.  f.  380.)  Glabrous;  culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid,  stout,  aris- 
ing from  a  long  horizontal  branching  rootstock.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short, 
crowded  and  overlapping,  the  upper  longer;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng  or  more,  rigid, 
attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  point,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spike- 
like  panicle  dense,  1-3  dm.  in  length,  1.2-1.6  cm.  thick,  its  branches  3.75  cm.  long 
or  tess,  appressed;  spikelets  I-I.2  cm.  long,  the  scales  scabrous,  alx>ut  equal  in 
length,  the  third  usually  with  the  rudiment  of  an  awn  just  below  the  apex;  basal 
hairs  2-4  mm.  long.  In  sands  of  the  seacoast  from  N.  B.  to  Va.,  and  inland  along 
the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Also  on  the  coasts  of  northern  Europe.  Aug. -Sept. 

44.  CALAMOVILFA   H^ck. 

Tall  grasses  with  stout  horizontal  rootstocks,  elongated  leaves,  which  are  in- 
volute at  the  apex,  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  the  rachilla 
not  prolonged  beyond  the  flower.  Scales  3,  I -nerved,  acute,  the  2  outer  unequal, 
empty;  third  scale  longer  or  shorter  than  the  second,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the 
base;  palet  strongly  2 -keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Greek,  signifying  a  reed-like  grass.] 
Three  known  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subtropical  regions  of  N.  Am. 

Spikelets  4—5  mm.  long,  the  basal  hairs  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  third  scale. 

1.  C.  brevipilis, 
Spikelets  6-8  mm.  long,  the  basal  hairs  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  third  scale. 

2.  C,  longifolia. 

1.  Calamovilfa   brevipilis    (Torr.)   Hack.     SHORT-HAIRED   REED -GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  381.)     Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.     Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect, 
simple  ;    leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long,  3  mm.  wide  or  less,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
involute  tip,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous  above;  panicle  open,  1.25—2.5  cm. 
in  length,  the  branches  ascending,  the  lower  5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long; 
scales  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  the  outer  unequal,  the  first  one-half  as  long 
as  the  second;  third  scale  exceeding  the  second,  pubescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the 
keel;  basal  hairs  one-third  the  length  of  the  scale;  palet  nearly  equalling  the  scale, 
pubescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  keel.     In  swamps,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.     Local. 
Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Calamovilfa    longifolia   (Hook.)   Hack.     LONG -LEAVED   REED -GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  382.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,   erect,   simple,   stout,   smooth   and   glabrous. 
Sheaths  crowded  and  overlapping,  glabrous  or  rarely  pilose;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long 
or  more,  panicle  narrow,  often  3  dm.  long  or  more,  pale,  the  branches  erect  or  as- 
cending, the  lower  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng:  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long;  scales  acute,  smooth, 
the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  the  third  a  little  longer  or  slightly  shorter  tbarv 
the  second,  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  copious  basal  hairs;  palet  slightly 


GRAMINEAE. 

shorter  than  the  third  scale.     On  sandy  shores,  western  Ont.  and  Manitoba  to  the 
Rocky  Mts.,  south  to  Ind.,  Kans.  and  Colo.     July-Sept. 

45.  APERA   Adans. 

Annual  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leaves,  and  ample  open  or  contracted  panicles. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  small,  the  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  into  a  bristle. 
Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  unequal,  thin,  membranous,  keeled,  acute;  the  third 
scale  a  little  shorter,  membranous,  bearing  a  long  slender  awn  inserted  just  below 
the  shortly  2 -toothed" apex;  palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled,  2-toothed. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  in- 
cluded in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Greek,  signifying  not  muti- 
lated, whole  or  entire;  application  uncertain.]  Two  species,  natives  of  Europe  and 
western  Asia. 

i.  Apera  Spica-venti  (L.)  Beauv.  SILKY  BENT-GRASS.  WINDLESTRAW. 
(I.  F.  f.  383.)  Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  one  generally  including  the 
base  of  the  panicle;  leaves  2.5-17.5  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
7.5-22.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  capillary,  3.75-7.5  cm. 
long;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng'  acute,  smooth  and  shining;  third 
sjale  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  bearing  a  dorsal  scabrous  awn  6—8  mm.  long;  rudi- 
ment at  the  end  of  the  rachilla  less  than  0.5  mm.  long.  In  waste  places  and  on 
ballast,  Me.  to  southern  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Adventive  from  Europe.  June-July. 

46.    HOLCUS    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  deciduous,  2 -flowered;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate.  Scales  4; 
the  2  lower  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  the  first  i -nerved,  the  second  3-nervedand 
often  short-awned;  flowering  scales  chartaceous,  that  of  the  upper  flower  bearing  a 
bent  awn.  Palet  narrow,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  taken  from  Pliny.] 
About  8  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Holcus  lanatus  L.  VELVET-GRASS.  MEADOW  SOFT-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  384.) 
Softly  and  densely  pubescent,  light  green.  Culms  4.5-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  often 
decumbent  at  the  base,  simple  ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves 
2.5-15  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide;  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  the  empty  scales  white- 
villous,  the  upper  awn-pointed;  flowering  scales  2  mm.  long,  smooth,  glabrous  and 
shining,  the  lower  sparsely  ciliateon  the  keel,  somewhat  obtuse,  the  upper  2-toothed 
and  bearing  a  hooked  awn  just  below  the  apex.  In  fields,  meadows  and  waste 
places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  111. ;  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.  Also  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

47.    A*iRA   L. 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  small,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty, 
thin-membranous,  acute,  subequal,  persistent  ;  the  flowering  scales  usually  cor- 
tiguous,  hyaline,  mucronate  or  2-toothed,  deciduous,  bearing  a  delicate  dorsal  awn 
inserted  below  the  middle;  palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  2-nerved. 
Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  and  often 
adhering  to  them.  [Greek  name  for  Lolium  temulentum.~\  Four  or  five  species, 
natives  of  Europe. 

Panicle  open  ;  flowering  scales  about  2  mm.  long  ;  plants  1.25-2.5  dm.  tall. 

1.  A.  caryophyllea. 
Panicle  contracted  ;  flowering  scales  about  3  mm.  long  ;  plants  5-10  cm.  tall. 

2.  A  praecox. 

i.  Aira  caryophyllea  L.  SILVERY  HAIR-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  385.)  Smooth 
and  glabrous  throughout.  Culms  1.25-2.5  dm.  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  sim- 
ple, slender  ;  sheaths  mostly  basal;  leaves  1.25-5  cm-  l°ng>  involute-setaceous  ; 
panicle  2.5-10  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower 
2.$  cm.  long  or  less  ;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm-  ^on?'  the  empty  scales  acute  ;  flowering 


FLORA. 

scales  very  acute.  2-toothed,  2  mm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  3-4  mm.  long.  In  fields 
and  waste  places,  eastern  Mass,  to  Va.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Local.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Panicle  silvery,  shining.  May-July. 

2.  Aira  praecox  L.  EARLY  HAIR-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  386.)  Glabrous  and 
smooth  throughout.  Culms  5-10  cm,  tall,  erect,  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  rigid; 
sheaths  clothing  the  whole  culm,  the  upper  one  often  enclosing  the  base  of  the 
panicle  ;  leaves  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  involute-setaceous  ;  panicle  contracted,  strict, 
.1.25-2.5  cm.  in  length  ;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long,  the  empty  scales  acute  ;  the 
flowering  scales  acuminate,  2-toothed,  about  3  mm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  3-4  mm. 
long.  In  dry  fields,  southern  N.  J.  and  Penn.  toVa.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
May-Ju'y. 

48.    DESCHAMPSIA   Beauv. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy  rachilla  extended  beyond  the 
flowers  or  rarely  terminated  by  a  staminate  one.  Scales  4  (rarely  more),  the  2 
lower  empiy,  keeled,  acute,  membranous,  shining,  persislent ;  the  flowering  scales 
of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  toothed. 
Palet  narrow,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of  J.  C.  A.  Loiseleur-Deslong- 
champs,  1774-1849,  French  physician  and  botanist.  ]  About  20  species,  inhabiting 
cold  and  temperate  regions,  a  few  occurring  in  the  high  mountains  of  the  tropics. 
Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Upper  flowering  scales  reaching  or  extending  beyond  the  apex  of  the  empty  scales. 
Flowering  scales  about  2.5  mm.  long,  erose-truncate ;  leaves  flat. 

1.  D,  cues  pit osa 
Flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  leaves  involute. 

2.  D.flexiiosa. 
Empty  scales  extending  much  beyond  the  upper  flowering  scale.       3.  D.  atropurpurea, 

1.  Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.     TUFTED  HAIR-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f. 
387.)     Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect,   simple,   smooth  and   glabrous.     Leaves  flat, 
2-3  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  strongly  scabrous  above,  the  basal  ones  numerous, 
one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  5-15  cm.  long  ;  panicle 
open,   7.5-22.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreading  or  ascending,  often 
somewhat  flexuous,  naked  at  the  base,  the  lower  5-12.5  cm.   long  ;  spikelets  3.5- 
4  mm.  long  ;  flowering  scales  about  2.5  mm.  long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex,  the 
awns  somewhat  shorter  or  a  little  longer,  the  upper  scale  reaching  to  or  extending 
beyond  the  apices  of  the  empty  ones.     Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  111.,  Minn, 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  Sierra  Nevada  to  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.,  mostly  in  wet  soil. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

2.  Deschampsia  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.     WAVY  HAIR-GRASS.     (L  F.  f.  388.) 
Glabrous  throughout.    Culms  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves 
involute-setaceous,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  basal  very  numerous,  one- 
fifth  the  length  of  the  culm  or  less,  those  of  the  culm  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  panicle  open, 
5-20  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  sometimes  widely  speading, 
naked  at  the  base,  flexuous,  the  lower  3.75-12.5  cm.    long;  spikelets  4.5-5  mm. 
long;  flowering  scales  about  4  mm.   long,  acutely  toothed  at  the  apex;  awns  bent 
and  twisted,  much  exceeding  the  scale.     In  dry  soil,  Greenland  and  Newf.  to  Ont. 
and  Mich.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     Ascends  to  1500  m.  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Also  in  Europe.     July-Aug. 

3.  Deschampsia  atropurpurea  (Wahl.)    Scheele.    MOUNTAIN  HAIR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  389.)     Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.     Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall, 
erect,  simple,  rigid ;    leaves  2-4    mm.  wide,  erect,   sometimes   slightly   scabrous 
above,  the  basal  6.25-12.5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  shorter;  panicle  contracted, 
usually  purple  or  purplish,  2.5-5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  or  sometimes 
ascending,  the  lower  1.25-3.75  cm-  l°ng>  spikelets   5  mm.   long;  flowering  scales 
about  2.5  mm.  long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex;  awus  bent  and  much  longer  than 
the  scales  ;  upper  scale  much  exceeded  by  the  very  acute  outer  ones.     On  alpine 


GRAMINEAE.  117 

summits  of  N.  Y..  N.  E.,  Mont.,  Ore.  and  Wash.,  north  to  Lab.  and  Alaska.    Also 
in  Europe.     July-Aug. 

49.  TRISETUM  Pers. 

Mostly  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  staminate;  rachilla 
glabrous  or  pilose,  extended  beyond  the  flowers.  Scales  4-6,  membranous,  the  2 
lower  empty,  unequal,  acute,  persistent;  flowering  scales  usually  shorter  than  the 
empty  ones,  deciduous,  2 -toothed,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex,  or  the 
lower  one  sometimes  awnless.  Palet  narrow,  hyaline,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Latin,  referring 
to  the  three  bristles  (one  awn  and  two  sharp  teeth)  of  the  flowering  scales  in  some 
species.  ]  About  50  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  or  mountainous  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  about  8  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Flowering  scales  all  bearing  long  dorsal  awns. 

Panicle  contracted,   dense  ;  flowering  scales  5  mm.  long  or  less. 

i.    T.  subspicatum. 

Panicle  open,  loose;  flowering  scales  5  mm.  long  or  more.     2.    T.  flavescens. 
Lower  flowering  scale  not  bearing  a  long  dorsal  awn,  a  rudiment  sometimes  present. 

3.    7'.  Pennsylvam'cum. 

1.  Trisetum  suspicatum  (L.)Beauv.     NARROW  FALSE-OAT.     (I.  F.  f.  390.) 
Softly  pubescent  or  glabrous.     Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  2.5-10 
cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  spike-like,  2.5-12.5   cm.   in  length,  often  inter- 
rupted below,  its  branches  3.75  cm.  or  less  long,  erect;  spikelets  2-3-flowered,  the 
empty  scales   hispid  on  the  keel,  shining,  the  second  about  5  mm.  long,  the  first 
shorter;  flowering  scales  4-5  mm.  long,  acuminate,  scabrous,  each  bearing  a  long 
bent  and  somewhat  twisted  awn.     In  rocky  places,  Lab.   to  Alaska,  south  on  the 
mountains  to  N.  Car.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Trisetum  flavescens  (L.)R.  &  S.     YELLOW  FALSE-OAT.     (I.  F.  f.  391.) 
Culms  4.5-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  glabrous.    Sheaths  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent; leaves  3. 75-12. 5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparingly  hairy; 
panicle  open,  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  somewhat  flex- 
uous,  naked  below,  the  lower  2  5-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  3~4-flowered ;  empty  scales 
smooth  and  glabrous,  the  second  acute,  5  mm.    long,  the   first  about  half  as  long, 
narrower,  acuminate;  flowering  scales  5-6  mm.  long,  scabrous,  bearing  a  long  bent 
and  twisted  awn.     Introduced  into  Mo.  and  Kans.     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
Panicle  yellow,  turning  dull  brown.     July-Aug. 

3.  Trisetum  Pennsylvanicum  (L.)  Beauv.     MARSH  FALSE-OAT.     (I.  F.  f. 
392.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender  and  often  weak,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous.    Sheaths  shorter  than   the  internodes,   sometimes  scabrous;  leaves  2.5-15 
cm.   long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  rough;  panicle  5—20  cm.   in  length,  yellowish,  narrow, 
the  branches  ascending,  the  lower  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  spikelets  2-flowered;  outer  scales 
smooth,  shining,  subequal,  the  second  4-5    mm.    long;    flowering  scales  4-5  mm. 
long,  scabrous,  the  lower  not  long-awned,  but  a  rudimentary  awn   sometimes  pres- 
ent, the  upper  with  a  long  bent  and  twisted  awn.     In  swamps  and  wet  meadows, 
N.  Y.  to  III.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.    Ascends  to  1050  m.  in  Va.    Panicle  sometimes 
loose  and  nodding.     June-July. 

50.  A  VENA    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  panicled  spikelets. 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered,  or  rarely  i-flowered;  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper 
often  staminate  or  imperfect.  Scales  4-many  (rarely  3);  the  two  lower  empty, 
somewhat  unequal,  membranous,  persistent;  flowering  scales  deciduous,  rounded  on 
the  back,  acute,  generally  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  often  2-toothed.  Palet 
narrow,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  deeply  furrowed,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  free  or  sometimes  adher- 
ent to  the  latter.  [Old  Latin  name  for  the  oat.]  About  50  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  regions,  chiefly  in  the  Old  World.  Oats  (Avena  sativa  L.) 
sometimes  appear  in  waste  places  or  in  fields  where  it  has  been  cultivated. 


Il8  FLORA. 

Empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  1.2  cm.  In  length  or  less,  shorter  than  the  flowering1  scales. 
Flowering  scales   with   a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  base;  awn  nearly  as  long  as  the 
scale.  .  i.  A.  striata. 

Flowering  scales  naked  at  the  base;  awn  not  over  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

2.   A.  Smithii. 
Empty  scales  1.2-1.8  cm.  in  length,  enclosing  the  flowering  scales.  3.  A.fatua. 

1.  Avena  striata  Michx.     PURPLE  OAT.     (I.  F.  f.  393.)    Culms  3-6  dm.  tall, 
erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.     Leaves  erect,   2.5-15  cm.  long,   2-6 
mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  usually  scabrous  above;  panicle  6. 25-12. 5  cm.  in  length, 
lax,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  naked  below,  the  lower  2.5-6.25  cm.  long; 
spikelets  3-6-flowered.  the    empty  scales  smooth,  the  second  6-7  mm.  in  length,  3- 
nerved,  the  first  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long,  I -nerved;  flowering  scales  6-8 
mm.  long,  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  base,  strongly  nerved,  scabrous;  awns  as 
long  as  the  scales  or  longer.   In   woods,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  northern  Penn. , 
Minn,  and  Neb.     Spikelets  reddish  purple.     July-Aug. 

2.  Avena  Smithii  Porter.     SMITH'S  OAT.    (I.  F.  f.  394.)  Culms  7.5-15  dm. 
tall,  erect,  simple,  scabrous.    Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  very  rough;  leaves 
1-2  dm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  in  length,  the  branches 
finally  spreading;  spikelets  3-6-flowered;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  second  6-8  mm- 
in  length,  5 -nerved,  the  first   shorter,    obscurely  3 -nerved;  flowering  scales   I   cm. 
long,  naked  at  the  base,  strongly  nerved,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  one-fourth  to 
one-half  their  length.     Northern  Mich,  and  Isle  Royal.     Summer. 

3.  Avena  fatua  L.     WILD  OAT.     (I.  F.  f.  395.)     Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  erect, 
simple,  stout,  smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  smooth,  or  scabrous  at  the  summit, 
sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  the  lower  often  overlapping;  leaves  7.5-20  cm.  long, 
2-8  mm.  wide;  panicle  open,  1-3  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending;  spikelets 
2-4-flowered,  drooping;  outer  scales  1.8-2.5  cm.  in  length,  smooth,  enclosing  the 
flowering  scales;  flowering  scales  1.2-1.8  cm.  long,  with  a  ring  of  stiff  brown  hairs 
at  the  base,  pubescent  with  long  rigid  brown  hairs,  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted 
awn.     In  fields  and  waste  places,   N.  Dak.  and  Minn. ;  abundant  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.     Naturalized  from  Europe  or  Asia.     July-Sept. 

51.   ARRHENATHERUM    Beauv. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  2-flowered;  lower  flower  staminate,  upper  perfect;  rachilla  extended  beyond 
the  flowers.  Scales  4,  the  2  lower  empty,  thin-membranous,  keeled,  very  acute  or 
awn-pointed,  unequal,  persistent;  flowering  scales  rigid,  5-7 -nerved,  deciduous,  the 
first  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  dorsal  awn,  inserted  below  the  middle,  the 
second  unawned;  palet  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  awn  of  the  stami- 
iiate  scale.]  Six  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Beauv.  OAT-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  396.)  Gla- 
brous. Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple;  lower  sheaths  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  leaves  6.25-30  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  1-3  dm.  in  length, 
contracted,  the  branches  erect,  the  lower  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  empty  scales  finely  rough- 
ened,  the  second  8  mm.  long,  the  first  shorter;  flowering  scales  about  8  mm.  long. 
In  fields  and  waste  places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.  and  Neb.  Also  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-Aug.  [A.  avenaceum  Beauv.] 

52.  DANTHONIA    DC. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open 
panicles.  Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  stami- 
nate ;  rachilla  pubescent,  extending  beyond  the  flowers.  Scales  5— man>'»  the  2 
lower  empty,  keeled,  acute,  subequal,  persistent,  generally  extending  beyond  the 
uppermost  flowering  one:  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  2-toothed,  decidu- 
ous, the  awn  arising  from  between  the  acute  or  awned  teeth,  flat  and  twisted  at 
base,  bent;  palet  hyaline,  2-keeled  near  the  margins,  obtuse  or  2-toothed.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Name 
in  honor  of  Etienne  Danthoine,  a  Marseilles  botanist  of  the  last  century.]  A  genus 
of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed,  chiefly  in  South  Africa. 


GRAMINEAE. 

Empty  scales  i  25  cm.  long  or  less  ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent 

at  the  base. 
Teeth  of  the  flowering  scale  about  i  mm.  long,  acute ;  culm  leaves  short  ;  panicle 

contracted.  i.   D.  spicata. 

Teeth  of  the  flowering  ^scale  2-3  mm.  long,  awned  ;  culm  leaves  elongated  ;   panicle 
usually  open.  2.  D.  compressa. 

Empty  scales  more  than  1.25  cm.  long. 

Sheaths  and  flowering  scales  villpus.  3.  D.  sericea. 

Sheaths  glabrous ;  flowering  scales  pilose  on  the  margins.  4.  D.  epilis. 

1.  Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.     COMMON  WILD  OAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
397.)     Culms  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  nearly  terete.     Sheaths  glabrous  or  often  spar- 
ingly pubescent  below;  leaves  rough,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  usually  involute,   the 
lower  1-1.5  dm.  long,  the  upper  2.5-5  cm-  l°ngi  inflorescence  racemose  or  panicu- 
late, 2.5-5  cm-  in  length,  the  pedicels  and  branches  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets 
5-8-flowered;    empty   scales  8-10  mm.   long,   glabrous;   flowering  scales  broadly 
oblong,  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed  silky  hairs,  the  teeth  about  I  mm.  long, 
acute  or  short-pointed,  the  bent  and  widely  spreading  awn  closely  twisted  at  the 
base,  loosely  so  above.     In  dry  soil,  Newf.  to  Quebec  and  N.  Dak.,  south  to  N. 
Car.,  Kans.,  and  La.     Ascends  to  900  m.  in  Va.     July -Sept. 

2.  Danthonia  compressa  Austin.     FLATTENED  WILD  OAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
398.)     Culms  4.5-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  flattened.     Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  rough, 
lax,  the  basal  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm;  lower  culm  leaves 
1.5-2  dm.  long,  the  upper  7.5-15  cm.;  panicle  open,  6.25-10  cm.  in  length,  the 
lower  branches  generally  spreading;  spikelets  5-10  flowered;  empty  scales  1-1.2 
cm.  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  oblong,  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  base, 
pubescent  with  appressed  silky  hairs,  the  awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent,  strongly 
twisted  below,  slightly  so  above,  the  teeth  2-3  mm.  long,  acuminate,  awned.     In 
woods,  Me.  and  Vt.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     Ascends  to  1800  m.  in  N.  Car.     July- 
Sept. 

3.  Danthonia  sericea  Nutt.     SILKY  WILD  OAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  399.)    Culms 
4.5-9    dm.   tall,   simple,   glabrous.     Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  villous; 
leaves  rough  and  more  or  less  villous,  2-3  mm.  wide,  the  basal  one-quarter  to  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  culm,  usually  flexuous,  those  of  the  culm  2.5-10  cm.  long, 
erect;  panicle  6.25-11.25  cm.  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending; 
spikelets  4-iO-flowered;  empty  scales  1.4—1.6  cm.  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
oblong,  strongly  pubescent  with  long  silky  hair?,  the  awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent, 
closely  twisted  below,  loosely  so  above,  the  teeth  2-3  mm.  long,  acuminate,  awned. 
Iu  dry  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  south  to  Fla.     May-July. 

4.  Danthonia  epilis  Scribn.     SMOOTH  WILD  OAT-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  398a.)  Gla- 
brous.  Culms  erect,  tufted,  4-7  dm.  tall,  slightly  roughened  just  below  the  panicle  and 
puberulent  below  the  brown  nodes;  leaves  smooth  excepting  at  the  apex,  2-4  mm. 
wide,  erect,  those  on  the  sterile  shoots  1.5  dm.  or  more  long,  the  culm  leaves  5-10 
cm.   long;    panicle  5-7.5   cm.   long,  contracted;  spikelets,    including  awns,    1.8-2 
cm.  long,  5-io-flowered;  empty  scales  acuminate;  flowering  scales  5-6  mm.  long 
to  the  base  of  the  teeth,  pilose  on  the  margins  below  and  sometimes  sparingly  so  on 
the  midnerve  at  the  base,  the  teeth,  including  the  awns,  2-3  mm.  long,  the  central 
awn  9-12  mm.  long,  more  or  less  spreading.     In  swamps,  southern  N.  J.  to  Ga. 
May-July. 

53.  CAPRIOLA    Adans.    [CYNODON  Rich.J 

Perennial  grasses  with  short  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  dig- 
itate. Spikelets  i-flowered,  secund.  Scales  3;  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled;  flow- 
ering scale  broader,  membranous,  compressed;  palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale, 
hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain 
free.  [Name  mediaeval  Latin  for  the  wild  goat,  that  feeds  on  this  grass  in  waste 
rocky  places.]  Four  known  species,  of  which  three  are  Australian,  the  following 
widely  distributed. 

i.  Capriola  Dactylon(L.)Kuntze.  BERMUDA-GRASS.  SCUTCH-GRASS.  DOG'S- 
TOOTH  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  400.)  Culms  1-3  dm.  tall,  erect,  from  long  creeping 
and  branching  stolons,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous  or  somewhat 
hairy,  crowded  at  the  bases  of  the  culms  and  along  the  stolonsj  leaves  2.5-5  c^n» 


I2O  FLORA. 

long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  flat,  rigid,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spikes  4-5,  1.25-5 
cm.  in  length,  digitate;  rachis  flat;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  outer  scales  hispid  on 
the  keel,  narrow,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
broad  and  strongly  compressed  third  one.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  southern  N. 
Y.  to  Penn.  and  Tenn  ,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Abundant  in  the  Southern  States. 
Cultivated  for  pasture.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

54.  SPARTlNA  Schreb. 

Perennial  glabrous  grasses,  with  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  flat  or  involute 
leaves,  and  an  inflorescence  of  one-sided  spreading  or  erect  alternate  spikes.  Spike- 
lets  i -flowered,  narrow,  deciduous,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis,  articulated  with 
the  very  short  pedicels  below  the  scales.  Scales  3 ;  the  two  outer  empty,  keeled, 
very  unequal ;  the  third  subtending  a  perfect  flower,  keeled,  equalling  or  shortei 
than  the  second;  palet  often  longer  than  its  scale,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
filiform,  elongated.  Stigmas  filiform,  papillose  or  shortly  plumose.  Grain  free. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  cord-like  leaves  of  some  species.]  About  7  species,  widely 
distributed  in  saline  soil,  a  few  in  fresh-water  marshes. 

First  scale  awn- pointed,  equalling  the  third;  second  long-awned.         i.  S.  cynosuroides* 
First  scale  acute,  shorter  than  the  third,  usually  one-half  as  long. 
First  scale  strongly  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel. 

Leaves  1.25  cm.  wide  or  more,  flat.  2.  S.  polystachya. 

Leaves  6  mm.  wide  or  less. 

Spikes  ascending  or  erect ;  leaves  narrow,  involute ;  coast  plant. 

3.  S.  patens. 
Spikes  appressed ;  leaves  usually  flat  at  the  base ;  western  species. 

4.  S.  gracilis. 
First  scale  smooth  on  the  keel  or  occasionally  slightly  scabrous.     5.  S.  stricta. 

1.  Spartina  cynosuroides  (L.)  Willd.     TALL  MARSH-GRASS     (I.  F.  f.  401.) 

Culms  6-1 8  dm.,  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-14 
mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  becoming  involute  in  drying,  attenuate  into  a 
long  slender  tip;  spikes  5-30,  5-12.5  cm.  long,  often  on  peduncles  1.25-2.5  cm.  in 
length,  ascending  or  erect;  rachis  rough  on  the  margins;  spikelets  much  imbricated, 
1.2-1.4  cm.  long;  outer  scales  awn-pointed  or  awned,  strongly  hispid-scabrous  on 
the  keel;  third  scale  as  long  as  the  first,  the  scabrous  midrib  terminating  just  below 
the  emarginate  or  2-toothed  apex;  palet  sometimes  exceeding  the  scale.  In  swamps 
and  streams  of  fresh  or  brackish  water,  N.  S.  to  Assiniboia,  N.  J.  and  Tex.  Some- 
times glaucous.  Called  also  Fresh-water  Cord-grass.  Aug.-Oct. 

2.  Spartina  polystachya  (Michx.)  Ell.     SALT  REED-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  402.) 
Culms  1-3  m.  tall,  erect,  stout,  simple,  smooth.     Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  1.25- 
2.5  cm.  wide,  flat,  scabrous  at  least  on  the  margins,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
tip;  spikes  20-50,  ascending,  often  long-peduncled,  5-10  cm.  in  length,  the  rachis 
rough  on  the  margins;  spikelets  much  imbricated,  8-10  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales 
acute,  strongly  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the  length  of  the  second; 
third  scale  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  first  and 
exceeded  by  the  palet.     In  salt  and  brackish  marshes,  Me.  toN.  J.  and  Fla.     Called 
also  creek-thatch.     Aug.-Oct. 

3.  Spartina  patens   (Ait.)   Muhl.      SALT-MEADOW  GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.    403.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  base,  smooth.     Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
2-4  mm,  broad,  involute,  attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath; 
spikes  2-10,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  usually  ascending,  more  or  less  peduncled,  the  rachis 
slightly  scabrous;  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long;  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous-hispid  on 
the  keel,  the  first  usually  rather  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  second ;  third 
scale  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel,  emarginate  or  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  longer  than  the  first  and  exceeded  by  the  palet.     On  salt  meadows,  Newf. 
and  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.     This  andjuncus  Gerardi,  the  "Black-grass,"  fur- 
nish most  of  the  salt-meadow  hay  of  the  Atlantic  Coast.     Aug.-Oct. 

4.  Spartina   gracilis  Trin.     INLAND  CORD-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.    404.)     Culms 
3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.     Sheaths  overlapping,  those  at  the  base  of  the 
culm  short  and  crowded;  leaves  3  dm.  long  or  less,  2-6  mm.  wide,  flat  or  involute, 
attenuate  into  a  long  tip;  spikes  4-8,  2.5-5  cm<  l°ng>  appressed,  more  or  less  pe- 


GRAMINEAE.  121 

duncled;  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long;  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous -hispid  on  the  keel, 
the  first  half  the  length  of  the  second;  third  scale  obtuse,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse  palet.  In  saline  soil,  Assiniboia  and  Br.  Col. 
to  Neb.  and  Nev.  Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Spartina  stricta  (Ait.)  Roth.  SMOOTH  MARSH-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  405.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  overlapping,  those  at  the  base 
shorter  and  looser,  much  crowded  ;  leaves  7.5-30  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide  at  the 
base,  involute,  at  least  when  dry  ;  spikes  3-5,  erect  or  nearly  so,  2.5-5  cm.  long  ; 
spikelets  1.2-1.6  cm.  long,  loosely  imbricated;  empty  scales  acute  or  acutish, 
I -nerved,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second,  which  exceeds  or  equals  the  third  ; 
palet  longer  than  the  third  scale. 

Spartina  stricta  maritima  (Walt.)  Scribn.  Culms  taller,  sometimes  3  m.  high, 
and  leaves  longer ;  spikes  more  numerous,  usually  appressed. 

Spartina  stricta  alterniflbra  (Lois.)  A.  Gray.  Culms  12-18  dm.  tall;  spikes 
slender,  appressed,  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  the  spikelets  barely  overlapping. 

Very  variable.  Common  in  some  one  of  its  forms,  along  the  coast  from  Me.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  on  the  coast  of  Europe.  Our  plant  does  not  appear  to  be  satis- 
factorily identified  with  the  European.  Aug. -Oct. 

55.    CAMPULOSUS   Desv. 

Tall  pungent-tasted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  narrow  leaves  and  a  curved 
spicate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  borne  pectinately  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat 
curved  rachis,  i -flowered.  Lower  4  scales  empty,  the  first  very  short,  hyaline; 
the  second,  third,  fourth  and  fifth  awned  on  the  back,  the  latter  subtending  a  per- 
fect flower  and  palet,  the  uppermost  scales  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  in 
allusion  to  the  curved  spike.]  Seven  known  species,  four  of  them  American,  the 
others  in  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

i.  Camoulosus  aromaticus  (Walt.)  Scribn.  TOOTHACHE-GRASS.  (L  F.  f. 
406.)  Culms  9-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous.  Leaves 
2.5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  flat  or  involute,  smooth  ;  spike  terminal,  solitary, 
curved,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  rachis  extended  into  a  point ;  spikelets  about  6  mm. 
long  ;  second  scale  thick  and  rigid,  awn-pointed,  bearing  just  above  the  middle  a 
stout  horizontal  or  recurved  awn  ;  third  fourth  and  fifth  scales  membranous,  sca- 
brous, awned  from  below  the  2 -toothed  apex,  the  fifth  subtending  a  perfect  flower, 
the  others  empty.  In  wet  soil,  especially  in  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  July-Sept. 

56.    CHLORIS   Sw. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes 
few  or  numerous,  verticillate  or  approximate.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  arranged  in 
two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  Scales  4  ;  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,  keeled, 
acute  ;  third  and  fourth  usually  awned,  the  former  subtending  a  perfect  flower  ; 
pa  let  folded  and  2 -keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  greenish -yellow,  referring  to  the  color  of  the 
herbage.]  About  fifty  species,  mostly  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Be- 
sides  the  following  some  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Spikes  slender,  naked  at  the  base ;  nerves  of  the  third  scale  all  pilose  with  short  ap- 
pressed hairs.  i.  C.  verticillata. 

Spikes  stout,  spikelets  crowded  to  the  very  base  ;  lateral  nerves  of  the  third  scale  with  a 
tuft  of  very  long  hairs  at  the  summit.  2.  C.  elegans. 

i.  Chloris  verticillata  Nutt.  PRAIRIE  CHLORIS.  (I.  F.  f.  407.)  Culms 
1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.  Leaves  2.5- 
7.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  often  apiculate,  scabrous  ;  spikes  slemder, 
usually  spreading,  5-11.25  cm.  long,  in  one  or  two  whorls,  or  the  upper  ones  ap- 
proximate ;  spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  about  3  mm.  long,  the  third  scale 
2  mm.  long,  obtuse,  ciliate  on  the  nerves,  especially  on  the  lateral  ones,  bearing  just 
below  the  apex  a  scabrous  awn  about  5  mm.  long ;  fourth  scale  as  long  as  or 
shorter  than  the  third,  awned  near  ilic  usually  truncate  apex.  On  prairies,  Kans. 
to  Tex.  May-July. 


122  FLORA. 

2.  Chloris  elegans  II.  B.  K.  Culms  1.5-9  dm.  tall,  finally  branched. 
Sheaths  compressed,  keeled  ;  leaves  usually  less  than  i  dm.  long,  sometimes 
longer,  2-6  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  generally  very  rough  above  ;  inflorescence 
silvery-white,  often  tinged  with  purple,  consisting  of  3-12  erect  spikes  2-8  cm. 
long  ;  spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  about  4  mm.  long,  visually  2-flowered,  the 
third  scale  with  the  midnerve  abruptly  contracted  a  short  distance  below  the  awn, 
the  awn  5-10  mm.  long.  Sandy  soil,  Kans.  (according  to  Hitchcock)  to  Ariz., 
south  to  Mex. 

57.  GYMNOPOGON    Beauv. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  and  usually  short  rigid  leaves,  and  numerous  slender 
alternate  spikes.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  almost  sessile,  the  rachilla  extended  and 
bearing  a  small  scale  which  is  usually  awned.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  2  lower  empty, 
unequal,  narrow,  acute;  third  broader,  fertile,  3-nerved,  slightly  2 -toothed  at  the 
apex,  bearing  an  erect  awn;  the  fourth  empty,  small,  awned;  palet  2 -Reeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  linear,  free,  enclosed  in 
the  rigid  scale.  [Greek,  naked-beard,  referring  to  the  prolongation  of  the  rachilla.] 
Six  known  species,  all  but  one  of  them  natives  of  America. 

Spikes  bearing  spikelets  their  whole  length  ;  awn  longer  than  flowering  scale. 

1.  G.  ambiguus. 
Spikes  bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle  ;  awn  shorter  than  flowering  scale. 

2.  G,  brevifolius. 

1.  Gymrtopogon  ambiguus  (Michx.)    B.S.P.   BROAD-LEAVED  GYMNOPOGON. 
(I.  F.  f.  408.)     Culms  3-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple  or 
sometimes  sparingly  branched.     Sheaths  short,  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit, 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  4—12  mm.  wide,  lanceo- 
late, acute,  cordate  at  the  base,  spreading,  smooth  or  a  little  scabrous  above;  spikes 
slender,  spikelet-bearing  throughout  their  entire  length,  at  first  erect,  the  lower  1-2 
dm.  long,  at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets,  exclusive  of  awns,  4-5  mm.  long; 
first  scale  shorter  than  the  second;  third  scale  exceeded  by  the  second,  the  callus 
at  the  base  hairy,  the  awn  4-6  mm.  long.      In  dry  sandy  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to 
Kans.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Oct.     [67.  racemosus  Beauv.] 

2.  Gymnopogon  brevifolius  Trin.     SHORT-LEAVED  GYMNOPOGON.     (I.  F.  f. 
409.)     Culms  3-6  dm.   long,  from  a  decumbent   base,   simple,   slender.     Sheaths 
sometimes  crowded  near  the  middle  of  the  culm;  leaves  2.5—5  cm-  l°ng>  2~8  mm. 
wide,  usually  spreading,  lanceolate,  acute,  cordate  at  the  base;  spikes  very  slender, 
spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle,  the  lower   1.5   dm.  long,  at  first  erect,  finally 
widely  spreading;  spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  3  mm.  long;  first  scale  shorter 
than  the  second;  third  scale  equalling  or  exceeded  by  the  second,  short-awned, 
sparingly  villous  or  glabrous,  the  callus  hairy.     In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Miss.     Aug.-Oct. 

58.  SCHEDONNARDUS   Steud. 

An  annual  grass  with  branching  culms,  narrow  leaves  and  slender  spikes 
arranged  along  a  common  axis.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  sessile  and  alternate  on  the 
rachis.  Scales  3;  the  2  lower  empty,  narrow,  membranous,  acuminate;  the  flow- 
ering scale  longer,  of  similar  texture;  palet  narrow,  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  linear,  free,  enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  of  this  grass  to  the  genus  Nardus.~\  A 
monotypic  genus  of  central  N.  Am. 

i.  Schedonnardus  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  Trelease.  SCHEDONNARDUS.  (I.  F. 
f.  410.)  Culms  2-4.5  dm-  tall,  erect,  slender,  rigid,  branching  at  the  base, 
scabrous.  Sheaths  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  compressed,  smooth  and 
glabrous;  leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  2  mm,  wide  or  less,  flat,  usually  erect  ;  spikes 
numerous,  rigid,  widely  spreading,  alternate,  the  lower  5-10  cm.  long,  the  axis 
and  branches  triangular;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  sessile  and  appressed,  alter- 
nate; scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  the  second  longer  than  the  first  and  exceeded  by 
the  acute  third  one.  Manitoba  and  Assiniboia,  south  to  111.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 
July -Sept.  \S.  7  e. \anus  Steud.J 


GRAM2NEAE.  12$ 

59.  BOUTELOUA   Lag. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  numerous  spike- 
lets  in  few  one-sided  spikes.  Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  arranged  in  two  rows  on  onft 
side  of  a  flat  rachis,  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  base  of  the  flowers,  bearing 
1-3  awns  and  1-3  rudimentary  scales.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  acute,  keeled; 
flowering  scale  broader,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  awn-pointed  or  awned;  palet  hyaline, 
entire  or  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  free.  [In  honor  of  Claudius  Boutelou,  a  Spanish  botanist.]  About  30 
species,  particularly  numerous  in  Mexico  and  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  glabrous;  second  scale  strongly 
papillose-hispid  on  the  keel.  i.  B.  hirsuta. 

Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  apex  ; 
second  scale  scabrous  and  sparingly  long-ciliate  on  the  keel.  2.  B.  oligostachya. 

1.  Bouteloua  hirsuta  Lag.     HAIRY  MESQUITE-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  411.)    Culms 
1.5-5  dm.  taM»  erect,  simple  or  sometimes  sparingly  branched  at  the  base.     Sheaths 
mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  leaves  2.5-12.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
erect  or  ascending,  flat,  scabrous,  sparingly  papillose-hirsute  near  the  base,  espe- 
cially on  the  margins;  spikes  1-4,  1.25-5  cm.  long,  usually  erect  or  ascending,  the 
rachis  extending  beyond  the  spikelets  into  a  conspicuous  point;  spikelets  numerous, 
5-6  mm.  long,  pectinately  arranged;  second  scale  strongly  papillose-hirsute  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  pubescent,  3 -cleft  to  the  middle,  the  nerves  terminating  in  awns; 
rachilla  without  a  tuft  of  hairs  under  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns.     In  dry 
soil,  especially  on  prairies,  III.  to  Dak.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.     July-Sept. 

2.  Bouteloua  oligostachya  (Nutt.)  Torn    GRAMA-GRASS.    MESQUITE-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  412.)     Culms   1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple.     Leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  2 
mm.   wide  or  less,  involute,  at  least  at  the  long  slender  tip,  smooth  or  scabrous; 
spikes  1-3,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  often  strongly  curved,  the  rachis  terminating  in  a  short 
inconspicuous  point;  spikelets  numerous,  pectinately  arranged,  about  6  mm.  long; 
second  scale  scabrous  and  sometimes  long-ciliate  on  the  keel,  sometimes  with  a 
few  papillae;  third  scale  pubescent,  3-cleft,  the  nerves  terminating  in  awns;  rachilla 
with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  under  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns.     On  prairies, 
Manitoba  to  Alberta,  south  to  Wis.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     July-Sept. 

60.  ATHEROPOGON    Muhl. 

Perennial  grasses  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  an  inflorescence  composed  of  nu- 
merous short  scattered  few-flowered  one-sided  spreading  or  frequently  reflexed 
spikes.  Spikelets  I -flowered,  crowded  in  2  rows,  sessile,  imbricated,  the  rachilla 
articulated  above  the  empty  scales  and  extending  beyond  the  flower,  its  sumn  :t 
bearing  scales  or  awns.  Scales  3  or  more,  the  lower  2  empty,  unequal,  acute,  nar- 
row, keeled,  the  third  scale  thicker  and  broader,  enclosing  a  narrow  2-toothed  hya- 
line palet  and  a  perfect  flower,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  more  or  less  awned; 
the  small  upper  scales  minute,  awned.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  awns  of 
the  flowering  scales.]  Species  about  15,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

i.  Atheropogon  curtipendulus  (Michx.)\  Fourn.  RACEMED  BOUTELOUA. 
(I.  F.  f.  413.)  Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Leaves 
5-30  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less,  flat  or  involute,  rough,  especially  above;  spikes 
numerous,  6-16  mm.  long,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  4-12,  divergent 
from  the  rachis,  7-12  mm.  long;  scales  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel,  the  first 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  second;  the  third  3-toothed,  the  nerves  extended  into 
short  awns;  rachilla  bearing  at  the  summit  a  small  awned  scale,  or  sometimes  a 
larger  3 -nerved  scale,  the  nerves  extended  into  awns;  anthers  vermillion  or  cinna- 
bar-red. In  dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  July- 
Sept.  (Bouteloua  curtipendula  (Michx.)  Torr.) 

61.  BECKMANNIA   Host. 

A  tall  erect  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  erect  spikes  borne  in  a  terminal  panicle. 
Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  globose,  compressed.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  2  lower  empty, 
membranous,  saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute:  the  flowering  scales  narrow,  thin- 


124  FLORA. 

membranous;  palet  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Johann 
Beckmann,  1739-1811,  teacher  of  Natural  History  at  St.  Petersburg.]  A  mono- 
typic  genus  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (L.)  Host.  BECKMANNIA.  (I.  F.  f.  414.) 
Glabrous.  Culms  4.5-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  sheaths  longer  than  the 
internodes,  loose;  leaves  7.5-22.5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  rough;  panicle  1-2.5  dm. 
in  length,  simple  or  compound,  the  spikes  about  1.25  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-3  mm. 
long,  i-2-flowered,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  scales 
smooth,  the  outer  saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute ;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower 
generally  awn-pointed,  the  upper  rarely  present.  In  wet  places,  western  Ont.  to 
Br.  Col.,  south  to  Iowa,  Colo,  and  Cal.  July-Sept. 

62.  ELEUSINE   Gaertn. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the 
spikes  digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spikelets  several-flow- 
ered, sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  not 
extended  beyond  them;  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate.  Scales  compressed, 
keeled;  the  2  lower  empty;  the  others  subtending  flowers,  or  the  upper  empty. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale 
and  palet.  [From  the  Greek  name  of  the  town  where  Ceres  was  worshipped.] 
Species  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Besides  the  following,  two  others  have  been 
found  in  ballast  fillings  about  the  eastern  seaports. 

i.  Eleusine  Indica  (L.)  Gaertn.  WIRE-GRASS.  CRAB-GRASS.  YARD-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  415.)  Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base. 
Sheaths  loose,  overlapping  and  often  short  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  villous;  leaves  7.5—30  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  spikes  2-10,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  whorled  or  approximate  at  the 
summit  of  the  culm  or  one  or  two  sometimes  distant;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  3-4  mm. 
long;  scales  acute,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  I -nerved,  the  second  3-7- 
nerved,  the  others  3-5 -nerved.  In  fields,  dooryards  and  waste  places  all  over  N. 
Am.  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  the  warmer  regions  of  the  Old 
World.  June— Sept. 

63.    DACTYLOCTENIUM    Willd. 

An  annual  grass,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  in  pairs  or 
digitate.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one 
side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  extended  beyond  them  into  a  sharp  point.  Scales  com- 
pressed, keeled,  the  2  lower  and  the  uppermost  ones  empty,  the  others  subtending 
flowers.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  rugose, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  digitately  spreading  spikes.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Dactyloctenium  Aegyptium  (L.)  Willd.  EGYPTIAN  GRASS.  (L  F.  f. 
416.)  Culms  1.5-6  dm.  long,  usually  decumbent  and  extensively  creeping  at  the 
base.  Sheaths  loose,  overlapping  and  often  crowded,  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves 
1.5  dm.  in  length  or  less,  2-6  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  pubescent, 
ciliate  toward  the  base;  spikes  in  pairs,  or  3-5  and  digitate,  1.25-5  cm.  long; 
spikelets  3-5 -flowered;  scales  compressed,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  second  awned, 
the  flowering  ones  broader  and  pointed.  In  waste  places  and  cultivated  ground, 
southern  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Va.  to  111.  and  Cal.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mex.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  America.  Naturalized  from  Asia  or  Africa.  July-Oct. 

64.    LEPTOCHLOA   Beauv. 

Usually  tall  annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous  spikes  forming  a 
simple  panicle.  Spikelets  usually  2-many-flowered,  flattened,  alternating  in  two 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  Scales  4  to  many;  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled,  shorter 
than  the  spikelet;  the  flowering  scales  keeled,  3-nerved.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  slender  spikes.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the  warmer 
regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the 
southern  U.  S. 


GRAMINEAE. 

Flowering  scales  1.5  mm.  long,  the  pubescence  on  the  nerves  long  and  copious. 

1.  L.  mucronata. 
Flowering  scales  less  than  i  mm.  long,  the  pubescence  on  the  nerves  short  and  scant. 

2.  /,.  attenuata. 

1.  Leptochloa  mucronata  (Michx.)  Kunth.    NORTHERN  LEPTOCHLOA.    (I.  F. 
f.  417.)     Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  finally  branching.     Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones, 
commonly  more  or  less  hirsute  ;  leaves  6-25  cm.  long,  I  cm.  or  less  wide,   rough  ; 
inflorescence    1.5-5    dm.    l°ngj    spikes  generally  elongated,    ascending,   5-15   cm. 
long  ;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long  ;  scales  usually  5,  the  outer  empty  2  acute,  equal, 
or  the  first  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second,  the  first  scale  usually  a  little  shorter 
than  the  first  flowering  scale.     In  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Cal.     June-Aug. 

2.  Leptochloa    attenuata    Nutt.     SHARP-SCALED    LEPTOCHLOA.      Culms 
tufted,  branching  at  the  base,  2-4  dm.  tall,  rarely  taller.     Lower  sheaths  sparingly 
pilose  ;  leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  sometimes  longer,  3-5  mm.  wide,  sparingly  pilose  be- 
neath ;  inflorescence  1.5-2  dm.  long  ;  spikes  numerous,  finally  spreading,  2-5  cm. 
long,  rarely  longer  ;  spikelets  1.6-2  mm.  long  ;  scales  5  or  6,  the  outer  2  subulate, 
acuminate,   awn-pointed,  usually  alxmt  equal,  or  the  first  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  reaches  or  extends  beyond  the  apex  of  the  second  flowering  scale.     In  sandy 
river  bottoms,  111.  to  Ind.  Terr.     Sept.-Oct. 

65.  BULBILIS   Raf.     [BUCHLOE  Engelm.] 

A  perennial  stoloniferous  monoecious  or  apparently  dioecious  grass  with  flat 
leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Staminate  spikelets  borne  in  two  rows  on  one  side 
of  the  rachis,  the  spikes  at  the  summit  of  the  long  and  exserted  culms.  Pistillate 
spikelets  in  spike-like  clusters  of  2  or  3,  on  very  short  culms,  scarcely  exserted  from 
the  sheath.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  long.  Stigmas  elongated,  short-plumose. 
Grain  ovate,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Name  apparently  from  the  supposed 
bulb-like  base  of  old  plants.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  central  N.  Am. 

i.  Bulbilis  dactyloides  (Nutt.)  Rat.  BUFFALO-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  418.) 
Culms  bearing  staminate  flowers  1-3  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  naked  above  ;  those 
bearing  pistillate  flowers  1.25-7.5  cm.  long,  much  exceeded  by  the  leaves  ;  leaves 
2  mm.  wide  or  less,  more  or  less  papillose,  those  of  the  staminate  culms  2.5-10  cm. 
long,  erect,  those  of  the  stolons  and  pistillate  culms  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  spread- 
ing ;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  approximate  ;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  flattened, 
2-3-flowered,  the  empty  scales  i -nerved,  the  flowering  3-nerved  ;  pistillate  spike- 
lets  ovoid,  the  outer  scales  indurated.  On  plains  and  prairies,  Minn,  to  Dak.,  south 
to  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  A  valuable  fodder- grass.  June-July. 

66.  MUNROA   Torr. 

A  low  diffusely  branched  grass,  with  flat  pungently  pointed  leaves  crowded  at 
the  nodes  and  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6,  nearly  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  floral  leaves,  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales 
empty,  lanceolate,  acute,  i-nerved,  hyaline  ;  flowering  scales  larger,  3-nerved  ; 
I  or  2  empty  scales  sometimes  present  above  the  flowering  ones  ;  palet  hyaline. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  barbellate  or  short- plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Gen.  William  Munro, 
English  agrostologist. ]  Three  known  species,  the  following  of  the  plains  of  N. 
Am.,  the  others  in  S.  Am. 

I.  Munroa  squarrosa  (Nutt. )  Torr.  MUNRO'S  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  419.)  Culms 
5-20  dm.  long,  tufted,  erect,  decumbent  or  prostrate,  much  branched,  smooth  or 
rough.  Sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  nodes  and  ends  of  the  branches,  smooth, 
pilose  at  the  base  and  throat,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins  ;  leaves  2.5  cm.  long 
or  less,  1-2  mm.  wide,  rigid,  spreading,  scabrous,  pungently  pointed ;  spikelets 
2-5  flowered,  the  flowers  perfect ;  empty  scales  I -nerved,  shorter  than  the  flower- 
ing scales,  which  are  about  5  mm.  long,  3-toothed,  the  nerves  excurrent  as  short 
points  or  awns,  with  tufts  of  hair  near  the  middle  ;  palets  obtuse.  On  dry  plains, 
S.  Dak.  to  Alberta,  south  to  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.  Aug.-Oct. 

67.  PHRAGMITES  Trin. 

Tall  perennial  reed-like  grasses,  with  broad  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles. 
Spikelets  3-several-flowered,  the  first  flower  often  staminate,  the  others  perfect; 


126  FLOJRA. 

rachilla  articulated  between  the  flowering  scales,  long-pilose.  Two  lower  scales 
empty,  unequal,  membranous,  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the  third 
scale  empty  or  subtending  a  staminate  flower;  flowering  scales  glabrous,  narrow, 
long-acuminate,  much  exceeding  the  short  palets.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Greek,  referring  to  its  hedge-like  growth  along  ditches.]  Three  known  species, 
the  following  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  one  in  Asia,  the  third  in  S.  Am. 

I.  Phragmites  Phragmites  (L.)  Karst.  REED.  (I.  F.  f.  420.)  Culms 
1.5-5  m-  ta^>  erect,  stout,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  overlapping,  loose  ;  leaves  1.5-3  dm-  long  or  more,  8-50  mm.  wide,  flat, 
smooth,  glabrous;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more,  ample;  spikelets  crowded  on 
the  ascending  branches  ;  first  scale  i-nerved,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3- 
nerved  second  one  ;  flowering  scales  1-1.2  cm.  long,  3-nerved,  long-acuminate, 
equalling  the  hairs  of  the  rachilla.  In  swamps  and  wet  places  nearly  throughout 
the  U.  S.,  extending  north  to  N.  S.,  Manitoba  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  Rarely  ripening  seed.  Aug.-Oct.  \P,  commnnis  Trin.j 

68.  SIEGLINGIA    Bernh. 

A  perennial  tufted  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  a  narrow  simple  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  few,  3-5-flowered,  the  rachilla  internodes  short.  Scales  5-7,  the  lower  2  empty, 
equalling  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  flowering  scales  very  firm,  rounded 
on  the  back,  obscurely  9-nerved,  the  nerves  more  prominent  at  the  shortly  3 -toothed 
summit,  pilose  near  the  margins,  the  callus  short  and  obtuse,  pilose;  palet  2-keeled, 
ciliate  on  the  keels.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Siegling,  German  botanist.  ] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Sieglingia  decumbens  (L.)  Kuntze.  HEATHER-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  423.) 
Culms  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  villous  at  the  summit;  leaves  smooth  beneath,  usually  scabrous 
above,  1-3  mm.  wide,  the  basal  7.5-15  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  2.5-7.5  cm. 
long;  panicle  2.5-5  cm.  long,  contracted,  the  branches  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  erect; 
spikelets  3-5-flowered,  6-io  mm.  long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  equalling  the  spikelet,  acute  ;  flowering  scales  broadly  oval,  ciliate  on  the 
margins  below,  obtusely  3-toothed,  with  two  tufts  of  hair  on  the  callus.  Introduced 
into  Newf.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

69.  TRICUSPIS  Beauv. 

Usually  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  an  open  or  contracted 
sometimes  spike-like  panicle.  Spikelets  3-many -flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or 
the  upper  ones  staminate,  the  rachilla  articulated  above  the  empty  scales  and  be- 
tween the  flowers.  Scales  5-many,  membranous,  sometimes  firmer,  the  lower  2 
empty,  keeled,  obtuse  to  acuminate,  usually  shorter  than  the  rest,  sometimes 
longer,  the  flowering  scales  3-ncrved,  the  midnerve  or  all  the  nerves  excurrent,  the 
midnerve  and  the  lateral  nerves  or  the  margins  pilose,  the  apex  shortly  2-toothed, 
rarely  entire,  the  teeth  obtuse  or  acute,  the  callus  short  and  obtuse;  palet  shorter 
than  the  scale,  compressed,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stig- 
mas plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Named  in  reference  to  the  teeth 
of  the  flowering  scale  of  most  of  the  species.]  Species  about  30,  natives  chiefly  of 
temperate  regions.  (Sieglingia  Bernh.  in  part.) 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  long  and  more  or  less  spreading,  often  drooping  at  the  apex. 

1.  7'.  seslerioides. 
Panicle  contracted,  the  branches  short  and  erect  or  appressed. 

Panicle  spike-like,  1-3  dm.  long;  spikelets  numerous;  leaves  long  and  flat. 
Second  empty  scale  i-nerved  ;  flowering  scales  3.5-4  mm.  long. 

2.  T.  stricta. 
Second  empty  scale  3~5-nerved ;  flowering  scales  5-6  mm.  long. 

3.  T.  elongata. 
Panicle  1-3  cm.  long,  almost  raceme-like;  spikelets  few  ;  leaves  thick,  folded. 

4.  '/'.  pilosa, 

I.  Tricuspis  seslerioides  (Michx.)  Torn  TALL  RED-TOP.  (I.  F.  f.  421.) 
Culms  6-15. dm.  tall,  erect,  somewhat  flattened,  often  viscid  above.  Sheaths  some- 


GRAMINEAE.  I2/ 

times  villous  at  the  summit,  the  lower  short,  overlapping  and  crowded,  the  upper 
longer,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-12 
mm.  wide,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  the  branches  finally  ascending  or  spreading,  the  lower  1-2.5  c^m- 
long,  usually  dividing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  4-8-flowered,  6-8  mm.  long, 
purple;  empty  scales  glabrous,  obtuse,  generally  slightly  2-toothed;  flowering 
scales  oval,  the  nerves  pilose,  excurrent  as  short  tips.  In  fields,  Conn  to  Kans., 
south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Sept.  (Sieglingia  seslerioides  (Michx.)  Scribn.) 

2.  Tricuspis  stricta  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.     NARROW  TRICUSPIS.     (I.  F.  f.  422.) 
Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  a  little  compressed.     Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more, 
flat,  long-acuminate,  smooth  beneath,    scabrous  above;    spike-like  panicle   1.25-3 
dm.  in  length,  the  branches  appressed,  the  lower  2.5-5  cm-  long;  spikelets  4-10- 
flowered,  4-6  mm.  long;  lower  scales  usually  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  rarely  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales,  acute,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
ovate,  the  nerves  pilose  for  more  than  half  their  length,  the  middle  and  often  the 
lateral  excurrent  as  short  tips.     Moist  soil,  Miss,  to  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 
(Sieglingia  stricta  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.) 

3.  Tricuspis  elongata  (Buckley)  Nash.     LONG-PANICLED  TRICUSPIS.     (I.  F. 
f.  422b.)     Culms  3-9  dm.   tall,  tufted,  erect,  rough,  the  sterile  shoots  about  one- 
half  as  long  as   the  culms.     Sheaths  rough,   a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  apex;  leaves 
rough,    usually  involute    when    dry,    7.5-2  5   cm.    long,   2-4  mm.    wide;    panicle 
narrow,  1.25-2.5  dm.  long,  1.25  cm.  wide,  its  branches  erect,  3.75  cm.  long  or  less; 
spikelets  io-12-flowered,   9-12  mm.  long,   the  empty  scales  scabrous,  the  first  I- 
nerved,   the   second  3-nerved;    flowering  scales  about  6  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  the 
scabrous  apex,   3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  vanishing  at  or  below  the  apex,  the 
midnerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  tip.      Prairies,   Kans.   to  Ariz,  and  Tex. 
June- Aug.      (Sieglingia  elongata  (Buckley)  Nash.) 

4.  Tricuspis  pilosa  (Buckley)  Nash.      SHARP-SCALED  TRICUSPIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
422C.)    Culms  tufted,  6.25-30  cm.  tall,  the  sterile  shoots  I  dm.  tall  or  less.    Sheaths 
smooth,  a  tuft  of  hairs  on  each  side  of  the  apex,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
leaves  strict  or  curved,  thick,  linear,  obtuse,  I -nerved,  the  margins  white,  serrulate, 
3.75  cm.  long,  or  less,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  folded,  at  least  when  dry,  pubescent 
with    long   hairs,    especially  beneath;    panicle  almost  raceme-like,  long-exserted, 
1.25-3.75  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-10,  crowded,  8-12-flowered;  empty  scales,  acumi- 
nate,   i -nerved;  flowering  -scales  6-6.5   mm-  l°ng>  acuminate,  3-nerved,  the  mid- 
nerve  generally  excurrent  as  a  short  tip,  all  the  nerves  pilose  (the  lateral  at  the 
top  and  bottom,  the  midnerve  below  the  middle).    Dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and 
N.  Mex.     April-Sept.     (Sieglingia pilosa  (Buckley)  Nash.) 


70.  TRIPLASIS  Beauv. 

Perennial  (?)  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  contracted  or 
open  somewhat  branched  panicles.  Spikelets  shortly  pedicelled,  2-6-flowered,  the 
glabrous  rachilla  articulated  between  the  flowers,  the  internodes  very  long.  Scales 
4-8,  membranous,  the  lower  2  empty,  keeled,  the  flowering  scales  dorsally  rounded 
at  the  base,  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  pilose,  deeply  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  long- 
awned  between  the  lobes,  the  callus  long  and  subulate,  pubescent  on  the  outer  sur- 
face; palet  2-keeled,  the  keels  long-ciliate.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  3 
divisions  of  the  flowering  scales.]  Species  3,  natives  of  the  eastern  and  southern 
parts  of  N.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  two  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

I.  Triplasis  purpurea  (Walt. )  Chapm.  SAND-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  424.)  Culms 
3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  prostrate  or  decumbent.  Leaves  1.25-6.25  cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide  or  less,  rigid,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate;  panicle  2.5-7*5  cm-  l°ng> 
the  branches  rigid,  finally  widely  spreading,  the  lower  1.8-3.75  cm.  long;  spikelets 
2-5-flowered,  5-8  mm.  long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  half  as  long  as  the  flowering 
scale;  flowering  scales  oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  erose-trancate,  the. 
nerves  strongly  ciliate,  the  middle  one  excurrent  as  a  short  point.  In  sand,  espe- 
cially on  sea-beaches,  Me.  to  Tex.  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  Also  from  Neb.  to 
N.  Mex.  Plant  acid.  Aug.-Sept 


128  FLORA. 

71.  REDFIELDIA  Vasey. 

A  tall  perennial  grass,  with  long  narrow  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  i-3-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect.  Empty  scales  2,  about  equal,  shorter 
than  the  spikelet,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  3-nerved,  with  a  ring  of 
hairs  at  the  base.  Palet  2 -nerved,  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
long,  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  [In  honor  of  John 
H.  Redfield,  1815-1895,  American  naturalist.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  west- 
ern U.  S. 

i.  Redfieldia  flexuosa  (Thurb.)  Vasey.  REDFIELDIA.  (I.  F.  f.  425.) 
Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  erect  from  a  long  horizontal  rootstock.  Sheaths  smooth,  the 
lower  short  and  overlapping,  often  crowded,  the  upper  much  longer;  leaves  3-6 
dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  involute;  panicle  ample  and  diffuse,  2-5.5  ^m-  m  length, 
the  branches  finally  widely  spreading,  flexuous,  the  lower  7.5-20  cm.  long;  spikelets 
about  6  mm.  long,  I— 3-flowered,  the  empty  scales  acute,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  base,  minutely  scabrous,  twice  the  length  of  the  empty 
ones,  acute,  the  middle  nerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  tip.  On  prairies, 
Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  Aug. -Sept. 

72.  DIPLACHNE   Beauv. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  long  slender  spikes  arranged  in  an 
open  panicle,  or  rarely  only  one  terminal  spike.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  nar- 
row, sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled,  erect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  membranous, 
keeled,  acute,  unequal;  flowering  scales  i-3-nerved,  2-toothed  and  mucronate  or 
short-awned  between  the  teeth.  Palet  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  2-toothed  flowering  scales.]  About  15  species,  natives  of 
the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following  species,  about  6 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Awn  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale. 

Spikelets  4-8  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  2-toothed  apex, 

lateral  nerves  often  excurrent.  i.  D.  fascicularis. 

Spikelets  10-12  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  acuminate  at  the  usually  entire  apex, 

the  lateral  nerves  rarely  excurrent.  2.  D.  acuminata. 

Awn  one-half  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale  or  more.  3.  D.  procumbens. 

1.  Diplachne    fascicularis    (Lam.)    Beauv.       SALT-MEADOW    DIPLACHNE. 
(I.  F.  f.  426.)     Culms  tufted,  finally  branching,  3-8  dm.  tall.     Leaves  erect,  1-2 
dm.  long,  3  mm.  or  less  wide,  involute  when  dry,  rough;  racemes  8  or  more,  erect 
or  ascending,  the  larger  ones  4-8  cm.  long;  spikelets  4-8  mm.   long;  scales  10-12, 
the  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  3-4  mm.   long,  the  midnerve  extending 
into  an  awn  i  mm.  long  or  less.     Along  the  coast.  Fla.  to  Tex.,  and  extending  up 
the  Miss.  Valley  to  111.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

2.  Diplachne    acuminata    Nash.       SHARP-SCALED    DIPLACHNE.       Culms 
tufted,   3-6  dm.  tall,   finally  branching.       Leaves    erect,    1-3  dm.  long,  4.5  mm. 
or  less  wide,  usually  involute  when  dry,   very  rough;    racemes  numerous,  erect 
or  ascending,  the  larger  7-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  10-12  mm.  long;  scales  8-ii,the 
flowering  scales  6-7  mm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  entire  or  occasionally  slightly  2- 
toothed  apex,  the  lateral  nerves  rarely  slightly  excurrent,  the  midnerve  extending 
into  an  awn  0.75-1.3  mm.  long.     Wet  or  moist  soil,  Ark.  to  Neb.  and  Colo.  June- 
Aug. 

3.  Diplachne  procumbens  (Muhl.)  Nash.    LONG- AWNED  DIPLACHNE.    Culms 
tufted,  finally  branching,  2-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  erect,  8-20  cm.  long,  4  mm.  or  less 
wide,  involute  when  dry;  racemes  numerous,  erect,  the  larger  5-7  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets  about  I  cm.  long ;  scales  8-IO,  the  empty  ones  usually  awned  or  awn-pointed, 
the  flowering  scales,   exclusive  of  the  awn,   4.5-5  mm.   long,   acuminate   at   the 
slightly  2  toothed  apex,  the  midnerve  extending  into  an  awn  one-half  or  moie  as 
long  as  the  scale.     Brackish  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.     Aug.-Oct. 

73.  MOLINIA  Schrank. 

A  perennial  tufted  grass,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  2-4-flowered;  two  lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  obtuse,  or  acute,  une- 


GRAMINEAE.  1 29 

qual,  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the 
back,  3-nerved;  palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales,  obtuse,  2-keeled.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  short.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  Joh.  Ignaz  Molina,  Chilian  missionary  and 
naturalist.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

I.  Molinia  coerulea  (L.)  Moench.  MOLINIA.  (I.  F.  f.  427.)  Culms  3-10  dm. 
tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  and  confined  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  culm,  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long  or  more, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  erect,  acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous  above;  panicle 
7.5-25  cm.  in  length,  green  or  purple,  the  branches  usually  erect,  2.5-10  cm.  long: 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  5-8  mm.  long;  empty  scales  acute,  unequal;  flowering 
scales  about  4  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  obtuse.  Introduced  on  ballast  and  into  waste 
places,  Me.  to  N.  Y.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Aug. -Sept. 

74.  RHOMBOLYTRUM   Link. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves,  and  a  narrow  contracted  spike-like 
panicle.  Spikelets  numerous.  Scales  several,  the  outer  two  empty  ones  I -nerved, 
the  flowering  scales  broad,  rounded  at  the  apex,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  glabrous, 
the  lateral  ones  vanishing  below  the  margin,  the  miclnerve  at  the  margin  or 
sometimes  excurrent  as  a  short  tip,  the  callus  pilose;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale. 
[Greek,  in  reference  to  the  round  flowering  scales.]  Species  4  or  5,  natives  of 
warm  or  tropical  countries.  (Sieglingia  Bernh.  in  part.) 

i.  Rhombolytrum  albescens  (Vasey)  Nash.  (I.  F.  f.  422a.)  Culms  tufted, 
3-5  dm.  tall,  the  sterile  shoots  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm  or  more.  Leaves 
smooth  beneath,  roughish  above,  acuminate,  6.25-27.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
panicle  dense  and  contracted,  white,  6.25-12.5  cm.  long,  6-18  mm.  broad,  its 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long;  spikelets  7-ii-flowered,  4-5  mm. 
long,  the  empty  scales  white,  i-nerved,  about  equal;  flowering  scales  about  3  mm. 
long,  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  vanishing  below  the  apex,  the  midnerve  excurrent 
in  a  short  scabrous  point.  Prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.  Aug.-Sept.  (Sieglingia  albescens 
(Vasey)  Kuntze.) 

75.  ERAGROSTIS  Beauv.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious,  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet 
in  height,  the  spikelets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-many -flowered, 
more  or  less  flattened.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flower- 
ing ones,  keeled,  I -nerved,  or  the  second  3-nerved  ;  flowering  scales  membranous, 
keeled,  3-nerved  ;  palets  shorter  than  the  scales,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled, 
usually  persisting  on  the  rachilla  after  the  fruiting  scale  has  fallen.  Stamens  2  or 
3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [Greek  etymology  doubtful,  perhaps  signifying  a  low  grass,  or 
Love-grass,  an  occasional  English  name.]  A  genus  of  about  100  species,  widely 
distributed  throughout  all  warm  and  temperate  countries.  Besides  the  following, 
some  15  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Culms  often  decumbent  at  the  base  and  generally  much  branched,  4.5  dm.  tall  or  less ; 

usually  annuals. 
Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Culms  branched  only  at  the  very  base  ;  pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  long 

and  capillary.  i.  E.  capillaris. 

Culms  branched  above  the  base  ;  pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  short. 

2.  E.  Frankii. 

Spikelets  5-many-flowered,  3-16  mm.  long. 
Spikelets  1.5  mm.  wide  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  thin,  usually  bright  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  faint  or 

wanting  ;  spikelets  about  i  mm.  wide.  3.  E.  pilosa. 

Flowering  scales  firm,  usually  dull  purple  or  green,  the  lateral  nerves  very 

prominent;  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  wide.  4.  E.  Purshii. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  wide  or  more. 

Lower  flowering  scales  about  1.5  mm.  long ;  spikelets  2  mm.  wide. 

5.  E,  Eragrostis. 
Lower  flowering  scales  2-2.5  mm-  long;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm-  wide. 

6.  E.  major. 


130  FLORA. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  rirpd,  4.5-16  dm.  tall  ;  usur.lly  perennials. 
Spikelets  not  clustered. 

Branches  of  the  open  panicle  widely  spreading,  at  least  when  old. 

Spikelets  closely  sessile.  7.  E.  sessilispica. 

Spikelets  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

Pedicels  long,  commonly  at  least  the  length  of  the  Spikelets. 

9.  E.  pectinacea. 
Pedicels  commonly  much  shorter  than  the  Spikelets. 

Leaves  elongated  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  long  and  slender ;  spike- 
lets  scattered,  6-2 5- flowered.  10.  E.  refracta. 
Leaves  not  elongated ;   branches  of   the  panicle   short   and  stout, 
rigid,  spikelets  crowded,  5-i2-flowered.       8.  E.  curtipedicellata. 
Branches   of   the   elongated   panicle  erect   or  ascending,    capillary,   somewhat 

flexuous.  ii.  E.  trichodes. 

Spikelets  clustered  on  the  very  short  erect  or  ascending  branches. 

12.  E.  secundiflora. 
Culms  extensively  creeping ;  flowers  dioecious.  13.  E.  hypnoides. 

1.  Eragrostis  capillaris  (L.)  Nees.     CAPILLARY  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.  428.) 
Culms  2-4.5  dm.  tall,  erect,   slender,   sparingly  branched  at  the  base.     Sheaths 
glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy,  the  upper  enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  leaves 
7.5-25  cm.  long,  2—4  mm.  wide,  long-acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above 
and  sparingly  hirsute   near  the   base;    panicle   diffuse,    1-4  dm.    in   length,    the 
branches  capillary,  spreading  or  ascending,  3.75-12.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  ovate, 
2-4-flowered,   little  flattened,   2-3  mm.  long  ;    empty  scales  about  equal,   acute  ; 
flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  1.5  mm.  long.     In  dry  places,  N.  H.  and  R.  I. 
to  N.  Y.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Eragrostis  Frankii  Steud.     FRANK'S  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.  429.)     Culms 
1.5-4  dm.   tall,   tufted,    erect,  or  often  decumbent  at  the  base.     Sheaths   loose, 
shorter   than   the   internodes;    leaves    5-12.5    cm.   long,    2-4   mm.   wide,    smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  5-15  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending, 
the  lower  2.5-3.75  cm.  long;  spikelets  ovate,  3-5 -flowered,  2-3  mm.  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  1.5 
mm.  long.     In  moist  places,  southeastern  N.  Y.  and  northern  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Miss.,  La.  and  Kans.     Sept. -Oct. 

3.  Eragrostis  pilosa   (L.)   Beauv.     TUFTED  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.    430.) 
Culms    1.5-4.5    dm.   tall,    tufted,    erect,    slender,    branched.     Sheaths    sometimes 
pilose  at  the  throat;  leaves  2.5-12.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath, 
scabrous  above;    panicle  5-15   cm.   in  length,   the  branches  at  first  erect,   finally 
widely  spreading,  2.5-3.75  cm.  long,  often  hairy  in  the  axils;  spikelets  5— 12-flow- 
ered,  3-6  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  the  first  one-half  as 
long  as  the  second;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  1.5  mm.  long,  thin,  usually 
purplish.     Waste  places  or  cultivated  ground,   southern  N.  E.  to  111.  and  Kans., 
south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Aug.-Sept. 

4.  Eragrostis  Purshii  Schrad.     PURSH'S  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.  431.)     Culms 
1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  tufted,  usually  decumbent  at  the  base  and  much  branched,  smooth. 
Leaves  3-75-8-75  cm>  l°n&»  2  mm-  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  pani- 
cle open,  7.5-20  cm.  long,  the  branches  spreading,  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  naked  in  the 
axils;  spikelets  5-15-flowered,  dull  purple  or  green,  3-8  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm. 
wide;  empty  scales  acute,  the  lower  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  upper,  scabrous 
on  the  keel;  flowering  scales  acute,  firm,  the  lower  ones  1.5  mm.  long.     In  dry 
places,  apparently  throughout  the  U.  S.,  extending  into  Ont.     Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Eragrostis   Eragrostis  (L.)  Karst.     Low  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.  432.) 
Culms  seldom  over  4  dm.  tall,  tufted,  usually  decumbent  and  much  branched. 
Sheaths  sparingly  pilose  at  the  throat;  leaves  2.5-6.25  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above  and  somewhat  pilose  near  the  base;  panicle  5-11.25 
cm.  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  1.8-3.75  cm.  long;  spikelets 
8-i8-flowered,  6-IO  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  second;    flowering  scales  obtuse,   1.5  mm.  long,  the  lateral 
nerves  prominent.     In  waste  places  or  cultivated  ground,  Ont.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.  and 
Perm.     Locally  naturalized  from  Europe.     July-Sept.    [E.  minor  Host.] 

6.  Eragrostis  major  Host.     STRONG-SCKNTED  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.  433.) 
Culms  1.5-6  dm,  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base.,  usually  branched.     Sheaths 


GRAMINEAE*  \$l 

sparingly  pilose  at  the  throat;  leaves  5-17.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  flat,  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above;  panicle  5-15  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  8-35 -flowered,  5-16  mm.  long?  about  3  mm.  wide,  very 
flat;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  slightly  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
obtuse,  2-2.5  mm'  l°ng>  the  lateral  nerves  prominent.  In  waste  and  cultivated 
places  nearly  throughout  the  U.  S.,  and  in  Ont.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Un- 
pleasantly scented,  handsome.  Aug.-Sept. 

7.  Eragrostis  sessilispica  Buckley.     PRAIRIE  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f.  434.) 
Culms  2-10.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple.     Sheaths  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm, 
pilose  at  the  summit;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  rough  above,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pilose  beneath;  panicle  2-4  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  stout,  rigid, 
widely  diverging;  spikelets  scattered,  closely  sessile,  appressed,  5-12-flowered,  8-14 
mm.  long;  empty  scales  about  equal  in  length,  acute;  flowering  scales  very  acute, 
about  4  mm.  long,  the  lateral  nerves  very  prominent.     Prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex. 
Aug.-Sept. 

8.  Eragrostis    curtipedicellata    Buckley.     SHORT  -  STALKED  ERAGROSTIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  435.)     Culms  1.5-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple.     Sheaths  overlapping, 
pilose  at  the  summit;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  sca- 
brous above;  panicle  1-3  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreading,  3.75-11.25 
cm.  long;  spikelets  5-12-flowered,  3-6  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  of  less  than  their  own 
length ;  scales  acute,  the  empty  ones  somewhat  unequal,  the  flowering  ones  about 
1.75  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  midnerve,  their  lateral  nerves  prominent.     Prairies, 
Kans.  to  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

9.  Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Steud.     PURPLE  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
436.)     Culms  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect  or  ascending,  rigid,  simple.      Sheaths  overlap- 
ping, glabrous  or  villous,  the  upper  one  often  enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle ; 
leaves  1.25-3  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  and  spar- 
ingly villous  at  the  base;  panicle    1.5-6  dm.  in  length,  purple  or  purplish,  the 
branches  7.5—25  cm.  long,  strongly  bearded  in  the  axils,  widely  spreading  or  the 
lower  often  reflexed;  spikelets  5~i5-flowered,  3-8  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  of  at  least 
their  own  length;  scales  acute,  the  empty  ones  about  equal,  the  flowering  ones  about 
1.75  mm.  long,  their  lateral  nerves  very  prominent.     In  dry  soil,  N.  H.  to  111.  and 
S.  Dak.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

10.  Eragrostis  refracta  (Muhl.)  Scribn.     MEADOW  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.   F.  f. 
437.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,   slender,    simple.     Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  leaves  1.25-3  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above, 
and  villous  toward  the  base;  panicle  2-5  dm.  long;  branches  slender,  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng» 
at  length  widely  spreading,  the  axils  often  bearded;  spikelets  6-2 5 -flowered,  5-12 
mm.   long,  longer   than   their   pedicels;    empty  scales    acute,  the    first  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  second;   flowering  scales  very  acute,    1.5-2  mm.  long,   the  lat- 
eral nerves  prominent.     In  moist  soil,  Del.  and  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.     Aug.- 
Sept. 

11.  Eragrostis  trichodes  (Nutt.)  Nash.    HAIR-LIKE  ERAGROSTIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
438.)     Culms  6-12  dm.   tall,    erect,   simple.     Sheaths  overlapping,   pilose   at  the 
throat;  leaves  1.5-6.5  dm.   long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
above,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  tip ;  panicle  2.25-6.5  dm.  in  length,  narrow  and 
elongated,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  capillary,  subdividing,  somewhat  flcx- 
uous,  7.5-17.5   cm.  long  ;  lower  axils  sometimes  bearded;  spikelets  usually  pale, 
3-io-flowered,  5— 9  mm.  long;  lower  scales  very  acute,  about  equal;  flowering  scales 
acute,  the  lower  ones  2.5-3  mm-  l°n?>  their  lateral  nerves  manifest.     In  dry  sandy 
soil,  Ohio  and  111.  to  Neb.,  south  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

12.  Eragrostis    secundiflora  Presl.     CLUSTERED    ERAGROSTIS.      (I.  F.  f. 
439.)     Smooth  and  glabrous.     Culms  1.5-9  dm.  tall,   erect,    simple;  leaves  5-30 
cm.  long,  2— 4  mm.  wide;  panicle  3.75-15   cm.  in  length,  the  branches   1-25-3.75 
cm.   long,   erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  crowded  or  clustered,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
strongly  flattened,  8-4O-flowered,    6-20  mm.    long,   2-5  mm.   wide;  lower   scales 
acute,  about  equal;  flowering   scales  3-3.5  mm.  long,  acute,  usually  purple-bord- 
ered, the  lateral  nerves  prominent.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Tex.  and 
La.     Aug^.-Sept. 

13.  Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.S.P.     CREEPING  ERAGROSTIS.    (I.  F.  f. 
440.)     Culms  2.5-45  cm.  long,  extensively  creeping,  branched,  the  branches  erect 


J32  FLORA. 

or  ascending,  2.5-15  cm.  high.  Sheaths  villous  at  the  summit;  leaves  5  cm,  long 
or  less,  1-2  mm.  wide,  flat,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spikclets  dioecious,  10 
35 -flowered,  4-16  mm.  long;  lower  scales  unequal,  the  first  one-half  to  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  second;  flowering  scales  about  2.5mm.  long,  the  lateral  nerves 
prominent;  scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  more  acute  than  those  of  the  staminate. 
On  sandy  or  gravelly  shores,  Vt.  and  Out.  to  Ore.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mex.  Also 
in  the  West  Indies.  Aug.-Sept.  [£.  rtptans  Nees.] 

76.  EATONIA  Raf.     (See  Appendix.) 

Tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  usually  contracted 
panicles.  Spikelets  2-3-flowered;  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  the  first  linear,  acute,  i -nerved,  the 
second  much  broader,  3 -nerved,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes  acute, 
the  margins  scarious;  flowering  scales  narrower,  generally  obtuse.  Palet  narrow, 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  phnrose.  Grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Amos  Eaton,  1776-1842, 
American  botanist.]  A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  confined  to  N.  Am. 

Empty  scales  unequal,  the  first  shorter  nnd  about  one-sixth  as  wide  as  the  second. 

Second  scale  obovate,  often  almost  truncate.  i.  E.  obtusata. 

Second  scale  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute.  2.  E.  Pennsylvania. 

Empty  scales  equal,  the  first  not  less  than  one-third  as  wide  as  the  second. 

3.  E.  nitida. 

1.  Eatonia  obtusata  (Michx.)  A.   Gray.     BLUNT-SCALED  EATONIA.     (I.  F. 
f.  441.)     Culms  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  often  stout.     Sheaths  usually  more  or 
less  rough,  sometimes  pubescent;  leaves  2.5-22.5  cm.  long,  1-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous; 
panicle  5-15   cm.  in  length,  dense  and  generally  spike-like,   strict,    the   branches 
3.75  cm.  long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  crowded,  2.5-3  mm-  l°ng;  empty  scales  un- 
equal, often  purplish,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and  about  one-sixth  as  wide  as 
the  obtuse  or  almost  truncate  second  one;  flowering  scales  narrow,  obtuse,  1.5-2 
mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Mass,  and  Ont.    to  Assiniboia,  Fla.  and  Ariz.     June-Aug. 

2.  Eatonia    Pennsylvania  (DC.)    A.    Gray.      PENNSYLVANIA    EATONIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  442.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,   simple,  slender.     Leaves  6.25-17.5  cm. 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  rough;  panicle  7-5-I7-5  cm-  *n  length,  contracted,  often  nod- 
ding, lax,  its  branches  2.5-6.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-3.5   mm.   long,    usually  nu- 
merous, somewhat  crowded  and  appressed  to  the  branches;  empty  scales  unequal, 
the  first  narrow,    shorter  than  and  about  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the  obtuse  or  ab- 
ruptly acute  second  one,  which  is  smooth,  or  somewhat  rough  on  the  keel;  flower- 
ing scales  narrow,  acute,  2.5  mm.  long.     In  hilly  woods  or  moist  soil,  N.  B.  toBr. 
Colo.,  south  to  Ga.,  La.  and  Tex.     June-July. 

Eatonia  Pennsylvania  mujor  Torr.  Culms  taller  ;  panicle  longer  and  more  com- 
pound ;  leaves  longer  and  broader.  Range  apparently  nearly  that  of  the  typical  form. 

3.  Eatonia    nitida   (Spreng.)   Nash.  BLENDER    EATONIA.     (I.   F.  f.  443.) 
Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  very  slender.     Sheaths  pubescent;  leaves  1.25-7.5  cm. 
long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  often  pubescent,  the  uppermost  very  short;  panicle  5—15 
cm.  in  length,  lax,  the  branches  spreading  at  flowering  time,  afterwards  erect,  2.5- 
6.25  cm.  long;  spikelets  not  crowded,  3  mm.  long;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  first 
about  one-third  as  wide  as  and  equalling  the  second,  which  is  obtuse  or  almost 
truncate,  often  apiculate;  flowering  scales  narrow,  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  obtuse  oracut- 
ish,  smooth.     In  dry  woods,  Conn,  to  southern  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  Ala.     May- 
June. 

77.  KOELERIA   Pers. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  setaceous  leaves  and  mostly 
spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  2- 5 -flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow, 
acute,  unequal,  keeled,  scarious  on  the  margins;  the  flowering  scales  3-5 -nerved. 
Palet  hyaline,  acute,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Georg  Ludwig  Koeler, 
German  botanist.]  About  15  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  The  fol- 
lowing, which  may  contain  two  forms,  occurs  in  N.  Am. 


CRAMINEAE.  133 

i.  Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  KOELERIA.  (I.  F.  f.  444.)  Culms  3-7.5 
dm.  tall,  often  pubescent  just  below  the  panicle.  Leaves  2.5-30  cm.  long,  1-3  mm. 
wide,  erect,  flat  or  involute,  smooth  or  rough,  often  more  or  less  hirsute;  panicle 
2.5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  pale  green,  usually  contracted  or  spike-like,  the  branches 
erect  or  rarely  ascending,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  4-6  mm. 
long,  the  scales  rough,  acute,  the  empty  ones  unequal;  flowering  scales  3-4  mm. 
long,  shining.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  especially  on  prairies,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to 
Penn.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and.  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Very  variable.  July- 
Sept. 

78.  CATABROSA  Beauv. 

A  perennial  grass,  with  soft  flat  leaves  and  an  open  panicle.  Spikelets  usually 
2 -flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous,  much  shorter  than  the 
flowering  ones,  unequal,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  flowering  scales  membran- 
ous, erose-truncate.  Palet  barely  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose,  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  erose  top  of  the  flowering 
scales.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  arctic  and  mountainous  regions  of  the  northern  hem- 
isphere. 

i.  Catabrosa  aquatica  (L. )  Beauv.  WATER  WHORL-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  445.) 
Smooth  and  glabrous.  Culms  1-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  from  a  creeping  base,  brigkt 
green,  flaccid;  sheaths  usually  overlapping,  loose;  leaves  3.75-12.5  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  flat,  obtuse;  panicle  2.5-20  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
whorled,  spreading  or  ascending,  very  slender,  1.25-5  cm-  l°ngj  spikelets  2.5-3.5 
mm.  long,  the  empty  scales  rounded  or  obtuse,  the  first  about  half  as  long  as  the 
.iejond,  which  is  crenulate  on  the  margins  ;  flowering  scales  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng» 
3-nerved,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex.  In  water  or  wet  soil,  Lab.  and  Quebec  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Utah.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

79.  MELICA  L. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  usually  soft  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  i -several-flowered,  often  secund,  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flow- 
ers and  usually  bearing  2-3  empty  club-shaped  or  hooded  scales,  convolute  around 
each  other.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  membranous,  3-5 -nerved;  flowering  scales 
larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  7-13 -nerved,  sometimes  bearing  an  awn,  the  margins 
more  or  less  scarious;  palets  broad,  shorter  than  the  scales,  two-keeled.  Stamens 
three.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and 
palet.  [Name  used  by  Theophrastus  for  sorghum;  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the 
sweet  culms  of  some  species.]  About  30  species,  inhabiting  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  on  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

Second  scale  much  shorter  than  the  3-5-flowered  spikelet. 

Spikelets  few  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  spreading  or  ascending.  i.  M.  diffusa. 

Spikelets  usually  numerous  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect.  2.  M.  parviflora. 

Second  scale  nearly  equalling  the  2-flowered  spikelet.  3.  -M.  niutica. 

1.  Melica  diffusa  Pursh.     TALL  MELIC-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  446.)     Culms  4.5- 
12  dm.  tall.     Leaves   1-2  dm.   long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  rough;  panicle   1.5-2   dm.  in 
length,   open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  3.75-7.5  cm.  long; 
spikelets  usually  numerous,  about  3-flowered,  9-11  mm.  long,  nodding,  on  slender, 
more  or  less  flexuous,  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  basal  scales  very  broad,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  the   second  generally  much  exceeded  by  the  spikelet;  flowering  scales  7-9 
mm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  scabrous.     Penn.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.,  Ky.  and  Tex. 
May -June. 

2.  Melica  parviflora  (Porter)  Scribn.     SMALL  MELIC-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  447.) 
Culms  4.5-7.5  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  more  or  less  rough;  leaves  1.25-2.25  dm.   long, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  rough;  panicle    1.25-1.75  dm.  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches 
erect,   the  lower  2.5-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  few,  4-5-flowered,  1-1.3  cm-  l°ng>  nod- 
ding, on  somewhat  flexuous   strongly   pubescent  pedicels;  lower  scales  obtuse  or 
acutish,  the  second  much  exceeded  by  the  spikelet;  flowering  scales  7-8  mm.  long, 
acutish,  scabrous.     Prairies,  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Ariz,  and  Tex. 

3.  Melica  mutica  Walt.       NARI  OW_MELIC-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.  448.)    Culms 


*34  FLORA. 

3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  usually  slender.  Sheaths  rough;  leaves  rough,  1-2,25  dm. 
long,  2-10  mm.  wide;  panicle  8-26  cm.  in  length,  narrow,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  2.5-5  cm-  Iong5  spikelets  •  about  2-flowered,  7-9  mm.  long,  nodding, 
on  more  or  less  flexuous  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  scales  very  broad,  acutish  to 
obtuse,  the  second  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  sometimes  equalling  it;  flower- 
ing scales  6-8  mm.  long,  generally  very  obtuse,  scabrous.  In  rich  soil,  Penn.  to 
Wis.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  June-July. 

80.  KORYCARPUS  Zea. 

Erect  grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  narrow  paniculate  or  racemose  inflores- 
cence. Spikelets  3 -5 -flowered,  the  rachilla  readily  disarticulating  between  the 
flowers.  Upper  scales  empty,  convolute.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  the  first  nar- 
row, 3-nerved,  acute,  the  second  broader,  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  broader  than 
the  lower  ones,  acuminate  or  mucronate,  rounded  on  the  back,  finally  coriaceous 
and  shining,  3-nerved.  Palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  2,  rarely  i.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  beaked,  free.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  beaked 
grain.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  North  American,  the  other  Japanese. 

i.  Korycarpus  diandrus  (Michx.)  Kuntze.  AMERICAN  KORYCARPUS.  (I.  F. 
f.  449.)  Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  very  rough  below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  overlap- 
ping, confined  to  the  lower  part  of  the  culm;  leaves  2-6  dm.  long,  1-1.8  cm.  wide, 
long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually  scabrous;  panicle  often  reduced  to  a  raceme, 
5-18  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  2.5-5  cm-  long;  spikelets 3- 5 -flowered,  1.2- 
1.6  cm.  long,  the  lower  scales  unequal,  the  second  much  exceeded  by  the  spikelet; 
flowering  scales  somewhat  abruptly  acuminate;  palets  shorter  than  the  scales  and 
exceeded  by  the  beaked  grain.  In  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Neb.,  south  to  Ga.,  Tenn. 
and  the  Ind.  Terr.  Aug.-Sept.  \Diarrhena  Americana  Beauv.] 

81.  PLEUROPOGON  R.  Br. 

Erect  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  racemose  inflorescence.  Spikelets  5-i4-flow- 
ered;  flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  staminate.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal, 
thin-membranous,  i-nerved,  or  the  second  imperfectly  3-nerved;  flowering  scales 
longer,  membranous,  y-nerved,  the  middle  nerve  excurrent  as  a  short  point  or  awn. 
Palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled,  the  keels  winged  or  appendaged. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 
and  palet.  [Greek,  side-beard,  from  the  appendages  to  the  palets.]  Three  known 
species,  the  following  arctic,  the  others  Californian. 

T.  Pleuropogon  Sabinii  R.  Br.  SABINE'S  PLEUROPOGON.  (I.  F.  f.  450.) 
Smooth.  Culms  1.5  dm.  or  less  tall ;  sheaths  one  or  two;  leaves  6-25  mm.  long, 
erect,  glabrous;  raceme  2.5-5  cm-  *n  length;  spikelets  3-6,  5-8-flowered,  about  i 
cm.  long,  on  spreading  or  reflexed  pedicels  2  mm.  in  length  or  less;  lower  scales 
smooth,  the  first  acute,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  second;  flowering  scales  oblong,  4-5 
mm.  long,  erose-truncate  at  the  scarious  summit,  scabrous,  the  midnerve  sometimes 
excurrent  as  a  short  point;  palet  bearing  an  awn-like  appendage  on  each  keel  near 
the  middle.  Arctic  regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  ths  New.  Summer. 

82.  UNIOLA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  and  often  tall  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflores- 
cence. Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  flat,  2-edged,  the  flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper 
staminate.  Scales  flattened,  keeled,  sometimes  winged,  rigid,  usually  acute  ;  the 
lower  3-6  empty,  unequal;  the  flowering  scales  many-nerved,  the  uppermost  scales 
often  smaller  and  empty;  palets  rigid,  2-keeled.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  compressed,  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Name  diminutive  of  unus,  one,  of  no  obvious  application.]  About  8  species,  na- 
tives of  America.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

Spikelets  about  6  mm.  in  length  ;  panicle  spike-like.  i.    U.  laxa. 

Spikelets  exceeding  1.25  cm.  in  length  ;  panicle  open. 

Panicle  lax,  the  branches  pendulous;  spikelets  on  long  thread-like  pedicels. 

2.  U.  latifolta. 
Panicle  strict,  the  branches  erect,  rigid  ;  spikelets  on  short  stout  pedicels. 

3.  U.  paniculata. 


GRAMINEAE.  135 

1.  Uniola  laxa  (L,)  B.S.P.     SLENDER  SPIKE-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  451.)    Culms 
4.5-12  dm.  tall ;  leaves  1.25-4  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  usually  erect,  flat,  atten- 
uate into  a  long  tip,   smpoth   or   slightly  rough  ;  panicle  spike-like,    1-3  dm.    in 
length,  erect,  strict,  or  nodding  at  the  summit,  the  branches  erect,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng  ; 
spikelets  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  3~6-flowered,  about  6  mm.  long;  flowering 
scales  3-4  mm.  long,  acuminate,  spreading  in  fruit ;  palet  arched,  about  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  scale  ;  stamen  I.     Sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Aug.-Sept.     \U.  gracilis  Michx.] 

2.  Uniola  latilolia  Michx.      BROAD-LEAVED  SPIKE-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.  452.) 
Culms  6-15  dm.  tall ;  leaves  1-2.25  dm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,   flat,  narrowed  into 
a  somewhat  rounded,  often  ciliate  base,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  smooth,  excepting 
the  margins;  panicle   lax,  1.25-2.5  dm.  in  length,  its  branches  filiform  and  pen- 
dulous, the  lower  5-12.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  many-flowered,  oblong  to  ovate,  1.8-3 
cm.  long,  on  long  capillary  pendulous  pedicels  ;  flowering  scales  9-12  mm.  long, 
ciliate-hispid  on  the  winged  keel ;   stamen  i.     In  moist  places,  Penn.  to  111.   and 
Kans.,  south  to  Flu.  and  Tex.     Ascends  to  600  m.  in  N.  Car.     Aug.-Sept. 

3.  Uniola    paniculata    L.     SEA  OATS.     (I.   F.  f.  453.)     Culms   9-24  dm. 
tall.     Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  about  6  mm.  wide,  involute  when  dry,  attenuate 
into  a  long  slender  tip;  panicle  2.25-3  dm.  in  length  or  more,  the  branches  erect  or 
ascending,  strict,  rigid,  the  lower  6-12.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  many-flowered,  short  - 
pedicelled,  ovate  to  oval  when  mature,  1.25—2.5  cm.  long;  flowering  scales 8-iomm. 
long  and  scabrous  on  the  keels;  stamens  3.     In  sands  of  the  seacoast,  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  west  to  Tex.     Also  in  the  West  Indies  and  S.  Am.     Spikelets  persistent  into 
the  winter.     Oct. -Nov. 

83.  DISTICHLIS  Raf. 

Dioecious  grasses,  with  rigid  culms  creeping  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  flat  or 
convolute  leaves  and  spike-like  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  flattened,  more 
numerous  on  the  staminate  plants  than  on  the  pistillate,  6-i6-flowered  ;  rachilla 
continuous  in  the  staminate  spikelets,  articulated  in  the  pistillate.  Two  lower 
scales  empty,  narrow,  keeled,  acute,  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones  ;  flowering 
scales  broader,  many -nerved,  acute,  rigid  ;  palets  2 -keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
thickened  at  the  base,  rather  long,  distinct.  Stigmas  long-plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  two-ranked,  probably  in  refer- 
ence to  the  spikelets.]  Four  known  species,  natives  of  America,  inhabiting  the 
seacoast  or  alkaline  soil;  one  of  them  is  also  found  in  Australia. 

i.  Distichlis  spicata  (L.)  Greene.  MARSH  SPIKE-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  454.) 
Culms  7.5-60  cm.  tall,  erect  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  or  often  decumbent  at  the 
base.  Sheaths  overlapping  and  often  crowded  ;  leaves  1.25-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide,  flat  or  involute  ;  panicle  dense  and  spike-like,  1.8-6  cm.  in  length,  the 
branches  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  erect  ;  spikelets  6-16 -flowered,  8-18  mm.  long,  pale 
green;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  1-3 -nerved,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3~5-nerved 
second  one;  flowering  scales  3-5  mm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate.  On  salt  meadows 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Me.  to  Fla.,  in  saline  soil  throughout  tne  interior,  and 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  north  to  Br.  Col.  June-Aug.  [D.  maritima  Raf.] 

84.  BRIZA   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  rarely 
contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  large,  flattened,  tumid,  many-flowered,  nodding, 
the  flowers  perfect.  Scales  thin-membranous,  strongly  concave,  the  2  lower  empty, 
3-5 -nerved,  somewhat  unequal;  flowering  scales  imbricated,  broader  than  the 
empty  ones,  5 -many -nerved;  uppermost  scales  often  empty;  palets  much  shorter 
than  the  scales,  hyaline,  2-keeled  or  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles-  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  usually  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek 
name  for  some  grain,  perhaps  rye.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World 
and  temperate  S.  Am. 

Perennial;  ligule  i  mm.  long  or  less,  truncate;  spikelets  5-i2-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long. 

i.  B.  media. 
Annual ;  ligule  2  mm.  long  or  more,  acute-;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  2-3  mm.  long. 

2.  &,  minor. 


136  FLORA. 

x.  Briza  media  L.  QUAKE-GRASS.  QUAKING-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  455.) 
Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  from  a  perenrial  root,  simple.  Ligule  I  mm.  long  or 
less,  truncate;  leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide; -panicle  3.75-12.5  cm.  in 
length,  the  capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  spikelets 
4—5  mm.  long,  orbicular  to  deltoid -ovate,  5— 12-flowered;  scales  scarious-margined, 
the  lower  ones  about  2  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  2-3  mm.  long,  broader  than  the 
lower  ones,  widely  spreading.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  R.  I. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  June-July. 

2.  Briza  minor  L.  LESSER  QUAKING-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  456.)  Culms  1-4  dm. 
tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simple.  Ligule  2-6  mm.  long,  acute;  leaves 
2.5-12.5  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  sometimes  scabrous;  panicle  5-12.5  cm.  in 
length,  open,  the  capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  2.5-6  cm.  long; 
spikelets  3-6-flowered,  2-3  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  broad,  truncate  at  the  base; 
scales  scarious-margined,  the  lower  ones  about  2  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  much 
broader  and  deeply  saccate,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  In  ballast  and  waste  places 
about  Camden,  N.  J. ;  common  in  Cal.,  and  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe.  June-July. 

65.  DACTYLIS  L. 

A  tall  perennial  grass,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets 
3-5 -flowered,  short-pedicelled,  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the 
upper  staminate.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous,  keeled,  unequal, 
mucronate;  flowering  scales  larger  than  the  empty  ones,  rigid,  5-nerved,  keeled, 
the  midnerve  extended  into  a  point  or  short  awn  ;  palets  shorter  than  the  scales} 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed 
in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  used  by  Pliny  for  some  grass  with  finger-like 
spikes.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Dactylis  glomerata  L.  ORCHARD  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  457.)  Culms  6-12 
dm.  tall,  tufted.  Leaves  7.5-22.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  flat,  scabrous  ;  panicle 
7.5-20  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit, 
the  lower  2.5-6  cm.  long,  spikelet-bearing  from  above  or  below  the  middle  ;  spike- 
lets  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  3-5 -flowered  ;  lower  scales  l-3-nerved,  the  flowering 
scales  4-6  mm.  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short-awned,  ciliate  on  the  keel.  In  fields 
and  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  S.  Car.  and  Kans.  Naturalized 
from  Europe  and  cultivated  for  fodder.  June-July. 

86.   CYNOSURUS   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  dense  spike-like  inflor- 
escence. Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  in  small  clusters  ;  lower  spikelets  of  the  clusters 
consisting  of  narrow  empty  scales,  with  a  continuous  rachilla,  the  terminal  spikelets 
of  2-4  broader  scales,  with  an  articulated  rachilla  and  subtending  perfect  flowers. 
Two  lower  scales  in  the  fertile  spikelets  empty,  I -nerved,  the  flowering  scales 
broader,  l-3-nerved,  pointed  or  short-awned  ;  upper  scales  narrower,  usually  empty. 
Scales  of  the  sterile  spikelets  pectinate,  spreading,  all  empty,  linear- subulate, 
i -nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  loosely  plumose.  Grain 
finally  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  dog's-tail,  referring  to  the  spike.  J 
About  5  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Cynosu-us  cristatus  L.  DOG'S-TAIL  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  458.)  Culms 
3-7.5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  3.75-12.5  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  smooth,  glabrous  ; 
spike-like  panicle  5-10  cm.  in  length,  5-12  mm.  wide,  long-exserted  ;  spikelets  ar- 
ranged in  clusters,  the  terminal  fertile,  the  lower  larger  and  sterile  ;  scales  of  the 
former  about  3  mm.  long,  pointed  or  short-awned,  the  scales  of  the  sterile  spikelets 
very  narrow,  pointed,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel.  In  fields  and  waste  places, 
Quebec  and  Ont.  to  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Adventive  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

87.  POA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open 
panicles.  Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  glabrous;  flowers 
perfect,  or  rarely  dioecious.  Scales  membranous,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty,  1-3- 
nerved;  the  flowering  scales  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with  a  tuft  of 
cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base,  5 -nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  usually  pubescent,  often 


GRAMINEAE.  137 

also  the  dorsal  one;  palets  a  little  shorter  than  the  scales,  2-nerved  or  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  or  sometimes 
adherent  to  the  palet.  [Name  Greek,  for  grass  or  herbage.]  A  genus  of  about 
150  species,  widely  distributed  in  all  temperate  and  cold  regions.  The  English 
name  Meadow-grass  is  often  applied  to  most  of  the  species.  Besides  the  following, 
some  75  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. : 

Annuals  or  biennials;  culms  low  and  densely  tufted,  commonly  less  than  2  dm.  long. 
Flowering  scale  distinctly  5-nerved,  not  webby  at  the  base.      i.  P.  annua. 
Flowering  scale  3-nerved,  or  obscurely  5-nerved,  webby  at  the  base. 

2.  P.  Chapmaniana. 

Perennials;  culms  tall,  usually  exceeding  2  dm.  long  (shorter  in  Nos.  3  and  4). 
A.  Culms  tufted,  usually  densely  so. 
a.  Panicle  open,  loose. 

i.  Rootstocks  slender;  often  stoloniferous. 

Culms  less  than  2  dm.  tall;  low  arctic  or  alpine  grasses. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent  all  over.  3.  P.  abbreviata* 

Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent. 

4.  P.  laxa. 
Culms  exceeding  2  dm.  in  height. 

Basal  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culms. 
Flowering  scales  not  webby  at  the  base. 

Panicle  with  short  stiff  branches;  flowering  scales  glabrous 

below  between  the  nerves.  8.  P.glauca. 

Panicle   with    long   slender   flexuous  branches;    flowering 
scales  pubescent  below  between  the  nerves. 

12.  P.  antumnalis. 
Flowering  scales  webby  at  the  base. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous;  culms  manifestly  compressed. 

10.  P.  debilis. 
Flowering  scales  pubescent  on  one  or  more  of  the  nerves; 

culms  round  or  but  little  compressed. 
Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  scale  glabrous. 

Plant  yellowish  green  ;    flowering  scales  2.5  mm. 

long.  9.  P.  trivialis. 

Plant  green;  flowering  scales  3.5  mm.  long. 

13.  P.  alsodes. 
Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  scales  pubescent. 

Lower  half  of  the  flowering  scale  densely  villous 
between  the  nerves;  arctic  grass. 

16.   P.  cenisia. 

Lower  half  of  the  flowering  scale  glabrous  be- 
tween the  nerves;  sometimes  somewhat  pu- 
bescent in  No.  ii. 

Panicle-branches  dividing  and  spikelet-bearing 
usually  at  and  above  the  middle;  spike- 
lets  4  mm.  long  or  less. 
Intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  scale 

obscure. 

Culms  usually  rigid  and  4  dm.  or  less 
tall,  the  panicle  generally  less 
than  1.5  dm.  long. 

5.  P.  nemoralis. 

Culms  usually  6-iodm.  tall,  the  pani- 
cle commonly  2-4  dm.  long. 

6.  P.flava. 
Intermediate  nerves  prominent. 

Spikelets  crowded  on  the  spreading 
or  ascending  branches ;  midnerve 
of  the  flowering  scale  pubescent 
only  below.  7.  P.  praten  sis. 

Spikelets  scattered  on  the  spreading 
often  reflexed  branches  ;  midnerve 
pubescent  its  whole  length. 

11.  P.  sylvestris. 
Panicle-branches     very    long,    dividing    and 

spikelet-bearing  only  at  the  end;  spikelets  5 
mm.  long.  14.  P.  Wolfii. 


138  FLORA. 

Basal  leaves  very  long:,  the  early  ones  frequently  as  long  as  the 

culms.  15.  p.  brevifolia. 

3.  Rootstocks  short  and  stout;  no  stolons. 

Ligule  acute,  4  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  lanceolate,  3  mm.  long. 

17.  P.  pseudopratensts. 
Ligule  truncate,  2  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  ovate,  4  mm.  long. 

1 8.  P.  alpina. 
b»  Panicle  contracted  or  spike-like. 

Internerves  of  the  flowering  scale  very  pubescent  below  with  long  appressed 

hairs,  the  remainder  appressed-hispidulous. 

Flowering  scale  erose-truncate  at  the  apex,  the  nerves  strongly  silky  pu- 
bescent below.  22.   P.  arida. 
Flowering  scale  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  the  nerves  not  silky  pubes- 
cent. 
Innovations  short,  usually  less  than  6  cm.  long ;  culms  generally  4 

dm.  or  less  tall.  23.  P.  Bttckleyana. 

Innovations  long,  usually  exceeding  2  dm.  long ;  culms  commonly  6 

dm.  or  more  tall.  24.  P.  lucida. 

Internerves  of  the  flowering  scale  appressed-hispidulous  all  over. 

25.  P.  laevigata. 
B.  Culms  not  tufted  ;  rootstocks  long,  creeping. 

Flowering  scales  naked  or  with  short  hairs  at  the  base. 

Culms  compressed,  slender;  plant  bluish  green;  spikelets  3-6  mm.  long. 

19.  P.  compressa. 
Culms  not  compressed,  stout;  spikelets  about  i  cm.  long. 

21.  P.  glumaris, 
Flowering  scales  with  webby  hairs  at  the  base  longer  than  the  scale. 

20.  P.  arachnifera. 

1.  Poa  annua  L.  ANNUAL  MEADOW-GRASS.  Low  SPEAR-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  459.) 
Culms  5-30  cm.  tall,  from  an  annual  root,  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  some- 
what flattened,  smooth.     Sheaths  loose,  usually  overlapping;  leaves  1.25-10  cm. 
long,    1.5-3  mm.   wide,  smooth;  panicle   1.25-10  cm.   in  length,   open,    branches 
spreading,  6-35   mm.  long,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-5 -flowered,   3-5  mm. 
long;  lower  scales  smooth,  the  first  narrow,  acute,  I -nerved,  about  two  thirds  as 
long  as  the  broad  and  obtuse  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  2.5-3  mm. 
long,  distinctly  5 -nerved,  the  nerves  pilose  below.     In  waste  and  cultivated  places 
nearly  throughout  N.  Am.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.    May- 
Oct. 

2.  Poa  Chapmaniana  Scribn.     CHAPMAN'S  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.    F.    f.    460.) 
Culms  7-5— *5  cm>  tall,  erect,  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  rigid,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous.    Sheaths  tight,  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  leaves  1.25-2.5  cm.  long, 
2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth;  panicle  2.5-5    cm.  in  length,  the  branches  usually 
erect,  sometimes  spreading  or  ascending,  1.8  cm.  long  or  less,  naked  at  the  base; 
spikelets  3-7 -flowered,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  Jower  scales  about  equal,  3-nerved,  acute; 
flowering  scales  webbed  at  the  base,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  sometimes  with  two  addi- 
tional obscure  nerves,  the  prominent  ones  sometimes  pilose  for  three-fourths  their 
length.     In  dry  soil,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     April-May. 

3.  Poa  abbrexiata  R.  Br.     Low  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  462.)     Culms  1-5 
dm.  tall  or  less.     Sheaths  and  leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm  ;  leaves  1.25- 
2.5  cm.  long,  i  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  contracted,  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  branches  very 
short  and  erect;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  5   mm.  long;  lower  scales  acute,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  flowering  scales  about  3   mm.  long,  obtuse,  strongly  pubescent  all 
over,  the  intermediate  nerves  very  obscure.     Arctic  America  from  Greenland  and 
Lab.  to  the  Pacific.     Summer. 

4.  Poa  laxa  Haenke.     WAVY   MEADOW-GRASS.     MOUNTAIN    SPEAR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  463.)    Culms  3  dm.  tailor  less,  erect,  simple.     Leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  1-2 
mm.  wide,  acuminate  ;  panicle  2.5-7.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  usually  erect, 
sometimes  ascending,  2.5   cm.  long  or   less;  spikelets  3~5-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long; 
lower  scales  usually  3-nerved,  acute,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel  at  its  apex;  flow- 
ering  scales  3-3.5  mm.  long,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair 
of  obscure  nerves,  the  midnerve  pilose  on  the  lower  half,  rough  above,  the  lateral 
ones  pilose  for  one-third  their  length.     Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains 
of  N.  E.,  to  Manitoba  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 


GRAMINEAE.  139 

5.  Poa  nemoralis  L.     WOOD  MEADOW-GRASS.     NORTHERN  SPEAR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  470.)     Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender,  sometimes  rigid.    Leaves  2. 5- 
10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  or  rough;  panicle  5-12.5  cm.  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  rarely  spreading,  2.5-5  cm-  long; 
spikelets  2-5  flowered,  3-5  mm.  long;  lower  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  i-3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  obtuse  or  acute,  2-2.5  mm-  long'  faintly  5-nerved,  somewhat  webby 
at  base,  the  midnerve  and  the  marginal  nerves  silky-pubescent  on  the  lower  half. 
Anticosti  Isl.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Me.,  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  Poa  flava  L.     FALSE  RED-TOP.     FOWL  MEADOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  £.471.) 
Culms  4.6-15  dm.  tall.     Leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  rough  ; 
panicle   1.5-3  dm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,   5-12.5 
cm.  long,  divided  and  spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle  ;  spikelets  3-5 -flowered, 
3-4  mm.  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower  scales  acute,   the  flowering  sc.ik.-s 
obtuse,  somewhat  webby  at  the  base,  2-3  mm.  long,  silky-pubescent  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  marginal  nerves  and  the  midnerve,  the  intermediate  nerves  obscure  or 
wanting.     In  swampy  places,  N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to  Vancouver  Isl.,  south  to  N.  J., 
111.  and  Neb.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

7.  Poa  pratensis  L.     KENTUCKY  BLUE-GRASS.     JUNE-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  466.) 
Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  from  long  running  rootstocks  ;  leaves  smooth  or  rough,  1-6 
mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  5-15  cm.  in  length,  the  basal  much  longer  ;  panicle 
6-2O  cm.  in  length,  usually  pyramidal,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  some- 
times flexuous,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  divided  and  spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle  ; 
spikelets  3-5-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales  acute;  flower- 
ing scales  3  mm.  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  and  mid- 
nerve  silky-pubescent  below,  the  intermediate  ones  naked.     In  meadows,   fields, 
and  woods,  almost  throughout  N.  Am.     Widely  cultivated  for  hay  and  pasture. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     In  N.  Am.  probably  indigenous  only  in  the  northern 
and  mountainous  regions.     Variable.     June-Aug. 

8.  Poa  glauca  Vahl.    GLAUCOUS  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  469.)     Culms  1.5-6 
dm.  tall,  rigid,  somewhat  glaucous.     Sheaths  overlapping,  confined  to  the  lower 
half  of  the  culm  ;  leaves  2.5-5  cm>  l°nS>  2  mm-  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  sca- 
brous above  ;  panicle  2.5-7.5  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
1.25-3.75  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  5-6 mm.  long;  empty  basal  scales  acute, 
3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel;  flowering  scales  3-3.5  mm. 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  rough,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  the  lower  half  of  the  mid- 
nerve  and  marginal  nerves  silky -pubescent,  the  intermediate  nerves  obscure  and 
occasionally  sparingly  pubescent  at  the  base.     White  Mts.  of  N.   H.      Also  in 
Europe.     Summer. 

9.  Poa  trivialis  L.     ROUGHISH  MEADOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  468.)    Culms  3-9 
dm.   tall,  usually  more  or  less  decumbent  at  the  base.     Sheaths   rough;   leaves 
5-17.5  cm.   in  length,  2-4  mm.   wide,  generally  very  rough;  panicle  1-1.5  dm. 
long,  open,  the  branches  usually  spreading  or  ascending,  2.5-5  cm-  ^Ong5  spikelets 
2-  or  sometimes  3 -flowered,  3  mm.   long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales  acute; 
flowering  scales  2—3  mm.  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  midnerve  silky- 
pubescent  below,  the  lateral  nerves  naked,  the  intermediate  ones  prominent.     In 
meadows  and  waste  places,   N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  Va.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
June-Aug. 

10.  Poa  debilis  Torr.     WEAK  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  472.)    Culms  3-7.5 
dm.  tall,  slender,  flattened.     Sheaths  compressed;  leaves  2.5-11   cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  5—15  cm.  in  length,  open, 
often  nodding  at  the  top,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  sometimes  spreading, 
3.75-7.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,   3-4  mm.  long,  their  pedicels  longer; 
flowering  scales  3  mm.  long,  obtuse,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the 
nerves  naked.     In  woods,   N.  S.  and  N.   B.   to  Ont.   and  Minn.,  south  to  R.   I., 
Penn.  and  Wis.     June-Aug. 

IT.  Poa  sylvestris  A.  Gray.  SYLVAN  SPEAR-GRASS.  (L  F.  f.  474.)  Culms 
3-9  dm.  tail,  slender,  slightly  flattened.  Leaves  smooth  beneath,  rough  above, 
2—6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  3.75-15  cm.  in  length,  the  basal  much  longer; 
panicle  7.5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  sometimes 
reflexed  when  old,  3.75-7.5  cm.  long,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities;  spikelets 


140  FLORA. 

2-4-flowered,  2-4  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  about  2.5  mm.  long,  webbed  at  the 
base,  obtuse,  often  pubescent  bslow,  5 -nerved,  the  midnerve  pubescent  nearly  its 
entire  length  and  the  marginal  nerves  below  the  middle.  In  thickets  and  meadows, 
N.  Y.  to  Wis.  and  Neb.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  La.  and  Kans.  June-July. 

12.  Poa  autumnalis  Muhl.    FLEXUOUS  SPEAR-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  473.)   Culms 
3-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  those  of 
the  culm  3. 75-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  much  longer;  panicle  7.5-22  cm.  in  length, 
the  branches  long  and  slender,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities,  5-12.5  cm.  long; 
spikelets  3-5 -flowered,  5-6  mm.  long  ;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first  I -nerved, 
narrow,  shorter  than  the  broad  3-nerved  second;  flowering  scales  rounded  orretuse 
at  the  apex,  3-4  mm.  long,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  pubescent  on  the  lower  part, 
5 -nerved,   the  midnerve  silky-pubescent   for  three -fourths  its    length.     In  woods, 
N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     March-May. 

13.  Poa  alsodes  A.  Gray.     GROVE  MEADOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  475.)   Culms 
2-7.5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  usually  rough,  2-4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  5-20  cm. 
in  length,  the  basal  longer  ;  panicle  8-20  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or 
ascending,  3.5-7.5   cm.  long,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets  2-3-flowered, 
about  5  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  acute,  about  4  mm.  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  the 
midnerve  pubescent  near  the  base,  the  marginal  nerves  naked,   the   intermediate 
ones  very  faint.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.     May-June. 

i^.  Poa  Wolfii  Scribn.  WOLF'S  SPEAR-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  476.)  Culms 
3-9  dm.  tall.  Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  those  of 
the  culm  5-10  cm.  in  length,  the  basal  much  longer;  panicle  7.5-15  cm.  in  length, 
lax,  its  branches  erector  ascending,  flexuous,  3.75-6  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-4- 
flowered,  5-6  mm.  long;  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  about  4mm.  long,  copiously 
webbed  at  the  base,  5 -nerved,  the  marginal  and  midnerves  silky-pubescent  for  more 
than  half  their  length,  the  intermediate  nerves  prominent,  naked.  111.,  Tenn.,  Minn., 
Kans. 

15.  Poa  brevifolia  Muhl.      SHORT-LEAVED   SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  477.) 
Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect.     Leaves   smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  2—4  mm.  wide, 
abruptly  acute,  those  of  the  culm  1.25-10  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  sometimes  al- 
most wanting;  basal  leaves  usually  equalling  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm;  panicle 
6-12.5  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending,  widely  spreading  or  often  re- 
flexed,  3.75-7.5  cm.  long,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  5-7 
mm.    long;  flowering  scales  slightly  webbed  at  the  base,  4-5  mm.    long,  obtuse, 
5 -nerved,  the  keel  and  marginal  nerves  sparingly  pubescent,  the  intermediate  nerves 
prominent,  naked.     In  rocky  woods,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  111.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and 
Tenn.     April-June. 

16.  Poa  cenisia  All.     ARCTIC  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  465.)     Smooth  and 
glabrous.     Culms   1-4  dm.  tall,    erect,  slender;  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,    1-2  mm. 
wide;  panicle  2.5-10  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  generally  widely  spreading 
and  more  or  less  flexuous,  2.5-6  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  3-5 -flowered,  5-7  mm.  long  ; 
lower  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  i-3-nerved  ;  flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long, 
faintly  5 -nerved,  the  nerves  short-pilose  on  the  lower  half,  minutely  pubescent  be- 
tween  the  nerves,  somewhat  webbed  at  the  base.     Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Alaska. 
Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

17.  Poa  pseudopratensis  Scribn.  and  Rydb.     PRAIRIE  MEADOW-GRASS.    (I. 
F.  f.  467.)     Culms  3  -6.5  dm.  tall.     Ligule  4  mm.  long,  acute,  decurrent;  leaves  2-6 
mm.  wide,  smooth   beneath,   a  little  rough  alx>ve  and  on  the  margins,  those  of  the 
culm  2.5-8  cm.  long,   the  basal  1.5-2.5  dm.  in  length  ;  panicle  5-12.5  cm.  long, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-5 -flowered, 
6-8  mm.  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower  scales  nearly  equal,  acute,  3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  acutish,  about  3  mm.   long,  rough  above,  5 -nerved,  pubescent  be- 
tween the  nerves  below,  the  marginal  nerves  and  midnerve  silky-pubescent  about 
half  their  length.     Manitoba  and  Assiniboia  to  Neb.  and  Colo. 

18.  Poa  alpina   L.     ALPINE   SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.    F.    f.   464.)     Smooth   and 
glabrous.      Culms  1-4.5  dm.  tall ;    ligule  2  mm.  long,  truncate;    leaves  2.5-7.5 
cm.   long,   2-4  mm.   wide,    abruptly   acute;    panicle    2.5—7.5  cm.    in   length,   the 
branches  generally  widely  spreading,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  spikelets  3-5 -flowered, 
$-6  mm.  long;  lower  scales  broad,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel,  acute;  flowering 


GRAMINEAE.  141 

scales  about  4  mm.  long,  obtuse,  pilose  for  half  their  length,  pubescent  between  the 
nerves  toward  the  base.  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Quebec,  Lake  Superior,  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

19.  Poa    compressa   L.      WIRE-GRASS.      FLAT-STEMMED   MEADOW-GRASS. 
ENGLISH   BLUE-GRASS.     (I.    F.    f.  461.)      Pale   bluish  green,  glabrous.      Culms 
1.5-6  dm.    tall,    decumbent  at  the   base,   from   long    horizontal  rootstocks,  much 
flattened;    sheaths  loose,  flattened,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves  2.5-10  cm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  usually  contracted, 
the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the 
base;  spikelets  3-g-flowered,  3-6  mm.  long;  lower  scales  acute,  3  nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  2-2.5   mm-    'ong>    obscurely  3 -nerved,   the  nerves  sparingly  pubescent 
toward  the  base.     Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  and  woods  almost  through- 
out N.  Am.     Ascends  to  630  jn.  in  Va.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native  also 
of  Asia.     Varies  from  weak  and  slender  to  quite  stiff.     June-Aug. 

20.  Poa  arachnifera  Torr.     TEXAS  BLUE-GRASS.     (I.   F.  f.  47ga.)     Culms 
tufted,  3—9  dm.  tall,  from  running  rootstocks;  sterile  shoots  from  one-half  as  long 
as  the  culms  to  equalling  them.     Leaves  linear,  erect,  usually  folded  when  dry, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  3.5-22.5   cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  broad,  abruptly  acute; 
panicle  dense    and    contracted,    sometimes    interrupted  below,    7.5-16    cm.   long, 
1.25-3.75  cm.  broad,   its  branches  ascending  or  erect;  spikelets  numerous,  4-7- 
flowered,    the  scales  acuminate;    flowering   scales  4-5   mm.    long,   often  pointed, 
pubescent  at  the  base  with  copious  long  cobwebby  hairs,  5-nerved,  the  midnerve 
and  lateral  nerves  pilose  below  the  middle.     Prairies,  Kans.  to  N.  Mex.,  south  to 
La.  and  Tex.     Also  introduced  in  Fla.     April-May. 

21.  Poa  glumaris  Trin.     LARGE-FLOWERED  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  480.) 
Culms  1.5-9  dm.   tall,  erector  assurgent.     Sheaths  loose;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long, 
2  8  mm.   wide;  panicle   1-2.5  dm.   in  length,   the  branches  erect  or  ascending, 

5-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  3~5-flowered,  8-12  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  6-8  mm. 
long,  usually  acutish,  scabrous,  5~7-nerved,  pubescent  at  base  and  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  midnerve  and  lateral  nerves,  not  webbed.  Anticosti  Isl.  and  N.  S.  to 
Quebec  and  Alaska.  Summer. 

22.  Poa  arida  Vasey.     PRAIRIE  SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  478).     Culms  3-6 
dm.  tall,  erect,  rigid.     Sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  2-4  mm.   long,  acute; 
leaves   smooth  beneath,    rough   above,    1-2   mm.   wide,   flat  or  folded,   pungently 
pointed,  those  of  the  culm  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  erect,  the  basal  leaves  7.5-15  cm. 
long;  panicle  contracted,  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  spikelet-bearing 
nearly  to  the  base,  3.75  cm.   long  or  less;    spikelets  4-7 -flowered,   5-7  mm.   long  ; 
flowering  scales  3-4  mm.  long,  erose-truncate  at  apex,  strongly  silky-pubescent  on 
the  nerves  for  half  their  length,  the  lower  part  very  pubescent  between  the  nerves; 
intermediate  nerves  very  obscure.     Meadows  and  low  grounds,   N.  W.  Terr,  to 
Kans.  and  Ariz.     April-Aug. 

23.  Poa    Buckleyana   Nash.      BUCKLEY'S   SPEAR-GRASS.     (I.    F.    f.    479.) 
Culms    1.5-4  dm.  tall,  rarely  taller,  erect,  rigid.     Ligule  4-6  mm.  long,  acute; 
leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  erect,  flat,  or  becoming  involute,  smooth 
or  rough;  panicle  2.5-10  cm.  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  3.75  cm. 
long  or  less,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base;  spikelets  2-5-flowered.  4-6  mm. 
long;  flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  appressed-pubescent  be- 
low, with  long  hairs.     Usually  in  dry  soil  on  mountain  slopes  or  elevated  prairies, 
S.  Dak.  to  Br.  Col.,  Colo,  and  Cal.     May-Sept. 

24.  Poa  lucida  Vasey.     Culms  6-8  dm.  tall,  erect,  the  innovations  2-3  dm. 
long;  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;   leaves  of  the  culm  I  dm.  or  less  long,  those  on 
the  innovations  much  longer;  panicle  1-2  dm.   long,   its  larger  branches  3-5  cm. 
long;  spikelets  6-10  mm.  long,  4-6-flowered,  the  flowering  scales  about  4.5  mm. 
long,   appressed-pubescent  below  with  long  hairs,  obtuse  or  acutish.     Moist  hill- 
sides andmeadcws,  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo.     June-Aug. 

25.  Poa  laevigata  Scribn.     Culms  densely  tufted,  6-8  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender, 
the  innovations  1-2  dm.  long;  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  I  dm.  or  less 
long;  panicle  very  slender,  8-14  cm.  long,  its  larger  branches  3-5  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets  5~7  mm.  long,  3— 4-flowered,  the  flowering  scales  3-4  mm.  long,  hispidulous  all 
over,  obtuse  to  ftcutish.     0»  dry  hills,  Mont,  to  Neb,  and  Colo.     June-Aug. 


FLORA. 

88.  DUPONTIA  R.  Br. 

Low  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  generally  narrow  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4. 
flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  extending  beyond  the 
flowering  scales,  membranous;  flowering  scales  entire,  membranous,  with  a  tuft  of 
hairs  at  the  base.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Name  in 
honor  of  J.  D.  Dupont,  French  botanist.]  Two  arctic  species,  both  circumboreal. 

i.  Dupontia  Fisheri  R.  Br.  FISHER'S  DUPONTIA.  (I.  F.  f.  481.)  Smooth 
and  glabrous.  Culms  1.25-3  dm.  tall;  leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
flat;  panicle  usually  contracted,  3.75-8.5  cm.  long,  the  branches  less  than  3.75  cm. 
long,  erect,  or  sometimes  ascending;  spikelets  few,  about  2-flowered,  6-8  mm.  long; 
empty  basal  scales  thin,  generally  acute,  the  first  i-nerved,  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  second,  which  is  usually  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  often  vanishing  at  about 
the  middle;  flowering  scales  5-6  mm.  long,  I -nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved;  basal 
hairs  about  I  mm.  long.  Arctic  regions  of  northeastern  America.  Also  in  arctic 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

89.   SCOLOCHLOA   Link. 

Tall  aquatic  or  marsh  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles.  Spikelets 
2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous, 
3-5 -nerved;  flowering  scales  rigid,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base,  rounded  on  the 
back,  5-7-nerved,  some  of  the  nerves  usually  excurrent  as  short  points;  palets  about 
equalling  the  scales,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  hairy  at  the  apex.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  prickle-like  projecting  nerves 
of  the  flowering  scales.]  Species  2,  in  the  north  temperate  zones  of  both  continents. 

I.  Scolochloa  festncacea  (Wiild.)  Link.  FESCUE  SCOLOCHLOA.  (I.  F.  f. 
482.)  Culms  9-15  dm.  tall.  Sheaths  often  overlapping  ;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long  or 
more,  4-8  mm.  wide,  flat,  scabrous  on  the  margins  ;  panicle  2-3  dm.  in  length, 
usually  open,  the  branches  ascending,  naked  at  the  base,  the  lower  7.5-10  cm. 
long  ;  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long  ;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first  shorter  than  the 
second  ;  flowering  scales  scabrous,  7-nerved.  Iowa  and  Neb.,  north  to  Manitoba 
and  Assiniboia.  July-Aug.  {Graphephorum  festucaceum  A.  Gray.] 

90.  GRAPHEPHORUM    Desv. 

Slender  erect  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  a  usually  contracted  nodding  panicle. 
Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  flattened,  the  rachilla  hirsute  and  extending  beyond  the 
flowers.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  scales, 
thin-membranous,  acute,  keeled;  flowering  scales  membranous,  obscurely  nerved, 
entire,  sometimes  short-awned  just  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  glabrous.  [Greek,  pencil-bearing,  referring  to  the  tuft 
of  hairs  at  the  end  of  the  rachilla.]  Three  known  species,  natives  of  northern  N. 
Am. 

I.  Graphephorum  melicoideum  (Michx.)  Beauv.  GRAPHEPHORUM.  (I.  F. 
f.  483.)  Culms  3-7.5  dm.  tall.  Sheaths  glabrous,  or  the  lower  often  villous; 
leaves  3.75-22.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  long-acuminate,  rough;  panicle  5-15 
cm.  in  length,  the  top  usually  nodding,  the  branches  erect,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long;  scales  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  empty  ones  un- 
equal, the  first  I-nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second; 
flowering  scales  3~5-nerved,  acute.  In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  Isl.  to  Ont.,  south  to 
Me.  and  Mich.  Aug.-Sept. 

91.  PANICULARIA  Fabr.      [GLYCERIA  R.  Br.] 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  often  tall,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  few — many-flowered,  terete  or  somewhat  flattened.  Two  lower  scales  empty, 
obtuse  or  acute,  i~3-nerved  ;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the  back, 
5-9-nerved,  the  nerves  disappearing  in  the  hyaline  apex.  Palets  scarcely  shorter 
than  the  scales,  rarely  longer,  2-keeled.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stig- 
mas plumose.  Grain  smooth,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  free,  or  when  dry 
s'ightly  adhering  to  the  latter.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  panicled  spikelets.]  About 
20  species,  v/idely  distributed  in  N,  Am.,  a  few  in  Europe  and  Asia, 


GRAMINEAE.  143 

Soikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  8  mm.  long  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  very  broad,  obscurely  or  at  least  not  sharply  nerved. 
Panicle  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  often  drooping. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered ;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  2  mm.  long. 

1.  P.  laxa. 
Spikelets  5~i2-flowered  ;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  3  mm.  long. 

2.  P.  Canadensis. 
Panicle  contracted,  the  branches  erect.                                         3.  P.  obtusa. 

Flowering  scales  narrow,  sharply  and  distinctly  y-nerved. 

Panicle  elongated,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed.  4.  P.  Torreyana. 

Panicle  not  elongated,  open,  its  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  rarely  erect. 
Scales  about  2  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  less ;  branches  of  the  panicle  often  drooping. 

5.  P.  tier  vat  a. 
Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending  or  spreading. 

6.  P.  Americana. 
Scales  2.5-3  mm/long,  truncate  and'denticulate  at  the  apex. 

7.  P.pallida. 
Spikelets  linear,  12  mm.  long  or  more. 

Flowering  scales  4-5  mm.  long,  obtuse,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  obtuse  palet. 
Flowering  scales  firm,  hispidulous  all  over,  truncate  at  the  apex. 

8.  P.  fluitans. 
Flowering  scales  thin,  hispidulous  on  the  nerves  only,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 

9.  P.  borealis* 
Flowering  scales  6-8  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  acuminate  palet. 

Flowering  scales  obtuse,  about  6  mm.  long,  a  little  exceeded  by  the  palet. 

10.  P.   brachyphylla. 
Flowering  scales  acute,  about  8  mm.  long,  much  exceeded  by  the  palet. 

11.  P.  acutiflora. 

1.  Panicularia   laxa  Scribn.     NORTHERN  MANNA-GRASS.     (I.   F.  f.  484.) 
Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous.     Sheaths  overlapping,   rough ; 
leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  very  rough;  panicle  17.5-22.5  cm.  in  length,  the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  7.5-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered, about  4  mm.  long;  empty  scales  unequal,   scarious,  acute,  I -nerved,  the  first 
one-half  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  second;  flowering  scales  broad,  about  2  mm. 
long,  twice  the  length  of  the  second  scale,  obtuse,  obscurely  7-nervcd.     In  water  or 

vet  soil,  Me.  to  Penn.     Aug. 

2.  Panicularia  Canadensis  (Michx.)  Kuntze.    RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
485.)     Culms  6-9  dm.  tall,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous.     Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  overlapping;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.   long  or 
more,  4—8  mm.  wide,    rough;  panicle  1.25—2.5  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, ascending  or  often  drooping,  6.25-12.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  5-1 2 -flowered,  5-8 
mm.   long,   flattened,   turgid;  empty  scales   unequal,    acute,    I -nerved;   flowering 
scales  broad,  3-4  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  obscurely  7-nerved.     In  swamps 
and  marshes,  Newf.  and  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ohio  and  Kans. 
The  handsomest  species  of  the  genus.     Ascends  to  1500  m.   in  the  Adirondacks. 
July-Aug. 

3.  Panicularia  obtusa   (Muhl.)  Kuntze.     BLUNT  MANNA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
486.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect.     Sheaths  sometimes  rough,  strongly  striate,  the 
lower  overlapping;  leaves  1.5-4  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  usually  stiff,  erect  or 
ascending,   smooth  beneath,   more  or  less  scabrous  above;  panicle  7.5-20  cm.   in 
length,   contracted,   dense,   the  branches  erect;  spikelets   3-7-flowered,    4-6  mm. 
long;  empty  scales  acute,  scarious,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  3  mm.  long, 
broad,  obtuse,  obscurely  7-nerved.     In  swamps,  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.  and  central  Penn., 
south  to  Del.  and  Md.     Ascends  to  690  m.  in  the  Catskill  Mts.     July-Aug. 

4.  Panicularia  Torreyana  (Spreng.)Merr.    LONG  MANNA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
487.)     Culms  6—9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lax,   1.5—3  dm.  l°ng»  3~6  mm.  wide,  lon^- 
acuminate,   smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  elongated,   contracted,  narrow, 
usually  nodding  at  the  summit,  1.5-3  f^m-  'n  length,  the  branches  erect  or  appressed, 
2.5-6  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-4- flowered,  3-4  mm.  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  acute, 
I -nerved;  flowering  scales  narrow,  about  2  mm.  ^ong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctly 
7-nerved.     In  wet  woods,  Newf.  to  Quebec  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Ky. 
Ascends  to  1200  m,  in  the  Adirondack?.     Aug.-Sept.     (/'.  elongata  Kuntze.) 


144  FLORA. 

5.  Panicularia  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze.     NERVED  MANNA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
488.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall.      Sheaths  usually  more  or  less  rough;  leaves  1.5-3  dm. 
long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  a-:ute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  7.5-20  cm.  in 
length,  often  purple,   open,    the    branches  filiform,   spreading,   ascending  or   often 
drooping,   rarely  erect,   5-12.5  cm.   long;    spikelets    3-7-flowered,  2-3  mm.   long; 
empty  scales  obtuse,    I -nerved;    flowering  scales  about   1.5   mm.    long,   obtuse  or 
rounded,  with  7  sharp  distinct  nerves  and  evident  furrows  between.      In  wet  places, 
Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mex.     Ascends  to  1200  m.  in  Va.     June-Sept. 

6.  Panicularia  Americana  (Ton.)  MacM.     REED  MEADOW-GRASS.     TALL 
MANNA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  489.)     Culms  9-15  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  loose,  smooth,  or 
sometimes  rough;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-16  mm.   wide,  usually  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  2-4  dm.  in  length,  its  branches  spreading,  ascending 
or  rarely  erect,  1-2  dm.  long;  spikelets  4-7 -flowered,  4-6  mm.  long;  empty  scales 
acute,  l-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  2  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
sharply  and  distinctly  7-nerved,  the  furrows  between  the  nerves  evident.      In  wet 
soil,  N.  B.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Tenn.,  Colo.' and  Nev.     Ascends  to  630  m.  in  Penn. 
June— Aug. 

7.  Panicularia  pallida  (Ton.)  Kuntze.     PALE  MANNA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  490.) 
Pale  green.     Culms  3-9  dm.  long,  assurgent;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3-75-17-5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, ascending  or  rarely  erect,  often  flexuous,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  spikelets  4-8-flowered, 
5-7  mm.  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first  I -nerved,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  y 
nerved  and  truncate  second  ;   flowering  scales  2.5-3  mrn-  l°ng>  truncate  and  dentic- 
ulate at  the  apex,  sharply  and  distinctly  7-nerved,  with  plain  furrows  between  the 
nerves.     In  shallow  water,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  south  to  Va.,  Tenn.  and  Ind.     Ascends 
to  600  m.  in  Penn.     July-Aug. 

8.  Panicularia  fluitans  (L.)  Kuntze.     FLOATING  MANNA-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
491.)     Culms  10-15  dm.   long,  flattened,  erect  or  decumbent,  usually  stout,  often 
rooting  from   the  lower  nodes.      Sheaths  loose,   generally  overlapping,   smooth  or 
rough  ;  leaves  1.25-3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-12  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  often  floating; 
panicle  2.25-4.5  dm.  long,  the  branches,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  at  first  appressed, 
later  ascending,   and  7.5-15   cm.  long;  spikelets  linear,   7~i3-flowered,  2-2.5   cm< 
long  ;  empty  scales  unequal,  l-nerved,  the  lower  acute  or  obtuse,  the  upper  obtuse  or 
truncate  ;  flowering  scales  4-4.5  mm.  long,  thick,  oblong,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 
erose  apex,  scabrous,  sharply  7-nerved.     In  wet  places  or  in  water,  Newf.  to  Br. 
Col.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Ky.,  Iowa  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe.     July-Sept. 

9.  Panicularia  borealis  Nash.  SLENDER  MANNA-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  49ia.) 
Glabrous.  Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  4.5-15  dm.  tall;  sheaths  overlapping, 
smooth  or  roughish,  the  uppermost  one  enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle  ;  leaves 
linear,  abruptly  acuminate,  1-5  dm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide;  panicle  slender,  the  ex- 
serted  portion  1.5-5  dm.  l°ng>  lis  branches  ap"pressed  or  nearly  so  ;  spikelets  1-1.8 
cm.  long,  7-13-flowered,  appressed;  outer  two  scales  l-nerved,  unequal;  flowering 
scales  thin,  4-5  mm.  long,  7-nerved,  the  nerves  only  scabrous  ;  palet  slightly  shorter 
than  the  scale.  In  shallow  water,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  Idaho,  Cal.,  Wash.,  and  north- 
ward. 

10.  Panicularia  brachyphflla  Nash.  SHORT-LEAVED  MANNA-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f. 
492a.)     Glabrous.     Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  6-9  dm.  tall;  sheaths  gen- 
erally longer  than  the  internodes,  almost  closed,  the  uppermost  one  enclosing  the 
base  of  the  panicle;  leaves  linear,  acuminate,   6-12.5  cm-   l°ng>    4~5  mm-  wide; 
panicle  slender,   the  exserted  portion  3-4   dm.   long,   its   branches   appressed  or 
nearly  so;  spikelets  compressed-cylindric,  2-2.8  cm.  long,   7- 12 -flowered;  empty 
scales    i-nerved;    flowering    scales    scabrous   all   over,    7-nerved,    about    5    mm. 
long,  the  obtuse  apex  obscurely  and  irregularly  few -toothed;  palet  about  6  mm. 
long,    acuminate,   a  little  exceeding  the  scale.     In  shallow  water,  Me.   to  N.  Y. 
June-July. 

11.  Panicularia  acutiflora  (Torr.)    Kuntze.     SHARP-SCALED  MANNA-GRASS. 
(L  F.  f.  492.)     Culms  3-6  dm.  tall,  flattened,  erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  simple. 
Sheaths  loose,   generally  a  little  exceeding  the  internodes,  smooth  and  glabrous  ; 
leaves  7.5-15  cm.  long,  4-6  mrn.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  1.5- 
3  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  appressed,  5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  linear, 
5-12-flowered,  2.5-4.5   cm.   long;  empty  scales  acute,    smooth;    flowering  scales 


GRAMINEAE.  145 

about  8  mm.    long,  lanceolate,   acute,   scabrous,   exceeded  by  the  long-acuminate 
palets.    In  wet  places,  Me.  to  southern  N.  Y.,  Ohio  and  Tenn.     Local.    June- Aug. 

92.    PUCCINELLIA    Parl. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  3-several-flo\vered.  Lower  scales  empty,  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal; 
flowering  scales  obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  5 -nerved,  the  nerves  very 
obscure  or  almost  wanting.  Palet  about  equalling  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
wanting.  Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plumose.  Gram  compressed,  usually  adhering 
to  the  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  Benedetto  Puccinelli,  Italian  botanist.]  About  14 
species,  in  all  temperate  regions. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  rarely  erect. 

Lower  flowering  scales  3-4  mm.  long;  plant  stoloniferous.  i.  P.  maritima. 

Lower  flowering  scales  2.5  mm.  long  or  less;  plants  not  stoloniferous. 

Second  empty  scale  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales,  broad,  ob- 
tuse or  truncate ;  spikelets  crowded.  2.  P.  distans. 
Second  empty  scale  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales,  narrow, 

obtuse  or  acute ;  spikelets  not  crowded.  3.  P.  airoides. 

I  anicle  contracted,  its  branches  erect,  rarely  ascending ;  northern  species. 

4.  P.  angustata. 

1.  Puccinellia  maritima   (Huds.)  Parl.     GOOSE-GRASS.     SEA  SPEAR-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  493.)     Stoloniferous,  smooth,   glabrous.     Culms  1.5-6  dm.   tall,   erect,  or 
decumbent  at  the  base;  leaves  1.25-12.5  cm.  long,   2  mm.  wide  or  less,  flat  to  in- 
volute; panicle  5-15  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending,  or  rarely  erect, 
2.5-5  cm-  I°n8!  spikelets  3-iO-flowered,  6-12  mm.  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  the 
first  usually  i-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  3-4  mm.  long,  broad, 
obtuse  or  truncate.     In  salt  marshes  and  on  sea  beaches,  N.  S.  to  R.   I.     Also  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  and  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia.     July -Aug. 

2.  Puccinellia   distans   (L.)  Parl.     SPREADING   MEADOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
494.)     Culms  3-6  dm.   tall,  erect,   or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,   tufted. 
Leaves  1.25-15  cm.   long,  2-4  mm.   wide,  flat  or  folded^  usually  stiff  and  erect, 
smooth   beneath;    panicle  5-17.5  cm.    in    length,     open,     rarely    contracted,    the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  whorled,  the  lower  2.5-11.5  cm.  long,  sometimes 
reflexed;  spikelets  crowded,   3-6-flowered,  3-5  mm.  long;  empty  scales  obtuse  or 
acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  exceeding  the  first  and  less  than  half  the  length  of  the 
obscurely  nerved  and  obtuse  flowering  scales,  which  are  1-2  mm.   long.     On  salt 
meadows,  sea  beaches  and  in  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.     Probably  naturalized 
from  Europe.     July-Aug. 

3.  Puccinellia  airoides  (Nutt.)  Wats.  &  Coult.     SLENDER  MEADOW-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  495.)     Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  erect.     Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide  or 
less,  flat  or  involute,  usually  erect,  smooth  beneath,   rough  above;  panicle  open,  its 
branches  slender,  spreading  or  ascending,   rarely  erect,  the  lower  5-8.5  cm.   long 
and  often  reflexed ;  spikelets  scattered,  i-7-flowered,  3-6  mm.  long;  empty  scales 
unequal,  the  first  acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  obtuse  or  acute,  3-nerved,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  obtuse  flowering  scales,  which  are  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng-     In  sa- 
line  'oil,  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Wash.,  Neb.  and  Nev.     July-Aug. 

4.  Puccinellia  angustata(R.  Br.)  Scribn.   ARCTIC  MEADOW-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
496.)     Smooth  and  glabrous.     Culms  1-3  dm.  tall,  erect,   simple;  leaves  1.25-6.5 
cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less;  panicle  2.5-5  cm-  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches 
short  and  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  2-7-flowered,   6-8  mm    long;  empty  scales 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,   the  first  I -nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering 
scales  2.5-3  mm.   long,   usually   purplish,    rounded  at  the  apex.     Greenland  and 
Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  south  to  Me.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

93.  FESTUCA  L. 

Mostly  tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  in- 
florescence. Spikelets  2-several- flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  more  or  less 
unequal,  acute,  keeled;  flowering  scales  membranous,  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back, 
5 -nerved,  usually  acute,  and  generally  awned  at  the  apex.  Palet  scarcely  shorter 
than  the  scale.  Semens  1-3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct-  Stigmas  plumose,  Grain 


146  FLORA. 

glabrous,  elongated,  often  adherent  to  the  scale  or  palet.  [Latin,  stalk  or  straw.] 
A  genus  of  about  80  species,  widely  distributed,  particularly  numerous  in  temperate 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  Is.  Am. 

Empty  scales  membranous,  firm,  the  second  one  3~5-nerved. 
Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  usually  involute  or  folded. 
Annuals;  flowering  scales  long-awned. 

First  scale  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  awn  not  exceeding  the 

length  of  the  flowering  scale.  i.  F.  octojiora. 

First  scale  less  that  one-half  as  long  as  the  second  ;  awn  much  longer  than. 

the  flowering  scale.  2.  F.  Myuros. 

Perennials;  flowering  scales  awnless  or  short-awned. 

Culms  from  a  rootstock  or  with  stolons.  3.  F,  rubra. 

Culms  densely  tufted,  no  rootstocks. 

Flowering  scales  short-awned;  leaves  setaceous. 

Culms  2-4  dm.  tall ;  culm-leaves  long.  4.  F.  ovina. 

Culms  1.5  dm.  or  less  tall ;  culm-leaves  very  short,  usually  about  i 
cm. ;  an  alpine  grass.  5.  F.  brachyphylla. 

Flowering  scales  awnless ;  leaves  filiform.  6.  F.  capillata. 

Leaves  4  mm.  wide  or  more,  flat. 

Flowering  scales  awnless  or  short-awned. 

Flowering  scales  5-7  mm.  long ;  spikelets  5-io-flowered. 

7.  F.  elatior. 
Flowering  scales  4  mm.  long  or  less  ;  spikelets  3-6-flowered. 

Spikelets  very  broad  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  spikelet-bearing  from  the 

middle  or  below.  8.  F,  Short  it. 

Spikelets  lanceolate;  branches  of  the  panicle  elongated,  spikelet-bearing 

at  the  end.  9.  F.  nutans. 

Flowering  scales  long-awned.  10.   F.  giga-ntea. 

Empty  scales  broad,  scarious,  with  broad  hyaline  margins,  thin,  i-nerved  ;  base  of  the 

culms  clothed  with  dry  leafless  sheaths. 
Panicle  loose  and  open,  usually  purple,  its  branches  often  widely  spreading. 

II.  F.  scabrella. 
Panicle  narrow,  strict,  rigid,  green,  its  branches  appressed.          12.  F.  Watsoni. 

1.  Festuca  octoflora  Walt.    SLENDER  FESCUE-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  497.)    Culms 
1-4.5  dm.  *a^>  erect,  from  an  annual  root,  slender,  rigid.     Leaves  3.75-7.5  cm. 
long,  involute,  bristle-form;  raceme  or  simple  panicle  often  one-sided,  2.5-15  cm. 
in  length,  contracted,  its  branches  erect,  or  rarely  ascending;  spikelets  6- 1-3 -flow- 
ered, 6-10  mm.  long;  empty  scales  acute,   smooth,  the  first  i-nerved,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awn, 
3-5  mm.  long,  usually  very  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body  or  shorter,   or  sometimes  awnless;  stamens  2.     Dry   sandy  soil,  Quebec  to 
Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     June- Aug. 

2.  Festuca  Myuros  L.     RAT'S-TAIL  FESCUE-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  498.)    Culms 
3-6  dm.  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root;  leaves  5-12.5  cm.  long,  subulate,  involute, 
erect;  panicle  usually  one-sided,  1-3  dm.  in  length,  contracted,  sometimes  curved, 
its  branches  appressed;  spikelets  3-6-flowered;  empty  scales  very  unequal,   acute, 
smooth,   the  first   i-nerved,    less  than  half  as   long  as  the  3-nerved  second  one; 
flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  4-6  mm.  long,  narrow,   acuminate  into  an 
awn  much  longer  than  the  body;  stamen  I.     In  waste  places  and  fields,  N.   H.  to 
N.  J.  and  Fla.    Also  on  the  Pacific  coast.    Naturalized  from  Europe.    June—July. 

3.  Festuca  rubra  L.    RED  FESCUE- GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  499.)    Culms  4.5-7.5  dm. 
tall,  from  running  rootstocks,   erect,   simple;  basal  leaves  involute- filiform,  7.5-15 
cm.  long;  culm  leaves  shorter,  erect,  flat,  or  involute  in  drying,  minutely  pubescent 
above;  panicle  5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  sometimes  red,  open  at  flowering  time,   con- 
tracted in  fruit;  spikelets  3-io-flowered,  8-12  mm.  long;  lower  scales  acute,   un- 
equal, the  first  i-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second;  flowering  scales  about 
6  mm.  long,   obscurely  5 -nerved,   sometimes  scabrous,   bearing  awns  of  less  than 
their  own  length.     Lab.  to  Alaska,  south,  especially  on  the  mountains,  to  Va.,  Tenn. 
and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

4.  Festuca  ovina  L.     SHEEP'S  FESCUE-GRASS.     (I.  F.   f.  500.)     Culms  1.5- 
3.5    dm.  tall,    erect,   tufted,   slender,  rigid;  sheaths  usually  crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  culm;  ligule   auriculate,  short;  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous,   those  of  the 
Culm  few,  2.5-7.5  cm-  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones   numerous;    panicle   3.75-7.5 


GRAMINEA&.  1 47 

cm.  long,  often  one  sided,  narrow,  its  branches  short,  usually  erect  or  appressed; 
spikelets  3 -5 -flowered;  empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  I -nerved,  the  second 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  3-4  mm.  long,  smooth,  acute,  usually  short-awned.  In 
fields  and  waste  places,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Colo,  and  Cal.  Variable. 
Probably  indigenous  r.orthward,  but  mostly  naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also 
of  Asia.  The  so-called  var.  vivipara,  a  state  of  this  grass  with  the  scales  wholly 
or  partly  transformed  into  small  leaves,  is  found  on  the  mountains  of  N.  E.  and  in 
arctic  America. 

Festuca  ovina  duriuscula  (L.)  Hack.  Culms  taller  and  stouter,  the  panicle 
usually  more  open  and  the  flowering  scales  about  6  mm.  long.  Newf.  to  the  Rocky 
Mts.,  south  to  Va.  and  Colo.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

5.  Festuca  brachyphf  lla  Schultes.     SHORT-LEAVED  FESCUE-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
5OOa.)     Smooth  and  glabrous.     Culms  densely  tufted,   2  dm.  tall  or  less,  slender, 
erect,  much  exceeding  the  short  basal  leaves;  sheaths  coarsely  striate;  leaves  very 
narrow,  involute,  at  least  when  dry,  those  on  the  culm  1.25  cm.  or  less  long,  erect 
or  ascending;  panicle  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  nearly  simple,  its  branches  appressed; 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the  empty  scales  acuminate,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  second 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  rough  toward  the  apex.  4-5  mm. 
long,  exclusive  of  the  scabrous  awn,  which  is  1-2.5  mm-  l°ng-     Newf.  to  Br.  Col., 
the  higher  mountains  of  Vt.  and  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Summer. 

6.  Festuca    capillata  Lam.      FILIFORM   FESCUE-GRASS.     (I.    F.   f.    scob.) 
Densely  tufted.     Culms  erect  from  a  decumbent   base,    1.5-4   dm.   tall,  slender, 
smooth  and  glaucous,   shining;  sheaths  confined  to  the  base  of  the  culm;  leaves 
filiform,  smooth  or  rough,  the  basal  ones  from  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the 
culm,  the  culm  leaves  2.5-3.75  cm.  long;  panicle  contracted,  1.25-5  cm.  long,   its 
branches  erect,  1.25  cm.  or  less  long;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  4~5-flowered;  outer 
scales  empty,  unequal,  the  first  acuminate,  the  second  acute;  flowering  scales  about 
2.5  mm.  long,  unawned,  acute.     Fields  and  roadsides,  Me.  andN.  Y.     Also  in  Miss. 
Introduced  from  Europe.     June-July. 

7.  Festuca  elatior  L.     TALL  OR  MEADOW  FESCUE-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  502.) 
Culms  6-15  dm.    tall,    erect,    simple  ;  leaves    1-4  dm.    long,   4-8  mm.  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  more  or  less  rough  al,ove;  panicle  1-3.5  dm.  ^n  length,  often  nod- 
ding at  the  top,  simple  to  very  compound,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  5-20 
cm.  long;  spikelets  5-o,-flowered,  9-12  mm.  long;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  1-3- 
nerved,  the  second  3-5 -nerved;  flowering  scales  acute  or  short-pointed,  smooth  and 
glabrous,  5-6  mm.  long,  indistinctly  5-ncrved.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S. 
to  Ont.,  south  to  N.  Car..  Tenn.  and  Kans.     Naturalized  from  Europe  and  culti- 
vated for  hay.     Variable.     July-Aug. 

8.  Festuca  Shortii  Kunth.    SHORT'S  FESCUE-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  503.)    Culms 
6-12  dm.  tall,  erect.     Leaves   1.25-2.5   dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,   flat,  smooth  be- 
neath, rough  above;  panicle  7.5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  open,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  rarely  erect,  spikelet-bearing  from  the  middle  or  below,  the  lower 
3- 75-8- 75  cm.  long;  spikelets  broadly  obovate  when  mature,  3-6-flowered,  5-6  mm. 
long;  empty  scales  acute,  unequal,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  1-3 -nerved,  the 
second  3-nerved  ;  flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  smooth,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
faintly  nerved.    In  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  (according  to  Porter)  and  111.  to  Kans., 
south  to  Miss,  and  Tex.     July-Aug. 

9.  Festuca  nutans  Willd.     NODDING  FESCUE-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  504.)   Culms 
6-9  dm.  tall,  slender,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  4-6 
mm.  wide,  rather  dark  green,  flat,  smooth  beneath,  rough   above  ;  panicle   1-2.25 
dm.   in  length,   its  branches  at  first  erect,   the  lower  6.25-12.5  cm.  long,  finally 
spreading  and  nodding,  spikelet-bearing  only  at  the  ends;  spikelets  lanceolate,  3-5- 
flowered,  5-6  mm.  long,  empty  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  i-nerved, 
shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second;  flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  smooth,  acute, 
very  faintly  nerved.     In  rocky  woods,  N.   S.   to  Ont.  and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.     Ascends  to  690  m.  in  Va.     June-Aug. 

10.  Festuca  gigantea  (L.)  Vill.     GREAT  FESCUE-GRASS.     (I.   F.   f.   505.) 
Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple.     Sheaths  usually  overlapping  ;  1.25-3  dm.  long 
or  more,  bright  green,  4-12  mm.  wide,  flat,  rough  ;  panicle  1.75-3  dm-  in  length, 
loose,  narrow,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  5-10  cm.  long  ;  spikelets 


148  FLORA. 

3-7-flowered  ;  empty  scales  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  first  i-3-nerved, 
shorter  than  the  3-5 -nerved  second  ;  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awn,  about  6 
mm.  long,  faintly  5 -nerved,  slightly  scabrous,  minutely  2 -toothed  at  the  apex,  tear- 
ing an  awn  1.2-1.6  cm.  long.  In  waste  places,  Me.  to  southern  N.  Y.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  July-Aug. 

1 1.  Festuca  scabrella  Torr.     ROUGH  FESCUE  GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  501.)    Culms 
3-6   dm.   tall,   erect,    usually   rough   below    the    panicle.       Sheaths   overlapping, 
smooth  ;  leaves  rough,   2  mm.  wide  or  less,    those  of  the  culm  2.5-7.5  cm.  long, 
erect,  the  basal  flat,  much  longer  and  readily  deciduous  from  the  sheaths,  involute 
in  drying  ;  panicle  7.5-10  cm.   in  length,    open,    its  branches   ascending  or  the 
lower  widely  spreading  ;  spikclets  3-5 -flowered,  about  8  mm.  long  ;  empty  scales 
scarious,  unequal,  smooth,  the  first  I -nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved  ;  flower- 
ing scales  about  6  mm.  long,  scabrous,  often  bearing  a  short  awn  2  mm.  long  or  less. 
Lab.  and  Quebec  to  Manitoba  and  Br.  Col.     Summer. 

12.  Festuca   Watsoni   Nash.      WATSON'S   FESCUE-GRASS.      Culms   tufted, 
erect,  rigid,  the  base  clothed  with  dry  leafless  sheaths.     Sheaths  smooth  and  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  erect,  stiff,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  2.5  dm.   long  or  less,  2—4 
mm.  wide,  those  on  the  culm  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  innovations  ;  panicle 
strict,  narrow,  10-12  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed  ;  spikelets  usually 
3-flowered,  7-8  mm.  long,  the  scales  acute,  the  flowering  scales  strongly  scabrous. 
Meadows,  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo.    June-July.    (Festuca  Kingii  (S.  Wats.)  Scribn. 
Not  F.  Kingiana  Endl.) 

94.  BRbMUS   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles,  the  pedicels 
thickened  at  the  summit.  Sheaths  sometimes  not  split.  Spikelets  few-many-flow- 
ered. Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  acute;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the 
back,  or  sometimes  compressed-keeled,  5-9-nerved,  the  apex  usually  2-toothed, 
generally  bearing  an  awn  just  below  the  summit;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale, 
2-keeled.  Stamens  usually  3.  Stigmas  sessile,  plumose,  inserted  below  a  hairy 
cushion-like  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Grain  adherent  to  the  palet 
[Greek  name  tor  a  kind  of  oats.]  About  40  species,  most  numerous  in  the  north 
temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  14  others  occur  in  the  western  parti 
of  N.  Am. 

Lower  empty  scale  i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved. 

Awn  shorter  than  the  flowering  scale  or  wanting;  perennials  6-12  dm.  tall. 
Flowering  scales  awnless,  or  merely  awn-pointed.  i.  B.  inermis. 

Flowei  ing  scales  awned. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  softly  pubescent,  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute. 
Leaves  4-12  mm.  wide ;  culms  stout;  branches  of  the  panicle  more  or 

less  spreading  or  drooping.  2.  B.  ciliatus. 

Leaves  less  than  4  mm.  wide;  culms  slender;  branches  of  the  panicle 

erect.  3.  B.  erectus. 

Sheaths  strongly  retrorse-hirsute.  4.  B.  asper. 

Awn  longer  than  the  flowering  scale ;  low  annuals  3-6  dm.  tall. 

Flowering  scales  appressed-hirsute,  8-12  mm.  long.  5.  B.  tectorum. 

Flowering  scales  sparsely  appressed-hispidulous. 

Spikelets  usually  single  on  the  long  naked  spreading  branches. 

6.  B.  sterilis. 
Spikelets  several  on  the  branches  which  are  divided  and  spikelet-bearing 

above  the  middle.  7.  B.  Madriiensis. 

Lower  empty  scale  3-nerved,  the  upper  5~9-nerved  (3-nerved  in  No.  8). 
a.  Flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 
i.  Flowering  scales  awned. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent. 

Pubescence  dense,  consisting  of  long  silky  hairs. 

Second  empty  scale  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  1-1.2  cm.  long. 

8.  B.  Porteri. 
Second  empty  scale  5-7-nerved  ;  flowering  scales  about  8  mm.  long, 

9.  B.  Kalmii. 
Pubescence  gf  short  soft  appressed  hairs,  not  dense. 

19,  B, 


GRAM1NEAE.  149 

Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  minutely  roughened. 
Awns  straight. 

Nerves  of  the  turgid  fruiti-ng  flowering  scales  obscure;  sheaths  gla- 
brous, ii.  B.  secalinus. 
Nerves  of    the   flowering    scale    prominent ;     sheaths   softly   and 
densely  pubescent  with  reflexed  hairs. 

Spikelets  broadly  lanceolate,  usually  i,  or  sometimes  2,  on  the 

longer  branches.  12.  B.  racemosus. 

Spikelets  lanceolate,  several  on  the  longer  branches. 

13.  B.  arvensis. 

Awns  strongly  bent  near  the  base,  divergent.          14.  B.  squarrosus. 
2.  Flowering  scales  awnless,   nearly  as  broad  as  long.  15.  B.  brizce/ormis. 

b.  Flowering  scales  compressed-keeled. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent;  awn  4-6  mm.  long.  16.  B.  breviaristatus. 

Flowering  scales  minutely  roughened  ;  awn  less  than  2  mm.  long,   or  none. 

17.  B.  unioloides. 

1.  Bromus  inermis  Leyss.     HUNGARIAN  BROME-GRASS.     Culms  tufted,  8-12 
dm.  tall;  sheaths   smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  panicle  1.5—2.5  dm.  long,  oblong,  the  axis  scabrous,  its  sca- 
brous branches  ascending,  in  clusters;  spikelets  2-2.5  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  wide, 
oblong,    erect,   the  first  scale   i -nerved,  the  second  scale  3-nerved,  the  flowering 
scales  10-12  mm.  long,  5~7-nerved,  awnless,  or  rarely  awn-pointed.     In  fields  and 
waste  places,  S.  Dak.  and  Ohio.     Introduced  from  Europe.     June-July. 

2.  Bromus  ciliatus   L.     FRINGED  BROME-GRASS.     WOOD  CHESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
506.)     Culms  6-12  dm.   tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent.     Sheaths  often  softly  pubes- 
cent, or  the  lower  sometimes   sparingly  hirsute  ;  leaves   1-3  dm.  long,  4-12  mm. 
wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  and  often  pubescent  above  ;  panicle  open,  1-2.5 
dm.   in  length,  its  branches  widely  spreading  or  often  drooping;  spikelets  5-10- 
flowered,  2.5  cm.   long  or  less;  first  scale  i-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  8-12  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  5-y-nerved,  appressed-pubescent 
on  the  margins  or  over  the  entire  surface;  awn  4-8  mm.  long.    In  woods  and  thick- 
ets, Newf.  to  Manitoba  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    Variable.    The  form 
known  as  var.  purgans  (B.  pubescens  Muhl.)  with  the  flowering  scales  pubescent  all 
over,  may  be  distinct.     July-Aug. 

3.  Bromus  erectus  Huds.     UPRIGHT  BROME-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  507.)     Culms 
6-9  dm.  tall.     Sheaths  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent;  leaves  sparingly  pubescent, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  1-2  dm.   long,  the  basal  about  3  dm.  long,  very 
narrow;  panicle  7.5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower 
2-5-7-5  cm-  iong;  spikelets  1.25-3.75  cm.  long,  sometimes  purplish,  5- lo-flowered; 
empty  scales  acuminate,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flowering 
scales  1-1.2  cm.  long,  acuminate,  very  rough-pubescent,  5 -nerved,  the  intermediate 
nerves  faint;  awn  4-6  mm.  long.     In  waste  places  about  N.  Y.     Adventive  from 
Europe.     July-Aug. 

4.  Bromus  asperMurr.  HAIRY  BROME-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  508.)  Culms  6-18  dm. 
tall,  rough.     Sheaths  strongly  retrorse-hirsute,  especially  the  lower;  leaves  2-3  dm. 
long  or  more,  6-12  mm.  wide,  rough  or  often  hirsute;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  usually  drooping;  spikelets  5-io-flowered,   2.5-3.75  cm.  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  i -nerved,  the  second  longer, 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  1.2  cm.  long,  acute,  hispid  near  the  margins  and 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  keel;  awn  6-8  mm.  long.     In  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Mich, 
and  Ky.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     July-Aug. 

5.  Bromus   tectorum   L.     DOWNY   BROME-GRASS.     (I.  F.   f.   509.)     Culms 
1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root.     Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  softly 
pubescent;  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  softly  pubescent;  panicle  5- 
15  cm.   in  length,  open,  the  branches  slender  and  drooping,  somewhat  one-sided; 
spikelets  numerous,  5-8-flowered,  on  capillary  recurved  slender  pedicels;    empty 
scales    acuminate,  usually  rough  or  hirsute,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  second  longer, 
3  nerved;  flowering  scales  8-12  mm.  long,  acuminate.  7-nerved,   usually  rough  or 
hirsute;  awn  i. 2-1. 6  cm.  long.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Mass,  and  R.  I.  to 
Ont.,  south  to  Md.  and  Ohio,     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Sometimes  a   trouble- 
some weed.     May-July. 


150  FLORA. 

6.  Bromus   sterilis  L.      BARREN  BROME-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.   510.)     Culms 
3-6  dm.  tall;  sheaths   smooth   or  rough,    the  lower  sometimes  pubescent;  leaves 
7.5-22.5  cm.   long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  usually  more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  1.25- 

2.5  dm.  in  length,  the  branches  ascending  or  often  widely  spreading,  not  one-sided, 
stiff;  spikelets  few,  5- lO-flowered,  spreading  or  pendulous  ;  empty  scales  acuminate, 
glabrous,    the   first    i-nerved,    the   second   longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  1.2- 

1.6  cm.  long,   acuminate,   y-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  awn  1.4-2.4  cm. 
long.     In  waste  places  and  ballast,   eastern  Mass,   to  Penn.  and  Ohio.     Locally 
Naturalized  or  adventive  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-July. 

7.  Bromus   Madritensis   L.      COMPACT  CHESS.     (I.    F.    f.  soga.)     Culms 
3-6  dm.  tall,  tufted;  sheaths  glabrous,  or  the  lower  ones  pubescent;  leaves  6.25- 
20  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  rough  above,  often  pubescent  on  both  surfaces ;  panicle 
dense,  7.5-15  cm.  long,  its  rough  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  longer  5-7.5  cm. 
long;   spikelets  numerous.  3.75-5  cm.  long,  including  the  awns  ,  scales  acuminate, 
scarious  on  the  margins,  the  first  scale  I -nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering 
scales,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  1.2-1.4  cm-  l°ng>  sparsely  and  minutely  appressed- 
pubescent,  5 -nerved,  the  apex  acuminately  2-toothed,  bearing  an  erect  or  divergent 
awn  i. 2-1. 8  cm.  long.     Waste  places,  Mich,  and  Va. ;  also  in  Cal.     Locally  adven- 
tive from  Europe.     Summer. 

8.  Bromus  Ported  (Coulter)  Nash.     PORTER'S  CHESS.     (I.  F.  f.  511.)     Culms 
4.5-9  dm.  tall,  pubescent  below  the  nodes.     Sheaths  glabrous  or  sometimes  softly 
pubescent  ;  leaves  2-6  mm.  wide,   rough,  those  of  the  culm  1-2.25  dm.  l°ng'  tne 
basal  narrow  and  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm;  panicle  7.5-15  cm.  in 
length,  its  branches  drooping  and  flexuous,  at  least  when  old,  the  nodes  of  the  axis 
pubescent ;  spikelets  5-10- flowered,  1.8-3  cm.  long,  on  slender  flexuous  pedicels  ; 
empty  scales  pubescent,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  1-1.2  cm.   long,  obtuse,   5-7- 
nerved,  densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs;  awn  2-4   mm.    long.     In   dry 
soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Mont.,  south  to  western  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.     July-Aug. 

9.  Bromus  Kalmii  A.  Gray.     KALM'S  CHESS.     (I.  F.  f.  512.)     Culms  4.5-9 
dm.  tall.     Sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  6-17.5  cm-  long>  2~8  mm.  wide, 
sparingly  pubescent ;  panicle  5-15  cm.  in  length,  open,  its  branches  usually  flexu- 
ous; spikelets  6-iO-flowered,  1.2-2.4  cm.  long,  on  slender  flexuous  pedicels;  empty 
scales  pubescent,  the  first  acute,  3-nerved,  the  second  obtuse  or  mucronate,  5-7- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  about  8  mm.  long,  7~9-nerved,  densely  silky  pubescent, 
the  awn  2-3  mm.  in  length.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Mass.,  Penn.,  111.  and  Iowa.     July-Aug. 

10.  Bromus  hordeaceus  L.     SOFT  CHESS.     (I.  F.  f.  513.)     Culms  2-9  dm. 
tall,  usually  pubescent  below  the  panicle.     Sheaths  mostly  pubescent;  leaves  2.5- 
17.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  generally  contracted,  its  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ngj  spikelets  appressed-pubescent,  on  short  pedi- 
cels; empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  longer,  5~7-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  broad,  obtuse,  7-9  mm.  long,  7-9-nerved,  bearing  an  awn  6  8  mm.  in 
length  between  the  obtuse  or  acute  teeth.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Conn,  and 
N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  Neb.     Locally  adventive  from  Europe.     July-Aug. 

11.  Bromus  secalinus  L.     CHEAT.     CHESS.     (I.  F.  f.  514.)     Culms  3-9  dm. 
tall;  sheaths  generally  glabrous;  leaves  5-22.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  smooth  or 
rough,  sometimes  hairy;  panicle  5-^0  cm.  in  length,  open,  its  branches  ascending 
or   drooping;    spikelets   turgid,    glabrous,   erect   or   somewhat   pendulous,    6-io- 
flowered;  empty   scales  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  the  first  3-nerved,  acute,  the 
second    longer  and   broader,    7-nerved,   obtuse;    flowering  scales  6-8  mm.  long, 
broad,  turgid,  obtuse,  rough  toward  the  apex,  the  nerves  obscure,  awnless  or  bear- 
ing a  straight  awn  8  mm.  long  or  less  between  the  obtuse  short  teeth.     In  fields 
and  waste  places  almost  throughout  temperate  N.  Am.,  often  a  pernicious  weed  in 
grain  fields.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Aug. 

12.  Bromus  racemosus  L.    UPRIGHT  CHESS.  SMOOTH  BROME-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f, 
515.)     Culms  3-9  dm.   tall,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  below  the  panicle. 
Sheaths  pubescent;  leaves  2.5-22.5  cm.   long,   1-8  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  panicle 
2.5-25  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erector  ascending,  the  lower  sometimes  6  cm. 
long;  spikelets  erect,  5-11 -flowered;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  sec- 
ond longer  and  broader,  5-9-nerved;  flowering  scales  broad,  7-9  mm.  long,  obtuse, 
smooth  and  shining,  the  nerves  prominent;  awn  straight,  6-8  mm.  in  length.     In 


GRAMINEAE.  l*>\ 

fields  and  waste  places  all  over  the  eastern  U.  S.  and  Br.  Am. ;  also  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Aug. 

13.  Bromus  arvensis  L.     FIELD  CHESS  OR  BROME.     (I.  F.  f.  5i5a.)    Culms 
erect,  3-9  dm.  tall,  glabrous  except  at  or  near  the  brown  nodes.     Sheaths  softly  and 
densely  pubescent  with  short  refiexed  hairs ;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  more  or  less 
hirsute  on  both  surfaces,  7.5-15  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide;  panicle  ample,  1.25-2.25 
dm.  long,  its  rough  branches  erect  or  ascending,  rarely  spreading,  the  longer  7.5- 
15  cm.  long;  spikelets,  including  the  awns,  1.8-2.4  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  the  scales 
minutely  and  sparsely  appressed-pubescent  toward  the  acute  apex,  papillose  along 
the  nerves,  the  first  scale  3 -nerved,  the  second  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  broadest  at 
the  middle,  5-nerved,  7-8  mm.  long,  bearing  an  erect  awn  of  about  the  same  length. 
Fields  and  waste  places,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Mich.     Locally  adventive  from  Europe. 
Summer. 

14.  Bromus  squarrosus  L.     CORN  BROME.     (I.  F.  f.  516.)     Culms  2-4.5 
dm.  tall.     Sheaths  softly  pubescent;  leaves    2.5-12.5   cm.   long,  2-4   mm.    wide, 
softly  pubescent;  panicle  5-15  cm.   in    length,  open,   the  branches  ascending  or 
drooping,  often  flexuous;  spikelets  nodding,  6-12 -flowered,  on    slender   pedicels  ; 
empty  scales  obtuse  or  acutish,  the  first  5-nerved,  the  second  longer,   7-9-nerved  ; 
flowering  scales  9-11  mm.  long,  obtuse,  shining,  minutely  scabrous;  awn  inserted 
below  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the  scale,  bent  at  the  base  and  divergent.     In  bal- 
last and  waste  places   about   the   eastern   seaports.     Fugitive   or  adventive  from 
Europe.     July -Aug. 

15.  Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  &  Mey.     QUAKE-GRASS  BROME.     (I.  F.  f. 
517.)     Culms  2-6  dm.  tall;  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower,  pubescent  with  soft  villous 
hairs;  leaves  2.5-17.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  3. 75-20  cm.  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  often  drooping,  flexuous;  spikelets  few, 
1.25—2.5  cm.   long,  laterally  much  compressed;  empty  scales  very  obtuse,  often 
purplish,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  the  first  3-5 -nerved,  the  second  larger, 
5-9-nerved;  flowering  scales  6-8  mm.  long,  very  broad,  obtuse,  9-nerved,  shining, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  minutely  pubescent,   awnless.     Introduced  into  Penn.  and 
Del. ;  also  from  Mont,  to  Cal.     Native  of  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

16.  Bromus  breviaristatus  (Hook.)  Buckl.     SHORT-AWNED  CHESS.    (I.  F.  f. 
518.)     Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  sometimes  pubescent  below  the  panicle.     Sheaths  pu- 
bescent, at  least  the  lower  ones;  leaves  1.5-3  °-m-   l°n&  or  wore?  4—12  mm.  wide, 
rough  and  often  pubescent;  panicle  1-4  dm.  in  length,  its  branches  erector  ascend- 
ing, the  lower  5-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  5-io-flowered;  empty  scales  acute,  pubes- 
cent, the  first  3~5-nerved,  the  second  longer,  5-9-nerved;  flowering  scales   com- 
pressed, keeled,    1.2-1.4  cm-  l°ng^  acute,   7-9-nerved,  appressed-pubescent;  awn 
4-6  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Neb.,  Ariz,  and  Cal. 
July-Aug. 

17.  Bromus     unioloides     (Willd.)     H.B.K.     SCHRADER'S     BROME-GRASS. 
SOUTHERN  CHESS.     (I.  F.  f.  519.)    Culms  1.5-9  dm.  tall;  sheaths  glabrous  or  fre- 
quently pubescent;  leaves  7  5-32  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  usually  rough,  at  least 
above;  panicle  5-25  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  or  the  lower 
branches  of  the  larger  panicles  widely  spreading;    spikelets    much    compressed, 
6-io-flowered;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-5 -nerved,  the  second  longer,   5-9- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  1. 2-1. 6  cm.  long,  very  acute,   minutely  scabrous,  bearing 
an  awn  less  than  2  mm.  long  or  awnless. 

Mex.     Widely  distributed  in  S.  Am.     May-July. 

95.  NARDUS  L. 

A  low  perennial  tufted  grass,  with  setaceous  rigid  leaves  and  a  terminal  one- 
sided slender  spike.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow,  sessile  and  single  in  each  notch 
of  the  rachis.  Scales  2,  the  lower  empty,  adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  almost  wanting, 
the  upper  flower-bearing,  narrow,  with  involute  and  hyaline  margins;  palet  narrow, 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Style  elongated,  undivided.  Stigma  elongated,  short- 
papillose.  Grain  linear,  glabrous,  enclosed  in  the  scale,  usually  free.  [Name 
Greek,  of  uncertain  application.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Nardus  stricta  L.  WIREBENT.  MAT-GRASS.  NARD.  (I.  F.  f.  520.) 
Culms  1-4  dm.  tall,  rigid,  roughish.  Sheaths  usually  at  the  base  of  the  culm; 


152  FLORA. 

leaves  setaceous,  stiff,  rough,  the  i  or  2  culm  leaves  about  2.5  cm.  long,  erect,  the 
basal  ones  numerous,  5-12.5  cm.  long;  spike  2.5-7.5  cm.  in  length,  strict;  spike- 
lets  l-flowered,  6-8  mm.  long,  arranged  alternately  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the 
erect  slender  rachis,  often  purplish ;  lower  scale  empty,  very  short,  adnate  to  the 
rachis,  sometimes  almost  wanting;  flowering  scale  6-8  mm.  long,  scabrous,  long- 
acuminate  or  short-awned.  Introduced  into  Newf.  and  at  Amherst,  Mass.  Ad- 
ventive  from  Europe.  July-Aug. 

96.  LOLIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets 
several-flowered,  solitary,  sessile  and  alternate  in  the  notches  of  the  usually  con- 
tinuous rachis,  compressed,  the  edge  of  the  spikelet  (backs  of  the  scales)  turned  to- 
ward th^ rachis.  Scales  rigid;  lower  scale  empty  in  the  lateral  spikelets,  and  the 
2  lower  empty  in  the  terminal;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5~7-nerved; 
palets  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  very  short.  Stigmas  2,  plumose. 
Grain  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Latin  name  for  Darnel.]  About  6  species,  natives 
of  the  Old  World. 

Empty  scale  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

Flowering  scales  awnless.  i.  L.  perenne. 

Flowering  scales  awned.  2.  Z.  Italicum. 

Empty  scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales.  3.  L.  temulentum. 

1.  Lolium  perfenne  L.     RAY-GRASS.     RYE-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  521.)     Smooth 
and  glabrous.     Culms  1.5-7.5   dm.  tall;  leaves  5-12.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
spike  7.5-20  cm.  in  length;  spikelets  5-  lo-flowered,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  empty  scale 
shorter  than  the  spikelet,  strongly  nerved;    flowering  scales  4-6  mm.   long,  ob- 
scurely nerved,  acuminate,  awnless.     In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  al- 
most throughout  the  northern  U.    S.   and  southern   Br.  Am.     Naturalized   from 
Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     Erroneously  called  Darnel,  this  name  belonging 
to  L.  temulentum.     July— Aug. 

2.  Lolium  Italicum  A.  Br.     AWNED  RAY-GRASS.     Culms  tufted,  6-10  dm. 
tall.     Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide;  spikes 
2-3  dm.  long;  spikelets  20-30,    1.5-2  cm.   long,  the  flowering  scales  bearing  an 
awn  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  themselves.     In   fields    and  waste   places, 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Iowa.     June-Aug. 

3.  Lolium  temulentum  L.    DARNEL.  IVRAY.  (I.  F.  f.  522.)   Glabrous.    Culms 
6-12  dm.  tall;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  *n  length,  2-6  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above;    spike    1-3   dm.    in    length;    spikelets  4-8-flowered,    1-1.8  cm.    long,    the 
strongly  nerved  empty  scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  obscurely  nerved 
flowering  scales,  which  are  awned  or  awnless.     In  waste  places  and  cultivated 
grounds,  locally  naturalized  or  adventive  from  Europe,  N.  B.  to  Mich.,  Ga.  and 
Kans.     Abundant  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Locally  a  troublesome  weed.     June-Aug. 

97.  LEPTURUS  R.  Br. 

Usually  low  annual  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves  and  strict  or  curved  elongated 
slender  spikes.  Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  sessile  and  single  in  alternate  notches  of 
the  jointed  rachis.  Empty  scales  2,  rarely  I,  narrow,  rigid,  acute,  5-nerveti; 
flowering  scales  much  shorter,  hyaline,  keeled,  one  side  turned  to  the  rachis. 
Palets  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3,  or  fewer.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
2,  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  glabrous,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  refer- 
ring to  the  narrow  spikes.].  Species  5  or  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Lepturus  filiformis  (Roth)  Trin.  SLENDER  HARDGRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  523.) 
Culms  7.5-30  cm.  long,  decumbent,  much  branched.  Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 
the  internodes  ;  leaves  1.25-5  cm-  l°ng>  2  mm-  wide  or  less,  usually  involute, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spikes  2. 5- 15  cm.  in  length,  slender,  strict  or  curved; 
spikelets  4-5  mm.  long;  empty  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  about  3.5  mm.  long, 
I -nerved.  In  waste  places,  southern  Penn.  to  Va.,  near  or  along  the  coast.  Ad- 
ventive from  Europe.  Summer. 


GRAMJNEAE.  153 

98.  AGROP^RON  J.  Gaertn. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  terminal  spikes. 
Spikelets  3-many- flowered,  sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of  the  usually 
continuous  rachis,  the  side  of  the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Two  lower 
scales  empty;  flowering  scales  rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  fj-y-nerved,  usually 
acute  or  awned  at  the  apex;  palets  2-keeled,  the  keels  often  ciliate.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  pubescent  at  the  apex, 
usually  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of  these  grasses  in 
wheat- fields.]  About  40  species,  in  all  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, some  twelve  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Culms  tufted,  no  creeping  rootstocks  or  stolons. 

Basal  culm-leaves  longer  than  the  upper ;  empty  scales  awnless. 
Flowering  scales  long-awned. 

Culms  stout,  erect ;  spikes  erect,  often  one-sided.  i.  A.  Richardsonii. 

Culms  geniculate,  ascending;  spikes  nodding.  2.  A.  caninum. 

Flowering  scales  with  a  short  awn  or  awnless. 

Spikes  slender,  5-12  cm.  long;  empty  and  flowering  scales  broadest  below 

the  middle.  3.  A.  tenerum. 

Spikes  2.5-7  cm-  l°ng>  empty  and  flowering  scales  broadest  above  the  mid- 
dle. 4.  A.  violaceum. 
Basal  culm-leaves  shorter  than  the  upper;  empty  scales  short-awned 

5.  A.  Gmelini* 
Culms  from  creeping  rootstocks. 

Rachis  articulated,  finally  breaking  up;  spikes  4-angled.  6.  A.  tetrastachys. 

Rachis  continuous;  spikes  more  or  less  flattened. 

Spikelets  compressed,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  ascending.  7.  A.  spicatum. 

Spikelets  nearly  round  or  but  little  compressed,  linear,  erect. 

Flowering  scales  densely  pubescent.  8.  A.  dasystachyum. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  merely  hispidulous. 

Leaves  very  rough  throughout.  g,  A.  pseudorepens. 

Leaves  smooth  beneath,  more  or  less  hirsute  above. 

10.  A.  repens. 

1.  Agropyron  Richardsonii  Schrad.     Culms  6-10  dm.  tall;  sheaths  smooth 
and  glabrous;  leaves  erect,  8-20  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  very  rough;  spike  stout, 
strict,  often  one-sided,  9-15  cm.    long,  8-10  mm.   thick;  spikelets   crowded,  3-5- 
flowered,  the  empty  scales  firm,  rough  on  the  nerves,  short-awned,  the  flowering 
scales  glabrous,   with  an  awn  usually  2-3    times  as    long  as  themselves.     From 
Minn,  to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  to  Neb.  and  Colo.     July-Aug. 

2.  Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  R.   &  S.     AWNED  WHEAT-GRASS.     FIBROUS- 
ROOTED  WHEAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  528.)     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall;  sheaths  glabrous  or 
the  lower  sometimes  pubescent;  leaves  7.5-22.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  spike  7.5-20  cm.  in  length,  nodding  at  the  top;  spikelets 
3-6-flowered;  empty  scales  9-12  mm.   long,  3~5-nerved,  acuminate,  awn-pointed 
or  bearing  an  awn  2-6  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  8-io  mm.  long,  usually  sca- 
brous toward  the  apex,  acuminate  into  an  awn  sometimes  twice  their  own  length.. 
N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Native  northward;  southward  locally  naturalized  from  Europe.     July— Aug. 

3.  Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey.     SLENDER  WHEAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  527.) 
Glabrous;  culms  6-9  dm.  tall.    Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  7.5-25  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide,  flat  or  involute,  rough;  spike  7.5-17.5   cm.   in  length,  usually  narrow  and 
slender;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  empty  scales  8-12  mm.  long,  acuminate  or  short- 
awned,  3~5-nerved,  scarious  on  the  margins;  flowering   scales    10—12  mm.   long, 
5 -nerved,  awn-pointed  or  short-awned,  scarious  on  the  margins,  often  rough  toward 
the  apex.     In  dry  soil,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  H.,  Vt.,  Kans.,  Colo,  and  Cal. 
July-Aug. 

4.  Agropyron   violaceum   (Hornem.)      Vasey.      PURPLISH    WHEAT-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  526.)     Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  flat  or 
involute,  rougher  sometimes  smooth  beneath;  spike  2.5-10  cm.  in  length,  occa- 
sionally   longer,    4-6  mm.    broad;    spikelets    3  6- flowered;    empty    scales   broad, 
usually  purplish,  scarious  on  the  margins,  5-7-nerved,  8-12  mm.  long,   acute  or 
acuminate,    sometimes   awn-pointed,    rarely    long-awned;    flowering    scales   often 
purplish,  5-7-nerved>  scarious  on  the  margins,  8-12  mm.  long,  acuminate  or  short- 


154  FLORA. 

awned,  the  awn  rarely  as  long  as  the  body.  Lab.  tc  Br.  Col.  and  Alaska,  south 
to  the  mountains  of  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Neb.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Colo.  Ascends  to  1650  m.  in  the  White  Mts.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 

5.  Agropyron  Gmelini  Scribn.  &Sm.  GMELIN'S WHEAT-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  528a.) 
Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  tufted;  leaves  erect,  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng>  2~6  mm.  wide,  acumi- 
nate, smooth  beneath,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  sometimes  also  sparsely  so 
above;    spike   slender,    long-exserted,   5-20   cm.    long;    spikelets  6-20,   somewhat 
crowded,  appressed  to  the  rachis,  more  or  less  compressed,  5~9-flowered  ;  empty 
scales  1-1.4  cm-  l°ng>  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  acuminate  into  a   shorter  awn; 
flowering  scales  8-12  mm.  long,  acuminate,  bearing  at  or  just  below  the  apex  a 
slender  scabrous  awn  1.4-3  cm<  l°ng-     Bottom  lands,  Wash,  to  western  Neb. 

6.  Agropyron  tetrastachys  Scribn.  &  Sm.     COAST  WHEAT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
524C.)     Glaucous.     Culms  rigid,  4.5-9  dm. -tall,  from  a  running  rootstock;  leaves 
erect,  acuminate,  1.25-20  cm.  long,  4  mm.  or  less  wide,  smooth  beneath,  glaucous 
above,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  spikes  long-exserted,  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  4-sided; 
spikelets  crowded,  1.2-2  cm.  long,  6-u -flowered,  appressed  to  the  4  angled  articu- 
lated rachis,  the  angles   hispidulous;  empty  scales  lanceolate,    i   cm.  long,   5-7- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  lanceolate,  keeled,  rough  toward  the  apex,  acute,   awn- 
pointed  or  short-awned.     Sandy  beaches,  coast  of  Me.     July- Aug. 

7.  Agropyron  spicatum  (Pursh)  Scribn.  &  Sm.     WESTERN  WHEAT-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.   5240.)     Pale  green,   glaucous.     Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,   from  a  slender 
creeping  rootstock;  leaves  erect,  5-20  cm.   long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  acuminate,  very 
scabrous  above,   smooth  beneath,  becoming  involute  when  dry;  spike  strict,  1-2 
dm.   long;  spikelets  crowded,   divergent  from  the  rachis,    compressed,  lanceolate 
when  closed,    1.25-2.5   cm.   long,   6-i2-flowered;  empty    scales  acuminate,    awn- 
pointed,  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  hispidulous  on  the  keel;  flowering  scales  1-1.2 
cm.  long,  acute  or  awn-pointed,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent.     Prairies  and  high 
plains,  Manitoba  and  Minn,  to  Ore.,  south  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

8.  Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Vasey.     NORTHERN  WHEAT-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  525.)    Glaucous.     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  from  long  running  rootstocks;  leaves 
5-22.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  involute  in  drying,   smooth  be- 
neath, rough  above;  spike  6.25-17.5  cm.  in  length;  spikelets  4-8-flowered ;  empty 
scales  3-5 -nerved,  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  6-9  mm.  long;  flowering 
scales  broadly  lanceolate,  5 -nerved,  9-12  mm.  long,  acute,  or  short-awned,  densely 
villous.     Sand-hills  and  dunes,  Hudson  Bay  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Wyo.,  and  on 
the  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.     Summer. 

9.  Agropyron  pseudorepens  Scribn.  &  Sm.     FALSE  COUCH-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
524a.)     Light  green.     Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  from  a  running  rootstock;  leaves  erect, 
prominently  nerved,  rough  on  both  surfaces,  acuminate,  the  culm  leaves  7.5—20 
cm.   long,   4-6  mm.    wide,  the  basal  leaves  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  culms; 
spikes  7.5-20  cm.  long,  strict;  spikelets  1-1.6  cm.  long,  3 -7 -flowered,  a  little  com- 
pressed, appressed  to  the  rachis;  empty  scales  lanceolate,  equalling  or  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  spikelet,  acuminate  and  often  awn-pointed,  5-7-nerved,  the  nerves 
hispidulous;  flowering  scales  5 -nerved,   roughish   toward  the  apex,    usually  awn- 
pointed.     Rich  river-bottoms,  Mont,   to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Neb.,   Ariz,  and  Tex. 
July-Aug. 

10.  Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  COUCH-GRASS.   QUITCH-GRASS.   (I.  F.  f. 
524.)     Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  from  a  long  jointed  running  rootstock.     Leaves  7.5- 
30  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath,  hirsute  above;  spike  5-20  cm.  in 
length,  strict;    spikelets  3~7-flowered;  empty  scales  strongly  5-7-nerved,  usually 
acute  or  awn-pointed,  sometimes  obtuse;  flowering  scales  smooth    and  glabrous, 
acute  or  short-awned  at  the  apex.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  almost  throughout 
N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.     Naturalized  from  Europe,  and  often  a  trouble- 
some weed.     Very  variable.     Native  also  of  Asia.     July-Sept. 

99.  HORDEUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  cylindric  spikes. 
Spiklets  I -flowered,  usually  in  3's  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  generally 
short-stalked  and  imperfect;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower,  the  lower  empty 
scales  often  reduced  to  awns  and  forming  an  apparent  involucre  around  the  spike- 


GRAMINEAE.  1 55 

lets.  Empty  scales  rigid;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5 -nerved  at  the 
apex,  awned;  palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale,  2 -keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
very  short,  distinct.  Grain  usually  adherent  to  the  scale,  hairy  at  the  summit. 
[Latin  name  for  barley.]  About  20  species,  widely  distributed  in  both  hemi- 
spheres. 

Flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awn,  6-8  mm.  long. 
Awn  of  the  flowering  scale  1.25  cm.  long  or  less. 

All  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  bristle-like.  i.  H.  nodosum. 

Four  of  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  dilated  above  the  base. 

2.  H.  pusillum. 

Awn  of  the  flowering  scale  2.5  cm.  long  or  more.  3.  H.  jubatum. 

Flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awn,  about  1.2  cm.  long.  4.  H.  murttium. 

1.  Hordeum  nodosum  L.     MEADOW  BARLEY.     (I.  F.  f.  529.)    Culms  1.5-6 
dm.  tall,  erect,   or  sometimes    decumbent;    leaves  3.75-12.5  cm.   long,  2-6  mm. 
wide,  flat,  rough;  spike  2.5-8.5  cm.  in  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3*3,  the  central 
one  containing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral  enclosing  a  staminate  or  rudi- 
mentary flower,  or  a  palet  only;  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  awn-like;  flowering 
scale  oi  the  central  spikelet  6-8  mm.  long  exclusive  of  the  awn,  which  is  6-12  mm. 
long,  the  corresponding  scale  in  the  lateral  spikelets  much  smaller  and  short-stalked. 
In  meadows  and  waste  places,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  Br.  Col.  and  Alaska,  south  to  Tex. 
a.nd  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-July. 

2.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.     LITTLE  BARLEY.     (I.  F.  f.  530.)    Culms  1-4 
dm.  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base;  leaves  1.25-7.5  cm-  l°ng>  J~4  mm-  wide, 
erect,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spike  2.5-7.5  cm.  in  length;  spikelets  usually 
in  3*3,  the  central  one  containing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral  imperfect; 
scales  awned,  the  empty  ones  scabrous,  those  of  the  central  spikelet  and  the  lower 
ones  of  the  lateral  spikelets  dilated  above  the  base;  flowering  scales  smooth,  that  of 
the  central  spikelet  6-8  mm.   long,    short-awned,  the  corresponding  scale  in  the 
lateral  spikelets   smaller  and  very  short  stalked.     In  dry  soil,   Ont.  to  Br.   Col., 
south  to  Neb.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Cal.;  also  sparingly  introduced  along  the  coast  from 
Va.  to  Fla.    June-July. 

3.  Hordeum  jubatum  L.     SQUIRREL-TAIL  GRASS.     (I.   F.  f.    531.)     Culms 
2.5-7.5  dm.  tall;  leaves  2.5-12.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  erect,  rough;  spike  5-10 
cm.  in  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3*3,  the  central  one  containing  a  palet  and  per- 
fect flower,  the  lateral  imperfect;  empty  scales  consisting  of  slender  rough  awns 
2.5-6.25  cm.  long;  flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikelet  6-8  mm.   long,   scabrous 
at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender  rough  awn  2.5-6.25  cm.  long;  the  corresponding 
scale  in  the  lateral  spikelets  short-awned,  about  6  mm.  long  including  its  pedicel, 
sometimes  reduced  to  a  rudiment.     In  dry  soil,  Ont.    to  Alaska,  south  to  Kans., 
Colo,  and  Cal.     Naturalized  in  the  east  from  Lab.  and  Quebec  to  N.  J.  and  Penn. 
July-Aug. 

4.  Hordeum  murinum  L.     WALL  BARLEY.     (I.  F.  f.    532.)     Cuims   1.5-6 
dm.  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base;  leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
rough;  spikes  5-10  cm.    in   length;  spikelets  usually    in   3's;  scales    awned,    the 
empty  ones  awn-like,  scabrous,  those  of  the  central  spikelet  broader  and  ciliate  on 
the  margins,  bearing  awns  1.8-2.4  cm-  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  similar, 
with  the  exception  of  the  second  scale,  which  is  not  ciliate;  flowering  scales  sca- 
brous at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn  about  2.5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets 
about    1.2   cm.    long,   the  corresponding  scale  in  the   central  spikelet    somewhat 
smaller.     On  ballast  and  sparingly  in  waste  places,  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to 
D.  C.     Also  from  Ariz,  to  Cal.     Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe.     June- 
July. 

too.  SITANION   Raf. 

Tufted  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  a  terminal  dense  spike  with  the 
rachis  articulated  and  readily  breaking  up.  Spikelets  numerous,  in  2's  or  3*3  at 
each  joint,  1-5 -flowered;  empty  scales  entire  or  divided,  the  divisions  extending 
often  to  the  base,  the  scales  or  their  divisions  bearing  long  slender  awns;  palet  2- 
keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  adherent 
to  the  palet.  [Greek,  the  meaning  obscure.]  Usually  considered  a  monotypic 
genus,  but  probably  divisible  into  a  number  of  species. 


156  FLORA. 

i.  Sitanion  elymoides  Raf.  (I.  F.  f.  540.)  Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall;  sheaths 
sometimes  hirsute;  leaves  5-17.5  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  often  stiff  and  erect, 
usually  rough,  sometimes  hirsute,  flat  or  involute;  spike  5-15  cm.  in  length;  spike- 
lets  i-5-flowered;  empty  scales  entire  or  divided,  often  to  the  base,  the  divisions 
awl-shaped  and  bearing  long  unequal  slender  awns  2.5-8.5  cm.  in  length;  flower- 
ing scales  6-10  mm.  long,  5 -nerved,  scabrous,  at  least  toward  the  apex,  bearing  a 
long  slender  divergent  awn  2.5-8.5  cm.  in  length,  the  apex  of  the  scale  sometimes 
2-toothed,  the  teeth  often  produced  into  short  awns.  In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Ore., 
south  to  Kans.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Cal.  July-Aug.  \Elymus  Sitanion  Schultes.] 

101.  ELYMUS   L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Tall  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  dense  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  2- 
several-flowered  (rarely  i-flowered)  sessile,  usually  in  pairs,  occasionally  in  3'$  or 
more,  in  alternate  notches  of  the  continuous  or  jointed  rachis,  the  empty  scales 
forming  an  apparent  involucre  to  the  cluster.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow, 
acute,  sometimes  awned,  entire  ;  flowering  scales  shorter,  rounded  on  the 
back,  5 -nerved,  usually  bearing  an  awn.  Palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  2- 
keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
sparsely  hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  to  roll  up,  referring 
to  the  involute  palet.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions.  Besides 
the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Flowering  scales  conspicuously  awned  (rarely  awnless  in  No.  2). 
Spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis  of  the  broad  spike. 

Empty  scales  narrowly  awl-shaped  ;  spike  slender.  i.  E.  striatus. 

Empty  scales  linear-lanceolate  to  linear ;  spike  stout. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous.  2.  E.  Virginicus. 

Flowering  scales  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent,  usually  densely  so. 

Empty  scales  linear,  thick,  firm,  bearing  generally  a  much  shorter  awn. 

3.  E.  hirsutiglumis. 
Empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  rather  thin,  bearing  commonly  an 

awn  equalling  or  exceeding  themselves. 
Spike  rather  loosely  flowered,  nodding  at  the  summit,  usually  long- 

exserted.  4.   E.  Caiiadensis. 

Spike  densely  flowered,   compact,   strict,  usually  included  at   the 

base.  5.  E.  robustus, 

Spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis  of  the  narrow  spike. 

Empty  scaks  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed. 

6.  E.  glaucus. 
Empty  scales  awl-shaped,  bearing  an  awn  equalling  or  exceeding  themselves. 

7.  E.  Macounii. 
Flowering  scales  awnless  or  awn-pointed. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous.  8.  E.  condensatus. 

Flowering  scales  villous.  9.  E.  arenarius. 

1.  Elymus  striatus  Willd.     SLENDER  WILD  RYE.     (I.  F.  f.   533.)    Culms 
3-9  dm.  tall;  sheaths  glabrous  or  hirsute;  leaves  1.25-2.25    dm.   long,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  smooth  or  slightly  rough  beneath,  pubescent  above ;  spike  6-12  cm.  in  length, 
often  nodding,   broad,    slender,   dense;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,    1-3- 
flowered;  empty  scales  awl-shaped,  1.8-2.4  cm.  long,  including  the  slender  rough 
awn,  l-3-nerved,  the  nerves,  and  often  the  whole  scale,  rough,   hispid  or  hirsute  ; 
flowering  scales  about  6  mm.  long,   smooth,  scabrous  or  hispid,  bearing  a  slender 
rough  awn  1.6-3  cm-  m  length.     In  woods  and  on  banks,  Me.  and  Out.  to  Term., 
Neb.  and  Kans.     June-July. 

2.  Elymus  Virginicus  L.     TERRELL-GRASS.    VIRGINIA  WILD  RYE.   (L  F.  f. 
534.)     Culms  6-9  dm.  tall;   sheaths  sometimes  pubescent,  the  uppermost  often  in- 
flated and  enclosing  the  peduncle  and  the  base  of  the  spike  ;  leaves  1.25-3.5  dm. 
long,  4-16  mm.  wide,  rough;  spike  5-17.5  cm.  in  length,  broad,   stout,  upright  ; 
spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  2-3 -flowered  ;  empty  scales  thick  and  rigid, 
lanceolate,  1.6-2.4  cm.  long,  including  the  short  awn,  5-7-nerved;  flowering  scales 
6-8  mm.  long,  glabrous,  bearing  a  rough  awn  4-18  mm.  in  length,  or  rarely  awn- 
less.    In  moist  soil,  especially  rlong  streams,  N.  S.  and  N.  B.   to  Manitoba,  south 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Ascends  tc  600  m.  in  N.  Car.     July-Aug. 


GRAMINEAE.  157 

3.  Elymus  hirsutiglumis  Scribn.  &  Sm.     STRICT  WILD-RYE.     (I.  F.  f.  535a.) 
Culms  erect  from  a  perennial  root,  3-9  dm.  tall;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes, 
the  uppermost  often  inflated  and  enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike;  leaves  2-3  dm. 
long,  8-18  mm.   wide,  acuminate,  very  rough  on  both  surfaces  ;  spikes  6-15  cm. 
long,  stout,  the  rachis  pubescent;  spikelets  crowded,  in  pairs,  2-5 -flowered ;  empty 
scales  linear,  1-1.2  cm.  long,  thick,  3~5-nerved,  the  nerves  hirsute,  acuminate  into 
a  scabrous  awn   as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  scale;  flowering  scales  lanceolate, 
5-nerved,  appressed-hirsute,  8-10  mm.  long,  acuminate  into  a  rough  awn  1.2-1.6 
cm.  long.     River  banks,  Me.  to  Va.,  west  to  111.  and  Neb.     July- Aug. 

4.  Elymus   Canadensis  L.      NODDING  WILD-RYE.      (I.  F.  f.  535.)     Culms 
6-15  dm.  tall;  leaves  1-3  dm.   long  or  more,  4-20  mm.  wide,  rough,  sometimes 
glaucous;  spike  1-3  dm.  in  length,  rather  slender,  nodding,  its  peduncle  much  ex- 
serted;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  3-5 -flowered ;  empty  scales  awl-shaped, 
rigid,  3-5 -nerved,  1.6-3.2  cm.  long,  including  the  long  slender  rough  awns;  flow- 
ering scales  8-14  mm.  long,  nearly  smooth  to  hirsute,  bearing  a  slender  scabrous 
straight  or  divergent  awn  2-5  cm.  in  length.     On  river  banks,  N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to 
Alberta,  south  to  Ga.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mcx.     Ascends  to  630  m.  in  Va.     July-Aug. 

c.  Elymus  robustus  Scribn.  &  S:n.  STOUT  WILD-RYE.  (I.  F.  f.  535b.) 
Culms  erect,  stout,  9-12  dm.  tall;  sheaths  smooth  or  slightly  roughened;  leaves 
firm,  very  rough  on  both  surfaces,  1-4  dm.  long,  8-2Omm.  wide,  acuminate;  spike 
usually  partially  included  at  the  b:\se,  stout,  strict,  I— 2  5  dm.  long,  compact,  the 
rachis  usually  glabrous  except  on  the  angles;  spikelets  numerous,  crowded,  in  2's— 
4's,  3-4-flowered;  empty  scales  subulate,  1-1.2  cm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  about 
twice  as  long;  flowering  scales  lanceolate,  1-1.2  cm.  long,  2 -toothed  at  the  apex, 
from  sparsely  to  densely  appressed-pubescent,  bearing  a  straight  or  curving  awn 
3-4.5  cm.  long.  River  banks,  111.  to  Mont.,  south  to  Kans. 

6.  Elymus  glaucus  Buckl.     SMOOTH  WILD-RYE.     (I.  F.  f.  536.)     Culms  6-15 
dm-  tall;  sheaths  rarely  pubescent;  leaves   1-3  dm.  long,  4-16  mm.  wide,  smooth 
beneath,  sometimes  rough  above;    spike  7.5-20  cm.  in  length,    narrow,    slender; 
spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis.  3-6-flowered;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate, 
8-12    mm.    long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  rigid.    3-5 -nerved;    flowering    scales 
smooth  or  slightly  rough,  1-1.2   cm.    long,  bearing  a  slender  straight  rough  awn 
1. 2-1. 8   cm.   in  length.     In  moist  soil,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mich.,  Ariz,  and 
Cal.     June— Aug. 

7.  Elymus  Macounii  Vasey.     MACOUN'S  WILD-RYE.     (I.-F.  f.  537.)     Culms 
3-9  dm.  tall;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  rough,  especially  above;  spike 
5-12.5  cm.  in  length,  narrow,  slender,  often  somewhat  flexuous ;  spikelets  appressed 
to  the  rachis,  single  at  each  node,  or  the  lower  sometimes  in  pairs,  i-3-flowered; 
empty  scales  (occasionally  3)  awl-shaped,  3-nerved,  rough,  6-8  mm.  long,  bearing 
a  slender  straight  rough  awn,    6— 10  mm.  in  length;  flowering  scales  7-10  mm. 
long,   rough  toward  the  apex,  bearing   a   slender  straight  awn  6-10  mm.  long. 
Prairies,  Manitoba  and  Assiniboia,  south  to  Neb.  and  N.  Mex.     July-Aug. 

8.  Elymus  condensatus   Presl.      SMOOTH  LYME-GRASS.      (I.    F.    f.    538.) 
Culms  6-30  dm.  tall;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng  or  more?  6-24  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  at 
least  above;  spike  1-4  dm.  in  length,  usually  stout,  strict,  often  inteirupted  below, 
sometimes  compound  at  the  base ;  spikelets  3— 6-flowered,  2— several  at  each  node  of 
the  rachis;  empty  scales  awl-shaped,  9-12   mm.   long,  i-nerved,    usually   rough; 
flowering  scales  8-10  mm.  long,  generally  awn-pointed,  usually  rough,  sometimes 
smooth.      In  wet  saline  situations,  Alberta  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Neb.,  Ariz,  and 
C  al.     July-Aug. 

9.  Elymus  arenarius  L.     DOWNY  LYME-GRASS.     SEA  LYME-GRASS.     (I.  f.f. 
539.)     Culms  1-2.5  m.  tall,  usually  softly  pubescent  at  the  summit.     Sheaths  often 
glaucous;  leaves  7.5-30  cm.  long  or  more,  3-10  mm.  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  invo- 
lute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;    spike  7.5-25  cm.   in   length,   usually  strict; 
spikelets  3-6-flowered,  frequently  glaucous;  empty  scales  1.6-2.8  cm.   long,  3-5- 
nerved,  acuminate,  more  or  less  villous;  flowering  scales  1.6-2  cm.  long,  acute  or 
awn-pointed,   5-7-nerved,   usually  very  villous.     On  shores,  Greenland  and  Lab. 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Alaska,  south  to  N.  H.,  Lake  Superior  and  Wash.     Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 


I 58  FLORA. 

102.  HYSTRIX    Moench.     [ASPRELLA  Willd.] 

Usually  tall  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  2-several. 
flowered,  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3's,  at  each  node  of  the  rachis.  Empty  scales  wanting, 
or  sometimes  appearing  as  mere  rudiments;  flowering  scales  narrow,  convolute, 
rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  5 -nerved  above,  terminating  in  an  awn;  palet  scarcely 
shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  oblong,  adhering  to  the  palet  when  dry.  [Greek  name  of  the 
Porcupine,  referring  to  the  long  awns.]  Four  known  species,  the  following  and  a 
Californian  one  occurring  in  N.  Am. 

I.  Hystrix  Hfstrix  (L.)  Millsp.  BOTTLE-BRUSH  GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  541.) 
Culms  6-12  dm.  tall;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng»  6-12  mm.  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  spike  7.5-17.5  cm.  in  length;  spikelets  at  length  widely  spreading, 
8-12  mm.  long,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  readily  deciduous,  even  when  young;  empty 
scales  awn-like,  usually  present  in  the  lowest  spikelet;  flowering  scales  8-12  mm. 
long,  acuminate  into  an  awn  about  2.5  cm.  in  length.  In  rocky  woods,  N.  B.  to 
Ont.  and  Minn,  south  to  Ga.,  111.  and  Neb.  Ascends  to  630  m.  in  Va.  June-July. 

103.  ARUNDINARIA   Michx. 

Arborescent  or  shrubby  grasses,  with  simple  or  branched  culms  and  flat  short- 
petioled  leaves  which  are  articulated  with  the  sheath.  Spikelets  borne  in  panicles 
or  racemes,  2-many-flowered,  large,  compressed.  Empty  scales  i  or  2.  the  first 
sometimes  wanting  ;  flowering  scales  longer,  not  keeled,  many  nerved  ;  palets 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales,  prominently  2-keeled.  Lodicules  3.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  2  or  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  furrowed,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and 
palet.  [From  Antndo,  the  Latin  name  of  the  Reed.]  About  24  species,  natives 
of  Asia  and  America.  Two  are  found  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Spikelets  borne  on  radical  shoots  of  the  year  ;  culms  4  m.  tall  or  less. 

i.  A.  tecta. 
Spikelets  borne  on  the  old  stems;  culms  5  m.  tall  or  more.  2.  A,  macrosperma  . 

1.  Arundinaria    tecta    (Walt.)      Muhl.      SCUTCH    CANE.      SMALL    CANE. 
(I.    F.   f.   542.)     Culms    1-4  m.    tall,   erect,   shrubby,   branching   at  the    summit. 
Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodcs,    smooth  or  rough,   ciliate  on  the  margins; 
ligules  bristly;  leaves  lanceolate,  8.5-20  cm.  long,  8-24  mm.  wide,  flat,  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above;  racemes  on  short  leafless  culms;  spikelets 
7— lO-flowered,  2.5-3.75  cm.  long,  on  pedicels  2.5  cm.  in  length  or  less,  which  are 
sometimes  pubescent;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first  usually  very  small,  sometimes 
wanting;  flowering  scales  1.2-2  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  smooth,  glabrous  or 

fubescent.     In  swamps  and  moist  soil,   Md.  to  Ind.  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May- 
uly. 

2.  Arundinaria  macrosperma  Michx.     GIANT  CANE.     Culms  woody,  6-9  m. 
tall,  finally  branched  above;  sheaths  ciliate  on  the  margins,  otherwise  glabrous; 
leaves  lanceolate,  smooth  or  roughish,  3  dm.  or  less  long,  the  larger  2-3  cm.  wide, 
those  on  the  ultimate  divisions  smaller  and  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  branches; 
inflorescence  on  the  old  wood,  the  spikelets  3.5-6  cm.  long,  on  slender  more  or  less 
leafy  branches,   the    flowering  scales    glabrous  or  hirsute,    acuminate.     Forming 
"cane  brakes"  along  river  banks  and  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.;  along  the 
Miss.  R.  and  its  tributaries  as  far  north  as  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     May-July. 

Family  2.     CYPERACEAE  J.  St.  HiL 

Sedge  Family. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stems  (culms)  slender,  solid  (rarely 
hollow),  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened.  Roots  fibrous 
(many  species  perennial  by  long  rootstocks).  Leaves  narrow,  with 
closed  sheaths.  Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  arranged  in  spikelets,  one 
(rarely  2)  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  (glume,  bract),  the  spikelets  solitary 


CYPERA  CEAE.  1 59 

or  clustered,  i -many-flowered.  Scales  2-ranked  or  spirally  imbricated, 
persistent  or  deciduous.  Perianth  hypogynous,  composed  of  bristles,  or 
interior  scales,  rarely  calyx-like,  or  entirely  wanting.  Stamens  1-3, 
rarely  more.  Filaments  slender  or  filiform.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary 
i -celled.  Ovule  i,  anatropous,  erect.  Style  2-3- cleft  or  rarely  simple 
or  minutely  2  toothed.  Fruit  a  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or  trigonous 
achene.  Endosperm  mealy.  Embryo  minute. 

About  65  genera  and  3000  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribu- 
tion. The  dates  given  below  indicate  the  time  of  perfecting  fruit. 

Flowers  of  the  spikelet  all,  or  at  least  one  of  them,  perfect ;  spikelets  all  similar. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  2-ranked. 

Perianth  none ;  spikelets  in  solitary  or  umbelled  terminal  heads. 

Spikelets  with  2-many  perfect  flowers ;  scales  several  to  numerous. 

I.  Cyperus. 

Spikelets  with  but  I  perfect  flower ;  scales  2—4.  2.  Kyllinga. 

Perianth  of  6-9  bristles  ;  inflorescence  axillary.  3.  Dulichium. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated  all  around. 
Spikelets  with  several  to  many  perfect  flowers. 

Base  of  the  style  swollen,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene. 

Leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths ;  bristles  of  the  perianth   usually  pres- 
ent;  spikelet  solitary.  4.  Eleocharis. 
Culm  leafy  ;  perianth-bristles  none  ;  spikelets  i-numerous. 

Spikelets  capitate,  involucrate.  5.  Dichromena. 

Spikelets  umbellate  or  cymose. 

Spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  compound  cymes ;  most  of 

the  style  persistent.  6.  Psilocarya. 

Spikelets  in  a  terminal  umbel,  base  of  style  persistent. 

7.  Stenophyllus. 
Base  of  the  style  enlarged  or  narrow,  deciduous. 

Flowers  with  no  broad  sepals  nor  interior  perianth-scales. 

Style  swollen  at  the  base ;  bristles  none.  8.   Fimbristylis. 

Style  not  swollen  at  the  base ;  bristles  usually  present. 
Spikelets  solitary  to  many  ;  bristles  1-6,  rarely  none. 

9.  Scirpus. 
Spikelets  solitary  or  few ;  bristles  6-many,  soft,  smooth,  very 

long,  slender,  much  exserted.  10.  Eriophorum. 

Flowers  with  a  perianth  of  3  stalked  sepals  or  of  i  or  2  interior  hyaline 

scales. 
Perianth   of  3  broad  stalked   sepals,   usually  alternating  with  as 

many  bristles.  n.  Fuirena. 

Perianth  of  i  or  2  hyaline  scales  (sepals  ?) ;  bristles  none. 

Perianth  of  a  single  minute  posterior  scale.  12.   Hemicarpha. 
Perianth  of  2  scales,  convolute  around  the  ovary. 

13.  Lipocarpha. 
Spikelets  i-4-flowered,  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 

Style,  or  its  base,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene.    14.  Rynchospora. 
Style  wholly  deciduous.  15.    Cladium. 

Flowers  all  monoecious  or  dioecious,  usually  borne  in  separate  small  spikelets. 
Achene  not  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium). 

Spikelets  clustered  or  solitary,  not  in  a  terminal  spike  ;  achene  bony. 

16.  Scleria. 
Spikelets  forming  a  terminal  spike;  arctic  genera. 

Scales  2-flowered,  androgynous.  17.  Elyna, 

Scales  i-flowered,  monoecious.  18.  Kobresia. 

Achene  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium). 

Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  conspicuous,  subulate,  often  exserted  beyond  the 
«  perigynium.  19.    Uncinia. 

Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  rudimentary  or  none,  not  exserted. 

20.  Carex. 

i.  CYPERUS   L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  in  our  species  simple,  triangular,  leafy 
near  the  base,  and  with  I  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the 
•jimple  or  compound,  umbellate  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Rays  of  the  umbel 
sheathed  at  the  base,  usually  very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes 


l6o  FLORA. 

commonly  sessile.  Spikelets  flat  or  subterete,  the  scales  falling  away  from  the 
rachis  as  they  mature  (nos.  1-19),  or  persistent  and  the  spikelets  falling  away  from 
the  axis  of  the  head  or  spike  with  the  scales  attached  (nos.  20-32).  Scales  con- 
cave, conduplicate  or  keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing  or  the  lower  ones  empty. 
Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from 
the  summit  of  the  achene.  [Ancient  Greek  name  for  these  sedges.]  About  650 
species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, some  40  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Style  2-cleft ;  achene  lenticular,  not  3-angled ;  scales  falling  from  the  rachis ;  spikelets 
flat. 
Achene  one-half  as  long-  as  the  scale  ;  umbel  nearly  or  quite  simple. 

Spikelets  yellow  ;  superficial  cells  of  the  achene  oblong.       i.    C.  flavescens. 
Spikelets  green  or  brown  ;  superficial  cells  of  the  achenc  quadrate. 
Scales  obtuse  or  obtusish,  appressed. 

Scales  membranous,  dull ;  style  much  exserted.      2.   C.  diandrus. 
Scales  subcoriaceous,  shining  ;  style  scarcely  exserted. 

3.  C.  rivularis. 
Scales  acute,  somewhat  spreading  at  maturity. 

Achene  narrowly  obovate  ;  spikelets  1-3  cm.  long.    4.   C.  Nuttallii. 
Achene  linear-oblong  ;  spikelets  0.5-2  cm.  long.     5.   C.  microdontus. 
Achene  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale  ;  umbel  sometimes  much  compound. 

6.   C.  flavtcomus. 
Style  3-cleft ;  achene  3-angled. 

A.  Scales  falling  away  from  the  persistent  rachis  of  the  flattened  spikelets. 
Wings  of  the  rachis,  if  present,  permanently  adnate  to  it. 

Scales  tipped  with  recurved  awns  ;  low  annual,  2-15  cm.  tall. 

7.    C.  inflexus. 
Scales  acute  or  obtuse,  not  awned. 

Wings  of  the  rachis  none  or  very  narrow. 

Stamens  3;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  8-25  mm.    long;  scales  acute. 
Annual ;  culms  smooth,  5-25  cm.  long.      8.    C.  compressus. 
Perennial;  culms  rough,  30-85  cm.  tall.     9.   C.  Schweinitzii. 
Stamen  i;  spikelets  ovate,  4-8  mm.  long. 

Tall  perennial ;  achene  linear  ;  scales  acutish. 

10.  C.  pseudovegetus 
Low  annual ;  achene  oblong ;  scale-tips  recurved. 

11.  C.  aciiminatus. 
Wings  of  the  rachis  evident. 

Low  annual,  adventive  from  Europe  ;  scales  brown. 

12.  C.  fuse  us. 
Tall  indigenous  perennials  (no  13  sometimes  annual  ?). 

Lower  leaves  reduced  to  pointed  sheaths. 

13.  C.  Haspan, 
Leaves  all  elongated-linear. 

Scales  mucronate,  reddish  brown  or  green. 

14.  C.  dentatus. 
Scales  acute  or  obtuse,  not  mucronate. 

Scales  wholly  or  partly  purple-brown  ;     achene  linear. 
Scales  tightly  appressed.         15.   C.  rotundus. 
Tips  of  the  scales  free.  16.   C.  Hallii, 

Scales  straw-colored  ;  achene  obovoid. 

17.   C.  esculentus, 
Wings  of  the  rachis  separating  from  it  as  interior  scales  ;  annuals. 

Spikes  loose  ;  spikelets  6  20  mm.  long.  18.   C.  erythrorJiizos. 

Spikes  dense,  cylindric  ;  spikelets  3-5  mm.  long.  19.   C.  Halei. 

B.  Spikelets  falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  spikes,  the  lower  pair  of  scales  com 
monly  persistent. 

Annuals ;  spikelets  elongated,  nearly  terete.  • 

Scales  imbricated  ;  achene  obovoid. 

Scales  thin,  dull  brown  ;  spikelets  very  slender.     20.   C,  speciosus. 
Scales  rigid,  yellow-brown  ;  spikelets  stout.  21.   C.  ferax. 

Scales  distant,  achene  linear-oblong.  22.  C.  Englemanni* 

Perennial  by  hard,  tuber-like  basal  corms;  spikelets  more  or  less  flattened. 
Achene  narrowly  linear-oblong,  3-4  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Spikelets  flat,  several-many-flowered.  23.   C  strigosus. 

Spikelets  subterete,  few-flowered. 

Spikelets  12-25  mm,  long,  loosely  spicate ;  lower  reflexed. 

24.  C.  refractus. 


CYPERACEAE.  l6l 

Spikelets  3-12  mm.  long,  densely  capitate  or  spicate. 

Spikelets  all  reflexed  ;  culms  rough.  25.    C.  retrofractus. 

Spikelets  spreading  or  only  the  lower  reflexed  ;  culms  smooth. 
Heads  oblong  or  cylindric. 

Spikelets  6-10  mm.  long,  the  lower  reflexed. 

26.  C.  Lancastriensis^ 
Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  the  lower  spreading. 

27.  C.  cylindricus. 
Heads  globose.                                       28.   C.  o->>ularis. 

Achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 
Rachis  wingless  or  very  narrowly  winged. 

Scales  pale  green,  membranous,  dull.  29.   C.  filiculmis. 

Scales  chestnut-brown,  shining.  30.   C.  Houghtont. 

Rachis-wings  membranous,  broad. 

Scales  firm,  not  appressed  ;  spikelets  loosely  capitate. 

31.  C.  Grayi. 
Scales  thin,  closely  appressed  ;  spikelets  densely  capitate. 

32.  C.  echinatus. 

1.  Cyperus  flavescens  L.    YELLOW  CYPERUS.    (I.  F.  f.  543.)  Annual;  culms 
very  slender,    tufted,   leafy  below,  7-30  cm.  tall,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  2-3  mm.   wide,    smooth,   the  longer  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence  ; 
clusters  terminal  and  sessile,   or  on  1-4  short  rays  ;  spikelets   in  3's-6's,  linear, 
subacute,  yellow,  many-flowered,   flat,   8-18  mm.    long,   3-4  mm.   broad;    scales 
ovate,   obtuse,    I -nerved,   appressed.  twice  as  long  as  the  orbicular-obovate  black 
obtuse  lenticular  shining  achene  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  deeply  2-cleft  ;  superficial  cells 
of  the  achene  oblong.     In  marshy  ground,  Me.  to  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Mex.     Also  in 
the  Old  World.     Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.     Low  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  544.)     Annual;  culms 
tufted,  slender,  5-40  cm.  tall.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre 
usually  3;  clusters  sessile  and  terminal,  or  at  the  ends  of  1-3  rays;  spikelets  8-18 
mm.  long,  linear-oblong,  acute,  flat,   many-flowered  ;    scales  ovate,   green,  brown, 
or  with  brown  margins,  obtuse,  l-nerved,  appressed,  membranous,  dull;    stamens 
2  or  3;  style  2-cleft,  its  branches  much  exserted;  achene  lenticular,  oblong,  gray, 
not  shining,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate,  about  as 
long  as  wide.     In  marshy  places.  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  S.  Car.  and  Kans.     Aug.-Oct. 

3.  Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth.     SHINING  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  545.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding    species,   culms   slender,    tufted.     Umbel   usually    simple;  spikelets 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  acutish,  8-20  mm.  long;  scales  green  or  dark  brown,  or 
with   brown   margins,   appressed,   firm,   subcoriaceous,   shining,   obtuse;    stamens 
mostly  3;  style  2-cleft,  scarcely  exserted;   achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  len- 
ticular, somewhat  pointed,  dull,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate.     In  wet  soil,  espe- 
cially along  streams  and  ponds,  Me.  to  S.  Ont.,  Mich,  and   Neb.,   Va.,  N.  C.  and 
Mo.     Aug.-Oct 

4.  Cyperus  Nuttallii  Eddy.     NUTTALL'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  546.)     Annual; 
culms  slender,  tufted,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  of  the  involucre 
3-5,  spreading,  the  larger  often   12    cm.  long;  umbel  3— 7-rayed;  spikelets  rather 
loosely  clustered,  linear,  very  acute,  flat,  spreading,  1—3  cm.  long,  2—3  mm.  wide; 
scales  yellowish-brown  with  a  green  keel,  oblong,  acute;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft, 
its  branches  somewhat  exserted;  achene  lenticular,   narrowly  obovate,   obtuse  or 
truncate,  dull,  light  brown,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial 
cells  quadrate.     Salt  marshes,  Me.  to  Miss.     Aug.-Oct. 

5-  Cyperus  microdontus  Torr.  COAST  CYPERUS.  (I.  F.  f.  547.)  Annual; 
similar  to  the  preceding  species;  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  sometimes  0.5  m.  high. 
Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  much  elongated;  umbel  commonly 
simple,  sessile,  capitate,  or  I— 6-rayed;  spikelets  linear,  acute,  6-18  mm.  long,  less 
than  2  mm.  wide,  yellowish-brown;  scales  ovate,  acute,  thin;  style  2-cleft,  its 
branches  much  exserted;  achene  lenticular,  linear-oblong,  short-pointed,  light 
blown,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate.  In  wet  soil,  on 
or  near  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Aug.-Oct. 

6.  Cyperus  flavicomus  Michx.  ELEGANT  CYPERUS.  (I.  F.  f.  548.)  Annual; 
culms  0.3-1  m.  tall,  leafy  below.  Leaves  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre 
3-8,  the  longer  ones- much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbels  few-several-rayed; 


162  FLORA. 

often  compound;  primary  rays  1-6  cm.  long;  spikelets  numerous,  usually  densely 
clustered,  linear,  acute,  8-20  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  flat,  many-flowered,  spread, 
ing;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  thin,  dull,  yellowish -brown;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft, 
little  exserted;  acnene  obovate,  lenticular,  black,  mucronate,  not  shining,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  scales  and  often  persistent  on  the  rachis  after  these  have  fallen 
away.  In  wet  or  moist  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Aug.-Oct. 

7.  Cyperus    inflexus   Muhl.     AWNED   CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.    549.)    Annual; 
culms  slender  or  almost  filiform,  tufted,  about   equalled  by  the  leaves.     Leaves 
2  mm.  wide  or  less,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  sessile, 
capitate,  or  i-3-rayed;  spikelets  linear -oblong,  6-10- flowered,  4-6  mm.  long;  scales 
light  brown,  lanceolate,  rather  firm,  strongly  several -nerved,  tapering  into  a  long, 
recurved  awn,  falling  from  the  rachis  at  maturity;  stamen  i;  style  3-cleft;  rachis 
winged,  the  wings  persistent;  achene  3-angled,  brown,  dull,  narrowly  obovoid  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate.     In  wet,  sandy  soil,  Vt.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Ore., 
south  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Cal.  and  Mex.     Fragrant  in  drying.     July-Sept. 

8.  Cyperus  compressus  L.     FLAT  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  550.)     Annual;  culms 
slender,   erect  or  reclining,    smooth,    7-25   cm.    long.     Leaves  light  green,  about 
2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,  the  longer  exceeding  the  spikelets;  umbel 
capitate  or  with  2-3  short  rays;  spikelets  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  8-20  mm. 
long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  very  flat,  many-flowered;  scales  light  green  with  a  yellow 
band  on  each  side,  ovate,  acuminate,  firm,  keeled,   several-nerved,  falling   away 
from  the  narrowly-winged  rachis  at  maturity;    stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
sharply  3-angled,  obovoid,  obtuse,  dull,  brown,  about  one-third  as  long   as  the 
scale.     In  fields,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     Also  in  trop.  Amer.  and  the 
Old  World.     Aug.-Oct. 

9.  Cyperus   Schweinitzii   Torr.     SCHWEINITZ'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.    551.) 
Perennial  by  the  thickened  conn-like  bases  of  the  culms;  culms  rather  slender, 
rough,  at  least  above,  0.3-0.8  m.  tall.     Leaves  2-5  mm.  wide,  rough-margined, 
those  of   the    involucre    3-7,    erect;    umb  1  simple,    3-g-rayed,    the    rays   erect, 
sometimes    10   cm.    long;     spikelets    flat,    in   rather  loose   ovoid   spikes,    linear 
oblong,  6-i2-flowered,  8-16  mm.  long;  scales  convex,  light  green,  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,   9~i3-nerved,  falling  away  from  the  rachis  at  maturity;    stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  oblong,  brown,  acute  at  each  end,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  scale.     In  sandy  soil,  especially  along   lakes  and  streams,  W.  N.  Y.  and  S. 
Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Kans.     Aug.-Oct. 

10.  Cyperus  pseudovegetus  Steud.     MARSH  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  552.)     Per- 
ennial by  thickened  tuber-like  joints  of  the  rootstocks,  culm  rather  stout,  0.3-1.3  m. 
high,   often  equalled  by  the  leaves.     Leaves  3-4  mm.   wide,    smooth,   nodulose, 
the  midvein  prominent;  leaves  of  the  involucre  4-6,  spreading;  umbel  several- 
rayed,  compound;  spikelets  ovate,  flat,  many-flowered,  light  green,  densely  capi- 
tate, 4-6  mm.  long;   scales  keeled,  conduplicate,   i-nerved,  curved,  acute,  longer 
than  the  linear  3-angled  slightly   stalked  achene;   stamen   I;    style  3-cleft.     In 
marshes,  Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

11.  Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.    SHORT-POINTED  CYPERUS.    (I.  F.  f. 
553.)     Annual;  culms  very  slender,  tufted,   7-40  cm.  tall.     Leaves  light   green, 
usually  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  much  elongated;  umbel  1-4- 
rayed,  simple;  rays  short;  spikelets  flat,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long,  many- 
flowered,  densely  capitate;    scales  oblong,  pale-green,  3-nerved,  coarsely  cellular, 
conduplicate,  with  a  short    sharp    more    or  less  recurved  tip;    stamen  I;    style 
3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled.  gray,  oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  about  one -half 
as  long  as  the  scale.     In  moist  soil,  111.  to  La.,  west  to  Iowa,  Kans.,  Ore.,  Tex., 
and  Cal.     July-Oct. 

12.  Cyperus  fuscus  L.     BROWN  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  554.)     Annual;  culms 
tufted,  15-40  cm.  high,  longer  than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.     Leaves  rather  dark 
green,  about  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6;  umbel  several -rayed;  spike- 
lets  linear,  4-14  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  many-flowered,  acute;  scales 
ovate,  subacute,  becoming  dark  brown,  faintly  about  3-nerved,  separating  from  the 
narrowly   winged  rachis  as  they  mature;  stamens  2    or  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
3-angled,  oblong,  pointed  at  each  end,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale.      Revere  Beach, 
Mass.,  and  New  London,  Conn.     Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.     Also  m 
ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports.     July-Sept, 


CYPERACEAE.  163 

13.  Cyperus  Haspan  L.     SHEATHED  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  555.)    Perennial 
by  short  rootstocks  (sometimes  annual?),  roots  fibrous;  culms  weak,  tufted,  0.3-1 
m.  high.     Lower  leaves  reduced  to  membranous  acuminate  sheaths;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  about  2,  usually  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  umbel  simple  or  compound,  the 
longer  rays  2-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  few,  capitate,  linear,  acute,  many-flowered,  6- 
12  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  wide;  scales  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  reddish-brown, 
acute,  mucronulate,   keeled,  3-nerved;   rachis  winged;    stamens  3;    style  3-cleft; 
achene  3 -angled,  broadly  obovoid,  obtuse,  nearly  white,  much  shorter  than  the 
scale.     In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Also  in  tropical 
America  and  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Australia.     July-Sept. 

14.  Cyperus  dentatus  Torr.     TOOTHED  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  556.)     Perennial 
by  scaly  rootstocks  which  sometimes  bear  small  tubers;  culms  rather  stiff,  0.2-0.5 
m.  tall.     Leaves  keeled,  2-4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  umbel,  somewhat, 
compound;  longer  rays  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  linear,  very  flat,  many-flow- 
ered, mostly  blunt,    10-20  mm.   long,  nearly  4  mm.  wide;  scales  light  reddish- 
brown,  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  keeled,  5-7-nerved,  mucronate,  separating  from  the 
rachis  when  mature,  their  tips  spreading;  causing  the  spikelet  to  appear  toothed; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  the  branches  exserted;  achene  3-angled,  obtuse,  mucro- 
nate, light  brown,  much  shorter  than  the  scale.     In  sandy  swamps  and  on  river 
shores,  Me.  to  N.  N.  Y.,  south  to  W.  Va.  and  S.  Car.     Scales  often  modified  into 
tufts  of  small  leaves.     Aug. -Oct. 

15.  Cyperus  rotundus  L.     NUT-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  557.)     Perennial  by  scaly 
tuber-bearing  rootstocks;  culm  rather  stout,  0.1-0.5  m.  high,  usually  longer  than 
the  leaves.     Leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5 ;  umbel  3-8-rayed, 
the  longer  rays  5-11  cm.   long;  spikelets  linear,   clustered,  few  in  each  cluster, 
acute,   8-20  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.   wide;  scales  dark  purple-brown  or  with  green 
margins  and  centre,  ovate,  acute,  appressed  when  mature,  about  3-nerved  on  the 
keel;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  exserted;  achene  3-angled,  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Kans.  and  Tex.     Also  in 
tropical  Am.,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World.     July-Sept. 

16.  Cyperus  Hallii  Britton.     HALL'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  558.)     Perennial 
by  scaly  rootstocks;    culm  rather  stout,   0.6-0.9  m.  tall,  about  equalled  by  the 
leaves.     Basal  leaves  about  4-6  mm.  wide;  involucral  leaves  3-6,  the  longer  much 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel  compound,  its  longer  rays  7-10  cm.  long,  the 
raylets  sometimes  2.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  numerous,  loosely  clustered,  linear,  7-15- 
flowered,  10-16  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide;  involucels  setaceous;  scales  ovate,  acute, 
strongly  7~9-nerved,   dark  reddish-brown  or  with  lighter  margins,  their  tips  not 
appressed;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,   its  branches  much  exserted;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  3-angled,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale.     Kans.  and  the  Ind.  Terr,  to 
Tex.     July-Sept. 

17.  Cyperus  esculentus  L.     YELLOW  NUT-GRASS.     (I.F.  f.  559.)     Perennial 
by  scaly  tuber-bearing  rootstocks;  culm  usually  stout,  0.3-0.8  m.  tall,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  light  green,  4-8  mm.  wide,  the  midvein  promi- 
nent; those  of  the  involucre  3-6,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
umbel  4-iO-rayed,  often  compound;  spikelets  numerous  in  loose  spikes,  straw-color 
or  yellowish-brown,  flat,  spreading,  1-2.5   cm.  long,  about  3   mm.  wide,  many- 
flowered;    scales   ovate-oblong,    subacute,   3-5 -nerved;    rachis   narrowly    winged; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  3-angled.     In  moist  fields,  N.  B. 
to  Minn,  and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  from  Cal.  to 
Alaska,  in  tropical  America,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World.     Sometimes 
a  troublesome  weed.     Aug. -Oct. 

Cyperus  esculentus  angustispicitus  Britton.     Spikelets  very  slender,  2  mm.  wide  or 
less.     Mass,  to  S.  Car.  and  Mo. 

1 8.  Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.     RED-ROOTED  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  560.) 
Annual;  culms  tufted,  stout  or  slender,   7-50  cm.  tall.     Leaves  3-8  mm.  wide, 
rough -margined,  those  of  the  involucre  3-7,  some  of  them  3-5  times  as  long  as  the 
inflorescence;  umbel  mostly  compound;  spikelets  linear,  subacute,  6-25  mm.  long, 
less  than  2  mm.  wide,  compressed,  many-flowered,  clustered  in  oblong,  nearly  or 
qui'c  s-^'  ile  spikes;  scales  bright  chestnut  brown,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronulate, 
apprised,  separating  from  the  rachis  at  maturity,  the  membranous  wings  of  the 


164  FLORA. 

rachis  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline  interior  scales;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  pale,  one-half  as  long  as 
the  scale.  In  wet  soil,  S.  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  Fla.,  west  to  Neb.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and 
Cal.  Aug. -Oct. 

19.  Cyperus  Halei  Torr.     KALE'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  561.)     Annual;  culm 
stout,  0.6-1  m.  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.     Leaves  6-8  mm.  wide,  very 
rough-margined,  those  of  the  involucre  5-8,  much  elongated;  umbel  compound, 
several-rayed;  spikes  cylindric,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  exceedingly  dense,  1-2.5 
cm.  long;  spikelets  very  numerous,  linear,  3-5  mm.  long,  I  mm.  wide,  spreading; 
scales  brown,  keeled,  indistinctly  5 -nerved,  oblong,  mucronulate,  separating  from 
the  rachis  at  maturity,  the  wings  of  the  rachis  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline 
scales,  as  in  the  preceding  species;    stamens  3;    style  3-cleft;    achene  3-angled, 
minute.     In  swamps,  S.  Mo.  to  Tenn.,  La.  and  Fla.     July-Sept. 

20.  Cyperus    speciosus  Vahl.     MICHAUX'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  562.)     An- 
nual;  culms   usually   tufted,   10-40   cm.  tall,  reddish   toward   the   base.     Leaves 
rough-margined,  3-5  mm.  wide,  the  midvein  prominent;  leaves  of  the  involucre 
much  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  3~7-rayed,  the  primary  rays  2-15  cm.  long;  in- 
volucels  narrow;  spikelets  subterete,  very  narrowly  linear,  8—25   mm.  long,  less 
than  2  mm.  thick,  io— 3O-flowered,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  scales 
dull  brown,  thin,  appressed,  ovate,  obtuse,  faintly  3~5-nerved  on  the  back;  rachis- 
wings  broad,  clasping  the  achene,  persistent;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  slightly  ex- 
serted;  achene  pale,  3-angled,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  marshes,  E. 
Mass,  and  R.  I.  to  Ohio  and  Minn.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     July-Sept. 

Cyperus  specifcsus  ferrugine'scens  (Boeckl.)  Britton.  Scales  spreading  or  slightly 
recurved,  reddish.  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

Cyperus  specibsus  pslrvus  (Boeckl.)  Britton.  Culm  2-7  cm.  high ;  umbel  very  simple, 
generally  of  but  a  single  cluster  of  short  spikelets.  Mo.  to  N.  Mex. 

21.  Cyperus  ferax  Rich.    COARSE  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  563.)    Annual,  closely 
related  to  the  preceding  species,  but  with  smooth-margined,  shorter  and  broader 
leaves,  those  of  the  involucre  sometimes  but  little  exceeding  the  inflorescence. 
Umbel  often  compact,  the  rays  mostly  short;    spikelets  linear,  subterete,  10-20- 
fiowered,  16-25  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  ma- 
turity; scales  ovate-oblong,  appressed,  imbricated,  obtuse,  rather  firm,  green  and 
7-9-nerved  on  the  back,  yellowish  on  the  sides;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  rachis 
broadly  winged;  achene  3-angled,  narrowly  obovoid,  obtuse.     In  wet  soil,  Mo.  to 
Cal.  and  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.     Aug. -Oct. 

22.  Cyperus  Engelmanni  Steud.     ENGELMANN'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  564.) 
Annual;  culms  slender,  15-75  cm.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  4-6  mm.  wide,  flaccid, 
roughish  on  the  margins,   those  of  the  involucre  4-6,  the  longer  exceeding  the 
umbel;  umbel  often  compound,  the  spikelets  often  densely  crowded,  very  narrowly 
linear,   subterete,    1-2.5  cm.  long,  5~i5-flowered;  rachis  narrowly  winged;  scales 
greenish-brown,  oblong,  obtuse,   thin,  faintly  3~5-nerved  on  the  back,  distant,  the 
successive  ones  on  each  side  of  the  spikelet  separated  by  a  space  of  about  one-half 
their  length;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  scale.     In  wet  soil,  Mass,  to  S.  Ont.  and  Wise.,  south  to  N.  J.  and 
Mo.     Aug. -Oct. 

23.  Cyperus   strigosus  L.      STRAW-COLORED  CYPERUS.      (I.    F.    f.    565.) 
Perennial  by  basal  tuber-like  corms;  culm  rather  stout,  0.3-0.9  m.  tall.     Leaves 
rough-margined,  4-6  mm.  wide,  the  longer  ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  several-rayed,  some  of  the  primary  rays  often  10-15  cm.  long, 
their   sheaths  terminating  in  2   bristles;   involucels  setaceous;   heads   oblong   or 
ovoid;  spikelets  flat,  linear,  8-19  mm.  long,   2  mm.  wide  or  less,  7-15 -flowered, 
separating  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  scales  straw-colored,  oblong-lanceolate,  sub- 
acute,   strongly    several-nerved;    stamens   3;    style  3-cleft;    achene   linear-oblong, 
3-angled,  acute,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  moist  meadows,  swamps 
or  along  streams,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.- 
Oct. 

Cyperus  strig6sus  capit&tus  Boeckl.     Umbel  simple  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  8-14  mm, 
long,  densely  capitate  in  subglobose  heads.     Range  of  the  type. 


CYPERACEAE.  l$ 

Cyperua  strig6sus  compositus  Britton.  Umbel  very  compound;  heads  cylindric; 
spikelets  6-12  mm.  long,  4-6-flowered.  S.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ala.  and  Iowa. 

Cyperus  strig6sus  rotnistior  Kunth.  Umbel  compound;  spikelets  16-25  nim.  long, 
io-25-flowered.  Range  of  the  type. 

24.  Cyperus  refractus  Engelm.     REFLEXED  CYPERUS.    (I.  F.  f.  566.)    Peren- 
nial by  tuber-like  corms;  culm  stout,  smooth,  0.3-0.9  m.  tall.     Leaves  5-8  mm. 
wide,  rough-margined,  elongated;  umbel  6— 13-rayed,  usually  compound,  the  longer 
rays  sometimes  20  cm.  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in  I  or  2  short  teeth  ;  in- 
volucels  setaceous;  raylets  filiform;  spikelets  very  narrowly  linear,  loosely  spicate, 
acute,  flattish,  1-2.5  cm-   l°ng>  l  mm<  thick,   3-6-flowered,   the  upper  spreading, 
the  lower  reflexed  ;  scales  yellowish-green,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  closely  ap- 
pressed,  g-n-nerved,  thin;  stamens  3;  style  3 -cleft,  its  branches  much  exserted  ; 
achene  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  apiculate,  about  5  times  as  long  as  thick,  and  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  dry  fields,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

25.  Cyperus  retrofractus'(L.)  Torr.     ROUGH  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  567.)    Per- 
ennial by  tuber-like  corms;  culm  rough -puberulent,  at  least  above,  mostly  longer 
than  the  puberulent  leaves.     Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the 
longer  not  greatly  exceeding  the  umbel,  sometimes  shorter  ;  umbel  simple  ;  rays 
5—15  cm.  long,  their  sheaths  2-toothed;  heads  oblong  or  obovoid;  spikelets  linear- 
subulate,  6-12  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  thick,    i-2-flowered,   all  soon  strongly  re- 
flexed,  separating  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  flowering  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  the 
upper  one  subulate,  all  strongly  several-nerved  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  3 -cleft ;  achene 
linear,  3 -angled,  obtuse,  apiculate,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  dry  sandy 
soil,  S.  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ky.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

26.  Cyperus  Lancastriensis  Porter.     LANCASTER  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  568.) 
Perennial  by  ovoid  or  oblong  corms;  culm  slender,  smooth,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves,  0.3-0.8  m.  tall.    Leaves  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the  longer 
much  exceeding  the  inflorescence  ;  umbel  simple,  5-g-rayed,  the  longer  rays  5-10 
cm.  long,  their  sheaths  nearly  truncate;  heads  oval,  obtuse,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets  densely  clustered,  8-10  mm.  long,  linear,  subterete,  2-4-flowered,  the  lower 
reflexed,  the  middle  ones  spreading,  all  separating  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  scales 
green,  strongly  several-nerved,  the  flowering  ones  lanceolate,  subacute;  stamens  3; 
style  3 -clef c;  achene  linear,  obtuse,  apiculate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  thick,  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  scale.     In  dry  fields,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Va.  and  Ala.     July-Sept. 

27.  Cyperus  cylindricus  (Ell.)  Britton.     PINE-BARREN  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f. 
569.)     Perennial  by  small  hard  corms  ;    culms  smooth,  usually  tufted,   1-5  dm. 
tall,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  the  longer  ones  of  the  involucre 
much  exceeding  the  umbel  ;  umbel  simple,  the  rays  short,  or  the  longer  2-7  cm. 
long,  the  sheaths  2-toothed;  heads  very  dense,  cylindric,  6-12  mm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
in  diameter;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  flattish,  i-2-flowered,  spreading  or  the  lower 
reflexed  ;  scales  green,  oblong  ;  rachis  winged  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  3-cleft ;  achene 
linear-oblong,  3-angled,  apiculate,  slightly  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 
In  sandy  pine  barrens  and  on  the  sea  shore,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.,  mostly 
near  the  coast.     July -Sept. 

28.  Cyperus  ovularis  (Michx.)  Torr.      GLOBOSE  CYPERUS.      (I.  F.  f.  570.) 
Perennial  by  hard  tuber-like  corms  ;  culm  usually  strict,  smooth,  0.2-0.8  m.  tall, 
longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  smooth,  4-6  mm.  wide,  the  longer  ones  of  the  in- 
volucre much  exceeding  the  umbel  ;  umbel  simple,  few-rayed  ;  sheath  of  the  rays 
truncate  or  slightly  toothed;  heads  globose  or  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  thick, 
8-14  mm.  in  diameter,  very  dense,  the  spikelets  radiating  in  all  directions  ;  spike- 
lets  4-7  mm.  long,  usually  3-flowered,  separating  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  rachis 
winged;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  green,  strongly  several- 
nerved;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  thick.     In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,   S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 
July-Sept. 

29.  Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl.     SLENDER  CYPERUS.    (I.  F.  f.  571.)    Perennial 
by  hard  oblong  corms;  culm  smooth,  slender  or  almost  filiform,  ascending  or  re- 
clined, 1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  usually  longer  than  the  rough-margined  leaves.     Leaves 
2-4  mm.  wide,  keeled  ;  spikelets  densely  clustered  in   1-7  globose  heads,  linear, 
acute,  5-ii-flowered,  subterete  or  compressed,  5-12  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 


1 66  FLORA. 

tardily  falling  from  the  axis  at  maturity  ;  rachis  wingless  ;  scales  ovate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  pale  green,  strongly  7-ii-nerved,  appressed  ;  stamens  3;  style  3 -cleft ; 
achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  3 -angled,  obtuse,  apiculate,  dull  gray,  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  scale,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick.  In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  N.  H. 
to  Ont.,  Minn,  and  Neb.  south  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and  No.  Mex.  June- Aug. 

30.  Cyperus  Houghtoni  Torr.     HOUGHTON'S  CYPERUS.    (I.  F.  f.  572.)     Per- 
ennial by  tuber-like  corms;  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves 
shorter   than  the  culm,   2  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth,  those  of  involucre  3-5,  the 
longer  much  exceeding    the  umbel;    umbel  simple,    i-5-rayed,    the  rays    mostly 
short,    their    sheaths    2 -toothed;    spikelets   loosely    capitate,    linear,    compressed, 
acute,    8-16    mm.   long,  about  2  mm.  wide,    11-15 -flowered,  falling   away    from 
the  axis  when  mature;  scales  chestnut-brown,  firm,  shining,  oblong,  obtuse,  trun- 
cate,   or  apiculate,    strongly    about    1 1 -nerved;    rachis   very   narrowly    winged; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  broadly  oblong,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  thick, 
3 -angled,  brown,  apiculate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to 
Minn.,  Kans.  and  Ore.     July- Aug. 

31.  Cyperus  Grayi  Torr.     GRAY'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  573.)     Perennial  by 
thick  hard  oblong  or  ovoid  corms;  culms  tufted,  ascending  or  reclined,  stiff,  smooth, 
very  slender,  15-50  cm.  long.     Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  bright  green,  2  mm. 
wide    or    less,    those   of    the    involucre    4-8;    umbel     4-io-rayed,    simple,     the 
longer  rays  7-10  cm.   long;  sheaths  of  the  rays  truncate  or  nearly  so;  spikelets 
5-10  mm.   long,   loosely  capitate,   compressed,    linear,    rigid,    spreading  ;    scales 
green,  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  strongly  1 3-1 5 -nerved,   rather  widely  spreading 
wherf  old  ;  joints  of  the  rachis  broadly  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  obtuse,  apiculate,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 
In  sands  of  the  sea  shore  and  in  pine  barrens,  N.  H.  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 

32.  Cyperus  echinatus  (Ell.)  Wood.     BALDWIN'S  CYPERUS.     (I.  F.  f.  574.) 
Perennial  by  tuber-like  corms;  culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves.     Leaves  pale  green,  3-4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  5-10,  the  longer 
usually  much   exceeding  the  umbel;    umbel,  6-13-rayed  ;  the  rays  filiform,   their 
sheaths  short,  mucronate;  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long,  linear,  flat,  capitate  in  globose 
heads;    scales  thin,  pale    green,  appressed,  ovate-lanceolate,   acute,   9-i3-nerved, 
with  narrow  scarious  margins;  joints  of  the  rachis  broadly  winged  ;  stamens  3; 
style  3 -cleft;  achene  oblong-obovoid,  obtuse,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  about 
twice  as  long  as  thick.    In  dry  soil,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo,  and  Tex.    July- Aug. 

2.  KYLLINGA   Rottb. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges,  with  slender  triangular  culms,  leafy  below,  and 
with  2  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the  strictly  sessile, 
simple  or  compound,  dense  head  of  spikelets.  Spikelets  numerous,  compressed, 
falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  head  at  maturity,  consisting  of  only  3  or  4  scales, 
the  i  or  2  lower  ones  small  and  empty,  the  middle  one  fertile,  the  upper  empty  or 
staminate.  Joints  of  the  rachis  wingless  or  narrowly  winged.  Scales  2-ranked, 
keeled.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  sum- 
mit of  the  achene.  Achene  lenticular  or  3-angled.  [In  honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a 
Danish  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  tropical 
and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  So.  U.  S. 

I.  Kyllinga  pumila  Michx.  Low  KYLLINGA.  (I.  F.  f.  575.)  Annual;  culms 
densely  tufted,  filiform,  erect  or  reclined,  3-40  cm.  long,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Leaves  light  green,  roughish  on  the  margins,  usually  less  than  2  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  elongated,  spreading  orreflexed;  head  oblong  or 
ovoid-oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  simple  or  commonly  with  I  or  2  smaller  ones  at  the 
base;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  Jong,  flat,  i-flowered,  the  2  empty  lower  scales  more 
or  less  persistent  on  the  rachis  after  the  fall  of  the  rest  of  the  spikelet;  scales  ovate, 
acuminate  or  acute,  thin,  about  J-ntwed;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticu- 
lar, obtuse.  In  moist  or  wet  soil,  VA.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

3.  DULICHIUM   L.  C.  Richard. 

A  tall  perennial  sedge,  with  terete  hollow  jointed  culms,  leafy  to  the  top,  the 
lower  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths.  Spikes  axillary  peduncled,  simple  or  compound. 


CYPERACEAE.  l6? 

Spikelets  ^-ranked,  flat,  linear,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity  (?)  many- 
flowered.  Scales  2-ranked,  oarinate,  conduplicate,  decurrent  on  the  ioint  below. 
Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  ^-9  retrorsely  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style 
2 -cleft  at  Uie  summit,  persistent  as  a  beak  on  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene 
linear-oblong.  [Name  said  to  be  from  Dulcichimttrn^  a  Latin  name  for  some 
sedge.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  E.  N.  Amer. 

I.  Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  DULICHIUM.  (I.  F.  f.  576.) 
Culm  Ftout,  0.3-1  m.  tall,  erect.  Leaves  numerous,  flat,  2-8  ~m.  long,  4-8  mm. 
wide,  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  sheaths  bladeless,  brown  toward  their  sum- 
mits; peduncles  4-25  mm.  long;  spikelets  narrowly  linear,  spreading,  1-2.5  cm- 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  6-i2-flowered;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly 
several-nerved,  appressed,  brownish;  bristles  of  the  perianth  rigid,  longer  thav»  ihe 
achene;  style  long-exserted,  persistent.  In  wet  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn,  and 
Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Aug.-Oct.  [/}.  spathaceum  Pers.] 

4.  ELEOCHARIS   R.   Br.    (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  simple,  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete, 
flattened  or  grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the  lowest  very  rarely  blade- 
bearing.  Spikelets  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  several-many-flowered,  not  subtended 
by  an  involucre.  Scales  concave,  spirally  imbricated  all  around.  Perianths  of 
I— 12  bristles,  usually  retrorsely  barbed,  wanting  in  some  species.  Stamens  2—3. 
Style  2-cleft  and  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  or  3-cleft  and  achene  3-angled,  but 
sometimes  with  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid.  Base  of  the  style  per- 
sistent on  the  summit  of  the  achene,  forming  a  terminal  tubercle.  [Greek,  refer- 
ring to  the  growth  of  most  of  the  species  in  marshy  ground.]  About  100  species, 
widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  some  17  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Spikelet  scarcely  or  not  at  all  thicker  than  the  culm. 
Culm  stout;  spikelet  many-flowered. 

Culm  terete,  nodose.  i.  E.  interstincta. 

Culm  quadrangular,  continuous.  2.  E.  mutata. 

Culm  slender,  triangular,  continuous ;  spikelet  few-flowered,  subulate. 

3.  E.  Robbinsii. 
Spikelet  manifestly  thicker  than  the  culm. 

Style  mostly  z-cleft;  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex. 

Upper  sheath  scarious,  hyaline ;  plants  perennial  by  slender  rootstocks. 
Scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white;  achene  0.5  mm.  long. 

4.  E.  ochreata. 
Scales  dark  reddish  brown ;  achene  i  mm.  long.              5.  E,  olivacea. 

Upper  sheath  truncate,  oblique,  or  toothed,  not  scarious. 
Annual,  with  fibrous  roots. 
Achene  jet  black. 

Culms  2-8  cm.  tall;  achene  0.5  mm.  long;  bristles  2-4. 

6.  E.  afropurpurea, 
Culms  7-25  cm.  tall ;  achene  i  mm.  long;  bristles  5-8. 

7.  E.  capitata. 
Achene  pale  brown. 

Spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute. 

8.  E.  ovata, 
Spikelet  oblong-cylindric ;  tubercle  broad,  low. 

9.  E.  Engelmanni. 
Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks.                                     10.  E.  palustris. 

Style  3-cleft ;  achene  3-angled  or  turgid. 
Achene  reticulated  or  cancellate. 

Spikelet  compressed  ;  culm  filiform.  u.  E.  acicularis. 

Spikelet  terete;  culm  slender. 

Achene  transversely  cancellate ;  bristles  none.         12.  E.  Wolfii, 
Achene  reticulated  ;  bristles  present,  stout. 

Tubercle  conic,  smaller  than  the  achene.  13.  E.  tortilis. 

Tubercle  cap-like,  as  large  as  the  achene  or  larger. 

14.  E.  tuberculosa. 
Achene  smooth  or  papillose. 

Achene  smooth,  white;  culms  capillary.  15.  E.  Torreyana. 

Achene  papillose  or  smooth,  brown,  black  or  yellow. 
Tubercle  depressed  or  short-conic. 


1 68  FLORA. 

Achene  smooth. 

Tubercle  flat,  covering  the  top  of  the  black  achene. 

16.  E.  me 
Tubercle  ovoid-conic,  acute,  contracted  at  the  base. 

17.  E,  albida. 
Achene  papillose. 

Achene  3-ribbed  on  the  angles.  18.  E.  tricostata, 

Achene  obtuse-angled,  not  ribbed. 

Culm  filiform  ;  scales  obtuse.  19.  E.  tenuis. 

Culm  flat ;  scales  acute.  20.  E,  acuminata, 

Tubercle  subulate  or  narrowly  pyramidal. 

Culms  filiform,  wiry,  densely  tufted,  1-2.5  dm.  long. 

21.  E.  intermedia. 
Culms  flattened,  slender,  3-6  dm.  long.  22.  E.  rostellata. 

1.  Eleocharis  interstincta  (Vahl)  R.  &  S.     KNOTTED  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
577.)      Perennial   by    stout   rootstocks;    culms  terete,    hollow,    nodose,    papillose, 
0.4-0.9  m.  tall,  the  sterile  ones  sharp-pointed.     Sheaths  membranous,   the  lower 
sometimes  bearing  short  blades;    spikelet  terete,   cylindric,    many-flowered,    sub- 
acute,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  not  thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  ovate, 
orbicular  or   obovate,   obtuse   or   the   upper   acute,   narrowly  scarious-margined, 
faintly  many-nerved,  persistent;  bristles  about  6,  rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  as  long 
as  the  body  of  the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  exserted;  achene 
obovoid,  brown,  shining,  with  minute  transverse  ridges,  convex  on  one  side,  very 
obtusely  angled  on  the  other,  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  black  broad- 
based  tubercle.     In  water,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  the  W.  I.  and  Mex.     July-Sept. 

2.  Eleocharis  mutata  (L.)  R.  &  S.     QUADRANGULAR  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
578.)     Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks;  culms  sharply  4-angled,   stout,  not  nodose, 
papillose,  0.6-1.2  m.  tall.      Sheaths  purplish-brown  or  green,  sometimes  bearing 
short  blades;  spikelet  terete,   cylindric,  2—5  cm.  long,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  many- 
flowered,  about  as  thick  as  the  culm;  scales  coriaceous,  broadly  ovate  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  subacute,  scarious-margined,  faintly  many-nerved,  persistent; 
bristles  about  6,  rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  ;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  biconvex  or  slightly  angled  on  the  back,  minutely 
cancellate,  alxmt  twice  as  long  as  the  conic' acute  tubercle,  which  is  truncate  or  con- 
tracted at  the  base.     In  ponds,  streams  and  swamps,  N.  N.  J.  to  S.  Ont.  Mich,  south 
to  Ala.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Guatemala.     Also  in  the  W.  I.  and  S.  Am.     July-Sept. 

?.  Eleocharis  Robbinsii  Oakes.  ROBBINS'  SPIKE-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  579.) 
Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  culms  slender,  3-angled,  0.1-5  m-  l°ng>  some- 
times producing  numerous  filiform  flaccid  sterile  branches  from  the  base.  Sheaths 
appressed,  obliquely-truncate;  spikelet  subulate,  few-flowered,  not  thicker  than 
the  culm,  1-2  cm.  long,  2  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly  concave,  faintly  several -nerved,  persistently  clasping  the  rachis,  narrowly 
scarious-margined;  style  3-cleft;  bristles  6,  equalling  the  achene  and  tubercle, 
retrorsely  barbed;  achene  obovoid,  light  brawn,  biconvex  or  obtusely  angled  on 
the  back,  longer  than  the  coric-subulate  flattened  tubercle,  which  has  a  raised  ring 
around  its  base.  In  shallow  water,  N.  B.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  Aug-Sept. 

4.  Eleocharis  ochreata  (Nees)  Steud.  PALE  SPIKE-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  580.) 
Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  culms  very  slender,  or  filiform,  pale  green, 
3-angled,  5-25  cm.  tall.  Upper  sheath  with  a  white,  hyaline,  scarious  limb; 
spikelet  subacute,  2-3  times  as  thick  as  the  culm,  about  4  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  in 
diameter,  several-flowered;  scales  pale  green,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  acute,  thin,  hyaline  with  a  faint  midvein;  style  2-cleft;  bristles  about  6, 
slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  achene;  0.5  mm.  long, 
lenticular,  obovate,  smooth,  brown,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  tubercle, 
which  is  often  constricted  at  the  base.  In  wet  soil,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.  Akc  in 
trop.  Amer.  Aug.-Sept. 

5.  Eleochads  oiivacea  Torr.  BRIGHT  GREEN  SPIKE-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  581.) 
Perennial  by  running  rootstocks,  often  tufted  and  matted ;  culms  very  slender,  bright 
green,  erect  or  reclining,  flattened,  2-10  cm.  long.  Upper  sheath  with  a  white 
hyaline  limb;  spikelet  ovoid,  much  thicker  than  the  culm,  several-many-flowered, 
about  4  mm.  long,  2  mm.  in  diameter  ;  scales  ovate,  thin,  acute,  reddish  brown, 
with  a  green  midvein  and  narrow,  scarious  margins;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft;  bris- 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  1 69 

ties  6-8,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle  ;  achene 
obovoid,  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species  but  twice  as  large,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  conic  acute  tubercle.  In  wet  soil,  Me.  to  S.  Ont.  and  Penu.,  south  to 
S.  Car.,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Aug. -Sept. 

6.  Eleocharis  atropurpurea  (Retz)  Kunth.     PURPLE  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
582.)     Annual ;  roots  fibrous  ;  culms  tufted,   very  slender,  2-9  cm.  high.     Upper 
sheath   I -toothed  ;  spikelet  ovoid,  many-flowered,  subacute,  3-4  mm.  long,  2  mm. 
in  diameter  or  less  ;  scales  minute,   ovate-oblong,   persistent,   purple-brown  with" 
green  midvein  and  very  narrow  scarious  margins  ;  stamens  2  or  3    style  2-3 -cleft ; 
bristles  2-4,  fragile,  white,   minutely  downwardly  hispid,   about  as  long  as  the 
achene;  achene  jet  black,  shining,  0.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  conic, 
minute,  depressed  but  rather  acute,  constricted  at  the  base.     In  moist  soil,  Iowa, 
Neb.   and  E.  Colo,  to   Cent.  Am.,  east   to  Fla. ;   widely  distributed   in   tropical 
America.     July-Sept. 

7.  Eleocharis  capitata  (L.)  R.  Br.     CAPITATE  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  583.) 
Annual;  roots  fibrous;  culms  densely  tufted,  nearly  terete,  almost  filiform,  5-25  cm. 
tall.     Upper  sheath  I -toothed;  spikelet  ovoid,  obtuse,  much  thicker  than  the  culm, 
3-5  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  many-flowered  ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  firm, 
pale  or  dark  brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  narrowly  scarious-margined,  per- 
sistent ;  stamens  mostly  2  ;  style  2 -cleft ;  bristles  5-8,  slender,  downwardly  hispid, 
as  long  as  the  achene  ;  achene  obovate,  jet  black,  smooth,  shining,  nearly  I  mm. 
long;  tubercle  depressed,  apiculate,  constricted  at  the  base,  very  much  shorter  than 
the  achene.     In  moist  soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ind.  and  Tex.     Widely  distributed 
in  tropical  regions.     July- Sept. 

8.  Eleocharis  ovata  (Roth)  R.  &S.     OVOID  SPIKE-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  584.)    An- 
nual ;  roots  fibrous;  culms  tufted,   slender- or  filiform,  rather  deep  green,   nearly 
terete,  mostly  erect,  5-40  cm.  tall.     Upper  sheath   I -toothed  ;   spikelet  ovoid  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered,  4—10  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter  ;  scales  thin, 
oblong-orbicular,  very  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  midvein  and  scarious  margins; 
bristles  6-8   (sometimes  fewer  or  wanting),  deciduous,    usually  longer   than   the 
achene  ;  stamens  2  or  3  ;  style  2-3-cleft ;  achene  pale  brown,  shining,  lenticular, 
obovate-oblong,  smooth,  I  mm.  long  or  more  ;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute,  compressed, 
scarcely  constricted  at  the  base,  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene  and  nar- 
rower.    In  wet  soil.     N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Br.  Col.  south  to  Fla.,  Ore.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 
Also  in  Europe.     Variable.     July-Sept. 

9.  Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steud.     ENGELMANN'S  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
585.)      Annual,    similar    to    the    preceding    species,  but  culms  commonly  taller, 
sometimes  0.5  m.  high.     Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  I -toothed  ;  spikelet 
oblong-cylindric  or  ovoid-cylindric,  obtuse  or  subacute,  4-16  mm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
in  diameter,  many-flowered  ;  scales  pale  brown  with  a  green  midvein  and  narrow 
scarious  margins,  ovate,  obtuse,  deciduous;  style  2-cleft;  bristles  about  6,  not  longer 
than  the  achene;  achene  broadly  obovate,  brown,  smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  broad, 
low,  covering  the  top  of  the  achene,  less  than  one-fourth  its  length.     In  wet  soil, 
Mass,  to  Va.,  west  to  Ind.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     July-Sept. 

10.  Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.     CREEPING  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
586.)     Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks;  culms  stout,  terete  or  somewhat  com- 
pressed,  striate,  0.3-1.6  m.   tall.'      Basal  sheaths  brown,   rarely  bearing  a  short 
blade,  the  upper  one  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  ovoid-cylindric,  6-25  mm.  long, 
3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  many-flowered,  thicker  than  the  culm  ;  scales  ovate-oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  purplish  brown  with  scarious  margin  and  a  green  midvein,  or 
pale  green  all  over;  bristles  usually  4,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the 
achene  and  tubercle,  or  sometimes  wanting  ;  stamens  2-3  ;  style  2-3-cleft  ;  achene 
lenticular,  smooth,  yellow,  over  I  mm.  long  ;  tubercle  conic-triangular,  constricted 
at  the  base,  flattened,  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  ponds, 
swamps  and   marshes,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     Aug. -Sept 

Eleocharis  palustris  glaucescens  (Willd.)  A.  Gray.  Culms  slender  or  nearly  fili- 
form, 0.2-0.5  m.  tall ;  spikelet  oblong,  4-10  mm.  long;  achene  smaller;  tubercle  narrower. 
In  wet  meadows  and  marshes;  range  nearly  of  the  type  in  N.  Am.  Perhaps  a  distinct 
species. 

The  so-called  variety  calva  is  a  form  without  bristles. 


I7O  FLORA. 

Eleocharis  paliistris  Wdtsoni  Clarke.  Culms  stout,  15-25  cm.  tall  ;  spike  ovoid  ; 
scales  dark  purple-brown.  Lab.  and  Pr.  Edw.  IsL  to  Hudson  Bay. 

ir.  Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  NEEDLE  SPIKE-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  587.) 
Perennial  by  filiform  stolons  or  rootstocks;  culms  tufted,  finely  filiform  or  setaceous, 
obscurely  4-angled  and  grooved,  weak,  erect  or  reclining,  5-20  cm.  long.  Sheaths 
truncate;  spikelet  compressed,  narrowly  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  broader  than 
the  culm,  3-io-flowered,  3-6  mm.  long,  i  mm.  wide;  scales  oblong,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  subucute,  thin,  pale  green,  usually  with  a  narrow  brown  band  on  each  side 
of  the  midvein,  deciduous,  many  of  them  commonly  sterile;  bristles  3-4,  fragile, 
fugacious,  shorter  than  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  a  chene  obo  void -oblong, 
pale,  obscurely  3-angled  with  a  rib  on  each  angle  and  6-9  lower  intermediate  ribs 
connected  by  fine  ridges;  tubercle  conic,  acute,  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene. 
In  wet  soil,  throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  July-Sept. 

12.  Eleocharis    Wolfii   A.    Gray.     WOLF'S    SPIKE-RUSH.      (I.  F.  f.  588.) 
Perennial    by    short    rootstocks;    culms    slender,    erect,    flattened    ar.d    2-edged, 
0.2-0.5  m.  tall.     Upper  sheath  oblique,  scarious,  hyaline-tipped;  spikelet  oblong 
or  ovoid-oblong,  terete,  acute,  thicker  than  the  culm,  4-6  mm.  long,  nearly  2  mm., 
in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  pale  green  with  purplish 
brown  bands,  tardily  deciduous;  bristles  none  (or  perhaps  early  deciduous);  style 
3-cleft;    achene   obovoid,    obscurely    3-angled,    longitudinally    9-ribbed,    the   ribs 
transversely  connected  by  minute  ridges;  tubercle  depressed-conic,  much  shorter 
than  the  achene.     In  wet  meadows,  111.,  Minn,  and  Iowa.     June-Aug. 

13.  Eleocharis  tortilis  (Link)  Schultes.    TWISTED  SPIKE-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  589.) 
Annual;  roots  fibrous;  culms  tufted,  filiform,  sharply  3-angled,  pale  green,  erect  or 
reclining,  twisting  when  old,  0. 3-0.4  m.  long.    Sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  i-toothed; 
spikelet     ovoid    or    oblong,    subacute,     several-flowered,     4-6    mm.    long,    about 
2mm.  thick,  much  thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  firm,  pale,  ovate,  mostly  obtuse; 
bristles  4-6,   rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  about  equalling  the  achene  and  tubercle; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft ;  achene   obovoid,  obscurely  3-angled,  strongly  reticulated, 
longitudinally  about  i8-ribbed;    tubercle  cap-like  or  conic,  truncate  at  the  base, 
one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  wet  soil,  near  the  coast,  N.  J.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

14.  Eleocharis  tuberculosa  (Michx.)   R.  &  S.     LARGE-TUBERCLED  SPIKE- 
RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  590.)     Annual ;  culms  tufted,  slightly  compressed,  very  slender, 
rather  stiff,  striate,  bright  green,  0.2—0.5  m.  tall.     Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate 
or   I-toothed;  spikelet   ovoid,    many-flowered,   6-12  mm.    long,   nearly  4  mm.   in 
diameter;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  pale  greenish  brown  with  a  darker  midvein, 
broadly  scarious-margined,  firm,  tardily  deciduous;  bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly 
or  rarely  upwardly  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;    achene  obovoid,  pale,  trigonous,  strongly  reticulated,   longitudinally 
about  i8-ribbed;  tubercle  cap-like  or  conic,  nearly  or  quite  as  large  as  the  achene. 
In  wet  soil,  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     July- Sept. 

15.  Eleocharis   Torreyana    Boeckl.       TORREY'S   SPIKE-RUSH.       (I.  F.  f. 
591.)     Annual;  culms  finely  filiform,  densely  tufted,   somewhat  4-sided,   erect  or 
reclining,  often  proliferous  by  developing  secondary  culms  in  the  axils  of  the  spike- 
let,  sometimes  rooting  at  the  summit,  5-20  cm.  long.     Upper  sheath  obliquely  trun- 
cate ;  spikelet  oblong,  subacute,  terete  or  nearly  so,  much  thicker  than  the  culm, 
many-flowered,   3-5  mm.   long;    scales  ovate,   acute,   brownish-red  with  a  green 
midvein  and  lighter  margins,  early  deciduous  except  the  lowest,  which  is  commonly 
larger  than  the  others,  persistent  and  bract-like;  bristles  3-6,  slender,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  white,  3-angled,  obovoid, 
smooth,  minute;  tubercle  conic-pyramidal,  much  shorter  than  the  achene.     In  wet 
sandy  soil,  S.  N.  J.  to  Fla.    and  Tex.,    mostly  near  the  coast.      June-Aug.      The 
similar  E.  microcarpa  Torr.  occurs  only  in  the  Gulf  States  and  West  Indies. 

16.  Eleocharis  melanocaipa  Torr.     BLACK-FRUITED  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
592.)     Perennial  by  short  rootstocks;  culms  flattened,  striate,  tufted,  slender,  erect, 
0.2-0.5  m.  tall.     Upper  sheath  truncate,  I -toothed;  spikelet  oblong  or  cylindric- 
oblong,  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  many-flowered,  thicker  than 
the  culm;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  brown,  with  a  lighter  midvein  and  scarious  mar- 


CYPERACEAE.  IJl 

gins;  bristles  3  or  4,  "-agile,  downwardly  hispid,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
achene,  fugacious  or  perhaps  sometimes  wanting;  stamens  3;  style  3 -cleft;  achene 
3-angled,  obpyramidal,  black,  smooch;  tubercle  depressed,  covering  the  summit  oi 
the  achene,  light  brown,  pointed  in  the  middle.  In  wet  sandy  soil,  E.  Mass,  and 
R.  I.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast.  Also  in  W.  Ind.  July-Sept. 

17.  Eleocharis  albida  Torr.     WHITE  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  593.)    Annual; 
roots  fibrous;  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  nearly  terete,  striate,  erect,  0.1-0.2  m. 
tall.     Upper  sheath  very  oblique  and  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ovoid-globose 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  many-flowered,  thicker  than 
the  culm;  scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white,  rather  firm,  ovate,  obtuse,  deciduous; 
bristles  about  6,  downwardly  barbed,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  achene ;  stamens  3 ; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  broadly  obovoid,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  3-angled,  smooth; 
tubercle  ovoid-conic,  contracted  or  truncate  at  the  base,  about  one-fourth  as  long 
as   the   achene.      In   wet  soil,    Md.    to   Fla.,   Tex.    and  Mex.,    near   the   coast. 
June-Aug. 

18.  Eleocharis  tricostata  Torr.     THREE-RIBBED  SPIKE-RUSH.     (IF.  £594.) 
Perennial   by    short   rootstocks;    culms  very  slender,   erect,    compressed,    striate, 
0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet 
oblong,  becoming   oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  many-flowered,    10-18  mm.  long,  2- 
3  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  thin,  deciduous,  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  mid- 
vein  and  scarious  margins;  bristles  none;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid, 
3-angled,  brown,  dull,  papillose,  strongly  ribbed  on  each  of  its  angles;  tubercle 
conic,  acute,  light  brown,  constricted  at  the  base,  minute,  very  much  shorter  than 
the  achene.     In  wet  soil,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 

19.  Eleocharis   tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.     SLENDER  SPIKE-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
595.)     Perennial  by  rootstocks;  culms  tufted,  filiform,  mostly  erect,  4-angled  with 
concave  sides,  0.2-0.4  m-  tell-     Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one 
side;    spikelet  narrowly  oblong,   mostly  acute,  many-flowered,  thicker  than  the 
culm,  6-10  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  thin,  obovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,    obtuse,    the    midvein    greenish,    the    margins    scarious;     bristles    2-4, 
shorter  than  the  achene,  fugacious  or  wanting;  achene  obovoid,  obtusely  3-angled, 
yellowish  brown,  papillose;  stamens  3;    style  3-cleft;  tubercle  conic,  short,  acute. 
In  wet  soil,  Cape  Breton  Isl.  to  Ont.  and  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     The 
achenes  are  more  or  less  persistent  on  the  rachis  of  the  spikelet  after  the  fall  of  the 
scales.     May-July. 

20.  Eleocharis    acuminata    (Muhl.)    Nees.      FLAT-STEMMED    SPIKE-RUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  596.)     Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  similar  to  the  preceding  species  but 
stouter;    culms  flattened,  striate,  slender  but  rather  stiff,  tufted,  0.2-0.5    m.  tall. 
Upper  sheath  truncate,  sometimes  slightly   I -toothed;    spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  thicker  than  the  culm,   many-flowered,  6—12   mm.  long;  scales  oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  obtusish,  purple-brown  with  a  greenish  mid- 
vein  and  hyaline  white  margins,  deciduous;  bristles  1-5,  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the   achene,    fugacious,   or  wanting;    stamens  3;    style   3-cleft,   exserted;    achene 
obovoid,  obtusely  3-angled,  light  yellowish  brown,  papillose,  much  longer  than  the 
depressed-conic  acute  tubercle.     In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Ga., 
La.,  Mo.  and  Neb.     Achenes  persistent  on  the  rachis  as  in  E.  tennis*     June-Aug. 

21.  Eleocharis  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes.    MATTED  SPIKE-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f. 
597.)     Annual;  roots  fibrous;  culms  filiform,  densely  tufted,  diffusely  reclining  or 
ascending,   usually   matted,   grooved,   10-30   cm.   long.     Upper  sheath  obliquely 
truncate,  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  8-20- flowered,  thicker 
than  the  culm;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  subacute,  light  purple- 
brown  with  a  green  midvein,  tardily  deciduous  or  the  lower  one  persistent;  bristles 
persistent,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  obovoid,  light  brown,   finely  reticulated;  tubercle 
conic-subulate,  very  acute,  slightly  constricted  at  the  base,  one-fourth  to  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene.     In  marshes,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  111.  and 
Iowa.     July-Sept. 

22.  Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.     BEAKED  SPIKE-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  598.)    Per- 
ennial by  a  short  caudex;  culms  slender,  wiry,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascending,  the 
sterile  reclining  and  rooting  at  the  summit,   grooved,   0.3-1.5    m.  long.     Upper 
sheath  truncate;    spikelet  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  thicker  than  the  culm, 


i/2  FLORA. 

io-2O-flowered,  6-12  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or 
the  upper  acute,  green  with  a  somewhat  darker  midvein;  bristles  4-8,  retrorsely 
barbed,  longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
oblong -obo void,  obtusely  3-angled,  its  surface  finely  reticulated;  tubercle  conic- 
subulate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter,  capping  its  summit, 
partly  or  entirely  falling  away  at  maturity.  In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  N.  H. 
to  Vt.  and  W.  N.  Y.,  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Cuba.  Aug-Sept. 

5.  DICHR6MENA  Michx. 

Leafy-stemmed  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikelets  crowded  in  a 
terminal  head  involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves,  which  are  often  white  at  the  base. 
Spikelets  compressed,  several-many-flowered.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all 
around,  several  of  them  with  imperfect  flowers,  or  empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens 
3.  Style  2-cleft,  its  branches  subulate.  Achene  lenticular,  transversely  rugose, 
crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle).  [Greek,  alluding  to 
the  two-colored  involucral  leaves.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southwestern  United  States. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  linear  ;  tubercle  truncate  at  the  base.  I.  D.  color  at  a. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  ;  tubercle  decurrent  on  the  edges  of 

the  achene.  2.  D,  latifolia. 

1.  Dichromena  colorata  (L.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.     NARROW-LEAVED  DICHRO- 
MENA.     (I.  F.  f.  599.)     Glabrous;  culm  slender,  erect,  rather  sharply  triangular, 
0.3-0.6  m.   tall.     Leaves    distant,    narrowly    linear,    about    2    mm.  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6,  reflexed  when  mature,  yellowish 
white  at  the  base  ;  head  globose,    1-2  cm.  in  diameter  ;  spikelets  narrowly  oblong, 
acute;    scales  membranous,    lanceolate,   nearly   white,    i-nerved,  subacute   at  the 
apex  ;  achene  obovate,  brown,  nearly  truncate  at  the  summit,  compressed,  covered 
by  the  tubercle  which  is  not  decurrent  on  its  edges.     In  moist  sandy  soil,  pine 
barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  in  tropical  America.     June-Sept. 

2.  Dichromena  latifolia  Bald w.     BROAD-LEAVED  DICHROMENA  (I.  F.  f.  600.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  culm  stouter,  obtusely  triangular  or  nearly 
terete,  the  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  long-acumi- 
nate apex  from  a  broad  base,  3-8  mm.  wide,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  but 
the  lowest  much  shorter,  those  of  the  involucre  7-10,  strongly  reflexed  when  old. 
Head    globose,    1-2    cm.  in  diameter  ;    spikelets  oblong,  subacute;    scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  nearly  white,  rather  obtuse;  achene  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  pale 
brown,  faintly  wrinkled  transversely  and  longitudinally,  so  as  to  appear  reticu- 
lated; the  tubercle  decurrent  on  its  margins.     In  wet  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.     June-Aug. 

6.  PSILOCARYA  Torr. 

Annual  sedges,  with  fibrous  roots,  slender  leafy  stems  and  ovoid  or  oblong, 
many-flowered  terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary,  mostly  compound  umbels, 
the  rays  and  raylets  bracted  at  the  base.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbri- 
cated all  around,  all  fertile,  deciduous.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens 
I  or  2.  Style  2-cleft,  enlarged  at  the  base.  Achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  smooth 
or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle),  or 
nearly  the  whole  style  persistent  as  a  beak.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  absence  of 
perianth-bristles.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  America. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southeastern  United  States. 
Achene  strongly  wrinkled,  much  longer  than  the  subacute  tubercle  i.  P.  nitens 

Achene  smooth  or  but  little  wrinkled  ;  tubercle  subulate.  2.  P.  scirpoides. 

I.  Psilocarya  nitens  (Vahl)  Wood.  SHORT-BEAKED  BALD-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f. 
601.)  Glabrous;  culms  tufted,  slightly  angled,  7-36  cm.  tall.  Leaves  narrowly 
linear,  about  2  mm  wide,  smooth,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  sheathing  at 
the  base  the  midvem  prominent;  umbels  mostly  loose;  spikelets  ovoid;  4-6  mm. 
long,  rather  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  brown,  broadly  ovate,  thin, 
i -nerved,  obtuse,  acute  or  apiculate ;  achene  lenticular,  nearly  orbicular,  light 
brown,  strongly  wrinkled  transversely;  tubercle  shorter  than  the  achene,  subacute, 
2-lobed  at  the  base.  In  wet  soil  L.  I.  and  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 
July-Oct 


C  YPERA  CEA  E. 

2.  Psilocarya  scirpoides  (Torr.)  LONG-BEAKED  BALD-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  602.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species.  Umbels  commonly  more  numerous  ;  spikelets 
oblong  or  ovoid-oblong  ;  achene  uv'rrly  orbicular  in  outline,  biconvex,  not  as  flat 
as  that  of  P.  nitens,  dark  brown,  foh.Jy  transversely  wrinkled  or  smooth,  sometimes 
longitudinally  striate,  slightly  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe  ;  tubercle 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  sometimes  longer,  its  base  decurrent  on  the 
edges.  In  wet  soil.  E.  Mass,  and  R.  I.  July-Sept 

7.     STENOPHYLLUS  Raf. 

Mostly  annual  sedges,  with  slender  erect  culms,  leafy  below,  the  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear  or  filiform,  with  ciliate  or  pubescent  sheaths.  Spikelets  umbellate, 
capitate  or  solitary,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre,  their  scales  spirally 
imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  glabrous,  its  base  much  swollen  and  persistent  as 
a  tubercle  on  the  achene  as  in  Eleocharis.  Achene  3 -angled,  turgid  or  lenticular. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  narrow  leaves.]  A  genus  of  some  20  species,  natives  of 
temperate  and  warm  regions.  Besides  the  following,  5  others  occur  in  the  southern 
United  States. 

I.  Stenophyllus  capillaris  (L.)Britton.  HAIR-LIKE  STENOPHYLLUS.  (I.  F. 
f.  603.)  Annual;  roots  fibrous;  culms  filiform,  densely  tufted,  erect,  grooved, 
smooth,  5-25  cm.  tall.  Leaves  roughish,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  their 
sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent  with  long  hairs;  involucral  leaves  1-3,  setaceous; 
spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  somewhat  4-sided,  5-8  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  thick, 
several  in  a  terminal  umbel,  or  in  depauperate  forms  solitary;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  puberulent,  dark  brown  with  a  green  keel;  stamens  2;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  yellow-brown,  narrowed  at  the  base,  very  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the 
summit,  0.5  mm.  long,  transversely  wrinkled;  tubercle  minute,  depressed.  In 
dry  or  moist  soil,  throughout  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  tropical 
America.  July-Sept  \FtmMstylis  capillaris  A.  Gray.] 

8    FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  leafy  below.  Spikelets  umbellate  or  capi- 
tate, terete,  several  to  many-flowered,  subtended  by  a  i-many-leaved  involucre, 
their  scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile.  Perianth 
none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  its  base  much  en- 
larged, falling  away  from  the  summit  of  the  achene  at  maturity.  Achene  lenticu- 
lar, biconvex,  or  3-angled,  reticulated,  cancellate,  or  longitudinally  ribbed  or  stri- 
ate in  our  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  style  of  some  species.]  A 
large  genus,  the  species  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Be- 
sides the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North 
America. 

Style  2-cleft ;  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex. 

Culms  0.2-0.9  m.  tall ;  spikelets  umbellate  ;  style  mostly  pubescent. 
Perennial ;  leaves  involute. 

Scales  coriaceous,  shining,  glabrous.  I.  F.  spadtcea. 

Scales  membranous,  dull,  puberulent.  2.  F.  castanea. 

Annual ;  roots  fibrous ;  leaves  flat.  3.  F.  laxa. 

Culms  2-10  cm.  tall,  very  slender ;  spikelets  capitate  ;  style  glabrous  below. 

4.  F.  Vahlti. 
Style  3-cleft ;  achene  3-angled. 

Umbel  mostly  compound  ;  spikelets  narrow,  acute,  mostly  peduncled ;  achene  nearly 
or  quite  smooth.  5.  F.  autumnalfs. 

Umbel  mostly  simple  ;  spikelets  plump,  obtuse,  mostly  capitate  and  sessile ;  achene 
distinctly  reticulated.  6.  F.  Frankii. 

i.  Fimbristylis  spadicea  (L.)  Vahl.  STIFF  FIMBRISTYLIS.  (I.  F.  f.  604.) 
Perennial  by  a  thickened  base,  glabrous;  culms  slender,  3-anglcd,  wiry,  3-9  dm. 
tall,  usually  longer  than  the  strongly  involute  rigid  leaves.  Leaves  about  2  mm. 
wide  when  unrolled,  their  sheaths  dark  brown;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-6,  erect; 
umbel  several-rayed,  the  rays  nearly  erect,  5-15  cm.  long;  central  spikelets  of 
the  umbels  and  umbellets  sessile,  the  others?  pcdicelled;  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid- 


174  FLORA. 

cylindric,  acute,  5-12  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  oval  obovate,  or 
orbicular,  obtuse  or  subacute,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  shining,  dark  brown  with  a 
green  midvein;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obovate,  brown.  In 
marshes  and  shallow  water,  Va.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast.  Widely  distributer! 
in  tropical  America.  July-Sept. 

2.  Fimbristylis  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl.  MARSH  FIMBRISTYLIS.  (i.  F.  f. 
605.)  Perennial  by  a  thick  base;  culms  slender,  3-angled,  0.2-0.5  m-  *a^'  usualN- 
exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  involute,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  their  sheatns  green 
and  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  of  the  involucre  2-4,  short;  umbel  simple  or 
compound,  the  rays  1-5  cm.  long;  central  spikelets  sessile;  spikelets  oblong,  6-10 
mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  thin,  brown  with  a  lighter  midvein, 
broadly  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular,  dull,  puberulent,  obtuse  or  mucronate;  stamens 
2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate  or  oblong,  biconvex,  pale  brown.  On  salt 
meadows,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Also  in  wet  soil  in  the  interior  from 
Ont.,  Mich,  and  111.  to  Kans.  and  Tex.,  and  in  tropical  America.  The  achene  in 
the  prairie  plant  is  shorter  and  less  tapering  to  the  base  than  in  the  coast  form. 
July-Sept. 

3.  Fimbristylis  laxa  Vahl.     WEAK  FIMBRISTYLIS.     (I.  F.  f.  606.)     Annual; 
roots  fibrous  ;  culms  slender,  flattened,  striate,  densely  tufted,  erect  or  ascending, 
5-40  cm.  long,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  flat,  about  I  mm.  wide, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  ciliate,  pale  green,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5  ;  umbel  simple 
or  slightly  compound,  the  central  spikelet  sessile  ;  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong, 
6-12  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter  ;  scales  ovate,  thin,  pale  greenish  brown, 
subacute  or  mucronulate  ;  stamen  I  ;   style  2-cleft,   pubescent ;   achene  biconvex, 
obovoid,  light  brown,  longitudinally  ribbed,  the  ribs  tubercled  and  connected  by 
very  fine  cross-lines.     In  moist  soil,   S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Also  in  trop.  Am.     July-Sept. 

4.  Fimbristylis  Vahlii  (Lam.)  Link.     VAHL'S  FIMBRISTYLIS.     (I.  F.  f.  607.) 
Annual ;  culms  very  slender,  densely  tufted,  compressed,  striate,   2-10  cm.  high, 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  leaves.     Leaves  setaceous  or  almost  filiform,  rough, 
those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  erect,  much  exceeding  the  simple  capitate  cluster  of  3-8 
spikelets  ;  spikelets  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long,   about  I  mm.  thick, 
many-flowered;  scales  lanceolate,  pale  greenish-brown,  acuminate;  stamen  I;  style 
2-cleft,  glabrous  below;  achene  minute,  biconvex,  yellowish-white,  cancellate.     In 
moist  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  east  to  N.  Car.  and  Fla.     July-Oct. 

5.  Fimbristylis  autumnalis  (L.)  R.  &  S.     SLENDER  FIMBRISTYLIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
608.)     Annual  ;  roots  fibrous  ;  culms  very  slender,  densely  tufted,   flat,   7-40  cm. 
long,  usually  much  exceeding  the  leaves.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  1-2  mm. 
wide,  glabrous,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,   usually  all  shorter  than  the  umbel  ; 
umbel  compound  or  decompound,  the  primary  rays  4-10  mm.  long,  the  secondary 
filiform;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  acute,  6-40  mm.  long,  I  mm.  thick  or  less;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  subacute,  strongly  mucronate,  greenish-brown,  the  midvein  prom- 
inent; stamens  1-3;  style  3  -  cleft ;  achene  obovoid,  nearly  white,  3-angled  with  a 
ridge  on  each  angle,  smooth  or  indistinctly  reticulated,  sometimes  roughened.     In 
moist  soil,  Me.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     Also  in  trop.  Am.     Depauperate 
forms  occur  with  culms  not  over  2  cm.  high  bearing  solitary  spikelets.     June-Sept. 

6.  Fimbristylis  Frankii  Steud.     Annual,  lower  than  the  preceding  species, 
the  leaves  often  shorter.      Umbel  mostly  simple,  the  spikelets,  or  most  of  them, 
capitate  and  sessile,  ovoid  or  oval,  blunt,  the  heads  sometimes  appearing  almost  ses- 
sile at  the  base;  achenes  rather  larger,  distinctly  reticulated.     In  mud  or  wet  sand, 
N.  II.  to  Mo.,  Tenu.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

9.  SCI'RPUS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  very  small  or  very  large  sedges,  with  leafy  culms  or  the 
leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths.  Spikelets  terete  or  somewhat  flattened,  solitary, 
capitate,  spicate  or  umbellate,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre  or  the  in- 
volucre wanting  in  some  species.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  usually 
all  fertile,  the  1-3  lower  sometimes  empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-6, 
slender  or  rigid,  short  or  elongated,  barbed,  pubescent  or  smooth  bristles,  or  none 
in  some  species.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-^-ckft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  wholly 


CYPEKACEAE.  175 

deciduous  from  the  achene,  or  its  base  persistent  as  a  subulate  tip.  Achene  tri- 
angular, lenticular  or  plano-convex.  [Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush,  said  to  be  from 
sirs,  the  Celtic  word  for  rushes.]  About  200  species  of  very  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution. Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western 
parts  of  North  America. 

Spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  bractless  or  subtended  by  a  single  bract  or  short  leaf. 
No  involucral  bract. 

Culms  2-5  cm.  high  ;  achene  smooth  ;  plant  of  saline  soil.  i.  S.  nanus. 
Culms  7-25  cm.  high  ;  achene  reticulated  ;  plant  of  fresh-water  marshes. 

2.  S.  paiiciflorus. 
Involucral  bract  present,  erect. 

Bract  shorter  than  or  but  little  exceeding  the  spikelet ;  plants  not  aquatic. 
Culm  terete  ;  leaf  of  upper  sheath  subulate ;  bristles  smooth. 

3.  S.  caespitosus. 
Culms  triangular;  leaf  of  upper  sheath  linear;  bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  scales  acute.  4.   S.  Clintoni. 

Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm  ;  scales  cuspidate. 

5.  S.  planifolius. 
Bract  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  plant  aquatic. 

6.  S.  siibierminalis. 
Spikelets  normally  more  than  i,  usually  several  or  numerous,  often  appearing  lateral; 

involucral  bract  only  i. 
Spikelets  few,  1-12,  appearing  lateral. 

Culms  not  sharply  3-angled  ;  achene  plano-convex  ;  annuals. 

Achene  strongly  transversely  rugose.  7.  S.  ffallii. 

Achene  smooth  or  v"ery  slightly  roughened. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  the  achene. 

8.  S.  debilis. 

Bristles  minute  or  wanting.  9.  S.  Smithii, 

Culms  sharply  3-angled  ;  plants  perennial  by  rootstocks. 

Achene  plano-convex  ,  bristles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene. 

Spikelets  acute,  much  overtopped  by  the  slender  involucral  leaf  ;  scales 

awned.  10.  S.  Americanus. 

Spikelets  obtuse  ;  involucral  leaf  short,  stout;  scales  mucronulate. 

11.  S.  Olneyi, 
Achene  3-angled,  ridged  on  the  back. 

Bristles  longer  than  the  achene;  involucral  leaf  erect. 

12.  S.  Torreyi. 
Bristles  as  long  as  the  achene ;  involucral  leaf  abruptly  bent. 

13.  S.  mticronatuSt 
Spikelets  several  or  numerous,  umbelled  ;  tall  sedges. 

Culm  sharply  triangular,  equalled  by  the  long  leaves.         14.  S.  cylindricus. 
Culm  terete ;  leaves  reduced  to  shea'ths. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed  ;  achene  gray,  abruptly  mucronate. 

15.  S.  validus. 
Bristles  short-plumose  below  ;  achene  nearly  white,  narrowed  above. 

1 6.  S.  Calif ornicus. 
Spikelets  several,  spicate.                                                                      17.  S.  r it/us. 

Spikelets  several,  capitate  or  umbellate,  large  ;  involucral  leaves  2  or  more. 
Achene  lenticular  or  plano-convex  ;  spikelets  capitate. 

Capitate  cluster  simple  ;  achene  obovate-oblong,  pale  brown. 

1 8.  S.  interior. 
Capitate  cluster  often  compound  ;  achene  orbicular-obovate,  dark  brown. 

19.  S.  robust  us. 
Achene  sharply  3-angled  ;  spikelets  umbellate.                             20.  S.  fl uviatilis. 

Spikelets  oblong-cylindric,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  bristles  6. 

Spikelets  narrowly  cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long;  bristles  2-4.     21.  S,  Xor'ae-Angliae. 
Spikelets  very  numerous  in  compound  umbels  or  umbelled  heads,  small ;  involucral  leaves 

several ;  tall  sedges. 
Bristles  downwardly  barbed ;  spikelets  in  umbelled  heads. 

Spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong,  3-5  mm.  long. 

*          Bristles  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  achene  ;  leaves  6-16  mm.  wide. 
"'  Style  3-cleft ;  achene  3-angled  ;  bristles  6. 

Spikelets   3-8   in   each    head ;    bristles   barbed    throughout  ;    scales 

obtuse.  22.  S.  sy-lvaiicus. 

Spikelets  8—20  in  each  head;  bristles  not  barbed  below;  scales  acute. 

23.  S.  atrovirens. 
Style  2-cleft  ;  achene  plano-convex  '?  bristles  4.      24.  S,  microcarfus. 


17  FLORA. 

Bristles  flexuous,  twice  as  long  as  the  aJiene ;  leaves  4-6  mm.  wide. 

25.  S.  polyphyllus. 

Spikelets  cylindric,  6-10  mm.  long.  26.  S.  Peckii. 

Bristles  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  umbel  mostly  decompound. 
Bristles  shorter  than  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  scales. 

Bristles  about  as  long  as  the  achene ;  scales  subacute. 

27.  S.  divaricatus. 
Bristles  much  longer  than  the  achene  ;  scales  mucronate. 

28.  S.  lineatus. 
Bristles  much  exserted  beyond  the  scales  when  mature.     29.  S.  cy per  inns, 

1.  Scirpus  nanus  Spreng.     DWARF  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  609.)    Annual; 
roots  fibrous;  culms  filiform,  flattened,  grooved,  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  2-5  cm. 
high,  bearing  a  scarious  bladeless  sheath  near  the  base.     Spikelet  solitary,  terminal, 
ovoid-oblong,  rather  acute,  3-8  flowered,  2-3  mm.  long,  not  subtended  by  a  bract; 
scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pale  green,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  subacute;  bristles 
about  6,   downwardly  barbed,   longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong,  3 -angled,  pale,  pointed  at  each  end,  smooth.     Muddy  places  in 
salt  marshes,  Cape  Breton  Id.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  about  salt  springs  in  N.  Y.  and 
Mich.    Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  N.  Am.  and  on  the  coasts  of  Europe.   July-Sept. 

2.  Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.     FEW-FLOWERED  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  610.) 
Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks;  culms  very  slender,  little  tufted,  3-angled,  grooved, 
leafless,  7-25  cm.  tall,  the  upper  sheath  truncate.     Spikelet  terminal,  solitary,  not 
subtended  by  an  involucral  bract,  oblong,  compressed,  4-10  flowered,  4-6  mm.  long, 
nearly  2  mm.  wide;  scales  brown  with  lighter  margins  and  midvein,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  bristles  2-6,  hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  longer;  stamens  3;    style 
3-cleft;    achene   obovoid-oblong,   gray,   rather   abruptly  beaked,   its  surface  finely 
reticulated.     In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  and  Ont  to  Me.,  W.  N.  Y.,  Minn,  and  Br.  Col., 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo.     Also  in  northern  Europe.     July-Oct. 

3.  Scirpus  caespitosus  L.    TUFTED  CLUB-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  611.)     Perennial; 
culms  smooth,  terete,  densely  tufted,  light  green,  erect  or  ascending,  almost  filiform, 
wiry,  10-40  cm.  long.     Basal  sheaths  numerous,  membranous,  imbricated,  acumi-' 
nate,  the  upper  one  bearing  a  short  very  narrow  blade;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal, 
few-flowered,  ovoid-oblong,  about  4  mm.  long,  subtended  by  a  subulate  involucral 
leaf  of  about  its  own  length;  scales  yellowish-brown,  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
deciduous;  bristles  6,  smooth,  longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong,    smooth,   3-angled,   brown,   acute.     In  bogs  and  on  moist  rocks, 
Greenl.  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  N.  E.,  the  Adirondacks,  W.  N.  Y.,  111., 
Minn,  and  Br.  Col.,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo.,  and  on  the  higher  summits  of 
the  southern  Alleghenies.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

4.  Scirpus   Clintoni  A.    Gray.     CLINTON'S    CLUB-RUSH.      (I.   F.    f.    612). 
Perennial;    culms  tufted,  triangular,  very  slender,   erect,  10-40  cm.  tall,  rouglmh 
on  the  angles.     Lower  sheaths  imbricated,  one  or  more  of  them  bearing  short  subu- 
late blades,  the  upper  one  bearing  a  flat,  narrowly  linear  blade  shorter  than  the 
culm;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ovoid,  few- flowered,  3-4  mm.  long,  subtended  by 
a  subulate  involucral  bract;  scales  ovate,  pale  brown,  acute;  bristles  3-6,  filiform, 
upwardly  barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  longer;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong, 
brown,  sharply  3-angled,  smooth,  obtuse.     In  dry  fields  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  W. 
N.  Y.  and  Mich.,  south  to  N.  C.     Local.     June-Aug. 

5.  Scirpus  planifolius  Muhl.     WOOD  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  613.)    Perennial; 
culms  triangular,  slender,  tufted,  rather  weak,  roughish  on  the  angles,  15-40  cm. 
tall.     Lower  sheaths  bearing  short  subulate  blades,  the  upper  with  a  flat  narrowly 
linear  rough-margined  leaf  about  as  long  as  the  culm;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal, 
ovoid-oblong,  acute,  several-flowered,  subtended  by  a  short  involucral  bract;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  yellowish-brown  with  a  green  midvein,  which  is  extended  beyond 
the  acute  apex  into  a  sharp  cusp;  bristles  4-6,  upwardly  barbed,  about  equalling 
the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  pubescent;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,  smooth, 
light  brown,  rather  obtuse.    In  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  Del.,  W.  N.  Y.  and  Mo. 
May-July. 

6.  Scirpus   subterminalis   Torr.      WATER    CLUB-RUSH.      (I.    F.   f.  614.) 
Perennial  (?),   aquatic,   culms  slender,   terete,   nodulose,  0.3-1  m.   long.     Leaves 
slender,  channeled,  15-50  cm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  wide;  spikelet  solitary,   terminal, 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  177 

oblong  cylindric,  narrowed  at  each  end,  several-flowered,  6-IO  mm.  long,  subtended 
by  a  subulate  erect  involucral  leaf  1-3  cm.  long,  thus  appearing  lateral;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  membranous,  light  brown  with  a  green  mid  vein;  bristles 
about  6,  downwardly  barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft  to  about  the  middle;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled,  dark  brown,  smooth,  rather 
more  than  2  mm.  long,  obtuse,  abruptly  beaked  by  the  slender  base  of  the  style.  In 
ponds  and  streams  or  sometimes  on  their  borders,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and 
Wash.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Mich.  The  so  called  variety  terrestris  is  an 
emersed  form  with  erect  culms  and  shorter  spikelets.  July-Aug. 

7.  Scirpus   Hallii  A.  Gray.     HALL'S  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.   615.)    Annual; 
culms  very  slender,  smooth,  tufted,  obtusely  triangular,  erect,  striate,  1-3  dm.  talL 
Lower  sheaths  oblique,  and  acuminate  or  mucronate,  the  upper  one  commonly 
bearing  a  filiform  blade  1-6  cm.  long;  spikelets  capitate  in  clusters  of  1-7,  oblong- 
cylindric,  obtuse,   many -flowered,  6-12    mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  appearing 
lateral  by  the  extension  of  the  solitary  involucral  leaf;  scales  ovate -lanceolate,  light 
greenish  brown,  acuminate,  keeled,  cuspidate;  bristles  wanting;  stamens  mostly  2; 
achene   obovate -orbicular   or    slightly    broader   than   high,   black,    plano-convex, 
mucronulate,  wrinkled  transversely,  about  I  mm.  in  diameter.     In  wet  soil,  Mass, 
to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Col.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     The  lowest  sheaths  occasionally  subtend 
a  flower  with  very  long  styles.     July-Sept. 

8.  Scirpus  debilis  Pursh.     WEAK-STALKED  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.f.  616.)    An- 
nual,  smooth;  culms  slender,  terete  or  nearly  so,  tufted,  1.5-5  dm-  nigh-     Sheaths 
obliquely  truncate,  the  upper  one  rarely  bearing  a  short  subulate  blade;  spikelets 
capitate    in   clusters   of   I-I2,  ovoid-oblong,   subacute,   many-flowered,  appearing 
lateral,  the  involucral  leaf  narrowly  linear,  3-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  divergent;  scales 
light  yellowish  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute;  bristles 
4-6,  downwardly  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  2-3;  style  2-cleft 
or  rarely  3-cleft;   achene  plano-convex,  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular,  smooth  or 
slightly  roughened,  dark  brown,  shining,  obtuse,  mucronulate.     In  wet  soil,  Me.  to 
Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Neb.     July-Sept. 

9.  Scirpus  Smithii  A.  Gray.     SMITH'S  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  617.)     Annual, 
similar  to  the  preceding  species;  culms  usually  lower  and  more  slender  or  nearly 
hliform ;  sheaths  oblique  and  acuminate  or  the  upper  one  bearing  a  subulate  blade. 
Spikelets  1-4,  ovoid,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  involucral  leaf  narrow,  elongated, 
erect;    scales   oblong,   obtuse,  mucronulate,   pale   brown   with   a    green   midvein; 
bristles  usually  wanting,  sometimes  1-3,  and  very  much  shorter  than  the  achene; 
style  2-cleft;  achene  plano-convex,  obovate  or  orbicular,  brown,  rather  dull,  smooth 
or  minutely  roughened,  obtuse,  mucronulate.     In  wet  muddy  places,  Vt.  to  Ont. 
and  Minn.,  Del.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     July-Sept. 

10.  Scirpus  Americanus  Pers.     THREE-SQUARE.     CHAIR-MAKER'S  RUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  618.)     Perennial  by  long  rootstocks;  culms  sharply  triangular,  erect,  stiff, 
0.3-1.1  m.  tall.     Leaves   1-3,   narrowly   linear,  keeled,   shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  8-12  mm.  long,  capitate  in  clusters  of  1-7,  appearing 
as  if  lateral;  involucral  leaf  slender,  3-10  cm.  long;  scales  broadly  ovate,  brown, 
often  emarginate  or  sharply  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  the  midvein  extended  into  a  subu- 
late awn  sometimes  2  mm.  long,  the  margins  scarious;  bristles  2—6,  downwardly 
barbed,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene;  stamens  3;  achene  obovate,  plano- 
convex, smooth,  dark  brown,  mucronate.     In  fresh  water  and  brackish  swamps 
throughout  N.  Am.     Also  in  Chile.     June-Sept.    [S.  pungens  Vahl.J 

Scirpus  Americknus  longispicktus  Britton.  Spikelets  linear-cylindric,  1-2.5  cm. 
long;  bristles  as  long  as  the  broadly  obovate  achene.  S.  shore  of  Lake  Ont.,  Col.  and 
N.  Mex. 

xi.  Scirpus  Olneyi  A.  Gray.  OLNEY'S  BULRUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  619.)  Similar  to 
the  preceding  species;  culms  stout,  sharply  3-angled  with  concave  sides,  0.5-2  m. 
tall.  Leaves  1-3,  2-13  cm.  long,  or  sheaths  sometimes  leafless;  spikelets  capitate 
in  dense  clusters  of  5-12,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  5-8  mm.  long,  the  involu- 
cral leaf  short,  stout,  erect,  1-3  cm.  long;  'scales  oval  or  orbicular,  dark  brown  with 
a  green  midvein,  emarginate  or  mucronulate,  glabrous;  bristles  usually  6,  slightly 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene,  downwardly  barbed;  stamens  2-3;  style 
2  cleft;  achene  obovate,  plano-convex,  brown,  mucronate.  In  salt  marshes,  Mass. 


I78 


FLORA. 


to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Cal.,  extending  north  along  the  Pacific  Coast  to  Ore.     Also 
in  Ark.     June-Sept. 

12.  Scirpus  Torreyi  Olney.     TORREY'S  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  620.)     Perennial 
by  rootstocks;    culms  sharply  3-angled,  rather  slender,  nodulose,  0.5-1.1  m.  tall. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  nodulose,  light  green;  spikelets  1-4,  in  an  ap- 
parently lateral  capitate  cluster,  oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  10-16  mm.  long; 
involucral  leaf  5-15  cm.  long,  erect;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  shining,  chestnut- 
brown,  glabrous,  mucronulate;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  than 
the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  smooth,  shining,  light  brown, 
3-angled,  one  of  its  sides  broader  and  flatter  than  the  others.     In  swamps,  Vt.  tc 
R.  I.  and  Penn.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Manitoba.     July-Sept. 

13.  Scirpus  mucronatus  L.     BOG  BULRUSH.      (I.  F.  f.'  621.)      Perennial: 
culms  stout,  tufted,  3-angled,  smooth,  0.3-1  m.  tall.     Spikelets  5-12  in  a  capitate 
cluster,  oblong,  obtuse,  8-18  mm.  long,  rather  more  than  2  mm.  in  diameter,   sub- 
tended by  a  linear  abruptly  spreading  involucral  leaf  ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse, 
light  brown  with  a  narrow  green  midvein,  mucronate  ;  bristles  6,  stout,  rigid,  down- 
wardly barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  3-cleft ;  achene  obovoid, 
smooth,  shining,  dark  brown,  3-angled,  two  of  the  sides  narrower  and  more  convex 
than  the  third.     In  a  swamp  in  Del.  Co.,  Penn.     Probably  adventive  or  fugitive 
from  Europe.     Widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World.     July-Sept. 

14.  Scirpus  cylindricus(Torr.)  Britton.     CANBY'S  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  622.) 
Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks  ;  culm  stout,  3-angled  above,  1-2  m.  high,  the  linear 
nodulose  keeled  dark  green  leaves  nearly  or  quite  as  long.     Involucral  leaf  1-2.5 
dm.  long,  erect  ;  spikelets  in  an  apparently  lateral  umbel,  drooping,  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  acutish,  1—2  cm.  long,  primary  rays  of  the  umbel  bracted  by  I  or  more  subu- 
late-linear leaves  ;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  pale  brown,  acute,  mucronulate  ; 
bristles  6,  stout,  rigid,   about  as  long  as  the  achene,   serrate  ;  stamens  3  ;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled,  light  brown,  smooth,  abruptly  subulate-pointed. 
In  ponds  and  swamps,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.     July-Sept.     [S.  Canbyi  A.  Gray.] 

15.  Scirpus  validus  Vahl.     GREAT  BULRUSH.     MAT-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  623.) 
Perennial  by  rootstocks  ;  culm  stout,  terete,  smooth,  erect,  1—3  m.  tall,  sometimes 
2  cm.  in  diameter,  sheathed  below.     Involucral  leaf  solitary,   erect,   shorter  than 
the  umbel  ;  umbel  compound,  appearing  lateral,  its  primary  rays  2-IO  cm.   long  ; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate  ;  spikelets  becoming  oblong-cylindric,  sessile  or  some  of  them 
peduncled,  in  capitate  clusters  of  1-5,  5-16  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter  ;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  strong  midvein  which  is  sometimes  excurrent ;  bristles,  4-6, 
downwardly  barbed,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  achene  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  2-cleft  ; 
achene  plano-convex,   obovate,    gray,   abruptly  mucronate,   dull.     In  ponds  and 
swamps  throughout  N.  Am.     June-Sept. 

1 6.  Scirpus    Californicus  (C.  A.  Meyer)  Britton.     CALIFORNIA  BULRUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  624.)     Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the  leaves  reduced  to 
basal  sheaths.     Involucral  leaf  short,  stoutly  subulate;  umbel  compound ;  spikelets 
6-10  mm.  long,  acute,  peduncled  or  some  of  them  sessile;  scales  brown,  ovate,  awn- 
pointed;  bristles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene,  short  plumose  below;  stamens 
2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate,  plano-convex,  nearly  white,  narrowed  above  into 
a  short  point,  contracted  at  the  base.     In  swamps,  Fla.  to  La.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal., 
and  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.     Not  certainly  known  within  our  area. 
June-Aug. 

17.  Scirpus  rufus  (Huds.)  Schrad.     RED  CLUB-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  625.)     Per. 
ennial;  culms  smooth,  slender,  somewhat  compressed,  7~4°  cm-  tall.     Leaves  half 
terete,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  culm,   channeled,  1-8  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm 
wide,  the  lowest  reduced  to  sheaths;  spikelets  red-brown,  few-flowered,  narrowly 
ovoid-oblong,  subacute,  about  6  mm.  long,  in  a  terminal  2-ranked  spike;  involu, 
cral  leaf  solitary,  erect,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  spike;  scales  lanceolate,  acute, 
I -nerved;    bristles  3-6,    upwardly  barbed,   shorter  than  the    achene,  deciduous; 
stamens  3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  light  brown,  piano- 
convex  or  slightly  angledr  3-4  mm.  long.     In  marshes,  N.  B.  and  Oue.  to  the  N.  \V. 
Terr.     Also  in  northern  Europe.     Summe'r. 

1 8.  Scirpus  interior   Britton.       PRAIRIE     BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  626.)     Per- 
ennial,  culm   smooth,   sharply   triangular,    0.3-0.5  m.   tall.     Leaves   usually  pale 
green,  smooth,  2-4  mm.  wide?  those  of  the  involucre  3  or  3,  the  longer  much  exceeding 


C  YPERA  CEAE.  1 79 

the  inflorescence;  spikelets  3-10  in  a  dense  terminal  simple  head,  oblong  cylindric, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  pale  brown,  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  an  ascending  or  spreading  awn;  bristles 
1—3,  much  shorter  than  the  achene  or  none;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular, 
obovate  or  oblong-ov?  te,  mucronula-te,  ye  How -brown,  its  surface  strongly  cellular- 
reticulated.  On  wet  prairies  and  plains,  Man.  and  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Kans.  and 
Mex.,  west  to  Nev.  May-Aug.  (S.  campestris  Britton,  not  Willd. ) 

19  Scirpus  robustus  Pursh.  SALT  MARSH  BULRUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  627.) 
Ferenni-al  by  rootstocks;  culm  stout,  stiff,  3-angled  with  flat  sides,  smooth,  0.5-1.4 
m.  tall.  Leaves  dark  green,  smooth,  5-10  mm.  wide;  involucral  leaves  2-4,  elon- 
gated, similar;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  stout,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  in 
diameter,  6-20  together  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster;  scales  ovate,  brown,  puberu- 
lent,  thin,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  an,  at  length,  reflexed  awn  3-5  inrn.  long; 
bristles  1-6,  fragile,  shorter  than  the  achene,  or  none;  style  3-cleft;  achene  com- 
pressed, flat  on  the  face,  convex  or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back,  obovate-orbicular, 
dark  brown,  shining,  3  mm.  long.  In  salt  marshes,  N.  S.  to  Tex.  July-Oct. 

20.  Scirpus  fluviatilis  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.     RIVER  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  628.) 
Perennial  by  rootstocks;  culm  stout,  smooth,  triangular  with  nearly  flat  sides,  0.9-2 
m.  tall.     Leaves  8-16  mm.  wide,  smooth,  attenuate  to  a  very  long  tip;  those  of  the 
involucre  3-5,  erect  or  spreading,  often  20  cm.  long;  spikelets  in  a  terminal  umbel, 
solitary  or  2-3  together  at  the  ends  of  its  long  spreading  or  drooping  rays,  or  the 
central  spikelets  sessile,  oblong-cylindric,  acute,  1.6-2.5  cm.  long,  about  7  mm.  in 
diameter;  scales  ovate,  scarious,  puberulent,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  a  curved 
awn  3-4  mm.  long;    bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  obovoid,  rather  dull,  short-pointed.  4  mm. 
long.     In  shallow  water,  Que.  to  Minn.,  N.  J.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     June-Sept. 

21.  Scirpus    Novae-Angliae    Britton.      NEW    ENGLAND    COAST    SEDGE. 
(I.    F.    f.    627a.)      Perennial   by   rootstocks;    culm   stout,    1-2    m.    tall,    sharply 
3-angled.     Leaves  long,  8-J2  mm.  wide,  roughish  on  the  margins  when  dry.  the 
lowest  reduced  to  pointed  sheaths,  those  of  the  involucre  2-5,  the  longer  of  them 
much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  narrowly  cylindric,  acute,  1.8-5  cm. 
long,  less  than  8  mm.  thick,  solitary  or  2-5  together  at  the  ends  of  the  rays;  rays 
2-IO  cm.  long;   scales  awned;   bristles  2-4,   shorter  than   the  grayish-white  dull 
obovate  achene,  which  is  distinctly  3-angled;  style  3-cleft.     In  fresh  water  and 
brackish  marshes,  Conn,  and  S.  N.  Y. 

22.  Scirpus  sylvaticus  L.     WOOD  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  629.)     Perennial  by 
long  rootstocks;  culm  triangular,  stout,  smooth,   1-2   m.  tall,   often  overtopped  by 
the  upper  leaves.     Leaves  1-1.6  cm.   wide,  rough  on  the  margins,  those  of  the 
involucre  5—8,  the  larger  often  0.3  m.  long  or  more;  umbel  terminal,  very  large, 
sometimes  2  dm.   broad,  about  3  times  compound,   the  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  3-5  mm.  long,  in  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets;  bractlets  of 
the  involucels  small,  linear  or  lanceolate;  scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  brown  with  a 
green  centre;  bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed,  slightly  exceeding  the  achene;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,  obtuse,  nearly  white,  mucronulate. 
In  swamps,  N.  H.  .to  N.  Car.     Also  in  Europe.     June-Aug. 

23.  Scirpus   atrovirens   Muhl.      DARK-GREEN  BULRUSH.      (I.   F.   f.   630.) 
Perennial  by  rootstocks;  culms  triangular,  rather  slender,  leafy,  0.5—1.2  m.  high. 
Leaves   elongated,   nodulose,   dark  green,   6-12  mm.   wide,   one  or  two   of  them 
usually  exceeding   the   inflorescence;    spikelets  ovoid-oblong,    acute,  densely  capi- 
tate at  the  ends  of  the  rays  or  raylets;  involucels  short;  scales  greenish-brown, 
oblong,  acute,  the  midvein  excurrent;  bristles  usually  6,  downwardly  barbed  above, 
naked  below,  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obiong- 
obovoid,  3-angled,  pale  brown,  dull.     In  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Ga.  and  La- 
June-Aug. 

Scirpus  atr6virens  pdllidus  Britton.  Whole  plant  pale  green  ;  scales  awned;  spikelets 
oblong-cylindric,  very  numerous  in  the  capitate  clusters.  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Colo. 

24.  Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.     SMALL-FRUITED  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  631.) 
Perennial;  culms  0.9-1.6  m.  tall,  often  stout,  overtopped  by  the  leaves.     Longer 
leaves  of  the  involucre  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong, 
acute,  3-4  mm.  long,  in  capitate  clusters  at  the  end.s  of  the  visually  spreading  ray. 


ISO  FLORA. 

lets;  scales  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  bristles  4,  barbed  downwardly  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  base,  somewhat  longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft; 
achene  oblong-obovate,  nearly  white,  plano-convex  or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back, 
pointed.  In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  N.  S.  to  Quebec  and  Alaska,  Mass.,  N.  Y., 
Minn,  and  Cal.  July-Sept. 

25.  Scirpus  polyph^llus  Vahl.     LEAFY  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  632.)     Peren- 
nial by  rootstocks;  culms  slender,  sharply  triangular,  0.3-1.1  m.  tall,  very  leafy, 
the  leaves  4-6  mm.  wide,  3 -ranked,  rough-margined,  those  of  the  involucre  3-6, 
the  longer  commonly  somewhat  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  ovoid,  about 
3  mm.  long,  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate,  bright  brown,  mostly 
obtuse,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle,   twice  as 
long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3;    style  3-cleft;    achene  obovoid,   3-angled  with  a 
broad  face  and  narrower  sides,  short-pointed,  dull.     In  swamps,  wet  woods  and 
meadows,    Mass,  to  Minn.,  Ala.   and  Ark.     Some  of  the  scales  of  the  spikelets 
occasionally  develop  into  linear  leaves.     July-Sept. 

26.  Scirpus  Peckii  Britton.     PECK'S  BULRUSH.     (I.F.  f.  633.)     Perennial  by 
rootstocks;  culms   slender,  triangular,  0.4-1   m.    tall,   leafy.     Leaves   elongated, 
4-10  mm.  wide,  rough -margined,   the  upper  overtopping  the  culm,   those  of  the 
involucre  3-5,   the  longer   exceeding  the  inflorescence;    umbel  compound,  large; 
spikelets  cylindric,  obtusish,  6-io  mm.  long,  in  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
raylets  or  some  of  them  peduncled;  scales  dark  brown,  keeled,  mucronate,  falling 
early;  bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed  from  below  the  middle  to  the  summit,  longer 
than  the  achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  0.5  mm.  long,  oblong,  narrowed 
at  each  end,  slender-beaked.     In  swamps,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.     July-Sept. 

27.  Scirpus  divaricatus  Ell.     SPREADING  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  634.)    Roots 
fibrous;  culms  obtusely  triangular,  smooth,  rather  slender,  0.6-1.1  m.  tall.    Leaves 
4-8  mm.  wide,  rough-margined,  not  exceeding  the  inflorescence;    umbel  decom- 
pound,   the   primary  rays   very    slender,  sometimes  1.5  dm.   long,  spreading  or 
drooping;  involucels  setaceous,   spikelets  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets, 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long,  I  mm.  thick;    scales  ovate,  greenish-brown, 
subacute    or  obtuse,    bristles   6,    flexuous,    longer    than    the    achene,    somewhat 
pubescent,  not  barbed,   shorter  t'lan  the  scales;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
3-angled,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  apiculate,  nearly  white,  not  .shining.     In 
swamps,  Va.   and  Ky.  to  Mo.,  Fla.   and  La.     The  spikelets  sometimes  partially 
develop  into  tufts  of  leaves.     June- Aug. 

28.  Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.     REDDISH  BULRUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  635.)     Perennial 
by  stout  rootstooks;  culms  triangular,  erect,  0.3-1  m.  high,  leafy.     Leaves  4-8  mm. 
wide,  not  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  light  green,  flat,  rough-margined;  umbels 
decompound,  the  rays  very  ^lender,  becoming  pendulous;   spikelets  mostly  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  raylets,  oblong,  obtuse,  6-10  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter; 
scales  ovate  or  oblong,   reddish-brown  with  a  green  midvein;    bristles  6,   weak, 
smooth,  entangled,  much  longer  than  the  achene,  equalling  the  scales  or  longer; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  pale  brown,  narrowed 
at  both  ends,   3-angled,   short-beaked.     In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  N.   H.  to 
Ont,  Ore.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

29.  Scirpus  cyperinus(L.)Kunth.    WOOL-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  636.)    Perennial; 
cu'ms   smooth,  obtusely    triangular  or   nearly   terete,    stiff,    leafy,    o.6-2m.    tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  3-6  mm.  wide,  rough-margined,  those  of  the  involucre  3-6,  the 
longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel  terminal,  compound,  the  rays  at 
length  some  what  drooping;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  3-5  mm.  long,  in  capitate 
clusters  of  3-15  at  the   ends  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or 
subacute;  bristles  6,  entangled,  smooth,  much  longer  than  the  achene,  muchexserted 
beyond  the  scales  and  grayish  brown  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
3-angled,  oblong,  slender-beaked,  nearly  white.     In  swamps,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Va. 
and  Ky.     Aug. -Sept. 

Scirpus   cypdrinus    Eri6phorum    (Michx.)    Britton.      Spikelets   mostly   peduncled. 
Range  of  the  type,  but  extending  to  Fla.  and  La. 

10.    ERIOPHORUM    L. 

Bog  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  culms  erect,  triangular  or  nearly  terete, 
the  leaves  linear,  or  I  or  2  of  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths.      Spike. 


CYPERACEAE.  l8f 

lets  terminal,  solitary,  capitate  or  umbelled,  subtended  by  a  l-several-leaved 
involucre,  or  naked.  Scales  spirally  imbricated,  usually  all  fertile.  Flowers 
perfect.  Perianth  of  6  or  numerous  filiform  smooth  soft  bristles,  which  are  white 
or  brown,  straight  or  crisped,  and  exserted  much  beyond  the  scales  at  maturity. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achene  3-angled,  oblong,  ellipsoid  or  obovoid. 
[Greek,  signifying  wool-bearing,  referring  to  the  soft  bristles.]  About  IO  species, 
in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  one  occurs  in  Alaska. 

Spikelet  solitary ;  involucral  leaf  short  or  none. 

Bristles  only  6,  white,  crisped,  very  long.  I.  E.  alpinum. 

Bristles  numerous,  straight  or  slightly  crisped. 
Bristles  bright  white. 

Culm  with  2  inflated  bladeless  sheaths;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse. 

2.  E.  vaginatum. 
Only  the  upper  sheath  bladeless,  or  all  blade-bearing;  achene  linear-oblong, 

acute.  3.  E.  Scheuchzeri. 

Bristles  reddish-brown  4.  E.  russeolum. 

Spikelets  several,  umbellate  or  capitate  ;  involucre  i-4-leaved. 

Achene  obovoid,  obtuse;  spikelets  umbellate.  5.  E.  polystachyon. 

Achene  linear-oblong,  acute  ;  spikelets  capitate  or  some  of  them  peduncled. 

Leaves  channeled  or  3-sided ;   bristles  4-6  times  as  long  as  the  scale,  bright 
white. 

Upper  part  of  culm  and  the  peduncles  rough  ;  bristles  2-2.5  cm-  l°n£- 

6.  E.  paucinervium. 
Plant  smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  bristles  1-1.5  cm-  long. 

7.  E.  gracile. 
Leaves  flat ;  bristles  3  times  as  long  as  the  scale,  brown  (rarely  white). 

8.  E.  Virginicum. 

1.  Eriophorum  alpinum  L.     ALPINE  COTTON-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  637.)    Peren. 
nial  by  short  rootstocks,  sending  up  numerous  filiform  triangular  roughish  culms, 
1.5-2.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  subulate,  6-20  mm.  long,  triangular,  channeled,  borne 
near  the  base  of  the  culm,  the  lower  sheaths  often  bladeless;  spikelet  terminal, 
small,  erect;  involucral  bract  subulate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  sometimes 
wanting;    scales  oblong-lanceolate,  yellowish   brown,   firm,    the  midvein  slender; 
bristles  6,  white,  crisped,  4-7  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  achene  narrowly  obovoid- 
oblong,  brown,  apiculate,  dull.     In  bogs  and  on  high  mountains,  Newf.  to  Hudson 
Bay  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Vt.,  N.  N.  Y.  and  Minn.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Eriophorum  vaginatum  L.     SHEATHED  COTTON-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  638.) 
Culms  stiff,  obtusely  triangular,  smooth,  slender,  2-4  dm.  tall,  bearing  two  distant 
inflated  sheaths,  the  upper  one  usually  above  the  middle.     Leaves  stiff,  filiform, 
triangular,  channeled,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm;  involucral 
leaf  wanting;    spikelet  solitary;    scales  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  lanceolate, 
acuminate,   purple-brown,    thin;    bristles  numerous,   white,   straight,   glossy,  4-5 
times  as  long  as  the  scale;  anthers  linear;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  brown,  dull, 
minutely  apiculate.     In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Mass.,  Perm,   and  Minn.     Also  in 
N.  Europe  and  Asia.     June- Aug. 

3.  Eriophorum      Scheuchzeri    Hoppe.       SCHEUCHZER'S    COTTON-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  639.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  sheaths  all  blade-bearing  or  only 
the  upper  one  bladeless;  culms  slender,   smooth,   nearly  terete.     Leaves  usually 
much   shorter   than    the   culm;    scales  ovate-lanceolate,   long-acuminate,  purple- 
brown;  bristles  white  or  slightly  yellowish,  weak,  nearly  straight;  "anthers  cor- 
date-ovate;" achene  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  brown,  dull,  subulate-beaked.    In  bogs, 
Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Manitoba,  Alaska  and  Ore.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Eriophorum  russeolum  Fries.      RUSSET  COTTON-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  640.) 
Culms  triangular,  erect,  smooth,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Upper  sheath  inflated, 
bladeless,  mucronate,  or  rarely  with  a  short  subulate  blade  usually  borne  below  the 
middle  of  the  culm;  leaves  filiform,  triangular-channeled,  mucronate,  2-10  cm  long; 
spikelet  erect;  involucre  none;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  thin,  purplish 
brown  with  nearly  white  margins;  bristles  numerous,  "bright  reddish  brown,  3-5 
times    as  long  as  the   scale;    achene  oblong,  narrowed   at  each  end,  apiculate. 
Scarcely  differs  from  the  preceding  species  except  in  the  color  of  the  bristles  and 
the  shorter-pointed  achene.     In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Quebec.     June-Aug. 


'l82  FLORA. 

5.  Eriophorum  polystachyon  L.      TALL  COTTON-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.  641.) 
Culm  stiff,  smooth,  obtusely  triangular  above,  o. 4-0.9 m.  tall,  all  the  sheaths  blade- 
bearing.     Leaves  flat,   38  mm.   wide,   tapering  to  a  channeled  rigid  tip,  those  of 
the  involucre  2-4,  the  longer  commonly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  inflorescence  ; 
spikelets  3-12,   drooping,  in  a  terminal  umbel  ;  rays  filiform,   smooth  or  rough  ; 
scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  purple-green  or  brown  ;  bristles  numer- 
ous, bright  white,   about  2.5   cm.   long,   4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale  ;  achene 
obovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown.     In  bogs,   Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ga.  and 
Neb.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

6.  Eriophorum  paucinervium  (Engelm.)  A.A.Eaton.     FEW-NERVED  COT 
TON-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  642,  as  E.gracile.)     Culm  slender,  obtusely  triangular,  rough 
above  on  the  angles,  0.4-1  m.  tall,  the  sheaths  all  blade-bearing.    Leaves  narrowly 
linear,    2-4   mm.    wide,    triangular-channeled,   rough -margined  ;    involucral   leaf 
commonly  only  I,  stiff,  erect ;  spikelets  3-8,  capitate  or  subumbellate,  the  longer- 
peduncled  ones  drooping  ;  peduncles  scabrous  ;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,   obtuse  or 
subacute,  yellowish  brown,   the  midvein  rather  strong,  often  with  a  weaker  nerve 
on  each  side  ;  bristles  numerous,  bright  white,  2-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  4-°"  times  as  long  as 
the  scale  ;  achene  linear-oblong,  acute,  pointed.     In  bogs,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.  and  111. 
May-Aug. 

7.  Eriophorum   gracile  Koch.     SLENDER   COTTON-GRASS.     Culms   slender, 
3-7  dm.  tall,  terete  or  nearly  so,  smooth,  with   i  or  2  triquetrous  leaves  1.5-2.5 
cm.  long.     Involucral  leaves  I  or  2,  short ;  spikelets  usually  3  or  4,  sessile,  or  on 
smooth   peduncles  ;    scales    ovate,    or   the    inner   lanceolate,    obtuse,    dark   lead- 
colored;  bristles  numerous,   1-1.5  cm.  long.     In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Wash.,  south  to 
S.  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Neb.  and  Cal.     July-Sept. 

8.  Eriophorum  Virginicum  L.     VIRGINIA  COTTON-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  643.) 
Culm  stiff",  obtusely  triangular  above,  smooth,  0.4-1. 1  m.  tall,  rather  leafy.     Leaves 
narrowly  linear,   flat,   2-5  mm.   wide,   channeled  toward  the  apex,   those  of  the 
involucre  2-4,   spreading  or  deflexed,  5-15  cm.   long  ;  spikelets  several  or  numer- 
ous in  a  dense  terminal    capitate   cluster,   erect  or  the   outer  spreading  ;    scales 
ovate,  acute,   brown   with   a  green   centre,   about  5 -nerved  ;    bristles   numerous, 
dingy  brown,   about  3  times  as  long  as  the  scale  ;    achene  linear-oblong,  acute, 
apiculate,  light  brown.       In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Neb.      June-Sept. 

Eriophorum  Virgfnicum  dlbum  A.  Gray.     Bristles  white.     N.  N.  Y. 

xi.  FUIRENA  Rottb. 

Perennial  sedges,  with  leafy  triangular  culms  (in  a  southern  species  the  leaves 
reduced  to  inflated  sheaths),  and  many-flowered  terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and 
axillary  clusters,  or  rarely  solitary.  Scales  spirally  imbricated,  awned,  the  I  or 
2  lower  commonly  empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  3  ovate  oblong  or  cor- 
date-ovate, stalked,  often  awned  sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  down- 
wardly barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3 -cleft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  decid- 
uous. Achene  stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  sharply  3-angled,  acute  or  mucronate, 
smooth.  (In  honor-  of  Georg  Fuiren,  1581-1628,  Danish  physician.)  About  20 
species,  natives  of  warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  I 
or  2  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

Sepals  awned  from  the  apex  or  awnless.  x.  F.  squarrosa. 

Sepals  awned  on  the  back  below  the  apex.  2.  F.  simplex. 

I.  Fuirena  squarrosa  Michx.  SQUARROSE  FUIRENA.  (I.  F.  f.  644.)  Root- 
stock  short,  sometimes  tuber-tearing;  culms  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  5~5° 
cm.  tall.  Leaves  flat,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  or  the  lower  sheaths  pubescent; 
spikelets  sessile  and  i-io  together,  capitate  clusters,  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  6-12  mm. 
long,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  brown,  pubescent,  mostly 
obtuse,  3-nerved,  tipped  with  a  stout  spreading  or  recurved  awn  of  nearly  their  own 
length ;  sepals  oblong,  long-stalked,  usually  narrowed  at  both  ends,  the  awn  down- 
wardly  barbed  or  sometimes  smooth;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  achene.  ^  In  wet 
meadows  and  marshes,  Mass.  to-Fla.  and  La.  near  the  coast.  Also  in  Mich,  and 
Neb.  July-Sept. 


CYPERAtEAE.  183 

Fuirena  squarr6sa  hfspida  (Ell.)  Chapm.  Sheaths  and  leaves  hirsute  $  sepals  ovate, 
cordate  at  the  base  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  stalk,  awnless  or  very  short-awned  at 
the  apex  ;  bristles  usually  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene  ;  plant  usually  taller.  N. 
Y.  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Tex. 

2.  Fuirena  simplex  Vahl.  WESTERN  FUIRENA.  (I.  F.  f.  645.)  Similar  to 
the  preceding  species;  culms  1-5  dm.  tall,  glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  glabrous  or 
ciliate;  scales  tipped  with  a  spreading  or  reflexed  awn;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse 
and  usually  notched  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  awned 
on  the  back  from  below  the  apex,  the  awn  smooth  or  downwardly  barbed;  bristles 
retrorsely  hispid,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sessile  or  short-stalked  achene.  In 
moist  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.  June-Sept. 

12.  HEMICARPHA   Nees  &  Arn. 

Low  tufted  mostly  annual  sedges,  with  erect  or  spreading,  almost  filiform  culms 
and  leaves,  and  terete  small  terminal  capitate  or  solitary  spikelets  subtended  by  a 
i-3-leaved  involucre.  Scales  spirally  imbricated,  deciduous,  all  subtending  perfect 
flowers.  Perianth  of  a  single  hyaline  sepal  (bract  ?)  between  the  flower  and  the 
rachis  of  the  spikelet;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-cleft,  deciduous,  not 
swollen  at  the  base.  Achene  oblong,  turgid  or  lenticular.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  single  sepal.]  About  3  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Hemicarpha  micrantha  (Vahl)  Pax.  HEMICARPHA.  (I.  F.  f.  646. 
Annual;  glabrous;  culms  compressed,  grooved,  2-IO  cm.  long,  mostly  longer  than 
the  setaceous  smooth  leaves.  Spikelets  ovoid,  many-flowered,  obtuse,  about  2  mm. 
long;  involucral  leaves  usually  much  exceeding  the  spikelets;  scales  brown, 
obovate,  with  a  short  blunt  spreading  or  recurved  tip;  stamen  I;  achene  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  little  compressed,  light  brown.  In  moist,  sandy  soil, 
R.  I  to  Penn.,  Neb  ,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  July-Sept.  [//.  subsquarrosa  Nees.] 

Hemicarpha  micrdntha  aristul&ta  Coville.  Scales  pale,  cuneate-obovate,  tapering 
into  squarrose  awns  about  their  own  length.  Kans.  to  Tex. 

13.  LIPOCARPHA  R.  Br. 

Low  annual  sedges,  with  slender  tufted  culms  leafy  at  the  base,  and  terete 
many-flowered  spikelets  in  a  terminal  head,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  in- 
volucre. Scales  firm,  spirally  imbricated,  all  fertile  or  several  of  the  lower  ones 
empty,  at  length  deciduous.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  two  small  sepals 
(bracts?)  one  on  each  side  of  the  flower;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1-2.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  deciduous,  its  base  not  swollen.  Achene  plano-convex  or  3-angled. 
(Greek,  alluding  to  the  thick  sepals  in  some  species.)  About  7  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

I.  Lipocarpha  maculata  (Michx.)  Torr.  AMERICAN  LIPOCA'RPHA.  (I.  F.  f. 
647.)  Glabrous  ;  culms  grooved,  compressed,  smooth,  longer  than  the  narrowly 
linear  somewhat  channeled  leaves,  7-25  cm.  tall.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  2-4; 
spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  5-6  mm.  long,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  in  a  ..terminal 
capitate  cluster;  scales  rhombic  or  lanceolate,  acute,  curved^  the  sides  nearly  white, 
or  flecked  with  reddish-brown  spots;  exterior  sepal  convolute  "around  th'e  achene, 
nerved,  hyaline;  stamen  i;  achene  oblong,  yellowish,  contracted  at  the  base.-  In 
wet  or  moist  soil,  E.  Va.  to  Fla.  Also  near  Philadelphia,  where  it  is  probably 
adventive.  July-Sept. 

14.  RYNCHOSPORA   Vahl.     (Se- Appendix.) , 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootstocks,  with  erect  3-angled  or  terete 
culms,  narrow  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  ovoid  oblong  or  fusiform,  variously  clus- 
tered spikelets.  Scales  thin,  I -nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually  mucronate 
by  the  excurrent  midvein,  the  lower  empty.  Upper  flowers  imperfect,  the  lower 
perfect.  Perianth  of  1-20  (mostly  6)  upwardly  or. downwardly  barbed  or  scabrous 
bristles,  wanting  in  some  species  (no.  2).  Stamens  commonly  3.  Style  2-cleft, 
2-toothed  or  rarely  entire.  Achene  lenticular  or  swollen,  not  3-angled,  smooth  or 
transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle),  or  in 


184  FLORA. 

some  species  by  the  whole  style.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  beak-like  tubercle.] 
About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  warm  re- 
gions. Besides  the  following,  some  .  7  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Style  entire  or  2-toothed,  persistent  as  a  long-exserted  subulate  beak. 

i.  R.  corniculata. 
Style  deeply  2-cleft,  only  its  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle. 

Bristles  minute  or  wanting.  2.  R.  pallida. 

Bristles  plumose.  3.  R.  oligantha. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed  or  rarely  smooth. 

Scales  white  or  nearly  so ;  bristles  9-15.  4.  R,  alba. 

Scales  brown  ;  bristles  6. 

Leaves  filiform  ;  achene  oblong.  5.  R.  capillacea. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat ;  achene  obovate. 

Bristles  equalling  the  achene ;  tubercle  one-half  as  long  or  less. 

6.  R.  Knieskernii. 
Bristles  reaching  or  exceeding  the  end  of  the  tubercle,  which  is  as  long 

as  the  achene. 
Spikelets  few-several  in  numerous  rather  loose  clusters. 

7.  R.  glomerata. 
Spikelets  very  numerous  in  2-6  very  dense  globose  heads. 

8.  R.  axillaris. 
Bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Spikelets  very  numerous  in  2-6  very  dense  globose  heads.        8.  R.  axillaris. 
Spikelets  few-several  in  rather  loose  clusters. 
Achene  smooth. 

Leaves  setaceous ;  achene  obovate,  shining.  9.  R.fusca. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat ;  achene  broadly  oval,  dull. 

jo.  R.  gracilenta. 
Achene  transversely  wrinkled. 

Spikelets   ovoid,    in   erect  cymose   clusters  ;   achene   longer   than   the 

bristles. 

Leaves  flat  ;  spikelets  nearly  or  quite  sessile.      n.  R.  cymosa. 
Leaves  involute  ;  spikelets  distinctly  pedicelled. 

12.  R.  Torreyana. 

Spikelets  spindle-shaped,  in  drooping  panicles;  achene  shorter  than  the 
bristles.  13.  R.  inexpansa. 

1.  Rynchospora   corniculata  (Lam.)  A.  Gray.     HORNED   RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
648.)     Culm  triangular,  smooth,  1-2   m.  tall.     Leaves  flat,  1.5-4.5   dm.  long,  6- 
16  mm.  wide,  rough -margined;  umbels  sometimes  2.5  dm.  broad;  spikelets  spindle- 
shaped,  8-12  mm.  long  in  flower,  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  and  raylets; 
primary  rays  sometimes  15  cm.  long;  scales  lanceolate,  thin,  acute,  light  brown; 
bristles    about   6,   rigid,  upwardly  scabrous;    style  subulate,  entire   or   minutely 
2-toothed  at  the  apex,   2-4  times  longer  than  the    achene,   upwardly   scabrous, 
1-2.5  cm-  l°ng'  mucn  exserted  beyond  the  scales  when  mature;  achene  obovate,  flat, 
4  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  smooth.     In  swamps,  Del.  to  Fla.,  Ohio,  Mo.  and  Tex. 
July-Sept. 

Rynchospora  cornicul&ta  macrostichya  (Torr.)  Britton.     Bristles  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  achene.     Range  of  the  type,  but  extending  north  to  Mass. 

2.  Rynchospora  pallida  M.  A.  Curtis.     PALE  BEAKED-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  649.) 
Rootstocks  slender  ;  culms  triangular,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves  1-2  mm.   wide, 
nearly  smooth,  the  lowest  reduced  to  scales  ;  spikelets  numerous,  spindle-shaped, 
4-6  mm.  long,  aggregated  in  a  compound  terminal  head,  or  occasionally  also  in  a 
cluster  from  the  upper  axil;  uppermost  leaves  subulate;  scales  pale  greenish  brown, 
lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  bristles  minute  and  early  deciduous,  or  wanting;  style  2- 
cleft  ;   achene  lenticular,   obovate-oblong,   smooth,   brown,    shining,   I  mm.  long, 
tipped  by  a  short  tubercle.     In  pine-barren  bogs,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.     Aug.-Sept. 

3.  Rynchospora  oligantha  A.  Gray.     FEW-FLOWERED  BEAKED-RUSH.     (I. 
F.  f.   650.)     Rootstocks  short  ;   culms  almost  thread-like,  leafy  toward  the  base, 
1.5-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  filiform  ;  spikelets  1-4,  terminal,  narrowly  oblong,  acute, 
6-8  mm.  long,  subtended  by  I  or  2  filiform  bracts;  scales  ovate,  pale  brown,  acute, 
cuspidate  ;  bristles  usually  6,  densely  plumose  below  the  middle  ;  style  2-cleft ; 
achene  obovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  pale  brown,  dull,  transversely  wrinkled  ;  tubercle 


CYPERACEAE.  185 

with  a  flat  depressed  border  and  a  flattened  conic  acute  projection.     In  wet  sandy 
soil,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

4.  Rynchospora   alba  (L.)  Vahl.     WHITE  BEAKED-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  651.) 
Pale  green  ;  rootstocks  short;  culms  slender  or  filiform,  glabrous,  1.5-5  dm.  ta^- 
Leaves  bristle-like,  0.5-1  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikelets  in  1-4  dense 
corymbose  clusters,   narrowly  oblong,   acute  at  both  ends,  4-6  mm.  long  ;   scales 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  white,  acute;  bristles  9-15,  downwardly  barbed,  slender, 
about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle  ;   style  2 -cleft ;  achene  obovate-oblong, 
smooth,  pale  brown,  lenticular  ;  tubercle  triangular-subulate,  flat,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  achene.     In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Minn,  and  Ore.    Also 
in  N.  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

5.  Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.     CAPILLARY  BEAKED-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  652.) 
Culms  filiform,  glabrous.    1.5—5  ^m>  tall.     Leaves  filiform,  less  than  0.5  mm.  wide, 
much  shorter  than  the  culm  ;   spikelets  few,  in  1-3  loose  cluster?   oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends,  4-6  mm.  long  ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  chestnut-brown,  keeled,  mucronate; 
bristles  6,  slender,  downwardly  barbed  ;   achene  narrowly  oblong,    short-stalked, 
light  brown,  minutely  wrinkled,  lenticular  ;  style  2-cleft  ;  tubercle  compressed,  tri- 
angular-subulate, dark  brown,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  bogs,  Me. 
to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     July-Aug. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  laeviseta  E.  J.  Hill.     Bristles  smooth.     N.  Ind.  and  Mich. 

6.  Rynchospora  Knieskernii  Carey.    KNIESKERN'S  BEAKED-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f. 
653.)     Culms  slender,  smooth,  2-3.5  dm-  tal1-     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  about 
i  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikelets  numerous,  in  several  distant 
compact  clusters,  oblong,  acute,  about  2  mm.  long ;  scales  chestnut-brown,  ovate  ; 
bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed,  equalling  the  achene  ;  achene  obovate,  lenticular, 
brown,  minutely  wrinkled;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle  triangular-subulate,  pale,  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  less.     Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Va.     July-Aug. 

7.  Rynchospora  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl.     CLUSTERED  BEAKED-RUSH.     (I.  F. 
f.  654.)     Rootstocks  slender;  culms  smooth,  triangular,  0.3—1   m.  high.     Leaves 
flat,   2-4  mm.  wide,  rough-margined,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;   spikelets,    in  3-7 
corymbose-capitate  axillary  clusters,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  3-4  mm.  long; 
scales  lanceolate,  dark  brown;  bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed;  achene  obovate,  len- 
ticular, smooth,  dark  brown  ;  tubercle  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  achene.     In 
moist  soil,  Me.  to  Out.,  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  panicuiata  (A.  Gray)  Chapm.  Culm  stouter,  sometimes 
i-i.i  m.  tall;  leaves  usually  wider  ;  spikelets  numerous  in  compound  clusters.  Md.  to 
Fla.  and  La. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  minor  Britton.  Culms  very  slender,  1.2-2.5  dm.  tall ;  leaves 
0.5  mm.  wide  or  less  ;  clusters  2  or  3,  small,  with  3-10  spikelets.  Mass,  and  N.  H. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  discutiens  Clarke.  Bristles  smooth,  or  barbed  at  the  apex 
only.  N.  J.  to  N.  Car. 

8.  Rynchospora    axillaris    (Lam.)   Britton.       CAPITATE     BEAKED-RUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  655.)     Culms  stout,  3-angled,  0.5-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  flat,  keeled,  2-3  mm. 
wide;  spikelets  spindle-shaped,  5-6  mm.  long,  numerous,  in  several  short-peduncled 
axillary  and  terminal  dense  globose  heads   sometimes  2  cm.  in  diameter;  scales 
dark   brown,  ovate-oblong,   acute;    bristles    usually  6,    downwardly   or  upwardly 
barbed;  achene  broadly  obovate,  brown,  smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  subulate,  about 
as  long  as  the  achene.     In  swamps,  L.  I.  to  Fla.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

Rynchospora  axillaris  microcdphala  Britton.     Heads  8-10  mm.  in  diameter  ;  spike- 
lets  3  mm.  long ;  achene  one-half  as  large  as  that  of  the  type.     N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

9.  Rynchospora  fusca  (L.)  R.  &  S.     BROWN  BEAKED-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  656.) 
Rootstocks  short;  culms  3-angled,   smooth,    1.5-4.5   dm.  tall.     Leaves   setaceous, 
channeled,  scarcely  i  mm.    wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelets  spindle- 
shaped,  acute,  about  5   mm.  long,  in  1-4  loose  clusters;  scales  oblong-lanceolate, 
brown,   shining,    concave;    bristles    6,    upwardly    barbed,   often    unequal;    achene 
narrowly  obovate,  turgid-lenticular,  smooth,  shining;  tubercle  triangular-subulate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  bogs,  N.  B.  to  Del.,  west  to  Mich.     Also  in 
Europe.    July-Aug. 


1 36 

10.  Rynchospora  graciienta  A.  Gray.     SLENDER  BEAKED- RUSH.     (T.  F.  f. 
657.)     Culms  slender  or  filiform,  smooth.  0.3-0.5  m.  tall.     Leaves  flat  or  becoming 
involute  in  drying,  rather  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelets 
nairowly  ovoid,  acute,  4  mm.  long,  few,  in   1-4  loose  clusters,  the  lower  clusters 
filiform    stalked;    scales   ovate,   brown,   nmcronate;    bristles   6,   upwardly  barbed, 
equalling  the  achene  and  tubercle;  achene  broadly  oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  dark 
brown,   lenticular,  dull,   smooth,  tubercle  narrowly  subulate,  flat,  widened  at  the 
base,  pale,  about  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.     June-Aug. 

11.  Rynchospora  cymosa  Ell.     GRASS-LIKE  BEAKED- RUSH.     (1.  F.  f.  658.) 
Light  green;  culms  tufted,  3-angled,  smooth,  0.3-0.5  m   tall.     Leaves  flat,   nar- 
rowly linear,  grass-like,  3-4  mm.  wide  or  the  basal  ones  broader;  spikelets  ovoid- 
oblong,  acute,  3  mm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  capitate  in  2's~7's  on  the  ultimate 
branches  of  the  axillary  and  terminal  clusters;  bracts  setaceous;  scales  dark  brown, 
broadly  ovate;    bristles   6,   upwardly    barbed,    shorter   than   the   achene;    achene 
broadly  obovate  or  oblong,  lenticular,  transversely  wrinkled;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle 
conic,  one-fourth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ky., 
Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  in  Cuba.     June-Aug. 

12.  Rynchospora  Torreyana  A.  Gray.     TORREY'S  BEAKED-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
659.)      Culms   terete  or  obscurely   3-angled,    smooth,    slender,    0.4-0.9    m.    tall. 
Leaves  involute,  the  lower  3-4  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  elongated,  the  upper  bristle- 
like,  distant;  spikelets  ovoid,  3  mm.  long,  peduncled,  numerous  in  1-4  loose  dis- 
t.uit  clusters;  scales  brown,  ovate,  mucronate;  bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  shorter 
than  the  oblong-obovate  transversely  wrinkled    lenticular   achene;    style    2-cleft; 
tubercle  flat,  conic,  one-fourth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  wet  pine 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.     July-Aug. 

13.  Rynchospora    inexpansa    (Michx.)    Vahl.      NODDING    BEAKED-RUSH. 
(I.  F.   f.  660.)     Rootstocks  slender;  culms  smooth,   slender.   3-angled,  0.5-0.9  m. 
tall.     Leaves  smooth,   2  mm.   wide  or  less,  flat,   the  lower  elongated,   the  upper 
bristle-like,   remote;   spikelets  spindle-shaped,   acute  at  both  ends,   about  6  mm. 
long,  numerous  in  1-4  narrow  finally  drooping  panicles;  scales  brown,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  bristles  6,  upwardly  hispid,  very  slender,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
achene;    achene  narrowly  oblong,    transversely  wrinkled;    style    2-cleft;    tubercle 
flat,  triangular-subulate,  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  La. 
juue-Aug. 

IS.  CLADIUM  P.  Br. 

Perennial  leafy  sedges,  similar  to  the  Rynchosporas  the  spikelets  oblong  or 
fusiform,  few- flowered,  variously  clustered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around,  the 
lower  empty,  the  middle  ones  mostly  subtending  imperfect  flowers,  the  upper 
usually  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2  or  sometimes  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  de- 
ciduous from  the  summit  of  the  achene,  its  branches  sometimes  2— 3-parted. 
Achene  ovoid  to  glol>ose.  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate.  Tubercle  none.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  branched  inflorescence  of  some  species.]  Alxnit  30  species,  na- 
tives of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in 
California. 

Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide;  umbels  small ;  achene  truncate  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  mariscoides. 
Leaves  6-20  mm.  wide;  umbels  large,  panicled;  achene  narrowed  to  the  base. 

2.  C.  effusttm, 

i.  Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr.  TWIG-RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  661.)  Culm 
slender,  rather  stiff,  obscurely  3-angled,  smooth,  0.3-0.9  m.  tall.  Leaves  about  2 
mm.  wide,  concave,  with  a  long  compressed  tip,  nearly  smooth;  umbels  2  or  3, 
compound,  small;  spikelets  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  acute,  5  mm.  long, 
capitate  on  the  ray  lets;  scales  chestnut-brown,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute; 
upper  scale  subtending1  a  perfect  flower  with  2  stamens  and  a  filiform  3-cleft  style, 
the  next  lower  one  with  2  stamens  and  an  abortive  ovary;  achene  ovoid,  acute,  finely 
longitudinally  striate,  about  2  mm.  long.  In  marshes,  N.  S.  to  Onto  and  Minn., 
south  to  Fla.  and  Ky.  July-Sept. 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  1 8/ 

2.  Cladium  effusum  (Sw.)  Torn  SAW-GRASS.  Culm  stout,  1.5-3  m.  high, 
obtusely  3-angled.  Leaves  very  long,  glabrous,  6-20  mm.  wide,  the  margins 
spinulose-serrulate;  umbels  several  or  numerous,  decompound,  forming  a  large 
panicle;  spikelets  mostly  2-5  together  at  the  ends  of  the  ray  lets,  narrowly  ovoid, 
acute,  4—5  mm.  long;  uppermost  scale  subtending  a  perfect  flower;  stamens  2; 
achene  ovoid,  abruptly  sharp-pointed,  wrinkled,  narrowed  to  the  base,  2  mm.  long. 
In  fresh  water,  southern  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  in  the  W.  I.  Aug.-Sept. 

16.  SCLERIA  Berg.     (See  Appendix.) 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial,  the  spikelets  small,  clustered  in  terminal,  or 
terminal  and  axillary  fascicles,  or  sometimes  interruptedly  spicate.  Flowers 
monoecious.  Fertile  spikelets  I -flowered.  Staminate  spikelets  many-flowered. 
Scales  imbricated,  the  1-3  lower  and  sometimes  also  the  upper  ones  of  the  fertile 
spikelets  empty.  Perianth  none.  Style  3-cleft,  slender  or  sometimes  swollen  at 
the  base,  deciduous.  Ovary  supported  on  a  disk  (hypogynium),  or  this  wanting. 
Stamens  1-3.  Achene  globose  or  ovoid,  obtuse,  crustaceous  or  bony,  white  in  our 
species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hard  fruit.]  About  100  species,  natives  of 
tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the 
southern  U.  S. 

Spikelets  in  terminal,  or  terminal  and  lateral  clusters ;   achene  supported  on  a  hypo- 
gynium. 

Achene  smooth. 

Hypogynium  supporting  8  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the  achene. 

i.  S.  oligantha. 

Hypogynium  covered  with  a  rough  white  crust.  2.  S.  triglomerata. 

Achene  reticulated  or  irregularly  rugose. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending  ;  achene  reticulated  ;  leaves  2-3  mm.  wide. 

3.  S.  reticularis. 
Culms  spreading  ;  achene  irregularly  rugose  ;  leaves  4-8  mm.  wide. 

4.  S.  Torreyana. 
Achene  papillose.                                                                                      5.  S.  paticiflora. 

Spikelets  interruptedly  glomerate-spicate  ;  no  hypogynium.  6.  S.  verticillata. 

1.  Scleria  oligantha  Michx.     FEW-FLOWERED  NUT-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  662.) 
Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered.     Culms  slender,  erect,  sharply  3-angled,  nearly 
smooth,  0.4-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves  smooth  or  slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  4-6  mm. 
wide,  the  lower  short,  acute,  the  upper  elongated;  clusters  terminal,  usually  also 
I  or  2  axillary  and  filiform-stalked;    bracts  slightly  ciliate  or  glabrous;  achene 
ovoid,  obtuse  but  sometimes   pointed,  bright  white,  smooth,  shining;  hypogynium 
a  narrow  obtusely  triangular  border  supporting  8  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the 
achene.     In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast.     June- Aug. 

2.  Scleria  triglomerata  Michx.     TALL  NUT-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  663.)     Root- 
stocks  hard,  clustered;  culms  3-angled,  0.4-0.9  m.  tall.     Leaves  flat,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  3—5  mm.  wide,  the  upper  tapering  to  a  long  tip,  rarely  exceeding  the 
culm;  flower-clusters  terminal,  and  usually  also  I  or  2  smaller  ones  from  the  axils; 
achene  ovoid  or  ovoid-globose,  obtuse,  bony,  obscurely  3-angled,  smooth,  bright 
white,  shining,  about  2  mm.  high,  supported  on  a  low  obtusely  triangular,  papil- 
lose-crustaceous  hypogynium.     In  meadows  and  thickets,  Vt.  to  Wis.,  Fla.  and 
Tex.     July-Sept. 

Scleria  triglomerata  minor  Britton.  Culms  very  slender,  0.2-0.3  m,  long;  flower- 
clusters  smaller;  achene  ovoid,  subacute,  one-half  as  large  as  that  of  the  type.  S.  N.  J. 

3.  Scleria   reticularis   Michx.     RETICULATED  NUT-RUSH.      (I.  F.  f.  664.) 
Rootstocks  small;  culms  slender,   erect,   3-angled,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,   glabrous  or  nearly  so,   2-3  mm.  wide,   not  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikelets  in  a  terminal  cluster  and  1-3  remote  axillary  rather  loose  ones;  bracts 
glabrous;  achene  globose,  crustaceous,  dull  white  when  mature,  reticulated,  i  mm. 
in  diameter,  glabrous;  hypogynium  3-lobed,  its  lobes  appressed  to  the  base  of  the 
achene.     In  moist  meadows,  E.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.     Also  in  Cuba.     July- 
Sept. 


188  FLORA. 

Scleria  reticularis  pubdscens  Britton.  Reticulations  on  the  achene  pubescent; 
lateral  clusters  usually  longer  stalked.  Conn,  to  Fla.  and  Cuba. 

Scleria  reticularis  obsciira  Britton.  Reticulations  very  obscure,  the  top  of  the 
achene  almost  smooth.  R.  I.  to  N.  Car. 

4.  Scleria  Torreyana  Walp.     TORREY'S  NUT-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  665.)    Culms 
weak,   spreading  or  diffuse,   3-angled,   nearly  or  quite  smooth,  0.3-0.6  m.   long. 
Leaves  linear,  nearly  flat,  glabrous,  3-8  mm.  wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm;  spike- 
lets  in  a  loose  terminal    cluster,    and    1-3  filiform-stalked   axillary  ones;   bracts 
glabrous;  achene  globose,  somewhat  pointed,  nearly  2  mm.  in  diameter,  irregularly 
rugose  with  low  ridges,  the  ridge^  usually  pubescent,  and  connected  by  shorter 
longitudinal  ones;  hypogynium  3-lobed,   the  lobes  appressed  to  the  base  of  the 
achene.     In  moist  soil,  S.  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     Also  in  Cuba.     June-Aug. 

5.  Scleria  pauciflora  Muhl.     PAPILLOSE  NUT-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  666.)    Root- 
stocks  hard,  clustered  ;  culms  slender,  erect,  usually  tufted,  3-angled;  2-5  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  narrowly    linear,   less  than  2  mm.   wide,   the  upper  elongated  and  often 
overtopping  the  culm,  their  sheaths  often  densely  puberulent  ;  spikelets  in  a  small 
terminal   cluster    and  sometimes  also  in  I  or  2  axillary  ones  ;  achene  oblong  or 
globular,  I  mm.  in   diameter  or  rather  more,   crustaceous,    papillose,   the  lower 
papillae  elongated  and  reflexed;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  triangular  border 
supporting  6  small  tubercles.     In  dry  soil,  N.  H.   to  Ohio,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Also  in  Cuba.     June -Sept. 

6.  Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.    Low  NUT-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  667.)   Roots  fibrous  ; 
culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  3-angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  erect,  1-5  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  o.  5-1  mm.  wide,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spike- 
lets   in  several  separated  clusters  ;    bracts  bristle-like  ;    scales  glabrous  ;    achene 
globose,  i  mm.  in  diameter,  crustaceous,  marked  by  sharp  distinct  transverse  ridges, 

,  or  somewhat  reticulated  ;  hypogynium  none.  In  moist  meadows,  E.  Mass,  to  Ont. 
and  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.,  and  in  the  W.  I.  Plant,  especially  the 
roots,  fragrant  in  drying.  July-Sept. 

17.  ELYNA  Schrad. 

Low  tufted  arttic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  slender  mostly  leafless 
culms,  the  narrowly  linear  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  and  small  2-flowered  spike- 
lets  in  a  narrow  terminal  cylindric  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  3  or  4,  distinct, 
usually  only  one  of  them  flower-bearing  ;  the  staminate  flower  of  3  stamens,  the 
pistillate  of  a  single  pistil.  Bristles  or  perianth  wanting.  Style  slender,  3-cleft, 
not  jointed  to  the  oblong  ovary.  Achene  obtusely  3-angled,  sessile.  [Greek,  sig- 
nifying covering,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  overlapping  scales.]  Four  or  five 
species  ol  the  arctic  and  alpine  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

i.  Elyna  Bellardi  (All.)  C.  Koch.  (I.  F.  f.  668.)  Culms  very  slender, 
1-4.5  dm.  ta^>  longer  than  the  very  narrow  leaves.  Old  sheaths  fibrillose,  brown; 
margins  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  revolute;  spike  subtented  by  a  short  bract,  or 
bractless,  densely  flowered  or  sometimes  interrupted  below,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
in  diameter;  aclienes  rather  less  than  2  mm.  long,  i  mm.  thick,  appressed.  In 
arctic  America  from  Greenl.  to  Bering  Sea,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo. 
Also  Li  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

18.     KOBRESIA   VVilld.     (See  Appendix.) 

Slender  arctic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  culms  leafy  below,  and  few-several- 
flowered  spikelets  clustered  in  a  terminal  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  i-flowered. 
the  lower  usually  pistillate,  and  the  upper  staminate.  Stamens  2-3.  Perianth- 
bristles  or  perigynium  wanting.  Ovary  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short  style;  stigmas 
2-3  linear.  Achene  obtusely  angled,  sessile.  [In  honor  of  Von  Kobres,  a 
naturalist  of  Augsburg.]  Three  or  four  species,  widely  distributed  in  arctic  and 
mountainous  regions. 

I.  Kobresia  bipartita  (All.)  Britton.  (I.  F.  f.  669.)  Culms  solitary  or  tufted, 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  1-3  dm.  tall.  Leaves  about  i  mm.  wide,  infolded  at 
least  in  drying,  the  old  sheaths  becoming  fibrillose;  spike  3  cm.  long  or  less,  com- 
posed of  several  or  numerous  linear  appressed  or  ascending  spikelets;  scales  some- 
what serrulate  on  the  keel,  rather  more  than  i  mm.  long;  mature  achenes  slightly 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  1 89 

longer  than  the  scales.    Greenland  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia,     Summer.     \K.  caricina  Willd.] 

19.     UNCINIA  Pers. 

Culms  erect,  leafy,  or  the  leaves  all  basal.  Spike  simple,  erect,  terminal,  the 
scales  imbricated,  I- flowered,  the  lower  pistillate,  the  upper  staminate.  Scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  concave,  not  keeled,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute.  Stamens  3,  rarely 
I  or  2.  Pistil  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium),  borne  at  the  base  of  a  slender 
axis,  which  is  usually  exserted  beyond  the  orifice  of  the  perigynium,  at  least  in 
fruit,  and  sometimes  hooked.  Stigmas  mostly  3.  Achene  3-angled.  [Latin, 
referring  to  the  hooked  axis  of  the  southern  species.]  About  30  species,  all  but  the 
following  natives  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 

i.  Uncinia  microglochin  (Wahl.)  Spreng.  NORTHERN  UNCINIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
670.)  Perennial  by  short  stolons;  culms  very  slender,  weak,  1-3  dm.  long.  Leaves 
1-2  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  8-16  mm.  long,  usually  pistil- 
late for  more  than  one-half  its  length;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  i-nerved,  decidu- 
ous; perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long,  less  than  I  mm.  thick,  reflexed 
in  fruit;  achene  oblong,  obtusely  3-angled,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynium; 
axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  bristle-like,  long-exserted  beyond  the  orifice  of  the  peri- 
gynium. Greenland  to  James  Bay  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  the  arctic  and  mountain- 
ous parts  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  at  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  Summer. 

20.  CAREX  L.     (See  Appendix  ) 

Grass-like  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Culms  mostly  3-angled.  Leaves  3- 
ranked,  the  upper  elongated  or  very  short  (bracts)  and  subtending  the  spikes  of 
flowers,  or  wanting.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
bracts  (scales).  Spikes  either  wholly  pistillate,  wholly  staminate,  or  bearing  both 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  (androgynous).  Perianth  none.  Staminate  flowers 
of  3  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform.  Pistillate  flowers  of  a  single  pistil  with  a  style 
and  2  or  3  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short  axis  in  the  axil  of  a  sac-like  bractlet  or 
second  bract  called  the  perigynium  (utricle),  which  completely  encloses  the  achene. 
Achene  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano-convex.  A  vast  genus,  of  more  than  1000 
species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the  temperate  zones.  Besides  the 
following  about  an  equal  number  occur  in  the  western  and  southern  parts  of  N.  A. 
Specimens  can  only  be  satisfactorily  determined  when  nearly  or  quite  mature. 

I.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  in  one  or  more  terminal  spikes,  which  are  some- 
times pistillate  at  the  base  or  summit;  or  the  spike  solitary  and  the  staminate  flowers 
uppermost  or  basal,  rarely  dioecious;  stigmas  mostly  3  and  the  achene  3-angled  or 
swollen  (stigmas  2  and  the  achene  lenticular  or  compressed  in  nos.  12-16;  49-59; 
67-72);  pistillate  spikes  stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  commonly  stalked.  Nos.  1-142. 
EUCAREX. 

A.  Perigynia  mostly  long-beaked,  3-20  mm.  long,  often  inflated,  the  beak  usually 
as  long  as  the  body  or  longer  (short-beaked  in  Nos.  11-16,  34  and  35);  pistillate  spikes 
mostly  large  (small  in  nos.  i,  13  and  14),  globose,  ovoid,  oblong  or  cylindric.  Nos. 
1-35- 

Perigynia  membranous  or  papery.     Nos.  1-31. 

Spike  solitary,  few-flowered,  staminate  above;  perigynia  strongly  reflexed,  subulate, 

PAUCIFLORAE.     [p.  190.]  i.  C.  pauciflora, 

Spikes  normally  several,  the  staminate  uppermost ;  if  solitary,  staminate  at  the  base. 
(See  no.  30.)     Nos.  2-31. 

Perigynia  ovoid,   conic  with  a  narrowed  base,   or  subulate,  tapering  into  the 

beak.     Nos.  2-28. 
Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  slender,  short  or  none,  not  stiff  nor  awned. 

Nos.  2-24. 
Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  lanceolate  or  subulate.     Nos.  2-10.     LUPU- 

LINAE.     [p.  191.] 
Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  shprt  or  almost  wanting  (long  in  No.  17)  nos. 

11-24.     VESICARIAE.    [p.  192.] 
Teeth   of   the   perigynium-beak   stiff,    setaceous   or  awned.       Nos.    25-28. 

PSEUDOCYPERAE.       [p.  195.] 

Perigynia  obovoid,  very  abruptly  contracted  into  the  beak;  spikes  exceedingly 

dense,     Nos.  29-31.     SQUARROSAE.     [p.  196.] 
Perigynia  firm,  hard  or  leathery <     Nos.  32-35.     PALUDOSAE.     [p.  196.] 


190  FLORA. 

B.  Perigynia  short -beaked  or  beakless,  little  or  not  at  all  inflated,  1-5  mm.  long,  the 
beak  commonly  not  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body  (long-beaked  in  Nos.  43,  82, 
83,  96);  spikes  small  and  oblong  or  globose;  or  elongated,  linear  or  narrowly  cylindric. 
Nos.  36-142. 

Spikes  2  or  more,  the  staminate  one  always  uppermost,  sometimes  partly  pistillate.    (No. 

140  may  be  looked  for  here.)     Nos.  36-132. 

Pistillate  spike  or  spikes  many-flowered,  mostly  2.5  cm.  long  or  more  (or  shorter  in 
Nos.  44,  48,  53-55,  61,  63-65,  73,  75,  76,  85,  89-92),  linear,  narrowly  cylindric 
or  oblong.  Nos.  36-92. 

Perigynia  with  a  straight  short  beak  (long-beaked  in  No.  43 ;  nearly  beakless  in 
No.  36),  firm  or  leathery  in  texture ;  pistillate  spikes  erect  (or  nodding  in  No. 
37) ;  stigmas  3.  Nos.  36-43.  [p.  197.] 

Perigynia  beakless  or  very  short-beaked  (see  No.  36),  and  with  orifices  nearly  or 

quite  entire,  thin  in  texture,  not  inflated,   closely  investing  the  achene; 

pistillate  spikes  erect  or  drooping,  often  brown  or  purple;  stigmas  often  2. 

Nos.  44-72. 

Pistillate  spikes  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  (drooping  when  mature  in  No. 

45).     Nos.  44-58.     [p.  199.] 
Pistillate  spikes  drooping,  mostly  on  slender  or  filiform  stalks  (erect  in  Nos. 

66  and  71).     Nos.  59^-72.     [p.  201.] 

Perigynia  tapering  to  a  distinct  beak  (nearly  or  quite  beakless  in  Nos.  73-77), 
membranous  in  texture  (firm  in  No.  88),  inflated  or  loosely  investing  the 
achene;  pistillate  spikes  mostly  drooping,  often  narrowly  linear.  Nos. 
73-92. 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below,  pistillate  above;  beak  of  the  perigynium 
short  or  none.     Nos.  73-81. 

Spikes  all  erect  or  nearly  so.     Nos.  73-76.     VIRESCENTES.     [p.  204.] 
Pistillate   spikes  drooping  or  spreading   (erect   or   little   spreading  in 

No.  78).     Nos.  77-81.    GRACILLIMAE.     [p.  205.] 
Terminal  spike  entirely  staminate,  or  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base.  Nos. 

82-92.     [p.  206.]     (See  No.  140.) 

Pistillate  spikes  small,  fevv-many-flowered,  mostly  6-25  mm.  long  (sometimes  longer 
in  Nos.  103,  104,  116).     Nos.  93-132.     (See  also  Nos.  44,  48,  53-55,  61,  63-65, 
68,  73,  75,  80,  84,  85  and  89-92.) 
Perigynia  glabrous.     Nos.  93-120.     [p.  208.]     (See  No.  123.) 

Pistillate  spikes  many-flowered,  6-25  mm.  long,  usually  dense.     Nos.  93-99. 
Pistillate  spikes  few-several-flowered,  often  loose.     Nos.  100-120;  136-138. 
Perigynia  more  or  less  pubescent  (becoming  glabrous  in  No.  123).     Nos.   121- 

132.     [p.  213.] 
Spike  solitary  (except  in  No.  140),  sometimes  direcious.     Nos.  133-142.     [p.  215.] 

II.  Staminate  flowers  few,  at  the  summits  or  bases  of  the  always  sessile  spil.es,  or 
sometimes  forming  whole  spikes,  or  variously  intermixed  with  the  pistillate:  stigmas 
always  2;  achene  lenticular,  compressed,  ellipsoid  or  plano-convex.  Nos.  143-205. 
VIGNEA. 

Staminate  flowers  at  the  summits  of  the  spikes.     Nos.  143-173. 

Spike    solitary,    terminal,    mostly  brown,    plants   often    dicecious.     Nos.    143-146. 

DIOICAE.     [p.  217.] 

Spikes  several  or  many,  clustered,  separated  or  sometimes  panicled.     Nos.  147-151. 
Spikes  densely  aggregated  into  a  globose  or  ovoid  head,  often  appearing  like  a 

solitary  terminalspike.     Nos.  147-151  [p.  218.] 
Clusters  of  spikes  looser,  often  compound  or  the  spikes  distinctly  separated  (more 

or  less  aggregated  in  Nos.  170-173).     Nos.  152-173. 

Spikes  yellowish  or  brown  at  maturity,  often  in  compound  or  panicled  clus- 
ters.    Nos.  152-163.     [p.  2i8.J 
Spikes  green  or  greenish  when  mature,  aggregated  or  separated,  in  simple 

clusters.     Nos.  164-173.     MUHLENBERGIANAE.     [p.  220.] 
Staminate  flowers  variously  mingled  with  the  pistillate  in  the  spikes  or  occasionally 

forming  whole  spikes.     (See  Nos.  143-146.) 

Perigynia  radiately  spreading  or  reflexed.  174.   C.  sterilis. 

Perigynia  erect  or  appressed. 

Perigynia  wingless,  the  inner  face  flat.  187.   C.  bromoides. 

Perigynia  winged,  the  inner  face  concave.  190.  (7.  siccata. 

Staminate  flowers  at  the  bases  of  the  spikes.     Nos.  174-205, 

Perigynia  without  a  marginal  wing.     Nos.  174-187.     ELONGATAE.     [p.  222.] 
Perigynia  with  a  narrow  or  broad  marginal  wing.    Nos.  188-205.    OVALES.  [p.  225.] 

I.  Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.  FEW-FLOWERED  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  671.)  Glabrous; 
culms  slender,  0.7-5  ^m>  high-  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm(  spike 


CYPERA  CEAE.  1 9 1 

androgynous,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  each  2-5;  perigynium  green, 
narrow^  scarcely  inflated,  6-8  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  in  diameter,  several-nerved, 
tapering  into  a  slender  or  almost  subulate  beak,  strongly  reflexed  and  readily  detach- 
able when  mature,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  deciduous  lanceolate  or  ovate  scale: 
stigmas  3.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Mass,,  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Wash.  June-Aug. 

Pistillate  spikes  ovoid  or  globose,  few-many-flowered. 

Perigynia  subulate,  reflexed  when  mature.  2.   C.  Collinsii. 

Perigynia  conic  or  ovoid,  not  reflexed. 

Plants  yellow  or  yellowish  ;  perigynia  little  inflated. 

Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide  ;  staminate  spikes  sessile.  3.   C.  abacta. 

Leaves  4-12  mm.  wide  ;  staminate  spike  mostly  stalked.    4.   C.folliculata. 
Plants  green ;  perigynia  much  inflated  ;  staminate  spike  stalked. 

Leaves  4-6  mm.  wide  ;  heads  loosely  flowered.  5.   C.  intiimescens. 

Leaves  6-10  mm.  wide  ;  heads  globose,  dense.  6.   C.  Asa-Grayi. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered. 
Pistillate  spikes  oblong  ;  achene  longer  than  thick. 

Perigynia  several-nerved,  shining;  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide.          7.   C.  Lowisianica. 
Perigynia  many-nerved,  dull ;  leaves  4-10  mm.  wide.  8.   C.  lupulina. 

Pistillate  spikes  cylindric  ;  achene  not  longer  than  thick. 

vPerigynia  yellowish,  tapering  into  a  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  body. 

9.  C.  lupuliformis. 

Perigynia  greenish-brown,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  body.  10.  C.  grandis. 

2.  Carex  Collinsii  Nutt.     COLLINS' SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  672.)     Glabrous;  culms 
slender,  erect  or  reclining,  1.5-5  ^m-  l°ng-     Leaves  narrow,  the  broadest  about  5  mm. 
wide;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  2-8-flowered;  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves;  perigynia  light  green,  scarcely  inflated,  subulate.  1-1.4  cm. 
long,  tapering  into  an  almost  filiform  beak,  faintly  many-nerved,  strongly  reflexed 
when  mature,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  lanceolate-acuminate  persistent  scale; 
stigmas  3.   In  bogs,  R.  I.  to  E.  Penn.  and  Ga.     June-Aug. 

3.  Carex   abacta   Bailey.     YELLOWISH  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.  673.)     Glabrous, 
yellowish;  culm  rather  stiff,  slender,  0.2-0.5  m-  high.     Leaves  narrow,  the  broadest 
about  4  mm.  wide,  the  uppermost  often  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  sessile; 
pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  several-flowered,  the  upper  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves;  perigynia  slender,  narrow,   scarcely  inflated,  tapering  into  a 
subulate    2-toothed  beak,  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng»   ^ess  than  2  mm.  thick,  strongly  many- 
nerved,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  acute  or  acuminate  scale.     In   bogs   and  wet 
meadows,  N:wf.  to  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  Mich.     Also  in  Japan.     July-Sept. 

4.  Carex   folliculata   L.     LONG   SEDGE.      (I.  F.  f.    674.)      Glabrous;   light 
green  or  yellowish;    culm  erect  or  reclining,  0.4-1  m.   long.     Leaves  elongated, 
often  12  mm.  wide;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  usually  distant,  all  except  the  uppermost 
slender-stalked,  the  lower  often  nodding;  bracts  commonly  overtopping  the  spikes; 
perigynia  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,   green,   rather  prominently  many-veined,  12- 
16  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.   in  diameter  near  the  base,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  into  a  slender  2-toothed  beak,   longer  than  the  awned  scarious-margined 
persistent  scale;  teeth  of  the  perigynium  nearly  erect;  stigmas  3.     In  swamps  and 
wet  woods,  Newf.  to  Md.,  Mich,  and  W.  Va.     Probably  extends  further  south,  but 
th2re  mostly  represented  by  the  var.  AUSTRALIS  Bailey.     May-Sept. 

5.  Carex   intumescens    Rudge.      BLADDER   SEDGE.*    (I.  F.  f.  675.)     Gla- 
brous; culms  slender,  commonly  tufted,  0.4-0.9  m.  high.     Leaves  elongated,  dark 
green,  roughish,  3—6  mm.  wide;  bracts  similar,  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate 
spike  mostly  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,   sessile  or  short-stalked,  globose  or 
ovoid;  perigynia  1-30,  spreading  or  the  upper  erect,    12-20  mm.   long,   much  in- 
flated,  about  6  mm.   in  diameter  above  the  base,   many-nerved,  tapering  into  a 
subulate  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  somewhat  spreading;  scales  narrowly. lanceolate, 
acuminate  or   aristatc,    about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.      In 
swamps,  bogs  and  wet  woods,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  La.      May-Oct. 

Carex  intumescens   Ferndldi  Bailey.     Perigynia    narrower,   1-5    in    each  spike,  all 
erect  or  slightly  spreading.     Me.  to  N.  V.  and  Mass. 

6.   Carex  Asa-Grayi    Bailey.     GRAY'S    SEDGE.     (T.    F.   f.   676.)     Glabrous; 
culms  stout,  0.5-0.9  m.  tall.      Leaves  elongated,  dark  green,  6-9  mm.  wide;  bracts 


192  FLOJtA. 

similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  usually  much  overtopping  the  culm ;  staminate  spike 
mostly  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2,  dense,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter; 
perigynia  10-30,  ovoid,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  inflated,  many-nerved,  about 
8  mm.  in  diameter,  tapering  to  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  cuspidate,  scarious,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stig- 
mas 3.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Mo.  June-Sept. 

7.  Carex  Louisianica  Bailey.     LOUISIANA  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  677.)    Culms 
slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  0.2-0.5  m-  ta^-     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  roughish, 
the  upper  overtopping  the  spikes;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong,  about  2.5  cm.  long, 
1.5-2  cm.  thick,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked,  the  upper  nearly  sessile;  stami- 
nate spike  long-stalked;  perigynia  ovoid,  much  inflated,  smooth,  strongly  several- 
nerved,  shining,  10-12  mm.  long,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter  at  the  rounded  base, 
tapering  into  the  long  2-toothed  l>eak,  the  small  teeth  slightly  spreading;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 
Swamps,  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  Fla.     June- Aug. 

8.  Carex  lupulina  Muhl.     Hoi'  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  678.)    Glabrous;  culms  stout, 
0,3-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  nodulose,  5-12  mm.  wide,  the  upper  ones  and 
the  similar  bracts  much  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  rarely 
several;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  densely  many-flowered,  oblong,  2.5  cm.  long^  often 
3-6  cm.    in  diameter;  perigynia  often  short-stalked,  much  inflated,  many-nerved, 
12-15  mm-  l°ng>  about  3  mm.  in  diameter  above  the  base,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;  achene  longer  than  thick;  scales  acuminate 
or  aristate,  one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.     In  swamps  and  ditches, 
Hudson  Bay  to  W.  Ont,  Iowa,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

Carex  lupulina  Bdlla  villa  (Dewey)  Bailey.  Culm  slender;  pistillate  spikes  remote, 
slender-stalked,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  summit,  the  perigynia  widely  spreading,  the 
staminate  spike  sometimes  branched  and  with  i  or  2  perigynia  at  its  base.  E.  N.  Y.  to 
S.  Ont. 

A  hybrid  with  C.  retrorsa  is  described. 

9.  Carex  lupuliformis  Sartwell.    HOP-LIKE  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  679.)    Glabrous; 
culm  stout,  erect,  0.3-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  and  bracts  similar  to  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species;    staminate  spike    stalked  or  nearly  sessile,   sometimes  10   cm.    long; 
pistillate  spikes  3-6,  densely  many-flowered,   5-8  cm.   long,  1-2  cm.   in  diameter, 
often  staminate  at  the  top;  perigynia  yellowish,   sessile,   much  inflated,    several- 
nerved,  1-1.6  cui.   long,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter  above  the  base,  tapering  from 
below  the  middle  to  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;  achene  as  long  as  thick,  its  angles 
mamillate;    scales    lanceolate,    awned,    shorter   than   or   equalling  the  perigynia. 
Swamps,  Mass,  to  Del.,  Ont.  and  Minn.     June- Aug. 

K  .  Carex  grandis  Bailey.  LARGE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  680.)  Glabrous;  culms 
slender,  0.5-0.9  m.  high.  Leaves  rather  dark  green,  elongated,  8-12  mm.  wide; 
bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much  overtopping  the  culm  ;  staminate  spike  some- 
times bearing  perigynia  at  its  base;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  all  stalked  or  the  upper 
sessile,  cylindric,  2-7.5  cm-  l°ng»  perigynia  much  swollen  at  the  base,  about  4  mm. 
in  diameter,  10-12  mm.  long,  many-nerved,  spreading  at  maturity,  3-4  times  as 
long  as  the  scarious  lanceolate  acuminate  or  aristate  scale,  abruptly  contracted  into 
a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  inflated  portion;  stigmas  3.  In 
swamps,  Del.  to  Ky.  and  Mo.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.  June- Aug. 

Spikes  small,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  oblong  or  subglobose  ;  stigmas  often  2. 
Spikes  green  or  greenish  yellow. 

Leaves  involute  ;  perigynia  ovoid;  pistillate  spikes  few-several-flowered. 

11.  C.  oligosperma. 
Leaves  flat;  perigynia  oblong-elliptic;  pistillate  spikes  many-flowered. 

12.  C,  Mainensis. 
Spikes  dark  brown  or  purple;  arctic  species. 

Leaves  flat. 

Perigynia  little  inflated,  papery. 

Beak  of  perigynium  nearly  or  quite  entire.  13.  C.  miliaris. 

Beak  of  perigynium  sharply  and  minutely  2-toothed. 

14.  C.  saxatilis. 

Perigynia  much  inflated,  very  fragile.  15.  C.  membranopacta. 

Leaves  involute  when  dry.  16.  C.  ambusta. 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  193 

Spikes  large,  2-15  cm.  long,  cylindric  or  oblong-cylindric;  stigmas  3. 

Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  smooth-awned,  or  the  lower  slightly  roughened. 
Perigynia  ascending  or  spreading,  not  reflexed. 

Spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  2-15  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick. 

Leaves  4-12  mm.  wide;  culm  stout.  17.   C.  utriculata. 

Leaves  2-5  mm.  wide;  culm  slender.  18.   C.  mantle. 

Spikes  cylindric  or  oblong-cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long,  12  mm.  thick. 

Scales  smooth-awned.  19.   C.  Tuckermani. 

Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  the  upper  obtuse.        20.   C.  bullata. 
Perigynia,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  reflexed  when  mature. 

Spikes  all  clustered  at  the  summit  or  the  lower  i  or  2  separated ;  perigynia 

all  reflexed  when  old.  21.   C.  retrorsa. 

Spikes  scattered ;  only  the  lower  perigynia  reflexed.  22.   C.  Hartii. 
Scales  tapering  into  rough  awns,  or  subulate  and  scabrous. 

Spikes  cylindric,  about  12  mm.  thick;  perigynia  tapering  into  the  beak. 

23.   C.  lurida. 

Spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  6-8  mm.  thick ;  perigynia  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 
beak.  24.  C.  Baileyi. 

xi.  Carex  oligosperma  Michx.  FEW  SEEDED  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  681.)  Gla- 
brous; culms  slender,  0.4-0.9  m.  tall.  Leaves  about  3  mm.  wide,  involute  when 
old;  bracts  similar,  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
I  or  2,  1-2  cm.  long,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked,  the  upper  sometimes 
reduced  to  I  or  2  perigynia  and  with  a  staminate  summit;  perigynia  ovoid,  erect, 
inflated,  strongly  few-nerved,  yellowish  green,  4-5  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a 
minutely  2 -toot lied  beak;  scales  acute  or  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Mass.,  Penn.  and  Mich.  June-Sept. 

12.  Carex  Mainensis  Porter.     MAINE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  682.)    Culm  stouter 
than  that  of  C.  miliaris,  rough  above,  0.4-0.9  m.  tall.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  flat, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bracts  narrower,  staminate  spikes  1-4,  slender- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  cylindric  or  oblong,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  sessile  or 
the  lower  short-stalked;   perigynia  oblong-elliptic,  yellowish   green,  few-nerved, 
acute,  narrowed   into  a  2-toothed   beak;    scales   lanceolate,   acute  or  acuminate, 
yellowish  or  brownish  margined,  slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia;    stigmas  2 
or  3.     On  lake  and  river  shores,  Me.  to  Lab.     Summer.     (C.  Raeanaoi  111.  Fl. 
riot  of  Boott.)     Perhaps  a  hybrid  of  the  following  with  C.  monile. 

13.  Carex  miliaris  Michx.    NORTHEASTERN  SEDGE.   (I.  F.  f.  683.)  Glabrous; 
culm  slender,   roughish  above.  0.2-0.5   m.  tall.     Leaves,  flat,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
elongated,  nodulose;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  often  overtopping  the  culm;  stami- 
nate spikes  I  or  2,  stalked,  narrowly  linear;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong,  many-flowered.  8-25  mm.  long,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lowest,  when  three, 
stalked ;  perigynia  ovoid,  faintly  few-nerved,  2-3  mm.  long,  dark  brown  or  brown- 
tipped,  tapering  into  a  short,  nearly  entire  beak,  slightly  longer  than  the  wholly  or 
partly  brown  scale;  stigmas  2.     Borders  of  lakes  and  streams,  Lab.  to  Me.     Re- 
ported from  N.  Minn.     Summer. 

The  var.  major  Bailey  is  perhaps  distinct. 

14.  Carex  saxatilis  L.     RUSSET   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  684.)    Glabrous;   culms 
slender,  7-25  cm.  tall.     Leaves  flat,  2-3  mm.  broad;  bracts  short;  staminate  spike 
short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  all  stalked  or  the  upper  nearly  or  quite  sessile, 
oblong,  denstly  many-flowered;  perigynia  dark  purple-brown,  ovoid,  nerveless  or 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  short  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  scales  oblong, 
subacute,   greenish    purple,   about   as  long  as   the  perigynia;    stigmas   usually  2. 
Greenland  to  James  Bay  and  Alaska.     Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

15.  Carex  membranopacta  Bailey.     FR AGILE  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  685.)   Similar 
to  C.  saxatilis  but  stouter  and  taller,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  flat,  not  exceeding 
the  culm,  3  mm.  wide;  bracts  short;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  short- stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  commonly  2,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-peduncled,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse, 
about  2.5  cm.  long  and  8  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  spreading,  brown-purple, 
ovoid,  fragile,  much  inflated,  about  3  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  short  nearly  entire 
beak,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  greenish -purple  or  white-margined  scales. 
Greenland,  through  arctic  America  to  Kamptchatka.     Summer. 

16.  Carex  ambusta  Boott.     BLACKENED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  686.)     Similar  to 
C.  saxatilis;  culms  2-4.5  dm.  ta^«     Leaves  mostly  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  involute 


194  FLORA. 

in  drying;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  I  or  2,  erect,  obtuse,  12-18  mm.  long,  about  7  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia 
oblong-lanceolate,  3  mm.  long,  biconvex,  smooth,  firm,  not  inflated,  dull,  few-nerved 
at  the  base,  green  below,  dark  brown  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a  short  minutely 
2-toothed  beak;  stigmas  2.  Lab.,  Br.  Col.  to  Alaska.  Summer. 

17.  Carex  utriculata   Boott.     BOTTLE   SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.  687.)     Glabrous; 
culms  erect,  0.4-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  nodulose,  4-12  mm.  wide;  bracts 
overtopping    the  culm;   staminate    spikes  2-4,    linear,    stalked;     pistillate    spikes 
3    or    4,    nearly    erect,    cylindric,    usually    densely    many-flowered,     5-15    cm. 
long,  the  lower  short-stalked,  the  upper  sessile;  perigynia  ovoid,  light  green,  some- 
what inflated,  few-nerved,  4-5  mm.   long,  narrowed  into  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak; 
scales  lanceolate,  the  lower  awned  and  slightly  longer  than  the  perigynia.    Marshes, 
Anticosti  to  Br.  Col.,  Del.,  Ohio,  Minn.,  Nev.  and  Cal.     June-Sept% 

1 8.  Carex  monile  Tuckerm.     NECKLACE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  688.)     Glabrous; 
culm  slender,  0.3-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  rather  light  green,  3-5  mm.  wide, 
little  or  not  at  all  nodulose;  stamjnate  spikes  1-4,  slender-stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
1-3,    erect-spreading,    cylindric,    2-8    cm.    long,    5-8    mm.    in  'diameter,    rather 
loose  at  maturity,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  one,  when  3,  slender-stalked ;  peri- 
gynia yellowish  green,   ovoid,  inflated,  about  5  mm.  long,  rather  strongly  8-IO- 
nerved,  tapering  into  a  sharp  2 -toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awned, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia.    In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J., 
Mo.,  Colo,  and  Cal.     June-Aug. 

19.  Carex    Tuckermani    Dewey.     TUCKERMAN'S  SEDGE.     (I.    F.  f.    689.) 
Glabrous:  culm  slender,  usually  roughish  above,  erect  or  reclining,  0.5-1  m.  long. 
Leaves  and  bracts  much  elongated,  3-5  mm.  wide;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3;  pis- 
tillate spikes  cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long,  about  1.2  cm.  in  diameter;  the  upper  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  the  lower  stalked;  perigynia  very  much  inflated,  yellowish  green, 
ovoid,  few-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceo- 
late, awned,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  bogs  and  meadows,  N.  B.  to 
Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  J.  and  Iowa.     June-Aug. 

20.  Carex    bullata    Schk.     BUTTON   SEDGE.      (I.    F.  f.  690.)      Glabrous; 
stoloniferous ;  culms  slender,  0.3-0.6  m.  high,  roughish.     Leaves  and  bracts  very 
narrow  and  elongated,  rarely  more  than  4  mm.  wide,  rough -margined;  staminate 
spikes  mostly  2,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  light  green,  oblong  or  oblong- 
cylindric,  2-4  cm.   long,  9-12  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  much  inflated,  ovoid, 
5-6  mm.   long,  tapering  into  a  subulate  rough  2-toothed  beak,   shining,  strongly 
nerved,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  scale.     In  swamps,     Me.  to  N.  C.       June-Aug. 

21.  Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.     RETRORSE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  691.)     Glabrous; 
culm  stout,  0.3-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  thin,  rough-margined,  5-7  mm.  wide, 
the  upper  commonly  exceeding  the  culm,  the  bracts  similar;  staminate  spikes  1—3, 
short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  all  close  together  at  the  summit  and  sessile  or 
very  nearly  so  or  the  lowest  distant  and  stalked,  cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long;  perigynia 
ovoid,    membranous,   strongly   few-nerved,  yellowish    green,   about    6   mm.   long, 
reflexed  at  maturity,  tapering  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;    scales  lanceolate, 
acute,    one-third   to   one-half  as    long    as    the   perigynia.     In    swamps    and    wet 
meadows,   Newf.  to   Manitoba,    Idaho,    Wash.,    Mass.,   Penn.,    Mich,    and   Iowa. 
Aug. -Sept. 

22.  Carex  Hartii  Dewey.     HART  WRIGHT'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  692.)     Gla- 
brous;  culms  nearly  smooth,    0.3-0.8  m.   long.     Leaves  elongated,  rough  on  the 
margins  and  midvein,  4-6  mm.  wide;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2,  the  lower  sometimes 
pistillate  at  the  b.ise,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  rather  loosely  many- 
flowered,  the  upper  sessile,   the  lower  slender-stalked,   2-5  cm.   long,   all  erect  or 
ascending;  perigynia  inflated,  ovoid-conic,  spreading  or  the  lower  slightly  reuVxed, 
few-nerved,  about  6  mm.  long,  gradually  tapering  into  the  long  2-toothed  beak,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  scale.     In  marshes,  Ont.  and  N.  H.  to  Mich.     June-Aug. 

23.  Carex  hirida  Wahl.     SALLOW  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  693.)     Glabrous  ;  culm 
slender,  0.3-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,   rough,  rarely  more  than  4  mm.  wide  ; 
staminate  spike  short-stalked  ;  pistillate  spikes,  1-4,   cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long,  the 
upper  sessile,  the  lower  ped uncled;  perigynia  inflated,  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  long 
subulate  beak,  ascending  or  the  lower  spreading,  8  mm.  long,  thin,  yellowish  green, 
rather  conspicuously  nerved,  longer  than  the  rough-awned  scale.     In  swamps  and 


CYPERACEAE.  195 

wet  meadows,   N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June -Oct.     C.  tentaculata 
altior  Boott  is  a  hybrid  with  C.  lupulina. 

Carex  lurida  fldctida  Bailey.  Pistillate  spikes  1-2.5  cm-  l°n£>  brown,  all  sessile  or 
very  nearly  so,  clustered  at  the  summit,  rather  more  loosely  flowered.  Me.,  N.  H.  and 
N.  Y.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn. 

Carex  lurida  parvula.  (Paine)  Bailey.  Culm  1-3.5  dm.  high;  pistillate  spikes  only  i 
or  2,  scarcely  more  than  i  cm.  long,  globose  or  oblong,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  peri- 
gynia 6  mm.  long.  N.  H.  to  Penn.  and  Iowa. 

Carex  lurida  exundans  Bailey.  Culms  long  and  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  3-6 cm. 
long,  on  very  long  stalks;  scales  subulate,  the  lower  often  much  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia.  Occasional  with  the  typical  form. 

24.  Carex   Baileyi  Britton.     BAILEY'S  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.   694.)      Glabrous; 
culms  erect  or  reclining,  slender,  minutely  scabrous  above,  0.2-0.5  m.  long.    Leaves 
roughish,    elongated,   3-4  mm.   wide;    staminate   spike  short-peduncled;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  narrowly  cylindric,  very  densely  erect  or  ascending,  1.5—2.5  cm.  long, 
about  8  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  inflated,  ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long,   ascending,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  the  subulate  2 -toothed   beak,    prominently  several-nerved. 
Bogs,  Vt.  to  Va.  and  Tenn .     June-Aug. 

Spikes  all  erect  or  ascending.  25  C.  Schweinitzii. 

Spikes,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  slender-stalked  and  drooping. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  1.2-5  cm«  long  ;  perigynia  ascending. 

26.    C.  hystricina. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  2.5-6  cm.  long  ;  perigynia  reflexed. 

Teeth  of  the  beak  erect  or  little  spreading.  27.   C.  Pseudo-cyperus. 

Teeth  of  the  beak  recurved-spreading.  28.  C.  comosa. ' 

25.  Carex    Schweinitzii  Dewey.     SCHWEIXITZ'S    SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.    695.) 
Glabrous;   light  green;  culm  roughish  above,  0.3^0.8  m.   tall.     Leaves  elongated, 
5-8  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  mostly  short;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  some- 
times 2,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in  the  middle;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  ascend- 
ing, linear-cylindric,  3-8  cm.  long,  alxmt  8  mm.  thick,  the  upper  usually  sessile, 
the  lower  stalked;  perigynia  thin,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid-conic  or  oblong,  taper- 
ing into  the  subulate,  2-toothed  beak,  about  5  mm.  long  and  2  mm.  in  diameter, 
ascending,  few-nerved,  equalling,  or  the  upper  L^ger  than  the  lanceolate  or  linear 
scale;  stigmas   3.     In    swamps  and   bogs,   Mass,   to   Ont.,  Mich.,  N.  J.  and    Mo. 
June-Aug. 

26.  Carex  hystricina  Muhl.     PORCUPINE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  696.)     Glabrous, 
light  green;  culms  0.3-0.5  m.  tall.     Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide;  staminate-spike   slen- 
der-stalked; pistillate  spikes,    1-4,  oblong-cylindric,  dense,  1-3  cm.  long,  alxmt  9 
mm.  in  diameter,  the  lower    slender- stalked  and  drooping;  perigynia  ascending, 
somewhat  inflated,    ovoid -conic,    5-6  mm.    long,   strongly   many-nerved,  tapering 
into  the  subulate  2-toothed  beak,   equalling  or  the  upper  longer   than  the  narrow 
rough  scales;  stigmas  3.     In  swamps  and   low  meadows,  N.   S.   to  N.  \V.   Terr., 
Ga.  and  Neb.     June-Aug.     Said  to  hybridize  with  C.  coinosa. 

Carex  hystricma  Diidleyi  Bailey.  Culms  often  reclining,  0.5-0.9  m.  long  ;  leaves 
5-8  mm.  wide  ;  staminate  spike  long-stalked  ;  pistillate  spikes  3-6  cm.  long,  i  cm.  in  di- 
ameter, filiform-stalked.  Me.  to  Conn.,  Penn.  and  Mich. 

27.  Carex    Pseudo-Cyperus   L.     CYPERUS-LIKE   SEDGE.     (I.    F.    f.  697.) 
Glabrous;  culms  stout,  rough  on  the  angles,  at  least  above,  0.5-1  m.  high.   Leaves 
nodulose,  5-10   mm.   wide;  staminate  spike    short-stalked;  pistillate    spikes    2-5, 
linear-cylindric,  dense,  slender-stalked,  spreading  or  drooping,  2-7  cm.  long,  6-8 
mm.   in  diameter;  perigynia    light    green,    slightly    inflated,    conic,    prominently 
many-ribbed,  somewhat  flattened,  at  length  reflexed,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed 
beak,  the  short  teeth  slightly  spreading;  scales  linear  with  a  broad  base,  ciliate- 
scabrous,    about  equalling  the    perigynia;    stigmas   3.     In   bogs,   N.   S.  to   Man- 
itoba, Me.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

28.  Carex  coinosa  Boott.     BRISTLY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  698.)     Similar  to  the 
preceding  species  ;    culms  commonly  stouter,  the  leaves  sometimes  12  mm.  wide. 
Staminate    spike    sometimes   pistillate  at  the  summit  ;    pistillate  spikes   2-6,   all 
spreading  or  drooping,  stouter  and  bristly,  about  12  mm.  in  diameter  ;   perigynia 


1 96  FLORA. 

more  slender,  little  inflated,  strongly  reflexed  when  mature,  tapering  into  a  slender 
prominently  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  subulate  and  recurved-spreading  ;  scales 
mostly  shorter  than  the  perigynia,  very  rough  ;  stigmas  3.  In  swamps,  N.  S.  to 
Ont.  and  Wash.,  south  to  Ga.,  La.  and  Cal.  May-Oct. 

Scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  perigynia.  29.  C.  Frankii. 

Scales  lanceolate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

Spikes  1-3,  subglobose  or  oval,  staminate  below ;  achene  linear-oblong. 

30.  C.  squarrosa. 
Spikes  2-6,  oblong-cylindric,  usually  staminate  at  both  ends ;  achene  ovoid. 

31.  C.  typhinoides* 

29.  Carex  Frankii  Kunth.    FRANK'S  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  699.)   Glabrous;  tufted; 
culms  stout,  smooth,  leafy,  0.3-0.7  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated,  roughish,  5-8  mm. 
wide;  staminate  spike  stalked  ;    pistillate  spikes  3-6,  exceedingly  dense,  cylindric, 
erect,  1-4  cm.  long,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  the 
lower  slender-stalked;  perigynia  green,  slightly  inflated,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter, 
few-nerved,  obovoid  with  a  depressed  summit  from  which  arises  the  subulate  2- 
toothed  beak  ;    scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  perigynia  ;    stigmas  3.     In 
swamps  and  wet  meadows,  E.  Penn.  to  Va.  and  Ga.,  Mo.,  La.  and  Tex.     June- 
Sept.     [C  stenolepis  Torr.,  not  Less.] 

30.  Carex   squarrosa  L.     SQUARROSE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.   700.)     Glabrous  ; 
culms  slender,  rough  above  on  the  angles,  0.6-0.9  m-  tall.    Leaves  elongated,  rarely 
more  than  4  mm.  wide,   rough-margined  ;    spikes  1-3,  erect,  stalked,  oblong  or 
globose,  exceedingly  dense,  rarely  over  2.5  cm.  long,   1-2  cm.  in  diameter,  the 
upper  one  club-shaped,  staminate  at  the  base  or  sometimes  for  one-half  its  length 
or  more  ;    perigynia  yellowish  green,  becoming  tawny,  the  lowest  reflexed,  some- 
what inflated  but  firm,  obovoid,  2-3  mm.   in  diameter,  few-nerved,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed into  the  subulate  minutely  2-toothed  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate 
acuminate  or  awn-tipped  scale;  achene  linear-oblong,  tapering  into  the  stout  style; 
stigmas  3.     In  swamps  and  bogs,  Conn,  to  Mich,  and  Neb.,  south  to  Ga.,  La.  and 
Ark.     June-Sept. 

31.  Carex  typhinoides  Schwein.     CAT-TAIL  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  701.)     Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  darker  green;  leaves  often  8-10  mm.  wide;  spikes  2-6,  cylin- 
dric,   2-5    cm.    long,   8-14  mm.   in  diameter,  often  staminate  at  both  ends,   the 
terminal  one  commonly  tapering  to  a  conic  summit;  basal  staminate  flowers  much 
less  numerous;  perigynia  dull  straw  color,  ascending  or  the  lowest    spreading  or 
reflexed,  inflated,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  slender  2-toothed  beak,  which  is 
often    upwardly   bent;    scales   oblong-lanceolate,  obtusish;    achene  ovoid-elliptic, 
sharply  3-angled,  tipped  with  the  subulate  style.     In  swamps,  Quebec  to  Iowa, 
Va.,  La.  and  Mo.     July- Aug. 

Leaves  bright  green,  not  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  slender,  conspicuous. 

Scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate ;  leaves  glabrous.  32.   C.  trichocarpa. 

Scales  ovate-lanceolate,  rough-awned ;  leaves  often  pubescent.      33.  C.  artstata. 
Leaves  pale  green,  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  short. 

Pistillate  spikes  about  8  mm.  thick,  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  manifest. 

34.  C.  riparia. 
Pistillate  spikes  about  4  mm.  thick,  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  minute. 

35.  C.  acutiformis. 

32.  Carex   trichocarpa  Muhl.     HAIRY-FRUITED    SEDGE.     (I.   F.   f.    702.) 
Culm  usually  stout  and  tall,  smooth  below,  very  rough  abov^.     Leaves  elongated, 
glabrous,   rough-margined,    4-6   mm.    wide;    staminate    spikes  2-6,   long-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  densely    flowered  except  at  the  base,   2-10   cm.   long, 
I -i. 6  cm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect,  the  lower  slender- 
stalked;   perigynia  ovoid-conic,   pubescent  or  glabrous,   many-ribbed,    8-10  mm. 
long,  tapering  into  the  stout  conspicuously  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  somewhat 
spreading ;  scale  hyaline,  acute  or  acuminate.     In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Que- 
bec to  Mich.,  Iowa,  Ga.  and  Kans.     June- Aug. 

33.  Carex  aristata  R,  Br.     AVVNED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  703.)     Culms  erect, 
smooth   or   roughish    above,    sharp-angled,   0.5-1.2    m.  tall.     Leaves   elongated, 
5-10  mm.  wide,  often  pubescent  beneath  and  on  the  sheaths;  staminate  spikes  as 
in  the  preceding;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  remote,  cylindric,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 


C  YPERA  CEA  £. 

stalked^  2-10  cm.  long,  perigynia  ascending,  conic,  glabrous,  many-ribbed, 
8-12  mm.  long,  tapering  into  the  conspicuously  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent; 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  rough-awned,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia. In  bogs,  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  Y.,  Iowa,  Utah  and  Ore.  June-Aug. 

34.  Carex  riparia  Curtis.     RIVER-BANK  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  704.)     Glabrous, 
pale  green;    culms  smooth,  or  roughish  above,  0.5-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongated, 
6-12  mm.  wide,  about  equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-5;  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  cylindric,  3-10  cm.  long,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  erect,  sessile  or 
nearly   so,  the  lower  stalked;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  firm,  scarcely  inflated, 
ascending,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent;  scales  lanceo- 
late or  oblanceolate,  long-aristate  or  acute,  the  lower  longer,  the  upper  equalling 
or  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  swamps,  Newf.  to  James'  Bay  and  Manitoba, 
south  to  Fla.,  La.,  Tex.  and  Idaho.     Also  in  Europe.     May-Aug. 

35.  Carex  acutiformis  Ehrh.     SWAMP  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  705.)     Culms  stout, 
sharp-angled,  0.5-0.9  m.  tall,  often  rough  above.     Leaves  5-12  mm.  wide,  flat,  pale 
green;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  the  upper  short  and  narrow;  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  linear-cylindric,  3-8  cm.  long,  4-5  mm. 
thick,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect,  the  others  slender-stalked,  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  perigynia  ovoid,  3  mm.  long,  not  inflated,  many-nerved,  tapering 
into  a  short  and  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  scales  awn-tipped,  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia or  the  upper  equalling  them.     In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  E.  Mass.     Nat- 
uralized from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

Uppermost  spike  staminate  from  the  base  to  about  the  middle.     SHORTIANAE. 

36.  C.  Shortiana. 
Upper  one  or  more  spikes  entirely  staminate,  or  occasionally  pistillate  at  the  base. 

Perigynia  papillose;  beak  very  short,  nearly  or  quite  entire.     ANOMALAE. 

37.  C.  scabrata. 
Perigynia  pubescent   (sometimes  glabrous  in  no.  39),  the  beak  sharply  2-toothed. 

HIRTAE. 

Staminate  spike  or  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so.  38.   C.  vest  it  a. 

Staminate  spike  or  spikes  distinctly  stalked. 
Leaves  glabrous;  native  species. 

Leaves  flat  or  their  margins  slightly  revolute. 

Scales  only  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  southern  coast  species. 

39.  C.  Walteriana. 
Scales  equalling  or  but  slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  northern 

species. 

Leaves   4-7   mm.   wide;    perigynia  3   mm.    thick,   the   nerves 
prominent.  40.  C.  Houghtonii. 

Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide;  perigynia  2  mm.  thick,  the  nerves  ob- 
scured by  the  dense  pubescence.  41.  C.  lanuginosa. 
Leaves  strongly  involute,  2  mm.  wide  or  less.  42.   C.filiformis. 
Leaves  or  their  sheaths  pubescent;  introduced  species;  beak  long. 

43.   C.  hirta* 

36.  Carex  Shortiana  Dewey.     SHORT'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  706.)     Glabrous; 
culms  slender,  rough  above,  0.3-1  m.  tall,  usually  overtopped  by  the  upper  leaves. 
Leaves  elongated,    roughish,   4-5   mm.  wide;  bracts  short,  narrow,   rarely   much 
exceeding  the  spikes;    spikes  3-7,  linear-cylindric,  densely   many-flowered,   1-3 
cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  the  lower  sjalked;  perigynia  dark  brown, 
compressed,   2-edged,  orbicular  or  obovate,  nerveless,   abruptly  minutely  beaked, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  scales,  which  are  hyaline,  scarious-margined,  ovate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  persistent;  orifice  of  the  perigynium  entire  or  very  nearly  so; 
stigmas  3.     In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  Va.  and  Tenn.,  west  to  Iowa 
and  the  Ind.  Terr.     May-July. 

37.  Carex  scabrata  Schwein.     ROUGH  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.  707.)     Glabrous; 
culms  rough  above,  leafy,  0.3-0.9  m.  long.    Leaves  rough,  much  elongated,  5-7  mm. 
wide,  the  bracts  similar  but  narrower  ;    staminate  spike  short-stalked  ;    pistillate 
spikes  3-6,  erect,  the  upper  short-stalked,  the  lower  sometimes  spreading  or  droop- 
ing, all  linear-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  2-5  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter; 
perigynia  greenish  brown,   ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,   strongly  nerved,  papillose, 
tipped  with  a  short  minutely  2-toothed  or  entire  beak  ;   scales  lanceolate,  acute  or 


FLORA. 

short-awned,  prominently  I -nerved,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  moist  wood* 
and  thickets,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.     May-Aug. 

38.  Carex  vestita  Willd.     VELVET  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  708.)     Culms  strict  and 
slender,  0.4-0.8  m.  tall,  rough  above.     Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide,  not  overtopping  the 
culm;  bracts  similar,  but  narrower,  short,  rough-ciliate  ;    staminate  spike  solitary, 
rarely  2,  almost  sessile  ;    pistillate  spikes  1-5,  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter,   erect,   commonly  staminate  at  the  summit,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked;  perigynia  ovoid,  densely  pubescent,  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter,  promi- 
nently few-ribbed,  tapering  gradually  into  a  short  conic  2-toothed  whitish  beak, 
slightly  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  ovate  acute  membranous  scales.     In  sandy 
woods,  N.  H.  to  Penn.,  south  to  Ga.     June-July. 

39.  Carex  Walteriana  Bailey.     WALTER'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  709.)     Culms 
slender,  strict,   usually  rough  above,  0.3-0.8  m.  tall.     Leaves  narrow,  elongated, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  nodulose,  not  overtopping  the  culm;  lowest  bract  similar,  the  upper 
smaller,  often  almost  filiform;  staminate  spikes  2-5,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
I  or  2,  when  2  the  lower  remote  from  the  upper,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  oblong- 
cylindric,   erect,  2-4  cm.  long,  about  8  mm.   in  diameter,   rather  loosely,  many- 
flowered;  perigynia  ovoid,  purple-brown,  many-nerved,  slightly  inflated,  glabrous, 
or  pubescent,  3  mm.  in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
acute,  short- arista te  or  obtuse,  membranous,  one-half  the  length  of  the  perigynia. 
In  pine-barren  bogs,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.     May-July. 

40.  Carex  Houghtonii  Torr.     HOUGHTON'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  710.)    Culms 
rough  above,  erect,  0.3-0.8  m.  tall,  exceeding  the  leaves.     Leaves  and  lowest  bract 
4-7  mm.  wide,  rough,  their  margins  revolute;  upper  bracts  much  shorter;  stami- 
nate spikes  1-3,  stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3, 
oblong-cylindric,  1-4  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  rather  loosely  flowered, 
the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  stalked;  perigynia  broadly  ovoid,  3  mm.  in  diameter, 
light  green,  densely  pubescent,  many-ribbed,  narrowed  into  a  short  conspicuously 
2-toothed   beak;    scales    lanceolate,    short-awned,    hyaline-margined,    strongly    i- 
nerved,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  N.  S.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  Me.,  Mich,  and  Minn.     June-Sept. 

41.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.     WOOLLY  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  711.)    Culm  slen- 
der, but  usually  rather  stouter  than  that  of  C.  filiformis,  sharp-angled  and  rough 
above.     Leaves  and  lower  bracts  elongated,  not  involute,  2-4  mm.  wide,  sometimes 
overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,   long-stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at 
the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  usually  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked, 
cylindric;  5-6  mm.  in  diameter;  scales  acuminate  or  aristate.     In  swamps  and  wet 
meadows,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     June -Aug. 

Carex  Ianugin6sa  Kans&na  Britton.      Plant  pale;  leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  very  rough; 
perigynia  i  mm.  in  diameter,  the  ribs  conspicuous.     Mo.  and  Kans. 

42.  Carex  filiformis  L.     SLENDER  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  712.)    Culms  very  slen- 
der,  erect  or  reclining,  smooth,  obtusely  angled,  0.5-0.9  m.  long.     Leaves  very 
narrow,  involute,  about  2  mm.  wide,   rough-margined,  not  overtopping  the  culm; 
lower   bract   similar,    upper   bracts  filiform;  staminate    spikes    1-3,   commonly  2, 
stalked;   pistillate  spikes  1-3,  cylindric,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter, 
erect,  sessile,  or  the  lower  distant  and  short-peduncled;  perigynia  green,  ascending, 
oval,  densely  pubescent,  faintly  nerved,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  tapering  into  a 
short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovafe, membranous,  acute  or  short-awned,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  perigynia.     In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J., 
Penn.,  Mich,  and  Iowa.     Occasionally  dioecious.     Also  in  Europe.     June-Aug. 

43.  Carex  hirta  L.     HAIRY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  713.)     Rootstocks  creeping; 
culms    rather   slender,   nearly  smooth,    1.5-4  dm.   tall.     Leaves    flat,    pubescent, 
especially  on  the  sheaths,  3-5  mm.  Made,  the  basal  ones  much  elongated,  the  upper 
and  the  similar  bracts  shorter;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2 
(  r  3,  remote,  erect,  oblong-cylindric,  2-3  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynia ovoid-oblong,  green,  densely  pubescent,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  4  mm.  long,  few- 
ribbed,   tapering  into  a  prominently  2-toothed  beak;    teeth   often  as  long  as  the 
beak;  scales  lanceolate,  aristate,  3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  fields 
and   waste   places,  Mass,  to  E.  N.   Y.  and   Penn.     Nat.  or  adv.  from  Europe. 
June-Sept. 


C  YPERA  CEA  £.  1 99 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below,  pistillate  above  (rarely  all  staminate  in  No.  47) ;  stigmas 

3.     ATRATAE. 

Scales  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 
Orifice  of  the  perigynium  minutely  2-toothed ;  scales  obtuse  or  acutish. 
Pistillate  spikes  4-10  mm.  long,  erect.  44.   C.  alptna. 

Pistillate  spikes  8-25  mm.  long,  drooping  when  old.      45.  C.  atratiformis. 
Orifice  of  the  perigynium  entire ;  scales  acute  or  awned. 

Perigynium  ovate,  the  style  usually  protruding.  46.   C.  stylosa. 

Perigynium  obovate,  the  style  not  protruding.  47.   C,  Parryana. 

Scales  manifestly  longer  than  the  perigynia;  bog  species.  48.  C.  Buxbaumii. 

Terminal   spike  staminate  throughout  (occasionally   pistillate  at   the   top   in  No.  53); 

stigmas  2,  rarely  3  in  No.  55.     RIGIDAE. 

Lower  sheaths  becoming  very  fibrillose ;  tufted  bog  species.       49.  C.  stricta. 
Lower  sheaths  not  at  all  fibrillose,  or  slightly  so. 

Scales  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia  (or  longer  in  No.  50). 
Culms  0.3-0.6  m.  tall;  scales  acute  or  acuminate. 

Pistillate  spikes  linear-cylindric.  50.   C.  Haydeni. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric.  51.   C.  Nebraskensis. 

Culms  0.2-1.  i  m.  tall ;  scales  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute. 
Scales  green. 

Leaves  4-6  mm.  wide;  pistillate  spikes  4-6  mm.  thick;  perigynia 

nerveless.  52.   C.  aquatilis. 

Leaves   2  mm.  wide ;   pistillate  spikes  2-4  mm.   thick ;   perigynia 

faintly  few-nerved.  53.    C.  lenticularis. 

Scales  purple  or  brown. 

Scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia ;  marsh  and  meadow  species. 

54.   C.  Goodenovii. 
Scales  equalling  or  longer  than  the  perigynia;  arctic  and  alpine 

species,  55.  C.  Bigelovii. 

Culms  only  2-17  cm.  tall;  arctic  species.  56.   C.  subspathacea. 

Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigynia;  northern  salt  marsh  species. 
Basal  leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less ;  scales  little  longer  than  the  perigynia, 

57.  C.  sah'na. 
Basal  leaves  2-6  mm.  wide  ;  scales  much  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

58.  C.  cuspidata. 

44.  Carex  alpina   Sw.     ALPINE    SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.    714.)     Culms   slender, 
rough  above,  leafy  below  the  middle,  1.5—5  ^m.  tall.     Leaves  roughish,  1-3  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm;  spikes  2-4.  clustered,  the  terminal  I  or 
2  staminate  below,  oblong  or  globose,  4-10  mm.  long,  sessile,  or  the  lower  pedun- 
cled;  perigynia  oval,  orbicular  or  obovoid,  light  green,  about  2  mm.  long,  tipped 
with    a    very  short   and  minutely   2-toothed  beak,   nerveless  or  with  a  few  faint 
nerves,  equalling  or  slightly  shorter  than  the  ovate  black  or  purple-brown  scales. 
In  rocky  places,  Quebec   to  James'   Bay  and  Athabasca,  western  Ont.  and  Isle 
Royale,   Lake   Superior,    south   in   the    Rocky    Mts.   to   Colo.     Also   in   Europe. 
Summer. 

45.  Carex  atratiformis  Britton.     BLACK  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  715.)     Glabrous; 
culms  slender,  sharp-angled,  rough  above,  2-5  dm.  tall,  usually  leafy  only  below. 
Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  rarely  over  1.5  dm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes 
2-5,  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  8-25  mm.  long,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  the  terminal 
one  usually  staminate  at  the  base  and  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  the  others  slendtr- 
stalked;  lower  bracts  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng»  Ver7  narrow,   the  upper  subulate;  perigynia 
flattened,  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  puncticulate,  about  2  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a 
short,   2-toothed  beak;    scales  black   or  reddish-brown,   oblong,  slightly  narrower 
than  the  perigynia  and  about  equalling  them.     Newf.  to  the  mountains  of  N.  E., 
west  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.     Summer. 

46.  Carex  stylosa  C.    A.    Meyer.     VARIEGATED   SEDGE.     (I.    F.  f.   716.) 
Culms  slender,   3-4  dm.   tall,  rough  and  leafless    above.     Leaves   3    mm.    wide; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  nearly  sessile,  often  pistillate  for  one-half  its   length  or 
more;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  8-12  mm.  long,  about  3  mm. 
in  diameter,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and  subtended  by  a  subulate   bract;  peri- 
gynia ovate,  slightly  inflated,  brown,  minutely  granulate,   less  than  2   mm.  long, 
nerveless,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire  and  closed  by  the  usually  protruding   style; 
scales   black  with  white  veins,  obtusish,    shorter   than   the   perigynia.     Lab.  and 
Greenland  to  Alaska.     Summer. 


200  FLORA. 

47.  Carex   Parryana  Dewey.     PARRY'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  717.)    Glabrous, 
culms  very  slender,  smooth,  stift,  2-5  dm.  tall,  leafless  above.     Leaves  about  2  mm. 
wide,  much    shorter  than  the  culm,  their  margins  somewhat  involute;  spikes  1-4, 
dense,    erect,    linear-cylindric,    1-2.5    dm.    long,  3  mm.   in  diameter,  the    upper 
sessile,   staminate     below    or  throughout,  the  lower  stalked  and  subtended  by  an 
almost  filiform  bract;  perigynia  plano-convex,  obovate,  pale,  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
minutely  papillose,  faintly  few-nerved,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire;  scales 
ovate,   acute   or  mucronulate,  dark  brown  with  lighter  margins,  about  tas  long  as 
the  perigynia.     Hudson  Bay  to  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  in  the   Rocky  Mts.    to  Colo. 
Summer. 

48.  Carex  Buxbaumii  Wahl.  BROWN  SEDGE.   (I.  F.  f.  718.)  Glabrous;   culms 
slender,  stiff,  sharp-angled,  rough  above,  3-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  rough,  erect,  2-4 
mm.  wide;  spikes  2-4,  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  all  sessile  and  close  together,  or 
\he  lowest  sometimes  distant  and  short-stalked,  8-37  mm.  long,  about   8   mm.  in 
diameter,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base  or  rarely  throughout;  pericrania 
elliptic  or  obovate,  flat,  ascending,   2  mm.    long,  light  green,  faintly  few-nervtcl. 
beakless,   the  apex  minutely  2-toothed;  scales  ovate,   awn-tipped,  black  or  dark 
brown  with  a  green  midvein,  longer  than  the  perigynia.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska, 
Ga.,  Ky.,  Utah  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe.      (C.fusca  Bailey,  not  All.) 

49.  Carex  stricta  Lam.     TUSSOCK  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  719.)     Glabrous,  rather 
dark  green;  culms  slender,  stiff,  usually  in  dense  clumps,  sharply  3-angled,  rough 
atove,  0.3-1-.  I  m.  tall.     Leaves  rarely  overtopping  the  culm,  very  rough  margined, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  their  sheaths  becoming  fibrillose  ;    lower  bract  similar  ;    staminate 
spikes  solitary  or  sometimes  2.   stalked  ;    pistillate  spikes  2-5,   linear-cylindric, 
often  staminate  at  the  top,  densely  flowered,  or  loose  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long, 
about  4  mm.  thick,  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked  ;    perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  acute, 
faintly  few-nerved,  2  mm.  long  or  less,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire  or  nearly 
so ;    scales  brown-purple  with  green  margins  and  midvein,  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
appressed;  stigmas  2.    In  swamps,  Newt,  to  Ont.,  Neb.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     Hybridizes 
with  C.  filiformis.     July-Sept. 

Carex  stricta  angust&ta  (Boott)  Bailey.  Pistillate  spikes  longer,  5-10  cm.  long,  erect; 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  often  longer  than  the  perigynia.  Range  apparently  nearly  that 
of  the  type. 

Carex  stricta  xeroc&rpa  (S.  H.  Wright,  Britton).  Pistillate  spikes  almost  filiform, 
about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  erect.  N.  Y.  to  111. 

50.  Carex  Haydeni  Dewey.     HAYDEN'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  720.)     Glabrous, 
similar  to  C.  stricla  but  smaller;  culm  slender,  seldom  over  0.5  m.  high.     Leaves 
2-3  mm.  wide,  their  sheaths  slightly  fibrillose  or  not  at  all;  lower  bract  foliaceous, 
about  equalling  the  culm;  pistillate  spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter, 
erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;    perigynia  orbicular,  obtuse, 
about  I  mm.  broad,  faintly  2-4-nerved,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire;  scales 
lanceolate,  purplish,  spreading,  very  acute,  alxmt  twice  as  long  as  the  perigynia  ; 
stigmas  2.     Swamps,  N.  B.  to  R.  I.,  Iowa  and  Neb. 

51.  Carex   Nebraskensis    Dewey.      NEBRASKA   SEDGE.      (I.    F.    f.    721.) 
Glabrous;  culms  stout,  sharp-angled,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves  pale  green,  3-5  mm, 
wide,  rough -margined,  their  sheaths  more  or  less  nodulose;  lower  bract  sometimes 
equalling  the  culm,  the  upper  much  shorter  and  narrower;  staminate  spikes  com- 
monly 2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  2-3  cm.  long, 
about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked;  perigynia  elliptic  or 
obovate,    prominently  several-ribbed,    short-beaked,   the   beak   2 -toothed ;    scales 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  mucronate,  brown  with  a  green  midvein  or  green  all 
over,  the  upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2.     Neb.  to  Ore.  and  N.  Mex. 
May-Aug. 

52.  Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.     WATER   SEDGE.      (I.    F.    f.    722.)     Glabrous, 
glaucous,  pale  green;  culms  sharp-angled  above,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  0.5-1.1  m. 
tall.     Leaves  elongated,  4-7  mm.  wide,  their  sheaths  nodulose;  bracts  similar,  the 
lower  much  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,   stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
linear-cylindric,  often  staminate  at  the  summit,  2-6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter, 
sessile  and  dense,  or  the  lower  loosely  flowered  at  the  base  and  short-stalked ;  peri- 
gynia elliptic,  green,  nerveless,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong, 


C  YPEKA  CEAE.  2OI 

shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia  and  much  narrower,  stigmas  2.  In  swamps 
and  along  streams,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Mass.,  Penn.,  Ohio,  Minn,  and  Br.  Col.  Also 
in  Europe.  Hybridizes  with  C.  stricta.  June-Aug. 

53.  Carex  lenticularis  Michx.     LENTICULAR  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  723.)     Gla- 
brous, pale  green;  culms  slender,  sharp-angled,   roughish  above,  0.3-0.6  m.   tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  rarely  over  2  mm.  wide,  slightly  rough-margined,  their  sheaths 
not  fibrillose;  lower  bracts  similar,  usually  much  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spike  solitary  or  rarely  2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  pistillate  above;  pistillate 
spikes  2-5,  clustered  or  the  lower  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  short -stalked,  erect, 
linear-cylindric,  8-25  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  ovate  or  elliptic, 
acute,  minutely  granulate,  faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak; 
scales  green,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2.     On  shores,  Lab. 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Me.,  Vt.,  Ont.  and  Minn.     June-Aug. 

54.  Carex  Goodenovii  J.   Gay.     GOODENOUGH'S  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.    724.) 
Glabrous;   culms  stiff,   sharp-angled,    sometimes    rough    above,    0.3-0.6   m.    tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  smooth,  glaucous,  2-4  mm.  wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm,  their 
sheaths  not  fibrillose;  lower  bracts  usually  foliaceous;  staminate  spike  sessile  or 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  many-flowered,  narrowly 
cylindric,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter,  1-2.5  cm-  ^ongJ  perigynia  flattened,  broadly  oval 
or  ovate,  faintly  few-nerved,  green,  less  than  2  mm.  long,  minutely  beaked,  the  ori- 
fice nearly  entire;  scales  purple-brown  to  black  with  a  green  midvein,  very  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2.     In  wet  grounds,  Newf.  to  Mass,  and  Penn. 
June-Aug. 

55.  Carex   Bigelovii  Torr.     BIGELOW'S   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.   725.)     Glabrous 
and  smooth  throughout  or  nearly  so;  culms  sharp-angled,  2-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves 
3-4   mm.  wide,  not   exceeding   the   culm,  the   lower  bracts    similar,  but  shorter; 
sheaths  slightly  or  not  fibrillose;  staminate  spike  stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at 
the  base,  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  linear-cylindric,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  dense 
above,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  often  slender- 
stalked;   perigynia  oval,  about  2  mm.  long,  faintly  nerved,  scarcely  beaked,  the 
orifice  entire;  scales  purple -brown  with  a  narrow  green  midvein,  often  with  green 
margins,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute,  equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2,  rarely  3.     Greenland  and  Lab.  to  the  mountains  of  New  England  and 
N.  Y.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

56.  Carex    subspathacea    Wormrk.     HOPPNER'S    SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.    726.) 
Glabrous;  culm  smooth,  2-13  cm.  tall.     Leaves  rigid,  smooth,  about  2  mm.  wide; 
lower  bracts  foliaceous;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile 
or  very  short-stalked,  6-12  mm.  long,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  oval  or 
ovoid,  very  short  beaked,  pale  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  about  2  mm.  long;  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2.     Green- 
land to  Hudson  Bay.     Summer. 

57.  Carex   salina  Wahl.     SALT-MARSH  SEDGE.     (L  F.  f.  727.)    Glabrous; 
culm  smooth,  1.5—5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  narrowly  Linear,  1—2  mm.  wide,  the  lower 
bract  similar;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  slender-stalked 
or  the  upper  sessile,  erect,  loocely  fe  /-reveral-flowered,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
thick ;  perigynia  ovate-elliptic,     ale,  f.intly  iew-nerved,  ascending,  3  mm.  long, 
tapering  into  a  short  entire  be;.k;  s  ales  ovate,  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  acute 
or  cuspidate,   somewhat  longer  than  the  perigynia ;  stigmas  2.     In  salt  marshes, 
Greenland  to  Hudson  Bay.     Also  in  arctic  Europe.     Summer. 

58  Carex  cuspidata  Wahl.  CUSPIDATE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  728.)  Glabrous; 
culms  erect,  3-7  dm.  tall.  Basal  1  :aves  often  equalling  the  culm,  3  -6  mm.  wide, 
smooth;  leaves  of  the  culm  similar  to  the  lower  bracts,  which  usually  overtop  the 
spikes;  staminate  spikes  1—3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  cylindric,  often  staminate 
at  the  summit,  erect,  the  lower  stalked;  perigynia  ^lliptic,  green,  2-4-nerved,  with  a 
short  entire  beak;  scales  lanceolate,  pale,  acuminate  or  contracted  into  a  serrate 
awn,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2.  In  marshes,  Newf.  and  Lab. 
to  Mass.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

Culms  slender;  pistillate  spikes  0.6-6.5  cm-  l«n&«  stigmas  3  (2  in  No.  59). 
Pistillate  spikes  linear;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     PRASINAE. 

Perigynia  twisted  toward  the  top;  scales  purple-brown.        59.  C.  tor  fa. 
Perigynia  straight ;  scales  green.  60.  C.  prasina* 


202  FLORA. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong,  globose  or  cylindric;  scales  equalling  the  perigynia  or 

longer. 

Bracts  manifestly  sheathing;  arctic  species.  FERRUGINEAE.  61.   C.  misandra. 
Bracts  sheathless;  scales  mostly  dark.    PENDULINAE. 

Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric;  southern  coast  species. 

62.  C.  littoralis. 
Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  globose;  northern  species. 

Scales  not  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Pistillate  spikes  6-12  mm.  long,  few-flowered;  scales  obtuse. 

63.  C.  rariflora. 
Pistillate  spikes  1-2  cm.  long,  several-flowered;  scales  acute. 

64.  C.  limosa. 
Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Perigynia  oval  or  suborbicular.  65.   C.  Magellanica. 

Perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate.  66.   C.  podocarpa. 

Culms  tall,  usually  stout;  pistillate  spikes  2-10  cm.  long;  scales  1-8  times  as  long  as  the 

perigynia;  stigmas  2  (or  3  in  Nos.  70  and  71).     CRYPTOCARPAE. 
Perigynia  smooth. 

Scales  purple-brown ;  arctic  species.  67.  C.  cryptocarpa* 

Scales  green;  plants  not  arctic. 

Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved,  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Perigynia  nearly  orbicular,  biconvex.  68.   C,  tnaritima. 

Perigynia  obovoid,  obtuse.  69.   C.  crinita. 

Perigynia  oblong  or  elliptic,  acute..  70.   C.  gynandra. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved,  about  equalling  the  scales. 

Spikes  erect ;  leaves  very  rough-margined.  71.   C.  macrokolea. 

Spikes  drooping,  filiform  stalked.  jia.C.  verrucosa. 

Perigynia  granular  or  papillose.  72.  C.  glauca. 

59.  Carex  torta  Boott.     TWISTED  SEDGE,     (I.  F.  f.  729.)    Glabrous ;  culm 
slender,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  above,  0.4-1  m.  long.     Leaves  about  4  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  very  short;  sheaths  not  fibrillose;  lower  bract  commonly 
foliaceous;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  all  but  the  upper 
spreading   or  drooping,  linear,   2-7.5   cm*  l°ng?  about  4  mm.  in  diameter;  often 
loosely  flowered  toward  the  base;  perigynia  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  green,  nerve- 
less, narrowed  and  more  or  less  twisted  above,  2-3  mm.  long;  scales  ovate,  purple- 
brown  with  a  green  midvein,  shorter  and  mostly  narrower  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas    2.     In    marshes    and   wet  thickets,  Me.   and   Vt.  to    N.  Car.    and    Mo. 
June-July. 

60.  Carex   prasina  Wahl.     DROOPING   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.    730.)  'Glabrous; 
rather  light  green;  culm  slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  reclining,   3-angled,  0.3- 
0.7  m.  long.     Leaves  flaccid,  roughish,  3-5  mm.  wide;  lower  bract  similar,  com- 
monly overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike  short- stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the 
summit;   pistillate  spikes   2  or  3,  linear-cylindric,  drooping,  the  lower  filiform- 
stalked,  2-6  cm.  long,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  rather  loosely  many-flowered;  perigynia 
light  green,  lanceolate,  obscurely  nerved,  tapering  into  a  slender  minutely  2 -toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  short-awned,  pale  green,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3.     In  meadows  and  moist  thickets,   Me.   to  Ont.,   N.  J.  and 
Penn.,  south  in  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga.     May -July. 

6 1.  Carex  misandra  R.  Br.     SHORT-LEAVED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  731.)    Gla- 
brous; culms  2-40  cm.  tall.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  clustered,  seldom   over  6  cm. 
long;  bracts  narrowly  linear,  sheathing,  not  overtopping  the  spikes;  terminal  spike 
slender- stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I   or  2,   filiform-stalked,   6-15  mm.  long,    about 
4  mm.  thick,  rather  few-flowered,  drooping;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, narrowed  at  the  base,  3  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  denticulate  above;  scales  ob- 
tuse, purple-black  with  white  margins,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;   stig- 
mas 2  or  3.     Throughout  arctic  America,  extending  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  the 
higher  summits  of  Colo.     Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

62.  Carex  littoralis  Schwein.    BARRATT'S  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  732.)    Glabrous, 
pale  green,   somewhat  glaucous;  culms  smooth,  0.2-0.5   m-   ta^>   leafless  above. 
Leaves  3-4  mm.  wide,  smooth,  the  lower  sheaths  fibrillose;  bracts  not  sheathing, 
the  lower  usually  short  and  narrow;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  usually  rather  long- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  drooping  or  the  upper  ascending,  slender-stalked, 
linear-cylindric,  1-5  cm.  long,  6  mm.  in  diameter,  mostly  staminate  at  the  summit; 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  20$ 

perigynia  oblong,  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  2-3  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  minute 
entire  beak;  scales  brown-purple  with  lighter  margins,  obtuse,  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.  In  pine-barren  swamps,  Conn,  and  N.  J.  to  E. 
Penn.  and  N.  Car.  May-July. 

63.  Carex  rariflora  J.  E.  Smith.    LOOSE-FLOWERED  ALPINE  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f. 
733-)     Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect,  1—3  dm.   tall,  smooth,  or 
roughish  above.     Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  the  lower  very  short;  bracts  subulate, 
purple  at  the  base;  staminate  spike  solitary,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2. 
narrowly  oblong,  few-flowered,  6-12  mm.  long,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  nodding  on  fili- 
form stalks;  perigynia  pale,  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  3  mm.  long,  I  mm.  wide, 
minutely  beaked,  few-nerved,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  oval,  purple-brown  with  a 
greenish  midvein,   obtuse  or  mucronate,  equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia ;  stigmas  3.     In  wet  places,  Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Hudson  Bay,  south  to  Me. 
and  to  northern  Minn.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

64.  Carex  limosa  L.     MUD  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  734.)     Glabrous;  culms  rough 
above,  2.5-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm;   bracts 
linear- filiform  ;    staminate   spike   long-stalked  ;    pistillate  spikes  I  or  2,  filiform- 
stalked,  drooping,  1-2  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  thick;  perigynia  pale,  oval,  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  3  mm.  long,  with  a  minute  entire  beak,  several-nerved,  about  as  long 
as  the  oval  cuspidate  or  acute  scale;  stigmas  3.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
south  to  Me.,  N.  J.,  Iowa  and  Idaho.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

65.  Carex  Magellan! ca  Lam.    MAGELLAN  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  735.)    Glabrous; 
culms  smooth  or  nearly  so,  1.5-5  dm.  *a^-     Leaves  flat,  2-4  mm.  wide,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  similar;  staminate  spike  solitary,  rarely  2; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  filiform-stalked,  drooping,   8-16  mm.  long,   about  6  mm.  in 
diameter;  perigynia  biconvex,  oval,  pale,  granulate -papillose,  few-nerved,  2-3  mm. 
long,  with  a  very  minute  entire  beak;  scales  long-acuminate  or  awned,  dark  green 
or  purplish  brown,  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.     In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Mani- 
toba,  Me.,  Penn.  and  Mich.      Also  in  Utah,   Europe,    and  in  southern  S.  Am. 
Summer. 

66.  Carex  podocarpa  R.  Br.     LONG- AWNED  ARCTIC  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  736.) 
Glabrous  ;    culms  slender,  rough  above,  2.5-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  3-4  mm.  wide, 
the  lowest  reduced  to  sheaths;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  upper  leaves;  staminate 
spikes  i  or  2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  cylindric,  dense,  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  6  mm. 
in  diameter,   the  lower  often  nodding  ;    perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate,   flat,   about 
5  mm.  long,   acute,  faintly  nerved,  the  orifice  entire  ;  scales  purple-black,  ovate, 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  perigynia,  long-awned ;  stigmas  2  or  3.    Arctic  America. 
Summer. 

67.  Carex  cryptocarpa  C.  A.  Meyer.     HIDDEN-FRUITED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
737.)    Glabrous;  culm  stout,  3-angled,  rough  above,  0.4-0.9  m.  tall.    Leaves  smooth, 
4-6  mm.  wide;  staminate  spikes  2-4,  stalked;  pistillate  spike  2-5,  filiform-stalked 
and  drooping.   2-8  cm.  long,   6-8  mm.  in  diameter;   perigynia  oblong   or  oval, 
green,  several-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  with  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  purple- 
brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 
Arctic  America  from  Greenland  to  Alaska.     Summer. 

Carex  cryptocarpa  varieg&ta  (Derjer)  Britton.  Seldom  over  3  dm.  tall ;  pistillate 
spikes  about  2,  1-2  cm.  long  ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  little  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia. Range  of  the  species. 

68.  Carex  maritima  Muller.     SEASIDE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.   738.)     Glabrous, 
light  green;  culms  3-angled,  smooth,  or  roughish  above,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves 
4-6  mm.  wide,  the  lower  bracts  similar;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  slender-stalked;  pis- 
tillate spikes  2-4,  cylindric,  often  staminate  at  the  summit,  2-8  cm.  long,  8-12  mm. 
thick,  drooping  on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  oval  to  orbicular,  pale,  biconvex,  less 
than   2  mm.  long,  nerveless  or  with  a  few  faint  nerves,   with  a  very   short  and 
nearly  entire  beak;  scales  green,  linear-subulate,  ciliate,  scabrous,  3-8  times  as  long 
as  the  perigynia ;  stigmas  2.     In  salt  meadows,  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Mass.     Also  in 
Europe.     June-Aug. 

69.  Carex   crinita  Lam.      FRINGED    SEDGE.      (I.    F.   f.    739.)     Glabrous-, 
culms  3-angled,  0.5-1.3  m.  tall.     Leaves  rough-margined,   6-10  mm.   wide,   the 
lowest  very  short  and  sheathing;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes 


204  FLORA. 

3-5,  narrowly  cylindric,  2-11  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  stalked,  drooping; 
perigynia  obovoid,  obtuse,  about  2  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  thick,  nerveless, 
abruptly  tipped  by  the  short  entire  beak;  scales  green,  subulate,  ciliate-scabrous, 
spreading,  2-6  times  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2.  In  swamps  and  wet 
woods,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  June-Aug.  A  hybrid  with  C.  torta  is 
described. 

Carex  crinlta  minor  Boott.  Culms  slender,  lower;  leaves  3-5  mm.  wide;  pistillate 
spikes  2-3  cm.  long,  4  mm.  thick,  spreading  or  slightly  drooping  ;  perigynia  little  more 
than  i  mm.  in  diameter.  Me.  to  S.  N.  Y. 

70.  Carex  gynandra  Schwein.     NODDING  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  740.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding    species.     Leaves   6-12    mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  their  sheaths  often 
finely    pubescent;  pistillate    spikes    2-10  cm.  long,  narrowly  cylindric;  perigynia 
oblong  or  elliptic,  faintly   iow-nerved  or  nerveless,  compressed,  slightly  inflated, 
3-4  mm.  long,  and  about  one-aalf  as  broad,   tapering  to  an  acute  entire  orifice; 
scales  subulate,  rough,  ascending,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  swamps, 
Newf.  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Fla.  and  La.     June-Aug. 

Carex  gyndndra  P6rten  (Olney)  Britton.  Smaller,  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the 
species  that  minor  does  to  C.  crini'a.  Me. 

71.  Care::  macrokolea  Steud.    SOUTHERN  GLAUCOUS  SEDGE.,  (I.  F.  f.  741.) 
Glabrous,  light  ^reon,  glaucous;  culms  stout,  0.5-1.1  m.  tall.     Leaves  rough,  3-6 
mm.  wide, tapcri.'j  to   a  very  long  narrow   tip;  lower   bracts    similar;  staminate 
spikes  i  or  :;,   chort- stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-8,  cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long,  erect, 
sessile  or  the  lower  s;  Iked;  perigynia  dark  brown,   3 -angled,  3   mm.   long,  sev- 
eral-nerved, r.bruptly  contracted  into  a   short  sharp  beak;  scales  oblong,   rough- 
awned,  as  1     g  as  the  perigynia  or  longer.     In  swamps,  Mo.  to    Fla.    and  Tex. 
June-Aug. 

7ia.  Carex  ve.Tucosa  Muhl.  WARTY  SEDGE.  Glabrous  and  usually 
glaucous;  cuims  ?lend^r,  I  m.  tall  or  less.  Leaves  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  2-6 
mm.  wide,  L..g-atte:m:ite;  staminate  spike  I,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-6,  cylin- 
dric, 3-5  cm.  I-/.;;,  filiform-stalked  and  nodding,  or  the  upper  erect;  perigynia 
3-angled,  somewhat  swollen,  abruptly  sharp-beaked,  3-4  mm.  long,  about  as  long  as 
the  ovate  awn:d  ccahs.  In  wet  soil,  S.  E;  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Miss.  June-Aug. 

72.  Care:::  glailca  Scop.     GLAUCOUS  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  742.)     Glabrous,  pale 
green,  glaucrus;  culms  0.2-0.5  m-  *a^'     Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  4  mm- 
wide;  lower  bn,ct  similar,  narrower;  staminate  spikes  mostly  2,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2  or  3,  at  length  drooping,  slender-stalked,  linear-cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long, 
6  mm.  thick;  perigynia   brown,  ellipsoid,   few-nerved,  or  nerveless,  granulate  or 
papillose,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  about  as  long   as  the  perigynia;  stigmas 
2.     In  meadows,  N.  S.  and  Ont.     Adventive  from  Europe.    June-Aug. 

Perigynium  densely  pubescent. 

Pistillate   spikes   oblong-cylindric,    8-20  mm.    long;  perigynia  oval   or  ovoid,    few- 
nerved.  73.   C.  virescens. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,    12-30  mm.   long;  perigynia  oblong,   strongly 

several-nerved.  74.  C.  costellata. 

Perigynium  nearly  glabrous,  at  least  '.hen  mature. 

Spikes  5-7  mm.  thick ;  perigynia  imbricated,  flattened  ;  top  of  the  achene  not  bent. 

75.  C.  triceps. 

Spikes  4  mm.  thick  ;  p  rigynia  not  imbricated,  swollen  ;  top  of  the  achene  bent,  or 
tipped  with  a  bent  styl  .  76.   C.  Caroliniana. 

73.  Carex  virescens  Muhl.     DOWNY  GREEN  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  743.)    Culms 
slender,  rough  above.  1.5-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  light  green,  pubescent,  especially  on 
the  sheaths:  spikes  2-5,   short- stalked,  erect  or  nearly  so,  8-20  mm.   long,   about 
3  mm.  in  diameter,  the  terminal  one  staminate  below;  perigynia  3-sided,   rather 
less  than  2  mm.  long,  green,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong-ovate,  cus- 
pidate, slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  and 
Ont.  to  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Mo.     June-July. 

74.  Carex  costellata  Britton.     RIBBED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.    744.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding,  but  taller  and  more  spreading.     Leaves   pubescent;  spikes   2-5, 


CYPERACEAE.  2O$ 

rather  loose,  3  mm.  in  diamete . ,  the  terminal  one  staminate  below,  the  lower  one 
commonly  filiform-stalked;  perigynia  narrowed  at  each  end,  2  mm.  long,  rather 
more  than  i  mm.  thick;  scales  ovate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  woods,  Me. 
and  Ont.  to  N.  Car.  June-Aug. 

.75.  Carex  triceps  Michx.  HIRSUTE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  745.)  Light  green; 
culms  rough  above,  1.5-9  dm.  long.  Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  spikes 
2-5, dense,  erect,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  6-16  mm.  long,  usually  clustered,  the 
terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia  oval  or  obovoid,  flattened,  not  in- 
flated, green  or  greenish-brown,  few-nerved,  usually  pubescent  when  young,  when 
mature  1-2  mm.  long,  the  orifice  minutely  notched  or  entire;  scales  ovate,  cuspi- 
date or  short-awned;  achene  elliptic-obovoid,  its  summit  not  bent.  In  woods,  fields 
and  swamps,  Mass,  to  southern  Ont.  and  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April-Aug. 

76.  Carex  Caroliniana  Schwein.     CAROLINA  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  746.)     Culms 
slender,  rough  above,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  rather  dark  green, 

flabrous  except  on  the  sheaths;  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  dense,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
-12  mm.  long;  clustered;  the  upper  one  staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia  subglo- 
bose  or  obovoid,  swollen,  about  I  mm.  in  diameter,  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved, 
brown,  beakless;  scales  brown,  ovate,  mucronate;  achene  pyriform,  l)ent  at  the 
summit  or  tipped  with  the  bent  style.  In  meadows,  N.  J.  and  Penn,  to  N.  Car. 
and  Ark.  May-July. 

Perigynia 2-4  mm.  long,  slightly  swollen;  spikes  linear  or  linear-cylindric. 

Plant  glabrous ;  perigynia  obtuse.  77.  C.  gracillima. 

Sheaths  pubescent;  perigynia  pointed  at  both  ends. 

Perigynia  2  mm.  long;  spikes  erect  or  somewhat  spreading.    78.  C.  aestivalis. 
Perigynia  4  mm.  long;  spikes  drooping,  at  least  when  old.       79.   C.  oxylepis. 
Perigynia  4-5  mm.  long,  manifestly  swollen ;  spikes  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric. 

Perigynia  faintly  few-nerved ;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  short-awned.  80.   C.formosa. 
Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved;  scales  lanceolate,  long-awned.     81.  C.  Davisii. 

77.  Carex  gracillima  Schwein.    GRACEFUL  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  747.)    Glabrous; 
culms  roughish  above,  0.3-1  m.  long.     Leaves  dark  green,  3-6  mm.  wide,  shorter 
than  the  culm;    lower  bract  foliaceous;    spikes  3-5,   2-6  cm.  long,  about  4  mm. 
thick  or   sometimes  much  smaller,  filiform-stalked  and    drooping,    the   upper  one 
partly  or  wholly  staminate;  perigynia  ovoicl -oblong,  obtuse,  few-nerved,  glabrous, 
2   mm.    long;  scales  ovate-oblong,   pale,  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In 
moist  woods  and  meadows,  Newt,  to  Manitoba,  N.  Car.,  Ohio  and  Mich.   May- 
July. 

Professor  Bailey  has  described  a  hybrid  with  C.  hirsuta.  Carex  Sullivdntii  Boott,  is 
a  hybrid  of  C,  gracillima  with  C.  pubescens. 

78.  Carex  aestivalis  M.  A.  Curtis.     SUMMER  SEDGE.   (I.  F.  f.  748.)    Culms 
slender   or    filiform,    0.2-0.5    m.    tall.     Leaves    flat,  2-3   mm.    wide,    elongated, 
their  sheaths  usually  pubescent;  spikes  3-5,  narrowly  linear,  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  2-5  cm.  long,  about  3  mm.  thick,  the  terminal  staminate  at  the  base 
or  also  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong,  3-sided,  few-nerved,  2  mm.  long,  beakless, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales   ovate-oblong,   the  lower  cuspidate  or  short-awned.     In 
mountain  woods,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Ga.     June-Aug. 

79.  Carex   oxflepis  Torn  &  Hook.    SHARP-SCALED   SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  749.) 
Culms  slender,  smooth,  0.2-0.5  m-  tal1-     Leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  pubescent,  espe- 
cially on  the  sheaths;  spikes  4  or  5,  linear-cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long,  about  4  mm. 
in  diameter,  filiform-stalked,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base  or  sometimes 
wholly  staminate;  perigynia  oblong,  3 -angled,  pointed  at  both  ends,  less  than  2 
mm.  thick,  several-nerved,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate-lanceolate;  short-awned, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia.     Mo.  to  Tenn.,  S.  Car.,  Tex.  and  Fla.     April-May. 

80.  Carex  formosa  Dewey.  HANDSOME  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  750.)  Culms  slender, 
smooth,  0.2-0.6  m.  tall.     Leaves  pubescent,  especially  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal 
4-6  mm.  wide;  spikes  3-5,  dense,  1-3  cm.  long,  nearly  6  mm.  in  diameter,  filiform- 
stalked,  the  upper  one  staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia   ovoid,  glabrous,  swollen, 
4  mm.  long,  2  mm   thick,  with  a  short  slightly  notched  beak;  scales  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  green,  acute,  or  the  lower  short-awned.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Ma§§, 
and  Vt,  to  Qnt.,  N.T,  and  Mich,    June-July, 


206  FLORA. 

81.  Carex  Davisii  Schwein.  &Torr.  DAVIS' SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  751.)  Similar 
to  the  preceding,  stouter.  Leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  lower  bract  foli- 
aceous;  spikes  clustered,  or  the  lower  one  distant,  6  mm.  in  diameter,  at  length 
spreading  or  drooping,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia  much 
swollen,  strongly  several-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long,  with  a  short  but  conspicuousl} 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate  or  oval,  long-awned,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
perigynia.  In  moist  thickets  and  meadows,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  Ga.,  Ky., 
Kans.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  May-July. 

Perigynia  manifestly  beaked,  nerved  or  nerveless ;  pistillate  spikes  drooping,  at    least 
when  old. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  cylindric  or  subulate,  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  body.     SYL> 

VATICAE. 

Perigynia  broadly  oval,  smooth,  spreading.  82.   C.  longirostris. 

Perigynia  narrowly  conic,  tuberculate-hispid,  appressed.     83.  C.  Assiniboinensist 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  not  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body. 

Leaves  pubescent.     FLEXILKS.  84.  C,  castanea. 

Leaves  glabrous. 

Pistillate   spikes   narrowly   oblong,    4-12   mm.    long  ;    perigynium   2   mm. 

long  ;  arctic  and  alpine  species.     CAPILLARES.       85.   C.  capillaris. 
Pistillate  spikes  linear,  2-8  cm.  long  ;  perigynium  4-6  mm.  long.     DEBILES. 
Perigynia  membranous,  few.nerved  ;  pistillate  spikes  slender. 

Leaves  5-10  mm.  wide  ;  scales  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

86.  C.  arctata. 
Leaves  2-5  mm.  wide  ;  scales  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

87.  C.  tenuis. 
Perigynia  coriaceous,  strongly  many-nerved  ;  pistillate  spikes  thicker. 

88.  C.  oblita. 
Perigynia  beakless  or  minutely  beaked,  finely  many-striate  ;  spikes  erect  or  nearly  so. 

GRISEAE. 

Leaves  slightly  glaucous  or  not  at  all. 

Perigynia  little  longer  or  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Pistillate   spikes  dense,    usually   many-flowered  ;  leaves    4-6    mm.    wide, 

spreading,  soft.  89.   C.  grisea. 
Pistillate  spikes  loosely  several-flowered  ;  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  erect 

and  rigid.  90.   C.  amphibola. 

Perigynia  2-3  times  longer  than  the  scales.  91.   C.  flaccosperma. 

Plant  very  glaucous  all  over.  92.  C.  glaucodea. 

82.  Carex  longirostris  Torr.     LONG-BEAKED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  752.)    Gla- 
brous, light  green;  culms  slender,  roughish  above,  0.2-1  m.  long.     Leaves  flat, 
2-3  mm.  wide,  usually  not  exceeding  the  culm,  the  bracts  similar;  staminate  spikes 
1-3,  slender-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong-cylindric,   loosely  flowered,  1-5 
cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  all  filiform-stalked  and  nodding  or  the  upper  one 
nearly  sessile;  perigynia  slightly  inflated,  pale,   strongly  I -nerved  on  each  side, 
the  body  about  2  mm.  long,  contracted  into  a  very  slender  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
spreading,  acuminate,  scarious-margined,  6—8  mm.  long.     On  banks  and  in  moist 
thickets,  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Mass.,  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Neb.    June- 
Sept. 

83.  Carex  Assiniboinensis  W.  Boott.     ASSINIBOIA  SEDGE.     (L  F.  f.  753.) 
Glabrous;  culms    filiform,    reclining,    0.5-0.6   m.    long,    longer   than   the    leaver. 
Leaves  and  bracts  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  the  lower  reduced  to  short  purplish  sheaths; 
staminate  spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  loosely  few-flowered, 
1.5-3  cm.  long,  drooping  on  filiform  stalks;  the  flowers  alternate;  perigynia  ob- 
tusely 3 -angled,  subulate-beaked,  above  6  mm.  long  and  2  mm.   thick  above  the 
base;  scales  lanceolate,    awned,   about  the  length  of  the  perigynia.     In  wet  soil, 
northern  Minn,  and  Manitoba.     Summer. 

84.  Carex  castanea  Wahl.     CHESTNUT  SEDGE.     (I.    F.   f.    754.)     Culms 
slender  or  filiform,  rough  above,  0.3-1  m.  tall.     Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  bracts  linear-filiform,    1-3  cm.   long;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.   thick,  droop- 
ing on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  glabrous,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3 -angled, 
few-nerved,   tapering  into  a   2-toothed  beak  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia.    In 
dry  thickets  and  on  banks,  Newf.  to  Conn.,  Minn,  and  Kans.     June-July. 


CYPERACEAE.  2O? 

85.  Carex   capillaris  L.     HAIR-LIKE  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.   755.)    Glabrous; 
culms  slender  or  filiform,  5-35  cm.  tall.     Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than 
the  culm,  roughish;  lower  bract  similar,  tho  upper  much  narrower;  spikes  filiform- 
stalked,  the  terminal  one  staminate;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  4-12  mm.   long,  2  mm. 
thick,  nodding,  2-12-flowered;  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled,  almost  nerveless,  about 

2  mm.   long,  the  slender  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  oval, 
scarious-margined,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     Greenland  to  Alaska,  Me.,  N.  H., 
N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo,  and  Utah.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

86.  Carex  arctata  Boott.     DROOPING  WOOD  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  756.)     Gla- 
brous, culms  3-6  dm.   long.     Leaves  roughish-margined,   much  shorter  than  the 
culm,  5-10  mm.  wide;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear, 

3  mm.  thick,  many-flowered,  ascending,  or  at  length  drooping  and  filiform-stalked; 
perigynia  oblong,  rather  strongly  few-nerved,  about  4  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm. 
thick,  3-angled,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate,  cuspidate  or 
short-awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to 
Minn.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     May -June. 

Carex  arcUta  Fdxoni  Bailey.  Spikes  nearly  erect,  2-4  of.  them  clustered  near  the 
summit,  usually  shorter,  the  staminate  one  very  short;  perigynia  4-5  mm.  long.  Quebec 
to  N.  H.,  Minn,  and  Mich. 

Carex  Kni^skerni  Dewey  is  probably  a  hybrid  of  C.  arctata  with  C.  castanea  or  C. 
formosa. 

87.  Carex  tenuis  Rudge.    SLENDER-STALKED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  757.)    Culms 
rough  above,  1-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide;  lower  bracts  similar;  stami- 
nate spike  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear,  3  mm.  thick,  filiform-stalked 
and  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia   spindle-shaped,    glabrous   or   puberulent, 
faintly  few-nerved,  obtusely  3-angled,  6  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  thick,  tapering 
into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  one- half  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia.    In  woods,  Newf.  to  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Ky.     May- Aug.     A  hybrid  with 
C.  mrescens  occurs  at  Revere,  Mass. 

Carex  te'nuis  interje"cta  (Bailey)  Britton.  Pistillate  spikes  very  slender,  often  com- 
pound at  the  base,  erect  or  nearly  so,  filiform -stalked,  loosely  flowered,  the  perigynia 
alternate,  only  about  4  mm.  long.  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 

Carex  tenuis  ere"ctior  Britton.  Mostly  taller  and  stouter  than  the  type,  and  erect  : 
leaves  about  4  mm.  wide  ;  pistillate  spikes  erect  or  but  slightly  spreading ;  perigynia 
5  mm.  long,  one-third  longer  than  the  scales.  White  Mts. 

88.  Carex  oblita  Steud.     DARK-GREEN  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  758.)    Glabrous; 
culms  sharply  3-angled,    smooth  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.   long.     Leaves  4-5  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract  similar;  staminate  spike  solitary,  filiform  - 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  2-6  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  thick,  loosely  flowered, 
slender-stalked,-  the  lower  distant,  drooping;  perigynia  3-angled,   glabrous,  6mm. 
long,  less  than  2  mm.  thick,   tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  obtuse, 
about  one -third  the  length  of  the  perigynia.     In  bogs,  central  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to 
N.  J.  and  N.  Car.     June-Aug. 

89.  Carex   grisea   Wahl.     GRAY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  759.)     Glabrous;  culms 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  light  green,  sometimes  slightly  glau- 
cous; bracts  similar,  much  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  oblong,  8-25  mm,  long,  about  4  mm.  thick,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and 
distant;  perigynia  5  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick;  beakless;  scales  cuspidate  or  awned. 
In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Kans.     May-July. 

90.  Carex  amphibola  Steud.      NARROW-LEAVED  SEDGE.     (I.    F.    f.    760.) 
Glabrous;  culms  slender,  3-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide;  bracts  similar, 
erect,  not  over  2  mm.  wide,  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike  short;  pistil- 
late spikes  2-4,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  less  than  4  mm.  thick,  loosely  several-flowered,  th0 
lower   on    filiform    stalks;  perigynia   oblong  or  obovoid,   firm,   pointed,   beakless, 
3-angled,  4  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick ;  scales  awned,  spreading.     In  dry  soil, 
N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Iowa,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

91.  Carex    flaccosperma   Dewey.     THIN-FRUITED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  761.) 
Similar  to  Carex  grisea  and  C.  glaucodea,  slightly  glaucous  ;  culms  3-6  dm.  tall. 
I^eives  thin,  the  basal  ones  6-12  mm.  wide,  the  bracts  leafy;  staminate  spike  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked  ; 


208  FLORA, 

perigynia  oblong,  3-angled,  5  mm.  long;  scales  broadly  ovate,   green,   2-3  times 
shorter  than  the  perigynia.     S.  Mo.  to  Tex.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla.     June-July. 

92.  Carex  glaucodea  Tuckerm.  GLAUCESCENT  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  762.)  Sim- 
ilar in  habit  to  Carex  grisea,  but  pale  and  very  glaucous  ;  culms  1.5-5  °-m.  l°ng! 
Leaves  4-8  mm.  wide ;  bracts  foliaceous  ;  staminate  spike  sessile  ;  pistillate  spikes 
3-5,  erect,  densely  flowered,  the  lower  slender-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  3-4  mm. 
long,  beakless,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  In  open  fields  and  meadows, 
Mass,  to  Penn.,  111.,  Va.  and  Ark.  May -July. 

Pistillate  spikes  scattered,  distant,  long-stalked  or  the  2  upper  ones  close  together  and 
nearly  sessile.     GRANULARES. 

Bracts  elongated,  mostly  overtopping  the  spikes  ;  perigynia  strongly  many-nerved. 
Basal  leaves  3-6  mm.  wide  ;  perigynia  2-3  mm.  long.  93.    C.  gramilaris. 

Basal  leaves  5-16  mm.  wide  ;  perigynia-i.5  mm.  long.  93a.   C.  Shriveri. 

Bracts  short,  rarely  overtopping  the  spikes  ;  perigynia  obscurely  few-nerved. 

94.  C.  Crawei. 
Pistillate  spikes  close  together  and  nearly  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  or  the  lowest 

distant  and  stalked. 

Beak  of  the  perigyriium  stout,  2-toothed  ;  plants  glabrous.     EXTENSAE. 

Leaves  strongly  involute  ;  perigynia  brown,  the  beak  shorter  than  the  body. 

95.  C.  extensa. 
Leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  wide  ;  perigynia  yellow  when  mature,  4-6  mm.  long,  the 

beak  about  as  long  as  the  body.  96.   C.flava. 

Leaves  flat,  2  mm.  wide  or  less  ;  perigynia  dark  green,  2  mm.  long,  the  beak 

one-half  as  long  as  the  body.  97.   C.  viridula. 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  short,  entire  or  none  ;  leaves,  or  their  sheaths,  more  or  less 
pubescent.     PALLKSCENTKS. 

Perigynia  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless.  98.   C.  pallescens. 

Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved,  cylindric-beaked.  99.  C.  abbreviata. 

'  93.  Carex  granularis  Muhl.  MEADOW  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  763.)  Glabrous, 
slightly  glaucous  ;  culms  slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  1.5-6  dm.  long.  Leaves 
3-6  mm.  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  similar  ;  staminate  spike 
sessile  or  short-stalked  ;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  1-3  cm, 
long,  4  mm.  thick,  many-flowered,  stalked  or  the  upper  sessile  perigynia  ovoid, 
strongly  many-nerved,  2-3  mm.  long,  with  a  short,  bent  or  nearly  straight  beak; 
scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate.  In  moist  meadows,  N.  B.  to  Out.,  Manitoba,  Fla. 
and  La.  May— July. 

93a.  Carex  Shriveri  Britton.  Basal  leaves  broader,  5-16  mm.  wide,  glau- 
cous; spikes  smaller  and  narrower;  perigynia  1-1.5  mm<  l°ng>  narrower,  the  beak 
slightly  bent.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Wis.  and  Va.  (C.  granularis  Shriveri  Britton, 
I.  F.  I:  322.) 

94.  Carex  Crawei  Dewey.     CRAWE'S    SEDGE.     (I.   F.    f.    764.)     Glabrous; 
culms  stiff,   7-40  cm.  tall.     Leaves  rather  stiff,  2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  the  bracts  similar;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4, 
cylindric,  erect,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  the  lowest  often  borne  near  the 
base;  perigynia  ovoid,  usually  resinous  dotted,  2—3  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  short 
entire  beak;  scales  obovate  or  oval,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 
In  meadows  and  on  banks,  Quebec  to  Man.,  Penn.,  Tenn.  and  Neb.     May-July. 

95.  Carex  extensa  Gooden.     LONG-BR ACTED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  765.;    Gla- 
brous; culms  stiff,  2.5-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  involute,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  culm;  lower  bract  similar,  much  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
sessile;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,   erect,   oblong,   densely  many-flowered,    10-16  mm. 
long,   about  6mm.    thick;  perigynia  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  brown,  3  mm.  long, 
many-ribbed,   tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate,   acute,    shorter 
than  the  perigynia,.     Borders  of  salt   meadows,  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.,   and  near 
Norfolk,  Va.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

96.  Carex   flava  L.     YELLOW   SEDGE.     (I.   F.   f.    766.)     Glabrous,  yellow- 
green;  culms  slender  but  stiff,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  2-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2-5  mm. 
wide,  flat;  lower  bract  elongated,  spreading  or  ascending;  staminate  spike  ;  pistil- 
late spikes  1—4,  oblong,  erect,  densely  flowered,  6-12  mm.  long,  about  6  mm.  thick; 
perigynia   yellow,    spreading   or  deflexed  when   mature,  4-6  mm.   long,   several- 
nerved,  the  subulate  2-toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body ;  scales  acute  or  sub- 
acute,  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  perigynia.     In  swamps  and  wet  meadows, 


C  YPEKA  CEA  E. 

Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  R.  I.,  N.  J.,  Ohio  and  Mont.  Also  in  Europe.  July- 
Sept. 

97.  Carex  viridula  Michx.  GREEN  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  767.)  Glabrous, 
bright  green;  culms  slender,  smooth,  1-4  dm.  tall,  often  exceeded  by  the  basal 
leaves.  Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  the  similar  bracts  much  overtopping  the  spikes; 
staminate  spike  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  oblong,  4-12  mm.  long,  4  mm.  in  di- 
ameter or  less;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  2  mm.  long  or  less,  few-nerved,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  bogs  and  on  wet  rocks,  Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Me.,  Penn.,  Minn.,  Utah  and  Wash.  Summer. 

98  Carex  pallescens  L.  PALE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  768.)  Light  green;  culms 
slender,  rough  above,  1-5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  flat,  2-3  mm.  wide,  pubescent  at  least 
on  the  sheaths;  lower  bract  similar;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4, 
oblong,  slender-stalked  or  the  upper  one  sessile,  densely  many-flowered,  8-18  mm. 
long,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  short-oblong,  pale,  2  mm.  long,  obtuse,  few- 
nerved,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  cuspidate  or  short-awned.  In 
fields  and  meadows,  Newf.  to  Out.,  R.  I.,  Penn.,  111.  and  Wis.  Also  in  Europe. 
May-July. 

99.  Carex  abbreviata  Prescott.  TOKREY'S  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  769.)  Pale 
green;  culms  rather  stiff,  2.5-5  dm.  ta^?  finely  ciliate-pubescent.  Leaves  about 
2  mm.  wide,  elongated,  usually  densely  pubescent;  lower  bract  spreading  or  as- 
cending; staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1—3,  short-oblong,  6— 10 
mm.  long,  sessile  or  the  lower  one  short-stalked,  clustered  ;  perigynia  broadly  ob- 
long or  obovoid,  glabrous,  about  2  mm.  long,  many-nerved,  obtuse,  abruptly  tipped 
by  a  short  cylindric  beak;  scales  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  dry 
soil,  N.  Y.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.  June-July. 

Scales  of  the  spike  normal,  not  elongated  and  leaf-like.     Nos.  100-120. 
Leaves  2-36  mm.  wide;  bracts  leafy,  usually  large.     Nos.  100-119. 
Periginia  green  (yellow  or  purple  in  no.  116).     Nos.  100-117. 
Perigynia  finely  many-striate.     OLlGOCARPAE. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Perigynia  narrowed  at  both  ends,  beakless.    100.   C.  conoidea. 
Perigynia  with  a  short  entire  beak.  101.   C.  oligocarpa. 

Sheaths  pubescent.  102.   C.  Hifchcockiana. 

Perigynia  with  few  or  many,  mostly  strong  nerves.     LAXIFLORAE. 
Plants  not  at  all  glaucous,  or  very  slightly  so. 
Beak  of  the  peregyniunl  straight,  slender. 

Culms   slender,    spreading;  pistillate  spikes  2   or  3,    stalked, 

spreading.  103.   C.  altocaulis. 

Culms  stout,  erect ;  pistillate  spikes  i  or  2,  erect. 

104.   C.  polymorpha. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  bent,  short  or  none. 
Leaves  mostly  narrow,  2-12  mm.  wide. 
Scales,  at  least  the  upper,  obtuse. 

Bracts   elongated ;    spikes    loosely    flowered ;     culms 

slender.  105.   C.  tetanica. 

Bracts  short ;  spikes  densely  flowered  ;  culms  stout, 

106.  C.  Meadii. 
Scales  acute,  cuspidate,  acuminate  or  awned. 

Perigynia  obtusely  3-angled. 

Perigynia  obovoid,  2.5-3  mm-  long. 

107.  C.  laxiflora. 
Perigynia  oblong,  narrow,  about  4  mm.  long. 

108.  C.  styloflexa. 
Perigynia  sharply  3-angled. 

Spikes   drooping  or   spreading;  leaves  2-4  mi^ 
wide,  or  wider  in  the  variety. 

109.  C.  digitalis. 
Spikes  erect;  leaves  6-12  mm.  wide. 

no.  C.  Careyana. 
Leaves  broad,  12-36  mm.  wide. 

Bracts  leafy,  the  upper  usually  overtopping  the  spikes. 

in.    C.  Albursina. 
Bracts  mostly  reduce^  to  purple  leafless  sheaths. 

JJ2,   C. 


210  FLORA. 

Plants  distinctly  glaucous. 

Pistillate  spikes  drooping  on  hair-like  stalks. 

113.  C.  laxi'culmis. 
Pistillate  spikes  erect. 

Basal  leaves  much  longer  than  the  culm. 

114.  C.  ptychocarpa. 
Basal  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm  or  equalling  it. 

Leaves  12-25  mm.  wide.  115.  C.  platyphylla, 

Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide. 

Scales  acute;  perigynia  yellow,  purple  or  mottled. 

116.  C.  panicea. 
Scales  obtuse,  or  the  lower  acute  j  perigynia  pale  green. 

117.  C,  livida, 
Perigynia  white,  yellow  or  becoming  brown.     BICOLORES. 

Perigynia  beakless.  118.   C.  aurea, 

Perigynia  with  a  short  cylindric  beak ;  arctic  species.  119.   C.  bicolor, 

Leaves  and  culms  almost  capillary  ;  bracts  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths.    DIGITATAE. 

1 20.   C.  set  if  olio.. 
Scales  of  the  spikes  leaf-like,  elongated.     PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 

Lower  scales  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  not  concealing  the  perigynia. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  oblong ;  beak  flattened.  136.   C.  Willdenovii. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  globose  ;  beak  subulate.  137.   C.Jamesit. 

Lower  scales  2-4  mm.  wide,  concealing  the  perigynia.  138.   C.  durifolia. 

100.  Carex  conoidea  Schk.     FIELD  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  770.)    Glabrous;  culms 
rather  stiff,  2-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide;  lower  bracts  similar;  staminate 
spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  distant,  erect,  oblong,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  5 
mm.  thick,  the  lower  slender-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  obtusely  3-angled,  acute, 
beakless.  2-3  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  thick,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  broadly  ovate, 
contracted  into  a  rough  awn,  the  lower  longer  than  the  perigynia,  the  upper  shorter 
than  or  equalling  them.     In  meadows,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  south  to  R.  I.,  N.  J.,  Ohio 
and  Iowa.     May-June. 

101.  Carex  oligocarpa  Schk.    FEW-FRUITED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  771.)   Glabrous; 
culms  very  slender  or  almost  fili^rm,  roughish,  2-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  about  2 
mm.  wide,  soft,  the  bracts  similar    r-,taminr.L     spike  long-stalked  or  nearly  sessile; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  erect  or  :.  "ily      ,  distant,  loosely  few-flowered,  8-16  mm. 
long,  less  than  4  mm.  thick,  the  1      e :•  Triform-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  pale,  2- 
2.5  mm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  sh  rt  yn.ir~  beak;  scales  ovate,  with  a  rough  spread- 
ing awn.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets   Vt  and  Ont  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  N.  J.,  W.  Va. 
Mo.,  and  Kans.     May-July. 

102.  Carex   Hitchcockiana  Dew^y.     HITCHCOCK'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  772.) 
Culms  slender,  3-6  dm.  tall  ;  leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  the  similar  bracts  overtopping 
the  spikes,  their  sheaths  pubescent,  their  blades  somewhat  so;  pistillate  spikes  2-4, 
loosely  few-flowered,  perigynia  ovoid,    'btuseiy  3-angled,  3  mm.  long,  nearly  2  mm. 
thick,  with  a  short   oblique  entire  beak;  :  cale:    ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rough- 
awned.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Vt.  and  Gnu  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  N.  J.,  W.  Va.  and 
Mo.     May-July. 

103.  Carex  altocaulis  (Dewey)  Britton.     SHEATHED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  773.) 
Glabrous;  culms  slender,   weak,  2-6  dm.   long.     Leaves  3-4  mm.   wide,    shorter 
than  the  culm,  the  upper  ones  and  the  bracts  usually  very  short;  staminate  spii-ie 
long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  slender-stalked,   less  than  2.5  cm. 
long,   loosely  several-flowered,   their  stalks  partly  enclosed  by  the  long  sheaths; 
perigynia  oblong,  3-angled,  few-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  with  a  beak  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body,^the  orifice  2-tooth,  oblique;  scales  oval  or  ovate- lanceolate. 
In  swamps,  Quebec  and  Vt.  to  Ont. ,  N.  Y.  and  Minn.     Summer. 

104.  Carex  polymorpha  Muhl.     VARIABLE  SEDGE.     (I.    F.  f.    774.)    Gla- 
brous, rather  dark  green;  culms  stiff,  2-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  3-4  mm.  wide,  nearly 
erect;  bracts  usually  little  longer  than  the  pistillate  spike;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2, 
long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  commonly  solitary,  erect,   short-stalked  or  sessile, 
2-4  cm.   long,  8  mm.  thick;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,    obscurely   3-angled,    fully 
4  mm.  long  and  2  mm.  in  diameter,  the  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body,  the  orifice  oblique;  scales  red-brown,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 
In  swamps  or  wet  meadows,  Me.  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  N.  Car.     June-Aug. 

105.  Carex  tetanica  Schk,    WWP'S   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  775.)    Light  green 


C  YPERA  CEAE,  211 

and  glabrous;  culms  slender,  rough  above,  2-5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide; 
bracts  narrow,  elongated;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  erect, 
distant,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  or  the  lower  filiform-stalked  and  drooping;  perigynia 
oblong,  many -nerved,  about  3  mm.  long,  the  summit  curved  outwardly  and  taper- 
ing to  an  entire  orifice,  beakless;  scales  ovate-oblong.  In  meadows  and  wet  woods, 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  N.  Car.  and  La.  June-July. 

106.  Carex  Meadii  Dewey.     MEAD'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  776.)     Similar  to  the 
preceding;  culm  stouter,  very  rough  above,  3-4  dm.  tall.     Bracts  short,  not  over- 
topping the   spikes;  staminate  spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes    1-3,    oblong- 
cylindric,  dense,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng?  about  6  mm.   in  diameter,  erect,  stalked  or  the 
upper  one  sessile;  perigynia  broadly  oblong,   many-nerved,  3  mm.   long,   tipped 
with  a  minute  slightly  bent  beak;  scales  ovate,  green  with  purple-brown  margins. 
In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  R.  I.  to  Penn.  and  Ga.,  west  to  Mich.,  Assiniboia, 
Neb.  and  Ind.  Terr.     The  lowest  spike  is  sometimes  borne  on  a  very  long  stalk 
arising  from  the  axil  of  one  of  the  basal  leaves.     May-July. 

107.  Carex  laxiflora  Lam.     LOOSE- FLOWERED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  777.)   Gla- 
brous; culms  slender,  roughish  above,  1.5-6  dm.  long.    Leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  soft; 
staminate  spike  usually  stalked;  pistillate    spikes  2-4,    distant,   Hnear-cylindric, 
3-4  mm.  thick,  all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  drooping  or  the  upper  one 
erect  and  sessile;  perigynia  obovoid,  mor  e  or  less  oblique,  2.5-3  mm-  l°ngi  strongly 
many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  outwardly  bent  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  with 
broad  white  scarious  margins  acute,  cuspidate  or  awned.     In  meadows  and  thick- 
ets, Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Ala.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     May-July. 

Carex  laxiflora  blinda  (Dewey)  Boott.  Pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  mostly  densely 
flowered,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  contiguous  to  the  usually  sessile  staminate 
one,  the  lower  slender-stalked.  Range  of  the  type.  Perhaps  specifically  distinct. 

Carex  Iaxifl6ra  v^rians  Bailey.  Stouter  and  taller  than  the  preceding  :  leaves  5- 
7  mm.  wide  ;  pistillate  spike  sometimes  3  cm.  long  and  5  mm.  thick,  dense,  often  com- 
pound at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile  or  short-stalked  and  contiguous  to  the  sessile  stami- 
nate one,  the  lower  long-stalked.  N.  H.  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Mo.  and  Neb. 

Carex  Iaxifl6ra  patulifolia  (Dewey)  Carey.  Glaucous  or  pale  green ;  basal  leaves 
5-9  mm.  wide;  staminate  spike  usually  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2.5  cm.  long  or  more, 
loosely  flowered,  scattered  ;  perigynia  oblong  or  ellipsoid,  the  beak  nearly  straight. 
Halifax,  N.  S.  (according  to  Macoun) ;  Mass,  to  Mich.,  Ala.  and  Tenn. 

Carex  laxiflbra  divaricata  Bailey.  Perigynia  larger  than  in  the  other  forms,  con- 
tracted into  a  stipe  one-half  as  long  as  the  body.  Washington,  D.  C. 

1 08.  Carex  styloflexa  Buckley.     BENT  SEDGE.  '  (I.  F.  f.  778.)     Glabrous; 
culms  slender,  smooth,  2-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  bracts  short;    staminate  spike  usually  long-stalked;    pistillate  spikes   1-4, 
distant,    loosely  flowered,  less  than  16  mm.  long,  the  lower  drooping  on  filiform 
stalks;  perigynia  oblong,  triangular,  many -nerved,  about  4  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick, 
somewhat  oblique,   slender-beaked;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,   acute,   cuspi- 
date or  short-awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.   Y. 
and  Penn.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.     May-July. . 

109.  Carex  digitalis  Willd.     SLENDER  WOOD  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  779.)     Gla- 
brous, bright  green;  culms  slender  or  alrrost  filiform,  usually  reclining,   1-4.5  dm. 
long.     Leaves  2— 4mm.  wide;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2—4,  linear; 
loosely  alternately  flowered,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ug>  tne  lower  filiform-stalked,   spreading 
or  drooping;  pengyria  oblong,  sharply  triangular,  many- nerved,  2  mm.  long,  more 
than   I  mm.  thick,    the  short  beak  slightly  oblique;    scales  acute,    acuminate  or 
short-awned.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May- 
July. 

Carex  digitalis  copulata  Bailey.  Larger  in  every  way,  culms  sometimes  5  dm.  long, 
reclining;  leaves  5-8  mm.  wide;  pistillate  spikes  shorter  and  denser;  perigynia  larger. 
Mich.,  S.  Ont.  and  Iowa. 

1 10.  Carex  Carey  ana  Torr.     CAREY'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  780.)     Glabrous, 
bright  green ;  culms  2-6  dm.  tall.     Basal  leaves,  6-12  mm.  wide,  short;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate  with  very  long  sheaths,  the   blades  2-7.5   cm-   long;    staminate  spike 
usually  large,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3.  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  the  lower  on  a 
long  filiform  stalk;  perigynia  ovoid -oblong,  sharply  3 -angled,  many-nerved,  fully 


212  FLORA. 

4  mm.  long,  the  short  beak  slightly  oblique,  entire;  scales  ovate  with  white  hyaline 
margins,  cuspidate  or  awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  woods,  N.  E.  (accord- 
ing to  Bailey);  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Va.  May-June. 

in.  Carex  Albursina  Sheldon.  WHITE  BEAR  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  781).  Gla- 
brous, rather  deep  green;  culms  flattened,  usually  spreading,  2-5  dm.  long.  Basal 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  culm,  1-3  cm. 
wide;  bracts  similar  to  the  narrower  culm  leaves;  stamina te  spike  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  very  loosely  flowered;  perigynia  obovoid, 
obtusely  3-angled,  many-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  with  a  short  bent  entire 
beak;  scales  ovate-oblong,  scarious-margined,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  woods, 
Quebec  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  Va.  and  Iowa.  June- Aug. 

112.  Carex  plantaginea  Lam.     PLANTAIN-LEAVED  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.  782.) 
Glabrous,  rather  dark  green;  culms  1.5-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  per- 
sistent through  the  winter;  bracts  short,   usually  with  purplish  clasping  sheaths; 
staminate  spike  long-stalked,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,   slender-stalked,  2.5 
cm.   long  or  kss;  perigynia  oblong,  outwardly  curved,  many-nerved,  3  mm.  long; 
scales  ovate,  cuspidate.     In  woods,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  Va.  and  Wis.     May- 
July. 

113.  Carex  laxiculmis  Schwein.     SPREADING  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  783.)     Gla- 
brous; blue-green  and  glaucous;  culms  filiform,  ascending  or  diffuse   1.5-6  dm. 
long.     Basal  leaves  elongated,  6-iomm.  wide;  bracts  usually  short;  staminate  spike 
long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,   6-12  mm.   long,    about  4  mm.   thick, 
drooping  on   long  hair-like  stalks  or  the  upper   short-stalked;    perigynia   ovoid- 
oblong,   3-angled,  many-nerved,   about  2  mm.   long,  scarcely  beaked,   longer  than 
the  ovate  green  cuspidate  or  short-awned  scales.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  and 
N.  H.  to  Out.,  Mich.,  R.  I.  and  Va.     May-June. 

114.  Carex  ptychocarpa  Steud.    THICKET  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  784.)    Glabrous; 
pale  green  and  glaucous;  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  5-15  cm.  tall  ;  basal  leaves 
4-8    mm.    wide  ;    bracts   foliaceous  ;    staminate   spike   small,    sessile  ;    pistillate 
spikes  2  or  3,  the  lower  one  often  slender-stalked  and  nearly  basal,  all  erect,  8-16 
mm.  long;  perigynia  oblong,  pale,  3-angled,  many-nerved,  2  mm.  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  minutely  straight-beaked,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,   about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  and  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

115.  Carex  platyptiylla  Carey.     BROAD-LEAVED  SEDGE.      (I.  F.  f.  785.) 
Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glaucous;  culms  spreading  or  reclining,  1-4  dm.   long. 
Leaves  flat,  1-2,5  cm-     ^e»  bracts  linear- lanceolate  with  clasping  sheaths;  stam- 
inate spike  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  erect,  slender-stalked  or  the  upper 
one  nearly  sessile,   several-flowered,    1-2  cm.   long;    perigynia  oblong,   3-angled, 
many-nerved,  slightly  bent  at  the  summit,  2-3  mm.  long;  scales  acute,  cuspidate 
or  short-awned.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Mich.    N    H.,  Va. 
and  III.     May-June. 

116.  Carex  panicea  L.     GRASS-LIKE  SEDGE.     CARNATION-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
786.)     Glabrous,   pale  bluish  green  and  glaucous;  culms  smooth,  stiff,  2.5-6  dm. 
tall.     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,   the  bracts  much  shorter  and  narrower;  staminate 
spikes  I  or  2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  filiform-stalked  or  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,   about   5  mm.  thick;  perigynia  oval,  about  3  mm.  long,  obscurely 
3-angled,  yellow,  purple,  or  mottled,  faintly  few-nerved,  with  a  short  entire  some- 
what oblique  beak;  scales  ovat^,  acute,  purple  or  purple-margined.     In  fields  and 
meadows,  N.  S.  to  Me.  and  R.  I.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-July. 

117.  Carex  livida  (Wahl.)  Willd.     LIVID  SEDGE.     (L  F.  f.  787.)     Glabrous, 
pale  green  and  very  glaucous;  culms  erect,   smooth,   2-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2-4 
mm.  wide,  involute  in  drying;  bracts  narrow,  usually  short;  staminate  spike  short- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  1-2.5  cm.   long,  about  4  mm.  thick,  clustered  at  the 
summit,   cylindric,   the  third,  when  present,   distant,   stalked;    perigynia    oblong, 
very  pale,  nearly  4  mm.    long,   finely  nerved,   straight,   beakless,   narrowed  to  an 
entire  orifice;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  lower  subacute,  rather  shorter  than  the 
perigynia.     In  bogs,  Lab.   and  Hudson  B.iy  to  Alaska,  south  to  Conn.,  the  pine 
barrens  of  N.  J. ,  central  N.  Y.  and  Mich.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

118.  Carex  aurea  Nutt.    GOLDEN-FRUITED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  788.)    Glabrous, 
light  green;  culms  erect  or  reclining,  5-40  cm.  lonjg.     Leaves  flat,  2-3  mm.  wide; 


CYPERACEAE. 

bracts  similar;  terminal  spike  short-stalked,  staminate  or  androgynous;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  oblong,  clustered  near  the  summit  or  the  lower  one  distant,  filiform- 
stalked,  few-flowered,  4-20  mm.  long;  perigynia  obovoid  or  subglobose,  becoming 
fleshy,  yellow  or  brown  and  about  2  mm.  in  diameter  when  mature,  many-nerved, 
beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate;  stigmas  mostly  2.  In  wet  meadows, 
springs  and  on  wet  rocks,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mass., 
Penn.,  Mich.,  Utah  and  Wash.  Summer. 

119.  Carex  bicolor  All.     PARTI-COLORED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  789.)     Similar 
to  tni  preceding,  but  with  somewhat  glaucous  culms.     Basal  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide; 
spikes  2-4,  mostly  clustered  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong,  white,  compressed, 
few-nerved,  less  than  2  mm.   long,  not  fleshy  at  maturity,  abruptly  tipped  with  a 
short  entire  nearly  cylindric  beak;  scales  brown-purple  with  white  midvein  and 
margins,  oval,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     Greenland  and   Lab.    (according   to 
Boott).     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

1 20.  Carex  setifolia  (Dewey)  Britton.    BRISTLE-LEAVED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
790.)     Glabrous,  pale  green;   culms  filiform,  smooth,  weak,  1-4  dm.  long.    Leaves 
filiform,  shorter  than  the  culm,  less  than  0.5  mm.   wide;  bracts  reduced  to  blade- 
less  sheaths;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,   slender- 
stalked,  4-8  mm.  long,  loosely  few-flowered,  the  upper  commonly  overtopping  the 
staminate;  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled,  2mm.  long,  polished  and  nearly  olack  when 
mature,  faintly  few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  hya- 
line,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.     In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  prefer- 
ring limestone,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr  ,  Penn. ,  Ky.  and  Neb.     May-July. 

Culm-leaves  present,  often  short ;  bracts  mainly  reduced  to  bladetess  purplish  sheaths. 
PEDUNCULATAE. 
Staminate  spike  short-stalked  or  sessile. 

Perigynia  about  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  121.   C.  concinna. 

Perigynia  not  longer  than  the  scales.  122.  C.  Richardsoni. 

Staminate  spike  long-stalked,  commonly  with  some  pistillate  flowers  at  its  base. 

123.   C.  pedunculata. 
Leaves  all  basal ;  bracts  short  or  long,  not  sheathing. 

Neither  the  culm  nor  the  leaves  pubescent;  perigynia  rounded.     MONTANAE. 
Plant  not  stoloniferous.  124.  C,  pedicellata* 

Plants  stoloniferous,  the  stolons  sometimes  short. 
Culms,  or  some  of  them,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Scales  smooth  or  very  nearly  so. 

Staminate  spike  conspicuous,  6-18  mm.  long. 
Staminate  spike  stout,  1-3  mm.  thick. 

Plant  dark  green ;  staminate  spike  very  prominent ;  peri- 
gynia broadly  oval.  125.   C.  Pennsylvania. 
Plant  light  green;  staminate  spike  shorter ;  perigynia  ob- 
long.                                              126.   C.  varia. 
Staminate  spike  very  slender,  not  over  i  mm.  thick. 

127.   C.  Novae- Angliae. 
Staminate  spike  inconspicuous,  rarely  over  4  mm.  long  (longer  in 

the  variety).  128.   C.  deflexa. 

Scales,  at  least  the  lower,  rough-awned.  129.   C.  praecox. 

Culms,  or  most  of  them,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Scales  light  green  with  purple  margins  ;  perigynia  oblong. 

130.  C.  nigromarginata. 
Scales  green  with  lighter  scarious  margins  ;  perigynia  oval. 

131.  C.  umbellata. 
Plant  pubescent  all  over;  perigynia  sharply  3-angled.     TRIQUETRAE. 

132.  C.  pubescens. 

121.  Carex  concinna  R.  Br.     Low  NORTHERN  SEDGE.     (I.    F.   f.    791.) 
Culms  filiform,  smooth,  5-15  cm.  tall.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  pale  green,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  reduced  to  green  bladeless  sheaths,  or  the  lower  one 
with  an  erect  subulate  blade  6-12  mm.  long;  staminate  spike  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  erect,  4-8  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  compactly  few-flowered;  peri- 
gynia oblong-ovoid,  3-angled,  pubescent,  short-beaked,  few-nerved,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  ovate  green  or  purplish  scales.     In  rocky  places,   Quebec  and  Ont. 
to  Br.  Col.     Summer. 

122.  Carex    Richardsoni  R.  Br.     RICHARDSON'S  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.  792.) 
Culms  slender,  rough,  1-3  dm.  tall.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm 


214  FLORA. 

vei/  snort;  bracts  bladeless,  sheathing,  6-25  mm.  long,  usually  browr- -purple  with 
a  white  hyaline  tip;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2,  erect, 
short-stalked,  8-18  mm.  long,  compact,  their  stalks  partly  or  wholly  enclosed  in 
the  sheaths;  perigynia  obovoid,  pubescent,  about  2  mm.  long,  minutely  beaked- 
scales  mostly  longer  than  the  perigynia,  purple,  conspicuously  white-margined! 
In  dry  soil,  Out.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  western  N.  Y.,  111., 
Iowa  and  S.  Dak.  Summer. 

123.  Carex  pedunculata  Muhl.     LONG-STALKED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.   f.   793.) 
Densely  matted;  culms  slender,  roughish  above,   7-25  cm.  long.     Leaves  flat,  2- 

3  mm.  wide;  sheaths  green,   the  upper  almost  bladeless;  staminate  spike    long- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  6-12  mm.  long,  few-flowered,   filiform-stalked  and 
spreading  or  drooping,  some  of  them  appearing  basal;  perigynia  obovoid,  3-angled, 

4  mm.  long,  nerveless,  narrowed  into  a  stipe,  tipped  with  a  minute  and  somewhat 
oblique  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate  or  the  lower  subulate-awned. 
In  dry  woods,  Anticostito  Manitoba,  Va.,  Penn.  and  Iowa.     May-July. 

124.  Carex  pedicellata  (Dewey)  Britton.    FIBROUS- ROOTED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f. 
794.)     Light  green,  not  stoloniferous ;  culms  slender,  roughish  above,   1.5-5  dm. 
long.     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract  0.6-5  cm-  long: 
staminate  spike  short-stalked,  8-25  mm.  long  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  short-oblong, 
few-flowered;  perigynia  oval  or  oblong,  rather  less  than  2  mm.   long,  pale,  pubes- 
cent,   with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body;  scales 
green,  ovate,  acute.     In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Minn.  Ga.,  Ohio  and  Neb.     May-July. 

Carex  pedicellilta  WheMeri  (Bailey)  Britton.  Usually  lower  than,  the  species  and 
the  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  only  4-6  mm.  long;  pistillate 
spikes  closer  together.  N.  S.  to  Conn,  and  Mich. 

125.  Carex  Pennsylvanica  Lam.     PENNSYLVANIA  SEDGE.      (I.  F.  f.  795.) 
Dark  or  dull  green,  stoloniferous  ;  culms  slender,  1.5-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  1-3  mm. 
wide,  the  old  sheaths  persistent  and  fibrillose  ;  lower  bract  rarely  over  I  cm.  long  ; 
staminate  spike  sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng  \  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
short-oblong,  few-flowered,  sessile  ;  perigynia  oval,   about  2  mm.  long,  pubescent, 
I -ribbed  on  each  side,  with  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length   of  the 
body  ;    scales  ovate,   purplish,  acute  or  cuspidate.       In  dry  soil,  N.   B.  to  Mani- 
toba and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Kans.     May-June. 

126.  Carex  varia  Muhl.     EMMONS'  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  796.)     Stoloniferous; 
culms   filiform,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  1.5-5  dm.  l°ng-     Leaves  1-2.5  mm- 
wide,  nearly  always  shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract  scale-like  or  subulate, 
rarely  2  cm.  long;  staminate  spike  4-8  mm.  long,  sessile,  usually  rather  prominent; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  4-6  mm.    long;  perigynia  oblong,   pubescent,   about  2  mm. 
long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  with  a  subulate  minutely  2-toothed  beak  commonly 
one-half  the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  green  or  purplish -brown,  acute.     In 
dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Out.,  Manitoba,  Ga.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

127.  Carex   Novae- Angliae   Schwein.     NEW  ENGLAND  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
797.)     Stoloniferous;    culms   filiform,   erect  or  reclining,    1-2   dm.   long.      Leaves 
about  i  mm.  wide,   soft,  elongated,   often  exceeding  the  culms;    staminate  spike 
short-stalked,  very  narrow,    6-16  mm.   long;    pistillate  spikes   1—4,   distant,    sub- 
globose;  lower  bract  filiform,  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;    perigynia  2  mm. 
long,  pubescent,  tipped  by  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length  of 
the  body;    s:ales  ovate,    greenish-brown,  acute  or  cuspidate;  stigmas  2  or  3.     In 
wet  shaded  places.  Newf.  to  Me.,  Mass,  and  N..N.  Y.     Summer. 

128.  Carex  deflexa  Hornem.     NORTHERN  SEDGE.     (I.   F.   f.    798.)    Culms 
filiform,   diffuse,   2-30  cm.  long.     Bracts   1-5  cm.  long;    staminate  spike   sessile, 
2-6  mm.   long,   inconspicuous;    pistillate  spikes    1-4,  4-8  mm.    long,    the    upper 
sessile,   the  lower  slender-stalked;    commonly  also  I   or  2  nearly  basal   filiform- 
stalked  spikes  from  the  lowest  sheaths;  perigynia  oblong,  pubescent,  2  mm.   long 
or  less,  with  a  flat  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body;  scales 
green,  acute  or  cuspidate;  stigmas  3  or  2.     In  open  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Me.,  Vt. 
and  Penn.     Summer. 


Carex  defldxa  Farw&lii  Britton.  Densely  tufted;  culms  stiff,  erect,  1.5-4  dm.  tall, 
commonly  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  staminate  spike  conspicuous,  6-10  mm.  long; 
pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  scattered,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and  subtended  by  a  foil- 


CYPERACEAE.  21$ 

aceous  bract  which  often  overtops  the  culm;    perigynia  2-3  mm.  long;.     N.   Mich,  to 
Br,  Col.  and  Ore.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo. 

I28a.  Carex  albicans  Willd.  WHITISH  SEDGE.  Stolon iferous,  pale  green; 
culms  0.7-5  dm.  teM-  Leaves  usually  shorter  than  the  culm,  2-3  mm.  wide,  flat; 
bracts  very  short;  staminate  spike  lesb  than  6  mm.  long,  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2 
or  3,  clustered,  ovoid,  about  as  long  as  the  staminate;  perigynia  ellipsoid, 
3-angled,  pubescent,  the  short  beak  2-toothed;  scales  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia.  In  dry  soil,  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  May-June. 

129.  Carex  praecox  Jacq.     VERNAL  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  799.)     Dark  green, 
stoloniferous;    culms    slender,   smooth,   7-30  cm.    long.     Leaves    1-3    mm.  wide, 
almost  always  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract  6-25  mm.  long;  staminate 
spike  usually  large  and  conspicuous;    pistillate    spikes   1-3,   all   close  together, 
oblong,  6-12  mm.  long;  perigynia  oblong  or  obovoid,  sharply  3-angled,  pubescent, 
brown,  about  2  mm.  long;  tipped  with  a  minute  beak;  scales  ovate,  purple-brown 
with  a  lighter  midvein,  acute,  cuspidate  or  the  lower  rough-awned,  about  equalling 
the  perigynia.      E.   Mass,   to  N.  Y.      Nat.  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia. 
May-June. 

130.  Carex  nigro-marginata  Schwein.      BLACK-EDGED  SEDGE.      (I.  F.  £, 
800.)     Bright  green,   stoloniferous;   culms  filiform,   5-20  cm.   long.     Leaves  2-4 
mm.  wide,  much  longer  than  the  culms,  rather  stiff;  bracts  short  and  subulate  or 
wanting;  staminate  spike  sessile,  4-6  mm.  long;  pistillate  spikes  1—3,  sessile,  about 
6  mm.  long;  perigynia  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe,  pubescent 
or  nearly  glabrous,  2-3  mm.  long,  with  a  cylindric-subulate  2-toothed  beak  one- 
third  to  one-half  as  long  the  body;  scales  acute  or  cuspidate,  green  with  purple 
margins  or  variegated,  rather  longer  than  the  perigynia.     Dry  soil,  N.  Y.  to  N. 
Car.     May-July. 

131.  Carex  umbellata  Schk.     UMBEL-LIKE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  801.)     Rather 
ight   green,    tufted    and   matted,    stoloniferous;     culrns  filiform,    5-15  cm.    long. 
Leaves  1-3  mm.  wide,  usually  much  exceeding  the  culms,  the  old  sheaths  fibrillose; 
Jtaminate  spike  commonly  conspicuous;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  filiform-stalked  from 
ihe  basal  sheaths  or  I  or  2  of  them  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  at  the  base  of  the 
staminate,  ovoid-oblong,  4-8  mm.  long;    perigynia  oval,  pubescent,  3-angled,  the 
body  rather  less  than  2  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  of  nearly 
its  length;  scales  acuminate  or  short-awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     Dry 
soil,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  J.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Ore.     May-July. 

132.  Carex  pubescens  Muhl.     PUBESCENT  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  802.)   Pubescent 
all  over,  bright  green,  stoloniferous;  culms  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  flat,   soft,  elon- 
gated, 4-7  mm.  wide  ;  lower  bracts  2-8  cm.  long;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly 
so  ;    pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong-cylindric,    8-20  mm.    long,    the   upper   sessile  ; 
perigynia  3-angled,  obovoid,  narrowed  to  a  stipe-like  base,  densely  pubescent,  and, 
including  the  subulate  minutely  2-toothed  beak,  about  4  mm.  long  ;  scales  ovate, 
rough-awned  or  cuspidate,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  woods  and  thickets, 
N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  N.  J.,  Ky.  and  Mo.     June- Aug. 

Leaves  2-5  cm.  wide,  thick,  spreading.     PHYSOCEPHALAE.  133.   C.  Fraseri. 

Leaves  0.5-6  mm.  wide. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  on  different  culms.     SCIRPINAE. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  culm;  perigynia  obovoid;  southern  species. 

134.  C.picta. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  perigynia  oval ;  northern  species. 

135.  C.  scirpoidea. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  spike. 

Scales  of  the  spike  leaf-like,  elongated.     PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 

Lower  scales  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  not  enclosing  the  perigynia. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  oblong,  its  beak  flattened.  136.  C.  Willdenovu. 
Body  of  the  perigynium  globose,  its  beak  subulate.   137.   C.  Jamesii. 
Lower  scales  2-5  mm.  wide  enclosing  the  perigynia.      138.  C.  durifolia. 
Scales  of  the  spike  short,  normal. 

Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide;  arctic  and  western  species.     RUPESTRES. 
Spike  solitary,  androgynous ;  perigynium-beak  stout,  long. 

139.  C.  r^pestris. 
Spikes  2-4,  the  staminate  uppermost ;  perigynium-beak  short. 

140.  C.  suj>ina. 


2l6  FLORA. 

Leaves  0.5  mm.  wide  or  less. 

Perigynia  obtuse,  beakless  ;  swamp  species.     LEPTOCEPHALAE. 

141.  C.  leptalea. 
Perigynia  obovoid-oval,  beaked ;  prairie  species.     FILIFOLIAE. 

142.  C.  filifolia. 

133.  Carex  Fraseri  Andr.  FRASER'S  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  803.)  Glabrous;  culms 
smooth,  slender,  reclining,  2.5-5  dm.  long.  Basal  leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  flat,  firm, 
spreading,  finely  many-nerved,  their  margins  usually  finely  crumpled  in  drying; 
culm  leaves  reduced  to  clasping  basal  sheaths  ;  spike  solitary,  bractless,  terminal, 
androgynous,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  the  pistillate  portion  dense,  about  1.2  cm.  in  diam- 
eter in  fruit  ;  perigynia  ovoid,  pale  green,  faintly  many -nerved,  fully  4  mm.  long, 
with  a  short  nearly  truncate  beak  ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the 
perigynia.  In  rich  woods,  Va.,  W.  Va.,  Tenn.  and  N.  Car.  Our  largest-leaved 
species.  May-July. 

134  Carex  picta  Steud.  BOOTT'S  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  804.)  Dioecious;  foliage 
glabrous,  light  green  ;  culm  slender,  smooth,  1.5-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  3-6  mm. 
wide  ;  spike  usually  solitary,  densely  many-flowered,  the  staminate  about  2.5  cm. 
long,  the  pistillate  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  subtended  by  a  short 
purple  sheath  ;  perigynia  strongly  many-nerved,  pubescent  at  least  toward  the 
obtuse  summit,  about  3  mm.  long  ;  scales  purple,  shining,  obovate,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  longer  and  wider  than  the  perigynia.  In  woods,  Ind.  to  Ala.  and  La. 
Summer. 

13'-.  Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.  SCIRPUS-LIKE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  805.) 
Dioecious;  foliage  glabrous,  rather  bright  green;  culms  erect,  stiff,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
tall.  Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide;  spike  usually  solitary,  linear-cylindric,  1.5-3  cm. 
long,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  subtended  by  a  short  or  subulate  bract  ; 
perigynia  few-nerved,  densely  pubescent,  2  mm.  long,  with  a  very  short  beak  ; 
scales  ovate-oval,  dark  purple,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia.  In  rocky 
soil,  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  higher  mountains  of  N.  Eng.  and  Lake 
Huron.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

136.  Carex  Willdenovii   Schk.     WILLDENOW'S    SEDGE.      (I.    F.   f.  806.) 
Glabrous  and  pale  green;  culms  2-10  cm.  high.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  often  3  dm. 
long,   much  overtopping  the  spikes,  the  lowest  reduced  to  sheaths  ;  spikes  1-5, 
androgynous,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below,  or  sometimes  completely  staminate., 
about  1.2  cm.  long,  appearing  nearly  basal,  one  of  them  or  more  on  long  filiform 
stalks;  body  of  the  perigynium  oblong,  smooth,  2-3  mm.   long,  narrowed   into  a 
2 -edged  rough  beak  of  about  its  own  length  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or 
awned,  finely  several-nerved,  the  lower  I  or  2  commonly  bract-like.     In  dry  woods 
and  thickets,  Me.  to  Ohio,  Mich.,  Manitoba,  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Tex.     April-July. 

137.  Carex   Jamesii  Schwein.     JAMES'  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  807.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding  species,  but  the  leaves  rather  narrower,  soft,  spreading  or  ascending. 
Spikes  androgynous,  the  terminal  staminate  portion  slender,  the  pistillate  flowers 
only   1-4  and  slightly   separated  j    body  of  the   perigynium  subglobose,   2  mm. 
in  diameter,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  subulate  rough  beak  of  more  than  its  own  length  ; 
lower  scales  bract-like,  foliaceous,  the  upper  shorter  and  sometimes  not  exceeding 
the  perigynia.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  S.  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  Iowa,  D.  C., 
W.  Va.  and  Mo.     April-May. 

138.  Carex  durifolia  Bailey.     BACK'S  SEDGE.     (I.   F.   f.  808.)     Glabrous; 
culms  scarcely  2.5  cm.  high.     Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  much  over- 
topping the  spikes  ;  spikes  1-3,   nearly  basal,  androgynous,  I   or  2  of  them  very 
slender-stalked,  the  staminate  flowers  few,  terminal,  the  pistillate  2-6,  subtended 
by  leafy  bract-like  elongated  scales  which  nearly  enclose  the  inflorescence  ;  peri- 
gynia oval,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  stout  subulate  beak  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as 
the  body.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Ont.  to  Manitoba.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio  and  Neb. 
Also  in  Colo,  (according  to  Bailey).     May-June.     \C.  Backii  Boott.] 

139.  Carex   rupfestris  All.     ROCK   SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.  809.)     Culms  rather 
stout,  obtusely  3-angled,  erect,  2-15  cm.  tall.     Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  involute  in 
drying,  often  curved;  bract  subulate,  erect,  shorter  than  the  terminal  androgynous 
spike  or  wanting  ;  spike  1-2.5  cm.  long,   the  pistillate  flowers  few,  basal  ;  peri- 
gynia smooth,  obovoid  or  elliptic,  firm,  faintly  few-nerved,  about  4  mm.  long,  the. 
beak  stout,  cylindric,   about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales  purple-brown. 


CYPERACEAE.  21 7 

Lab.  and  Greenland  to  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

140.  Carex  supina  Willd.     WEAK  ARCTIC  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  810.)     Glabrous, 
tufted  ;    culms  nearly   filiform,   sharply  3-angled,   1-2.5  dm.    tall.     Leaves   about 
I  mm.  wide,  rough-margined,  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  lower  bract  short,  subu- 
late ;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so,  6-12  mm.  long  ;  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
sessile  near  the  summit,  subglobose  or  oblong,  4-6   mm.  long  ;  perigynia  ovoid, 
smooth,   hard,  nerveless,   about  2   mm.  long,  3-angled,  with  a  very  short  beak  ; 
scales  ovate,  brown-purple  or  lighter-margined.     N.  Minn,  (according  to  Bailey) 
and  Manitoba  to  arctic  America  and  Greenland.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.     Summer. 

141.  Carex  leptaleaWahl.    BRISTLE-STALKED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  811.)    Light 
green  and  glabrous  ;  culms   filiform,  smooth,    1.5-4.5  dm.   long.     Leaves  not  over 
0.5   mm.   wide;    spike  solitary,    terminal,  androgynous,    linear,    4-14  mm.    long; 
perigynia  few,  linear-oblong,  light  green,  many-nerved,  obtuse  and  beakless,  about 
3  mm.  long;  scales  membranous,  the  lowest  sometimes  attenuated  into  a  subulate 
awn  nearly  as  longas  the  spike;  stigmas  2  or  3.     In  bogs  and  swamps,  Newf.  to  Br. 
Col.,  Fla.,  La.,  Tex.,  Colo,  and  Ore.     June-Aug. 

142.  Carex  filifolia  Nutt.     THREAD-LEAVED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.f.  812.)  v Densely 
tufted,   pale  green  and  glabrous;  culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  0.7-3.5   ^m-   toll. 
Leaves  filiform,  rather  stiff,  about  0.5  mm.  wide,  their  sheaths  ultimately  fibrillose; 
spike  erect,  bractless,  0.6-3  cm-  'ong>  the  pistillate  part  about  4  mm.  in  diameter; 
perigynia  obovoid-oval,  triangular,  few-nerved  or  nearly  nerveless,  rough  or  some- 
what pubescent  at  the  summit,  2  mm.  long,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  short  cylindric 
entire  beak;  scales  broadly  oval,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia  but  much  broader. 
In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  Kans.,  Colo,  and  Cal.     May-July. 

Perigynia  nerveless,  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Perigynia  with  a  short  nearly  entire  beak.  143.  C.  capitata. 

Perigynia  beakless,  the  orifice  2-toothed.  144.  C.  nardina. 

Perigynia  strongly  several- nerved  on  the  outer  face. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  very  short.  145.  C.  Redowskyana. 

Beak  slender,  rough,  about  half  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  perigynium. 

146.  C.  exilis. 

143.  Carex   capitata    L.     CAPITATE   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  813.)     Culms   very 
slender,   stiff,    0.5-4.5   dm.   tall,   smooth  or  nearly  so.     Leaves  filiform,  involute, 
erect,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  ovoid,    bractless,  4-8   mm.  -high;    perigynia 
oblong-elliptic,    2  mm.   long,  I  mm.   thick,  with  a  nearly  entire  dark  brown  beak 
about  one-fourth  as  long  as   the  body;  scales   broadly  ovate,   brown,  shorter  and 
rather  broader  than  the  perigynia.     Greenland  and  Lab.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  on 
the  White  Mts.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

144.  Carex  nardina   Fries.     NARD  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  814.)     Culms  filiform, 
smooth,  4-12  cm.  tall,  densely  tufted.     Leaves  filiform,  erect,  about  as  long  as  the 
culms;  spike  terminal,  ovoid-oblong,  6-12  mm.   long,   bractless;  perigynia  oblong- 
elliptic,   yellowish  brown,  nerveless,  nearly  4  mm.   long,  somewhat  hispid  above, 
beakless,  the  orifice  2-toothed;  scales  ovate,   brown,   rather  longer  than  the  per- 
igynia.    Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Br.  Col.     Summer. 

145.  Carex    Redowskyana  C.  A.  Meyer.     REDOWSKY'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
815.)     Culms  slender,    stiff,    0.7-2  dm.   tall.      Leaves   almost  bristle-form,  erect; 
spike  oblong,  4-16  mm.   long,  the  pistillate  part  4-6  mm.  thick,  sometimes  wholly 
staminate  or  pistillate;  perigynia  ovoid-ellipsoid,   stipitate,  2-3  mm.   long,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  when  mature,  strongly  several-nerved,  little  compressed,  rough  above, 
narrowed  into  a  very   short  2-toothed  beak;    scales  ovate,    acute  .or   cuspidate, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia.     In  bogs,   Lab.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Me., 
Vt.,  Penn.,  Mich,   and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.   to  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 

146.  Carex  exilis  Dewey.     COAST    SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  816.)      Culms   very 
olender,   stiff,   nearly  or  quite  smooth,  2.5-5  dm.    tall.     Leaves  in  volute -filiform; 
spike  bractless,  0.6-3.6  cm.   long,  occasionally  quite  dioecious;  perigynia  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,   about  3  mm.   long,   rather  strongly  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face, 
faintly  few-nerved  on  the  inner,  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity,  narrowed  into  a 
slender  rough  2-toothed  beak,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate, 


21 8  FLORA. 

acute.     In  bogs,  Newf.   and  Lab.   to  S.  N.  J.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Reported 
from  Minn.     May-July. 

Scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  not  awned.     FOETIDAE. 

Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved.  147.   C.  chordorhiza. 

Perigynia  faintly  several-nerved. 

Culms  and  leaves  usually  curved  ;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

148.  C.  incurva. 
Culms  mostly  straight,  erect ;  scales  equalling  the  perigynia. 

149.  C.  stenophylla. 
Scales  lanceolate,  awned,  or  long-acuminate.     ARF.NARIAE. 

Scales  2-4  times  longer  than  the  perigynia  ;  western  species.      150.   C.  Douglasii. 
Scales  about  equalling  the  perigynia  ;  introduced  sea-coast  species. 

151.  C.  arenaria. 

147.  Carex  chordorhiza  L.  f.     CREEPING  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  817.)    Rootstocks 
slender  ;  culms  slender,  2-4.5  dm.  ta^-     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm,  somewhat  involute  in  drying,  the  lower  ones  reduced  to  sheaths  ;  spikes  2-4, 
aggregated  into  a  head  8-12  mm.  long  ;  perigynia  ellipsoid,   slightly  more  than 
2  mm.  long,  flat  on  the  inner  side,  convex  on  the  outer,   strongly  many-nerved, 
abruptly*  tipped  by  a  short  entire  beak.     In  bogs  and  shallow  water,  Anticosti  to 
Hudson  Bay  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Me.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  111.  and  Iowa.    Also 
in  Europe.     Summer. 

148.  Carex   incurva   Lightf.      CURVED   SEDGE.      (I.  F.  f.  818.)      Densely 
tufted  ;  culms  smooth,  often  curved,  2-15  cm.  long.     Leaves  less  than  2  mm.  wide, 
usually  curved  ;  spikes  2-5,  sessile  and  aggregated  into  a  dense  head  10-16  mm. 
in  diameter  ;  staminate  flowers  few,  borne  at  the  tops  of  the  spikes  ;  perigynia 
ovate,  slightly  swollen,  compressed,  3  mm.  long,  narrowed  above  into  a  short  conic 
entire  beak,  faintly  several-many-nerved,  scales  ovate,  brown  or  brownish,  acute 
or  subacute,  shorter*than  the  perigynia.     Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Br.  Col., 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

149.  Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.     IN  VOLUTE- LEAVED  SEDGE.     (L  F.  f.  819.) 
Densely  tufted  and  strongly  stolon iferous,  pale  green;  culms  smooth,  stiff,  7-20  cm. 
high.     Leaves  involute,  about  I  mm.  wide;  inflorescense  much  as  in  the  preceding 
species;  perigynia  about  2  mm.  long,  faintly  several-nerved,  flat  on  the  inner  face, 
low  convex  on  the  outer,  narrowed  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  brownish, 
acute  or  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.    In  dry  soil,  Man.  to  Br.  Col., 
Iowa,  Kans.  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

150.  Carex  Douglasii  Boott.    DOUGLAS'  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  820.)   Light  green  ; 
rootstock  extensively  creeping  ;  culms  smooth  or  nearly  so,  1-3  dm.  tall.     Leaves 
2  mm.  wide  or  less,  somewhat  involute  in  drying;  spikes  oblong,  acute,  8-12  mm. 
long,  in  a  dense  oblong  or  ovoid  cluster  2-5  cm.  long  ;  staminate  flowers  terminal 
or  variously  distributed  ;    perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  about   3  mm.  long,  faintly 
several-nerved,  the  slender  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales 
pale  greenish  brown,  lanceolate,  scarious,  smooth-awned,  2—4  times  longer  than  the 
perigynia.     In  dry  soil.  Manitoba  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     June— Aug. 

151.  Carex  arenaria  L.     SAND  SEDGE.     SAND-STAR.     (I.  F.  f.  821.)     Root- 
stock  extensively  creeping;  culms  1-4  dm.  high.    Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less;  lower 
bract  subulate  ;  spikes  oblong,  6-10  mm.  long,  in  a  terminal  ovoid  cluster  2-5  cm. 
long  ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long,  strongly  several-nerved  on  both  sides,  the 
flat  strongly  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  long-acumi- 
nate or  awned,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.     On  sea  beaches  near  Norfolk,  Va. 
Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe.     June-July. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved,  especially  on  the  outer  face.     Nos.  152-154.     VUL- 

PINAE. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  shorter  than  the  body.  152.  C.  conjuncta. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  equalling  or  longer  than  the  body. 

Spikes  crowded  in  an  oblong  cluster  ;  beak  1-2  lengths  of  the  body. 

153.  C.  stipata. 
Spikes  in  a  large  branching  cluster  ;  beak  3-4  lengths  of  the  body. 

154.  C.  Crus-Corvi. 
Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved.     Nos.  155-163.     MULTIFLORAE. 

Spikes  very  numerous  in  a  branched  decompound  cluster,  small.  155.   C.  decomposita. 


C  YPERA  CEA  E. 

Spikes  several  or  many  in  an   oblong;  or  narrow,  simple  or  somewhat  compound 
cluster. 

Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  shorter  than  the  body ;  western  species. 

156.   C.  marcida. 

Beak  as  long  as  the  body  ;  northern  marsh  species.        157.   C.  teretiuscula. 
Leaves  2-6  mm.  wide. 

Scales  acuminate,  cuspidate  or  awned. 
Perigynia  3—5  mm.  long. 

Perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  beak  about  as  long  as  the 

body.  158.  C.  alopecoidea. 

Perigynia  broadly  ovate  or  obicular,  the  beak  about  one-third  as 

long  as  the  body.  159.   C.  gravida. 

Perigynia  3  mm.  long  or  less. 

Leaves  as  long  as  the  culm  or  longer.  160.   C.  vulpinoidea. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm, 

Perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  the  base  narrowed. 

161.  C.  xanthocarpa. 

Perigynia  lanceolate,  the  base  truncate.     162.  C.  setacea. 
Scales  blunt,  scarious-tipped.  163.   C.  Sartwellii. 

152.  Carex   conjuncta  Boott.     SOFT  Fox  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  822.)    Light 
green  ;  culms  sharply  3-angled  when  fresh,  soft,  4-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  soft,  rough- 
margined,    5-7   mm.  wide  ;  bracts  small  and  bristle-like,  or  wanting  ;  spikes  in  a 
terminal  elongated  cluster,  or  the  lower  separated  ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate  or 
lanceolate,  3   mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  roughish  2-toothed  beak  ;  scales  oblong- 
lanceolate,   cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  moist 
meadows  and  thickets,  N.  J.  (according  to  Bailey),  Penn.  to  Ky.,  Iowa  and  Minn. 
June-Aug. 

153.  Carex  stipata  Muhl.     AWL-FRUITED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  823.)     Culms 
smooth,  sharply  3-angled,  2-10  dm.  tall.     Leaves  flat,  4-8  mm.  wide;  bracts  bristle- 
form  or  wanting;  spikes  numerous,  yellowish  brown,  in  a  terminal  oblong  cluster 
3-10  cm.  long,  the  staminate  flowers  few,   always  terminal;  perigynia  lanceolate, 
4-5  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  rough  flattened  2-toothed  beak  1-2  times  as  long  as 
the  body;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,   shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In 
swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  Mo., 
N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     May-July. 

154.  Carex   Crus-Corvi   Shuttlw.     RAVEN'S-FOOT   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  824.) 
Pale  green  and  glaucous;  culms  3-angled,  rough  above,  0.5-1.1  m.  tall.     Leaves 
flat,  5-12  mm.  wide,   rough-margined;  usually  shorter;  spikes  yellowish  brown, 
very  numerous  in  a  large  compound  branching  cluster  1-3  dm.   long  ;    perigynia 
elongated -lanceolate,   about  8  mm.   long,  with  a  short  hard  base  and  a  subulate 
rough  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  thin,  much  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia.    In  swamps,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

155.  Carex  decomposita  Muhl.     LARGE-PANICLED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  825.) 
Dark  green;  culms  smooth,  obtusely  angled,  or  terete  below,  4-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves 
4-8  mm.  wide,  rough,  longer  than  the  culm;  spikes  yellowish  brown,  very  numer- 
ous in  a  decompound  cluster  5-13  cm.  long,   the  lower  branches  2-5   cm.  long; 
bracts  subulate,  ciliate,  or  wanting  ;  perigynia  short-obovate,  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
hard,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  short  slightly  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate,  about 
equalling  the  perigynia.     In  swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  Mich.,  Fla.  and  La.     May- 
Aug. 

156.  Carex  marcida  Boott.      CLUSTERED  FIELD  SEDGE.       (I.   F.    f.    826.) 
Light  green;  culms  3-angled,  rough,  at  least  above,  3-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2  mm. 
wide  or  less,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  short,  subulate,  or  wanting;  spikes 
several,  staminate  at  the  summit  or  some  of  them  wholly  staminate,  in  an  oblong 
head  about  3  cm.  long;  perigynia  ovate,  dark  brown,   about  2  mm.   long,  faintly 
nerved,   tapering  into  a  flat  serrate  beak;  scales  brownish,   acute  or    cuspidate, 
about  equalling  the  perigynia.     In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex. 
and  Nev.     June-Sept. 

157.  Carex  teretiuscula  GooJtn.    LESSER  PANICLED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  827.) 
Rather  light  green;  culms  very  rough,   at  least  above,  3-7    dm.  long.     Leaves 
mostly  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  bracts  small  or  none;  spikes  several  or  numerous,  in 
a  narrowly  oblong  cluster  2-5  cm.  long;  perigvnia  ovate-oval,  smooth,  dark  brown. 


220  FLORA. 

hard,  shining,  the  body  slightly  more  than  I  mm.  long,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the 
head,  short-stalked,  tapering  into  a  flat  conic  beak  about  its  own  length;  scales  thin, 
ovate,  brownish,  acute  or  short-awned,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.  In  swamps 
and  wet  meadows,  N.  S.  to  Hudson  Bay,  Br.  Col.,  R.  I.,  Penn.  and  Neb.  Also  in 
Europe.  May- July. 

Carex  teretiiiscula  prilirea  (Dewey)  Britton.    Cluster  of  spikes  compound,  branched, 
the  top  commonly  nodding.     Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Mass.,  Tenn.,  Ky.,  Iowa  and  Ore. 

158.  Carex  alopecoidea  Tuckerm.     FOXTAIL  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  828.)   Light 
green;  culms  soft,  sharply  3-angled,  5-9  dm.   long,   roughish  above.     Leaves  flat, 
3-6  mm.  wide;  bracts  almost  filiform,  commonly  short;  spikes  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  cluster  2-5   cm.  long;  perigynia  ovate   or  ovate-lanceolate,  short-stipitate,  3- 
4  mm.  long,  pale  brown,  the  tapering  rough  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body  ;  scales  ovate  or  oval,  light  brown,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  as  long 
as  the  perigynia.     In  meadows,  Vt.  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Manitoba. 

Carex  alopecoidea  sparsispic&ta  Dewey.     Spikes  distinctly  separated.     S.  E.  Mich. 

159.  Carex  gravida  Bailey.     HEAVY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  829.)     Light  green; 
culms  4-9  dm.  tall,  3-angled,  rough  above.     Leaves  flat,  3-6  mm.  wide  ;    bracts 
usually  very  short  ;   spikes  several,  in  a  dense  heavy  head  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng>    pale, 
subglobose  ;  perigynia  flat,  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  3-4  mm.  long,  rounded 
at  the  base,  narrowed  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one-third  as   long  as  the  body, 
several-nerved  on  the  outer  face  or  nerveless  ;  scales,  acute,  cuspidate  or  short- 
awned,    about  as  long  as  the  perigynia.      111.   to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Ind.  Terr. 
May-July. 

1 60.  Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.     Fox  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  830.)    Culms  stiff, 
3-angled,  rough  above,  3-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2-5  mm.  wide,  often  exceeding  the 
culm  ;  bracts  bristle-like;  spikes  ovoid-oblong,  4-8  mm.  long,  very  numerous  in  a 
cluster  3-13  cm.  long  ;  perigynia  ovate,   less  than  2   mm.  long,   greenish  brown, 
flat,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  i-3-nerved  on  the  inner,  tipped 
with  a  lanceolate  2-toothed  beak  about  half  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales  lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia,  but  narrower.     In    swamps 
and  wet  meadows,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.,  La.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

161.  Carex  xanthocarpa  Bicknell.  YELLOW-FRUITED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  831.) 
Culms   rather  stout,  rough  above,  0.3-1.4  m.  tall,  much  longer  than  the  leaves, 
leaves  3-6  mm.  wide  ;  head  usually  dense;  spikes  numerous,  ovoid,  short ;  bracts 
mostly   short  and    inconspicuous  ;    perigynia  bright  yellow,   plano-convex,  ovate- 
elliptic,  about  3  mm.  long,  with  a  narrowed  or  cuneate  base,  and  a  short  minutely 
2-toothed  beak,  nerveless,  or  obscurely  few-nerved  on  the  outer  face;  scales  acumi- 
nate, short-awned.     In  fields,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.  and  Iowa.     June-Aug. 

Carex  xanthocarpa  annectens  Bicknell.  Lower  and  slender ;  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide  ; 
head  not  over  3.5  cm.  long  ;  bracts  usually  numerous  and  longer  than  the  globose  spikes; 
perigynia  ovate  or  suborbicular.  Abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  N.  Y. 

162.  Carex    setacea   Dewey.      BRISTLY-SPIKED    SEDGE.      (I.  F.   f.    832.) 
Culms  0.4-1.2  m.  tall,  rough  above.    Leaves  3-6  dm.  Jong,  2-6  mm.  wide,  shorter 
than  the  culm;    head  narrowly  oblong,   3-6  cm.   long;    bracts  bristle-like;  spikes 
ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,   $-&  mm.   long,  usually  close  together;  perigynia  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  a  more  or  less  truncate  base  to  a  narrow  rough 
2-toothed  beak,  few-nerved,  2.5-3  mm>  l°ng*     N.  Y.  and  Mass.     June-Aug. 

163.  Carex  Sartwellii  Dewey.    SARTWELL'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  833.)     Culms 
stiff,   rough  above,  3-angled,    3-9  dm.   tall.      Leaves  2-4   mm.   wide;    bracts  se- 
taceous, usually  small;  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  4-8  mm.  long,  usually  densely  aggre- 
gated  in   a   narrow  cluster;    perigynia   lanceolate,   about  2   mm.    long,    strongly 
several-nerved  on  both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
pale  brown,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.     In  swamps,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Y., 
111.,  Mich.,  Ark.  and  Utah.     May-July. 

Perigynia  ellipsoid,  nearly  terete;  spikes  i-5-flowered,  widely  separated,  or  the  uppei 
close  together.  164.  C.  tenella. 

Perigynia  lanceolate,  ovate  or  roundish,  compressed  or  plano-convex;  spikes  several- 
many-flowered. 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  221 

Spikes  separated  or  the  upper  close  together ;  perigynia  mostly  radiating,  or  reflexed. 
Leaves  1-3  mm.  wide. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  native 
woodland  species. 

Perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Perigynia  stellately  radiating.  165.   C,  rosea. 

Perigynia  reflexed  when  mature.  166.   C.  retroflexa. 

Perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long.    167.   C.  Texensis. 
Beak  of   the  perigynium  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  introduced 

field  species.  168.    C.  muricata. 

Leaves  5-9  mm.  wide.  169.   C.  sparganiotdes. 

Spikes  all  aggregated  or  the  lower  separated;  perigynia  spreading  or  ascending. 
Leaves  thin,  lax,  4-8  mm.  wide;  perigynia  about  4  mm.  long: 

170.   C.  cephaloidea. 
Leaves  stiffer,  1-4  mm.  wide. 

Perigynia  2  mm.  long  or  less,  nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Leaves  2-4  mm  wide;  perigynia  ovate  171.   C.  cephalophora. 

Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate;  southern. 

172.  C.  Leavenworthii. 
Perigynia  3  mm.  long,  strongly-nerved  (except  in  var.  Xalapensis). 

173.  C.  Muhlenbergii. 

164.  Carex  tenella  Schk.  SOFT-LEAVED  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  834.)  Light 
green;  rootstocks  slender;  culms  almost  filiform,  rough,  1.5-5  dm.  l°ng-  Leaves 
soft,  about  i  mm.  wide,  spreading;  spikes  only  1-5 -flowered;  perigynia  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  nearly  terete,  hard,  finely  many-nerved,  about  2  mm.  long,  with  a 
very  minute  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acute.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col., 
N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe.  June-July. 

Carex  Ele6charis  Bailey.  A  very  slender  erect  species,  with  2  or  3  small  brown 
i-3-flowered  spikes  aggregated  in  a  terminal  head,  3-4  mm.  long,  ovoid,  slightly  swollen 
marginless  plano-convex  short-beaked  perigynia.  Collected  by  Prof.  Macoun  on  the 
Saskatchewan  Plains;  probably  occurs  within  the  northwestern  limits  of  our  area. 

i6«^.  Carex  rosea  Schk.  STELLATE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  835.)  Culms  slender 
or  filiform,  rough  above,  3-7  dm.  long.  Leaves  flat,  soft,  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract  1-6  cm.  long;  spikes  4-8,  subglobose,  4-6  mm. 
in  diameter,  5- 15 -flowered;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  bright  green,  stellately 
diverging,  nerveless,  shining,  2-3  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  stout  2-toothed  beak, 
about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate-oblong,  white,  half  as  long  as 
the  perigynia.  In  woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Manitoba,  N.  Car.,  Mo. 
and  Neb.  May-July. 

Carex  r6sea  radi&ta  Dewey.  Culms  filiform,  spreading ;  leaves  about  I  mm.  wide ; 
spikes  only  2-6-flowered,  scattered ;  perigynia  ascending,  lanceolate,  about  i  mm.  wide. 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Ky. 

1 66.  Carex  retroflexa  Muhl.     REFLEXED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  836.)     Culms 
very  slender,  2-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  about  I  mm.  in  width,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
culm;  lower  bract  bristle-form;  spikes  4-8,  subglobose,  4-9-flowered,  the  upper  all 
close  together;  staminate  flowers  terminal  or  rarely  variously  intermixed  with   the 
pistillate;  perigynia  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  radiating  or  reflexed  at 
maturity,  about  3  mm.  long,  smooth,  compressed,  but  not  as  flat  as  those  of  the 
preceding  species,  somewhat  corky-thickened  at  the  base,  tapering  upwardly  into 
a  2-toothed  beak   about  one-third  the  length  of  the  body ;  scales  ovate,  about  half 
as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Ark.,  Fla. 
and  Tex.     May-July. 

167.  Carex   Texensis   (Torr.)  Bailey.     TEXAS    SEDGE.      (I.    F.    f.    837.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding;  culms  very  slender.     Leaves  soft,  about  I    mm.  wide, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract  commonly  filiform;  spikes  4-7,   4-10  flowered; 
all  close  together  in  a  narrow  head,  or  the  lower  separated;  perigynia  narrowly 
lanceolate,    green,    nerveless,   smooth,   radiating    or  widely  spreading,    3-4   mm. 
long,   the  tapering  beak  about  one-half  as  long  as -the  body;  scales  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     S.   111. 
(according  to  Bailey),  Ala.  to  Tex.     Apiil-May. 


222  FLORA. 

1 68.  Carex  muricata  L.    LESSER  PRICKLY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  838.)    Bright 
green  ;  culms  slender,   roughish,  at  least  above,  3-7  dm.  long.     Leaves  2-3  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bract  short,  subulate  ;  spikes  5-10,  4-io-flowered, 
clustered  into  an  oblong  head,  or   the  lower  I  or  2  distant ;  perigynia  ovate  or 
ovate- lanceolate,  4  mm.  long,   smooth,  shining,  nerveless,  spreading  or  radiating 
when  mature,  not  reflexed,  tapering  into  a  rough-edged  2-toothed  beak  as  long  as 
the  body  ;    scales  ovate   or  ovate-oblong,    acute,   shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In 
meadows  and  fields,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,   Ohio  and   Va.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 
June- Aug. 

169.  Carex   sparganioides    Muhl.      BUR-REED  SEDGE.      (I.    F.    f.    839.) 
Rather  dark  green  with  nearly  white  sheaths  ;  culms  rough,  3-angled,  5-9  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  5-9  mm.  wide,  the  lower  very  short ;  spikes  6-12,  oblong  or  subglo- 
bose,    5-8   mm.   in  diameter,    the   upper   aggregated,    the   lower   2-4   commonly 
separated ;    perigynia   flat,    ovate,    3    mm.    long,    spreading   or   radiating,    pale, 
narrowly  wing-margined,  usually  few-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  the  rough  2-toothed 
beak  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  body  ;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  to 
Ont.,  Mich.,  Va.,  Ky.,  Iowa  and  Mo.     June- Aug. 

170.  Carex   cephaloidea  Dewey.     THIN-LEAVED  SEDGE.     (I.    F.    f.  840.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  culms  rough  above.     Leaves  flat,  4-8  mm.  wide,  thin 
and  lax,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  usually  short  ;   spikes  4-8,  sub- 
globose,    in   an   oblong   cluster ;    perigynia   ovate    or  ovate-lanceolate,    greenish 
brown,  nearly  4  mm.  long,  ascending,  nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved,  tapering  into 
a  rough  2-toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales  ovate, 
white,  short-cuspidate  or  awned,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.    In  dry 
fields  and  on  hills,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  111.,  Mich,  and  Wyo.     May-July. 

171.  Carex  cephalophora   Muhl.      OVAL-HEADED   SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  841.) 
Pale  green  ;   culms  slender,  rough  above,  2.5-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide; 
bracts  of  the  lower  spikes  bristle-form;  spikes  few,  subglobose,  clustered  in  a  short- 
oblong   head  8-16  mm.  long  ;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  2  mm.  long  or  less,  pale, 
nerveless  or  very  faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body  ;  scales  ovate,  rough-cuspidate  or  awned,  equalling  or  a 
little  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Man., 
Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     May  July. 

172.  Carex  Leavenworthii  Dewey.    LEAVENWORTH'S  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  842.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller  ;  culms  almost  filiform,  roughish,  1.5-4  dm. 
tall.     Leaves  narrower,  1-3  mm.  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  of  the 
lower   spikes   bristle-form  or  wanting  ;  spikes  4-7,  densely  crowded  ;    perigynia 
orbicular-ovate,  rather  less  than  2  mm.  long  and  about  as  wide,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  2-toothed  beak  ;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  and  narrower  than 
the  perigynia.     In  meadows,  Iowa  to  Miss.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

173.  Carex   Muhlenbfergii  Schk.     MUHLENBERG'S  SEDGE.      (I.  F.  f.  843.) 
Light  green  ;  culms  slender,  erect,   3-angled,  rough,  at  least  above,  3-6  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  usually  shorter  than  the  culm,  somewhat  involute  in  drying; 
bracts  bristle-form,  usually  short  ;  spikes  4-10,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  close  together 
in   an   oblong  head  ;    perigynia  broadly  ovate-oval,  3  mm.  long,  strongly  nerved 
on   both  faces,    ascending,   with  a  short  2-toothed  beak;    scales  ovate -lanceolate, 
rough -cuspidate  or  short-awned,  narrower  and  mostly  longer  than  the  perigynia. 
In   dry   fields   and   on   hills,    Me.    and   N.    H.    to   Ont.,   Minn.,    Fla.    and    Tex. 
May-July. 

Carex  Muhlenb^rgii  Xalapdnsis  (Kunth)     Britton.     Perigynia  nearly  or  qqite  nerve- 
less ;  leaves  broader  and  longer.     S.  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 

Perigynia  radiately  spreading,  or  reflexed  when  old. 

Perigynia  distinctly  nerved  on  both  faces,  the  beak  rough. 

Perigynia  lanceolate ;  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body. 

174.  C.  sterilis. 
Perigynia  ovate;  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  body,  abrupt. 

175.  C.  Atlantica. 
Perigynia  faintly  nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  nearly  so  on  the  inner;  beak 

smoothish.  176.  C.  interior. 


CYPERA  CEAE.  22$ 

Perigynia  ascending,  appressed  or  somewhat  spreading  when  old,  not  radiating. 
Perigynia  ovate,  oval,  oblong  or  elliptic. 

Bracts  short,  scale-like  or  none,  the  lowest  occasionally  longer  than  its  spike. 
Spikes  distinctly  separated  or  the  upper  close  together. 

Heads  silvery  green  or  nearly  white.  177.   C.  canescens. 

Heads  brown  or  brownish. 

Spikes  few-flowered,  46  mm.  long;  perigynia  less  than  2mm.  long, 

the  beak  manifest.  178.   C.  brunnescens. 

Spikes  dense,   many-flowered ;    perigynia  about  2  mm.   long,  the 

beak  very  short.  179.   C.  Norvegica. 

Spikes  densely  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  or  the  lower  separated. 
Spikes  green  or  greenish  brown. 

Spikes  several  in  an  ovoid  cluster ;  perigynia  ovate,  rough-beaked. 

180.   C.  arcta. 

Spikes  only  2-4;  perigynia  elliptic,  beakless.     181.   C.  tenuiflora. 
Spikes  dark  brown;  arctic  species. 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect. 

Leaves  involute ;  scales  about  equalling  the  perigynia. 

182    C.   Heleonastes. 
Leaves  flat ;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynn. 

183.    C.  lagopina. 

Culms  weak,  spreading  or  reclining.  184.   C.  glareosa. 

Bracts  brittle-form,    much  elongated,  much  exceeding  the  2-4  oblong  nerved 

perigynia.  185.    C.  trisperma. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Perigynia  nerveless;  spikes  oblong  or  subglobose.  *66.    C.  Deweyana. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved  ;  spikes  narrowly  oblong-cylindric. 

187.   C.  bromoides. 

174.  Carex  sterilis  Willd.    LITTLE  PRICKLY  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  844.)    Culms 
slender,  2-4.5  dm.  ta^»  rough,  at  least  above.     Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  spikes  3-5,   subglobose  or  short-oblong,   about  5  mm.   thick;  staminate 
flowers  usually  numerous  at  the  bottom  of  the  upper  spike,  or  whole  spikes  occa- 
sionally staminate,  or  plants  rarely  quite  dioecious;  perigynia  pale,  lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, spreading  or  reflexed  when  old,  3  mm.  long,  I  mm.  wide,  several-nerved 
on  both  faces,  tapering  into  a  sharp-edged  2-toothed  rough  beak  more  than  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  moist  soil, 
Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  La.,  Colo,  and  Cal.     Variable.     May-July. 

Carex  sterilis  cephalantha  Bailey.  Stouter,  sometimes  5  dm.  tall.  Spikes  4-8, 
contiguous  or  separated;  flowers  more  numerous;  perigynia  rather  larger;  spikes  very 
bristly.  Range  nearly  that  of  the  species;  perhaps  merely  a  stout  form. 

175.  Carex  Atlantica  Bailey.     EASTERN  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  845.)     Similar  to 
large  forms  of  the  preceding,  but  stouter;  culms  rough  above,  3-7  dm.  tall.    Leaves 
2—3  mm.  wide,  stiff,  flat,  or  in  drying  somewhat  involute;  spikes  4—7,  subglobose  or 
short-cylindric,  nearly  6  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  flat,   sharp- 
margined,  2-3  mm.  long,  strongly  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  few-nerved  on 
the  inner,  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  stout  rough 
2-toothed  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia.    In  swamps,  Newf.  to  Fla.     June-July. 

176.  Carex  interior  Bailey.     INLAND  SEDGE.     (I.   F.  f.   846.)     Similar  to 
C.  sterilis  ;  culms  slender,  wiry,  2-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  about  I  mm.  wide,  shorter 
than  the  culm;  spikes  2-4.  nearly  globular,  4  mm.  in  diameter;  perigynia  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  2  mm.  long  or  less,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nearly 
nerveless  on  the  inner,  thickened,  spreading  or  reflexed  when  old,  tapering  into  a 
nearly  smooth  2-toothed  beak  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia.     Wet  soil,  Me.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Kans.     May-July. 

Carex  interior  cap-'ll&cea    Bailey.      Leaves  about  0.5  mm.  wide  ;   perigynia   ovate, 
cordate,  strongly  nerved.     Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Penn. 

177.  Carex  canescens  L.     SILVERY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  847.)    Pale  green  and 
somewhat   glaucous  ;   culms  slender,  2.5-6  dm.  tall.      Leaves  flat,  1-2  mm.  wide, 
shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  4-9,  short-oblong  or  subglobose,  sessile,  5-10  mm. 
long  ;  perigynia  oval  or  ovate-oval,   silvery  green  or  nearly  white,  faintly  few- 
nerved,   blunt-edge.d,    rather   less   than   2  mm.  long,  rough   above,  with  a  minute 


224  FLORA. 

entire  beak  ;  scales  ovate.     In  swamps  and  bogs,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Va.,  Mich., 
Colo,  and  Ore.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May— July. 

178.  Carex  brunnescens  (Pers.)  Poir.     BROWNISH  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  848.) 
Rather  dark   green,   not  glaucous  ;  culms  stiff,   roughish  above,   2-4.5   dm.  tall. 
Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  4-8,  subglobose  or  short- 
oblong,  few-flowered,  rarely  over  5  mm.  long;  perigynia  brown,  smaller  than  those 
of  the  preceding,  less  than  2  mm.  long,  with  a  manifest  beak  about  one- fourth  as 
long  as  the  body  ;  scales  ovate,  membranous,  brownish.     In  wet  places  mostly  at 
high  altitudes,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  E.,  on  the  southern  Alleghenies,  and 
the  Rocky  Mts.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

Carex  brunnescens  gracflior  Brit  ton.  Culms  nearly  filiform,  weak,  often  spreading; 
spikes  4-8-flowered  ;  perigynia  spreading,  longer-beaked.  Range  of  type,  mostly  at 
lower  altitudes. 

179.  Carex  Norvegica  Willd.     NORWAY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  849.)     Bright 
green;  culms  slender  but  stiff,  1.5-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  shorter 
than  the  culm  ;  bracts  very  short  or  wanting  ;  spikes  3-6,  brown,  oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  6-12  mm.  long;  perigynia   about  2  mm.  long,  elliptic,  blunt-edged,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  brownish,  finely  many-nerved,  with  a  very  short  rough  beak; 
scales  ovate  or  oval,  brown,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     Along  salt 
meadows,  Me.  to  Anticosti.     Reported  from  Minn.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

1 80.  Carex   arcta   Boott.     NORTHERN   CLUSTERED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  850.) 
Rather  light  green,  not  glaucous  ;  culms  slender,  3-7  dm.  tall,  rough  above;  leaves 
flat,  about  2  mm.  wide.     Spikes  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  aggregated  into  a  cluster 
about  2.5  cm.  long  ;  perigynia  pale,  ovate,  many-nerved,  mostly  spreading,  taper- 
ing into  a  rough  beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales   pale  brown, 
usually  acute,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In   swamps  and  wet  woods,  Me.  and 
N.  B.  to  Manitoba.,  Minn,  and  Br.  Col.     June— July. 

181.  Carex  tenuiflora  Wahl.     SPARSE-FLOWERED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  851.) 
Light  green  ;    culms  very  slender,  rough  above,  2-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  I  mm.  wide 
or  rather  more,  flat,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  only  2-4,  clustered, 
subglobose,    few-flowered,    about   5    mm.  in    diameter ;    perigynia   pale,    elliptic, 
very  obscurely  few-nerved,   narrowed   at  both  ends,   2-2.5    mm-    l°ng'  beakless, 
spreading  ;  scales  nearly  white,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.     In  bogs,  N.  B.  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  Me.,  Vt.  and  Mich.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

182.  Carex  Heleonastes  Ehrh.     HUDSON  BAY  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  852.)    Culms 
slender,    very   rough    above,    1.5-4.5    dm.    high.     Leaves    rigid,  erect,   becoming 
involute,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  very  slurt  or  none  ; 
spikes  3-5,    subglobose,  brown,   about  5  mm.    in  diameter,   clustered  ;    perigynia 
broadly  ovate  or  ovate-elliptic,  blunt-edged,   faintly   several-nerved,  about  2  mm. 
long,  with   a  short  sharp  beak  ;  scales  ovate,  brown  with  broad  hyaline  margins, 
about   as   long   as  the   perigynia.     Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba  and  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mts.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

183.  Carex  lagopina  Wahl.     ARCTIC  HARE'S-FOOT  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  853.) 
Culms  rough,  stiff,  1.5-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  flat,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  shorter  than 
t!  e  culm  ;  bracts  very  short  or  wanting  ;  spikes  3-6,  oblong,  dark  brown,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  6-8  mm.  long  ;  perigynia  elliptic  or  obovate,  rather  less  than  2  mm. 
long,   firm,   several-nerved,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rather  abruptly  tipped   by  the 
beak  ;  scales  ovate,  brown,  hyaline-margined,  acute,  shorter  than  the    perigynia. 
Lab.  and  Greenland  to  Alaska  ;  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Utah.     Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

184.  Carex  glareosa  Wahl.      WEAK  CLUSTERED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  854.) 
Closely    resembles   the   preceding,  but   has    weak    spreading   or  reclining   culms 
0.5-4.5    dm.  long.     Leaves   narrower,   flat,   about    I    mm.  wide,   spikes  2   or  3, 
oblong  or  subglobose,  several-flowered,  4-8  mm.  long,  brown,  subtended  by  very 
small  scale-like  bracts  ;  perigynia  oblong-oval,   strongly  several-nerved,  less  than 
2  mm.  long,  short-beaked  ;  scales  ovate,  rich  brown,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 
Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Quebec,  west  through  arctic  America  to  Alaska; 
Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

Carex  glare6sa  ursina  (Dewey)  Bailey.  Lower ;  densely  tufted ;  spikes  smaller. 
Arctic  America. 


C  YPERA  CEA  E.  22$ 

185.  Carex    trisperma  Dewey.     THREE-FRUITED  SEDGE.     (I.    F.  f.    855.) 

Bright  green  ;  culms  filiform,  weak,  usually  reclining  or  spreading,  3-7  dm.  long. 
Leaves  flaccid,  flat,  about  I  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  2  or  3, 
only  2-4-flowercd,  widely  separated,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  bristle-form  bract 
1-8  cm.  long  ;  perigynia  oblong,  green,  3-4  mm.  long,  very  finely  many-nerved, 
narrowed  at  both  ends  and  tipped  with  a  very  short  nearly  entire  beak  ;  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  swamps 
and  wet  woods,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Md.,  Ohio,  Mich,  and  Neb.  June- Aug. 

1 86.  Carex  Deweyana  Schwein.      DEWEY'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  856.)    Pale 
green  ;  culms  slender,  spreading,  2-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  flat,  soft, 
shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  bristle-form,  the  lower  commonly  elongated  ;  spikes 
3-6,  oblong  or  subglobose,  few-flowered,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  sessile,  separated 
or  the  upper  contiguous  ;  perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  nerveless, 
4-5  mm.  long,  the  inner  face  flat,  the  tapering  rough  strongly  2-toothed  beak  at 
least  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  nearly  white,  cuspidate  or  acute,  equalling 
the  perigynia,  or  shorter.     In  dry  woods,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Ore.,  Conn.,   Penn., 
Iowa,  N.  Mex.  and  Utah.     May-July. 

187.  Carex  bromoides  Schk.     BROME-LIKE  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  857.)     Bright 
green  ;  culms  slender,  roughish  above,  2-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
flat,  soft;  bracts  subulate  or  bristle-form,  the  lowest  commonly  elongated;  spikes  3-7, 
narrowly   oblong-cylindric,    8-16    mm.   long,    erect    or    ascending,    mostly    close 
together,  the  staminate  flowers  either  basal,  basal  and  terminal,  or  forming  whole 
spikes,  the  plant  occasionally  quite  dioecious  ;  perigynia   linear-lanceolate,   pale, 
strongly  several-nerved,    4-5   mm.   long,   the   inner  face   flat,  the  tapering  rough 
2-toothed  beak  at  least  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  green, 
acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  bogs  and   swamps,  N.  S.  to 
Ont.,  Mich.,  Fla.  and  La.     June-Aug. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Top  of  the  culm  nodding ;  arctic  and  northwestern  species.   iSS.   C.  pratensis. 
Culms  strictly  erect,  mostly  stiff. 

Perigynia  nerveless,  broadly  winged  ;  northwestern  species. 

189.  C,  xerantica. 
Perigynia  several-nerved  on  both  faces. 

Perigynia  broadly  winged  ;  staminate  flowers  intermixed  with  the  pistillate. 

190.  C.  siccata. 
Perigynia  narrowly  winged  ;  staminate  flowers  all  basal. 

Spikes  1-2.5  cm>  l°n£»  perigynia  about  8  mm.  long. 

191.  C.  Muskingumensis. 
Spikes  0.4-1.6  cm.  long;  perigynia  4-6  mm.  long. 

Spikes  oblong  or  oval ;  perigynia  ascending  or  erect. 

Spikes  green -brown,  blunt.  192.   C.  tribuloides. 

Spikes  bright  brown,  pointed  ;  perigynia  lanceolate. 

193.  C.  scoparia. 
Spikes  rather  dark  brown,  blunt  ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate 

194.  C.  leportna. 
Spikes  subglobose;  perigynia  spreading,  at  least  when  old. 

195.  C.  cristatclla. 
Perigynia  ovate,  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide  (longer  in  some  forms  of  no.  i$fy. 

Perigynia  narrowly  winged  above;  heads  greenish  brown.   196.   C\  adttsta. 
Perigynia  broadly  wing-margined. 

Perigynia  spreading  or  ascending. 

Spikes  silvery  green.  197.   C.  foenea. 

Spikes  yellowish  brown  or  greenish.  198.   C.  straminea. 

Perigynia  erect  orappressed. 

Heads  silvery  green  or  nearly  white;  sea  beach  species. 

199.   C.  stliceci. 

Heads  brown-green;  meadow  or  marsh  species.      200.  C.  tenera. 

Perigynia  orbicular,  very  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  sometimes  wider  than  long. 
Heads  green-brown. 

Perigynia  spreading  or  ascending;  achene  sessile.          201.   C.  festucacea. 
Perigynia  erect,  4-5  mm.  broad;  achene  short-stalked.  202.  C.  alata. 
Heads  silvery  green,  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Perigynium-wing  firm;  achene  sessile.  203.   C.  albolutescens. 

Perigynium-wing  membranous;  achene  stalked.  204.   C.  Bicknellh. 

Perigynia  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  subulate  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  body.      CYPEROIDEAE.  205.  C.  syclmocephala. 


226  FLORA. 

1 88.  Carex  praticola  Rydb.     NORTHERN  MEADOW  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  858.) 
Light  green  ;  culms  erect  when  young,  the  summit  later  nodding,  nearly  smooth, 
3-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;    lower  bracts 
bristle-form;  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  club-shaped,  silvery -brown  and  shining,  6-10  mm. 
long,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter  ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  pale,  nerveless  on  the  inner 
face,  few-nerved  on  the  outer,  5  mm.  long,  wing-margined,  tapering  into  a  beak 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales  membranous,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 
Lab.  to  Ont,  Mich.,  Manitoba  and  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo. 
Summer.     (C,  pratensis  Drej.  not  Hose.) 

189.  Carex  xerantica   Bailey.      WHITE-SCALED    SEDGE.      (I.   F.   f.  859.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  culms  stout,  stiff  and  strictly  erect,  even  when 
mature.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  involute  in  drying,   shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikes  about  5,  oblong,  close  together,  8-12  mm.  long;    perigynia  lanceolate,  pale, 
5  mm.  long,  nerveless,  conspicuously  wing-margined,   the  inner  face  concave,  the 
rough  tapering  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  silvery  white,  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate.     W.  Manitoba  and  adjacent  N.  W.  Terr.     May-July. 

190.  Carex  siccata  Dewey.     DRY-SPIKED  SEDGE.     HILLSIDE  SEDGE.    (I.  F. 
f.  860.)      Rootstocks  long  and  stout;    culms  slender,  rough  above,   2—6  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  erect,  about  2  mm.  wide;  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  subglobose,  5—8  mm.   long, 
brownish  or  brown,  the  staminate  flowers  basal,  or  variously  situated,  or  whole 
spikes  staminate;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  about  5  mm.   long,  wing-mar- 
gined, strongly  several-nerved  on  both  sides,  the  inner  face  concave  by  the  in- 
curved margins,  the  tapering  rough  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  membranous,  acute  or  acuminate.     In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Ont.  and 
Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  R.  I.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.     May- July. 

191.  Carex   Muskingumensis   Schwein.      MUSKINGUM    SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
861.)      Culm  stout,   stiff,   very  rough    above,   5-9  dm.   tall.      Leaves   flat,    long- 
pointed,   3-5   mm.  wide,   shorter   than   the  fertile  culms,   those   of  sterile   culms 
crowded    near    the   summit;    bracts   short  and  scale-like;    spikes    6-12,   oblong- 
cylindric,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long,  erect,  close  together,  pale  brown;  perigynia  narrowly 
lanceolate,  about  8  mm.  long  and  rather  less  than  I  mm.  wide,  strongly  several- 
nerved,  flat,  narrowed  to  both  ends,  scarious-margined,  rough-ciliate,  the  tapering 
2-toothed  beak  art  least  as  long  as  the  body;    scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  one- 
third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  to 
Mich.,  Manitoba  and  Mo.     June-Aug. 

192.  Carex  tribuloides  Wahl.     BLUNT  BROOM   SEDGE.     (I.    F.   f.   862.) 
Bright  green;    culms  erect,  roughish  above,  2-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  flat,   2-6  mm. 
wide;  lower  bract  bristle-form;  spikes  6-20,  oblong  or  top-shaped,  blunt,  6-12  mm. 
long;  perigynia  lanceolate,   greenish  brown,   flat,  4-5  mm.   long,  1-2.  mm.  wide, 
several-nerved  on  each  face,  with  a  sharply  2-toothed,  rough  wing-margined  beak; 
scales  lanceolate,  whitish,  acute,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia.     In  meadows, 
N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Ariz.     July-Sept. 

Carex  tribuloides  Bebbii  Bailey.  More  slender,  spikes  fewer,  smaller,  about  6  mm. 
long,  commonly  bractless,  mostly  clustered  in  a  dense  head;  perigynia  broader  and 
shorter.  Range  of  the  type. 

Carex  tribuloides  monilif6rmis  (Tuckerm.)  Britton.  Slender,  the  culm  much  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves;  spikes  all  or  all  but  the  uppermost  separated,  5-8  mm.  long,  the 
rachis  somewhat  zigzag.  Me.  and  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.,  Iowa  and  N.  Dak. 

193.  Carex  scoparia  Schk.     POINTED  BROOM  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  863.)    Culms 
slender,  erect,  roughish  above,  1.5-7.5   dm.  tall.     Leaves  less  than  3  mm.  wide; 
spikes  3-10,  oblong,   narrowed    at    both    ends,    bright   brown,    6-16    mm.    long, 
usually  aggregated  into  an  ovoid  head;  perigynia  lanceolate,  4—6  mm.  long,  rather 
less  than  2  mm.   wide,   narrowly  wing-margined,   several-nerved  on  both  faces, 
tapering  into  the  ciliate  2-toothed  beak;  scales  thin,  brown,  acuminate  or  cuspi- 
date, shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  moist  soil,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Colo. 
July-Sept. 

194.  Carex   leporina  L.      HARE'S-FOOT  SEDGE.     (I.    F.  f.  864.)     Culms 
slender,   roughish  above,   3-4  dm.   tall.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,   flat,  shorter 
than  the  culm;    bracts  very  short  and  scale-like  or  wanting;  spikes  4-7,  oblong, 
blunt,  8-12  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  shining,  clustered  in  a  terminal  oblong  head; 


CYPERA  CEAE.  22? 

perigynia  ascending  or  appressed,  ovate-lanceolate,  4  mm.  long,  rather  narrowly 
wing-margined,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  the  rough  tapering  2-toothed  beak 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  brown,  acute,  narrower  and  shorter 
than  the  perigynia.  Newf.  to  Mass.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

195.  Carex  cristatella  Britton.  CRESTED  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  865.)  Culms  3-7  dm. 
tall,    stiff,  roughish  above,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  3-4  mm.  wide  ;  lower 
bracts  bristle-form,  0.6-3  cm-   l°ng  >  heads  6-15,  globose  or  subglobose,  4-6  mm. 
in   diameter,    densely    aggregated    into   an   oblong   head   or   the   lower    slightly 
separated  ;  perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  squarrose  when  mature,  green 
or  greenish  brown,  3-4  mm.  long,  narrowly  wing-margined,  several-nerved  on  both 
faces,  tapering  into  a  ciliate  2-toothed  beak  ;  scales  lanceolate,  nearly  white,  much 
shorter  than  the  perigynia.     In  meadows  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Mass., 
Penn.,  111.  and  Neb.     July-Sept.      [C  cristata  Schwein.,  not  Clairv.] 

196.  Carex  adusta  Boott.     BROWNED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  866.)     Culms  stout, 
entirely  smooth,  3-8  dm.  tall,  growing  in  dense  tufts.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide, 
shorter    than    the   culm ;    bracts  subulate,   tapering  from   a    broad   nerved   base, 
the  lower  I   or  2  often  exceeding  the  spikes  ;  spikes  5-12,  subglobose  or  short- 
oval,     several-flowered,     apparently    confluent,     or     slightly     separated,     bright 
greenish  brown  ;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  firm,  very  narrowly  wing-margined  or 
wingless,  rough  above,  plano-convex,  4-5  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak, 
several-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  on  the  inner;  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.     In  dry  soil,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
N.  Y.  and  Mich.     June-July. 

197.  Carex  foenea  Willd.     HAY  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  £  867.)     Rather  light  green  ; 
culm   smooth,   erect  or  the  summit  nodding,   3-10  dm.   tall.     Leaves   flat,   soft, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  very  short  or  wanting,  or  the  lowest 
occasionally  manifest  ;  spikes  4-10,   subglobose  or  short-oblong,  narrowed  at  the 
base,   5-6  mm.  in  diameter,   silvery  green,  all  separated  on  a  sometimes  zigzag 
rachis,  or  the  upper  contiguous  ;  perigynia  ovate,  about  3  mm.  long,  broadly  wing- 
margined,   -strongly    several-nerved   on    both   faces,  tapering   into  a  short   rough 
2-toothed  beak  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  perigynia.     In 
dry  woods,  often  on  rocks,  N.  B.  to  Penn.,  Iowa,  Minn,  and  Br.  Col.     June -July. 

Carex  foenea  perp!6xa  Bailey.  Culms  stouter,  spikes  commonly  aggregated  and 
larger,  less  contracted  at  the  base,  the  summit  of  the  culm  erect  or  nearly  so  ;  perigynia 
thicker.  Me.  to  Va.,  Iowa  and  Minn. 

198.  Carex   straminea  Willd.      STRAW  SEDGE.     (I.    F.  f.    868.)     Culms 
slender,  roughish  above,  3-7.5  dm.  long,  the  top  commonly  nodding.    Leaves  2  mm. 
wide  or  less,    long-pointed,    shorter  than   the  culm  ;    bracts   short  or  the   lower 
bristle-form  and  exceeding  its  spike  ;  spikes  3-8,  subglobose  or  slightly  obovoid, 
4-5  mm.  thick,  yellowish  brown  or  greenish  ;  perigynia  ovate,  brown,  about  3  mm. 
long,  strongly  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  fewer-nerved  on  the  inner,  wing- 
margined,  the  tapering  rough  2-toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales 
lanceolate,    acute,   about  equalling  the  perigynia,   but  narrower.     In   dry  fields, 
N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Iowa.     June-July. 

Carex  straminea  mirdbilis  (Dewey)  Tuckerm.  Larger  ;  culm  slender,  0.5-1.3  m. 
long;  leaves  2-5  mm.  wide;  spikes  larger,  6-8  mm.  thick,  rather  greener;  perigynia 
spreading,  narrowed,  longer  than  the  scales.  Range  of  the  type,  extending  south  to 
N.  Car.,  Mo.  and  Neb.  Perhaps  better  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 

199.  Carex  silicea  Olney.    SEA-BEACH  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  869.)   Culms  slender, 
rather  stiff,  roughish  above,  3-8  dm.  tall,  the  summit  recurved  or  nodding.     Leaves 
2  mm.  wide  or  rather  less,  involute  in  drying,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  bracts  very 
short  ;    spikes  5-8,  ovoid-conie   or  ovoid-oblong,    silvery-green,  nearly   white   or 
becoming  brownish,   erect,  conspicuously  contracted  at  the  base,  8-12  mm.  long, 
about  5   mm.  thick,  separated  or  the  uppermost  close  together ;  perigynia  ovate- 
oval,  short-beaked,  finely  nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-margined,  appressed,  about 
4  mm.  long,  longer  and  broader  than  the  lanceolate  scales.     In  sands  of  the  sea 
coast,  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey.     June-Aug. 

P0*.  Carex  tenera  Dewey.  MARSH  STRAW  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f.  870.)  Culm 
shndcr,  erect  or  the  summit  nodding,  roughish  above,  2-6  dm.  high.  Leaves 


228  FLORA. 

shorter  than  the  culm,  usually  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  a  very  long  tip ; 
spikes  4-6,  oval,  obtuse,  greenish  brown,  8-10  mm.  long,  commonly  much  con- 
tracted at  the  base  ;  perigynia  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  several-nerved 
on  both  faces,  wing-margined,  the  tapering  rough  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  body  ;  scales  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia,  but  much  narrower. 
In  wet  soil,  common  along  brackish  marshes,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Va.  and  La. 
Reported  from  Iowa.  May-June. 

Carex  t&iera  invlsa  (W.  Boott)  Britton.  Spikes  smaller,  subglobose  or  short-oblong, 
not  more  than  6  mm.  thick,  the  lower  one  usually  subtended  by  a  filiform  bract  1-8  cm. 
long.  Me.  to  Del. 

201.  Carex  festucacea  Willd.    FESCUE  SEDGE.    (I.  F.  f.  871.)   Culms  nearly 
or  quite  smooth,  erect,  0.3-1.2  m.  tall.     Leaves  erect,  2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  spikes  3-8,  green-brown,  oblong  or  nearly  globular,  clustered,  4-8  mm. 
in  diameter  ;  perigynia  orbicular  or  very  broadly  ovate,  broadly  wing-margined, 
about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  the  roughish  beak   about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  body;  scales  acute  or  obtusish.     In  dry  or  moist  soil, 
N.  B.  to  Assiniboia,  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Kans.     May-July. 

202.  Carex  alata  Torr.      BROAD-WINGED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  872.)     Culms 
erect,   roughish  above,  0.3-1  m.  tall.      Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,    shorter  than  the 
culm  ;  spikes  oblong  or  oblong-conic,   green-brown,    10-16  mm.  long,  8-10  mm. 
thick,    usually  little  separated,  bractless,  or  the  lower  one  subtended  by  a  short 
bract  ;  perigynia  orbicular  or  obovate-orbicular,  very  broadly  winged,  4-5  mm.  in 
diameter,  faintly  few-nerved  or  almost  nerveless,  the  short  beak  not  more  than  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  over  0.5  mm. 
wide  ;  achene  distinctly  stipitate.     In  moist  soil,  N.  H.  to  Penn.  and  Fla.,  mostly 
near  the  coast.     Reported  from  Iowa.     May— June. 

23?.  Carex  albolutescens  Schwein.  GREENISH-WHITE  SEDGE.  (I.  F.  f. 
873.)  Similar  to  the  preceding;  culms  0.3-0.5  m.  tall,  stout.  Leaves  2-4  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  filiform  or  wanting;  spikes  3-8,  oblong,  usually 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  silvery  green  when  young,  becoming  brownish,  8-12  mm. 
long,  clustered;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  broadly  winged, 
strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  about  4  mm.  long,  the  roughish  beak  about  one-third 
as  long  as  the  body  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  achene  nearly  or  quite  sessile. 
In  wet  soil,  abundant  along  salt  meadows,  N.  B.  to  Penn.  and  Fla.  May-July. 

204.  Carex  Bicknellii  Britton.     BICKNELL'S  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f.  874.)    Culms 
0.5-1  m.  high,  rough  above,  much  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  mostly  nearly 
basal,  3-5  mm.  wide  ;  bracts  usually  very  short ;  spikes  3-7,  ovoid,  subglobose,  or 
somewhat  obovoid,  8-12  mm.  long,  silvery  green  or  becoming  yellowish;  perigynia 
very  broadly  ovate,  thin,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  broad 
membranous  wing  I  mm.  wide,  the  rough  2-toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-half  as 
long  as  the  body  ;  achene  stalked.      In  dry  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Kans. 
June-July. 

205.  Carex  sychnocephala  Carey.     DENSE  LONG-BEAKED  SEDGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
875.)     Culms  quite  smooth,  0.7-5  dm.  ft*gh-      Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide  ;    lower 
bracts  similar,  much  elongated,  0.7-3  dm.  l°ngi  nearly  erect;  spikes  4-10,  oblong, 
densely  many-flowered,   aggregated  and  confluent  into  an  oblong  or  ovoid  head 
3  cm.  long  or  less ;  perigynia  linear-lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  wide  at 
the  base,  tapering  into  a  subulate  rough  2-toothed  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
few-nerved   body  ;    scales  linear-lanceolate,   long-acuminate,    shorter   and   rather 
narrower  than  the  perigynia.     In  meadows  and  thickets,  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Mani- 
toba, Iowa  and  Br.  Col.     July-Aug. 

Order  4,  PRINCIPES,  including  only  the  family  Palmaceae, 
Palms,  and  Order  5,  SYNANTHAE,  including  only  the  family 
Cyclanthaceae,  are  not  represented  in  our  territory. 


ARACEAE.  229 

Order  6.  ARALES. 

Monocotyledonous  herbs,  mostly  fleshy.  Inflorescence  in  the  Araceae 
a  fleshy  spadix,  subtended  by  a  spathe,  or  naked.  The  Lemnacecu  are 
minute  floating  thalloid  plants,  with  few  or  solitary  flowers  on  the 
margin  or  back  of  the  thallus. 

Family  i.    ARACEAE  Neck. 
Arum  Family. 

Herbs  mostly  with  basal  long-petioled  leaves,  and  spathaceous  inflores- 
cence, the  spathe  enclosing  or  subtending  a  spadix.  Rootstock  tuberous 
or  a  corm.  Spadix  densely  flowered,  the  staminate  flowers  above,  the 
pistillate  below,  or  the  plants  wholly  dioecious,  or  with  perfect  flowers  in 
some  species.  Perianth-wanting,  or  of  4-6  scale-like  segments.  Stamens 
4-10  in  our  species;  filaments  very  short;  anthers  2-celled,  commonly 
with  a  thick  truncate  connective,  the  sacs  opening,  by  dorsal  pores  or 
slits.  Ovary  i -several-celled  ;  -ovules  i-several  in  each  cavity ;  style  short 
or  wanting;  stigma  terminal,  mostly  minute  and  sessile.  Fruit  a  berry 
or  utricle.  Seeds  various.  Endosperm  copious,  sparse  or  none.  About 
105  genera  and  900  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  tem- 
perate zones. 

Flowers  without  a  perianth. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  spadix.          i.  Ar'saema. 

Flowers  monoecious,  covering  the  whole  spadix.  2.  Peltandra. 

Flowers  perfect.  3.  Calla. 
Flowers  with  a  perianth. 

Spadix  enclosed  in  a  shell-like  fleshy  spathe.  4.  Spathyema* 

Spadix  naked,  terminating  the  scape.  5.   Orontium. 

Spadix  naked,  borne  at  the  base  of  a  leaf-like  spathe.  6.  Acorus, 

i.  ARISAEMA  Mart.    (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  acrid  corms,  simple  scapes  and  I  to  3  slender-petioled  di- 
vided leaves  unfolding  with  the  flowers.  Spadix  bearing  the  flowers  near  its  base. 
Spathe  convolute,  open  or  contracted  at  the  throat.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoe- 
cious, the  staminate  of  4  almost  sessile  2-4-celled  anthers,  which  open  by  confluent 
slits  at  the  apex,  the  pistillate  with  a  I -celled  ovary  containing  i  to  many  ortho- 
tropous  ovules;  style  very  short  or  none,  tipped  with  a  peltate-capitate  stigma. 
Fruit  a  globose  red  berry,  the  clusters  usually  large  and  conspicuous  when  ripe. 
Seeds  with  copious  endosperm  and  an  axial  embryo.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the 
red -blotched  leaves  of  some  species.]  About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  temperate 
and  subtropical  Asia.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  S.  U.  S. 

Spathe  hooded,  open  at  the  throat,  enclosing  the  spadix. 

Hood  of  spathe  striped  ;  spadix  stout,  club-shaped.  i.  A.  triphyllum. 

Hood  of  spathe  deep  brown  to  black  ;  spadix  slender,  cylindric.  2.  A.  pusillum. 

Spathe  convolute  ;  summit  of  the  spadix  exserted.  3.  A.  Dracontium. 

1.  Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Torr.    JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.    INDIAN  TURNIP. 
(I.  F.  f.  876.)     Leaves  nearly  erect,  2.5-9  dm.   high,  usually  exceeding  the  scape, 
3-foliolate,    the  segments  ovate,  sometimes  lobed,  4-8  cm.   wide,   sessile  or  very 
short-stalked;  flowers  commonly  dioecious,  yellow;  spadix  4-8  cm.  long,  its  naked 
summit  blunt,  colored;  spathe  green,  and  purple-striped,  curving  in  a  broad  striped 
flap  over  the  top  of  the  spadix.   acuminate;  ovules  5  or  6;  berries  shining,   about 
I  cm.  in  diameter,  forming  a  dense  ovoid  head  2-8  cm.  long.     In  moist  woods  and 
thickets,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  La.     April-June. 

2.  Arisaema  pusillum  (Peck)  Nash.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller 
and  more  slender,  seldom  over  3.5  dm.  high.     Leaf-segments  narrowed  at  the  base; 
spathe    striped   below,  the   hood   deep   brown   or   nearly  black;    spadix    slender, 
cylindric.     In  open  sunny  bogs,  N,  Y.,  flowering  about  a   month  later  than  A. 
triphyllum  where   the   two   grow  in  the  same  region.     (A.  triphyllum  pusillum 
Peck,  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  51  ;  297). 


230  FLORA. 

3.  Arisaema  Dracontium  (L.)  Schott.  GREEN  DRAGON.  DRAGON-ROOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  877.)  Corms  clustered.  Leaves  2-11  dm.  long,  pedately  divided  into  5- 
17  segments,  much  longer  than  the  scape;  segments  obovate  or  oblong,  2—10  cm. 
wide,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  base,  en- 
tire or  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  lobed;  spathe  greenish  or  whitish,  acuminate,  2- 
5  cm.  long;  spadix  ovary  turbinate,  with  6-8  bottle-shaped  ovules;  berries  reddish- 
orange  in  large  ovoid  heads.  Mostly  in  wet  woods  and  aleng  streams,  Me.  to  Ont, 
and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  May-June. 

2.  PELTANDRA  Raf. 

Bog  herbs,  with  sagittate  or  hastate  leaves,  the  petioles  sheathing  the  shorter 
scape.  Spathe  elongated,  convolute,  or  expanded  above.  Flowers  monoecious, 
covering  the  spadix.  Perianth  none.  Staminate  flowers  uppermost,  consisting  at 
first  of  irregularly  4-sided  oblong  flat-topped  shields,  from  the  edges  of  which 
appear  6-10  imbedded  anthers  opening  by  apical  pores,  the  shields  shrivelling  and 
leaving  the  anthers  nearly  free.  Ovaries  ovoid,  surrounded  at  base  by  4  or  5 
white  fleshy  scale-like  staminodia,  I -celled;  ovules  solitary  or  few,  amphitropous; 
style  erect,  thick,  tipped  with  a  small  stigma.  Fruit  a  green  or  red  berry.  1-3- 
seeded,  when  ripe  forming  large  globose  heads  and  enclosed  in  the  persistent 
leathery  base  of  the  spathe.  Seeds  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly;  endosperm 
none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  shield-shaped  staminate  disks.]  The  genus  con- 
sists of  the  two.  following  species  : 

Spathe  narrow,  convolute  its  whole  length,  green.  x.  P.  Virginica. 

Spathe  with  a  whitish  dilated  summit.  2.  P.  sagittaefolia. 

1.  Peltandra  Virginica  (L.)  Kunth.     GREEN  ARROW-ARUM.     (I.  F.  f.  878.) 
Leaves  bright  green,  somewhat  hastate-sagittate,  1-8  dm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
firm,  strongly  veined.     Root  a  tuft  of  thick  fibres;  scape  recurving  and  immersing 
the  fruiting  spadix  at  maturity;  spathe  green,  1-2  dm.  long,  long-conic,  closely  in- 
vesting the  spadix  throughout,   the  strongly  involute  margins  undulate;    spadix 
shorter  than   the  spathe,  the  pistillate  flowers  covering   about   one-fourth  of  its 
length,  the  rest  occupied  by  staminate  flowers;  ovaries  globose-ovoid;  style  nearly 
2  mm.  long;  berries  green  when  ripe.     In  swamps  or  shallow  water,  Me.  and  Ont. 
to  Mich.,  Fla.  and  La.     May-June. 

2.  Peltandra  sagittaefolia  (Michx.)  Morong.     WHITE  ARROW-ARUM.  (I.  F. 
f.  879.)     Leaves  sagittate,  sometimes  wider  than  those  of  the  preceding,  the  basal 
lobes  diverging;  petioles  2-5   dm.   long;  spathe  7-10  cm.   long,  with  a  whitish  ex- 
panded acuminate  apex;  spadix  scarcely  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  spathe; 
ovaries  ovcid;  style  scarcely  any;  stigma  broad,  depressed,  lobed;  ripe  berries  red. 
In  marshes  and  springs,  southern  Va.  (according  to  Gray)  to  Fla.     May-July. 

3.  CALLA  L. 

A  bog  herb  with  slender  acrid  rootstocks,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  cor- 
date leaves,  and  a  large  white  persistent  spathe.  Spathe  ovate-lanceolate  or 
elliptic,  acuminate,  open.  Spadix  cylindric,  much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  densely 
covered  with  flowers.  Flowers  perfect  or  the  uppermost  staminate;  perianth 
none.  Stamens  about  6;  filaments  linear;  anther-sacs  divaricate,  opening  by  slits. 
Ovary  ovoid,  i-celled;  style  very  short;  stigma  small,  flat,  circular.  Ovules  6-9, 
anatrapous.  Berries  obconic,  depressed.  Seeds  hard,  smooth,  oblong,  striate 
toward  the  micropyle  and  pitted  at  the  other  end.  Endosperm  copious.  [An 
ancient  name,  taken  from  Pliny.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  cooler  portions  of  the 
north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Calla  palustris  L.  WATER  ARUM,  (I.  F.  f.  880.)  Petioles  1-2  dm,  long. 
Blades  thick,  entire,  3-10  cm.  wide,  cuspidate  or  abruptly  acute;  scape  as  long  as 
the  petioles,  sheathed  at  the  base;  rootstocks  covered  with  sheathing  scales  and 
with  fibrous  roots  at  the  nodes;  spathe  2.5-6  cm.  long  and  about  2-5  cm.  wide; 
berries  red,  distinct,  few-seeded,  forming  a  large  head  when  mature.  In  b->gs, 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Va.,  Wis.  and  Iowa.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June.  PVuit 
ripe  July-Aug. 


LEMNA  CEA  E.  2  3 1 

4.   SPATHYEMA   Raf.    [SYMPLOCARPUS  Salisb.] 

A  fetid  herb,  with  large  ovate  cordate  leaves,  thick  straight  rootstocks  and  a 
short  erect  partly  underground  scape.  Spathe  swollen,  shell-like,  thick,  pointed, 
completely  enclosing  the  spadix.  Spadix  globose  or  oblong,  short-stalked,  covered 
by  the  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  4  hooded  sepals.  Filaments  slightly  dilated; 
anthers  2-celled,  short,  extrorse,  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  nearly  buried  in 
the  tissue  of  the  spadix,  I -celled  with  a  solitary  suspended  anatropous  ovule.  Style 
pyramidal,  4-sided,  thick,  elongated;  stigma  minute.  Berries  immersed  in  the 
spongy  axis  of  the  spadix,  becoming  adnate  to  the  succulent  perianth  in  ripening, 
i-seeded,  forming  large  heads.  Seeds  large.  Embryo  large,  fleshy;  endosperm 
none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  spathe.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  E.  North  America 
and  N.  E.  Asia. 

i.  Spathyema  foetida  (L.)  Raf.  SKUNK  CABBAGE.  (I.  F.  f.  881.)  Leaves 
numerous,  in  large  crowns,  3-9  dm.  long,  often  3  dm.  wide,  strongly  nerved, 
abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  thin,  entire,  their  petioles  deeply  channeled.  Root- 
stock  thick,  terminating  in  whorls  of  fleshy  fibers;  spathe  preceding  the  leaves, 
erect,  7-15  cm.  high,  2-8  cm.  in  diameter  at  the  base,  convolute,  firm,  purple- 
jrown  to  greenish  yellow,  often  mottled;  spadix  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter  in 
flower,  enlarging  and  sometimes  15  cm.  in  diameter  in  fruit.  In  swamps  and  wet 
soil,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.?  Fla.  and  Iowa.  Feb. -April. 

5,   ORONTIUM   L. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  thick  rootstocks,  oblong-elliptic  nerved  leaves  without  a  dis- 
tinct midvein,  and  slender  terete  scapes  terminated  by  a  cylindric  spadix.  Spathe 
enclosing  the  spadix  when  very  young,  soon  parting  and  remaining  as  a  sheathing 
bract  at  its  base,  or  falling  away.  '  Flowers  perfect,  bright  yellow,  covering  the 
whole  spadix.  Sepals  4-6,  scale-like,  imbricated  upon  the  ovary;  stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals;  filaments  linear;  abruptly  narrowed  above;  anthers  small,  with  two 
diverging  sacs  opening  by  oblique  slits.  Ovary  partly  imbedded  in  the  axis  of  the 
spadix,  depressed,  obtusely  angled,  i-celled;  ovule  solitary,  half-anatropous ; 
stigma  sessile.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  Endosperm  none;  embryo  long-stalked. 
[Ancient  name  of  some  water  plant.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  America. 

I.  Orontium  aquaticum  L.  GOLDEN-CLUB.  (I.  F.  f.  882.)  Leaves  deep 
dull  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  blade  1-3  dm.  long,  4-12  cm.  wide,  entire, 
acute  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole.  Scape  1.5- 
6  dm.  long,  flattened  near  the  spadix;  spadix  2-5  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter, 
much  thickened  in  fruit;  spathe  bract-like,  5-10  cm.  long,  2 -keeled  on  the  back, 
usually  falling  away  early;  utricle  roughened  on  top  with  9  or  10  tubercles.  In 
swamps  and  ponds,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and  La.,  mostly  near  the  coast.  April- 
May. 

6.   ACORUS   L. 

Erect  herbs,  with  long  branched  rootstocks,  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  3-angled 
scapes  keeled  on  the  back  and  channeled  in  front,  and  a  seemingly  lateral  cylindric 
spadix,  the  scape  appearing  as  if  extending  long  beyond  it,  but  this  upper  part  is 
morphologically  a  spathe.  Flowers  perfect,  densely  covering  the  spadix.  Peri- 
anth of  6  membranous  concave  sepals.  Stamens  6;  filaments  flattened;  anthers 
reniform  or  sagittate,  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent  at  maturity.  Ovary  oblong.  3-4- 
celled  with  2-8  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cavity;  itigma  sessile,  depressed-capitate. 
Fruit  a  2-3 -celled  gelatinous  berry,  few-seeded.  Endosperm  copious.  [Name 
ancient.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  widely  distributed  in  the  north  tem- 
perate zone,  the  other  Japanese. 

I.  Acorus  Calamus  L.  SWEET  FLAG.  CALAMUS-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  883.) 
Leaves  linear,  erect,  5-15  dm.  tall  and  2-5  cm.  wide  or  less,  sharp-pointed  and 
sharp-edged,  with  a  ridged  midvein,  2 -ranked,  closely  sheathing  each  other  and 
the  scape.  Spathe  projecting  2-8  dm.  beyond  the  spadix;  spadix  spike-like, 
5-9  cm.  long,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter;  flowers  minute,  greenish-yellow.  IP  swamps 
and  along  streams,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  La.  and  Kerns.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  May-July. 


232  FLORA. 

Family  2.     LEMNACEAE  Dumort 

Duckweed  Family. 

Minute  perennial  floating  aquatic  plants,  without  leaves  or  with  only 
very  rudimentary  ones.  The  plant-body  consists  of  a  disk-shaped,  elon- 
gated or  irregular  thallus,  which  is  loosely  cellular,  densely  chlorophyl- 
lous  and  sometimes  bears  one  or  more  roots.  The  vegetative  growth  is 
by  lateral  branching,  the  branches  being  but  slightly  connected  by 
slender  stalks  and  soon  separating.  The  inflorescence  consists  of  one  or 
more  naked  monoecious  flowers  borne  on  a  slight  lateral  prominence  on 
the  edge  or  upper  surface  of  the  plant.  Each  flower  commonly  consists 
of  but  a  single  stamen  or  a  single  flask-shaped  pistil.  The  anther  is 
provided  with  two  to  four  pollen-sacs,  containing  spherical  minutely 
barbellate  grains.  The  pistil  is  narrowed  to  the  funnel-shaped  scar-like 
stigmatic  apex,  and  produces  1-6  erect  or  inverted  ovules.  The  fruit  is 
a  1-6  seeded  utricle.  The  family  comprises  the  smallest  of  the  flowering 
plants  and  contains  4  genera  and  about  30  species  of  wide  distribution. 

Thallus  with  one  root  or  several. 

Roots  several.  I.  Spirodela. 

Root  solitary.  a.  Lemna. 
Thallus  rootless. 

Thallus  thick,  globose  to  subcylindric.  3.   Wolffia. 

Thallus  thin,  ligulate.  4.    Wolffiell*, 

i.  SPIRODELA  Schleid. 

Thallus  disk-shaped,  7~i2-nerved.  The  lateral  branches  subtended  by  a  single 
bipartite  basilar  rudimentary  leaf.  The  thinly  'capped  rootlets  as  well  as  the  nerves 
are  provided  with  a  single  bundle  of  vascular  tissue.  Spathe  sac-like.  The  ovary 
produces  two  anatropous  ovules.  Fruit  unknown.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  cluster 
of  rootlets.  Two  species,  the  following,  and  S.  oligorhiza,  a  native  of  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

I.  Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  GREATER  DUCKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  884.) 
Thallus  2-10  mm.  long,  thick,  flat  and  dark  green  above,  slightly  convex  and 
purple  beneath,  palmately  5-15-nerved,  bearing  a  central  cluster  of  from  4-16 
elongated  roots.  Rootcap  pointed.  In  still  water,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  S.  Car.,  Tex., 
northern  Mex.  and  Nev.  Widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World  and  in  tropical 
America. 

2.  LEMNA  L. 

Thallus  disk-shaped,  usually  provided  with  a  central  nerve  and  with  or  without 
two  or  four  lateral  nerves.  Each  thallus  produces  a  single  root,  which  is  devoid 
of  vascular  tissue  and  is  commonly  provided  with  a  thin  blunt  or  pointed  rootcap. 
The  ovary  contains  from  one  to  six  ovules.  Fruit  ovoid,  more  or  less  ribbed. 
Endosperm  in  one  or  three  layers.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  growth  of  these  small 
plants  in  swamps.]  About  10  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

ThalH  long-stipitate.  I.  L.  trisulca. 

Thalli  short-stipitate  or  sessile. 
Spathe  open. 

Thalli  i-nerved  or  nerveless. 

Thalli  thin,  without  papules;  rootcap  strongly  curved,  tapering. 

2.  L.  cyclostasa. 
Thalli  thick  with  a  row  of  papules  along  the  nerve;  rootcap  little  curved, 

cylindric.  3.  L.  minima. 

Thalli  j-nerved  ;  rootcap  cylindric.  4.  L.  perpusilla. 

Spathe  sac-like. 

Thalli  green  or  purplish  beneath  ;  fruit  not  winged.  5.  L.  minor. 

Thalli  pale  beneath,  usually  strongly  gibbous;  fruit  winged.     6.  L,  gibba. 

I.  Lemna  trisulca  L.  IVY-LEAVED  DUCKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  885.)  Thallus 
lanceolate,  submerged  and  devoid  of  stomata  in  the  primary  aquatic  form,  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  5-15  mm.  long,  floating  and  provided  with  stomata  in  the  later 
flowering  stage.  The  later  and  more  common  form  is  narrowed  at  the  base  to  a 


LEMNACEAE.  233 

slendei  stipe,  thin,  denticulate,  with  or  without  rootlets,  and  slightly  3 -nerved; 
several  individuals  often  remain  connected,  so  as  to  form  a  chain-like  series;  root- 
cap  pointed;  fruit  symmetrical;  seed  deeply  12-15-ribbed.  In  water,  N.  S.  to 
N.  J.,  N.  Mex.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia,  Afrrea  and  Australia. 
July-August. 

2.  Lemna  cyclostasa  (Ell.)  Chev.     VALDIVIA  DUCKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  886.) 
Thallus   oblong-elliptic,    2-4.5    mm*    l°ng>    thin,    subfalcate   and   shortly   stalked 
at  the  base,    provided  with  numerous  stomata,  except  on  the  borders,  nerveless; 
rootcap   blunt;    spathe  reniform;    fruit  ovoid-oblong,  unsymmetrical ;  seed  prom- 
inently  12-29-ribbed.      In  pools  and  rivers,  Mass,   to  Fla.,   111.,  Wyo.  and  Cal. 
Also  in  South  America.     June-July.     (L.  Valdiviana  Phil.) 

3.  Lemna  minima  Philippi.     LEAST  DUCKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  886a.)    Thallus 
oblong  to  elliptic,  2-4  mm.   long,  obscurely  I  -nerved,  or  nerveless,  with  a  row  of 
papules    along  the  nerve,  the  lower  surface  flat,   or   slightly    convex;    the  apex 
rounded,  rootcap  usually  short,  a  little  curved,  rarely  perfectly  straight,  cylindric, 
blunt;  spathe  open;  pistil  short-clavate;  stigma  concave;   ovule  solitary,  obliquely 
orthotropous ;  seed  oblong,   pointed,   about  i6-ribbed,  with  many  transverse  stri- 
ations.     Ga.  and  Fla.  to  Kans.,  Wyo.  and  Cal. 

4.  Lemna   perpusilla  Torr.     MINUTE  DUCKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  887.)     Thallus 
small,  2-3.5  mm.  long,  obovate,  often  purplish  tinged  beneath,  unsymmetrical  and 
abruptly  narrowed  to  a  very   short   stalk,    provided  throughout  with    numerous 
stomata,  obscurely  3-nerved;  rootcap  straight,    pointed;   fruit  ovoid;    seed   12-20- 
ribbed.     In  ponds,  rivers,  springs  and  lakes,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  Fla.,  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Kan.     June-July. 

Lemna  perpusflla  trinfervis  Aust.  Thallus  oblong  to  oblong-obvate,  less  unsym- 
metrical, thin,  prominently  3-nerved.  N.  J.  to  Mo.,  La.  and  the  Ind.  Terr. 

5  Lemna  minor  L.  LESSER  DUCKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  888. )  Thallus  obovate 
or  subcircular,  1.5-5  mm.  long,  thickish,  rarely  reddish  or  purplish  tinged,  short- 
stalked  when  young,  provided  throughout  with  stomata,  nearly  symmetrical, 
obscurely  3-nerved,  very  rarely  4~5-nerved.  Rootcap  obtuse  or  subtruncate;  fruit 
symmetrical,  subturbinate;  seed  with  a  prominent  protruding  hilum,  deeply  and 
unequally  12-15-ribbed;  ovule  I.  In  ponds,  lakes  and  stagnant  waters,  through- 
out N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and 
Australia.  Summer. 

6.  Lemna  gibba  L.  GIBBOUS  DUCKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  889.)  Thallus  un- 
symmetrical, obovate  or  short-obovate,  2-6  mm.  long,  thickish  or  more  or  less 
strongly  gibbous  beneath,  short-stalked  when  young,  soon  separating,  provided 
with  stomata  which  are  sparse  beneath,  obscurely  3-5 -nerved;  rootcap  mostly 
short-pointed,  cylindric,  rarely  long-pointed  or  obtuse;  fruit  symmetrical;  seed 
thick,  deeply  and  unequally  ribbed.  In  ponds  and  rivers,  Neb.  to  Tex.,  Wyo., 
Ariz,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Mexico,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  June-July. 

3.  WOLFFIA  Horkel. 

Thallus  small,  globose,  ovoid-oblong,  subcylindric  or  irregular,  rootless,  nerve- 
less  and  leafless.  The  vegetative  growth  is  from  a  cleft  near  one  end  of  the  plant, 
the  branch  being  mostly  sessile  and  soon  detached.  The  ovary  contains  one  or- 
thotropous ovule.  Fruit  spherical  or  short  ovate,  smooth.  Endosperm  in  a  single 
layer.  [Name  in  honor  of  Nath.  Matth.  v.  Wolff,  1724-1784,  Polish  physician 
and  naturalist.]  A  genus  of  about  12  species,  mostly  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions. 

Thallus  globose  to  ellipsoid,  not  punctate.  I.  W.  Columbiana. 
Thallus  flattened  above,  at  least  on  the  margin,  brown-punctate. 

Apex  of  thallus  acute.  2.  W.  punctata. 

A  large  conic  papule  on  the  upper  surface.  3.  W.  papulifera. 

I.  Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst.  COLUMBIA  WOLFFIA.  (I.  F.  f.  890.) 
Thallus  spherical  or  subellipsoidal,  0.5-1  mm.  long,  with  a  limited  number  of  sto- 
mata (i  to  6),  loosely  cellular  and  clear  green  throughout,  not  punctate  nor 
gibbous.  Floating  as  minute  alga-like  grains  just  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
water  in  stagnant  ponds,  pools  and  shallow  lakes,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  N.  J.,  S.  Car., 
Minn.,  Mo.  and  La.  Also  in  Mexico  and  South  America.  June-July. 


234  FLORA. 

2.  Wolffia  punctata  Griseb.     PUNCTATE  WOLFFIA.     (I.  F.  f.  891.)    Thallus 
oblong,   smaller  than    the   last,  0.5-0.8  mm.    long,   flattish,  densely  cellular,  with 
numerous    stomata   and  dark  green   above,   gibbous,   more  loosely  cellular,    with 
fewer  stomata  and  paler  beneath;  brown-dotted  throughout  with  minute  pigment 
cells.     Floating  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters,  Ont.  to  Mich,  and  Penn.     June- 
July.     (W.  Brasiliensis  Engelm.,  not  Wedd.) 

3.  Wolffia  papuhfera   Thompson.     POINTED   DUCKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  Sgia.) 
Thallus  slightly  unsymmetrical,  obliquely  broadly  ovate,  about  I  ntfki.  broad,  the 
apex  rounded,   the  upper  surface  flat  at  the  margin,   gradually  ascending  into  a 
prominent  conic  papule  on  the  median  line,  brown-punctate,   the  under  surface 
strongly  gibbous,   less  punctate;  stomata  numerous  on  the  upper  surface;  flower 
and  fruit  unknown.     Floating,  with  the  entire  upper  surface  exposed  to  the  air. 

'  Kennett  and  Columbia,  Mo. 

4.   WOLFFIELLA  Hegelm. 

Thallus  thin,  unsymmetrical,  rootless,  curved  in  the  form  of  a  segment  of  a  "band, 
punctate  on  both  surfaces  with  numerous  brown  pigment-cells.  Pouch  opening  as 
a  cleft  in  the  basal  margin  of  the  thallus,  a  stipe  attached  to  its  margins.  Flowers 
and  fruit  unknown.  [Diminutive  of  IVolffia.]  About  7  species,  mostly  of  tropical 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  are  known  from  western  North  America. 

i.  Wolffiella  Floridana  (J.  D.  Smith)  Thompson.  FLORIDA  WOLFFIELLA. 
(I.  F.  f.  SSga.)  Thallus  solitary,  or  commonly  coherent  for  several  generations, 
forming  densely  interwoven  masses,  strap-shaped,  scythe-shaped,  or  doubly  curved, 
tapering  from  the  rounded  oblique  base  to  a  long-attenuate  apex,  5-10  mm.  long, 
14—21  times  as  long  as  wide;  basal  portion  of  the  long  stipe  persistent,  the  poach 
elongated-triangular,  or  the  upper  angle  rounded.  Ga.  and  Fla.  to  Mo.,  Ark.  and 
Tex. 

Order  7.  XYRIDALES. 

Monocotyledonous  herbs,  mostly  with  narrow  leaves.  Flowers  usually 
complete,  their  parts  mostly  in  3's  or  6's.  Corolla  regular  or  nearly 
so  (except  in  Commelina).  Ovary  compound,  superior.  Endosperm  of 
the  seed  mealy. 

a.  Ovary  i -celled. 

Aquatic  moss-like  leafy  herbs;  flowers  solitary.  Fam.  i.  Mayacaceae. 

Erect  scapose  rush-like  herbs  ;  flowers  in  terminal  scaly  heads  or  spikes. 

Fam.  2.  Xyridaceac. 
Mud  or  aquatic  herbs,  the  flowers  subtended  by  spathes  {Heteranthera  in  Ponte- 

deriaceae). 
6.  Ovary  2-3-celled  (except  in  some  Pontederiaceae). 

Flowers  very  small,  densely  capitate,  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Fam.  3.  Eriocaulaceae. 
Flowers  perfect. 

Epiphytes  ;  leaves  scurfy.  Fam.  4.  Bromeliaceae. 

Terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs;  leaves  not  scurfy. 

Perianth  of  2  series  of  parts,  the  outer  (sepals)  green,  the  inner  (petals 

colored.  Fam.  5.  Commelinaceae.l 

Perianth  6-parted.  Fam.  6.  Pontederiaceae. 

Family  i.     MAYACACEAE  Walp. 

Mayaca  Family. 

Slender  branching  aquatic  moss-like  herbs,  with  linear  sessile  i-nerved 
entire  soft  leaves,  notched  at  the  apex.  Flowers  solitary,  peduncled, 
white,  perfect,  and  regular,  the  peduncles  bracted  at  the  base.  Perianth 
persistent,  consisting  of  3  lanceolate  green  herbaceous  sepals  and  3  obo- 
vate  white  spreading  petals.  Stamens  3,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the 
petals ;  filaments  filiform ;  anthers  oblong,  somewhat  4-sided,  2-celled. 
Ovary  superior,  sessile,  i -celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  ovules  several 
or  numerous,  orthotropous ;  style  filiform;  stigmas  terminal,  entire  or 
with  3  short  lobes.  Capsule  i -celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  ovoid  or  globose, 


XYR1DACEAE.  235 

the  testa  reticulated  ;  embryo  at  the  apex  of  the  mealy  endosperm.    The 
family  consists  of  the  following  genus : 

i.  MAYACA  Aubl. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Aboriginal  name  of  these  plants  in  Guiana.]  Abou* 
7  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America.  Only  the  following  occurs  in  the 
United  States  : 

i.  Mayaca  Aubl&ti  Michx.  MAYACA.  (I.  F.f.  892.)  Stems  tufted,  7-55 
cm.  long,  little  branched.  Leaves  densely  clothing  the  stem  and  widely  spreading, 
linear-lanceolate,  translucent,  4-6  mm.  long,  about  0.5  mm.  wide;  peduncles  4-1.^ 
mm.  long,  very  slender,  recurved  in  fruit  ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad,  lateral,  rarely 
more  than  one  on  each  branch  ;  capsule  oblong-oval,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
tipped  until  dehiscence  by  the  subulate  style.  In  fresh  water  pools  and  streams, 
Va.  to  Ha.  and  Tex.  May-July. 

Family  2.  XYRIDACEAE  Lindi. 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family. 

Tufted  herbs,  with  basal  narrow  equitant  commonly  2-ranked  leaves, 
and  erect  simple  leafless  scapes.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  yellow,  nearly 
or  quite  regular,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  imbricated 
bracts  (scales),  forming  terminal  heads.  Sepals  3,  the  two  lateral  ones 
small,  keeled,  persistent,  the  other  one  larger,  membranous  (wanting  in 
the  South  American  genus  Abolboda).  Corolla  inferior,  with  a  narrow 
tube  and  3  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  usually 
alternating  with  as  many  plumose  or  bearded  staminodia.  Ovary  sessile, 
i -celled  or  incompletely  3-celled  ;  ovules  on  3  parietal  placentae,  "ortho- 
tropous ;  style  terminal  (unappendaged  in  Xyris,  in  Abolboda  appendaged 
at  the  base),  3-branched  above  ;  stigmas  apical.  Fruit  an  oblong  3-valved 
capsule.  Seed-coat  longitudinally  striate.  Embryo  apical.  Endosperm 
mealy  or  somewhat  fleshy.  Two  genera,  comprising  some  60  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  distribution  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 

i.  XYRIS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Characters  of  the  family  as  given  above.  [Greek  name  for  some  plant  with 
2-edged  leaves.] 

Besides  the  following  species  there  are  some  9  others  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Lateral  sepals  wingless,  the  keel  fringed  with  short  hairs.  i.  X.flexuosa. 

Lateral  sepals  winged,  the  keel  fimbriate  or  lacerate. 

Scapes  not  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base ;  leaves  flat  or  but  slightly  twisted. 
Lateral  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  their  keels  lacerate. 

Head  oblong,  3-6  mm.  long ;  northern.  2.  X,  montana. 

Head  oval  or  ovoid,  6-16  mm.  long  ;  southern. 

Keel  of  lateral  sepals  lacerate  to  below  the  middle.    3.  X.  macrocephala. 
Keel  of  lateral  sepals  lacerate  only  above  the  middle. 

4.  X.  Caroliniana. 
Lateral  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  their  keels  long-fimbriate. 

5.  X.fimbriata. 
Scapes  conspicuously  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base ;  leaves  spirally  twisted. 

6.  X.  arenicola. 

1.  Xyris  flexuosa  Muhl.     SLENDER  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  893,) 
Scapes  slender,  straight  or  sometimes  slightly  twisted,    1-4.5   dm.   tall,    2-edged 
above,  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base.     Leaves  flat  or  becoming  twisted  when  old, 
2-15  cm.  long,    1-3   mm.  wide  ;    head  globose,  or  short-oblong,   obtuse,   6-8  mm. 
high  ;  bracts  broadly  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  entire,  or  somewhat  lacerate  at  the 
apex  ;  lateral  sepals  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  curved,  fringed  with  short 
hairs  on  the  wingless  keel ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad.     In  bogs,  Me.  to  Minn.,  Ga. 
and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

2,  Xyris  montana  H.  Ries.     NORTHERN  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.     (I.  F.  £ 
894.)     Scapes  very  slender,  straight  or  slightly  twisted,   2-edged  above,  5-30011. 


2$6  FLORA. 

tall,  not  bulbous-tuiJxened  at  the  base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-1 5  cm.  king, 
1-2  mm.  wide,  not  twisted  or  but  slightly  so  ;  head  oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute, 
3-6  mm.  long  ;  bracts  rounded  and  finely  lacerate  at  the  apex;  lateral  sepals  linear, 
irregularly  serrate-fimbriate  on  the  winged  keel  above  the  middle,  about  as  long 
as  the  bracts.  In  bogs,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  July- Aug. 

3.  Xyris  macrocephala  Vahl.     SOUTHERN  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.      (I.  F.  f. 
895.)     Scapes  slender,  slightly   twisted,  2-edged  above,  I -edged  below,  not  thick- 
ened at  the  base,  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  7-25  cm. 
long,  2-8  mm.  wide;  head  ovoid,  or  subglobose,  blunt  or  subacute,  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng; 
scales   ovate  or   oval,    mostly   entire  ;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  the  winged  keel 
fimbriate  from  the  apex  to  below  the  middle  ;  corolla-lobes  obovate,  4-6  mm.  long. 
In  bogs,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.    June-Aug. 
(Jf.  conununis  Kunth.) 

4.  Xyris  Caroliniana  Walt.     CAROLINA  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
896.)     Scapes  mostly  slender,   straight  or  somewhat  twisted,  2-edged  above,  2-5 
dm.  tall,  not  thickened  at  the  base.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  1-4 
dm.   long,  2-10  mm.  wide;  head   globose,  ovoid  or  broadly  oval,  blunt,  8-16  mm. 
long;    scales  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  entire  or  bomewhat  lacerate;  lateral  sepals 
linear,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  the  narrowly  winged  keel  lacerate  or  incised- 
serrate  only  above  the  middle.     In  swamps  and  bogs,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and  La., 
mostly  near  the  coast.     June-Aug. 

5.  Xyris  fimbriata  Ell.     FRINGED  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.     (I.   F.  f.  897.) 
Scapes  rather  stout,   roughish,    straight  or   somewhat  twisted,   strongly   2-edged 
above,  0.5-1.2  m.  high.  Leaves  flat,  6-12  mm.  wide;  head  oblong-cylindric,  or  some- 
times globose-ovoid,  1-1.5  cm-  *n  diameter;  scales  obovate,  their  margins  entire  or 
the  apex  lacerate;  lateral  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  exserted,  long-fringed  on 
the  winged  keel  above  the  middle.     In  wet  pine  barrens,    S.   N.  J.   to  Fla.   and 
Miss.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     July-Sept. 

6.  Xyris  arenicola   Small.     TWISTED  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  898.) 
Scapes  stout,  much  spirally  twisted,    i -edged  below,  or  2-edged  at  the  summit, 
smooth   or    nearly    so,   the  base   conspicuously  bulbous-thickened   and   with    the 
sheathing  leaves  sometimes  2.5  cm.  in  diameter.     Leaves  narrowly  linear  from  a 
broad  shining  nearly  black  base,   rigid,   rather  shorter  than  the  scapes,  spiral!}: 
twisted;    head   oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,   acute  or   subacute,    1-2.5    cm.    long; 
bracts  oblong-obovate,   minutely  lacerate-serrulate  at  the  apex  or  entire;  lateral 
sepals  linear,  exserted,   the  winged  keel  fringed  with  rather  short  processes  above 
the  middle.     In  dry  pine  barrens,  S.   N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.,  mostly  near  the 
coast,  extending  north  to  Ark.  (X.  torta  Kunth,  not  J.  E.  Smith.)     May-Aug. 

Family  3.   ERIOCAULACEAE  LindL* 
Pipewort  Family. 

Bog  or  aquatic  herbs,  perennial  or  perhaps  sometimes  annual,  with 
fibrous  mostly  knotted  or  spongy  roots,  tufted  grass-like  basal  leaves, 
and  monoecious  (androgynous)  or  occasionally  dioecious  very  small 
flowers,  in  terminal  solitary  heads,  on  long  slender  scapes.  Head  of 
flowers  involucrate  by  bracts,  each  flower  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious 
scale.  Perianth  of  2  series  of  segments  or  rarely  of  one  series.  Stamens 
in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Ovary 
2-3-celled.  Ovules  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled,  2-3-seeded  capsule,  locu- 
licidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  pendulous,  orthotropous ;  endosperm  fari- 
naceous. Six  genera  and  about  340  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm 
and  tropical  regions,  a  few  extending  into  the  temperate  zones. 

Perianth  of  2  series  of  segments ;  sepals  and  petals  2  or  3 ;  stamens  distinct;  anthers  2- 
celled. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  inner  perianth-segments  (petals),     i.  Et^fifAuhn. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  inner  perianth-segments.  2.  Dupatya. 

Perianth  simple,  of  3  segments  (sepals)  ;    stamens   3,    monadelphous    below  ;    anthers 
i-celled.  3.  Lachnocaulon. 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morong. 


ERIOCA  ULA  CEAE. 

I.   ERIOCAULON  L.     (See  Appends  .) 

Acaulescent  or  very  short  stemmed  herbs,  the  scapes  erect,  or  when  immersed 
delicate,  angular  with  a  long  sheathing  bract  at  the  base.  Leaves  mostly  short, 
spreading,  acuminate,  parallel-nerved.  Head  of  flowers  woolly,  white,  lead- 
colored  or  nearly  black.  Staminate  flowers:  outer  perianth-segments  2  or  3,  dis- 
tinct or  sometimes  connate,  the  inner  united  below  into  a  tube,  alternate  with  the 
outer  ones,  each  with  a  minute  spot  or  gland  near  its  middle  or  apex  ;  stamens 
mostly  4-6,  one  opposite  each  perianth-segment,  the  filaments  of  those  opposite  the 
inner  segments  the  longer;  pistil  small,  rudimentary  or  none.  Pistillate  flowers: 
outer  perianth-segments  as  in  the  staminate  flowers,  the  inner  indistinct,  narrow; 
stamens  wanting;  ovary  sessile  or  stalked;  style  columnar  or  filiform,  stigmas  2  or 
3,  filiform.  Fruit  a  thin-walled  capsule.  Seeds  oval,  covered  with  minute  pro- 
cesses. [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  in  some  species.] 
About  no  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution  in  tropical  and  warm 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S.  and  3  in 
Mexico. 

Leaf-blades  as  long  as  the  sheaths,  coarsely  3-8-fenestrate-nerved ;    scapes  y-angled  ; 

heads  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  i.  E.  septangulare. 

Leaf-blades  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  finely  6-2o-fenestrate-nerved ;  scapes  io-i2-angled; 

heads  6-12  mm.  in  diameter.  2.  E.  compressum. 

Leaf-blades  much  longer  than  the  sheaths,  finely  io~5O-nerved ;  scapes  io-i4-angled  ; 

heads  8-16  mm.  in  diameter.  3.  E,  decangulare. 

1.  Eriocaulon  septangulare  With.     SEVEN- ANGLED  PIPEWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
899.)     Stem   a  mere. crown.     Leaf-blades  pellucid,  3-8-fenestrate-nerved,  1-8  cm. 
long;  scapes  weak,  twisted,  about   7-angled,   smooth,  2-20  cm.   tall,  or  when  sub- 
mersed sometimes   1-3.5  m-   l°ngl  involucral  bracts   glabrous,   or   the    innermost 
bearded  at  the   apex,  oblong,  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers;  marginal  flowers 
usually  staminate;  scales  of  the  receptacle  spatulate  or  obovate,  abruptly  pointed, 
brown  above;    staminate  flowers  about  2.5  mm.  high;    pistillate   flowers    scarcely 
more  than  half  as  large;  perianth-segments  of  both  kinds  of  flowers  white-bearded. 
In  still  water  or  on  shores,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  in  western 
Europe.     July-Oct. 

2.  Eriocaulon  compressum  Lam.     FLATTENED  PIPEWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  900.) 
Leaf-blades  6-2O-fenestrate-nerved,  tapering  to  a  long  sharp  tip,   rigid,  or  when 
submerged  thin  and  pellucid.     Stem  a  mere  crown  ;  scapes  1.5-9  dm.  tall  ;  smooth, 
flattened   when  dry,   IO— 12-angled  ;    involucral  bracts  rounded,   obtuse,   scarious, 
shining,  smooth,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series  ;  heads  frequently  dioecious  ;  recep- 
tacle glabrous  ;  flowers  3-4  mm.  high,  otherwise  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding. 
In  still  shallow  water,  S.  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  in  Cuba.     At  flowering 
time  the  styles  and  stigmas  are  much  exserted,  standing  above  the  heads  like  pro- 
jecting threads.     May-Oct. 

3.  Eriocaulon  decangulare  L.     TEN-ANGLED  PIPEWORT.      (I.  F.  f.  901.) 
Stems  short  and  thick,  2—5  cm.  long.     Leaf-blades  finely  many-nerved,  tapering  to 
a   blunt  tip,   i-5~5  ^m.    ^onS>  4—16   mm.    wide  ;    scapes    stout,    rigid,   glabrous, 
io-14-angled,    0.3-1  m.   tall;    heads  8-16   mm.    in  diameter;    involucral  bracts 
ovate,  often  eroded,  denticulate  at  the  apex  and  pubescent  below,  imbricated  in 
4  or  5  series  ;  receptacle  pubescent  with  many-celled  hairs  ;  flowers  4  mm.  high, 
densely  woolly  at  the  base  ;  scales  longer  than  the  flowers,  acute,  white-bearded  ; 
as  are  the  spatulate  perianth-segments.     In  swamps,  S.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     Also  in  Cuba.     June-Oct. 

2.  DUPATYA  Veil.     [PAEPALANTHUS  Mart.] 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  our  species  with  the  habit  of  Eriocaulon. 
Stems  very  short.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  tufted.  Scapes  slender,  several-? ngled, 
erect,  twisted  in  growth,  sheathed  at  the  base  by  a  long  acute  bract.  Flowers 
androgynous,  in  globular  or  hemispheric  heads,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale,  or  the 
scales  sometimes  obsolete.  Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series. 
Perianth  of  2  series,  each  of  2  or  3  segments  in  the  staminate  flowers,  the  outer 
segments  distinct,  the  inner  connate  :  stamens  2  or  3,  inserted  on  the  inner  perianth 
and  opposite  its  lobes,  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  outer  segments  distinct, 


233  FLORA. 

the  inner  often  connate  above  the  2-celled,  2-3-ovuled  ovary  ;  style  cleft  into 
2  or  3  entire  or  2-cleft  stigmas.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled,  2-3-seeded  capsule,  loculici- 
dally  dehiscent.  [Name  in  honor  of  Dnpaty.~\  About  215  species,  mostly  natives  of 
tropical  America.  Only  the  following  is  known  in  the  U.  S. : 

I.  Dupatya  flavidula  (Michx.)  Kuntze.  DUPATYA.  (I.  F.  f.  902.)  Leaves 
3-5 -nerved,  2-5  cm.  long,  awl-shaped,  woolly  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent  above.  Scapes  usually  numerous,  5 -angled,  pubescent,  1-3  dm.  high  ; 
sheaths  longer  than  the  leaves,  slightly  inflated  above,  pubescent  ;  involucral 
bracts  straw-colored,  glabrous,  obtuse,  oval,  shining,  somewhat  pubescent  at  the  base; 
scales  very  thin,  scarious- white,  linear,  slightly  pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the 
flowers  ;  flowers  about  2.5  mm.  high  ;  perianth  6-parted  ;  outer  perianth  of  the 
staminate  flowers  stalked,  woolly,  the  inner  a  campanulate  tube  with  3  stamens  ; 
pistillate  flowers  with  both  sets  of  perianth-segments  distinct,  the  inner  much 
narrower  than  the  outer  ;  style  3 -parted  ;  stigmas  3.  In  moist  pine  barrens, 
S.  Va.  to  Fla.  March-July. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON  Kunth. 

Tufted  herbs  with  the  habit  of  Eriocatdon,  the  leaves  linear.  Scape  several- 
angled,  sheathed  at  the  base  by  an  entire  bract  about  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  heads 
globose.  Receptacle  pilose.  Flowers  androgynous.  Perianth  of  3  segments. 
Staminate  flowers  with  3  stamens  united  below  into  a  thickened  tube  which  is  coa- 
lescent  with  a  body,  variously  regarded  as  a  corolla  or  as  a  rudimentary  pistil, 
bearing  at  its  apex  3  fimbriate  or  entire  lobes  alternate  with  the  filamenls  ; 
anthers  i -celled,  minute.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  sessile  3-celied,  3-ovuled  ovary 
surrounded  by  copious  woolly  hairs  at  the  base  ;  styles  united  below,  spreading 
above  into  3  divisions  which  are  2 -parted,  there  being  thus  6  stigmas.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  woolly  scapes  of  some  species.]  Four  known  species,  natives  of 
the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Lachnocaulon  anceps  (Walt.)  Morong.  HAIRY  PIPEWORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
903).  Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  2-8  cm.  long,  tapering  to  an 
obtuse  callous  tip.  Scapes  slender,  0.5—5  dm.  tall,  2— 4-angled,  clothed  with  long 
soft  appressed  upwardly  pointed  hairs  ;  sheaths  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
Icives  ;  heads  globose,  2-6  mm.  in  diameter  ;  involucral  bracts  ovate  or  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  flowers,  usually  brown  ;  flowers  about  2  mm.  high  ;  scales  brown, 
spatulate,  white-bearded  at  the  apex  ;  perianth  of  the  staminate  flowers  short- 
stalked,  pubescent  at  the  base,  woolly  and  fimbriate  at  the  summit  ;  segments  of 
the  pistillate  perianth  white,  glabrous,  obtuse  ;  ovary  densely  villous  around  the 
base  ;  seeds  strongly  ribbed.  In  most  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  March- June. 

Family  4.  BROMELIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Pine-Apple  Family. 

Epiphytic  herbs  (some  tropical  species  terrestrial),  mostly  scurfy,  with 
elongated,  entire  or  spinulose-serrate  leaves.  Flowers  spiked,  panicled, 
or  solitary,  regular  and  perfect,  usually  conspicuously  bracted.  Perianth 
of  3  thin  distinct  or  somewhat  united  sepals,  and  3  clawed  distinct  or 
united  petals.  Stamens  6,  usually  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  inferior  or  superior,  3-celled ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity, 
anatropous ;  style  short  or  elongated ;  stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-valved  in 
our  species.  Seeds  numerous,  the  testa  membranous.  Embryo  small, 
situated  at  the  base  of  the  copious  endosperm:  About  35  genera  and  900 
species,  all  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 

x.   TILLANDSIA   L. 

Epiphytic  plants  with  narrow  entire  leaves  and  white,  yellow  or  purple  flowers. 
Sepals  distinct  and  separate  or  very  nearly  so.  Petals  distinct.  Stamens  hypo- 
gynous  or  the  three  inner  ones  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  petals;  filaments  filiform; 
anthers  linear  or  linear-oblong.  Ovary  superior  ;  style  subulate  ;  stigmas  short. 
Capsule  seoticidally  3-valved.  Seeds  erect,  narrow,  supported  on  a  long  funiculus 
which  splits  up  into  fine  threads.  [Dedicated  to  Elias  Tillands,  Swedish  (?)  botanist 


COMMEL1NACEAE.  2$$ 

of  the  seventeenth  century.]     Afxmt  350  species,   natives  of  warm  and  tropical 
America.     Besides  the  following  some  9  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Tillandsia  usneoidis  L.  LONG  Moss.  FLORIDA  Moss.  (I.  F.  f.  904.) 
Stems  very  slender,  thread-like,  flexuous,  hanging  clustered  in  festoons  from  the 
branches  of  trees,  1-8  m.  long,  gray  and,  like  the  filiform  leaves,  densely  silvery- 
scurfy  all  over.  Leaves  scattered,  2-8  cm.  long,  scarcely  I  mm.  thick,  their  bases 
somewhat  dilated  ;  flowers  sessile  and  solitary  or  rarely  2  together  in  the  axils  cf 
the  leaves  ;  sepals  about  6  mm.  long,  pale  green  ;  petals  yellow;  stamens  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx  ;  capsule  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  at  length  splitting  into  3  linear 
valves.  E.  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  Very  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America. 

Family  5.  COMMELINACEAE  Reichenb. 

•          Spiderwort  Family. 

Perennial  or  annual  leafy  herbs  with  regular  or  irregular  perfect  and 
often  showy  flowers  in  cymes,  commonly  subtended  by  spathe-like  or  leafy 
bracts.  Perianth  of  2  series ;  a  calyx  of  mostly  3  persistent  sepals  and  a 
corolla  of  mostly  3  membranous  and  deciduous  or  fugacious  petals. 
Stamens  mostly  6,  hypogynous,  rarely  fewer,  all  similar  and  perfect  or  2 
or  3  of  them  different  from  the  others  and  sterile  ;  filaments  filiform  or 
somewhat  flattened  ;  anjtjjers^3*celled,  mostly  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  2-3-celled  ;  ovules  i  or  several 
in  each  cell,  anatropous  or  half  anatropous ;  style  simple  ;  stigmas  termi- 
nal, entire  or  obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Seeds  solitary  or  several  in  each  cell 
of  the  capsule.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  loculicidally  2-3-valved.  Embryo 
small.  Endosperm  copious.  About  25  genera  and  350  species,  mostly 
natives  of  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2  ;  petals  unequal ;  bracts  spathe-like.  i.   Commelina. 

Perfect  stamens  6,  rarely  5 ;  petals  all  alike ;  bracts  leaf-like.  2.   Tradescanlia. 

i.    COMMELINA    L. 

Somewhat  succulent,  branching  herbs,  with  short-petioled  or  sessile  leaves,  and 
irregular  mostly  blue  flowers  in  sessile  cymes  subtended  by  spathe-like  bracts. 
Sepals  unequal,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  slightly  united.  Petals  unequal,  2  of 
them  larger  than  the  third.  Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2,  one  of  them  incurved 
and  its  anther  commonly  larger.  Sterile  stamens  usually  3,  smaller,  their  anthers 
various.  Filaments  all  glabrous.  Capsule  3 -celled.  Seeds  i  or  2  in  each  cavity, 
the  testa  roughened,  smooth  or  reticulated.  [Dedicated  to  Kaspar  Commelin, 
1667-1731,  Dutch  botanist.]  About  95  species  of  wide  distribution  in  warm  and 
temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Spathes  not  united  at  the  base. 

Spathes  acuminate  ;  capsules  3-celled,  5-seeded.  i.   C.  nudiflora. 

Spathes  acute;  capsules  2-celled,  4-seeded.  2.   C.  communis. 

Spathes  with  united  bases. 

All  three  cavities  of  the  ovary  with  2  ovules. 

Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pubescence,  if  present,  not 

hirsute.  3.  C.  crispa. 

Sheaths  more  or  less  hirsute. 

Capsules  2-valved,  dorsal  cavity  indehiscent.  4.  C.  Virginica. 

Capsules  3-valved,  all  cavities  dehiscent.  5.   C.  erecta. 

Ventral  cavities  of  the  ovary  with  2  ovules,  dorsal  cavity  with  i  ovule. 

6.  C.  hirtella. 

I.  Commelina  nudiflora  L.  CREEPING  DAY-FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  905.)  Glabrous 
or  very  nearly  so;  stems  procumbent  or  creeping,  3-8  dm.  long.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  their  sheaths 
sometimes  ciliate  ;  spathe  acuminate,  2-4  cm.  long,-  peduncled,  the  2  bracts  not 
united  by  their  margins  ;  flowers  few  in  each  spathe,  6-12  mm.  broad  ;  ventral 
cavities  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovuled ;  capsule  commonly  5-seed«d 


240  FLORA. 

(2  seeds  in  each  of  the  ventral  cells,  i  in  the  clorsal) ;  seeds  oblong,  reticulated, 
about  2  mm.  long.  Along  streams  and  in  waste  places,  N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  Mo.,  south 
to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  through  tropical  America  to  Paraguay.  Widely  distributed  in 
Asia  and  Africa.  July-Oct. 

2.  Commelina  communis  L.  ASIATIC  DAY-FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  907.)    Glabrous 
or  nearly  so  ;  stems  ascending  or  decumbent,   sometimes   rooting   at  the   nodes, 
3-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  4-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,   smooth  ;  sheath  white-membranous 
with  green  veins,  sometimes  ciliate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  spathes  few,  peduncled,  their 
2   bracts  acute,  nearly  2.5  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent,  distinct; 
flowers  deep  blue,  12  mm.  broad  or  more  ;  ventral  cavities  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled, 
the  dorsal   i-ovuled  ;  capsule  2-celled,  each  cavity   2-seeded  ;  seeds  dark  brown, 
roughened.     In  waste  places,  S.  N.  Y.  and  E.  Penn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.     Ad- 
ventive  or  naturalized  from  Asia.     July-  Oct.  . 

3.  Commeiina    crispa  Wooton.     CURLEY-LEAVED    DAY-FLOWER.      Finely 
villous  or  glabrate  below  ;    stems  commonly  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches 
2-9.  dm.  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate.   3-8  cm.  long,    acuminate, 
crisped,  slightly  contracted  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  pale,  12-15   mm.   long,  ciliate  ; 
spathes  2-2.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  pubescent,  united  at  the  base ;  sepals 
orbicular-elliptic  ;  petals  various,  the  2  upper   light  blue,  with  slender  claws  and 
broadly  reniform  blades  1-1.5  cm.   broad,  the  third  white,    lanceolate,  2-3  mm. 
long  ;  capsules  4-5  mm.  long,  3-celled,  2  cavities  dehiscent,  third  cavity  indehis- 
cent  ;  seeds  smooth.     In  sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     Summer 
and  fall. 

4.  Commelina    Virginica  L.      VIRGINIA  DAY-FLOWER.      (I.  F.  f.  909.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  somewhat  pubescent,  or  glabrous  ;  stems  diffusely 
branched,  4-9  dm.   high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  6-12  cm.  long, 
acuminate  at  the  apex  ;  sheaths  inflated,  often  pubescent,  the  orifice  sometimes 
fringed  ;    spathes   several,   usually  peduncled,  the   2    bracts  acute  or  acuminate, 
15-25     mm.    long,    distinct  ;    corollas    2.5    cm.    broad  or    less,   showy  ;    capsule 
3-celled,  each   cavity    I -seeded,  the   dorsal   one  indehiscent  and  roughened.     In 
moist  soil,    S.  N.  Y.    to  111.  and    Mich.,    south  to    Fla.,  Neb.,    Tex.  and  through 
tropical  America  to  Paraguay.     June-Sept. 

5.  Commelina  erecta  L.    SLENDER  DAY-FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  908.)    Somewhat 
pubescent,  or  glabrous  ;  stems  commonly  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  3-7  dm.  tall, 
the  roots  thickened.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  6-15  cm.   long,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,   narrowed  at  the  base  ;    sheaths   12-25   mm-    l°ng»  often  hirsute  ;    spathes 
peduncled  or  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  distinct,  2-4  cm.  long  ;  corollas  12  mm. 
broad  or  more;  ovary  3-celled,  each  cavity  i-ovuled  ;  capsule  papery,  all  its  cavities 
dehiscent,  each  I -seeded  ;  seeds  ash-colored,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  puberulent. 
In  moist  soil,  S.  Penn.  (according  to  Watson),  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  in  tropical 
America.     Aug. -Oct. 

6.  Commelina  hirtella  Vahl.    BEARDED  DAY-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  906.)    Stem 
stout,  erect  or  ascending,  5-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  roughish, 
10-18  cm.  long,  their  sheaths  12-25  mm.  long,  fringed  with  rather  stiff  and  long 
brownish  hairs  and  sometimes  pubescent ;  spathes  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  often 
clustered  at  the  summits  of  the  stem  and  branches;  bracts  acute,  united  at  the  base, 
rather   strongly   cross-veined  ;    ventral  cavities  of  the   ovary  2-ovuled,  the  other 
i-ovuled  ;  capsule  5 -seeded;  seeds  brown,  somewhat  more  than  2  mm.  long,  smooth, 
minutely   puberulent.     In   moist  soil,    S.    N.   J.  to  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and   Tex. 
Aug. -Oct. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA  L. 

Somewhat  mucilaginous  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  stems,  mostly  narrow 
and  elongated  leaves,  and  showy  regular  flowers  in  terminal,  or  terminal  and  axil- 
lary, umbel-like  cymes  subtended  by  leaf-like  or  scarious  bracts.  Sepals  3,  dis- 
tinct, herbaceous.  Petals  3,  sessile.  Stamens  6,  all  alike  and  fertile;  or  those 
opposite  the  petals  shorter.  Filaments  bearded  or  glabrous.  Ovary  3-celled,  the 
cavities  usually  2-ovuled.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  3~i2-seeded. 
[In  honor  of  John  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  I,  died  1638-]  About  35  species, 


COAfMELINA  CEA  E.  241 

natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  America.     Besides  the  following;  some  8  others 
occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Umbel-like  cymes  peduncled,  subtended  by  small  bracts.  I.    T.  rosea. 

Umbel-like  cymes  sessile,  subtended  by  leaf-like  bracts. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  12-50  times  longer  than  broad. 

Stems  i  to  rarely  8  cm.  long;  bracts  longer  than  the  leaves.  2'.    T.  brevicaulis, 
Stems  elongated,  i-io  dm.  long ;  bracts  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Foliage  bright  green ;   pedicels,  like  the  sepals,  pilose  or  villous ;  sepals  be- 
coming  membranous. 

Pedicels  and  sepals  pilose  with  gland-tipped  hairs. 

Stems  1-3  dm.   tall  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  the  bases  sac-like,  whitish, 

broader  than  the  leaves.  3.    T.  bracteata. 

Stems  3-8  dm.  tall  ;    bracts  linear,  the  bases  not  sac-like,  greens 
narrower  than  the  leaves.  4.    7",  occidentalis. 

Pedicels  and  sepals  villous  with  non-glandular  hairs. 

5.  T.    Virginiana. 
Foliage  glaucous  ;  pedicels  glabrous  ;  sepals  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex, 

6.  7'.  reflexa. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  2-10  times  longer  than  broad. 

Slender  ;  stems  strict ;  cymes  solitary  and  terminal  or  on  corymbed  branches ; 

species  Alleghenian.  7.    7\  montana. 

Stout ;  stems  zigzag  ;  cymes  terminal  and  sessile  in  the  upper  axils;  species  cam- 

pestrian.  8.   7\  pilosa. 

1.  Tradescantia  rosea  Vent.     ROSEATE  SPIDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  914.)     Gla- 
brous;   stern    slender,    erect,    mostly   tufted,    12-30  cm.    tall.      Leaves   narrowly 
linear,   grass-like,  nearly  erect,  channeled,  10-18  cm.  long,  clasping  at  the  base; 
bracts  very  short  and  scarious;  cymes  terminal,  long-peduncled,  few-flowered,  sub- 
tended by  small  pointed  bracts;  pedicels  slender;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  mm. 
long,  shorter  than  the  petals;  corolla  rose-color,  12-16  mm.  broad;  filaments  hairy; 
style  slender,  long-exserted.     In  dry  woods,  Md.  to  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
April-Aug. 

2.  Tradescantia  brevicaulis  Raf.     SHORT-STEMMED  SPIDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
912.)     Villous  with  long  hairs;  stems  only  1-8  cm.  high,  the  plant  often  appearing 
nearly  stemless;  leaves  mostly  basal,  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng«   grass-like,  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  ciliate,  at  least  at  the  base,  glabrous,  or  villous  toward  the  apex;  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves,  but  usually  more  elongated;  cymes  4- 1 2 -flowered;  pedicels 
slender,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  villous;  sepals  oblong;  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  blue  or 
rose-purple.     In  dry  soil,  111.,  Ky.  and  Mo.     April-May. 

3.  Tradescantia  bracteata  Small.     LONG-BRACTED  SPIDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
9ioa.)     Deep  green,  glabrous  to  the  inflorescence  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect,  1-3 
dm.  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  dm. 
long,   long-acuminate;  sheaths  paler  than  the  leaf- blades,   conspicuously   ribbed, 
the  upper  often  ciliate;  bracts  of  the  involucre  2,  broader  than  the  leaves,  saccate 
at  the  base,  ciliate,  often  villous  on  the  back;  cymes  few-flowered;  pedicels  1.2—2.5 
cm.  long,  glandular-pubescent  like  the  sepals;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  involute;  corolla  blue  or  reddish,  about  2.5  cm.    broad.     In  sandy  soil, 
Minn,  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Kans.     Spring  and  summer. 

4.  Tradescantia  occidentalis   Britton.     WESTERN   SPIDERWORT.      Mostly 
glabrous  to  the  inflorescence,  bright  green.     Stems  solitary,  erect,  3-8  dm.  tall, 
simple;  leaves  linear,  2-3  dm.  long,   involutely  folded,  curved;  sheaths  1-4  cm. 
long,  conspicuously  ribbed,  rarely  with  a  few  cilia;  bracts  of  the  involucre  2,  linear, 
slightly  unequal;  pedicels  rather  slender,  1-2  cm.  long;  sepals  oblong  or  elliptic, 
apparently   lanceolate   by   the   involute  edges,   8-io  mm.  long,  glandular-pilose; 
petals  blue  or  reddish,  almost  I  cm.  long,  orbicular-ovate;  capsules  obovoid  or  ob- 
long. 5-6  mm.  long,  puberulent  at  the  apex;  seeds  3  mm.  long,  pitted  and  ridged. 
On  sand-hills,  Iowa  to  Tex.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     Summer.     (T.    Virginiana 
occidentalis  Britton . ) 

j.  Tradescantia  Virginiana  L.  SPIDERWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  910.)  Glabrous 
lightly  pubescent,  bright  green;  stems  stout,  2-4  dm.  tall.  Leaves  nearly  flat, 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  often  more  than  3  dm.  long;  bracts  leaf- 
like,  commonly  nearly  as  wide  as  the  leaves;  cymes  solitary  and  terminal,  or  rarely 


or  slit 


24*  FLORA. 

2-4,  loosely  several-many-flowered;  pedicels  villous,  slender;  corolla  blue  or 
purplish,  rarely  white,  2-4  cm.  broad,  very  showy;  sepals  elliptic,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  villous,  12-18  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  capsule. 
In  rich  soil,  mostly  in  woods  and  thickets,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  S.  Dak.,  south  to 
Va.,  Ky.  and  Ark.  Escaped  from  cultivation  in  N.  E.  May-Aug. 

6  Tradescantia  reflexa  Raf.  REFLEXED  SPIDERWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  91  ia.) 
Glabrous  to  the  sepals,  glaucous;  stems  erect,  3-9  dm.  tall,  mostly  branched,  rather 
strict;  leaves  linear,  2-5  dm.  long,  rather  rigid,  long-attenuate;  sheaths  large,  i- 
3  cm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucres  2,  unequal,  reflexed;  cymes  usually  densely 
fruited;  pedicels  slender,  2-3  cm.  long,  recurved;  sepals  oblong  or  elliptic,  appar- 
ently lanceolate  by  the  involute  edges,  8-10  mm.  long,  hooded  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 
at  the  apex;  corollas  blue  or  red,  2-3  cm.  broad;  petals  suborbicular;  capsule 
ovoid  or  oblong,  5-6  mm.  long,  glabrous.  In  sandy  or  loamy  soil,  Minn,  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.  Spring  and  summer. 

7.  Tradescantia   montana   Shuttlw.     MOUNTAIN   SPIDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
911.)     Dark  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,   3-7  dm.    tall.     Leaves  lanceolate  or   linear-lanceolate,    1-3  dm.   long, 
mostly  distant,   their  sheaths  enlarged;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  but  shorter; 
cymes  mostly  solitary  and  terminal,  sessile  in  the  bracts,  rather  densely  flowered; 
pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  pubescent;  corolla  less  than  2.5  cm.  broad;   sepals 
apparently  lanceolate  by  the  involute  edges,   acute,  hooded,  5-6  mm.   long.     In 
woods  and  thickets,  mountains  of  southwestern  Va.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.     June- Aug. 

8.  Tradescantia  pilosa  Lehm.     ZIGZAG  SPIDERWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  913.)    More 
or  less  puberulent  or  short-pilose;  stem  stout,  3-9  dm.  high,   commonly  flexuous, 
often  branched.     Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,    15-25  cm.  long,  dark  green  alx>ve,  paler  beneath ;  bracts  usually 
narrower  and  shorter  than  the  leaves;  cymes  3-8,  terminal  and  axillary  or  on  short 
axillary  branches,  densely  many-flowered;  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent  and  more 
or  less  glandular,  rarely  nearly  glabrous;  corollas  lilac-blue,  18-30  mm.  broad.     In 
thickets  and  on  shaded  hillsides,  southern  Penn.  to  111.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.   June- 
Aug. 

Family  6.     PONTEDERIACEAE  Dumort.* 

Pickerel-weed  Family. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  plants,  the  leaves  petioled,  with  thick  blades, 
or  long  and  grass-like.  Flowers  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular,  solitary 
or  spiked,  subtended  by  leaf-like  spathcs.  Perianth  free  from  the 
ovary,  corolla-like,  6-parted.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube 
or  the  base  of  the  perianth  ;  filaments  filiform,  dilated  at  the  base  or 
thickened  at  the  middle ;  anthers  2-celled,  linear-oblong  or  rarely 
ovate.  Ovary  3-celled  with  axile  placentae,  or  i -celled  with  3  parietal 
placentae  ;  style  filiform  or  columnar  ;  stigma  terminal,  entire  or  minutely 
toothed  ;  ovules  anatropous,  numerous,  sometimes  only  i  of  them  perfect- 
ing. Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  or  a  i-celled,  i -seeded  utricle. 
Endosperm  of  the  seed  copious,  mealy  ;  embryo  central,  cylindric.  About 
5  genera  and  25  species,  inhabiting  fresh  water  in  the  warm  and  temperate 
regions  of  America,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Flowers  2-lipped,  stamens  6  ;  fruit  a  i-seeded  utricle.  i.  Pontederia. 

Flowers  regular  ;  stamens  3;  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  2.  Heteranthera. 

i.     PONTEDERIA  L. 

Leaves  thick  with  many  parallel  veins,  the  petioles  long,  sheathing,  arising  from 
a  horizontal  rootstock.  Stem  erect,  i -leaved,  with  several  sheathing  bract-like 
leaves  at  the  base.  Flowers  blue,  ephemeral,  numerous,  spiked,  the  spike 
(or  spadix)  peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  thin  bract-li'ke  spathe.  Perianth 
2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  3  ovate  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  longest,  the  lower  lip  of 
3  linear-oblong  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  6,  borne  at  unequal  distances  upon  the 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  Rev,  Thomas  Morong. 


PONTEDERIACEAE.  243 

perianth-tube,  3  of  them  opposite  the  lower  lip,  the  others  opposite  the  upper  lip  ; 
anthers  oblong,  subversatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  2  of  the  cells  abortive  and 
empty.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the  thickened  tuberculate-ribbed  base  of  the  perianth. 
[In  honor  of  Giulio  Pontedera,  1688-1757,  professor  of  botany  in  Padua.]  Seven 
or  eight  species,  natives  of  America. 

i.  Pontederia  cordata  L.  PICKEREL-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  915.)  Stem  rather 
stout,  0.3-1.1  m.  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  cordate-sagittate,  1-2  dm.  long,  5-15  cm. 
wide  at  the  base,  the  apex  and  basal  lobes  obtuse  ;  basal  lobes  often  with  long 
narrow  appendages  on  the  sheathing  petiole  ;  spadix  and  inflorescence  glandular- 
pubescent  ;  perianth  about  8  mm.  long,  it  and  the  filaments,  anthers,  and  style 
bright  blue,  its  tube  curved,  slightly  longer  than  the  lobes;  middle  lobe  of  the  upper 
lip  with  2  yellow  spots?  at  the  base  within  ;  ovary  oblong,  tapering  into  the  style  ; 
stigma  minutely  3-6  toothed.  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  N.  S.  to  Minn., 
Fla.  and  Tex.  The  flowers  are  trimorphous.  June-Oct. 

Pontederia  cordata  lancifolia  (Muhl.)  Morong.  Leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  5-25  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide.  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Cuba  and  Tex. 

2.     HETERANTHERA  R.&  P. 

Herbs  with  creeping,  ascending  or  floating  stems,  the  leaves  petioled,  with 
cordate,  ovate,  oval  or  reniform  blades,  or  grass-like.  Spathes  I -flowered  or 
several-flowered.  Flowers  small,  white,  blue  or  yellow.  Lobes  of  the  perianth 
nearly  or  quite  equal,  linear.  Stamens  3,  equal  or  unequal,  inserted  on  the  throat 
of  the  perianth.  Ovary  fusiform,  entirely  or  incompletely  3-celled  by  the  intrusion 
of  the  placentae  ;  ovules  numerous  ;  stigmas  3-lobed.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the 
withered  perianth  tube.  Seeds  ovoid,  many-ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
unequal  anthers  of  some  species.]  About  9  species,  2  in  tropical  Africa,  the  others 
American  ;  only  the  following  in  the  U.  S. 

Leaves  mostly  reniform,  sometimes  cordate-ovate.  I.  H.  reniformis. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sometimes  slightly  cordate.  2.  H.  timosa. 

Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  floating.  3.  H.  dubia. 

1.  Heteranthera  reniformis   R.  &  P.     MUD-PLANTAIN.      (I.  F.   f.  916.) 
Stems  creeping  in  the  mud,  rooting  at  the  nodes.     Leaves  cordate  or  reniform- 
rarely  cordate-ovate  and  acute,  the  blades  1-3  cm.   long,  1.5-3.5  cm.  wide;  peti, 
oles  sheathing,  2-io  cm.  long;  spathe  2-5-flowered;  tube  of  the  perianth  slender, 
about  8  mm.  long,  its  lobes  shorter;  flowers  white  or  pale  blue;  anthers  basifixed, 
the  2  upper  oval,  the  other  on  a  longer  filament  and  linear.     In  mud  or  shallow 
water,  Conn,  to  N.  J.,  Neb.   and  Kans.,  south  to  La.  Also  in  South  and  Central 
America. 

2.  Heteranthera  limosa  (Sw.)  Willd.     SMALLER  MUD  PLANTAIN.   (I.  F.  f. 
917.)     Stems  commonly  much  branched  from  the  base,  1.5-4  dm.   long.     Leaves 
obtuse,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  petioles  5-13  cm. 
long;  spathes  I -flowered,  often  on  peduncles  2  cm.  long  or  more;  flowers  white  or 
blue,  usually  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding ;  filaments  equal  or  nearly  so ;  anthers 
linear,  often  sagittate.     In  mud  or  shallow  water,   Va.  to  Ky.,  Neb.,   Fla.,  La., 
Kans.  and  throughout  tropical  America. 

3.  Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.     WATER  STAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  918.) 
Aquatic;  stem  slender,  forked,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  6-10  dm.  long.     Leaves 
flat,  elongated,  acutish,  their  sheaths  thin,   with  small  acute  stipule-like  append- 
ages; flowers  light  yellow,   the  perianth-segments  narrow;  stamens  nearly  equal  ; 
tube  of  the  perianth  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng;  spathe  i-2-flowered;  filaments  dilated  below  ; 
anthers  linear,  4  mm.  long,   sagittate;  stigma  several-lobed  ;  capsule  i-celled  with 
3  parietal  placentae,  many-seeded.     Li  still  water,  Ont   to  Ore.,  Fla.  and  Mex. 
Also  in  Cuba.    July-0ct«      \H.  graminea  Vahl.] 


244  FLORA. 

Order  8.     LILlALES. 

Monocotyledonous  plants,  mostly  with  well-developed  perianth,  the 
flowers  usually  regular  and  complete,  and  their  parts  in  3*5  or  6's.  Ovary 
superior  or  inferior,  compound.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  horny. 

Ovary  superior  (except  in  Aletris  of  the  Liliaceae,  and  some  species  of  Zygadenus  in  the 

Melanthaceae). 
Perianth-segments  distinct,  green  or  brown,  not  petal-like  ;    herbs  with  grass-like 

leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fam.   i.  Juncaeeae. 

Perianth-segments  distinct,  or  partly  united,  at  least  the  inner  petal-like. 

Fruit  a  capsule  (except  in  Yucca  baccata,  where  it  is  large,  fleshy  and  indehis- 

cent). 

Capsule  mostly  septicidal ;  plants  rarely  bulbous.  Fam.  2.  Melanthaceae, 
Capsule  loculicidal  (septicidal  in  Calochorttis) ;  plants  mostly  bulbous. 

Fam.  3.  Liliaceae. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  berry. 

Erect  herbs  ;  tendrils  none  ;  flowers  perfect.  Fam.  4.   Convallariaceae. 

Vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  or  rarely  erect  ;  flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary 
umbels.  Fam.  5.  Smt/aceae. 

Ovary  inferior,  wholly  or  in  part.  -  ^ — 

Stamens  3,  opposite  the  inner  corolla-segments.  Fam.  6.  Haemodoraceae. 

Stamens  6  in  our  species. 

Erect  perennial  herbs  ;  flowers  perfect.  Fam.  7.  Amaryllidaceae. 

Twining  vines  ;  flowers  dioecious.  Fam.  8.  Dioscoreaceae. 

Stamens  3,  opposite  the  outer  corolla-segments.  Fam.  9.  Jrtdaceae. 

Family  17.     JUNCACEAE  Vent.* 

Rush   Family. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  grass-like,  usually  tufted  herbs,  com- 
monly growing  in  moist  places.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  or 
decompound,  paniculate,  corymbose,  cymose,  or  umbelloid,  rarely  re- 
duced to  a  single  flower,  bearing  its  flowers  singly,  or  loosely  clustered, 
or  aggregated  into  spikes  or  heads.  Flowers  small,  regular,  with  or  with- 
out bracelets  (prophylla).  Perianth  6-parted,  the  parts  glumaceous. 
Stamens  3  or  6,  rarely  4  or  $,  the  anthers  adnate,  introrse,  2-celled, 
dehiscing  by  a  slit.  Pistil  superior,  tricarpous,  i -celled  or  3-celled,  with 
3-many  ascending  anatropous  ovules,  and  3  filiform  stigmas.  Fruit  a 
loculicidal  capsule.  Seeds  3-many,  small,  cylindric  to  subglobose,  with 
loose  or  close  seed-coat,  with  or  without  caruncular  or  tail-like  append- 
ages. Seven  genera  and  about  200  species,  widely  distributed. 

Leaf-sheaths  open  ;  capsule  i-  or  3-celled,  many-seeded  ;  placentae  parietal  or  axial. 

i.  June  us. 
Leaf-sheaths  closed;  capsule  i-celled,  3-seeded,  its  placenta  basal.  2.  Juncoidts. 

I.  JUNCUS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Usually  perennial  plants,  principally  of  swamp  habitat,  with  glabrous  herbage: 
stems  leaf-bearing  or  scapose,  leaf-sheaths  with  free  margins,  and  leaf  blades  terete, 
gladiate,  grass-like,  or  channeled.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  corymbose,  often 
unilateral,  sometimes  congested,  bearing  its  flowers  either  singly  and  with  2  bract- 
lets  (prophylla),  or  in  heads  and  without  bractlets,  but  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract  ; 
bractlets  almost  always  entire;  stamens  6  to  3;  ovary  i -celled  or  by  the  intrusion 
of  the  placentae  3-celled,  the  placentae  correspondingly  parietal  or  axial;  seeds 
several-many,  usually  distinctly  reticulated  or  ribbed,  often  tailed.  About  l^o 
species,  most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  The  species  bloom  in  sum- 
mer. [Latin,  frortijungo,  to  bind,  in  allusion,  to  the  use  of  these  plants  for  w?,thes 


*  Contributed  by  Mr.  FREDERICK  V.  COVILLB, 


JUNCACEAE.  245 

A.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  not  conspicuously  channeled,  ere.t. 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  the  inflorescence  therefore  appearing  lat- 
eral ;  stem  leaves  none. 

1.  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.      GENUINI. 

Perianth-parts  green,  or  in  age  straw-colored. 

Perianth-parts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule,  all  acute. 

Stamens  3;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  much  shorter  than  the  stem. 
Capsule  without  a  distinct  apical  papilla.  i.  J.  effusus. 

Capsule  with  a  distinct  apical  papilla.  2.  J.  conglomeratus. 

Stamens  6;  leaf  of  inflorescence  about  equalling  the  stem,  or  longer. 

3.  J.  filiformis. 
Perianth-parts  reaching  only  the  middle  of  the  capsule,  inner  obtuse. 

4.  J.  gymnocarpus. 
Perianth-parts  with  a  chestnut-brown  stripe  down  either  side  of  the  midrib. 

5.  /.  Baltic  us. 

2.  Flowers  not  bracteolate,  inserted  in  heads  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     THA- 

LASSICI. 

Perianth-parts  pale  brown  ;  seed  tailless.  6.  J.  Roemerianus. 

Perianth-parts  green,  or  in  age  straw-colored ;  seed  tailed.  7.  J.  maritimus. 

B.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  infloresence  not  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem, 
or  if  so,  conspicuously  channeled  along  the  upper  side,  the  inflorescence  usually  ap- 
pearing terminal. 

1.    LEAF-BLADE  TRANSVERSELY  FLATTENED  (INSERTED  WITH  ITS  FLAT  SURFACE 
FACING  THE  STEM),  OR  TERETE  AND  CHANNELED,  NOT  PROVIDED  WITH  SEPTA. 

*  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  sometimes 

clustered  or  congested,  but  never  in  true  heads.      POIOPHYLLI. 
Annual;  inflorescence,  exclusive  of  its  leaves,  more  than  one-third  the  height  of  the 

plant.  8.  J.  bufonius. 

Perennial;  inflorescence,  excluding  leaves,  not  one-third  the  height  of  the  plant. 
Leaf-blade  flat,  but  sometimes  involute  in  drying. 

Inflorescence  i-3-flowered;  leaves  with  fimbriate  auricles. 

9.  J.  trifidus. 
Inflorescence,    except   in   depauperate   specimens,    several-many-flowered ; 

leaves  with  entire  auricles. 

Cauline  leaves  i  or  2,  rarely  wanting ;  perianth-parts  obtuse. 

10.  /.  Gerardi. 
Cauline  leaves  none;  perianth  parts  acute  or  acuminate. 

Inflorescence  usually  much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers 
seldom  plainly  secund ;  perianth  3.5-5.5  mm.  long,  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  capsule ;  capsule  obovoid,  broadly  rounded  at  the 
apex,  the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the  axis. 

11.  J.  tennis. 
Inflorescence   rarely   exceeded   by   its   lowest  leaf;  flowers  plainly 

secund  on  the  branches;  perianth  2.5-4  rnm.  long,  equalling  the 
capsule ;  capsule  oblong,  3-sided,  truncate  at  the  apex ;  placentae 
meeting  at  the  axis.  12.  J.  secundus. 

Leaf-blade  terete,  channeled  along  the  upper  side. 

Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  not  four  lengths  of  the  panicle;  capsule  oblong 
to  obovoid. 

Seed  tailed.  13.  J.   Vaseyi. 

Seed  not  tailed. 

Perianth  2.5-3  mm-  long>  plainly  exceeded  by  the  capsule. 

14.  J.  Greenei. 
Perianth  3.5-4  mm.  long,  not  exceeded  by  the  capsule. 

15.  J.  dichotomus. 
Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  rarely  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  the 

panicle;  capsule  globose-ovoid.  16.  J.  setaceus. 

**  Flowers  not  bracteolate,  in   true   heads   on   branches   of  the   inflorescence.      GRA- 

MINIFOLII. 

Stem  erect ;  capsule  oblong  or  obovoid,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 

Stamens  3,  with  red-brown  anthers ;  capsule  not  mucronate. 

17.  J.  marginatus. 

Stamens  6,  with  yellow  anthers ;  capsule  mucronate.       18.  J.  longistylis. 
Stem  creeping-,  floating,  or  ascending;  capsule  subulate.        19.  J.  repens. 


246  FLORA. 

2.  LEAF-BLADE  NOT  TRANSVERSELY  FLATTENED,  COMMONLY  TERETE,  HOLLOW, 
PROVIDED  WITH  SEPTA. 

*  Leaf -blade  usually  channeled  along  the  upper  side ;  septa  usually  imperfect,  not  exter- 
nally evident ;  inflorescence  of  1-4  heads  ;  plants  of  arctic  or  alpine  range.     ALPINI. 
Body  of  the  seed  i  mm.  in  length  or  more. 

Leaf-sheath  not  auriculate.  20.  J.  castaneus. 

Leaf-sheath  auriculate.  21.  J.  stygius. 

Body  of  the  seed  less  than  i  mm.  in  length. 

Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  foliose,  erect ;  capsule  deeply  retuse  at  apex. 

22.  J.  biglumis. 
Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  membranous,  spreading ;  capsule  obtuse  and  mucro- 

nate  at  the  apex.  23.  J.  triglumis. 

**  Leaf-blade  not  channeled  along  the  upper  side  (except  in_/.  bulbosns),  the  septa  per- 
fect (except  in_/.  polycephalus),  and  usually  externally  evident;  inflorescence,  ex- 
cept in  depauperate  specimens,  of  several  to  many  heads;  plants  not  of  arctic- 
alpine  range.  SEPTATI. 

\  Stamens  6,  one  opposite  each  perianth-part. 

Heads  reduced  to  one,  or  rarely  two  flowers.  24.  J.  pelocarpus. 

Heads  2-many-flowered. 

Epidermis  not  roughened. 

Plants  with  two  kinds  of  leaves,  one  normal,  the  other  basal,  submersed,  and 
capillary. 

Plant  low,  less  than  2.5  dm.  high.  25.  J.  bulbosus. 

Plant  tall,  more  than  2.5  dm.  high.  26.  J.  militaris. 

Plants  without  submerged  capillary  leaves. 

Capsule  oblong,  either  abruptly  acuminate  or  bluntly  acute. 

Branches  widely  spreading;  capsule  sharply  acute,  tapering  into  a  con- 
spicuous tip.  27.  J.  articulatus. 
Branches  usually  strict ;  capsule  broadly  acute,  or  obtuse,  with  a  short 

tip.  28.  j.  Richardsonianus. 

Capsule  subulate. 

Leaf-blades  erect;  inner-perianth-parts  longer  than  the  outer. 

29.  J.  nod os us. 
Leaf-blades   abruptly   divergent   from   the  stem;    outer  perianth-parts 

longer  than  the  inner.  30.  J.  Torreyi. 

Epidermis  of  the  leaves  roughened  with  minute  tubercles.     31.  J.  Caesariensis. 

ft  Stamens  3,  none  opposite  the  inner  perianth-parts. 

Capsule  less  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth.  32.  J.  brachycarpus 

Capsule  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth. 

Capsule  tapering  evenly  into  a  prominent   subulate  beak. 

Leaf-blade  vertically  flattened  and  with  incomplete  septa,  only  rarely  compressed 

and  with  complete  septa.  33.  J.  polycephalus. 

Leaf-blade  terete  or  nearly  so,  the  septa  complete. 

Uppermost  cauline  leaf  with  a  well-developed  blade. 

34.  J.  scirpoides. 
Uppermost  cauline  leaf  with  a  rudimentary  blade  rarely  exceeding  3  dm.  in 

length.  35.  J.  megacephalus. 

Capsule  obtuse  to  acute  at  the  apex,  sometimes  mucronate,  but  not  prolonged  into 
a  beak. 

Seed  0.6-2  mm.  long. 

Perianth  about  2  mm.  long,  the  fruiting  head  not  more  than  4  mm.  high. 

36.  J.  brachyceplialus. 
Perianth  3-4  mm.  long,  or  if  shorter,  the  fruiting  head  4  mm.  high  or  more. 

37.  J.  Canadensis. 
Seed  0.4-0.5  mm.  long. 

Perianth  and  mature  capsule  2-4  mm.  long. 

Perianth  2.5-4  mm.  long,  or  if  less  the  whole  plant  not  5  dm.  high. 

38.  J.  acumitanus. 
Perianth  2-2.5  rnm.  long,  the  whole  plant  more  than  5  drr>.  high. 

39.  J.  robustus. 
Perianth  and  mature  capsules  4-6  mm.  long.             40.  _/.  diffusissimiis. 

I.  Juncus  effusus  L.  COMMON  RUSH.  Boo  RUSH.  SOFT  RUSH.  (I.  F.  f. 
919.)  Plant  0.4-1.2  m.  high,  tufted,  erect.  Rootstock  branching,  proliferous; 
stem  soft,  merely  striate  beneath  the  inflorescence;  basal  leaf-blades  reduced  to 
filiform  rudiments;  inflorescence  many-flowered,  2-10  cm.  high,  in  one  form  con- 
gested; lowest  bract  of  the  inflorescence,  5-25  cm.  long;  perianth  2-3  mm.  long,  its 
parts  green,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  olx>- 
Vvn'd,  3-celled,  muticous,  regularly  dehiscent;  seed  0.4-0.5  mm.  in  length,  reticulate 


JUNCACEAE.  247 

in  about  16  longitudinal  rows.     In  swamps  and  moist  places,  nearly  throughout 
N.  A.,  except  the  arid  and  high  northern  portions.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Juncus  conglomerate  L.     GLOMERATE   RUSH.     (I.  F.   f.  920.)     Plant 
3-6  dm.    high,   tufted,  erect.     Rootstock  stout,  with  proliferous  branches  ;   stem 
distinctly   ribbed  just  beneath  the  inflorescence  ;  leaf-blades  wanting,  or  minute 
filiiorm  rudiments  ;  inflorescence  congested,  seldom  more  than  2  cm.  high  ;  lowest 
bract  of  the    inflorescence   5-15    cm.    long ;   perianth  2.5-4  mm.  long,  its  parts 
green,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  obovoid, 
obtuse  or  retuse  at  apex,  tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style  ;  seed  0.4-0.5  mm.  in 
length,  acute  or  abruptly  apiculate  at  both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  1 6  longitudinal 
rows.     In  the  sphagnum  bogs  of  Newf.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  Juncus  filiformis  L.     THREAD  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  921.)    Stems  1-6  dm.  tall, 
erect,   from   a   creeping  rootstock  ;    basal   leaves   reduced    to  bladeless  sheaths  ; 
inflorescence  commonly  with  less  than  8  flowers  and  le? s  than  2  cm.  high  ;  perianth 
2.5-3.5    mm.    long,  its   parts   narrowly   lanceolate,    acute,    or  the  inner  obtuse ; 
stamens  6,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perianth  ;  style  very  short ;  capsule  obovoid, 
green,  barely  pointed,  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth,  3-celled  ;  seed 
about  0.5  mm.  long,  pointed  at  either  end,  with  an  irregularly  wrinkled  coat,  seldom 
developing  reticulations.     Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  Perm.,  Mich.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Utah  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  A^ia. 

4.  Juncus   gymnocarpus  Coville.      PENNSYLVANIA   RUSH.      (I.  F.  f.  922.) 
Stems  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  about  2  mm.  thick,  from  a  creeping  proliferous  root- 
stock  ;    basal  leaves   reduced  10  bladeless  clasping  sheaths  ;    panicle   commonly 
1.5-3  cm.  high,  spreading,  its  subtending  leaf  usually  1-2.5    dm.  l°ng  i  perianth 
2  mm.  in  length  or  a  little  less,  its  parts  with  a  green  midrib,  equal,  lanceolate,  the 
outer   acute,  the  inner  obtuse  ;    capsule  almost  twice   as  long  as  the  perianth, 
broadly  ovoid,  conspicuously   mucronate,   brown   and   shining-,  barely  dehiscent, 
3-celled ;  seed  about  0.6  mm.  long,  none  with  perfect  markings  seen.     In  swamps, 
mountains  of  Schuylkill  and  Lebanon  counties,  Penn. 

5.  Juncus  Balticus  Willd.    BALTIC  RUSH.   (I.  F.  f.  923.)   Stems  2-9  dm.  high, 
arising  at  intervals  from  a  stout  creeping  rootstock;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless 
sheaths;  panicle  commonly  2-6  cm.  high;  perianth  3-4.5  mm.  long,  its  parts  nearly 
equal,  brown  with  a  green  midrib  and  hyaline  margins;  style  1-2  mm.  long;  stigmas 
a  little  shorter;  stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  perianth;  anthers  much 
longer  than  the   filaments  ;   capsule  about  as  long  as  the  perianth,  pale  to  dark 
brown,    narrowly   ovoid,    conspicuously   mucronate,  3-celled  ;  seeds  usually  with 
a    loose    coat,   nearly  I    mm.  long,  about  4O-striate.     On  shores,  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
S.  N.  Y.,  Ohio  and  Neb.,  and  far  south  in  the  western  mountains.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     Variable. 

6.  Juncus  Roemerianus  Scheele.     ROEMER'S  RUSH.     (L  F.  f.  924.)    Stems 
0.5-1.2'  m.  tall,  from  a  tough  scaly  rootstock  5-10  mm.  thick  ;  inner  sheaths  bear- 
ing erect  blades  of  about  the  same  length  as  the  stem  ;  inflorescence  1-2.5  cm- 
high,  diffuse,  its   leaf  6-15  cm.  long  ;   heads  2-6-flowered  ;  perianth  pale  brown, 
2-3.5  mm>  l°ng»  tne  parts  linear-oblong,  the  outer  acuminate,  the  inner  shorter  and 
bluntly  acute;  flowers  imperfectly  dioecious;  stamens  6,  on  fertile  plants  reduced 
to  sterile  staminodia  ;   capsule  brown,   about  as  long  as   the  perianth,  narrowly 
obovoid,    obtuse  or  truncate,    mucronate,   3-celled ;    seed   dark   brown,   abruptly 
apiculate,   indistinctly   reticulate   or  distinctly  2O-26-ribbed   and   the  intervening 
spaces  imperfectly  cross-lined.     In  brackish  marshes,  N.  J.  to  Tex. 

7.  Juncus  maritimus  Lam.      SEA   RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  925.)     Stems  0.5-1   m. 
high,  from  a  stout  horizontal  rootstock.     Outer  basal  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless 
sheaths,  the  innermost  foliosc,  with  a  long  terete  stout  blade  about  equalling  the 
stem  ;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  erect,  sometimes  3  dm.  long;  panicle  0.7-2  dm.  high, 
its  branches,  stiff,  erect  ;  heads  2-6-flowered  ;  perianth  3-3.5   mm.  long,  its  parts 
green,  lanceolate,  with  hyaline  margins;  flowers  perfect ;  stamens  6,  two-thirds  as- 
long  as  the  perianth  ;  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  capsule  3-3.5  mm. 
long,  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  mucronate,  brown  above,  3 -celled;  seed  brown,  the 
body  narrowly  and  obliquely  oblong,  2O-3O-ribbed,  indistinctly  reticulate,  tailed  at 
either  end.     Coney  Island,  N.  Y.     Common  on  the  coasts  of  Europe. 

8.  Juncus  bufonius  L.     TOAD  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  926.)     Plant  branching  from 
the  base,  annual,  erect,  seldom  exceeding  2  dm.  in  height;  leaf-blade  flat,  0.5-1  mm. 


248  FLORA. 

wide,  in  low  plants  often  much  narrower;  inflorescence  with  blade-bearing  leaves 
at  the  lower  nodes;  flowers  inserted  singly  on  its  branches;  perianth -parts  4-7  mm. 
long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equal;  stamens  usually  6,  sometimes  3;  anthers  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly  ob- 
long, obtuse,  mucronate,  3-celled;  seed  broadly  oblong,  with  straight  tips,  minutely 
reticulate  in  30-40  longitudinal  rows.  A  cosmopolitan  species,  occurring  through- 
out N.  Amv  except  the  extreme  north. 

9.  Juncus  trifidus  L.     HIGHLAND  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  927.)     Tufted,  1-3  dm. 
high;  stems  about  0.5  mm.  thick;  basal  leaves  almost  bladeless  sheaths,  the  upper- 
most with  a  rudimentary  blade  and  fimbriate  auricles;  stem  leaf  i,  near  the  inflo- 
rescence, with  a  narrower  blade;  inflorescence  a  cluster  of  1-3  flowers,  the  lowest 
subtending  bract  similar  to  the  stem  leaf;  perianth  dark  brown,  2.5-3.5  mm-  l°ng» 
stamens  6;    capsule  equalling  the  perianth,  coriaceous,  3-celled,  obovoid,  mucro- 
nate-aristate;  seeds  few,  narrowly  obovoid,  acute  at  the  base,  irregularly  angled, 
minutely  striate  both  longitudinally  and  transversely.     Greenland  and  Lab.,  south 
on  the  higher  mountains  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

10.  Juncus  Gerardi  Lois.     BLACK-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  928.)     Tufted,  2-7.5  dr«. 
high,  with  creeping  rootstocks.     Basal  leaves  with  rather  loosely  clasping  auricu- 
late  sheaths;  cauline  leaves  usually  I  or  2,  similar  to  the  basal;  inflorescence  pan- 
iculate; perianth  2-2.5  mm.  long,  its  parts  oblong,  obtuse,  with  green  midrib  and 
dark  brown  margins,  straw-colored  in  age;   stamens  6,  barely  exceeded  by  the 
perianth;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments;  capsule  longer  than  the  perianth, 
obovoid,  mucronate,  shining,  3-celled  ;    seed  dark  brown,  obovate,  acute  at  base, 
obtuse  and  often  depressed  at  the  summit,  marked  by  12-16  conspicuous  ribs,  the 
intervening  spaces  cross-lined.     On  salt  meadows,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Fla.; 
rare  in  W.  N.  Y.  and  the  vicinity  of  the  Great  Lakes.     Occurs  also  on  the  north- 
west coast,  and  in  Europe. 

11.  Juncus   tenuis  Willd.     SLENDER   RUSH.     YARD   RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  929.) 
Tufted,  2-7.5   dm.  high;  basal  leaves  with  blades  0.5-1.5  mm.  wide,  sometimes 
involute  in  drying;  stem  leaves  none;  inflorescence  usually  much  exceeded  by  its 
lowest  leaf,  i  dm.  high  or  less;  perianth  3.5-5  mm.  long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, widely  divergent,  touching  the  capsule  for  about  half  their  length;  stamens 
6,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule  oblong  to  obovoid,  rounded  at  the 
top,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  0.4-0.5  mm.  long,  narrowly  oblong  to  obovoid,  with 
oblique  ends,  reticulated  in  about  16  rows.     In  dry  or  moist  soil,  almost  through- 
out N.  Am.,  now  migrating  to  all  parts  of  the  world.     Variable. 

12.  Juncus  secundus  Beauv.     SECUND  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  930.)    Tufted,  1.5- 
4dm.  high;  leaves  usually  less  than  one-third  the  height  of  the  plant;  inflores- 
cence 2-10  cm.  high,  the  flowers  secund  on  the  branches;  perianth-parts  2.5— 
3.5  mm.  long,  equalling  or  barely  exceeding  the  capsule  and  appressed  to  it  for 
about  two-thirds  their  length;  stamens  6,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  3 -sided  above  the  middle  with  straight  sides  and  a  trun- 
cate apex,  completely  3-celled,  the  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis;  seed  0.3-0.4  mm. 
long,  narrowly  oblong  to  ovoid,  obliquely  tipped,  with  12-16  longitudinal  rows  of 
areolse.     In  dry  soil,   Me.  (according  to  Fernald),  N.  J.,  Penn.   to  N.  Car.,   and 
occasional  in  the  middle  Miss.  Valley. 

13.  Juncus   Vaseyi   Engelm.     VASEY'S   RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.   931.)    Tufted,  3- 
6  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  with  minutely  auriculate  sheaths,  the  uppermost  bearing 
a  terete  channeled  blade;  stem  leaves  none;  inflorescence  4  cm.  in  height  or  less, 
4~4O-flowered ;  perianth  3-4  mm.  long,  the  parts  subulate-lanceolate,  with  hyaline 
margins;  stamens  6;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  almost  wanting; 
stigmas  short;  capsule  slightly  exceeding  the  perianth,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or 
truncate,  with  a  short  tip,  3-celled;  seed  long-tailed,  with  a  linear-oblong  oblique 
body  about  0.5  mm.  long,  2O-24-ribbed.     Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mich..  111.  and  Iowa. 

14.  Juncus  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.     GREENE'S  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  932.) 
Tufted,  2-6  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  with  terete  channeled  blades  one-half  to  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  stem;  panicle  2-4  cm.  high,  rather  compact,  much  exceeded 
by  its  lowest  bract;    perianth  2.5-3  mm.  long,  its  parts  stiff",  lanceolate,  sharply 
acute,  with  brownish  red  stripes  and  apex,  the  inner  shorter;  stamens  6;  anthers 
about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  capsule  one-fourth  to  one-half  longer  than  the  peri- 
anth, ovate-lanceolate,  truncate,  3-celled;  seed  obliquely  oblong,  0.4-0.5  mm.  long, 


IUNCA  CEAE.  249 

slightly  reticulated  in  about  20-24  rows,  the  areolae  nearly  square.     N.  B.  to  N.  J., 
near  the  coast;  Mich.,  Wis.,  Minn,  and  Ont. 

15.  Juncus  dichotomus  Ell.     FORKED  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  933.)     Tufted,  3-10 
dm.  high;  leaves  all  basal  except  those  of  the  inflorescence;  blades  terete,  channeled 
along  the  upper  side,  about  one-half  the  height  of  the  stem ;    inflorescence  panicu- 
late, subsecund ;    perianth  about  4  mm.  long,  its  parts  subulate-lanceolate,   straw- 
colored  when  old ;  stamens  6 ;  capsule  slightly  shorter  than  the  perianth,  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucronate,  i-celled;  seed  oblong,  dark  brown,  obliquely  apiculate,  less  than 
0.5  mm.  long,  reticulate  in  about  14  longitudinal  rows,  the  smooth  areolse  about  as 
long  as  broad.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 

16.  Juncus  setaceus  Rostk.     AWL-LEAVED  RUSH.     (I.  F. /.  934.)     Densely 
tufted.     Stems  terete,  spreading,  4-10  dm.  long ;    leaves  all  basal  except  those  of 
the  inflorescence,  the  uppermost  sheath  usually  bearing  a  long  terete  blade  similar 
to  the  stem,  but  channeled;  the  other  sheaths  with  filiform  blades;  involucral  leaf 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  1-3  dm.  long ;  inflorescence  appearing 
lateral,  5  cm.  long  or  less ;  perianth  2-5  mm.  long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
rigid,  widely  divergent  in  fruit ;  stamens  6 ;  capsule  globose,  shining,  mucronate, 
i-celled,  barely  dehiscent;  seed  subglobose,  0.5-0.6  mm.  long,  reticulate  in  about 
12  longitudinal  rows.     In  marshes,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast,  extending 
north  in  the  Miss.  Valley  to  Mo. 

17.  Juncus    marginatus    Rostk.      GRASS-LEAVED    RUSH.      (I.   F.    f.    935.) 
Tufted,   1.5-7.5  dm.  high  from  branching  rootstocks.      Leaf-sheaths  auriculate  ; 
blades   1-3  mm.  Iroad,  2-4  conspicuous  veins  in  addition  to  the  midrib ;   inflores- 
cence I  dm.  high  or  less,  the  panicle  composed  of  2-20  turbinate  to  subspherical 
5-io-flowered  heads;  perianth  2.5-3.5  mm-  l°ng»  the  outer  parts  ovate,  acute,  the 
inner  slightly  longer,  obtuse,  with  hyaline  margins  ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  ovate,  much 
shorter  than  the  filaments;    capsule  equalling  the  perianth,  obovoid,  truncate  or 
retuse,  almost  3-celled,  the  placentae  deeply  intruded ;    seed  oblong,  0.4-0.5  mm. 
long,   pointed  at  either  end,  i2-i6-ribbed.     Grassy  places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Fla.  and 
Neb. 

Juncus  marginatus  aristulatus  (Michx.)  Coville.  Taller,  sometimes  i.i  m.  high  ;  leaf- 
blades  2-5  mm.  broad  ;  heads  usually  20-100,  mostly  2-5-flowered.  N.Y.  to  Fla.  and  Mex., 
mostly  near  the  coast;  Miss.  Valley  to  Kans.  and  Mich. 

Juncus  marginatus  setosus  Coville.  Inner  perianth-parts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate ;  seeds  smaller.  Kans.  to  Mex. 

1 8.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.     LONG-STYLED  RUSH.     (I.   F.  f.  936.)    Stems 
erect,  loosely  tufted,  2-7.5  dm-  high,  slender,  compressed,  i~3-leaved.     Leaf-blades 
1.5-3  mm.  wide,  the  midrib  well  defined;  inflorescence  5  cm.  high  or  less,  usually 
of  2-10  irregular  3-8-flowered  heads,  or  reduced  to  a  single  larger  one;  perianth 
5-6  mm.  long,  the  parts  equal,  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens  6,  the  yellow 
linear  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments ;  style  about  I  mm.  long ;  stigmas  2-3  mm. 
long;    capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth,  oblong,  brown,  angled  above,  obtuse  or 
depressed  at  the  summit,  mucronate,  3-celled;  seed  oblong,  white-tipped,  about  0.5 
mm.  long,  i4-2O-ribbed.     Neb.  and  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

19.  Juncus  repens  Michx.     CREEPING  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  937.)     Perennial  by 
prostrate  rooting  branches;  stems  compressed,  ascending,  floating  or  prostrate,  0.5-5 
dm.  long.     Leaves  with  compressed  sheaths,  auriculate,  the  blades  2-8  cm.  long, 
1-2  mm.  broad,  filiform-acuminate;  inflorescence  of  1-8  heads,  one  or  more  heads 
often  occurring  also  at  the  lower  nodes;  heads  5-io-flowered;  flowers  6- 10  mm. 
long;  perianth-parts  subulate-lanceolate,  the  outer  keeled,  about  one-third  shorter 
than  the  inner;  stamens  3;  filaments  longer  than  the  yellow  anthers;  capsule  subu- 
late, beakless,  about  as  long  as  the  outer  perianth-parts,  3-celled ;  seed  oblong,  acute 
at  either  end,  finely  reticulate.     In  swamps  and  streams,  Del.  to  Fla.,  Cuba  and 
Tex.,  and  in  Lower  Cal. 

20.  Juncus   castaneus   Smith.      CHESTNUT   RUSH.      (I.  F.  f.    938.)     Stems 
erect,  1-5   dm.  high,  terete,  leafless,  or  with  a  single  leaf,  arising  singly  from  a 
slender  rootstock.     Basal  leaves  3-5,  the  outer  sheaths  short,  loose,  the  inner  clasp- 
ing, their  blades  tapering  to  a  slender  channeled  acutish  apex;  inflorescence  strict, 
usually  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  heads  1-3,  3-12-flowered;  pedicels  1-2.5  mm- 
long;  perianth  brown  or  black,  4-7  mm.  long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acute;  anthers 


250  FLORA. 

about  I  mm.  long;  capsule  brown,  U-2  times  as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly 
oblong,  tapering  to  an  acute  summit,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  2.5-4  mm.  long, 
contracted  into  long  slender  tails.  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  along  the  Rocky  Mts. 
to  Colo.  In  Europe  and  Asia. 

21.  Juncus  st^gius  L.     MOOR  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  939.)     Rootstock  none ;  stems 
0.7-3    dm.  high?   single,  or   few    together,  erect,    l-3-leaved   below;    leaf-sheaths 
1-2   cm.   long,   clasping,   auriculate;  blades   2-IO  cm.  long,   slightly  compressed, 
channeled  on  the  upper  side,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point;  inflorescence  of  1-4  heads; 
heads  i-4-flowered;  perianth  3-5   mm.  long,  pale,  its  parts  lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
equal;    anthers  oblong,   shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  6-8  mm.  long,  pale 
brown,  spindle-shaped,  mucronate,  3-celled  below,  few-seeded;  seed  spindle  shaped, 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  with  a  loose  coat,  narrowed  into  thick  tails.     Newf.  to  Me.,  N. 
N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Minn.;  also  in  Br.  Col.  and  Europe. 

22.  Juncus   biglumis   L.     TWO-FLOWERED  RUSH.      (I.  F.  f.    940.)     Stems 
0.2-2  dm.  high,  loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  rootstock,  nearly  terete.     Leaves  1-5, 
all  basal,  the  outermost  sheath  usually  8  mm.  long  or  less,  the  innermost  sometimes 
much  longer,  the  blades  nearly  terete;    inflorescence  a  capitate  cluster  of  1-4 
flowers,  its  lowest  bract  erect,  foliose;  perianth  3-3.5   mm.  long,  dark  brown,  its 
parts  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  equal;  anthers  linear-oblong;  capsule  longer  than  the 
perianth,  cylindric-oblong,  3-sided,  retuse  at  the  summit;  purplish  black,  or  with 
purple-margined  valves,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  0.5-0.6  mm.  long,  fusiform, 
narrowed  into  short  stout  tails.     Baffin  Bay  to  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

23.  Juncus  triglumis  L.     THREE-FLOWERED  RUSH.      (I.  F.  f.  941.)     Stems 
7-17  cm.  high,  loosely  tufted  on  the  branched  rootstock,  erect,  terete.     Leaves  1-5, 
all  basal,  with  sheaths  clasping  and  conspicuously  auriculate,  the  blades  subterete, 
blunt;  inflorescence  a  capitate  cluster  of  1-5  (usually  3)  flowers;  the  lowest  2  cr  3 
bracts  usually  brown,  obtuse  and  membranous;  perianth  3-4  mm.  long,   its  parts 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  anthers  linear,  short;  capsule  about  equalling  the  peri- 
anth, oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate.  3 -angled,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  about  2  mm. 
long,   oblong,   abruptly  contracted  into  slender  tails.     Lab.  and  Newf.  to  Alaska, 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Col.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

24.  Juncus  pelocarpus  E.  Meyer.    BROWNISH-FRUITED  RUSH.    (L  F.  f.  942.) 
Rootstock  slender;  stems  0.7-5  ^m-  high;  i-5-leaved;  basal  leaves  2-4,  mostly  with 
slender  terete  blades  seldom  exceeding  12  cm.  in  length;  inflorescence   I  cm.  in 
height  or  less;  panicle  loose,  with  distant  heads  of  I  or  sometimes  2  flowers;    peri- 
anth 1.5-3  mm-  l°ng'  the  parts  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  the  inner  sometimes  acute; 
stamens  6;  anthers  slightly  exceeding  the  filaments;    style  commonly  I  mm.  long; 
capsule  subulate-linear,    I -eel  led,   its  slender  beak  exceeding  the  perianth;    seed 
oblong  to  obovoid,  0.4-0.5  mm.  long,  reticulate  in  about  24  rows.     Newf.  to  N.  J. 
and  Minn. 

Juncus  peloc&rpus  subtllis  (E.  Meyer)  Engelm.      Much  smaller,  depressed,  i-few- 
flowered.     N.  Me.  and  adjacent  Can. 

25.  Juncus  bulbosus  L.     BULBOUS  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  943.)     Tufted,  5-20  cm. 
high ;  usually  bulbous.     Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  basal  mostly  submersed,  filiform, 
the  cauline  stouter,  all  with  auriculate  sheaths,  panicle  of  i-io  heads;  heads  4-15- 
flowered,  some  of  the  flowers  often  transformed  into  tufts  of  small  leaves ;  perianth 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  its  parts  nearly  equal,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  brown,  or  with  a 
green  midrib;    stamens  3;    capsule  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  slightly 
exceeding  the  perianth,  brown  above,  i-celled;  seed  narrowly  oblong,  about  0.5  mm. 
long,  acute  at  base,  obtuse  and  apiculate  above,  25-3O-ribbed.     Lab.  and  Newf. 
Common  in  Europe. 

26.  Tuncus  militaris  Bigel.     BAYONET  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  944.)     Stems  0.5- 
1.2  m.  nigh,  erect,  stout,  3-6  mm.  thick  below,  arising  from  a  stout  roctstock. 
Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submersed  borne  in  fascicles  on  the  rootstock  and  develop- 
ing filiform  blades  sometimes  5  dm.  long;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  loose  bladeless 
sheaths;  stem  leaves  I  or  2,  the  lower  with  a  long  stout  terete  blade,  the  upper, 
when  present,  reduced  to  a  bladeless  sheath;  inflorescence  7-15   cm.  high;  heads 
6-i2-flowered;  perianth  3-3.5  mm.   long,   its  parts  narrowly  linear-subulate,   the 
inner  longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  6;  capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  beaked,  i-cslled, 


JUNCACEAE.  251 

few-seeded,  about  equalling  the  perianth;  seed  obovoid,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  retic- 
ulated in  about  24  rows.  Shallow  margins  of  lakes,  ponds  or  streams,  N.  S.  to 
N.  N.  Y.  and  Md. 

27.  Juncus  articulatus  L.  JOINTED  RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  945.)  Rootstock  branch- 
ing; stems  erect  or  ascending,  4-6  dm.  high,  tufted,  somewhat  compressed,  2-4- 
leaved,  basal  blade-bearing  leaves  I  or  2,  usually  dying  early;  stem  leaves  with 
conspicuously  septate  blades;  inflorescence  rarely  exceeding  I  dm.  in  height,  its 
branches  spreading;  heads  6-12-flowered;  perianth  2-3  mm.  long,  the  parts  nearly 
equal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  reddish  brown  with  a  green  midrib  or  green  through- 
out; stamens  6;  capsule  longer  than  the  perianth,  brown,  3-angled,  tapering  into  a 
conspiciuous  tip,  i-celled;  seed  oblong-obovoid,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  reticulate  in 
about  16-20  rows.  Lab.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia. 

28.  Juncus  Richardsonianus  Schult.     RICHARDSON'S  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  946.) 
Stems  erect,  1.5-5   dm.  high  in  loose  tufts,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  i-2-leaved; 
panicle  6-20  cm.  high,  sparse,  its  branches  strict  or  slightly  spreading;  heads  3-12- 
flowered;  perianth  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  ^e  irmer  parts  shorter  than  the  outer,  obtuse, 
the  outer  paler;  stamens  6;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid- 
oblong,  slightly  exceeding  the  perianth,  with  a  short  tip;  seed  about  0.5  mm.  in 
length,  narrowly  obovoid  to  oblong,   apiculate,   acute  or  acuminate  at  the  base, 
lightly  reticulate  in  about  20  rows.     N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  Penn.,  Neb.  and  Wash. 

29.  Juncus  nodosus  L.     KNOTTED  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  947.)     Stems  1.5-6  dm. 
high,  erect,  arising  singly  frrm  thickenings  of  a  slender  rootstock;  stem  leaves  2-4, 
and  like  the  basal  ones  with  long  erect  blades;  panicle  seldom  exceeding* 6  cm., 
bearing  1—30  heads;  heads  several-many-flowered,  7—12  mm.  in  diameter;  perianth 
2.4—3.5  mm-  l°ngi  its  parts  lanceolate-subulate,  the  inner  longer  than  the  outer; 
stamens  6;  capsule  lanceolate-subulate,  3-sided,  i-celled,  exceeding  the  perianth; 
seed  oblong,  acute  below,  apiculate  above,  rarely  more  than  0.4  mm.  long,  reticu- 
late in. 20-30  rows.     N.  S.  to  Va.,  Neb.  and  Br.  Col.     Also  in  Nev. 

30.  Juncus  Torreyi  Coville.     TORREY'S  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  948.)     Stems  2-10 
dm.  high;   rootstock  slender,  with  tuberiform  thickenings;  leaf-blades  stout,  terete, 
abruptly  divergent  from  the  stem;  inflorescence  congested,  consisting  of  1—20  heads; 
heads  10-16  mm.  in  diameter;  perianth  4-5  mm.  long,  its  parts  subulate,  the  outer 
longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  6;  capsule  subulate,  3-sided,  i-celled,  beaked;  seed 
0.4-0.5  mm.  in  length,  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  20  longitudi- 
nal rows.     W.  N.  Y.  to  Tex.  and  the  Pacific  coast. 

31.  Juncus  Caesariensis  Coville.     NEW  JERSEY  RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  949.)   Stems 
0.5-1  m.  high,  stout,  erect,  slightly  roughened;  basal  leaves  few,  the  iippermost, 
like  the  cauline,  with  long  erect  terete  roughened  blades;  inflorescence  2-10  cm. 
high,  with  spreading  branches,  its  lowest  bract  with  a  small  blade;  heads  2-5 -flow- 
ered; perianth  4-5   mm.  long,  the  parts  lanceolate-acuminate,  stiff,  green,  striate, 
the  inner  longer  than  the  outer;    stamens  6;    capsule  lanceolate-oblong,  3-sided, 
mucronate-acuminate,  incompletely  3-celled;    seed  tailed  at  both  ends,  altogether 
about  2  mm.  long.     Sandy  swamps  of  S.  N.  J.     [/.  asper  Engelm.,  not  Sauzd.J 

32.  Juncus  brachycarpus  Engelm.     SHORT-FRUITED  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  950.) 
Stems  erect,  2-9  dm.  high,  terete,  i-4-leaved;  blades  terete,  2  mm.  thick  or  less; 
inflorescence  sometimes  I  dm.  high  and  with  20  spherical  heads;  perianth  3-4  mm. 
long,  its  parts  subulate,  the  inner  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  outer;   stamens 
3;  capsule  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth,  oblong,  mucronate,  I-celled; 
seed  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  0.4  mm.  long,  reticulate  in  about  18  longitu- 
dinal rows.     S.  Ont.,  through  the  Miss.  Valley  to  Okla.,  Tex.  and  Miss. ;  also  from 
N.  Car.  to  Md. 

33.  Juncus  polycephalus  Michx.    MANY-HEADED  RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  951.)  Stems 
stout,  about  I  m.  high,  compressed,  2— 4-leaved.     Leaves  0.5  m.  in  length  or  less, 
the  upper  shorter;  blades  vertically  flattened,  3-8  mm.  broad;  inflorescence  1-3.5 
dm.  high;  heads  globose,  7-10  mm.  in  diameter;   perianth  3-4  mm.  long,  its  parts 
subulate;  stamens  3;  capsule  subulate,  I-celled,  exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  nar- 
rowly oblong,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  acute  at  each  end,  with  nearly  straight  tips, 
reticulate  in  about  12  rows.     In  swamps,  Va.  (?)  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

34.  Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.     SCIRPUS-LIKE  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  952.)     Stems 
2-9  dm.  high,  erect,  terete,   in  clusters.     Stem  leaves  1-3;  blades  terete,  2  mm. 


FLORA. 

thick  or  less,  usually  less  than  I  dm.  long,  the  septa  perfect;  basal  leaves  similar, 
but  with  longer  blades;  inflorescence  strict  or  slightly  spreading,  sometimes  1.5  dm. 
in  length;  heads  2-30,  globose,  6-12  mm.  in  diameter;  perianth  2.5-3.5  mm-  long> 
its  parts  subulate,  the  inner  somewhat  shorter;  capsule  subulate,  I -celled,  its  long 
beak  exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  abruptly  apiculate  at  either  end,  reticu- 
late in  14-20  longitudinal  rows.  Me.  (according  to  Fernald),  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

35.  Juncus  megacephalus  M.  A.  Curtis.     CAROLINA  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  953.) 
Stems  3-9  dm.  high,  tufted  from  a  branching  rootstock,  stout,  2-3-leaved.     Leaves 
with  auricled  sheaths,  the  blades  of  the  basal  2  dm.  long  or  less;  the  uppermost 
rarely  2  cm.  in  length;  inflorescence  1.5  cm.  high  or  less,  its  lowest  leaf  almost 
bladeless,  the  others  scarious;  panicle  of  1-40  heads;  heads  spherical,  8-12  mm. 
in  diameter;  perianth  3-3.5  mm.  long,  its  parts  subulate,  the  outer  longer  than 
the  inner;  stamens  3;  capsule   subulate,  beaked,  equalling  the  perianth,  3-sided, 
i-celled;  seed  oblong,  acute  at  either  end,  reticulate  in  12-14  rows.    Va.  (?),  N.  Car. 
to  Fla. 

36.  Juncus    brachycephalus    (Engelm.)    Buch.      SMALL -HEADED    RUSH. 
(I.   F.  f.   954.)      Stems  3-6  dm.   high,  tufted,    2-4-leaved;    leaves  all  with  well 
developed  blades,  the  lower  commonly  1-2  dm.  long;  inflorescence  commonly  6-15 
cm.    high,  with    spreading  branches;    heads    top-shaped,  2-5-flowered;    perianth 
2-2.5  mm-  l°ng»  its  Pai"ts  lanceolate,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  inner;  stamens  3; 
capsule  reddish  brown,  about  one-half  longer    than   the    perianth,  ovoid-oblong, 
tipped,  3-sided,    i-celled;  seed  with  narrowly  oblong  body,  short-tailed  at  either 
end,  20-30-ribbed.      Me.  to    Penn.,  111.  and  Wis. 

37.  Juncus   Canadensis  J.  Gay.     CANADA   RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  955.)     Stems 
0.3-1.2  m.   high,   erect,    stout,  2-4-leaved,  few  in  a  tuft.      Basal  leaves  usually 
decayed  at  flowering-time;  stem  leaves  with  large  loose  auriculate  sheaths,  and  a 
stout  erect  blade  usually  1-2.5  dm.   l°ng;  panicle  0.7-2.5  dm.  in  height;  heads 
usually    crowded,    5-4O-flowered;    perianth    3-4    mm.    long,    the    parts    narrowly 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  3;  capsule  lanceolate, 
acute,  mucronate,  3-sided,  i-celled,   reddish  brown,  exceeding  the  perianth;  seed 
1-2  mm.  long,  tailed  at  either  end,  the  body  with  a  smooth  shining  coat,  about 
4O-striate.     N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  La. 

Juncus  Canadensis  subcaud&tus  Engelm.  Stems  4-7. 5  dm.  high,  slender,  frequently 
w?£ik  and  reclining;  heads  few,  scattered;  seed  with  very  short  tails.  R.  I.  to  Penn. 
and  Ga. 

Juncus  Canadensis  brevicaudktus  Engelm.  Stems  erect,  2-7.5  dm.  tall,  slender, 
closely  tufted  ;  panicle  contracted  ;  heads  2-6-flowered  ;  seed  long-tailed  N.  S.  to  Minn, 
and  N.  J. 

38.  Juncus   acuminatus   Michx.     SHARP-FRUITED    RUSH.     (I.    F.    f.    956.) 

Plant  2.5-9  dm.  high;  rootstock  short.  Stems  few  or  several  in  a  tuft,  erect, 
i-3-leaved;  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  1-2  dm.  long;  inflorescence  0.5-1.5  dm. 
high,  and  with  5-50  heads,  rarely  larger,  or  reduced  even  to  a  single  head,  its 
branches  usually  spreading;  heads  3-2O-flowered ;  perianth  2.5—3.5  mm-  l°nR>  its 
parts  lanceolate-subulate,  nearly  equal;  stamens  3;  capsule  ovate-lanceolate, 
broadly  acute,  mucronate,  I -celled,  equalling  the  perianth,  light  brown;  seed 
oblong,  about  0.5  mm.  in  length,  tipped  at  either  end,  reticulate  in  16-20  longitudinal 
rows.  Me.  to  S.  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Mex.  Also  on  the  northwest  coast.  Heads 
often  proliferous. 

Juncus  acuminktus  dt^bilis  (A.  Gray)  Engelm.  Smaller,  densely  tufted,  2.5-5  dm. 
high,  the  stems  often  weak  and  procumbent;  perianth  shorter,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  capsule 
linear  oblong,  obtuse,  about  one-third  longer  than  the  perianth,  short-tipped.  N.  J.  to 
S.  Car. 

39.  Juncus  robustus  (Engelm. )  CovMle.     STOUT  RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  957.)     Plant 
about  9  dm.  high.     Stems  single  or  few  in  a  tuft,  stout,  nearly  terete,  i-2-leaved; 
blades  erect,  terete,  conspicuously  many-septate,  2-6  dm.   long,   usually  reaching 
or  exceeding  the  inflorescence;    inflorescence  1-2.5  dm.  high,  with   innumerable 
(commonly  300-500)  heads;    heads  2-io-flowered;  perianth   2-2.5  mm.   long,   its 
parts  nearly  equal,  lanceolate-subulate;  stamens  3;  capsule  equalling  or  one-third 
exceeding  the  perianth,   straw-colored,  oblong,  obtuse  with    a    short  tip,  3-sided 


JUNCA  CEAE.  253 

when  dry,  i-celled;  seed  nearly  as  in  J.  acuminatus.     S.  111.  to  Kans.,  Okla.,  La. 
and  Tex. 

40.  Juncus  diffusissimus  Buckley,  DIFFUSE  RUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  958.)  Plant 
3-6  dm.  high.  Stems  few  in  a  tuft,  erect,  slender,  terete  or  slightly  compressed, 
2 -4- leaved;  blades  1-2  dm.  long;  inflorescence  diffusely  branched,  1-2  dm.  high 
and  broad;  heads  3-12-flowered;  perianth  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
equal;  capsule  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  4-5.5  mm.  long,  with  a  short  tip,  3- 
sided,  light  brown,  i-celled;  seed  oblong  to  obovoid,  acute  at  the  base,  abruptly 
tipped,  reticulate  in  about  16  rows.  S.  Kans.  to  Miss,  and  Tex 

a.  JUNCOIDES  Adans.     [LUZULA  DC.]     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  plants,  with  herbage  either  glabrous  or  sparingly  webbed,  stems  leaf- 
bearing,  leaf-sheaths  with  united  margins,  and  leaf-blades  grass-like.  Inflorescence 
umbelloid,  paniculate,  or  corymbose,  often  congested;  flowers  always  bracteolate, 
the  bractlets  usually  lacerate  or  denticulate;  stamens  6  in  our  species;  ovary 
i-celled,  its  3  ovules  with  basal  insertion;  seeds  3,  indistinctly  reticulate,  sometimes 
carunculate,  not  distinctly  tailed.  [Greek,  meaning  like  JUHCUS.~\  About  40 
species,  widely  distributed,  mostly  flowering  in  spring. 

Inflorescence  umbelloid,  i  or  2  flowers  on  each  of  its  branches.  i.  J.  pilosum. 

Inflorescence  theoretically  paniculate,  the  flowers  often  cro\vded  in  spike-like  clusters. 
Outer  perianth-parts  shorter  than  the  inner ;  introduced  species.    2.  J.  nemorosum. 
Perianth-parts  equal  or  nearly  so  ;  native  species. 

Flowers  1-3  together,  on  the  branches  of  an  open  panicle.      3.  J.  parvijlorutn, 
Flowers  crowded  into  one  or  more  thick  spikes  or  spike-like  clusters. 

Inflorescence  nodding.  4.  J.  spicatum. 

Inflorescence  erect  or  spreading,  or  its  individual  branches  rarely  nodding. 
Inflorescence  of  1-3  spike-like  or  capitate   flower-clusters,  or  the  leaf- 
blades  sharp-pointed. 
Inflorescence  crowded  into  a  single  cluster ;  leaves  flat,  usually  with 

a  blunt  apex.  5.  J.  nivale. 

Inflorescence   in    1-4  clusters;   leaves   narrowed   above,    involute- 
channeled,  apex  very  sharp.  6.  J.  hyperboreum. 
Inflorescence  of  2-12  spike-like  or  capitate  clusters ;    leaf-blades  with 
blunt  points.  7.  J.  campestre. 

1.  Juncoides.  pilosum  (L.)   Kuntze.     HAIRY  WOOD-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.   959.) 
Tufted,  often  stoloniferous.     Steins  erect,  2-4-leaved,  1.5-3  dm.  high;  leaf-blades 
3-8  mm.  wide,  flat,  slightly  webbed,  acuminate  into  a  blunt  tip;  inflorescence  an 
umbelloid  flower-cluster,  the  filiform   pedicels  equal  or  nearly  so,  I -flowered  or 
sometimes  2-flowered;  perianth  2.5-3  mm.  long,  its  parts  triangular-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, brown  with  hyaline  margins,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  toothed  bractlets; 
capsule  about  one-fourth  exceeding  the  perianth,  its  valves  ovate,  acuminate;  seed 
provided  at  the  summit  with  a  conspicuous  hooked  caruncle.     N.  B.  to  Alaska, 
N.  Y.,   Mich,   and    Ore.,   and   in  the   Alleghanies   to   N.  Car.     Also   in   Europe 
and  Asia. 

2.  Juncoides  nemorosum  (Poll.}  Kuntze.     FOREST  WOOD-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
960.)     Loosely  tufted  or  somewhat  stoloniferous.     Stems  slender,  3-7  dm.  high, 
i-6-leaved;  leaf-blades  3-6  mm.  wide,  ciliate,  flat;  inflorescence  diffusely  panicu- 
l.ite  or  corymbose,  the  few  lower  bracts  foliose;  flowers  in  clusters  of  3-8,  the 
bractlets  ovate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate  above;  perianth  about  2.5   mm.  in 
length,  its  parts  ovate- lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  about  one-fifth  shorter  than  the 
inner;   capsule  ovoid,   acuminate,  barely  equalling    the  perianth;    seed  obliquely 
ovoid,  about  1.2  mm.  long.     A  European  species,  naturalized  at  Riverdale,  ]N.  Y. 

3.  Juncoides  parvifl6rum(Ehrh.)     Coville.     SMALL-FLOWERED  WOOD-RUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  961.)     Stems  single  or  few  in  a  tuft,  stoloniferous,  2.5-7.5  dm.  high,  2-5- 
leaved;    leaves   glabrous,  their  blades  3-10  mm.   wide;    inflorescence   a   nodding 
decompound  panicle,  its  lowest  bract  foliose;  flowers  borne  singly,  or  sometimes  2 
or  3  together,  on   slender   pedicels;   bractlets   ovate,  entire   or   rarely    somewhat 
lacerate;  perianth  1.5-2.5  mm.  in  length,  its  parts  ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  ex- 
ceeded by  the  ovoid  capsule;  seed  narrowly  oblong,  1-1.5  mm.  in  length.     Lab. 
to  Br.  Col  ,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  Minn.;  in  the  mountains  to  Ariz,  and  Cal.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  . 


254  FLORA. 

4.  Juncoides  spicatum  (L.)  Kuntze.     SPIKED  WOOD-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  962.) 
Closely   tufted,  without   rootstocks.     Stems    erect,   1-4   dm.  high,  distantly    1-3- 
leaved;  leaf- blades  1-3  mm.  broad,  often  involute,  especially  above,  sparingly  webby, 
especially  at  the  base;  inflorescence  a  nodding,  spike-like,  often  interrupted  panicle, 
commonly  1-2.5  cm.  in  length;    bractlets  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sparingly 
lacerate;  perianth  brown,  2-3  mm.  long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  aristate-acuminate; 

%  capsule  broadly  ovoid,  bluntly  acute,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
seed  narrowly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  about  3  mm.  long.  Lab.  to  Alaska,  moun- 
tains of  N.  Eng.,  N.  N.  Y.,  Colo,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  arid  Asia. 

5.  Juncoides  nivale  (Laest.)  Coville.     ARCTIC  WOOD-RUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  963.) 
Stems  tufted,  5-10  cm.  high,  I-  or  2-leaved.     Leaves  with  sheaths  glabrous  at  the 
mouth,  their  blades  2-4  mm.  broad,  flat  and  tapering  to  a  usually  blunt  and  cal- 
lous tip;  inflorescence  an  erect  oblong  to  ovate,  spike-like  cluster,  1.3  cm.  in  height 
or  less;  bractlet  and  perianth  dark  purple,  the  former  ovate  and  sparingly  lacerate 
at  the  hyaline  apex;  perianth-parts  1.5-2  mm.  in  length,  narrowly  oblong;  capsule 
subspheric,    exceeding  the  perianth;    seed  narrowly  oblong,   about  I  mm.  long. 
Baffin  Bay  to  Alaska.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia. 

6.  Juncoides  hyperboreum   (R.    Br.)   Sheldon.      NORTHERN  WOOD-RUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  964.)     Stems  tufted,  commonly  1-2  dm.  high,  erect,  I -2-leaved.     Leaves 
with  sheaths  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  mouth,  the  blades  erect,  1-3  mm.  wide  at  the 
base,  usually  involute  in  age;  tapering  into  a  very  sharp  tip;  inflorescence  erect, 
consisting  of  a  single  oblong  cluster,  or  its  one  or  two  lower  divisions  on  peduncles 
1—3  cm.  long;  bracts  and  bractlets  membranous,   fimbriate;  perianth-parts  brown, 
paler  above,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate  or  slightly 
lacerate  at  the  apex;  capsule  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth,  ovoid, 
obtuse;  seed  rather  narrowly  oblong.     Arctic  America,  Lab.  and  the  higher  moun- 
tains of  N.  Eng.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  Juncoides  campestre  (L.)  Kuntze.     COMMON  WOOD-RUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  965.) 
Stems  tufted,  1-5  dm.  high,   2-4-leaved.     Leaf-blades  flat,  2-7  mm.  broad,  taper- 
ing to  a  blunt  tip,  sparingly  webbed  when  young;  inflorescence  umbelloid;  lower 
bracts  foliose;  floral  bracts  ovate,  acuminate;  bractlets  similar  but  smaller,  fimbri- 
ate at  the  apex;  perianth  2-3  mm.   long,  brown,  its  parts  lanceolate-ovate,  acumi- 
nate; capsule  obovoid  or  broadly  oblong;   seed  with  an  oblong  body  about  I  mm. 
in  length,  supported  on  a  narrower  white,  loosely  cellular,  strophiole-like  base  about 
one-half  as  long.     In  woodlands,  almost  throughout  the  U.  S.  and.  Br.  Am.     Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.     Variable.     One  of  our  earliest  flowering  plants. 


Family  2.  MELANTHACEAE  R.  Br. 

Bunch-flower  Family. 

Leafy-stemmed  herbs  (some  exotic  genera  scapose),  with  rootstocks  or 
rarely  with  bulbs,  the  leaves  parallel- veined.  Flowers  regular,  racemose, 
panicled  or  solitary.  Perianth  of  6  separate  or  nearly  separate,  usually 
persistent  segments.  Stamens  6,  borne  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth- 
segments.  Anthers  small,  2-celled,  or  confluently  i -celled  and  cordate  or 
reniform,  mostly  versatile  and  extrorscly  dehiscent  (introrse  in  Tofieldia 
and  Abama).  Ovary  3-celled,  superior  or  rarely  partly  inferior;  ovules 
anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Styles  3,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united. 
Fruit  a  capsule  with  septicidal  dehiscence  (loculicidal  in  Abama  and 
Uvtilarid).  Seeds  commonly  tailed  or  appendaged.  Embryo  small,  in 
usually  copious  endosperm.  About  36  genera  and  140  species,  widely 
distributed. 

Flowers  numerous  in  terminal  erect  racemes  or  panicles. 
Anthers  oblong  or  ovate,  2-celled. 
Anthers  introrsely  dehiscent. 

Capsule  septicidal;  flowers  involucrate  by  3  bractlets.          i.    Tofieldia. 
Capsule  loculicidal ;  flowers  not  involucrate.  2.  Abama. 


MELANTHACEAE*  255 

Anthers  extrorsely  dehiscent. 
Flowers  perfect. 

Stem  very  leafy;  leaves  linear;  seeds  few.  3.  Xerophyllum* 

Leaves  basal,  oblanceolate;  seeds  numerous.  4.  Helonias. 

Flowers  dioecious;  stem  leafy.  5.  Chamaelirium. 

Anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  confidently  i-celled.  „ 

Plants  glabrous. 

Perianth-segments  not  gland-bearing. 

Flowers  perfect;  perianth-segments  obtuse.  6.   Chrospermc 

Flowers  polygamous;  perianth-segments  acuminate.    7.  Stenanthium. 
Perianth-segments  bearing  i  or  2  glands,  or  a  spot.  8.  Zygadenus. 

Stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent. 

Perianth-segments  clawed,  free  from  the  ovary.  9.  Melanthium. 

Perianth-segments  not  clawed,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

10.    Veratrum. 
Flowers  solitary,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  drooping.  n.    Uvularia. 

i.  TOFIELDIA  Huds. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  short  erect  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  slender 
erect  stems  leafless  above  or  nearly  so,  linear  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  and  small 
perfect  white  or  green  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base, 
solitary  or  clustered.  Flowers  usually  involucrate  by  3  scarious  somewhat  united 
bractlets.  Perianth-segments  oblong  or  obovate,  subequal,  persistent,  glandless. 
Stamens  6;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate,  sometimes  cordate,  introrse.  Ovary 
sessile,  3-lobed  at  the  summit;  styles  3,  short,  recurved.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3- 
beaked,  septicidally  dehiscent  to  the  base,  many-seeded.  Seeds  tailed  or  append- 
aged  in  most  species.  [Dedicated  to  Tofield,  an  English  correspondent  of  Hud- 
son.] About  15  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  i  or  2  in  the  Andes 
of  South  America.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  southeastern  States 
and  two  in  northwestern  America. 

Stem  glabrous;  seeds  unappendaged.  i.  T.  palustris. 
Stem  viscid-pubescent;  seeds  appendaged. 

Capsule  oblong,  6mm.  high;  perianth-segments  thin.  2.  T.  glutinosa. 

Capsule  ovoid,  3-4  mm.  high;  perianth-segments  rigid  in  fruit.  3.  T.  racemosa, 

1.  Tofieldia  palustris  Huds.     SCOTTISH  ASPHODEL.     (I.  F.  f.  966.)     Stems 
slender,   leafless  or  bearing  a  few  leaves  near   the  base,  5-25  cm.  tall.     Leaves 
1—4  mm.  wide;  raceme  oblong  or  subglobose  in  flower,  dense,  elongating  to  an  inch 
or  less  in  fruit,  the  lower  flowers  first  expanding;  pedicels  usually  solitary,  minutely 
involucrate,  1-2  mm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  greenish  white,  2  mm.  broad;  perianth- 
segments  obovate,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-globose  minutely  beaked 
capsule.     Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Quebec,  Lake  Superior,  and  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mts.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.    GLUTINOUS  TOFIELDIA.     (I.  F.  f.  967.) 
Stem  viscid-pubescent  with  black  glands,  1.5-5  dm.  ta^>  bearing  2-4  leaves  near 
the  base.     Basal  leaves  2-6  mm.  wide;  raceme  oblong  and  1-3  cm.  long  in  flower, 
longer  in  fruit,  the  upper  flowers  first  expanding;  pedicels  commonly  clustered  in 
3's  (i's-4's),  becoming  4—12  mm.  long  in  fruit;  involucral  bracts  minute,   united 
nearly  or  quite  to  their  apices,  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad;  perianth- segments  oblong, 
mostly  obtuse;  capsule  oblong,  about  6  mm.  high,  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
seeds  tailed  at  each  end.     In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Me.,  Ohio,  Mich.,  Wyo.  and 
Ore.,  and  in  the  southern  Alleghenies.     May-June. 

?.  Tofieldia  racemosa  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  VISCID  TOFIELDIA.  (I.  F.  f.  968.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  but  rather  stouter  and  taller;  the  glutinous  pubescence 
rougher.  Leaves  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide;  raceme  2-10  cm.  long  in 
flower,  often  loose,  the  uppermost  flowers  first  expanding;  pedicels  mostly  clustered 
in  3's,  ascending;  involucral  bractlets  alx;>ut  I  mm.  long,  united  to  above  the 
middle;  perianth-segments  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse,  rigid;  capsule  ovoid,  3  mm. 
long,  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end.  In  swamps,  S.  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  and  Ala.  June-Sept. 

2.  ABAMA   Adans.     [NARTHECIUM  Juss.] 

Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  erect 
simple  stems  and  linear  grass-like  basal  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  short  and  distant. 


FLORA. 

Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow,  perfect,  borne  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pedicels 
bracted  at  base  and  usually  bearing  a  small  bractlet.  Perianth-segments  persistent, 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  obscurely  3-5 -nerved,  glandless.  Stamens  6;  filaments 
subulate,  woolly;  anthers  linear-oblong,  erect,  introrse.  Ovary  sessile;  style  very 
short  or  none;  stigma  slightly  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  loculicidally  dehiscent, 
many-seeded,  the  linear  seeds  tailed  at  each  end.  [Greek,  signifying  without  step, 
the  plants  reputed  to  cause  lameness  in  cattle.]  Four  known  species,  natives  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  northwestern 
America. 

i.  Abama  Americana  (Ker)  Morong.  AMERICAN  BOG- ASPHODEL.  (I.  F.  f. 
969.)  Glabrous;  stems  wiry,  stiff,  2.5-4.5  dm.  tall.  Basal  leaves  2  mm.  wide  or 
less;  lower  stem  leaves  1-5  cm.  long;  raceme  2-5  cm.  long,  dense;  perianth- 
segments  4-6  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  stamens;  pedicels  ascending,  6-8 
mm.  long  in  fruit;  capsule  about  I  cm.  long,  tapering  to  a  subulate  beak.  In  pine 
barren  swamps,  S.  N.  J.  June-Sept. 

3.  XEROPHYLLUM    Michx. 

Tall  herbs,  with  thick  short  woody  rootstocks,  simple  erect  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  rough-margined.  Flowers  very  numerous,  white,  in  a  large 
dense  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  ones  first  expanding.  Perianth  withering- 
persistent,  its  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  5-7-nerved,  spreading,  glandless.  Stamens 
6,  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  subulate,  glabrous;  anthers 
oblong.  Ovary  sessile,  3-grooved;  styles  3,  filiform,  reflexed  or  recurved;  ovules 
only  2-4  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-grooved,  loculicidally  and  sometimes  also 
septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  5,  oblong,  not  at  all  appendaged,  or  only  minutely 
so.  [Greek,  signifying  a  dry  leaf.]  Three  species,  the  following  of  the  southeastern 
U.  S.,  the  others  of  western  America. 

i.  Xerophyllum  asphodeloides  (L.)  Nutt.  TURKEY-BEARD.  (I.  F.  f.  970.) 
Stem  0.6-1.4  m-  tall,  densely  leafy  below,  sparsely  leafy  above.  Leaves  slightly 
dilated  at  the  base,  the  lower  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  except  at  the 
broader  base;  flowering  raceme  5-8  cm.  in  diameter,  its  summit  conic;  flowering 
pedicels  spreading,  filiform,  1.8-3.5  cm.  long,  in  fruit  erect;  perianth -segments 
obtuse,  about  6  mm.  long;  capsule  ellipsoid,  obtuse,  4  mm.  long.  In  dry  pine 
barrens,  S.  N.  J.  to  E.  Tenn.  and  Ga.  May-July. 

4.  HELONIAS   L. 

A  perennial  glabrous  bog  herb,  with  a  stout  rootstock,  thick  fibrous  roots,  basal 
oblanceolate  persistent  leaves  and  rather  large  perfect  purple  flowers,  racemed  at 
the  summit  of  an  erect  hollow  bracted  scape.  Perianth-segments  spreading, 
spatulate,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  perianth-segments; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  ovoid,  3-grooved,  3-celled,  slightly 
3-lobed,  many-ovuled;  styles  3,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side,  deciduous.  Capsule 
obovoid,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  divergent,  ventrally  dehiscent  above.  Seeds 
numerous,  linear,  white-appendaged  at  each  end.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  in 
allusion  to  its  growth  in  swamps.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Helonias  bullata  L.  SWAMP  PINK.  (I.  F.  f.  971.)  Leaves  dark  green, 
thin,  clustered,  1.5—4  dm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide.  Scape  stout,  its  bracts  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate;  raceme  dense,  becoming  1-2  dm.  long  in  fruit;  perianth - 
segments  about  6  mm.  long;  capsules  about  6  mm.  long,  the  valves  papery;  seeds 
3-4  mm.  long.  In  bogs,  N.  N.  J.,  S.  N.  Y.,  and  E.  Penn.  (?)  to  Va.  Local. 
April-May. 

5    CHAMAELIRIUM    Willd. 

Glabrous,  slightly  fleshy  herbs  with  bitter  tuberous  rootstocks.  Basal  leaves 
spatulate.  Flowers  small,  white,  dioecious,  in  a  long  bractless  spike-like  raceme. 
Perianth  of  6  i-nerved  segments.  Staminate  flowers  with  6  stamens,  the  anthers 
subglobose,  2-celled;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  3-celled  oblong  ovary,  3  short  styles, 
stigmatic  along  the  inner  side,  and  usually  with  6  staminodia.  Capsule  oblong, 
slightly  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  6-12  in  each  cavity,  broadly  winged 
at  both  ends,  narrowly  winged  on  the  sides.  [Greek,  signifying  a  low  lily*]  Only 
the  following  species,  natives  of  eastern  N>  Am. 


MEL  A  NTH  A  CEA  & 

Capsule  oblong,  pedicels  slender,  barely  club-shaped.  I.   C.  luteum. 

Capsule  obovoid,  pedicels  stout,  club-shaped.  2.   C.  obovale. 

1.  Chamaelirium    luteum    (L.)   A.    Gray.     BLAZING-STAR.     (I.  F.  f.    97?.) 
Staminate  plant  3-7  dm.  tall,  the  pistillate  often  taller  and  more  leaf}-.     Basal 
leaves  $--O  cm.  long,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  the  linear 
acute  or  acuminate;  staminate  raceme  finally  erect,  7-22  cm.  long,  the  pedicels 
spreading;  pistillate  raceme  erect;  flowers  nearly  6  mm.  broad;  capsules  oblong, 
7-10  mm.  long.     In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  Ont,  Mich.,  Fia.  and 
Ark.     Spring. 

2.  Chamaelirium    obovale    Small.       Similar    to   the   preceding.       Pistillate 
flowers  slightly  larger;  capsules  obovoid  or  oblong-obovoid,  12-14  mm.  long,  the 
stout  club-shaped  pedicels  about  the  same  length.     In  open  woods,  N.  Y.  to  W.  Va. 
ar.d  N.  C.     Spring. 

6.  CHROSPERMA    Raf.      [AMIANTHIUM  A.  Gray.] 

An  erect  glabrous  herb,  with  an  ovoid-oblong  coated  bulb,  and  numerous  long 
blunt  bas^al  leaves,  a  few  short  ones  on  the  stem.  Flowers  perfect,  white,  in  a  dense 
terminal  raceme,  the  lower  ones  first  expanding.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  glandless 
persistent  obtuse  segments.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  segments;  anthers 
small,  reniform.  Ovary  ovoid,  3-lobed,  3-cellecl.  Capsule  3-celled,  dehiscent 
above  the  middle,  the  cavities  i-2-seeded,  its  3  divergent  lobes  tipped  with  the 
subulate  styles.  Seeds  ovoid,  reddish  brown.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  colored 
seeds.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

I.  Chrosperma  muscaetoxicum  (Walt.)  Kuntze.  FLY-POISON.  (I.  Y.  f. 
973.)  Bulb  nearly  2.5  cm.  in  diameter.  Stem  4-12  dm.  tall.  Basal  leaves  shorter 
than  the  stem,  the  upper  bract-like;  raceme  becoming  cylindric,  5-13  cm.  long; 
pedicels  ascending,  8-20  mm.  long;  bractlets  ovate;  sepals  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long; 
filaments  filiform;  capsule  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  scarcely  as  long.  In  dry  sandy 
woods,  L.  I.  to  E.  Penn.,  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  Ark.  May-July. 

7.  STENANTHIUM    Kunth. 

Erect  glabrous  bulbous  herbs,  with  small  white  or  greenish,  polygamous 
flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  panicle.  Leaves  linear,  keeled.  Perianth-segments 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandless,  spreading,  persistent,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
ovarv.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth-segments;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform. 
Ovary  ovoid.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong.  3-lobed,  finally  dehiscent  to  the  base,  the 
lobes  with  short  beaks.  Seeds  about  4  in  each  cavity,  oblong.  [Greek,  in  allusion 
to  the  narrow  perianth-segments.]  The  genus  comprises  only  the  two  following 
species: 

Leaves  4-6  mm.  wide;  capsule  reflexed.  i.  S.  gramineum. 

Leaves  6-20  mm.  wide  ;  capsule  erect.  _  2.  S.  robustum. 

1.  Stenanthium  gramineum  (Ker)Morong.     GRASS-LEAVED  STENANTHIUM. 
(I.  F.  f.  974.)     Stem  9-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  grass-like,  often  3  dm.  long;  the  upper 
reduced  to  small  linear-lanceolate  bracts;  panicle  open,  simple  or  somewhat  com- 

nnd,  3-6  dm.  long,  its  branches  nearly  filiform,  spreading  or  drooping;  flowers 
2   mm.  broad;    capsule  ovoid-oblong,  with  a  top-shaped  base,  6-8  mm.  long. 
In  dry  soil,  Va.  and  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Stenanthium  robustum  S.  Wats.     STOUT  STENANTHIUM.     (I.  F.  f.  675.) 
Stem  stout,  9-15  dm.  tall,  usually  leafy.     Leaves  often  3  dm.  long  or  more;  pan- 
icle denser  than   that  of  the  preceding,  commonly  longer,  usually  compound,  its 
branches  spreading  or  ascending;  flowers  greenish  or  white,  12-16  mm.  broad  ; 
capsule  ovoid-oblong,  8  12  mm.  long,  erect,  the  very  short  beaks  re  curved -spread- 
ing.    In  moist  soil,  S.  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.     July- Sept. 

8.  ZYGADENUS   Michx. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  from  bulbs-  or  rootstocks,  with  leafy  stems. 
Leaves  linear.  Flowers  greenish,  yellowish  or  white,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or 
raceme.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  its  segments  separate  or  united  below, 
bearing  I  or  2  glands  or  a  spot  just  above  the  narrowed  base.  Stamens  free  from 
the  perianth  segments  ;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled, 


258  FLORA. 

the  cavities  not  diverging,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  oblong  or  linear,  angled. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  two  glands  of  some  species.]  About  10  species,  natives  ol 
North  America  and  Mexico,  I  in  Siberia. 

Plant  with  a  thick  rootstock  ;  glands  of  the  perianth  segments  2,  orbicular. 

i.  Z.  glaberrimus. 
Plants  bulbous ;  gland  only  i,  sometimes  faint  or  a  mere  spot. 

Gland  distinctly  obcordate;  perianth-segments  8-10  mm.  long.    2.  Z.  elegans. 
Gland  not  obcordate  ;  perianth-segments  4-8  mm.  long. 

Gland  with  a  poorly  defined  or  irregular  margin  ;  perianth  free  from  the  ovary  \ 
western  species. 

Leaves  6-16  mm.  wide  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect.  3.  Z,  Nuttallii. 

Leaves  4-6  mm.  wide  ;  flowers  polygamous.  4.  Z.  'venenosus. 

Gland  a  mere  yellow  spot ;  perianth  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  eastern  coast  species. 

5.  Z.  leimanthoides. 

1.  Zygadenus  glaberrimus  Michx.     LARGE-FLOWERED  ZYGADENUS.    (I.  F. 
f.  976.)     Slightly   glaucous;  stem  stout,  6-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  6-12  mm.  wide, 
channeled,  often  3  dm.  long  or  more,  the  upper  appressed,  passing  into  the  bracts 
of  the  panicle  ;  panicle   1.5-3  dm.  long,  its  branches  ascending  ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  bractlets  ;  flowers  white,  mostly  perfect,  2.5-3.5  cm-  broad;  perianth-seg- 
ments lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  short  claw  ;  styles  subulate; 
capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth.     In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 

2.  Zygadenus    elegans  Pursh.      GLAUCOUS    ZYGADENUS.      (I.  F.   f.   977.) 
Very  glaucous  ;  bulb  about  2.5   cm.  long.     Stem  slender,    1.5-9  dm.  tall ;  leaves 
4-14  mm.  wide,  keeled,  the  lower  1-3  dm.  long  ;  bracts  green  or  purplish  ;  inflo- 
rescence sometimes  3dm.  long,  open,  its  branches  ascending;  flowers  greenish,  1.6- 
2  cm.  broad  ;  perianth-segments  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  united   below  and  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  capsule  oblong,  exceeding  the  perianth.    In  moist  places, 
N.  B.  to  Alaska,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Mo.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.     June- Aug. 

3.  Zygadenus  Nuttallii  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.     NUTTALL'S  ZYGADENUS.    (I.  F. 
f.  978.)     Light  green,  scarcely  glaucous  ;  stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  6-16  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stem,  strongly  conduplicate;  inflorescence  racemose  or  panic- 
ulate ;  bracts   shorter  than  the  slender  pedicels  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  about  12 
mm.   broad  ;  perianth-segments  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  free  from  the  ovary,  thin, 
short-clawed  ;  capsule   8-12    mm.   long.     On   prairies,   Kans.   and    Colo,  to  Tex. 
May-June. 

4  Zygadenus  venenosus  S.  Wats.  POISONOUS  ZYGADENUS.  (I.  F.  f.  979.) 
Pale  green  ;  stem  slender,  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  from- a  small  coated  bulb.  Leaves  con- 
duplicate,  roughish,  4-6  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  inflorescence  a  raceme. 
5-10  cm.  long  in  flower,  elongating  in  fruit,  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts  ; 
flowers  yellow  or  yellowish,  polygamous,  about  8  mm.  wide  ;  periamh-segments 
ovate  or  elliptic,  short-clawed,  free  from  the  ovary,  bearing  a  roundish  gland  with 
an  irregular  margin  ;  fruiting  pedicels  erect ;  capsule  longer  than  the  perianth. 
S.  Dak.  and  Mont,  to  Br.  Col.,  Neb.,  Utah  and  Cal.  May-June. 

5.  Zygadenus  leimanthoides  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.  PINE-BARREN  ZYGADE- 
NUS. (I.  F.  f.  980.)  Stem  slender,  3-12  dm.  high,  from  a  fibrous-coated  bulb. 
Leaves  4-8  mm.  wide,  green  on  both  sides,  blunt,  or  the  upper  acuminate;  panicle 
1-3  dm.  long,  its  branches  densely  many-flowered,  spreading  or  ascending;  bract- 
lets  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  white  or  greenish,  alxjut 
8  mm.  broad;  perianth-segments  oblong,  obtuse,  not  clawed,  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  ovary,  bearing  a  basal  yellowish  spot;  capsule  ovoid,  much  longer  than  the 
perianth.  In  swamps  or  wet  soil,  S.  L.  I.  to  Ga.  July-Aug. 

9.    MELANTHIUM    L. 

Tall  leafy  herbs,  perennial  by  thick  rootstocks,  the  stem,  at  least  its  upper  part, 
pubescent.  Leaves  oval,  oblanceolate  or  linear.  Flowers  greenish,  white  or 
cream -colored,  darker  in  withering,  monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  a  large  terminal 
panicle.  Perianth  of  6  separate  persistent  clawed  segments,  free  from  the  ovary. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  segments  and  adnate  to  them ;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform, 
their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  3,  subulate.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled.  the 
cavities  several-seeded.  Seeds  flat  and  winged,  several  in  each  cavity.  [Greek,  signi- 
fying black  flower.]  The  genus  comprises  the  following  species  and  one  in  Florida  : 


MELA  NTH  A  CEAE.  259 

Perianth-segments  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Blade  of  the  perianth-segments  oblong,  entire;  leaves  linear.         i.  M.  Virginicum. 

Blade  of  the  perianth-segments  nearly  orbicular,  undulate;  leaves  oblanceolate. 

2.  Al.  latifolium. 
Perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  glandless;  leaves  oval.  3.  M.  parviflorum* 

1.  Melanthium   Virginicum  L.     BUNCH-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.    981.)     Stems 
7-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  often  3  dm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide,  the  lower  sheath- 
ing, the  upper  smaller,  sessile;  panicle  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  its  branches  ascending; 
pedicels  much  longer  than  the  bracts;  flowers  1.2-2  cm.  broad,  greenish  yellow,  turn- 
ing brown;  perianth-segments  obtuse,  the  blade  oblong,  flat,  entire,  sometimes  ob- 
cordate,  twice  as  long  as  the  claw;  capsule  1-1.5  cm.   long,  the  persistent  styles 
erect;  seeds  8-io  in  each  cavity.     In  meadows,  wet  woods  and  marshes,   R.  I.  to 
N.  Y.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

2.  Melanthium  latifolium  Desr.     CRISPED  BUNCH-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  982.) 
Stem  6-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  2.5  cm.  wide,  the  lower  clasping; 
panicle  usually  3  dm.  long  or  more,  its  branches  ascending  or  spreading;  pedicels 
6- 16  mm.  long;  flowers  12—16  mm.  broad;  greenish  white,  turning  darker;  blade 
of  the  perianth -segments  orbicular  or  ovate,  undulate  and  crisped,  bearing  2  glands 
at  the   base;  capsule  12-16   mm.  long,  its  cavities  4-8-seeded;  flowers  fragrant. 
In  dry  woods  and  on  hills,  Conn,  to  Penn.  and  S.  Car.     July-Aug. 

Melanthium  latifolium  longipedicell&tum  A.  Brown.     Lower  leaves  1-2  cm.  wide, 
and  upper  pedicels  2.5  cm.  long.     W.  Va. 

3.  Melanthium  parviflorum  (Michx.)  S.  Wats.     SMALL-FLOWERED  MELAN- 
THIUM.    (I.  F.  f.  983.)     Stem  slender,  3-15  dm.  tall.     Lower  leaves  broadly  oval 
or  oblanceolate,    acute,    1-2    dm.   long,  4-10   cm.  wide,  with   narrow  sheathing 
bases,  the  upper  narrowly  linear-lanceolate;  panicle  3-6  dm.  long,  open,  its  slender 
branches  divergent  or  ascending;  pedicels  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  bracts, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad,  greenish  ; 
perianth -segments  oblanceolate,   glandless,   short-clawed  or   sessile;   capsule   IO- 
12  mm.  long.     In  dry  woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  S.  Car.     June-Aug. 

to.   VERATRUM   L. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  short  poisonous  rootstocks,  the  leaves  mostly  broad, 
clasping,  strongly  veined  and  plaited,  the  stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent.  Flow- 
ers greenish,  yellowish  or  purple,  polygamous  or  monoecious,  on  short  pedicels  in  , 
large  terminal  panicles.  Perianth-segments  6,  glandless  or  nearly  so,  not  clawed, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  opposite  the  perianth-segments  and  free 
from  them,  short,  mostly  curved.  Anthers  cordate,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary 
ovoid;  styles  3,  persistent.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  the  cavities  several-seeded. 
Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged.  [Ancient  name  of  the  Hellebore.]  About  10  species, 
natives  of  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the 
southern  U.  S.  and  two  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Flowers  yellowish  green;  perianth-segments  pubescent,  ciliate.  i.   V.  virtde. 

Flowers  purple;  perianth-segments  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  2.    V.  IVoodii* 

1.  Veratrum  vlri'de  Ait.     AMERICAN  WHITE  HELLEBORE.     INDIAN  POKE. 
(I.  F.  f.   984.)     Rootstock   erect,  5-8    cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  thick.     Stem  stout,  0.6- 
2.8   m.  tall,  very  leafy;  leaves  acute,  the  lower  broadly  oval  or  elliptic,  1.5-3  dm. 
long,  0.7-1.5  dm.  wide,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  sheathing,  the  upper  successively 
narrower;  panicle  2-6  dm.  long,  densely  many-flowered,  its  lower  branches  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  pedicels  mostly   shorter  than  the  bracts;  flowers   1.5-2  5   cm. 
broad;  perianth -segments  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens; 
ovary  glabrous;  capsule  2—2.5  cm>  ^onS-     ^n  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Quebec  to 
Alaska,  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Minn,  and  Br.  Col.     May-July. 

2.  Veratrum  Woodii  Robbins.     WOOD'S  FALSE  HELLEBORE.     (I.  F.  f.  985.) 
Rootstock  short,  erect.     Stem  slender,  0.6-1.5  m-  tall;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong 
or  oblanceolate,  5—10  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  sheathing  petioles;  upper  leaves 
small  and  linear-lanceolate;  panicle  open,  3-6  dm.  long,  its  branches  ascending; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  perianth;  flowers   12-16  rmn.  broad,  purple;  perianth. 

rr^iits  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  little  longer  than  the  stamens;  ovary  pubes* 


260  FLORA. 

cent  when  young;  capsule  12-16  mm.  long.     In  dry  woods  and  on  hills,  S.  Ind.  to 
Mo,     June-July. 

ix.  UVULARIA    L. 

Erect  forked  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Stem  leafy  above,  scale-bearing 
below,  the  leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  perfoliate.  Flowers  large,  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches  or  rarely  2  together,  peduncled,  drooping.  Perianth  bell- 
shaped  or  narrower;  segments  distinct,  deciduous,  each  bearing  a  nectary  at  the 
base.  Stamens  6,  free,  or  adnate  to  the  very  bases  of  the  perianth-segments ;  fila- 
ments filiform;  anthers  linear,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-lobed, 
3-celled,  short-stalked  or  sessile;  styles  united  to  about  the  middle,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side  above;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  ovoid  or  obovoid, 
3-angled  or  3-winged,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  globose,  1-3  in  each  cavity. 
[Name  Latin,  from  uvula,  a  palate,  in  allusion  to  the  hanging  flowers.]  Five  or  six 
species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

Capsule  obtusely  3-angled,  truncate  or  rounded  ;  leaves  perfoliate. 

Glabrous,  glaucous  ;  perianth-segments  papillose  within.  i.  U.  perfoliata. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath  ;  perianth-segments  smooth.  2.  U.  grandiflora.. 

Capsule  acutely  3-angled  or  3-winged,  acute  at  each  end;  leaves  sessile. 

Leaves  thin,  slightly  rough-margined,  narrowed  at  both  ends.        3.  U.  sessilifolia. 

Leaves  firm,  manifestly  rough-margined,  sometimes  subcordate.  4.  U.  puberula. 

1.  Uvularia  perfoliata  L.     PERFOLIATE  BELLWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  986.)    Gla- 
brous and  glaucous  or  pale  green.     Stems   1.5-5   dm.  high,  slender,  usually  with 
1-3  leaves  below  the  fork;  leaves  oval,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth -margined,  5—10  cm.  long 
when  mature;  flowers  2-2.6  cm.  long,  pale  yellow;    perianth-segments  granular- 
papillose  within;  stamens  shorter  than  the  styles  or  equalling  them,  the  connective 
sharp-tipped;    capsule  obovoid,  truncate,  thicker  than  long,  8-10  mm.  long,  ob- 
tusely 3-angled,  with  concave  sides  and  grooved  angles.     In  moist  woods  and 
thickets,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     Flowers  fragrant.     May-June. 

2.  Uvularia  grandiflora  J.  E.  Smith.    LARGE-FLOWERED  BELLWORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
'  987.)     Stems  rather  stouter  than  that  of  the  preceding,  naked  or  with  I  or  2  leaves 

below  the  fork.  Leaves  perfoliate,  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  pubescent  beneath,  at 
least  when  young;  flowers  lemon-yellow,  2.5-3.4  cm.  long;  perianth-segments 
smooth  on  both  sides  or  slightly  granular  within;  stamens  exceeding  the  styles,  the 
connective  blunt;  capsule  obtusely  3-angled,  truncate.  In  rich  woods,  Quebec  to 
Minn.,  Ga.,  Tenn.  and  Iowa.  April-June. 

3.  Uvularia  sessilifolia  L.      SESSILE-LEAVED  BELLWORT.     (I.  F.  f.   988.) 
Glabrous ;  stem  slender,  naked  or  bearing  I  or  2  leaves  below  the  fork.     Leaves 
oblong  or  oblong- lanceolate,  3-8  cm.  long  when  mature,  thin,  sessile,  acute  at  each 
end,  roughish-margined,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  1.6- 
3  cm.  long;  perianth-segments  smooth;  styles  exceeding  stamens;  anthers  blunt; 
capsule  sharply  3-angled,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  short-stipitate,  about  2.5  cm. 
long.     In   moist   woods   and   thickets,  N.  B.  and   Ont.   to   Minn.,  Ga.  and   Ark. 
May-June. 

Uvularia  sessilifblia  nftida  (Britton)  Morong.     Leaves  smaller,  bright  green  on  both 
sides;  flowers  light  yellow;  capsule  scarcely  stipitate.     I'ine  barrens  of  N.  J. 

4.  Uvularia  puberula  Michx.   MOUNTAIN  BELLWORT.   (I.  F.  f.  989.)    Stem 
sparingly  rough-pubescent  with  short  hairs.     Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  rough- 
margined,  firm,   sessile,   acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  subcordate  or  sometimes  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  shining,  green  on  bo'h  sides,  the  midvein  sometimes  pubescent; 
lowers  light  yellow,  about  2.5   cm.  long;  styles  exceeding  the  stamens;  capsule 
sharply  3-angled,  acute  at  both  ends,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  on  the  short  pedun- 
cle.    In  mountain  woods,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  S.  Car.     May-June. 

Family  3.     LILlACEAE  Adans. 

Ltly  Family. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  bulbs  or  corms,  or  rarely  with 
rootstocks  or  a  woody  caudex  (  Yucca\  the  leaves  various.     Flowers  soli- 


LILIACEAE.  26l 

tary  or  clustered,  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Perianth  parted  into  6  distinct 
or  nearly  distinct  segments,  or  these  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube  in- 
ferior or  partly  superior  (Aletrts).  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the 
perianth  or  at  the  bases  of  its  segments  ;  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  introrse, 
sometimes  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ;  styles  united  ;  stigma  3-lobed  or 
capitate.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  (septicidal  in  Calochortus),  or  in 
Yucca  sometimes  fleshy  and  indehiscent.  Seeds  various,  winged  or  wing- 
less. Embryo  in  copious  endosperm.  About  125  genera  and  1300  species, 
widely  distributed. 

*  Plants  bulbous,  or  with  rootstocks,  or  fibrous-fleshy  roots. 
Ovary  superior,  not  adnate  to  the  perianth. 

Roots  fibrous-fleshy  ;  scape  tall  :  flowers  orange  or  yellow.  i.  Hemerocallis. 

Low  fleshy  herb  with  a  short  rootstock  ;  flowers  white.  2.  Leucocn'num. 

Plants  with  bulbs  or  ccrix»i.< 
Flowers  umbelled. 

Perianth  6-parted. 

Odor  characteristically  onion-like  ;  ovules  i  or  2  in  each  cavity. 

3.  Allium. 

Odor  not  onion-like  ;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity.  4.  Nothoscordum. 
Perianth  funnelform,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes.  5.  Androstephium. 
Flowers  solitary,  racemed,  corymbed  or  panicled. 
Anthers  not  introrse. 

Perianth-segments  all  alike  or  nearly  so ;  capsule  loculicidal. 
Anthers  versatile  ;  tall  herbs.  6.  Lilium. 

Anthers  not  versatile  ;  low  herbs. 

Stem  leafy  ;  flowers  leafy-bracted.  7.  Fritillaria. 

Leaves  only  2,  appearing  basal ;  flowers  bractless. 

8.  Erythronium. 
Outer  segments  narrower  than  the  inner  ;  capsule  septicidal. 

9.  Calochortus. 
Anthers  introrse. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  segments. 

Filaments  filiform.  10.  Quamasia. 

Filaments  flattened.  n.  Ornithogalum. 

Perianth  globose,  oblong  or  urn-shaped.  12.  Muscari. 

Orary  half  inferior ;  roots  fibrous ;  flowers  racemed.  13.  Aletris* 

**  Stem  a  woody  caudex  ;  leaves  rigid,  mostly  bearing  marginal  fibres. 

14.  Yucca. 

i.  HEMEROCALLIS  L. 

Tall  glabrous  herbs,  with  fibrous  fleshy  roots,  basal  linear  leaves  and  large 
flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  leafless  scapes.  Perianth  funnelform,  its  lobes  ob- 
long or  spatulate,  much  longer  than  the  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the 
summit  of  the  perianth-tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes,  declined  ;  filaments  filiform  ; 
anthers  linear-oblong,  the  sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  oblong,  3-celled;  ovules 
numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  declined,  tipped  with  a  small  capitate 
stigma.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  thick-walled,  3-angled,  transversely  wrinkled, 
loculicidally  3-valved.  [Greek,  signifying  beautiful  for  a  day. ]  About  5  species, 
natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

1.  Hemerocallis  fulva  L.  DAY  LILY.  (I.  F.  f.  990.)  Scapes  9-18  dm. 
high,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  8-T2  mm.  wide,  channeled;  flowers 
6-15,  short-pedicelled,  tawny  orange,  I-I.2  dm.  long,  opening  for  a  day;  tube  of 
the  perianth  2.5-4  cm.  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  netted- veined.  In  meadows  and 
along  streams,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Va.  and  Tenn.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  June— Aug. 

Hemerocallis  fUva  L.,  the  Yellow  Day  Lily,  with  bright  yellow  flowers,  their  lobes 
parallel-veined,  is  occasionally  found  near  old  gardens. 

2.  LEUCOCRINUM   Nutt. 

A  low  acaulescent  herb,  from  a  short  rootstock,  the  roots  thick,  fibrous.  Outer 
leaves  membranous,  acute,  short; -inner  leaves  linear,  elongated,  tne  innermost 
reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  large,  white,  umbellate  from  the  subterranean  axils. 


262  FLORA. 

Pedicels  f.liform.  Perianth  with  a  very  narrow  tube  and  a  salverform  limb, 
persistent,  the  6  linear-oblong  lobes  spreading,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Stamens  borne  near  the  top  of  the  perianth-tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes;  filaments 
filiform;  anthers  linear,  their  sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  ovoid,  3-celled; 
style  filiform;  stigma  small.  Capsule  oval  or  obovoid,  3-angled,  sessile,  obtuse, 
loculicidal.  Seeds  several  in  each  cavity,  angled.  [Greek,  meaning  white  lily.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  northwestern  N.  Am. 

i.  Leucocrinum  montanum  Nutt.  LEUCOCRINUM.  (I.  F.  f.  991.)  Inner 
leaves  5-25  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  ilowers  3-8;  perianth-limb  about  1.2  cm. 
broad,  the  lobes  acute;  perianth-tube  2-5  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter; 
anthers  coiled,  at  least  when  dry;  capsule  6-0  mm.  long,  erect,  leathery.  In 
sandy  soil,  S.  Dak.  and  western  Nel;.  to  ^  J..  April  J;me. 

r..  ALLIUM   L     (See  Appendix.) 

Bulbous  herbs,  characteristic:"/  odorous  'alliaceous),  the  bulbs  solitary,  or 
clustered  on  short  rootstocks..  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  rarely  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  sheathing,  basal,  or  sometimes  also  on  the  stem.  Stem  (usually  a  scape) 
simple,  erect.  Flowers  white,  purple,  pink  or  green,  in  a  terminal  simple  umbel, 
subtended  by  2  or  3  membranous  separate  or  united  bracts.  Pedicels  slender,  not 
jointed.  Perianth  persistent,  the  6  segments  separate,  or  united  by  their  very 
bases.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  ;:f  the  perianth-segments;  filiments  filiform 
or  dilated,  sometimes  toothed;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  completely  or  incompletely  3-celled;  style  filiform,  jointed,  usually 
deciduous;  stigmas  small;  ovules  1-6  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  loculicidal.  [Latin 
for  garlic.]  About  275  species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some 
40  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  absent  at  flowering  time.  T.   A.  tricoccum. 

Leaves  linear,  present  at  flowering-  time. 

Bulb-coats  membranous,  not  fibrous-reticulated. 

Umbel  capitate ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers.  2.  A.  Sibiricum. 

Umbel  loose  ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 
Flowering  umbel  nodding. 

Perianth  campanulate,  white  or  pink ;  outer  segments  acute. 

3.  A.  cernuum. 
Perianth  urn-shaped,  purple  ;  outer  segments  obtuse  or  notched. 

4.  A,  Allegheniense. 
Flowering  umbel  erect. 

Leaves  flat  or  channeled,  all  nearly  basal.  5.  A.  stellatum. 

Leaves  terete,  hollow,  several  on  the  stem  ;  flowers  often  replaced  by 

bulblets.  6.  A.  vineale 

Bulb-coats  fibrous-reticulated. 
Capsule  not  crested. 

Flowers  mostly  replaced  by  bulblets  ;  scape  3-6  dm.  tall.  7.  A,  Canadense, 
Flowers  rarely  replaced  by  bulblets. 

Scape  3-6  dm,  tall ;  pedicels  16-24  mm.  long  ;  perianth  segments  thin. 

8.  A.  mutabile, 
Scape  1-2  dm.  tall ;  pedicels  8-12  mm.  long  ;  perianth-segments  rigid 

in  fruit.  9.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Capsule-valves  with  2  short  crests.  10.  A.  reticulatum. 

1.  Allium  tricoccum  Ait.     WILD  LEEK.     (I.  F.  f.  992.)    Bulbs  ovoid,  clus- 
tered, their  coats  fibrous-reticulated.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  appear- 
ing early   in   the   spring,  but  withering   before   flowering    time,  1.5—3    dm.   long, 
2-5  cm.  wide,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  scape  1-4  dm.  tall;  bracts  of  the  umbel 
usually  2,  membranous,  acuminate,  deciduous;  umbel  many-flowered,  erect;  pedi- 
cels 1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  white;  perianth-segments  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long;  ovule 
i  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  capsule  deeply  3-lobed,  about  6  mm.  broad;  seeds 
globose,   black,    smooth.     In   rich   woods,   N.  B.    to   Minn.,   N.   Car.    and   Tenn. 
June-July. 

2.  Allium  Sibiricum  L.     (L  F.  f.  993.)     Bulbs  narrowly  ovoid,  their  coats 
not  fibrous-reticulated.     Scape  3-7  dm.  high,  bearing  I  or  2  elongated  terete  hollow 
leaves-,  basal  leaf  i;  bracts  of  the  umbel  2,  ovate;  umbel  many-flowered,  capitate, 


L1L1ACEAE.  263 

the  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long:  (lowers  rose-color,  longer  than  the  pedicels;  perianth 
narrowly  campanulate,  its  segments  8-12  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens 
much  shorter  than  the  perianth;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  capsule  obtusely  3-lobed. 
In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  to  Alaska,  Me.,  N.  N.  Y.,  Mich..  Wyo.  and  Wash.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-July.  (A.  Schoenoprasum  III.  Fl.,  not  L.) 

A.  Schoenoprasum,  the  Chives  of  the  gardens,  a  smaller  plant,  with  several  narrow 
basal  leaves  and  openly  campanulate  perianth,  occasionally  escapes  from  cultivation. 

3.  Allium  cernuum  Roth.     NODDING  WILD  ONION.     (I.  F.  f.  994.)    Bulbs 
narrowly  ovoid,  with  a  long  neck.     Scape  slightly  ridged,  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves 
2-4  mm.  wide;  umbel  many-flowered,  nodding  in  flower;  pedicels  filiform,  1.5-3 
dm.  long;  flowers  white,  rose  or  purple;  perianth-segments  ovate-oblong,  4-6  mm. 
long;  stamens  longer  than  the  perianth;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  capsule  3-lobed, 
rather  shorter  than  the  perianth,  each  valve  bearing  2  short  processes  near  the 
summit.     On  banks  and  hillsides,  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and  Br.  Col.,  W.  Va.,  Ky.,  S. 
Dak.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.     Variable.     July-Aug. 

4.  Allium  Allegheniense  Small.     ALLEGHENY  ONION.     Bulbs  ovoid.    Leaves 
few,  with  narrowly  linear  blades  2—3  dm.  long;  scapes  3—5   dm.  tall,  2-edged  at 
least  at  maturity;    umbel  nodding,    !2-4O-flowered  ;    pedicels    15-26   mm.    long, 
filiform,  becoming  thicker  in  age;  perianth   purple,  mostly  urn-shaped,  4-5   mm. 
high,   the  segments  oval,   the  outer  obtuse  or  notched,   shorter  than  the   inner; 
capsule  4-5  mm.  high,  with  2  large  processes  on  each  valve.     On  cliffs  or  in  rocky 
soil,  Va.  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Ga.     Summer  and  fall. 

5.  Allium  stellatum  Ker.     PRAIRIE  WILD  ONION.     (L  F.  f.  995.)    Bulbs 
narrowly  ovoid,  2-5  cm.  long.     Scape  slender,  2-4.5  °-m.  tall;  leaves  1.5—2.5  mm. 
wide,  nearly  flat;  umbel  erect,  subtended  by  2  lanceolate  or  ovate  bracts;  pedicels 
filiform,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-color;  perianth-segments  ovate-oblong,   acute, 
4-6  mm.  long;  filaments  slightly  widened  at  the  base;  capsule  shorter  than  the 
perianth,  3-lobed,  about  6-seeded,  each  valve  bearing  2  erect  processes  below  the 
apex.     On  rocky  banks,  111.  and  Minn,  to  Mo.  and  Kans.     July— Aug. 

6.  Allium  vineale   L.     WILD  GARLIC.     FIELD  GARLIC.      CROW  GARLIC. 
(I.  F.  f.  996.)     Bulb  ovoid,  2.5  cm.  high  or  less.     Stem  3-9  dm.  tall,  bearing  2-4 
terete  hollow  leaves  below  the  middle  at  flowering  time,  the  early  basal  leaves 
similar;  bracts  2,  lanceolate,  deciduous;  umbel  erect,  the  flowers  often  wholly  or  in 
part  replaced  by  small  bulblets  which  are  tipped  with  a  long  capillary  appendage; 
pedicels   6-25    mm.  long,   filiform;   flowers  green  or  purple,   about  4  mm.  long; 
filaments  flattened,  broad,  the  3  interior  ones  bearing  a  tooth  on  each  side  just 
below  the  anther;  capsule  3-lobed.     In  fields  and  meadows,  Conn,  to  Ohio,  Mo. 
and  Va.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Junc-Jxily. 

7.  Aliium  Canadense  L.     MEADOW  GARLIC.     (I.  F.  f.  997.)     Bulb  ovoid, 
the  outer  coats  fibrous-reticulated.     Scape  terete,  2-6  dm.  tall;  leaves  basal  or 
nearly  so,  narrowly  linear,  slightly  convex  beneath,  2-3  mm.  wide;  bracts  white, 
ovate,  acuminate;  flowers  often  replaced  by  ovoid  bulblets;  flowers  pink  or  white, 
the  perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.     In  meadows  and  thickets,  Me.  to 
Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Ark.     May-June. 

8.  Allium  mutabile  Michx.     WILD  ONION.     (I.  F.  f.  998.)     Bulbs  ovoid,  their 
coats  prominently   fibrous-reticulated.   a Scape   terete,  3-6  dm.  tall;  leaves  basal, 
channeled,  2-4  mm.  wide;  bracts  long-acuminate;  umbel  rarely  bulblet-bearing; 
pedicels   16-24  nim.  long;  flowers  pink,  rose  or  white,  5—8  mm.  long;  perianth- 
segments  thin,  longer  than  the  stamens;  capsule  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth. 
In  moist  soil,  N.  Car.  to  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April- June. 

9.  Allium  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.    NUTTALL'S  WILD  ONION.    (I.  F.  f.  999.)    Bulbs 
ovoid,  their  coats  fibrous-reticulated.     Culm  slender,  1-2   dm.  tall;  leaves  basal, 
1-2  mm.  wide;  bracts  3  or  2,  acute  or  acuminate;  pedicels  slender,  8-12  mm. 
long;  flowers  rose  or  white,  about  6  mm.  long;  perianth-segments  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, becoming  rigid  in  fruit;  capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth.     On  prairies, 
Neb.  and  Col.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     April-June. 

10.  Allium   reticulatum  Don.      ERASER'S  WILD  ONION.      (I.  F.  f.  looc.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  bulb  rather  larger.     Scape  slender;  leaves  usually 
less  than  2  mm.  wide;  bracts  mostly  2,  acuminate;  pedicels  slender,  6-12  mm. 


264  FLORA. 

long;  flowers  white  or  pink,  5-6  mm.  long;  perianth-segments  thin;  capsule  shorter 
than  the  perianth,  each  of  its  valves  hearing  2  short  crests  just  below  the  summit. 
Assiniboia  and  S.  Dak.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.  May-July. 

4.  NOTHOSCORDUM    Kunth. 

Scapose  herbs,  similar  to  the  onions,  but  without  alliaceous  odor,  with  mem- 
branous-coated bulbs,  narrowly  linear  basal  leaves  and  small  yellow  or  yellowish 
green  flowers  in  an  erect  2-bracted  umbel.  Perianth  6-parted,  withering-persistent, 
its  segments  i-nerved.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments; 
anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  3 -celled;  ovules  several  in  each 
cavity;  style  filiform,  jointed  near  the  base,  but  commonly  persistent;  stigma  small, 
capitate.  Capsule  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds  angled  or  flattish,  black.  [Greek, 
signifying  false  garlic.]  About  10  species,  the  following  in  the  southern  U.  S.  and 
Mex.,  8  or  9  in  tropical  and  S.  Am.,  i  Chinese. 

i.  Nothoscordum  bivalve  (L.)  Britton.  YELLOW  FALSE  GARLIC.  (I.  F.  f. 
1001.)  Bulb  globose.  Leaves  1-5  mm.  wide,  flat;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
persistent;  umbel  6- 12 -flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  2-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers 
IO-I2  mm.  long;  perianth-segments  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; capsule  obovoid  or  somewhat  depressed,  4-6  mm.  high,  the  style  as  long  or 
slightly  longer.  In  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Neb.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 
March-July. 

5.  ANDROSTEPHIUM   Torr. 

Scapose  herbs  from  a  small  membranous-coated  corm.  Leaves  basal,  narrowly 
linear.  Flowers  rather  large,  blue,  in  a  terminal  several-bracted  umbel.  Perianth 
funnelform,  withering-persistent,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  6  oblong  lobes. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth;  filaments  dilated,  united  to  the 
middle  or  above  into  an  erect  crown-like  tube  with  toothed  lobes  alternating  with 
the  linear-oblong  anthers.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity; 
style  filiform;  stigma  3-grooved.  Capsule  membranous,  3-angled,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  few,  large,  oval,  black.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  crown.]  Two  species, 
natives  of  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Androstephium  coeruleum  (Scheele)  Greene.  ANDROSTEPHIUM.  (I.  F.  f. 
1002.)  Corm  subglobose.  Scape  0.5-2  dm.  tall;  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  half 
terete;  bracts  2-4,  scarious,  acuminate,  persistent;  umbel  2-7-flowered;  pedicels 
0.6-3  cm-  l°ng;  perianth  2-3  cm.  long,  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube; 
filament-tube  about  I  cm.  long;  style  about  as  long;  capsule  8-12  mm.  high; 
seeds  thin,  narrowly  winged.  Prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.  March-April. 

6.  LILIUM    L. 

Tall  bulbous  herbs,  with  simple  leafy  stems,  and  large  erect  or  drooping 
showy  flowers.  Perianth  funnelform  or  campanulate,  deciduous,  of  6  separate 
spreading  or  recurved  segments,  each  with  a  nectar-bearing  groove  at  its  base 
within.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate;  anthers  linear, 
versatile,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous; 
style  long,  somewhat  club-shaped  above;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  loculicidally 
dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  horizontal,  packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity. 
[Latin,  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Lily,  said  to  be  from  the  Celtic  /z,  white.] 
About  45  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some 
8  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Flower  or  flowers  erect;  perianth-segments  narrowed  into  long  claws. 
Perianth-segments  merely  acute. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  all  verticillate.  i.  /-.  Philadelphicutn* 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  nearly  all  alternate.  .     2.  L.  umbellatum. 

P.erianth-segments  long-acuminate;  leaves  all  alternate,  appressed. 

3.  L.  Catesbaei. 

Flowers  drooping  or  spreading  ;  perianth-segments  not  clawed. 
•      Leaves  or  most  of  them  verticillate,  their  axils  not  bulbiferous  ;  native  species. 
Leaves  finely  roughened  on  the  veins  beneath. 

Perianth-segments  recurved  or  spreading.  4.  L.  Canadense. 

Perianth-segments  not  recurved  ;  mountain  species.    5.  L.  Grayi. 


LI  LI  ACE  A  E.  265 

Leaves  perfectly  smooth  ;  perianth-segments  recurved. 
Leaves  lanceolate  ;  stem  0.9-3.2  m.  tall ;  flowers  1-40. 

6.  L.  superbum. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  ;  stem  6-9  dm.  tall ;  flowers  1—3. 

7.  L.  Carolinianum. 
Leaves  all  alternate,  crowded,  the  upper  axils  bulb-bearing;  escaped  from  gardens. 

8.  L.,  tigrinum. 

1.  Lilium  Philadelphicum  L.     RED  LILY.    WOOD  LILY.     PHILADELPHIA 
LILY.     (I.  F.  f.   1003.)     Bulb  composed  of  jointed  fleshy  scales.     Stem  3-9  dm. 
tall,  leafy  above;  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  sometimes  obtuse,  2-10 
cm.  long,  6-14  mm.  wide;  thin,  the  margins  finely  roughened;  flowers  1-5,  erect, 
6-10  cm.  high;  perianth  reddish  orange,  its  segments  spatulate,  somewhat  spreading, 
purple  spotted  below;    capsule  obovoid-oval,  4—5  cm.  high.     In   dry  woods  and 
thickets,  Me.  to  Ont.,  N.  Car.  and  W.  Va.     June-July. 

2.  Lilium  umbellatum  Pursh.     WESTERN  RED  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1004.)    Simi- 
lar to  the  preceding  species ;  stem  usually  more  slender.     Leaves  linear,  blunt,  or 
the  upper  acute,  ascending,  or  sometimes  appressed,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide, 
all  alternate  or  the  uppermost  verticillate;  flowers  1-3,  erect,  5-8  cm.  high;  peri- 
ianth-segments  red,   orange  or  yellow,  spotted  below,  the  claw  shorter  than  the 
blade;  capsule  oblong,  7-10  cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Colo.     June-July. 

3.  Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.     SOUTHERN  RED  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1005.)     Bulb 
composed  of  leaf-bearing  scales,  their  leaves  linear,  5-10  cm.  long,  often  falling 
away  before  the  plant  flowers.     Stem  leaves  alternate,  acute  or  acuminate,  erect  or 
appressed,   2-8  cm.   long,   2-6  mm.  wide;  flower  erect;  perianth-segment  scarlet 
with  a  yellow  purple-spotted  base  and  a  slender  claw,  spreading  or  somewhat  re- 
curved, 7-13  cm.  long,  long-acuminate,  wavy-margined;  capsule  2.5  cm.  high.    In 
pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Reported  from  Ky.  and  Mo.     July-Aug, 

4.  Lilium  Canadense  L.     WILD  YELLOW  LILY.     CANADA  LILY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1000.)      Bulbs   subglobose,    composed   of  numerous   thick   white   scales.       Stem 
6-15  dm.  tall;  leaves  lanceolate,  verticillate  in  4's-io's  or  some  of  them  alternate, 
acuminate,  5-15  cm.  long,  roughened  on  the  margins  and  on  the  veins  beneath; 
flowers  I- 1 6,  nodding  on  long  peduncles;  perianth-segments  5-8  cm.  long,  yellow 
or  red,  spotted  below,  recurved  or  spreading;  capsule  erect.     In  swamps,  mead- 
ows and  fields,   N.   S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,   Ga.   and  Mo.     Red-flowered  fifirms  with 
slightly  spreading  perianth-segments  resemble  the  following  species,  and  forms  with 
strongly  recurved  segments,  L.  superbum.     June-July. 

5.  Lilium  Grayi  S.  Wats.     ASA  GRAY'S  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1007.)     Rootstock 
bearing  small  bulbs  with  thick  scales.     Stem  slender,  6-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  verticillate  in 
3's-8's  or  the  lowest  commonly  smaller  and  scattered,  all  roughened  on  the  veins 
beneath;  flowers  1-3,  long-peduncled,  spreading  or  slightly  drooping,  5-8  cm.  long, 
red  or  tinged  with  yellow  at  the  base;  perianth-segments   oblong-spatulate,  not 
clawed,    acute,    spotted;  capsule   fig-shaped.     Peaks   of  Otter,   Va.,   and  on  the 
higher  mountain  summits  in  N.  Car.     July-Aug. 

6.  Li  ium  superbum  L.     TURK'S-CAP  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1008.)     Bulbs  globose 
on  short  rootstocks,  their  scales  white,  ovate.     Stem  0.9-2.5  m.  high;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  5-15  cm.  long,  verticil- 
late  in  3's-8's  or  the  upper  alternate;  flowers  orange,  orange-yellow  or  rarely  red, 
3-40,  nodding,  long-peduncled,  forming,  when  numerous,  a  large  panicle;  peri- 
anth-segments 6-io  cm.   long,    lanceolate,   acuminate,   purple-spotted,    at   length 
usually  strongly  recurved  from  below  the  middle;  capsule  obovoid.     In  meadows 
and  marshes,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     July-Aug. 

7.  Lilium  Carolinianum  Michx.     CAROLINA  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1009.)     Bulbs 
borne  on  short  rootstocks,  globose,  composed  of  fleshy  scales.     Stem  6—9  dm.  high; 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  smooth,  verticillate,  or  the  upper  and  lower  -alter- 
nate, narrowed  at  the  base,   the  veinlets  prominently  anastomosing;  flowers  1-3, 
orange-red,  7-10  cm.  long,   long-peduncled,  nodding;  perianth-segments  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  purple- spotted  below,   strongly  arched  backward  with  their  tips 
sometimes  connivent.     In  dry  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. 

8.  LiUum  tigrinum  Andr.     TIGER  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.   1010.)     Bulb  globose, 


266  FLORA. 

composed  of  numerous  scales.  Stem  stout,  purple,  or  nearly  black,  white-pubes. 
cent  above,  6-15  dm.  tall;  leaves  lanceolate,  all  alternate,  1-1.5  ^m-  l°nR»  1-2  cm. 
wide,  the  upper  bearing  blackish  bulblets  in  their  axils;  flowers  5  25,  orange-red, 
nodding,  7-n  cm.  long;  perianth-segments  lanceolate,  papillose,  recurved,  pui pie- 
spotted.  Escaped  from  gardens,  Me.  and  Mass.  Native  of  China  and  Japan. 
Summer. 

7.  FRITILLARIA  L. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  simple  stems,  and  nodding,  leafy-bracted  flowers.  Perianth 
mostly  campanulate,  deciduous,  of  6  separate  and  nearly  equal  segments,  each  with 
a  nectar-pit  or  spot  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hypogyrious;  anthers  linear  or  oblong. 
Ovary  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slen- 
der or  filiform,  3-lobed  or  3-cleft  ;  capsule  obovoid  or  globose,  6-angled,  loculici- 
dally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  margined  or  winged.  [Latin,  iromfritilhis, 
a  dice-box  or  chess-board,  in  allusion  to  the  form  or  to  the  checkered  markings  of 
the  perianth  in  some  species.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  Besides  the  following,  about  12  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Fritillaria  atropurpurea  Nutt.  PURPLE  P'RITILLARIA.  (I.  F.  f.  ion.) 
Stem  1.5-4  dm.  high,  slender,  leafless  below;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  sessile, 
3-10  cm.  long;  flowers  1-6,  purple  or  purplish  green  and  mottled;  perianth-seg- 
ments narrowly  oblong,  obtusish,  1.2-2  cm.  long;  stamens  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth;  style  3-cleft;  capsule  erect,  acutely  angled,  10-12  mm.  high.  N.  Dak.  to 
Neb.,  Wyo.  and  Cal.  June-July. 

8.    ERYTHRONIUM   L. 

Low  herbs,  from  deep  membranous-coated  corms,  sometimes  propagated  by  off- 
shoots, the  stem  simple,  bearing  a  pair  of  unequal  leaves,  usually  below  the  middle, 
the  leaves  thus  appearing  basal.  Flowers  large,  nodding,  bractless,  solitary,  or 
several  in  some  western  species.  Perianth-segments  separate,  lanceolate,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  deciduous,  with  nectariferous  groove,  and  sometimes  2  short  pro- 
cesses at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  anthers  not 
versatile.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  style  3-lobed  or  3-cleft.  Capsule  obovoid  or 
oblong,  somewhat  3 -angled,  loculicidal.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  red  flowers  of 
some  species.]  About  12  species,  all  but  one  North  American.  The  species  are 
erroneously  called  Dog's-tooth  Violet. 

Stem  with  no  offshoot;  flowers  2-5  cm.  long. 

Offshoots  produced  at  the  base  of  the  corm  ;  perianth-segments  recurved. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  stigmas  very  short.  i.   E.  Americanum, 

Flowers  white,  blue  or  purple ;  stigmas  2-3  mm.  long,  recurved. 

2.  E.  albidum. 
No  offshoots,  propagating  by  basal  corms ;  perianth-segments  not  recurved. 

3.  E.  mesochoreum. 
Stem  with  a  fleshy  offshoot  below  the  leaves;  flowers  rose,  about  1.2  cm.  long. 

4.  E.  propullans. 

1.  Erythronium  Americanum  Ker.     YELLOW  ADDER'S-TONGUE.     (T.  F.  f. 
IOI2.)     Corm  ovoid,    1—2    cm.    high,    producing   offshoots    from    its  base.      Stem 
1.5-3  dm.  long;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,   72°  cm-   l°ng>   flat>   usually 
mottled  with  brown,  narrowed  into  clasping  petioles;  peduncle  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  flower  yellow,  or  rarely  purplish  tinged;  perianth-segments  oblong,  2-5  cm. 
long,  recurved,  dotted  within,  the  3  inner  auricled  at  the  base;  style  club-shaped; 
capsule  obovoid;  seeds  curved,  pointed  at  both  ends.      In  moist  woods  and  thickets, 
N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     March-May. 

2.  Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.     WHITE  ADDER'S-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f.  1013.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  leaves  sometimes  rather  narrower.     Flower  white, 
blue  or  purple;  perianth-segments  oblong,  recurved,  none  of  them  auricled  at  the 
base;  style  somewhat  thickened  upward;  stigmas  linear,  finally  recurving,  2-3  mm. 
long;  capsule  obovoid  or  oblong.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Out.   to  Minn.. 
Ga.,  Tenn.  and  Tex.     March-May. 

3.  Erythronium  mesochoreum  Knerr.    MIDLAND  ADDER'S-TONGUE.    (I.  F.  f. 
10x4.)     Corm  ovoid,  not  developing  offshoots;  new  corms  formed  at  or  within  the 


LIU  ACE  A  E.  267 

base  of  the  old  one.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong,  not  mottled,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  some- 
what folded;  flower  lavender  tinted,  2-5  cm.  long;  perianth-segments  not  recurved; 
style  slender;  stigmas  recurved;  capsule  obovoid,  1-3  cm.  high.  On  prairies, 
Iowa  to  Mo.,  Neb.  and  Kans. 

4.  Erythronium  propullans  A.  Gray.  MINNESOTA  ADDER'S-TONGUE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1015.)  Corm  ovoid,  not  developing  offshoots.  Stem  1.5-2  dm.  long,  bear- 
ing a  fleshy  curved  offshoot  2-5  cm.  long  from  a  slit  near  the  base  of  the  petiole- 
sheath;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  0.5-1  dm.  long,  slightly  mottled  or  green;  flower 
rose  or  pink,  about  1.2  cm.  long,  on  a  filiform  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
perianth-segments  with  a  yellow  base,  apparently  not  recurved,  none  of  them  auri- 
cled;  stigmas  mere  ridges.  In  rich  woods,  Minn.  Also  in  S.  Ont.  (according  to 
Macoun)  and  reported  from  New  York.  May. 

9.  CALOCHORTUS  Pursh. 

Herbs,  with  coated  corms,  linear  leaves  and  large  peduncled  flowers.  Perianth- 
segments  spreading  or  connivent,  yellow,  blue,  purple,  white  or  variegated;  the  3 
outer  sepal-like,  narrow;  the  3  inner  petaloid,  gland-bearing,  and  barbed  or  spotted 
within.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  3-celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  very  shorter  none;  stigmas 3,  recurved.  Capsule 3-angled, 
mostly  septicidal,  the  valves  sometimes  2 -cleft.  Seeds  flat.  [Greek,  signifying 
beautiful  herb.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Anthers  obtuse;  gland  of  inner  perianth-segments  orbicular  or  oval.        I.   C*  Nuttallii. 
Anthers  acute;  gland  transverse,  curved  or  reniform.  2.   C.  Gunniscni. 

1.  Calochortus  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.     NUTTALL'S  MARIPOSA  LILY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1016.)     Corm   1-2  cm.   high.     Stem  few-leaved,  0.7-4  dm.  tall;  leaves  2-8  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  commonly  bearing  a  bulb  in  its  axil;  outer  perianth- 
segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  inner; 
inner  perianth-segments  obovate-cuneate,  1-2.5  cm*  wide,  white,  lilac  or  yellowish, 
with  a  yellow  base  and  a  purple  or  purplish  spot,  the  gland  orbicular  or  oval;  fila- 
ments 6-8  mm.  long;  about  equalling  the  oblong  sagittate  anthers;  capsule  6-8  mm. 
thick,  acuminate.      S.  Dak.  to  Neb.  and  Cal.     June-July. 

2.  Calochortus  Gunnisoni  S.  Wats.     GUNNISON'S  MARIPOSA  LILY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1017.)     Stem  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  usually  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  involute,  at 
least  when  dry;  outer  perianth -segments  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarious- 
margined,  acuminate;  inner  perianth-segments  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding, 
lilac,  yellowish  below  the  middle,  purple-lined  and  banded,  the  gland  transverse, 
oblong,  curved  or  reniform,   pubescent;  anthers  acute;  capsule    narrowly  oblong, 
narrowed  at  both  ends.     S.  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.     June-July. 

10.  QU  AM  ASIA  Raf.    [CAMASSIA  Lmdl.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  membranous-coated  edible  bulbs,  linear  basal  leaves,  and 
rather  large,  blue,  purple  or  white  bracted  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Perianth 
of  6  separate  equal  persistent  3~7-nerved  segments.  Pedicels  jointed  at  the  base 
of  the  flower.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments 
filiform;  anthers  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  ses- 
sile; ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  its  base  persistent;  stigma 
3-lobed.  Capsule  oval,  3-angled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  black,  shining.  [From 
quamash,  the  Indian  name.  ]  About  4  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

i  Quamasia  hyacinthina  (Raf.)  Britton.  WILD  HYACINTH.  (I.  F.  f. 
1018.)  Bulb  ovoid,  its  outer  coat  usually  nearly  black.  Scape  slender,  3-6  dm. 
tall;  basal  leaves  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  scape,  3-8  mm.  wide;  raceme  open; 
flowers  several  or  many;  pedicels  filiform,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts  and  the  peri- 
anth; bracts  long-acuminate;  perianth-segments  narrowly  oblong,  3~5-nerved,  blue 
or  nearly  white,  longer  than  the  stamens;  capsule  about  8  mm.  high,  the  valves 
transversely  veined.  In  meadows  and  along  streams,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Ala.  and 
Tex.  April-May. 

li.  ORNITHOGALUM   L, 

Scapcse  herbs,  with  coated  bulbs,  narrow  basal  fleshy  leaves,  and  large  white 
or  yellow  flowers* in  a  terminal  bracted  corymb  or  raceme.  Perianth-segments 


268  FLORA. 

equal  or  nearly  so,  separate,  white,  or  sometimes  green  without,  persistent.  Stamens 
hypogynous;  filaments  flattened,  often  broad;  anthers  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  stigma  capitate, 
3-lobed  or  3-ridged.  Capsule  subglobose,  3-sided  or  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds 
black.  [Greek,  signifying  bird's  milk,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  egg-white  color 
of  the  flowers  in  some  species.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and 
Africa. 


Flowers  corymbose,  erect;  pedicels  long,  slender.  I.  O. 

Flowers  racemose,  drooping;  pedicels  very  short,  stout.  2.   O.  nutans. 

1.  Ornithogalum  umbellatum  L.     STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.     (I.  F.  f.  1019.) 

Tufted;  bulbs  ovoid.  Scape  slender,  1-3  dm.  high;  leaves  2-5  mm.  wide,  dark 
green  with  a  light  midvein,  blunt;  flowers  corymbose,  opening  in  sunshine;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  mostly  snorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  pedicels  erect  or  ascending  ; 
perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  white  above,  green  with  white  margins 
beneath,  1-2  cm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens  ;  filaments  not  toothed. 
In  fields  and  meadows,  N.  H.  to  Penn.  and  Va.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  May- 
June. 

2.  Ornithogalum  nntans  L.      DROOPING  STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.    (I.   F.  f. 
1020.)     Bulb  ovoid,   2-5   cm.   long.     Scape  stout,   3-6  dm.   high  ;   leaves   blunt, 
4-8  mm.  wide;  flowers  racemose,  nodding;  raceme  loose;  pedicels  stout,  4-12  mm. 
long;  bracts  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  pedicels;  perianth- 
segments  oblong-  lanceolate,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens; 
filaments  2  -toothed  at  the  apex.     Escaped  from  gardens,  Penn.  to  D.  C.     Native  of 
Europe.     April-May. 

12.  MUSCARI  Mill. 

Low  bulbous  scapose  herbs,  with  basal  linear  fleshy  leaves,  and  nodding  bracted 
racemose  flowers,  deep  blue  (rarely  white)  in  the  following  species.  Perianth  glo- 
bose, urn-  shaped,  or  oblong,  with  6  teeth  or  short  lobes.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on 
the  perianth-tube,  included;  anthers  ovate,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled, 
sessile;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-sided  or 
3-winged,  loculicidal.  Seeds  black,  angled.  [From  the  musk-like  odor  of  the 
flowers  of  some  species.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Perianth  globose,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter;  leaves  erect.  I.  M.  botryoides. 

Perianth  oblong,  urn-shaped,  4-6  mm.  long;  leaves  recurved.  2.  M.  racemosum. 

1.  Muscari  botryoides  (L.)  Mill.      GRAPE-HYACINTH.     (I.    F.   f.    1021.) 
Scape  1-2.5  dm.  high;   leaves  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  2-8  mm.  wide,  chan- 
nelled; raceme   oblong-cylindric,   2-3  cm.    long,   dense,   or  becoming  longer  and 
looser  in  fruit;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  faintly  odorous  flowers;  valves  of  the  cap- 
sule obovate.     In  meadows  and  thickets  and  along  roadsides,  escaped  from  gar- 
dens, N.  H.   to  Ohio  and  Va.     Naturalized  or  adventive  from  southern  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.     April-June. 

2.  Muscari  racemosum  (L.)  Mill.     STARCH  GRAPE-HYACINTH.     (I.  F.  f. 
1022.)     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  recurved  or  spreading,  channelled  above;  raceme 
oblong  or  ovoid,  many-flowered,  dense;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  starchy-scented 
flowers  or  sometimes  equalling  them,  slender;  perianth  constricted  at  the  throat, 
with  6  deltoid  recurved  white  teeth;  capsule-valves  suborbicular,  retuse.     Escaped 
from  gardens    S.  N.  Y.  to  Penn.  and  Md.     Native  of  southern  Europe.     April- 
May. 

13.  ALETRIS  L. 

Scapose  perennial  bitter  fibrous-rooted  herbs,  with  basal  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
small,  white  or  yellow,  bracted  perfect  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike-like  raceme. 
Perianth  oblong  or  campanulate,  roughened  without,  6-lobed,  its  lower  part  adnate 
to  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  in- 
cluded ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  ;  style 
3-cleft  above;  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  enclosed  by  the  persist- 
ent perianth,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  oblong,  ribbed.  Embryo 
small.  Endosperm  fleshy.  [Greek,  signifying  to  grind  corn,  apparently  in  allu 


CON  VALLA  RIA  CEAE.  269 

sion  to  the  rough,  mealy  flowers.]     About  8  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.  and 

Asia. 

Perianth  white,  oblong  or  cylindi^.  I.  A.farinosa. 

Perianth  yellow,  bell-shaped  or  ovoid-globose.  2.  A.  aurea. 

1.  Aletris  farinosa  L.     STAR-GRASS.     COLIC-ROOT.     (I  F.  f.  1023.)    Roots 
tough;  scape  4-9  dm.  tall,  slender,  terete,  striate.    Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  spreading,  pale,  yellowish 
green,  5-15  cm.  long,  6-20 mm.  wide;  raceme  1-3  dm.  long  in  flower,  or  longer  in 
fruit,  dense,  erect;  pedicels  2  mm.  long  or  less;  bracts  subulate ;  perianth  white,  or 
the  oblong  lobes  yellowish,   6-8  mm.   long;  style  subulate,  capsule  ovoid,  about 
4  mm.    long,   loculicidal  above.     In  dry,  mostly  sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn., 
Fla.  and  Tenn.     May— July. 

2.  Aletris  aurea  Walt.    YELLOW  COLIC-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  1024.)    Basal  leaves 
shorter   than  those  of  the  preceding,   acuminate,   narrowed    into   short    petioles. 
Scape  3-8  dm.   tall;    raceme  2-6   dm.   long,  usually  loose;   pedicels  2  mm.  long 
or  less,  shorter  than  the  bracts;  perianth  bell-shaped  or  ovoid-globose,  4-6  mm.  long, 
its  lobes  oval  ;  style  short;  capsule  ovoid,  about  as  long  as  the  perianth.      S.  N.  J. 
(according  to  Gray  and  to  Rusby)  ;  Ya-  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    June-Aug. 

14.  YUCCA  L. 

Large  plants,  with  a  short  sometimes  subterranean  caudex,  or  tall  woody  and 
leafy  stem,  or  bracted  scape,  the  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  rigid  and  sharp- 
pointed,  bearing  long  marginal  thread-like  fibres  in  our  species.  Flowers  large, 
nodding  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle.  Perianth  campanulate,  or  nearly  globu- 
lar, white  in  our  species,  of  6  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate  united  segments.  Stamens 
hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth ;  filaments  thickened  above;  anthers  small, 
versatile.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  6-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style 
columnar,  short,  with  3  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  a  capsule,  or  fleshy,  or  spongy  and 
indehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  horizontal.  [The  Haytieii  name.]  About 
16  species,  natives  of  North  and  Central  America. 

Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  drooping.  i. '  Y.  baccata. 

Fruit  an  erect  capsule. 

Leaves  4-10  mm.  wide;  scape  short,  bearing  a  long  raceme.  2.    Y.  glauca. 

Leaves  2-5  cm.  wide;  scape  0.6-3  m.  high,  bearing  a  large  panicle. 

3.    Y.  filamentosa. 

X.  Yucca  baccata  Torr.  SPANISH  BAYONET.  (I.  F.  f.  1025.)  Caudex  very 
short,  or  sometimes  2.5  m.  tall,  covered  with  the  reflexed  dead  leaves.  Leaves 
4-9  dm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  with  a  much  wider  base,  and  a  stout  brown  tip, 
concave,  the  marginal  fibres  5-12  cm.  long;  panicle  peduncled;  pedicels  stout; 
flowers  1-1.2  dm.  broad;  perianth-segments  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide;  style  slender;  fruit 
oval,  dark  purple,  indehiscent,  edible,  drooping  5-8  cm.  long,  with  a  6-grooved 
beak.  W.  Kans.  (?),  S.  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Cal.  and  Mex.  April-June. 

2.  Yucca  glajlca  Nutt.     BEAR-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1026.)     Caudex  very  short; 
leaves  basal,  narrowly  linear,  smooth,  very  stiff,   sharp-pointed,  4-10  mm.   wide, 
with  a  broader  base,  concave,  at  least  when  dry,  the  marginal  fibres  filiform;  scape 
short;  flowers  3-7  cm.  broad,  racemose;  perianth-segments  ovate,  2.5-4  cm.  long; 
style  short;  pedicels  stout,  erect ;  capsule  oblong,  about  2.5  cm.  thick,  6-sided.     In 
dry  soil,  Iowa  to  S.  Dak.,  Wyo.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.     May-June. 

3.  Yucca  filamentosa  L.     ADAM'S  NEEDLE.      (I.  F.  f.  1027.)    Caudex  short. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  above  the  broad  base,  acuminate  and  sharp-pointed, 
flat,  roughish,  3-8  dm.  long,  1.5-5  cm-  wide;  scape  0.6-3  m.  high;  panicle  large, 
its  branches  divergent  or  ascending;  flowers  numerous;  perianth-segments  3-6  cm. 
long,  ovate;  capsule  oblong,  about  2  cm.  thick.     In  sandy  soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Tenn. 
and  La.     Escaped  from  gardens  in  Penn.     May-July. 

Family  4.     CONVALLARIACEAE.     Link. 

Lily-of-tJie-  Valley  Faintly. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  roolstocks. 
Flowers  solitary,  rac^eijipse,  panicKd  or  umbelled,  regular  and  perfect. 


FLORA, 

Leaves  broad,  parallel-veined  and  sometimes  with  cross-veinlets,  in 
Asparagus  and  its  allies  reduced  to  scales  bearing  filiform  or  flattened 
branchlets  in  their  axils.  Perianth  inferior,  4-6-parted  with  separate 
segments,  or  oblong,  cylindric  or  urn-shaped  and  6-lobed  or  6-toothed. 
Stamens  6,  rarelv  4.  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth  ;  anthers  in- 
trorsely  extrorsely  or  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2  3-celled,  superior ; 
ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous :  style  slender  or  short :  stigma 
mostly  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  few  or  numerous.  Embryo 
small.  Endosperm  copious.  About  23  genera  and  215  species,  widely 
distributed. 

Leaves  reduced  to  scales ;  leaf-like  branchlets  filiform.  x.  Asparagus. 

Leaves  broad;  stems  simple  or  somewhat  branched. 
Leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

Leaves  basal ;  flowers  umbelled  or  solitary.  2,  Clintonia. 

Leaves  alternate  (solitary  in  flowerless  plants  of  no.  4). 
Perianth-segments  separate. 

Flowers  racemed,  umbelled,  par.icled  or  solitary,  terminal. 
Flowers  racemed  or  panicled. 

Perianth-segments  6..  3.    Vagnera. 

Perianth  segments  4.  4.    Unifolium. 

Flowers  umbelled  or  solitary.  5.   Disporum. 

Flowers  solitary  or  two  together,  axillary.  6.  Streptopus. 

Perianth  cylindric  or  oblong,  6-toothed.  7.  Salomonia. 

Leaves  nearly  basal ;  flowers  racemed;  perianth  6-toothed.         8.  Convallaria. 
Leaves  in  i  or  2  whorls  below  the  flower  or  flowers. 

Leaves  in  2  whorls;  flowers  umbelled.  9.  Medeola, 

Leaves  in  I  whorl;  flowers  solitary.  10.   7'rtlZium. 

I.   ASPARAGUS   L. 

Stem  at  first  simple,  fleshy,  scaly,  at  length  much  branched;  the  branchlets  fili- 
form and  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  in  the  following  species,  flattened 
and  linear.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  umbelled  or  racemed.  Perianth-segments 
alike,  separate,  or  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  bases  of 
the  perianth-segments;  anthers  introrse  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity;  style  short;  stigmas  3,  short,  recurved.  Berry  globose.  Seeds  few,  rounded. 
[Ancient  Greek  name.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Asparagus  officinalis  L.  ASPARAGUS.  (I.  F.  f.  1028.)  Rootstock  much 
branched.  Young  stems  edible,  stout,  later  branching,  and  becoming  1-2  m.  tall, 
the  filiform  branchlets  6-18  mm.  long.  Flowers  mostly  solitary  at  the  nodes,  green, 
drooping  on  filiform  jointed  peduncles;  perianth  campa'nulate,  about  6  mm.  long, 
the  segments  linear  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth  ;  berry  red,  about  8  mm. 
in  diameter.  Escaped  from  cultivation  and  naturalized,  especially  along  salt 
marshes,  N.  B.  to  Va.  and  locally  in  waste  places  in  the  interior.  Native  of 
Europe.  May-June. 

2.   CLINTONIA   Raf. 

Somewhat  pubescent  scapose  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  simple  scapes, 
and  few  broad  petioled  sheathing  basal  leaves,  the  bractless  flowers  umbelled  at  the 
summit  of  the  scape  in  our  species.  Perianth-segments  equal  or  nearly  so.  Sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth  segments;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers 
laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  ovules  2-several  in  each  cavity;  stigma 
obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Berry  globose  or  oval.  [Name  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton, 
1769-1828,  American  naturalist,  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York.]  Six  species, 
the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  two  Asiatic. 

Flowers  greenish  yellow,  drooping,  1.6-2  cm.  long;  berry  blue.  i  C.  borealis. 

Flowers  white,  not  drooping,  8-10  mm.  long;  Lerry  black.  2.   C.  uinbellulata, 

i.  Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.  YELLOW  CLINTONIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1029.) 
Scape  1.5-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  2-5.  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  thin,  ciliate,  short- 
acuminate  or  cuspidate  ;  umbel  3-6-flowered  ;  pedicels  6-30  mm.  long,  slender, 
erect  or  ascending  in  fruit;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  perianth  ;  ovary  2-celJed; 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 

ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  somewhat  thickened 
aoove;  berry  oval,  several-seeded,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter.  In  moist  woods  and 
thickets  .Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Wis.  May-June. 

2.  Clintonia  umbellulata  (Michx.)  Torr.  WHITE  CLINTONIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1030.) 
S:ape  2-4.5  c^m-  high.  Leaves  2-5,  oblong,  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  or  cus- 
pidate, ciliate,  umbel  several-many-flowered;  pedicels  ascending  or  erect,  slender, 
pubescent,  becoming  1-3  cm.  long  in  fruit  ;  flowers  white,  odorous,  often  purplish 
dotted;  perianth-segments  obtusish;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style 
slender;  berry  globose,  few-seeded.  In  woods,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 
May-June. 

3.  VAGNERA  Adans.    [SMILACINA  Desf.] 

Stem  scaly  below,  leafy  above,  the  leaves  alternate,  short-petioled  or  sessile. 
Inflorescence  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle.  Flowers  white  or  greenish  white,  small. 
Perianth  of  6  spreading  equal  segments.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the 
perianth-segments;  filaments  filiform  or  slightly  flattened;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity:  style  columnar;  stigma  3-grooved  or  3- 
lobed.  Berry  globular.  Seeds  usually  I  or  2,  subglobose.  [Named  in  honor  of 
Wagner.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  North  America,  Central  America,  and 
Asia.  Besides  the  following,  one  or  two  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Flowers  numerous,  panicled.  i.  V.  racemosa. 
Flowers  few-several,  racemose. 

Plant  2.5-4.5  dm.  high  :  leaves  numerous.  2.    V.  stellata. 

Plant  0.5-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  2-4.  3.    V.  trifolia. 

1.  Vagnera  racemosa  (L.)  Morong.     WILD   SPIKENARD.     (I.  F.  f.  1031.) 
Rootstock  fleshy.     Stem  somewhat  angled,  leafy,  finely  pubescent  above,  or  nearly 
glabrous,    3-9  dm.   high.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long,  acuminate,  finely  pubescent  beneath,  their  margins 
minutely  ciliate;  panicle  densely  many- flowered,  2-10  cm.  long,  peduncled;  flow- 
ers about  4  mm.  broad;  perianth-segments  oblong;  berry  red,  aromatic,  speckled 
with  purple,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col., 
Ga.,  Mo.  and  Ariz.     May-July. 

2.  Vagnera  stellata  (L.)  Morong.    STAR-FLOWERED  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.    (I.  F. 
f.  1032.)     Rootstock  stout,   fleshy.     Stem  glabrous,   2—5   dm.  tail,  leafy.     Leaves 
ob'.ong  lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  sessile  and  somewhat  clasping,  minutely  pubescent 
beneath,  5-13  cm.  long,  flator  somewhat  concave ;  raceme  2-5  long  cm.  long,  several- 
flowered;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  perianth-segments  oblong,  obtuse;  style  about  as 
long  as  the  ovary;  berry  green  with  6  black  stripes,  or  black.  6-io  mm.  in  diameter. 
In  moist  soil,   Newf.   to  Br.   Col.,  Va.,  Ky.,   Kans.    and  Cal.     Also  in  northern 
Europe.     May -June. 

3.  Vagnera  tri folia  (L.)  Morong.     THREE-LEAVED  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.    (I.  F. 
f.  1033.)     Glabrous;  rootstock  slender.     Stem  slender,  0.5-4  dm.  high,  r-4-leaved 
(usually  3-leavedj;  leaves  oval,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  sheathing,  5-13 
cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  raceme  few-flow- 
ered,   peduncled  ;  perianth  segments  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtu?e,   finally 
somewhat  reflexed;  berry  dark  red,  5^6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  bogs  and  wet  woods, 
Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     Also  in  northern  Asia?.     May-June. 

4.  UNIFOLIUM  Adans.     [MAIANTHEMUM  Wigg.J- 

Low  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  simple  few- leaved  stems,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  pedicels  commonly  2—3  together.  Perianth  of  4 
separate  spreading  segments.  Stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  segments; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  sessile,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cav- 
ity; style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Berry  globular,  1-2- 
seeded.  [Many  plants  bear  only  a  solitary  long  petioled  leaf,  arising  from  the 
rootstock,  whence  the  Latin  name.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  of  east- 
ern N.  Am.,  the  other  of  Europe,  Ada  and  N.  W.  America. 

i.  Unifolium  Canadense  (Desf.)  Greene.  FALSE  LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.  T\vo- 
LEAYEP  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.  (I.  F.  f.  1034.)  Stem  slender,  i-3-leaved  (usually  2- 


272  FLORA. 

leaved),  5-18  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  cordate,  with 
a  narrow  or  closed  sinus,  sessile,  short-petioled ;  solitary  leaves  of  the  stemless 
plants  on  petioles  2- 10  cm.  long;  raceme  many-flowered,  2-5  cm.  long;  perianth- 
segments  becoming  reflexed,  about  2  mm.  long;  berry  pale  red,  speckled,  about 
4  mm.  in  diameter.  In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.j  N. 
Car.,  Iowa  and  S.  Dak.  May-July. 

5.    DISPORUM   Salisb. 

Herbs  with  slender  rootstocks,  branching  stems,  leafy  above,  and  alternate  ses- 
sile  or  clasping  leaves,  the  flowers  terminal,  drooping,  whitish  or  greenish  yellow, 
solitary  or  in  simple  umbels.  Perianths  of  6  narrow  deciduous  segments.  Stamens 
6,  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened;  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-celled;  ovules  2  or  sometimes  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma3-cleft 
or  entire.  Berry  ovoid  or  oval.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  2  ovules  in  each  cavity 
of  the  ovary,  in  most  species. J  About  15  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia. 
Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth;  fruit  smooth,  2-6-seeded.  i.  D.  lanuginosum. 

Stamens  as  long  as  the  perianth;  fruit  roughened,  4~i8-seeded.        2.  D.  trachycarpum* 

1.  Disporum  lanuginosum  (Michx.)  Nicholson.    HAIRY  DISPORUM.    (I.  F.  f. 
1035.)     Finely  and  rather  densely  pubescent,  3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-1 1   cm.   long,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at 
the   base,   7-i5-nerved;    flowers  solitary  or   2-3  together,   greenish,    12-18  mm. 
long;  pedicels  filiform;  perianth  narrowly  campanulate,  its  segments  linear-lance- 
olate, acuminate,   glabrous;  ovary  oblong;  style  slender,  3-cleft;  berry  oval,  red, 
10-14  mm.  long.     In  woods,  Ont.  to  W.  N.  Y.  and  Tenn.     May -June. 

2.  Disporum  trachycarpum  (S.  Wats.)  B.   &   H.     ROUGH-FRUITED    Dis- 
FORUM.      (I.  F.  f.  1036.)     Puberulent,  3-6  dm.  high.   Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong, 
lanceolate,  3-9  dm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcor- 
date  at  the  base,  5-n-nerved;  flowers  yellowish  white,  8-14  mm.  long;  perianth 
narrowly  campanulate,  its  segments  acute,  little  spreading;  style  slender,  3-lobed; 
berry  depressed-globose  or  somewhat  obovoid,  8-io  mm.  in  diameter,  4-i8-seeded. 
Manitoba  and  the  N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  Wash,  and  Ariz.     May-Aug. 

6.    STREPTOPUS.     Michx. 

Branching  herbs,  with  thin  sessile  or  clasping  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary 
or  2  together,  extra-axillary,  slender-peduncled,  greenish,  rose  or  purplish,  small, 
nodding.  Peduncles  bent  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle.  Perianth  campanulate, 
its  6  segments  recurved  or  spreading,  deciduous,  the  outer  flat,  the  inner  keeled. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  short,  flattened;  anthers  sagittate,  extrorse. 
Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  slender.  Berry 
globose  or  oval,  red,  many-seeded.  [Greek,  twisted  stalk,  in  reference  to  the  bent 
or  twisted  peduncles.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Be- 
sides the  following,  another  occurs  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  clasping;  flowers  greenish- white.  i.  S.  amplexifolius. 

Leaves  green  on^both  sides,  sessile;  flowers  purple  or  rose.  2.  S.  roseus, 

1.  Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  CLASPING-LEAVED  TWISTED-STALK. 
{I.  F.  f.  1037.)    Rootstock  short,  stout.     Plant  4-9  dm.  high;  stem  usually  branch- 
ing below  the  middle;  leaves  5-13  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate-clasp- 
ing at  the  base,  glabrous;  peduncles   i-2-flowered;  flowers  8-12  mm.  long;  peri- 
anth-segments narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate;    anthers  subulate-pointed;  stigma 
simple,  obtuse  or  truncate;  berry  oval,  10-16  mm.  long.      In  moist  woods,  Lab.  to 
Alaska,  N.  Car.,  Ohio,  Mich,  and  N.  Mex.     May-July. 

2.  Streptopus  roseus  Michx.     SESSILE-LEAVED  TWISTED-STALK.     (I.  F.  f. 
1038.)     Plant  3-8   dm.    high.     Brandies   sparingly  pubescent  ;  leaves    5-11  cm. 
long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile,  rounded,  or  slightly  clasping  at  the  base,  their 
margins  finely  ciliate  ;  peduncles  usually  pubescent ;  flowers  purple  or  rose,  8-12 
mm.    long  ;    perianth-segments   lanceolate,    acuminate  ;    anthers    2 -horned ;    style 
3-cleft,  the  spreading  branches  s*igmatic  along  the  inner  side;  berry  globose  or 


CON  VALLA  RIA  CEA  E. 

oval,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter.     In  moist  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Ga.,  Mich,  and 
Ore.     May-July. 

7.  SALOMONIA  Heist. 

Herbs,  with  th'L,<  jointed  and  scarred  rootstocks,  simple  stems,  scaly  below, 
leafy  above,  the  leaves  sessile  and  alternate  in  our  species.  Flowers  greenish  or 
pinkish,  axillary,  drooping,  peduncled,  solitary  or  2-10  in  an  umbel,  the  pedicels 
jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower.  Perianth  6-lobed.  Stamens  6,  included  ;  -fila- 
ments adnate  to  the  perianth  for  half  their  length  or  more;  anthers  sagittate,  in- 
trorse.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules  2-6  in  each  cavity  ;. style  slender  ;  stigma  small, 
capitate  or  slightly  3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  with  a 
bloom,  in  our  species.  [Named  in  honor  of  Salomon.]  About  20  species,  natives 
of  the  north  temperate  zone.  (Polygonatum  Adans.) 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath  ;  filaments  filiform,  roughened.  i.  P.  biflorum. 

Plant  glabrous  throughout ;  filaments  smooth,  somewhat  flattened.    2.  P.  commutatum. 

1.  Salomonia  biflora   (Walt.)  Britton.     HAIRY   SOLOMON'S   SEAL.  (I.  F.  f. 
1039.)     Stem  slender,  glabrous,  2-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  4-10  cm.  long,  1.2-5  cm. 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  base,  pubescent 
especially  on  the  veins  and  pale  beneath,  glabrous  above;  peduncles  i-4-flowered 
(often  2-flowered);  perianth  8-12  mm.  long;  filaments  filiform,  adnate  to  the  peri- 
anth for  about  three  fourths  its  length,  papillose-roughened  ;  berry  6-8  mm.   in 
diameter.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Fla.  and  W.  Va.     April- 
July.     (P.  biflonun  Ell.) 

2.  Salomonia  commutata  (R.   &  S.)     Britton.     SMOOTH  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 
(I.  F.  f.  1040.)     Glabrous  throughout;  stem  0.3-2.5  m.   high.     Leaves  3-15  cm. 
long,  7-10  cm.   wide,    narrowed,  rounded  or  somewhat  clasping  at  the  base  ;  pe- 
duncles  i-8-flowered;    glabrous  ;  perianth   12—20  mm.   long  ;  filaments  somewhat 
flattened,    smooth,  adnate  to  the  perianth  for  half  its  length  or  more;  berry  8-12 
mm.  in  diameter.     In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  rarely  in   dry  soil,  R.   I.  to 
Ont.,  Manitoba,  Ga.,  La.,  Utah  and  N.  Mex.    May-July.     (P.  commutatum  Dietr.) 

8.  CONVALLARIA  L. 

A  low  glabrous  herb,  with  horizontal  rootstocks  and  2  or  sometimes  3  erect 
leaves,  narrowed  into  sheathing  petioles,  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  bearing  sheath- 
ing scales.  Flowers  white  (rarely  pink),  fragrant,  nodding.  Raceme  i-sided.  Peri- 
anth globose-campanulate,  6-lobed,  deciduous,  the  short  lobes  recurved.  Stamens 
6,  included  ;  filaments  short,  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  perianth  ;  anthers  in- 
trorse.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  3  grooved; 
stigma  small,  capitate,  slightly  3-lobed.  Berry  globose.  [Latin  from  convallis, 
valley,  and  the  Greek  for  lily.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe,  Asia  and  the 
higher  Alleghenies. 

i.  Convallaria  majalis  L.  LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.  (I.  F.  f.  1041.)  Stem 
1-2.3  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  or  oval,  appearing  nearly  basal,  acute  at  both 
ends,  1.2-3  dm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide;  basal  scales  large,  one  of  them  subtending  an 
erect  angled  scape  snorter  than  the  leaves;  raceme  2-10  cm.  long,  loosely  several- 
flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  recurved,  6-12  mm.  long;  perianth  6-8  mm.  long;  fila- 
ments shorter  than  the  anthers;  berry  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.  On  the  higher 
mountains  of  Va.,  N.  Car.  and  S.  Car.  Common  in  cultivation.  May-June. 

g.    MEDEOLA   L. 

A  slender  erect  unbranched  herb,  loosely  provided  with  deciduous  wool.  Root- 
stock  thick,  white,  tuber-like,  with  somewhat  the  odor  and  taste  of  cucumbers. 
Leaves  of  flowering  plants  in  2  (rarely  3)  whorls;  lower  whorl  of  4-10  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  obovate  leaves;  upper  whorl  of  3-5  ovate  or  oval  leaves,  subtending 
the  sessile  umbel  of  small  greenish  yellow  declined  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
equal  recurved  segments.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  slender,  longer  than 
the  oblong  extrorse  anthers.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  styles 
3,  recurved.  Berry  globose.  [Name  from  Medea,  a  sorceress,  referring  to  the 
supposed  healing  properties.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 


2/4  FLORA. 

i.  Medeola  Virginiana  L.  INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT.  (I.  F.'f.  1042.)  Root- 
stock  2-8  cm.  long.  Stem  3-8  dm.  tall,  bearing  the  lower  whorl  ot  leaves  above 
the  middle,  or  in  flowerless  plants  at  the  summit;  leaves  of  the  lower  whorl  sessiie, 
5-13  cm.  long,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5 -nerved  and  reticulate-veined; 
leaves  of  the  upper  whorl  2-5  cm.  long;  umbel  2-9-flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  2-5 
cm.  long  or  less,  declined  in  flower,  erect  or  ascending  in  fruit;  perianth-segments 
6-10  mm.  long,  obtuse;  berry  dark  purple,  8-15  mm.  in  diameter.  In  moist  woods 
and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Out,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tenn.  May-June. 

10.   TRl'LLIUM    L.    (See  Appendix,) 

Glabrous  erect  unbranched  herbs,  with  short  scarred  rootstocks,  and  3  lea/es 
whorled  at  the  summi^of  the  stem,  subtending  the  bractless  flower.  Solitary  long- 
petioled  leaves  are  sometimes  borne  on  the  rootstock.  Perianth  of  2  series  of  seg- 
ments, the  outer  3  (sepals)  green,  persistent,  the  inner  3  (petals)  white,  pink,  purple 
or  sometimes  greenish,  deciduous  or  withering.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  fila- 
ments short;  anthers  linear  ;  ovary  sessile,  3-6-angled  or  lobed,  3 -celled;  ovules 
several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  styles  3.  Berry  many-seeded.  Seeds  hori- 
zontal. [Latin,  in  allusion  to  the  3 -parted  flowers  and  the  3  leaves.]  About  20 
species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in 
the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am.  Phyllody,  i.  e.,  the  reversion  of  petals 
or  sepals  to  leaves,  is  occasional  in  the  genus,  and  the  floral  parts  are  sometimes  in 
4's  instead  of  3*3. 

Flower  sessile. 

Leaves  sessile ;  sepals  not  reflexed. 

Flowers  purple;  petal-blades  lanceolate.  I.    T.  sessile. 

Flowers  green ;  petal-blades  linear.  2.    T.  viride. 

Leaves  petioled ;  sepals  reflexed.  3,   7\  recurvatum. 

Flower  peduncled. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  2-5  cm.  long.  4.    T.  nivale. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rhombic,  acuminate,  5-17  cm.  long. 
Leave?  sessile,  or  narrowed  at  the  base  and  short-petioled. 

Petals  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long.  5.    7\  grandiflorum. 

Petals  ovate  or  lanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long. 

Peduncle  3-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  declined;  petals  spreading. 
i  6.    T,  erectum. 

Peduncle   3  cm.  long  or  less,  recurved   beneath   the  leaves;  petals  re- 
curved. 7.   T.  cernuum. 
Leaves  distinctly  petioled,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base.     8.   T.  undulatum. 

1.  Trillium  sessile  L.     SESSILE-FLOWERED  WAKE-ROBIN.     (L   F.  f.  1043.) 
Stem  1-3  dm.  tall.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  cuspidate  at  the   apex,  4-15  cm.  long, 
often  blotched;  sepals  lanceolate,  spreading,  1-5  cm.  long;  petals  lanceolate,  some- 
what longer  than  the  sepals,  erect-spreading,  purple;  anthers  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments, the  connective  prolonged  beyond  the  sacs;  berry  globose,  6-angled,  about 
1.2  cm.  in  diameter.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Minn.,  Fla.  and 
Ark.     April-May. 

2.  Trillium  viride  Beck.     GREEN  WAKE-ROBIN.     (I.    F.  f.    iO43a.)     Light 
green.  Stems  1-4  dm.  tall,  rough-pubescent  near  the  top,  or  glabrous  in  age;  leaves 
oblong   to  ovate,    5-10  cm.  long,  usually  blotched,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the 
nerves  beneath;  sepals  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  bright  green;  petals  clawed,  the 
blades   linear  or  nearly  so,  surpassing  the  sepals,  light  green  or  purplish  green; 
filaments  flattened.     In  woods  and  glades,  Mo.  and  Tenn.  to  Miss,  and  Ark. 

3.  Trillium   recurvatum   Beck.      PRAIRIE  WAKE-ROBIN.     (I.    F.  f.    1044.) 
Stems    1.5-4.5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  ovate,  oval   or  oblong,  4-10  cm.   long,   acute, 
narrowed  into  petioles,  sometimes  blotched;  flower  erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 1.2-3  cm.  long,   reflexed;    petals  spatulate  or  oblong,  nearly  erect,  clawed, 
acute  or  acuminate,  equalling  the  sepals  or  somewhat  longer;  anthers  8—14  mm. 
long,  much  longer  than  the  filaments,  the  connective  prolonged   beyond  the  sacs ; 
berry  ovoid,  6-winged  above,  about  1.8  cm.  long.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  to 
Minn.,  Miss,  and  Ark.     April-June. 

4.  Trillium  nivale   Riddell.     EARLY  WAKE-ROBIN.     (I.  F.  f.   1045.)     Stem 
5-I2c.m.  high.     Leaves  2-$  cm.   long,  obtuse;  petioles  4-12   mm.  long;  peduncle 


SMILACEAE.  2?$ 

erect,  bent,  or  recurved;  sepals  narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse; 
petals  white,  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  sepals,  erect-spreading;  an- 
thers about  as  long  as  the  filaments,  the  connective  not  prolonged  beyond  the  sacs; 
styles  slender;  berry  globose,  3-lobed.  In  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  Ohio, 
Minn.,  Ky.  and  Neb.  March-May. 

5.  Trillium  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.     LARGE-FLOWERED  WAKE-ROBIN. 
(I.  F.  f.  1046.)     Stems  usually  stout,  2-4.5   dm.  high;     Leaves  rhombic-ovate  or 
rhombic-oval.  6-15  cm.  long,  acuminate,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  or  nearly  sessile 
base;  peduncle  3-8  cm.   long;  sepals  acuminate,   2-5  cm.  long,  spreading;  petals 
erect-spreading,  obtuse  or  cuspidate,  strongly  veined,  white  or  pink,  thin,  longer 
than  the  sepals  ;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments;^  styles  slender,  berry  globose, 
black,  slightly  6-lobed,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter.     In  woods,  Quebec  to  Ont  .  Minn., 
Fla.  and  Mo.     May -June. 

6.  Trillium  erectum  L.     ILL-SCENTED  WAKE-ROBIN.     (I.  F.  f.  1047.)     Stem 
stout,   2-4  dm.    high.     Leaves  broadly    rhombic,   7-18  cm.   long,  often  as    wide 
or  wider,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  peduncle  erect  inclined  or 
declined  beneath  the  leaves  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading;  petals  acute 
or  acutish,  spreading,  equalling  the  sepals  or    longer,  dark  purple,  pink,  yellow, 
greenish  or  white  ;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments  ;  styles  short  ;"  berry  ovoid, 
somewhat  6-lobed,    reddish,   1.5-2.5    cm.  long.     In  woods,   N.  S.   to  Jamrs    Bay, 
Manitoba,  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     Flowers  unpleasantly  scented.     April  June. 

7.  Trillium   cernuum  L.     NODDING  WAKE-ROBIN.     (I.   F.  f.  1048.)     Stem 
2-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  broadly  rhombic,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sessile,  or  with  the  petioles  2-4  mm.    long;  peduncle  recurved  beneath  the 
leaves,  the  flower  drooping;    sepals  ac'uminate;  petals  white  or  pink,  rolled  back- 
ward, wavy-margined,  equalling  the  sepals,  or  a  little  longer;  anthers  about  as  long 
as  the  filaments;  berry  ovoid,  red-purple.     In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn., 
Ga.  and  Mo.     April-June. 

8.  Trillium  undulatum  Willd.    PAINTED  WAKE- ROBIN.    (I.  F.  f.  1049.)    Stem 
2-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  0.7-2   dm.    long,   petioled,   long-acuminate   at  the 
apex,    obtuse   or   rounded   at   the   base;    flower    peduncled,    erect    or   somewhat 
inclined,  2-6  cm.  long;  sepals  acuminate,  1.8-3  crn-   l°ng!   petals  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,   acuminate  or  acute,  white,  with   purple  veins  or  stripes,  thin,  longer 
than   the    sepals,    wavy-margined;  styles    slender;    berry    ovoid,    obtuse,    bluntly 
3-angled,  bright  red,  shining,  1.2-2  cm.  in  diameter.     In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and 
Wis.,  Ga.  and  Mo.     May-June.     [T.  erythrocarpwn  Michx.] 


Family  5.     SMILACEAE  Vent 
Smilax  Family. 

Mostly  vines  with  woody  or  herbaceous,  often  prickly  stems.  Leaves 
alternate,  netted-veined,  several-nerved,  petioled.  Petiole  sheathing, 
hearing  a  pair  of  slender  tendril-like  appendages,  persistent,  the  blade 
falling  away.  Flowers  small,  mostly  green,  dioecious,  in  axillary  umbels, 
Perianth-segments  6.  StameTTs  mostly  6,  distinct ;  filaments  ligulate  ; 
anthers  basifixed,  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  3  celled,  the  cavities  opposite 
the  inner  perianth-segments;  ovules  I  or  2  in  each  cavity,  orthotropous  ; 
style  very  short  or  none  ;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  globose  berry  containing 
1-^6  brownish  seeds.  Endosperm  horny,  copious ;  embryo  small,  oblong, 
remote  from  the  hilum.  Genera  3,  only  the  following  in  N.  A.;  species 
about  200,  in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

i.   SMiLAX   L. 

Rootstocks  usually  large  and  tuberous,  stems  usually  twining,  and  climbing  by 
means  of  the  coiling  appendages  of  the  petiole.  Lower  leaves  reduced  to  scales. 
Flowers  regular.  Perianth- segments  distinct,  deciduous.  Pedicels  borne  on  a 
globose  or  conic  receptacle,  inserted  in  small  pits,  generally  among  minute 


FLORA. 

lets.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments.  Staminate  flowers 
without  an  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  smaller  than  the  s^aminate,  usually 
with  1-6  abortive  stamens.  Berry  black,  red  or  purple  (rarely  white),  with  3 
strengthening  bands  of  tissue  running  through  the  outer  part  of  the  pulp,  connected 
at  the  base  and  apex.  Embryo  lying  under  a  tubercle  at  the  upper  end  of  the  seed. 
[Ancient  Greek  name,  perhaps  not  originally  applied  to  these  plants.]  About  195 
species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  tropical  America  and  Asia.  Besides 
the  following,  about  five  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S.,  and  one  in  Cal.  and  Ore, 

Stem  annual,  herbaceous,  unarmed. 

Petioles  tendril-bearing;  stems  climbing. 
.     Leaves  usually  ovate,  thin. 

Leaves  glabrous.  I.  S.hertycea. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath.  z.^r^ulverulenta^ 

Leaves  usually  hastate,  coriaceous.  3.  S.  tamnrfolia. 

Petioles  without  tendrils  or  nearly  so  ;  stems  erect.  4.  S.  ecirrhata. 

Stem  perennial,  woody,  usually  armed  with  prickles. 
Berries  black  or  bluish-black. 
Fruit  ripening  the  first  year. 

Leaves  glaucous.     '  5.  S.  glauca. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  rounded  or  lanceolate,  5-nerved.  6.  S.  rotundifolia. 

Leaves  ovate,  y-nerved.  7.  .5".  hispida. 

Leaves  round-ovate,  often  narrowed  at  the  middle,  7-o.-nerved. 

8.  S.  Pseudo-China. 
Leaves  deltoid  or  deltoid-hastate,  5-y-nerved,  often  with  i  or  2  additional 

nerves  on  each  side.  9.  S.  Bona-nox. 

Fruit  ripening  the  second  year  ;  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  evergreen. 

10.  S.  lanrifolia. 
Berries  red. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  base  rounded ;  berries  bright  red. 

11.  S,    Walteri. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base ;  berries  dull  red.        12.  6".  lanceolata. 

1.  Smilax  herbacea  L.     CARRION-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  1050.)     Tubers  short, 
thick,  numerous.     Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous,   unarmed.     Leaves  ovate,  rounded, 
or  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  thin,  y-g-nerved,  3-13  cm.  long;  peduncles  usually  6-10  times  as  long  as  the 
petioles,    flattened;    umbels    i5-8o-flowered;    pedicels    6-16    mm.  long;    flowers 
carrion-scented;  filaments  2-3  times  as  long  as  the   anthers;  berries  bluish   black, 
2-4-seeded,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Dak., 
Fla.,  La.  and  Neb.     April-June. 

2.  Smilax  pulverulenta  Michx.     HAIRY  CARRION-FLOWER.     Similar  to  the 
preceding;  stems  elongated,  climbing;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptic-ovate,  8-15  cm.  long, 
short-acuminate,  usually  g-nerved,  pubescent  beneath,  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles 
often  as  long  as  the  blades;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer:  pedicels 
5  -12  mm.  long;  berries  subglobose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.     In  alluvial  soil,  Ont. 
to  Wis.,  N.  Car.  and  Mo.     Spring. 

3.  Smilax  tamnilolia  Michx.     HALBERD-LEAVED  SMILAX.     (I.  F.  f.   1051.) 
Glabrous,  herbaceous;  stem   and  branches  unarmed.     Leaves  coriaceous,  mostly 
ovate-hastate,  with  broad  obtuse  lobes  at  the  base,  slightly  narrowed  at  about  the 
middle,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  green  on  both  sides,  2.5-8  cm.  long, 
5-7-nerved;  peduncles  1-3  from  the  same  axil,  2-10  cm.  long,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  leaves;  umbels   io-3O-flowered ;  pedicels  4-6   mm.   long;  filaments    1-2 
times  as  long  as  the  anthers;  berries  black,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  1-3 -seeded.     In 
dry  soil,  S.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.     May-July. 

4.  Smilax  ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  S.Wats.     UPRIGHT  SMILAX.     (I.  F.  f.  1052.) 
Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous,  simple,  erect,  1.5-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  often  whorled  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  thin,  5~9-nerved, 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  and  erose-denticulate  on  the  margins;  petioles  2—3.6 
cm.  long;  peduncles  long,  often  pubescent;  pedicels  4- 10  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil, 
Va.  to  Minn,  and  Fla.     May-June. 

5.  Smilax  glauca  Walt.     GLAUCOUS-LEAVED  GREENBRIER.     (I.  F.  f.  1053.) 
Rootstock  deep,  knotted  and  tuberous.     Stem  terete;  branches  and  twigs  angled, 


SMILACEAE.  277 

armed  with  rather  stout  prickles,  or  sometimes  unarmed;  petioles  6-12  mm.  long, 
tendril-bearing;  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  cordate  at 
the  base,  entire,  mostly  5-nerved,  3-15  cm.  -long;  peduncles  flattened;  umbels 
6-12-flowered;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  berries  bluish  black,  about  6  mm.  in 
diameter.  2-3-seeded.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  E.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 
May-June. 

6.  Smilax   rotundifolia    L.       GREENBRIER.       CATBRIER.       HORSEBRIER. 
(I.  F.  f.    1054.)     Rootstocks   long,   sparingly  tuberous.     Stem  woody,  terete,  the 
branches  often  4-angled,    glabrous;    prickles  .scattered,   sometimes   none;  petioles 
6-12  mm.  long;  leaves  thick  and  shining  when  mature,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  obtuse    or  cordate  at    the    base,  entire   or   the   margins  erose-denticulate, 
5-nerved,  5-15  cm.  long;  peduncles  flattened;  umbels  6-25 -flowered;  pedicels  2-8 
mm.  long;  perianth-segments  pubescent  at  the  tip;  filaments  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  anthers;  berries  black,  i-3-seeded,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  woods  and 
thickets,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

7.  Smilax  hispida  Muhl.     HISPID  GREENBRIER.     (I.  F.  f.  1055.)     Glabrous; 
stem  commonly  thickly  hispid  with  numerous  slender  prickles,  the  branches  more 
or  less  angled;  petioles  8-18  mm.  long,  tendril-bearing;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  abruptly 
acute  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  7-nerved,  5-13 
cm.   long;  peduncles  flattened;    umbels    io-26-flowered;    pedicels  4-6  mm.   long; 
filaments  a  little  longer  than  the  anthers;  berries  bluish  black.     In  thickets,  Ont. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Va.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

8.  Smilax  Pseudo-China  L.     LONG-STALKED  GREENBRIER.    (I.  F.  f.  1056.) 
Glabrous;  rootstock  often  bearing  large  tubers;  stem  terete,  the  branches  angled. 
Lower  part  of  the  stem  beset  with  straight  prickles,  the  branches  mostly  unarmed; 
petioles  6-25  mm.  long;  leaves  firm,  ovate,  often  narrowed  at  about  the  middle  or 
lobed  at  base,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  y-g-nerved,  6-13  cm.  long;  pedun- 
cles flattened,  2-8  cm.  long,  umbels  1 2-4O-flowered  ;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long  ;   sta- 
mens 6  -10;  berries  black,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  or  sandy  thickets,  Md.  to 
Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     March- Aug. 

9.  Smilax    B6na-n6x  L.     BRISTLY   GREENBRIER.     (I.  F.  f.   1057.)     Root- 
stocks    bearing  large  tubers  ;  stem  terete  or  slightly  angled,  the  branches  often 
4-angled.     Prickles  often  wanting  on  the  branches;  petioles  6-12  mm.  long;  leaves 
thick,  ovate  or  commonly  deltoid-hastate,  glabrous,  green  on  both  sides,  often  spiny 
on  the  margins  and  the  veins  beneath,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,    5~9-nerved,    3-11    cm.   long  ;  peduncles 
slender,  flattened,  1.4-3  cm-  l°ng:  umbels  15 -45 -flowered;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long; 
stigmas  1—3;  berries  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  mostly  I -seeded.     In  thickets,  Mass,  to 
Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-July. 

10.  Smilax  laurifolia  L.     LAUREL-LEAVED   GREENBRIER.     (I.  F.  f.  1058.) 
Rootstocks  bearing  tubers  sometimes  1.5   dm.  thick;  stem  high-climbing,  terete, 
armed  with  strong  straight  prickles,  the  branches  angled,  mostly  unarmed.    Petioles 
stout,   6-16  mm.    long;  leaves   leathery,  evergreen,  elliptic   or   oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  3 -nerved,  or 
sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of  nerves  near  the  margins,  5-11  cm.  long;  pe- 
duncles stout,  angled,  4-20  mm.  long;  umbels  6~3O-flowered  ;  pedicels  4-6  mm. 
long;  anthers  usually  about  one-third  shorter  than  the  filaments;  stigma  I,  some- 
times 2 ;  berries  black,  ovoid,  4-6  mm.  thick.    In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  S.  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  north  in  the  Miss.  Valley  to  Ark.     March-Sept. 

11.  Smilax    Walteri    Pursh.      WALTER'S    GREENBRIER.      (I.  F.   f.   1059.) 
Glabrous;  stem  angled,  prickly  below;  branches  commonly  unarmed.    Petioles  4-12 
mm.  long,  angled;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rarely  lobed  at  the  base,  cor- 
date or  subcordate,  entire,  5-7-nerved,  5-13  cm.   long,  2-8  cm.  wide;  peduncles 
4-10  mm.  long,  flattened  ;  umbels  6-15 -flowered  ;  pedicels  very  slender,  4-6  mm. 
long;  berries  globose,  coral-red  (rarely  white),  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,   2-3-seeded. 
In  wet  soil,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  La.     April-June. 

12.  Smilax  lanceolata  L.      LANCE-LEAVED   GREENBRIER.     (I.  F.  f.  1060.) 
Glabrous,  stem  terete,  usually  prickly,  the  branches  slender,  long,  mostly  unarmed. 
Petioles  2-4  mm.  long  ;  leaves  rather  thin,    lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  shining  above,  5-7-nerved,  5-10  cm.  long;  pe- 
duncles thick,  angled,  6-16  mm.   long;  umbels  8-40- flowered;  pedicels  4-14  mm. 


278  FLORA. 

long  ;  filaments   longer   than  the  anthers  ;  berries  dark  red,  globose,  4-6  mm.  in 
diameter,  usually  2 -seeded.     In  thickets,  Va.  to  Ark.,  Fla.  arid  Tex.     March-Aug. 

Family  6.     HAEMODORACEAE  R.  Br. 

Bloodwort  Family, 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  stems,  narrowly  linear  leaves,  and  regular 
or  somewhat  irregular  small  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  panicles. 
Perianth  6-parted  or  6-lobed,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  persistent.  Stamens 
3,  opposite  the  3  inner  perianth-segments.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  in- 
ferior, 3-celled  or  rarely  i -celled  ;  ovules  usually  few  in  each  cavity,  half- 
anatropous ;  style  mostly  slender ;  stigma  small,  entire  or  3-grooved. 
Fruit  a  loculicidally  3-valved  capsule.  Seeds  few  or  rarely  numerous ; 
embryo  small,  in  fleshy  endosperm.  About  9  genera  and  35  species, 
mostly  natives  of  South  Africa  and  Australia,  a  few  in  tropical  America  ; 
only  the  following  genus  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

1.   GYROTHECA  Salisb. 

A  rather  stout  herb,  with  a  short  rootstock,  red  fibrous  roots  and  equitant  leaves, 
the  basal  ones  longer  than  those  of  the  stem.  Flowers  numerous,  yellowish,  small, 
in  a  dense  woolly  tymose  panicle.  Perianth  6-parted  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary, 
the  outer  segments  smaller  than  the  inner.  Filaments  filiform,  longer  than  the 
perianth  ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  versatile.  Ovary  3-cclled  ;  ovules  few  in  each 
cavity,  borne  on  fleshy  placentae  ;  style  very  slender,  declined.  Capsule  enclosed 
by  the  withering-persistent  perianth,  nearly  globular,  3-valved.  Seeds  about  6  in 
each  cavity,  flattened,  nearly  orbicular,  peltate.  (Greek,  referring  to  the  round 
fruit.)  A  monotypic  genus  of  southeastern  N.  Am.  and  the  W.  I. 

I.  Gyrotheca  tinctoria  (Walt. )  Salisb.  RED-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  1061.)  Stem 
4-8  dm.  tall,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  or  woolly  above.  Leaves  4-10  mm.  wide, 
acuminate,  the  basal  ones  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts; 
panicle  5-13  cm.  broad,  almost  capitate  when  young,  white-woolly;  flowers 
8 -10  mm.  broad,  bracteolate,  the  perianth  yellow  and  glabrous  within;  style  about 
as  long  as  the  stamens;  pedicels  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  capsule;  capsule  about 
6  mm.  in  diameter.  In  swamps,  E.  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.,  mostly  in  pine  barrens 
near  the  coast.  Also  in  Cuba.  July-Sept.  (Gyrotheca  capitata  Morong.) 


Family  7.     AMARYLLIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Amaryllis  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody  or  even  arboreous), 
with  bulbs  or  rootstocks,  scapose  or  sometimes  leafy  stems  and  usually 
narrow  and  entire  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Perianth 
6-parted  or  6-lobed,  the  segments  or  lobes  distinct,  or  united  below  into 
a  tube  which  is  adnate  to  the  surface  of  the  ovary  (adnate  only  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  ovary  in  Lophiola).  Stamens  6  in  our  genera,  inserted 
on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments  or  in  the  throat  of  the  perianth 
opposite  the  lobes.  Anthers  versatile  or  basifixed,  2-celled,  the  sacs 
usually  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  usually 
3-celled.  Style  filiform,  entire,  lobed,  or  cleft  into  3  stigmas  at  the 
summit.  Ovules  usually  numerous,  rarely  only  i  or  2  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary,  anatropous.  Fruit  capsular,  rarely  fleshy.  Seeds  mostly  black, 
the  embryo  small,  enclosed  in  fleshy  endosperm.  About  70  genera  and 
800  species,  principally  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  some  in  the 
tern oerate  zone0 


A  MAR  YLLIDA  CEAE. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  flowers  on  scapes. 

Flower  solitary  (in  our  species);  perianth  with  a  crown.  I.  Narcissus. 

Flower  solitary;  perianth  without  a  crown. 

Anthers  versatile ;  tube  of  the  perianth  not  greatly  elongated. 

2.  Atamosco. 
Anthers  erect ;  tube  o'  the  perianth  several  times  the  length  of  its  lobes. 

3.  Cooperia. 
Flowers  clustered  ;  perianth  with  a  membranous  crown  connecting  the  lower  parts  of 

the  filaments.  4-  Hymenocallis. 

Bulbless  herbs,  with  rootstocks  or  corms. 

Perianth  adnate  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary ;  leaves  mostly  basal. 
Tall,  fleshy-leaved;  anthers  versatile.  5.  Agave. 

Low,  linear-leaved ;  anthers  not  versatile.  6.  Hypoxis. 

Perianth  adnate  only  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary;  stem  leafy;  flowers  woolly. 

7.  Lophiola. 

i.  NARCISSUS    L. 

Bulbous  herbs,  the  flowers  solitary  or  several  on  leafless  scapes,  the  leaves  linear, 
basal.  Flowers  subtended  by  a  deciduous  spathe;  perianth  6-parted,  bearing  a 
cup-like  funnelform  or  cylindric  crown  in  the  throat.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  perianth;  ovary  3-celled.  About  20  species,  natives  of  the  Old  "World. 

i.  Narcissus  Pseudo-Narcissus  L.  DAFFODIL.  Scape  about  3  dm.  high, 
2-edged.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  scape;  flower  bright 
yellow,  5-8  cm.  broad;  crown  crenate,  rather  longer  than  the  perianth-tube. 
Escaped  from  cultivation,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  April-May.  Flowers  often  double. 

2.   ATAMOSCO  Adans. 

Glabrous  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  narrow  leaves,  and  erect  scapes,  the  flower 
large,  erect,  pink,  white  or  purple.  Perianth  funnelform,  naked  in  the  throat, 
with  6  membranous  equal  erect-spreading  lobes  united  below  into  a  tube,  subtended 
by  an  entire  or  2-cleft  bract.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  equal 
or  nearly  so.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  long,  filiform,  3-cleft  at  the  summit;  ovules 
numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  subglobose  or  depressed,  3-lobed, 
loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  mostly  flattened,  black  or  nearly  so.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing wind-flower.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following, 
4  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S.  (Zephyr -ant hes  Herb.) 

i.  Atamosco  Atamasco  (L.)  Greene.  ATAMASCO  LILY.  (I.  F.  f.  1062.) 
Bulb  ovoid,  about  2.5  cm.  long.  Leaves  fleshy,  shining,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  3-6  mm. 
wide,  blunt,  usually  shorter  than  the  scape;  scape  terete,  erect;  bract  2-cleft  into 
acuminate  lobes,  longer  than  the  ovary;  flowers  5-9  cm.  high,  white  with  a  pur- 
plish tinge  or  sometimes  light  purple ;  perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter  than  the  tube;  style  longer  than  the  stamens; 
capsule  depressed,  about  1.2  cm.  high.  In  moist  places,  S.  Penn.  (?),  E.  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Ala.  Perianth  rarely  8-lobed.  March-June.  (Zephyranthes  Atamasco 
Herb.) 

4.   COOPERIA    Herb. 

Low  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  grass-like  leaves  and  i-flowered  scapes,  the  flower 
large,  long,  erect,  subtended  by  a  spathe-like  bract.  Perianth  salverform,  with  6 
spreading  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth;  filaments  short; 
anthers  linear.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma  slightly  3-lobed;  ovules 
numerous,  in  2  rows  of  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  depressed,  3-lobed, 
loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  horizontal,  black.  [In  honor  of  Daniel 
Cooper,  i8i7?-i842,  Curator,  Botanical  Society  of  London.]  Two  known  species, 
natives  of  the  southwestern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

i.  Cooperia  Drummondii  Herb.  DRUMMOND'S  COOPERIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1063.) 
Bulb  globose,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter.  Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng»  4-6"  mm.  wide, 
erect;  scape  slender,  hollow,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  spathe-like  bract  2-5  cm. 
long,  2-cleft  above  into  acuminate  lobes;  flower  7-13  cm.  high,  white  or  pinkish; 
tube  of  the  perianth  very  slender,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  slightly  expanded  just 
below  the  limb;  segments  oblong,  nearly  2.5  cm.  long;  ovary  sessile;  capsule  some- 
what obovoid,  about  i  cm.  in  diameter,  deeply  lobed.  On  prairies,  Kans.  to  La., 
Tex,,  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.  April-July. 


28O  FLORA. 

4.    HYMENOCALLIS    Salisb. 

Mostly  tall  bulbous  herbs  with  usually  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves,  and 
large  white  umbelled  flowers  on  solid  scapes,  each  flower  subtended  by  2  mem- 
branous bracts.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  or  recurved  narrow  equal  elongated  lobes, 
united  below  into  a  long  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  top  of  the  perianth- 
tube,  the  lower  parts  of  the  long  filaments  connected  by  a  membranous  crown;  anthers 
linear,  versatile.  Ovary  3-ceiled;  ovules  only  I  or  2  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform, 
long-exserted;  stigma  small,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Capsule  rather  fleshy.  Seeds 
usually  only  I  or  2,  large,  green,  fleshy.  [Greek,  beautiful  membrane,  referring 
to  the  crown.]  About  30  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following,  10  others 
occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  HymenocaLis  occ:dentalis  (Le  Conte)  Kunth.  HYMENOCALLIS.  (I.  F.  f. 
1064.)  Bulb  large.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  fleshy,  glaucous, 
3-6  dm.  long,  1.5-5  cm-  wide  ;  scape  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate  ;  umbel  several-flowered  ;  perianth-tube  3-4  mm.  in  diameter, 
7-13  cm.  long,  the  linear  lobes  nearly  as  long;  crown  funnelform,  narrowed  below, 
2.5-3  cm.  long,  its  margins  entire,  erose  or  2-toothed  between  the  filaments  ;  free 
part  of  the  filaments  about  2.5  cm.  long,  white  ;  anthers  I  mm.  wide,  yellow;  style 
extending  for  5-8  cm.  beyond  the  crown,  green  ;  fruit  1.2-2  cm.  in  diameter.  In 
moist  soil,  Ga.  to  S.  111.  and  Mo.  July-Sept. 

5.  AGAVE  L. 

Fleshy  herbs,  some  tropical  species  very  tall,  with  a  short  crown-like  or  erect 
rootstock  (caudex)  and  tall  bracted  scapes,  the  leaves  large,  thick,  sometimes  spiny- 
toothed,  basal,  or  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  caudex,  and  large  bracted  flowers  in 
terminal  spikes  or  compound  clusters.  Perianth  tubular  or  funnelform,  withering- 
persistent,  of  6  equal  or  nearly  equal  lobes,  united  below  into  a  tube.  Stamens  in- 
serted on  the  perianth  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  exserted.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style 
slender,  exserted,  3-lobed  ;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 
Capsule  3-lobed,  thick-walled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed,  somewhat  cuneate, 
black.  [Greek,  signifying  noble.]  About  140  species,  all  American.  Besides 
the  following,  some  12  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  States. 

i.  Agave  Virginica  L.  FALSE  ALOE.  (I.  F.  f.  1065.)  Glabrous  through- 
out ;  rootstock  a  short  crown.  Scape  6-12  dm.  tall,  sometimes  nearly  1.2  cm.  in 
diameter  at  the  base,  its  bracts  distant,  long-acuminate  ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong, 
1.5-6  dm.  long,  acuminate,  their  margins  entire  or  denticulate  ;  spike  3-6  dm. 
long,  loose  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  odorous,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  short  bracts; 
perianth  slightly  expanded  above,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  the  tube  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  erect  lobes  ;  capsule  1-1.6  cm.  in  diameter,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
stalk.  In  dry  soil,  Md.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  Summer. 

6.    HYPOXIS  L. 

Low,  mostly  villous  herbs,  with  a  corm  or  short  rootstock,  grass-dike  leaves  and 
slender  few-flowered  scapes,  the  flowers  rather'  small.  Perfanth  6-parted,  its 
segments  equal  or  nearly  so,  separate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  withering- 
persistent,  the  3  outer  ones  greenish  on  the  lower  side  in  our  species.  Stamens  in- 
serted on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments  ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  erect,  sagit- 
tate or  entire.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style  short  ;  stigmas  3,  erect  ;•  ovules  numerous, 
in  2  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  thin-walled,  not  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds 
globular,  black,  laterally  short-beaked  by  their  stalks.  [Greek,  originally  given 
to  some  plant  with  sour  leaves.]  About  50  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides 
the  following,  two  others  occur  in  the  southern  States. 

I.  Hypoxis  hirsuta(L.)Coville.  STARGRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  1066.)  Corm  6-12  mm. 
in  diameter.  Leaves  basal,  narrowly  linear,  2-5  mm.  wide,  more  or  less  villous, 
mostly  longer  than  the  scapes  ;  scapes  slender,  erect,  villous  above,  5-15  cm.  high; 
flowers  1-6,  umbellate  ;  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  perianth- 
segments  narrowly  oblong,  spreading,  mostly  obtuse,  bright  yellow  within,  villous 
without,  6-10  mm.  long;  stamens  somewhat  unequal;  style  3-angled,  the  stigmas 
decurrent  on  the  angles  ;  capsule  about  3  mm.  in  diameter.  In  dry  soil,  Me.  and 
Ont.  to  Assiniboia.  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-Oct. 


DIOSCOREA  CEAE—IRIDA  CEA E.  28 1 

7.  LOPH!OLA  Ker. 

An  erect  perennial  herb  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  sparingly  leafy  stems, 
the  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  mostly  basal,  and  numerous  small  yellowish  flowers 
in  a  terminal  woolly  cymose  panicle.  Perianth  campanulate,  persistent,  of  6  nearly 
equal  woolly  segments,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases 
of  the  perianth-segments  ;  filaments  filiform,  short  ;  anthers  basifixed.  Ovary 
3-celled  ;  style  subulate,  at  length  3-cleft  ;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each 
cavity.  Capsule  ovoid,  finally  loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  summit.  Seeds  oblong, 
numerous,  ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  tufts  of  wool  on  the  perianth.]  A 
monotypic  genus  of  southeastern  N.  A. 

i.  Lophiola  Americana  (Pursh)  A.  Wood.  LOPHIOLA.  (I.  F.  f.  1067. )  Stem 
stiff,  terete,  glabrous  below,  white-woolly  above,  3-6  dm.  tall.  Leaves  equitant, 
glabrous,  much  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  scales  ;  panicle 
densely  white-woolly,  composed  of  numerous  few-several-flowered  cymes ;  pedicels 
short,  rather  stout  ;  perianth-segments  linear-lanceolate,  about  4  mm.  long,  longer 
than  the  stamens  and  with  a  tuft  of  wool  at  the  base  within  ;  capsule  about  as  long 
as  the  persistent  style.  Pine  barren  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  June-Aug.  \L.  aurea  Ker.J 

Family  8.     DIOSCOREACEAE  Lindl. 
Yam  Family. 

Herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  twining  vines  with  fleshy  or  woody 
rootstocks,  slender  stems,  petioled,  mostly  cordate,  several-nerved  and 
reticulate-veined  leaves,  and  small  inconspicuous  dioecious  or  monce- 
cious.(in  some  exotic  genera  perfect)  regular  flowers  in  spikes,  racemes  or 
panicles.  Perianth  6-parted,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers  persistent. 
Staminate  flowers  with  6  or  3  stamens,  sometimes  with  a  rudimentary 
ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  inferior  3-celled  ovary,  3  styles  and  3 
terminal  stigmas,  sometimes  also  with  3  or  6  staminodia;  ovules  2 
(rarely  i)  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  amphit- 
ropous.  Fruit  a  3-valved,  3-angled  capsule  in  the  following  genus. 
Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  cartilaginous,  enclosing  the  small 
embryo.  About  9  genera  and  175  species,  mostly  natives  of  America,  a 
few  in  the  Old  World. 

x.    DIOSCOREA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family  as  defined  above.  [Name  in  honor  of  the  Greek  nat- 
turalist  Dioscorides.]  About  1 60  species,  most  numerous  in  tropical  regions,  a  few 
in  the  temperate  zones. 

i.  DioscoreavillosaL.  WILD  YAM-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  1068.)  Rootstock  knotted- 
horizontal,  woody,  1.5-3  dm.  thick.  Stem 2-5  m.  long,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  en- 
tire, slender-petioled,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite  or  in  4*5,  acuminate,  cordate  at 
the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  9-13-nerved,  thin,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath; 
flowers  greenwish  yellow,  nearly  sessile,  the  staminate  2-3  mm.  broad  in  drooping 
panicles,  the  pistillate  about  6  mm.  long  in  drooping  spicate  racemes;  capsules 
membranous,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  strongly  3-winged.  In  moist  thickets,  R.  I.  to 
Out.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  June-July.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.,  persistent  on  the  vines 
into  the  winter. 

Family  9.     IRIDACEAE  Lindl. 
Iris   Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  narrow  equitant  2-ranked  leaves  and  perfect, 
mostly  clustered  flowers  subtended  by  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  segments 
or  6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  two 
series,  convolute  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted 
on  the  perianth  opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes ;  filaments 


282  FLORA. 

filiform,  distinct  or  united  ;  anthers  2-ceiled,  extrorse.  Ovary  inferior, 
mostly  3-celled  ;  ovules  mostly  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous  ;  style 
3-cleft,  its  branches  sometimes  divided.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally 
dehiscent,  3-angled  or  3-lobed  (sometimes  6-lobed),  many-seeded.  En- 
dosperm fleshy  or  horny;  embryo  straight,  small.  About  57  genera  and 
1000  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Style-branches  opposite  the  anthers,  very  broad,  petal-like.  i.  Iris. 
Style-branches  alternate  with  the  anthers,  slender  or  filiform. 

Style-branches,  2-cleft ;  plants  bulbous.  2.  Nemastylis. 
Style-branches  undivided;  plants  not  bulbous. 

Filaments  all  distinct ;  seeds  fleshy.  3.   Gemmingta. 

Filaments  united  ;  seeds  dry.  4.   Sisyrinchium. 

i.  "iRIS   L.     O'ee  Appendix.} 

Herbs,  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  rootstocks,  erect  stems,  erect  or 
ascending  equitant  leaves,  and  large  regular  terminal  sometimes  panicled  flowers. 
Perianth  of  6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  three  outer  dilated, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  the  3  inner  narrower,  smaller,  usually  erect,  or  in  some 
species  about  as  large  as  the  outer.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  outer  peri- 
anth-segments; anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  3-celled;  divisions  of  the  style 
petal-like,  arching  over  the  stamens,  bearing  the  stigmas  immediately  under  their 
mostly  2-lobed  tips;  style-base  adnate  to  the  perianth-tube.  Capsule  oblong  or  oval, 
3-6-angled  or  lobed.  Seeds  numerous,  vertically  compressed,  in  i  or  2  rows  in 
each  cavity.  [Greek,  rainbow,  referring  to  the  variegated  flowers.]  About  100 
species,  mostly  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  8  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Stems  tall,  usually  several-flowered,  leafy;  outer  perianth-segments  larger  than  the  inner. 
Flowers  blue,  variegated  with  yellow,  white  or  green  (rarely  all  white). 
None  of  the  perianth-segments  crested;  native  species. 
Leaves  1-2.5  cm.  wide. 

Leaves  somewhat  glaucous.  i.  /.  versicolor. 

Leaves  bright  green,  not  glaucous. 

Outer  perianth-segments  7-10  cm.  long;  flowers  sessile. 

2.  /.  liexagona. 
Outer  perianth-segments  6-7  cm.  long;  flowers  pedicelled. 

3.  /.  Caroliniana. 
Leaves  much  narrower,  4-8  mm.  wide. 

Capsule  obtusely  angled,  3-6-lobed. 

Capsule  3-lobed;  northern.  4.  /.  Hookeri. 

Capsule  6-lobed;  western.  5.  /.  Missouriensis. 

Capsule  sharply  3-angled.  6.  /.  prismatica. 

Outer  perianth-segments  strongly  crested;  introduced.  7.  7.  Germanica. 

Flowers  reddish  or  red-brown.  8.  I.fulva. 

Flowers  bright  yellow;  introduced  species.  9.  /.  Pseudacorus. 

Stems  low,  seldom  over  1.5  dm.  tall,  i-3-flowered ;  outer  and  inner  perianth-segments 

nearly  equal. 
Outer  perianth-segments  crested  ;  leaves  lanceolate. 

Perianth-tube  very  slender,  exceeding  the  bracts.  10.  /.  cristata. 

Perianth-tube  expanded  above,  not  exceeding  the  bracts.        u.  /.  lacustris 
Outer  perianth-segments  crested,  claws  slightly  pubescent;  leaves  linear. 

12.  7.  verna. 

1.  Iris  versicolor  L.     LARGER  BLUE  FLAG.     (I.    F.  f.    1069.)    Rootstock 
fleshy.     Stem  terete  or  nearly  so,  6-10  dm.  tall,  leafy;  leaves  erect,  shorter  than 
the  stem,  somewhat  glaucous,  12-25  mm-  wide;  bracts  commonly  longer  than  the  ped- 
icels; flowers  violet-blue,  variegated  with  yellow,  green  and   white;  perianth-seg- 
ments glabrous,  crestless,  the  outer  ones  spatulate,  5-8  cm.  long,  longer  and  wider 
than  the  inner;  perianth-tube   shorter  than  the  ovary;  capsule  oblong,  obscurely 
3-lobed,  about  3  cm.  long  and   1.5  cm.  in  diameter;  seeds  4-6  mm.  broad,  in  2 
rows  in  each  cavity.     In  marshes,  thickets,  and  wet  meadows,  Newf.  to  Manitoba, 
Fla.  and  Ark.     May-July. 

2.  Iris  hexagona  Walt.     SOUTHERN  BLUE  FLAG.     (I.  F.  f.  1070.)    Roct- 
stock  stout,  thick.     Stems  terete,  usually  simple,  leafy,  3-9  dm.   tall;  leaves  1-3 


1RIDACEAE.  283 

cm.  wide,  green,  not  glaucous,  the  lower  often  6-9  dm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in 
the  upper  axils,  sessile,  similar  to  those  of/,  versicolor,  but  larger,  the  broader  outer 
crestless  perianth  segments  often  I  dm.  long  and  over  2.5  cm.  wide,  much  wider 
than  the  erect  inner  ones;  perianth-tube  rather  longer  than  the  ovary;  capsule 
oblong-cylindric,  6-angled,  about  5  cm.  long;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity.  In 
swamps,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.  to  Ky.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  April-May. 

3.  Iris  Caroliniana  S.  Wats.  CAROLINA  BLUE  FLAG.  (I.  F.  f.  1071.) 
Rootstock  stout,  fleshy.  Stem  6-10  dm.  tall  ;  leaves  bright  green,  1.5-3  cm.  wick  ; 
flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together,  lilac,  variegated  with  yellow,  purple  and  brown, 
pedicelled  ;  outer  perianth-segments  broadly  spatulate,  6-8  cm.  long,  with  narrow 
claws,  the  inner  narrower  and  nearly  erect ;  perianth -tube  about  1.2  cm.  long 
above  the  ovary  ;  capsule  oblong,  obtusely  3-angled,  3-5  cm.  long  ;  seeds  in  I  row 
in  each  cavity,  8-10  mm.  broad.  In  swamps,  S.  Va.  and  E.  N.  Car.  May-June. 
.  4.  Iris  Hookeri  Penny.  HOOKER'S  BLUE  FLAG.  (I.  F.  f.  1072.)  Rootstock 
rather  slender.  Stems  slender,  terete,  2.5-5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  nar- 
rowly linear,  bright  green,  4-8  mm.  wide  ;  flowers  solitary  or  2  together,  pedi- 
celled, the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  perianth-segments  glabrous,  crestless, 
the  inner  ones  oblanceolate,  much  shorter  and  smaller  than  the  outer  ;  capsule 
short-oblong,  2—3  cm.  long,  thin- walled,  transversely  veined,  obtusely  3-lobed  ; 
seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity,  about  3  mm.  broad.  On  river  shores,  Newf.  to 
Quebec  and  Me.  Summer. 

5.  Iris  Missouriensis  Nutt.    WESTERN  BLUE  FLAG.    (I.  F.  f.  1073.)    Root- 
stock   stout.      Stem  rather  slender,    terete,    1.5-6  dm.    tall,   i-2-flowered  ;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  green,  sometimes  purplish  below,  4-8  mm.  wide  ;  flowers  pale  blue 
and  variegated,  pedicelled  ;  pedicels  slender,  1-5   cm.  long,   usually  shorter  than 
the  scarious  bracts  ;  perianth-segments  glabrous,  crestless,  the  outer  ones  5-6  cm. 
long,  the  inner  somewhat  shorter,  the  tube  6-8  mm.  long  above  the  ovary;  capsule 
oblong,  2.5-3  cm-  l°ng>  obtusely  6-angled,  faintly  veined.     In  wet  soil,  S.  Dak.  to 
Mont.,  Nev.,  Colo,  and  Ariz.     May -July. 

6.  Iris  prismatica  Pursh.      SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.      (I.  F.  f.  1074.)     Root- 
stock  rather  slender,  tuberous -thickened.      Stems   slender,  often   flexuous,  3—9  dm. 
tall,  usually  simple,  bearing  2  or  3  leaves;  leaves  almost  grass-like,  3-5  mm.  wide; 
flowers  solitary  or  2  together,  blue,  veined  with  yellow,  slender-pedicelled;  pedicels 
commonly  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  outer  perianth-segments  3-5  cm.  long,  glabrous 
and  crestless,  the  inner  smaller  and  narrower,  the  tube  4-6  mm.  long  above  the 
ovary  ;  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  sharply  3-angled,  2.5-3.5  cm. 
long,  6-8  mm.  thick  ;  seeds  about  2  mm.  broad,  thick,  borne  in   I  row  in   each 
cavity.     In  wet  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Penn.  and  N.  Car.     May-June. 

7.  Iris  Germanica  L.     FLEUR-DE-LIS.      (I.   F.   f.    1075.)     Rootstock  thick. 
Stems  stout,  usually  branched  and  several-flowered,  4-9  dm.  tall,  bearing  several 
leaves.      Leaves  glaucous,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide,  the  basal  ones  mostly  shorter  than 
the  stem  ;  bracts  scarious  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  large  and  showy,  deep  violet- 
blue  veined  with  yellow  and  brown  or  sometimes  white  ;  outer  perianth-segments 
broadly  obovate,   7-10  cm.   long,   their  claws   strongly   crested  ;    inner  perianth- 
segments  narrower,  arching.     Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  in  Va.     Native 
of  Europe.     May-June. 

8.  Iris    fulva   Ker.     RED-BROWN  FLAG.      (I.  F.  f.  1076.)     Rootstock  stout, 
fleshy.      Stems  slender,    6-9  dm.  tall,   several-flowered  and  bearing  2-4  leaves; 
leaves  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous,  6-16  mm.  wide  ;  pedicels   1-2.5  cm. 
long,   shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  flowers  reddish  brown,  variegated  with   blue  and 
green  ;  perianth-segments  glabrous,   crestless,  the  outer  ones  3-5   cm.    long,    the 
inner  smaller,  spreading  ;  style-branches  4-6  mm.  wide.   In  swamps,  S.  111.  to  Ga., 
La.,  Mo.,  Ark. 'and  Tex.     May -June. 

9.  Iris  Pseudacorus  L.     YELLOW  FLAG.     (I.  F.  f.  1077.)     Rootstock  thick. 
Stems  3-9  dm.   high,  usually  several-flowered  ;  leaves  pale  green  and  glaucous, 
stiff,   8-16  mm.  wide.;  flowers   bright  yellow,  short-pedicelled;  perianth-segments 
glabrous  and  crest!es.<-,  the  outer  broadly  obovate,  5-6  cm.  long,  the  inner  oblong, 
nearly  erect,  scarcely  longer  than  the  claws  of  the  outer  ones;  capsule  oblong,  5-8 
cm.  long.    In  marshes,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.  (Ohio?)  and  N.  J.    Nat.  or  adv.  from  Europe. 
May-July. 

10.  Iris  cristata  Ait.     CRESTED    DWARF   IRIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1078.)     Rootstock 


284  FLORA. 

slender,  branched,  creeping,  tt  jerous-thickened.  Stems  only  2-8  cm.  high,  1-2- 
flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  bright  green,  1-2  dm.  long,  6— 1 8  mm.  wide,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  stems  ;  stem  flattened;  flowers  blue,  pedicelled  ;  perianth-segments 
obovate,  2.5-3.3  cm.  long,  the  outer  crested,  little  longer  than  the  naked  inner  ones, 
the  tube  very  slender,  3-6  cm.  long  above  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  bracts;  cap- 
sule oval,  sharply  triangular,  narrowed  at  each  end,  1.2-2  cm.  high.  'On  hillsides 
and  along  streams,  Md.  to  S.  Ohio,  Ind.,  Ga.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.  April-May. 

ir.  Tris  lacustris  Nutt.  DWARF  LAKE  IRIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1079.)  Similar  to 
the  preceding  in  size  and  foliage,  or  the  leaves  rather  narrower,  sometimes  wavy- 
margined.  Flowers  blue  ;  perianth-tube  only  1-2.5  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the 
bracts  and  the  sometimes  yellowish  perianth-segments,  somewhat  expanded  up- 
ward; capsule  ovoid,  about  1.5  cm.  high,  borne  on  a  pedicel  of  about  its  own 
length.  Shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.  Local.  May. 

12.  Iris  verna  L.  DWARF  IRIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1080.)  Rootstock  slender.  Stems 
2-8  cm.  high,  usually  i-flowered.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  0.7-2  dm.  high,  4-10 
mm.  wide;  flowers  violet-blue  or  rarely  white,  pedicelled;  perianth-segments  crest- 
less,  the  outer  about  3  cm.  long,  obovate,  narrowed  into  slightly  pubescent  slender 
yellow  claws,  the  inner  somewhat  smaller,  glabrous;  capsule  obtusely  triangular, 
short.  On  shaded  hillsides  and  in  woods,  S.  Penn.,  Va.,  Ky.  and  Ga.  April- 
May. 

2.  NEMASTYLIS    Nutt. 

Bulbous  herbs,  with  erect  slender  terete  usually  branched  stems,  and  elongated 
linear  folded  leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  in  our  species  blue  or  purple,  solitary 
or  several  together,  fugacious,  subtended  by  2  herbaceous  bracts.  Perianth  of  6 
spreading  nearly  equal  obovate  segments,  distinct  nearly  or  quite  to  the  summit  of 
the  ovary.  Filaments  more  or  less  united;  anthers  short;  style  short,  its  branches 
slenderly  2-parted;  stigmas  small,  terminal.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent  at  the 
summit.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  thread-like  style-branches.]  About  10  species, 
natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  3  others  occur  in  the  southern 
U.  S. 

i.  Nemastylis  acuta  (Bart.)  Herb.  NORTHERN  NEMASTYLIS.  (I.  F.  f. 
1081.)  I3ulb  dark  colored,  ovoid,  scaly,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less.  Stem  3-6  dm. 
tall,  bearing  3  or  4  leaves  0.7-2.5  dm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide;  bracts  lanceolate,  each 
pair  subtending  I  or  2  flowers;  flowers  light  blue  or  purple,  2-5  cm.  broad,  slender- 
pedicelled;  pedicels  rather  shorter  than  the  bracts;  perianth-segments  obtuse;  style- 
branches  exserted  between  the  free  parts  of  the  filaments,  their  filiform  divisions 
4-6  mm.  long  ;  capsule  obovoid,  10-12  mm.  high.  On  prairies,  Tenn.  to.Kans., 
Ark.,  La.  and  Tex.  April-June. 

3.  GEMMI'NGIA  Fabr.   [PARDANTHUS  Ker.] 

An  erect  perennial  herb,  with  stout  rootstocks  and  Iris-like  leaves.  Flowers  in 
terminal  bracted  clusters,  rather  large,  crimson  and  purple-mottled.  Perianth  of  6 
oblong  spreading  nearly  equal  withering-persistent  segments,  distinct  very  nearly 
to  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  segments;  anthers 
linear-oblong.  Style  very  slender,  enlarged  above,  the  3  slender  undivided  branches 
alternate  with  the  anthers.  Capsule  fig-shaped,  obovoid,  thin-walled,  loculicidally 
3-vaived,  the  valves  recurving,  finally  falling  away,  exposing  the  mass  of  black 
fleshy  seeds,  borne  on  a  central  axis.  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Gemmingia  Chinensis  (L.)  Kuntze.  BLACKBERRY  LILY.  (I.  F.  f.  1082.) 
Stem  stout,  0.4-1.2  m.  tall,  leafy.  Leaves  equitant,  2-2.5  dm.  l°ng'  1.6-2.5  cm. 
wide,  the  two  sides  united  above  the  middle;  upper  bracts  scarious;  flowers  several 
or  numerous,  3-5  cm.  broad;  perianth-segments  obtuse,  mottled  with  crimson  and 
purple,  persistent;  capsule  about  2.5  cm.  high,  the  persistent  mass  of  globose 
black  seeds  resembling  a  blackberry.  On  hills  and  along  roadsides,  S.  N.  Y.  to 
Ga.,  Ind.  and  Mo.  Nat.  from  Asia.  June-July. 

4.  SISYRI'NCHIUM   L.* 

Perennial  mostly  tufted  slender  herbs  with  fibrous  roots  from  contracted  root- 
stocks,  simple  or  branched  2 -winged  or  2 -edged  stems,  and  linear  grass-like  leaves. 

*  Contributed  by  Mr.  E.  P.  BICKNELL. 


IRIDACEAE.  285 

Flowers  from  terminal  spathes  consisting  of  mostly  one  pair  of  opposite  condupli- 
catc  herbaceous  bracts  enclosing  membranous  scales;  perianth  blue,  violet,  or  white 
with  a  yellow  eye,  rarely  all  yellow,  the  6  oblong  or  obovate  segments  spreading  and 
aristulate;  filaments  monadelphous ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  the  sacs  distinct  at 
base;  style  threadform,  the  branches  filiform  or  obsolete ;  ovary  3-celled;  capsule 
globose,  oval  or  obovoid,  usually  trigonous,  loculicidally  3-valved;  seeds  globose  to 
obovoid,  often  angled,  pitted  or  smooth.  Flowers  fugacious,  opening  successively 
in  sunlight,  each  usually  lasting  but  a  day.  Probably  not  less  than  125  species, 
nearly  all  American.  Besides  the  following  many  others  occur  in  the  Southern 
and  Western  States. 

Filaments  free  above,  anthers  over  3.5  mm.  long  ;  spathes  twin,  sessile,  terminating  the 

subterete  wingless  stem.  i.  S.  hast  He, 

Filaments  monadelphous  to  the  top ;  anthers  under  2.5  mm.  long. 

Spathes  twin,  sessile,  terminating  the  winged  stem.  2.  S.  albidum. 

Spathes  single. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  primary  bract  long  and  foliaceous,  stem  simple. 

4.  S.  flaviflorum. 
Flowers  blue,  violet  or  white. 

Stems  mostly  simple  with  a  sessile  terminal  spathe. 

Capsules  4-6  mm.  'righ,  lecvos  2-6  mm.  wide.  6.  S.  anguztifolium. 

Capsules  2-4  mm.  high,  leaves  0.5-2  mm.  wide. 

Bracts  glabrous,  the  outer  one  united-clasping  below,  flowers  deep 

violet  blue,  rarely  white.  5.  S.  miicronatitm. 

Brapts  scabrous,  puberulent,  sometimes  glabrous,  the  outer  one  not 

united-clasping  at  base  or  scarcely  so ;  flowers  pale  blue  or  white. 

3.   S.  campestre. 
Stems  both  simple  and  branched,  broadly  winged;  spathes  mostly  purplish. 

7.  S.  intermedium. 
Stems  mostly  branched  above,  bearing  two  or  more  pedunculate  spathes. 

Tufts  fibrose-coated  at  base. 

Plant  turning  dark  when  dry  ;  capsules  dark  and  thick-walled  ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  over  i  mm.  wide  ;  coastwise. 

8.  S.  arenicola, 
Plant  not  turning  dark  when  dry ;  capsules  pale  and  thin-walled ; 

peduncles  mostly  under  0.5  mm.  wide.  9.  S.  Farwellii. 

Tufts  not  fibrose-coated  at  base. 

Plant   usually   turning    dark   in    drying ;   stem   broadly    winged ; 

pedicels  spreading  or  recurved.  10.   S.  gramtnoides. 

Plant  not  turning  dark  when  dry;  pedicels  not  recurved;  spreading. 
Capsules  dark  and  thick-walled, 

Spathes  13-20  mm.  long;  capsules  longer  than  broad,  not 

apiculate;  inner  bract  obtuse.  u.  S.  Atlanticum. 

Spathes    10-13   mm.    long;   capsules    broader   than   long, 

apiculate.  12.  6".  apiculatum. 

Capsules  pale  and  thin-walled;  peduncles  closely  erect;  inner 
bract  acute.  13.  S.  strictum. 

1.  Sisyrinchium  hastile  Bicknell.     SPEAR-LIKE  SISYRINCHIUM.     Very  slen- 
der and  stiffly  erect,    dull  green,   3-4  dm.    high.       Stems   I    mm.    wide  cr  less, 
compressed-subterete  and  bluntly  two-edged,   not  at  all  winged,   closely  striate, 
minutely  granulose-roughened  ;  leaves  similar  to  the  stems,  usually  shorter,  thick- 
edged,   obtusely   slender-pointed,    the    conduplicate   broadened   base    smooth    and 
membranous  ;  spathes  usually  two  in  a  close  pair  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  each 
usually  4-bracted,  the  bracts  lanceolate-attenuate,  the  inner  ones  2-2.5  cm-  long; 
primary  bract  slenderly  much  prolonged  ;  interior  scales  ample,  sometimes  slightly 
exserted  ;  flowers  few,  on  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  inner  bracts.     Fruit  and 
color  of  flower  unknown.     Sandy  shores  of  Belle  Isle  in  the  Detroit  River,  Mich. 
Early  June. 

2.  Sisyrinchium  albidum  Raf.    WHITE  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.    Green  and  glau- 
cescent,  the  spathes  often  purplish,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  half  the  height  of 
the  stems  or  longer,  1-3.5   mm-  wide,   very  acute,   mostly   smooth -edged  ;  stems 
usually  broadly  winged,  1-3  mm.   wide,  the  edges  serrulate  to  smooth  ;  spathes 
sessile  in  a  close  terminal  pair,  the  prominent  outer  bract  2.5-7  cm.  long,  its  edges 
free  to  the  base;  inner  bracts  acuminate,  often  ciliolate  on  the  keel,  mostly  15-20 
mm.  long  ;  flowers  white  to  pale  blue;   perianth  8-12  mm.   long;  capsules   pale, 
depressed-subglobose,   2-3  mm.  hien,  on   erect-spreading-  Dedicels  usuallv  shorter 


286  FLORA. 

than  the  inner  bracts ;  seeds  globose,  I  mm.  or  less  in  diameter,  umbilicate.  dis- 
tinctly pitted.     Mo.  to  Mich.,  La.,  Ala.  and  N.  Car.     April-June. 

3.  Sisyrinchium  campestre  Bicknell.    PRAIRIE  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.    Similar 
to  S.   mucronatum  Michx.,  but  often  stiffer  and  more  glaucous,  with  always  smooth- 
edged  stems  and  leaves,  usually  broader,  more  gibbous  spathes,  and  pale  blue  or 
frequently  white  flowers.     Stem  usually  less  than  I  mm.  wide,  the  leaves  rather 
broader;  spathes  green  to  dull  pink- purple,  the  bracts  commonly  scabrous-puberu- 
lent  all  over,  but  sometimes  glabrous,  the  outer  one  usually  less  slenderly  prolonged 
than  in  S.  imicronatum,  and  not  united-clasping  at  base,  or  but  slightly  so,  2.5-4.5 
cm.  long,  rarely  more  than  twice  longer  than  the  inner  bract,  which  emerges  more 
abruptly  from  the  base  of  the  spathe  than  in  S.  mucronatum,  and  has  more  broadly 
hyaline   edges  ;  capsules  pale,   trigonous -subglobose,  2-4  mm.  high.     Wis.  to  N. 
Dak.,  La.  and  N.  Mex.,  mostly  on  prairies.     May-June. 

Sisyrinchium  campestre  Kansanum  Bicknell.  Becoming  stouter  and  broader-leaved 
than  the  type  with  larger,  longer-bracted  spathes  and  coarser  roots ;  pale  green  and 
glaucous,  usually  without  any  purplish  tinge,  the  flowers  apparently  always  white.  Stems 
rather  broadly  winged,  1-2  mm.  wide,  the  stiff  often  falcate  leaves  becoming  2.5  mm. 
wide;  bracts  mostly  smooth,  sometimes  obscurely  roughened,  the  margins  conspicuously 
white-hyaline,  the  outer  one  slenderly  prolonged  often  for  more  than  twice  the  length  of 
the  inner  one,  sometimes  6.5  cm.  long;  capsules  apparently  not  larger  than  in  the  type. 
Kans.  and  Oklohoma. 

4.  Sisyrinchium   flavifldrum  Bicknell.     YELLOW-FLPWERED  SISYRINCHIUM. 
About  2. 5  dm.  high,  dull  green,  glaucescent.  Leaves  sometimes  equalling  the  stems, 
smooth-edged  or  nearly  so,  acute,  the  larger  ones  broadened  upward,  1-2.5  mm- 
wide  ;  stems  rather  prominently  winged,  1-3  mm.  wide,  broader  at  the  base  of  the 
spathe,   smooth-edged  ;  bracts  of  the   spathe  membranous,  smooth,  the  outer  one 
much  prolonged  and  foliaceous,  mostly  about  6  cm.  long  and  surpassing  the  inner 
bract  3-4  cm.,   the  narrowly  hyaline  margins  free  to  the  base  ;  flowers  lemon- 
yellow,   on  pedicels   10-15   mm.  long,  sometimes  only  half  the  length  of  the  inner 
bract;  perianth  about  12  mm.  long.      Fruit  not  known.     Missouri.     June. 

5.  Sisyrinchium     mucronatum    Michx.      MICHAUX'S    BLUE-EYED     GRASS. 
More  caespitose   than  S.  angustifolium  and   decidedly  more  slender  and  delicate, 
with  smaller  spathes  and  capsules,  sometimes  scarcely  glaucescent  and  the  spathes 
often  bright  red-purple.     Stem  and  leaves  from  capillaceous  to  1.5  mm.    wide, 
rarely  wider,  the  edges  very  smooth  to  denticulate  scabrous,  the  stems  narrowly 
winged  or  merely  margined,  sometimes  not  longer  than  the  leaves;  spathes  often 
slightly  bent,  the  bracts  thin,  glabrous,  hyaline-margined,  the  outer  one  slenderly 
prolonged,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  united-clasping  for  1-6  mm.  at  base;  inner  bract  scarious, 
obtuse    to    attenuate,    10-20  mm.   long,   gradually  emerging  from  the  outer   one, 
flowers  deep  violet  blue,   rarely  white;  perianth    6-14  mm.  long;  capsules   pale 
and  thin-walled,  subglobose  to  obovate-oblong,  trigonous,  2-»4  mm.  high,  on  slender 
subspreading  exserted  pedicels.    In  meadows  and  fields,  southeastern  Mich,  to  N.  J. 
and  Va.     May-June. 

6.  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Miller.  NORTHERN  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.  (I.  F. 
f.  1085.)    Stiff  and  erect,  pale  and  glaucous,  8-55  cm.  high.    Leaves  half  the  height 
of  the  stem  or  longer,  1-3.5  mm-  wide,  acute,  the  edges  minutely  serrulate  ;  stem 
simple   or  rarely  branched,  1-3   mm.  wide,  winged,  the  edges  minutely  serrulate; 
spathes  green  or  slightly  purplish,  the  outer  bract  rarely  less  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  inner  one,  2-6.5  cm-  l°ng>  obscurely  hyaline-margined,   united-clasping  tor 
2-6  mm.    at  base;  inner  bract  attenuate,  15-30  mm.  long  ;  flowers  deep  violet- 
blue  ;  the   perianth    IO-I2  mm.   long  ;  capsules  broadly  oval  to  globose,  4-6  mm. 
high,    pale,   often  purplish-tinged,  on  erect  pedicels  usually  shorter  than  the  inner 
bract.     Fields  and  hillsides,  Newf.  to  N.  J.  and   on  the   mountains  to  Va.,  west 
to  Saskatchewan  and  Colo.     May— June. 

7.  Sisyrinchium  intermedium  Bicknell.    INTERMEDIATE  BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 
Dull   green   and  glaucescent,  drying  dark,  the  spathes  usually  purple.     Tufts  not 
fibrose  at  base,  10-40  cm.  high  ;  steins  either  simple  or  branched  above  into  two 
peduncles  ;  leaves  very  thin  and  weak-nerved,    1.5-2.5  mm.  wide,  often  smooth- 
edged  ;  steins  erect  but  frail,  mostly  1.5  mm.  wide,  very  flat,  the  thin  wings  serru- 
late ;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  subtending  xeaf,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  outer  one 


IRIDACEAE.  287 

divergent;  bracts  of  the  spathe  thin,  cuspidate-acute;  the  outer  one  attenuately 
prolonged,  2-6  cm.  long,  on  simple  stems  sometimes  three  times  the  length  of  the 
inner  one;  flowers  few,  3-6,  pale  blue;  perianth  8-12  mm.  long;  capsules  dark, 
subglobose,  about  4  mm.  high,  on  slenderly  exserted  finally  spreading  pedicels. 
S.  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.  May-June.  Intermediate  in  appearance  between  S.  angusti- 
folium,  or  S.  mucronatum,  and  S.  graminoides, 

8.  Sisyrinchium  arenicola  Bicknell.     SAND  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.     Deep  green 
or  glaucescent,  often  purplish-tinged,  the  base  of  the  tufts  coarsely  fibrous.     Leaves 
stiff,  attenuate,   cuspidate-acute,  "1-3  mm.  wide,  closely  striate;  usually  serrulate; 
stem  erect,  often  curved,  20-40  cm.  high,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  stiff,  the  firm  wings 
striate,    mostly  serrulate  ;   node    commonly  only  one,  its   erect   leaf  conspicuous, 
attenuate-acute,  the  compressed  broadened  base  strongly  striate;  peduncles  2-4, 
curved,  subequal  and  approximate,  3-12  cm.  long,  mostly  I  mm.  wide  or  more; 
spathes  erect,  the  acute  bracts  firm  and  strongly  striate,  slightly  unequal;  flowers 
sometimes  as  many  as  12,  deep  violet-blue;  perianth  8-10  mm.  long;  capsules  dark 
and  thick  walled  on  erect  slightly  exserted  pedicels,  broadly  oval  or  obovoid,  3-5  mm. 
high.     L.  L,  Staten  I.  and  N.  j.,  in  sandy  soil  on  or  near  the  coast.     June-July. 

9.  Sisyrinchium  Farwellii  Bicknell.    FARWELL'S  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.    Dull 
green  and  glaucescent,  not  turning  dark  when  dry,  the  thin  tufts  fibrous-coated  at 
base.     Leaves  much  shorter  than  the  stems,  1-3  mm.  wide,  firm,  membranous,  at- 
tenuate-acute, the  edges   serrulate   to  smooth.     Stems  flexuous-erect,    20-30  cm. 
high,  1-2  mm.  wide,  winged,  the  edges  usually  serrulate;  nodes  one  or  two,  their 
leaves  shorter  than  the  two  or  three  peduncles,  slenderly  attenuate;  peduncles  very 
slender,  4-11  cm.  long,  mostly  less  than  0.5  mm.  wide;  spathes  pale,  narrow.  17-20 
mm.  long,  the  bracts  subequal,  papery,  sometimes  only  obscurely  nerved,  slender- 
pointed  or  subaristulate.     Flowers  very  small,  pale  blue.     Capsules  pale  and  thin- 
walled,  subglobose,  2-3  mm.  high  on  slender,  flexuously  erect,  much  exserted  pedi- 
cels.    Southeastern  Mich. 

10.  Sisyrinchium    graminoides   Bicknell.      COMMON    BLUE-EYED    GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1083.)     Sometimes  not  at  all  tufted,  bright  green,  often  glaucescent,  drying 
dark.     Stem  and  leaves  thin  and  grass-like,  2-6  mm.  wide,  the  edges  minutely 
serrulate  ;    leaves    usually  half  the    height  of  the   stem  ;    stem  broadly  winged, 
forking  into  two  winged  peduncles  5-20  cm.   long,   subtended  by  a  conspicuous 
erect  acuminate  leaf ;   nodes  sometimes   two  ;    spathes   mostly  green,    erect,   the 
bracts   subequal   or   sometimes   the  outer  one  foliaceously  prolonged,    the  inner 
one  acute  or  attenuate,  15-20  mm.  long;  flowers  3-6,  blue,  the  perianth  8-10  mm. 
long  ;    capsules   dark   and   thin-walled,    subglobose,    4-5    mm.    high,   on   slender 
exserted  flexuously  spreading  or  finally  recurved  pedicels.     Mass,  and  N.  H.  to 
Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

11.  Sisyrinchium    Atlanticum    Bicknell.      EASTERN     BLUE-EYED    GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1084.)     Very  pale  and  glaucous,  not  drying  dark,  the  narrow  stems  and 
leaves  firm  and  very  smooth,  mostly  1-2  mm.  wide,  rarely  3  mm.     Leaves  attenu- 
ate,  commonly  about  half  the  height  of  the  stern  ;   stem  margined  or  narrowly 
winged,  often  somewhat  geniculate  at  the  one  or  two  nodes;  peduncles  1-3,  slender, 
usually  short ;    spathes  often  bent  sideways,   usually  slightly  purplish,   the   thin 
bracts  subequal.  the  outer  one  usually  acute,  the  inr.er  one  scarious-obtuse,  mostly 
12-15  mm.   long  ;    flowers  3-10,   violet-blue;  perianth  6-12  mm.   long  ;    capsules 
dark  and  thick-walled,  more  or  less  oblong,  2-4.5  mm-  high,  contiguous  on  erect 
little-exserted  pedicels.     Mass,  and  Vt.,  along  and  near  the  coast  to  Fla.,  usually 
in  or  near  brackish  marshes.     May-June. 

12.  Sisyrinchium    apiculatum    Bicknell.      APICULATE  BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 
Pale  green  and  glaucescent,  keeping  its  color  when  dry,  about  40  cm.  high,  not 
fibrous  at  base.     Leaves  about  half  the  height  of  the  stems,  becoming  over  2  mm. 
wide,   acute,    firm,   withering-persistent,  the  edges  very  smooth  ;   stem   1-2  mm. 
wide,  narrowly  winged,  the  edges  smooth;  nodes  mostly  two,  supporting  1-3  slen- 
der peduncles  3-8  cm.  long;  leaf  of  upper  node  very  short;  spathes  green,  often 
deflected,   short  and  rather  broad,    10-13  mm-  l°ng>  the  subequal  bracts  convex, 
strongly  striate,  acute  or  the  inner  one  obtuse,  the  margins  rather  broadly  white  - 
hyaline  ;  flowers  small,  violet-blue  ;  capsules  dark,  broadly  subglobose,  distinctly 
upiculate,  2.5-3.5  mm.  high,  sparsely  puberulent,  on  loosely  erect  well-exserted 
margined  pedicels.     Muskegon  Co.,  Mich.     June. 


288  FLORA. 

13.  Sisyrinchium  strictum  Bicknell.  STRICT  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.  About 
30  cm.  high  in  erect  tufts  not  fibrose  at  base,  pale  light  green  and  glaucous,  not 
changing  color  when  dry.  Stems  and  leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  mostly  serrulate,  the 
leaves  thin,  tapering-acute,  over  half  the  height  of  the  stems;  node  only  one,  its 
erect  leaf  closely  united-clasping  below,  subequal  with  the  two  short  approximate 
peduncles,  4-7  cm.  long;  spathes  sometimes  much  tinged  with  red-purple,  erect, 
narrow,  16—20  mm.  long,  the  bracts  subequal,  sharp-pointed,  the  outer  one  rather 
abruptly  narrowed  above  ;  flowers  rather  small,  deep  violet  blue  ;  capsules  pale 
and  thin-walled,  somewhat  obovoid,  about  4  mm.  high,  on  suberect,  slightly 
exserted  margined  pedicels.  In  sandy  soil,  Montcalm  Co.,  Mich.  June. 

Order  9.    SCITAMINALES. 

Large  monocotyledonous  herbs  with  very  irregular  flowers.  Ovary 
inferior,  composed  of  several  united  carpels.  Seeds  with  endosperm. 

Family  i.     MARANTACEAE  Lindl. 
Arrowroot  Faintly. 

Tall  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or  tubers,  or  sometimes  annual, 
with  scapose  or  leafy  stems,  mostly  large  entire  long-petioled  sheathing 
leaves,  often  swollen  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  veins  pinnate,  parallel. 
Flowers  perfect,  or  sometimes  polygamous,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  spikes. 
Perianth  superior,  its  segments  distinct  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  or 
united  into  a  tube,  normally  in  2  series  of  3,  the  outer  (sepals)  usually  dif- 
ferent from  the  inner  (petals).  Perfect  stamen  I  ;  anthers  i-2-celled. 
Staminodia  mostly  5,  often  petal-like,  very  irregular.  Ovary  i-3-celled, 
inferior;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity,  anatropous ;  style  slender,  curved,  ter- 
minal ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like.  Seed  solitary  in  each 
cavity.  Embryo  central,  in  copious  endosperm.  About  12  genera  and 
1 60  species,  mostly  tropical. 

i.  THALIA    L. 

Annual  (or  perennial?)  herbs,  with  long-petioled  basal  leaves,  erect  scapes  and 
terminal  panicled  spikes  of  bracted  flowers.  Sepals  3,  membranous,  separate, 
equal.  Petals  3,  separate  or  somewhat  coherent  at  the  base.  Staminodia  slightly 
united  below,  one  of  them  (labellum)  broad,  crested.  Anther  I -celled.  Ovary 
i -celled  or  with  2  additional  small  empty  cavities.  Base  of  the  style  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  stamen-tube.  Stigma  2-lipped,  dorsalty  appendaged.  Capsule  glo- 
bose or  ovoid.  Seed  solitary,  erect.  Embryo  strongly  curved.  [In  honor  of  Jo- 
hann  Thalius,  German  naturalist  of  the  sixteenth  century.]  About  7  species,  all 
American.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  Thalia  dealbata  Roscoe.  POWDERY  THALIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1086.)  Plant 
white-powdery  nearly  all  over.  Scapes  terete,  9-18  dm.  tall  ;  petioles  3-8  dm. 
long  ;  leaves  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1.5-3  dm.  long;  panicle  2-4.5 
dm.  long,  its  spikes  numerous;  bracts  narrow,  deciduous,  not  longer  than  the 
spikes  ;  bractlets  ovate,  unequal,  coriaceous,  about  12  mm.  long;  flowers  purple, 
longer  than  the  bractlets;  capsule  ovoid,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter.  In  ponds  and 
swamps,  S.  Car.  to  La.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 

Order  10.    ORCHIDALES. 

Monocotyledonous  herbs,  many  tropical  species  epiphytes.  Flowers 
very  irregular,  or  in  Burmanniaceae  regular,  mostly  complete  and  per- 
fect, their  parts  in  3's  or  6's.  Ovary  inferior,  compound.  Seeds  very 
nv.merous  and  minute,  without  endosperm. 

Flowers  regular ;  stem  leaves  reduced  to  scales.  Fam.  i.  Burmanniaceae* 

Flowers  very  irregular.  Fam.  2.  Orchidaceae. 


OX  CHID  A  CEA  E.  2  89 

Family  i.     BURMANNIACEAE  Blume. 
Burm  a  n  n  ia  Fa  m  ily. 

Low  annual  herbs,  with  filiform  stems  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  basal 
or  reduced  to  cauline  scales  or  bracts.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  the  peri- 
anth with  6  small  thick  lobes,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  3 
or  6,  included,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  perianth ;  anthers  2-celled, 
the  sacs  transversely  dehiscent.  Style  slender ;  stigmas  3,  dilated ; 
ovary  inferior,  with  3  central  or  parietal  placentae.  Ovules  numerous. 
Capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  oblong;  endosperm  none.  Ten 
genera  and  about  60  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions.  The 
family  is  represented  in  N.  Am.  by  the  following  genus  and  Apteria  of 
the  Gulf  States. 

i.  BURMANNIA    L. 

Erect  herbs,  with  simple  stems  and  small  alternate  scale-like  or  bract-like 
leaves.  Tube  of  the  perianth  strongly  3-angled  or  3-winged,  the  3  outer  lobes 
longer  than  the  inner.  Stamens  3,  opposite  the  inner  perianth-lobes.  Filaments 
very  short;  connective  of  the  anthers  prolonged  beyond  the  sacs  into  a  2-cleft  crest. 
Ovary  3-celled,  with  3  thick  2-lobed  central  placentae;  stigmas  globose  or  2-lobed. 
Capsule  crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth,  opening  by  irregular  lateral  ruptures. 
[In  honor  of  Johann  Burmann,  Dutch  botanist  of  the  eighteenth  century.]  About 
20  species,  natives  of  warm  regions.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the 
southeastern  States. 

i.  Burmannia  biflora  L.  NORTHERN  BURMANNIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1087.)  Stems 
very  slender,  5-15  cm.  high,  simple  or  forked  above.  Flowers  i  or  several, 
terminal;  angles  of  the  perianth-tube  conspicuously  winged,  the  outer  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  the  inner  linear  and  incurved  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  oblong-linear,  spar- 
ingly stria te.  In  swamps  and  bogs,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sept.-Nov. 

Family  2.     ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.* 
Orchid  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  corms,  bulbs  or  tuberous  roots,  sheathing  entire 
leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to  scales,  the  flowers  perfect,  irregular,  bracted, 
solitary,  spiked  or  racemed.  Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3 
outer  (sepals)  similar  or  nearly  so,  2  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  lateral, 
alike ;  the  third  inner  one  (lip)  dissimilar,  often  markedly  so,  usually 
larger,  often  spurred,  sometimes  inferior  by  torsion  of  the  ovary  or  ped- 
icel. Stamens  variously  united  with  the  style  into  an  unsymmetrical 
column  ;  anther  I  or  in  Cypripedium  2,  2-celled;  pollen  in  2-8  pear-shaped, 
usually  stalked  masses  (pollinia),  united  by  elastic  threads,  the  masses 
waxy  or  powdery,  attached  at  the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland).  Style 
often  terminating  in  a  beak  (rostellum)  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  be- 
tween its  sacs.  Stigma  a  viscid  surface,  facing  the  lip  beneath  the  rostel- 
lum, or  in  a  cavity  between  the  anther-sacs  (clinandrium).  Ovary  inferior, 
usually  long  and  twisted,  3-angled,  i-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatro- 
pous,  on  3  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  very  numerous, 
minute,  mostly  spindle  shaped,  the  loose  coat  hyaline,  reticulated  ;  endo- 
sperm none ;  embryo  fleshy.  About  410  genera  and  5000  species,  of  wide 
distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics,  many  of  those  of  warm  regions 
epiphytes. 

Anthers  2 ;  lip  a  large  inflated  sac.  i.   Cypripedium. 

Anther  solitary. 

Pollinia  with  a  caudicle,  which  is  attached  at  the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  or  gland. 
Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch. 

Sepals  free ;  lip  3-lobed.  2,   Orchis. 

Sepals  united  above  into  a  hood ;  lip  entire.  3.  Galeorchis. 

*  .Revised  by  Dr.  P.  A,  RYDBERG. 


2QO  FLORA. 

Glands  not  enclosed  in  a  pouch. 

Lip  not  fringed  nor  cut-toothed. 

Stem  leafy  ;  anther-sacs  mostly  parallel. 

Valves  of  the  anthers  dilated  at  the  base  enclosing  the  glands  below, 

4.   Perularia. 
Valves  not  dilated  at  the  base. 

Glands  surrounded  by  a  thin  membrane.  5.   Cceloglossum. 
Glands  naked. 

Beak  of  the  stigma  with  2  or  3  appendages. 

6.   Gytnnandeniopsts. 

Beak  of  the  stigma  not  appendaged.  7.  Limnorchis. 
Stem  scapiform  ;  leaves  1-2  basal ;  anther-sacs  divergent. 
Basal  leaves  2  ;  ovary  straight.  8.  Lysias. 

Basal  leaf  i ;  ovary  arcuate.  9.  Lysiella. 

Lip  fringed  or  parted  and  cut-toothed.  10.  BlepJiariglottis. 

Pollinia  not  produced  into  a  caudicle  (except  apparently  in  No.  23). 
Pollinia  granulose  or  powdery. 

Flowers  comparatively  large,  solitary  or  few  ;  anthers  incumbent  on  a  long 

column. 

Leaves  not  grass-like  ;  lip  free. 
Flowers  terminal;  lip  crestedo 

Leaves  alternate.  n.  Pogonia* 

Stem -leaves  whorled.  12.  Isotna. 

Flowers  axillary;  lip  not  crested.  13.    l^riphora. 

Leaves  grass-like. 

Flowers  solitary,  terminal ;  lip  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  column. 

14.  Arethusa. 

Flowers  racemose ;  lip  free.  15.  Limodonan. 

Flowers  small,  numerous,  in  spikes  or  racemes;  anthers  erect,  jointed  to  a 

short  column. 

Anther  operculate  ;  leaves  broad,  alternate.          16.  Epipactis. 
Anther  not  operculate. 

Leaves  green,  borne  on  the  stem. 

Leaves  alternate;  spike  mostly  twisted.   17.   Gyrostachys. 
Leaves  2,  opposite;  spike  not  twisted.   18.  Listera. 
Leaves  white-reticulated,  basal.  19.  Peramium. 

Pollinia  smooth  and  waxy. 

Plants  with  corms  or  solid  bulbs,  rarely  with  coralloid  roots ;  leaves  basal 

or  cauline. 
Leaves  unfolding  before  or  with  the  flowers. 

Leaf  cauline  ;  lip  ovate,  or  auricled  at  the  base. 

20.  Achroanthes* 
Leaf  or  leaves  basal. 

Leaves  2;  lip  flat  ;  flowers  racemed.      21.  Leptorchis. 
Leaf  i  ;  lip  saccate  ;  flower  solitary.       22.   Calypso. 
Leaf  i,  basal,  unfolding  after  the  flowering  time. 

Flowers  long-spurred  ;  lip  3-lobed.  23.    Tipularia. 

Flowers  not  spurred  ;  lip  3-ridged.  24.  Aplectrum. 

Plants  with  coralloid  roots,  bulbless ;  the  leaves  reduced  to  scales. 
Pollinia  4,  in  2  pairs  ;  flowers  gibbous  or  spurred. 

25.  Corallorhiza. 
Pollinia  8,  united  ;  flowers  not  gibbous  nor  spurred. 

26.  Hexalectris. 
i.     CYPRIPEDIUM  L. 

Glandular-pubescent  herbs,  with  leafy  stems  or  scapes,  and  tufted  roots  of  thick 
fibres.  Leaves  large,  broad,  many-nerved.  Flowers  solitary  or  several,  drooping 
large,  showy.  Sepals  spreading,  separate,  or  2  of  them  united  under  the  lip.  L-'p 
a  large"  inflated  sac.  Column  declined,  bearing  a  sessile  or  stalked  anther  on  each 
side  and  a  dilated  petaloid  sterile  stamen  above,  which  covers  the  summit  of  the 
style.  Pollinia  granular,  without  a  caudicle  or  glands.  Stigma  terminal,  broad, 
obscurely  3-lobed.  [Name  Greek,  Venus'  sock  or  buskin.]  Alxrnt  40  species, 
natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others 
occur  in  western  North  America. 

Sepals  separate  ;  stem  leafy,  i-flowered.  i.   C.  arietinum. 

Lateral  sepals  more  or  less  united. 

Plant  2-leaved  ;  scape  i -flowered.  2.   C.  acanle. 

Stem  leafy  to  the  top,  i-several-flowered. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  longer  than  the  lip,  3.  C.  reginae. 


OR  CHID  A  CEA  E.  29 1 

Sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  lip. 

Sterile  stamen  lanceolate;  lip  white.  4.  C.  candidum. 

Sterile  stamen  triangular;  lip  yellow. 

Lip  3-5  cm.  long,  vertically  flattened,  pale  yellow.     5.  C.  hirsutum, 
Lip  1.5-3  cm-  IonSi  laterally  flattened,  bright  yellow.  6.  C.  parviflorum. 

1.  Cypripedium  arietinum  R.  Br.     RAM'S-HEAD  LADIES'  SLIPPER.     (I.  F.  f. 
1088.)     Stem  2-3  dm.  high,  i-flowered.     Leaves  3  or  4,  elliptic  or  lanceolate.  5-10 
cm.  long,  1-7  cm.  wide;  sepals  separate,  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lip;  petals  linear, 
greenish  brown,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  lip  14-16  mm.  long,  red  and  white, 
veiny,  prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  long  blunt  spur,  somewhat  distorted  at  the  upper 
end  which  resembles  a  ram's  head.     In  cold  and  damp  woods,  Quebec  to  Ont., 
N.  Y.  and  Minn.     May-Aug. 

2.  Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.     MOCCASIN    FLOWER.     NOAH'S  ARK.     STEM- 
LESS  LADIES'  SLIPPER.    (I.  F.  f.  1089.)    Scape  1.5-3  dm.  high,  i-flowered.    Leaves 
2,  basal,  elliptic,  15-20  cm.   long,  thick  ;    occasionally  a  smaller  leaf  is  borne  on 
the  scape  ;    sepals  greenish  purple,   spreading,  3-5  cm.  long,  lanceolate  ;    petals 
narrower  and  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals  ;   lip  often  over  5  cm.  long,  pink 
with  darker  veins  or  sometimes  white,  the  upper  part  of  its  interior  surface  crested 
with   long  white  hairs;    sterile  stamen  triangular,  acuminate,   keeled  inside.     In 
sandy  or  rocky  woods,  Newf.  -to  Ont.,  N.  Car.,  Ky.  and  Minn.     Flower  fragrant. 
May-June. 

3.  Cypripedium  reginae  Walt.     SHOWY  LADIES'  SLIPPER.     (I.  F.  f.  1090.) 
Stem  stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top.     Leaves  elliptic,  acute.  7-18  cm.  long; 
flowers  1-3;    sepals  round-ovate,  white,  not  longer  than  the  lip,  the  lateral  ones 
united  for  their  whole  length;    petals  somewhat  narrower  than  the  stpals,  white; 
lip  much  inflated,  over  2.5   cm.   long,  variegated  with  purple  and  white  stripes; 
stamen  cordate-ovate.     In  swamps  and  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to 
Ga.     June-Sept. 

4.  Cypripedium  candidum  Willd.     SMALL  WHITE  LADIES' SLIPPER.    (I.  F.  f. 
1091.)     Stem  1.5-3  dm.  high,  leafy.      Leaves  3  or  4,  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  7-12  cm.  long;   bracts  3-5  cm.  long,  lanceolate;  flower  solitary;  sepals 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lip,  greenish,  purple-spotted;   petals  somewhat  longer 
and  narrower  than  the  sepals,   wavy,   twisted,   greenish;    lip  white,   striped  with 
purple  inside,  about  2  cm.  long;  sterile  stamen  lanceolate.     In  bogs  and  meadows, 
N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Mo.     May -July. 

5.  Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill.     LARGE  YELLOW  LADIES'  SLIPPER.    (I.  F.  f. 
1092.)     Stems  leafy,  3—6  dm.  high.      Leaves  oval  or  elliptic,  7-12  cm.  long,  acute 
or  acuminate;    sepals   ovate-lanceolate,   usually  longer  than   the  lip,  yellowish  or 
greenish,  striped  with  purple;  petals  narrower,  usually  twisted;  lip  much  inflated, 
2-5  cm.  long,  pale  yellow  with  purple  lines;  sterile  stamen  triangular.     In  woods 
and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ala.  and  Neb.     May-July. 

6.  Cypripedium    parviflorum   Salisb.     SMALL  YELLOW  LADIES'    SLIPPER. 
(I.   F.   f.    1093.)     Stems  3-6  dm.   high,    slender,   leafy.     Leaves   oval,  elliptic  or 
lanceolate,  5-15  crn.  long;   sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  lip;   petals  usually 
twisted;    lip   14-30  mm.   long,   bright   yellow,   more  or  less  marked  with  purple 
stripes,  spots  or  blotches;  sterile  stamen  triangular,  yellow  and  purple  spotted  like 
the  lip.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Wash.,  Ga.  and  Mo.     May- 
July. 

2.    ORCHIS    L. 

Plants  with  biennial  fleshy  tubers,  or  in  our  species  with  a  rootstock  and  numer- 
ous fleshy  roots;  stem  in  our  species  scape-like,  I -leaved  at  the  base.  Flowers  in 
short  terminal  spikes.  Sepals  separate,  subequal,  spreading.  Petals  similar  to  the 
sepals.  Lip  connate  with  the  base  of  the  column,  3-lobed,  produced  below  into  a 
spur.  Column  short,  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  base  of  the  lip.  Anther 
2-celled,  the  sacs  contiguous  and  slightly  divergent;  pollinia  granulose,  I  large 
mass  in  each  sac,  produced  into  a  slender  caudicle,  the  end  of  which  is  attached  to 
a  small  gland.  Stigma  a  hollowed  surface  between  the  anther-sacs,  the  rostellum  a 
knob-like  projection  under  the  anther.  Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  Capsule  ob- 
long, erect,  without  a  beak.  [Name  ancient.]  About  80  species,  natives  of  the 
nor.h  temperate  zone,  only  two  known  in  N.  Am.  In  habit  the  following  differs 
somewhat  from  the  typical  Old  World  species. 


FLORA. 

i.  Orchis  rotundifolia  Pursh.  SMALL  ROUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f. 
1095.)  Stem  2-2.5  dm.  high.  Leaf  varying  from  nearly  orbicular  to  oval.  3-7  cm. 
long,  with  i  or  2  sheathing  scales  below  it;  spike  2-6-flowered  ;  flowers  12-16  mm. 
long,  subtended  by  small  bracts  ;  sepals  and  petals  oval,  rose-color  ;  lip  white,  pur- 
ple spotted,  longer  than  the  petals,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  dilated,  2-lobed 
or  notched  at  the  apex ;  spur  slender,  shorter  than  the  lip.  In  damp  woods,  Green- 
land to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  Me.,  N.  Y.  and  Minn.  June-July. 

3.  GALE6RCHIS  Rydb. 

Rootstock  very  short ;  root  of  numerous  fleshy  fibres.  Stem  scape-like,  with  2 
large  rounded  leaves  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  a  short  loose  spike  with  large  leaf- 
like  bracts  surpassing  them.  Sepals  united  above,  forming  a  kind  of  galea,  or 
hood.  Petals  connivent,  somewhat  adnate  to  the  sepals.  Lip  entire,  wavy,  pro- 
duced below  into  a  spur.  Column  short,  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  base  of  the 
lip.  Anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent  ;  pollinia  granulose,  i  large  mass  in  each 
sac,  produced  into  a  slender  caudicle.  Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  [Compound 
word  of  which  the  first  part  refers  to  the  hood-like  united  sepals.] 

A  monotypic  genus,  native  of  North  America.  It  was  established  by  Rafinesque 
in  1836,  under  the  name  Galearis,  which  is  antedated  by  Galearia  Presl,  of  1830. 

i.  Galeorchis  spectabilis  (L.)  Rydb.  SHOWY  ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1094.) 
Stem  2—3  dm.  high,  thick,  fleshy,  5 -angled.  Leaves  with  i  or  2  scales  below 
them,  obovate,  sometimes  2  dm.  long  and  I  dm.  wide,  but  usually  smaller,  clammy 
to  the  touch  ;  spike  3-6  flowered;  flowers  about  2-5  cm.  long,  violet-purple  mixed 
with  lighter  purple  and  white;  bracts  foliaceous,  sheathing  the  ovaries;  lip  whitish, 
divergent,  entire,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur  obtuse,  about  1.6  cm.  long  ; 
column  violet  on  the  back  ;  capsule  about  2-5  cm.  long,  strongly  angled.  In  rich 
woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Neb.  April-June.  \Orchis 
spectabilis  L.] 

4.   PERULARIA   Lindl. 

Leafy-stemmed  plants,  from  a  cluster  of  thick  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  small, 
greenish,  in  a  long  open  spike  with  long  bracts.  Sepals  and  petals  broad,  spread- 
ing. Lip  lanceolate,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  and  a  central  tubercle 
at  the  middle  of  the  base.  Spur  slender,  straight,  longer  than  the  lip.  but  shorter 
than  the  ovary.  Valves  of  the  anthers  horizontal,  opening  upward,  dilated  at  the 
base  so  as  to  form  an  oblong  cavity,  enclosing  the  orbicular  incurved  gland.  Pol- 
inia  granulose,  produced  at  the  base  into  a  caudicle.  A  genus  of  2  or  3  boreal, 
nearly  related  species,  often  included  in  Habenaria.  [Latin,  a  little  wallet.] 

i.  Perularia  flava  (L.)  Rydb.  TUBERCLED  ORCHIS.  SMALL  PALE-GREEN 
ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1105.)  Stem  rather  stour,  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  1-3  dm.  long  ;  bracts  acuminate,  longer  than  the 
ovaries  ;  petals  greenish  ;  sepals  and  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  about  6  mm.  long  ; 
sepals  greenish  yellow  ;  lip  a  little  longer  than  the  petals  ;  capsule  about  8  mm. 
long.  In  moist  soil,  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  La.  and  Mo.  June-July. 
\_Habenaria  flava  (L.)  Gray.] 

5.  COELOGLOSSUM   Hartman. 

Leafy  plants,  with  biennial  2-cleft  tubers.  Flowers  greenish  in  a  long  leafy- 
bracted  spike.  Sepals  free,  somewhat  arcuate,  bent  together  and  forming  a  hood. 
Petals  narrow.  Lip  oblong,  obtuse,  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex.  Spur  much  shorter 
than  the  lip,  blunt,  sac- like.  Column  short.  Pollinia  with  long  caudicles. 
Glands  small,  scarcely  wider  than  the  caudicle,  surrounded  by  a  thin  membrane. 
A  boreal  genus  of  2  or  3  species,  often  included  in  Habenaria  or  Platanthera. 
[Name  Latin,  compound,  heaven-tongue.] 

i.  Coeloglossum  bracteatum  (Willd.)  Parl.  LONG-BRACTED  ORCHIS. 
(I.  F.  f  1103.)  Stem  leafy,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval,  or 
the  lowest  sometimes  obovate,  5-12  cm.  long,  the  upper  much  smaller  ;  bracts 
longer  than  the  ovaries,  the  lower  ones  2  or  3  times  as  long  ;  spike  7-12  cm.  long, 
loosely  flowered  ;  flowers  green  or  greenish  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  dilated  or 
somewhat  gibbous  at  the  base,  about  6  mm.  long  ;  petals  very  narrow,  sometimes 
thread-like  ;  lip  6-8  mm.  long,  oblong-spatulate,  2-3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  apex, 


ORCHID  A  CEA  E.  293 

more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  white  sac-like  spur;  anther-sacs  divergent  at  the 
base.  In  woods  and  meadows,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Neb. 
Also'  in  Europe.  May-Sept.  \Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.] 


6.  GYMNADENIOPSIS 
Leafy  plants,  with  fleshy  fibrous  or  somewhat  tuberous  roots,  and  a  short  spike 
of  small  flowers.  Sepals  free  and  spreading.  Lip  entire  or  3-toothed  at  the  apex, 
much  exceeded  by  the  long  filiform  or  clavate  spur.  Beak  of  the  stigma  with 
2-3  oblong  or  clavate  appendages.  Anther-sacs  parallel  and  approximate,  their 
glands  naked  and  contiguous.  Pollinia  granular,  with  short  caudicles.  A  North 
American  genus,  hitherto  included  in  Habenaria.  It  is  closely  related  to  the 
European  genus  Gymnadenia,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  appendages  of  the 
stigma;  hence  the  name. 

Spur  filiform;  lip  entire;  stem  leafy. 

Ovary  not  twisted;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary;  flowers  white.  i.  G.  m'vea. 

Ovary  twisted;  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary,  flowers  orange.  2.  G.  Integra. 

Spur  clavate;  lip  3-toothed  ;  stem  i-2-leaved.  3.  G.  clavellata. 

I.  Gymnadeniopsis  nivea  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  SOUTHERN  SMALL  WHITE 
ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1099.)  Stem  slender,  angled,  3-3.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-2  dm.  long,  the  upper  much  shorter  and  passing  into  the 
bracts  of  the  spike;  spike  5-10  cm.  long,  loosely  many-  flowered;  flowers  small, 
white;  lateral  sepals  broadly  oblong,  dilated  or  slightly  eared  at  the  base,  spread- 
ing, about  6  mm.  long;  petals  and  upper  sepal  smaller;  stigma  appendaged  by  2 
small  horns  affixed  to  the  back  of  the  anther;  ovary  straight.  In  pine  barren  bogs, 
Del.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Aug.  [Habenaria  nivea  (Nutt.)  Spreng.] 

2.  Gymnadeniopsis  Integra  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  SMALL  SOUTHERN  YELLOW 
ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1102.)  Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  angled,  with  1-3  linear-lanceolate 
leaves  below,  and  numerous  bract-like  ones  above.  Lower  leaves  5-20  cm.  long, 
acute;  spike  2-7  cm.  long,  densely  flowered;  flowers  orange-yellow;  upper  sepal 
and  petals  connivent;  lateral  sepals  longer,  oval  or  obovate,  spreading;  lip  ob- 
long, mostly  crenulate  or  erose,  sometimes  entire;  stigma  with  2  lateral  fleshy 
appendages  and  a  narrow  beak.  In  wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
The  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  often  reticulated  with  hexagonal  cells.  July. 
\_IIabenaria  inte-^ra  (Nutt.)  Spreng.  ] 

3.  Gymnadeniopsis  clavellata  (Michx.)  Rydb.  SMALL  GREEN  WOOD 
ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1104.)  Stem  2-5  dm.  high,  angled,  i-leaved  near  the  base, 
often  with  several  small  bract-like  leaves  above,  or  one  of  these  larger.  Basal  leaf 
oblanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries;  spike  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
loosely  flowered;  flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish;  sepals  and  petals  ovate;  lip 
dilated  and  3-toothed  at  the  apex;  the  teeth  often  small  and  inconspicuous;  spur 
longer  than  the  ovary,  incurved,  clavate;  stigma  with  3  club-shaped  appendages; 
capsule  ovoid,  nearly  erect.  In  wet  or  moist  woods,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  La.  July-Aug.  [Habenaria  clavellala  (Michx.)  Spreng.] 

7.  LIMNORCHIS    Rydb.      (See  Appendix.) 

Leafy  plants  with  thick  fleshy  roots  and  small  greenish  or  whitish  flowers  in  a 
long  spike.  Sepals  and  petals  free  and  spreading.  Lip  entire.  Beak  of  the  stigma 
without  appendages.  Anther-sacs  nearly  parallel,  wholly  adnate.  Glands  naked. 
Pollinia  granular.  A  North  American  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species,  differing 
from  Lysias  in  the  general  habit  and  the  almost  parallel  anther-sacs.  [Greek, 
Marsh-orchis.] 

Lip  lanceolate,  slightly  if  at  all  dilated  at  the  base  ;  flowers  greenish  or  purplish. 

Spur  shorter  than  the  lip,  much  thickened  at  the  end,  obtuse.         i.  L.  hyperborea. 
Spur  slightly  exceeding  the  lip,  slightly  if  at  all  thickened  at  the  end. 
Plant  stout  ;   flowers  comparatively  large  ;  sepals  4-6  mm.  long. 

2.  L.  media. 

Plant  slender;  flowers  smaller;  sepals  2.5-4  mm.  long.  3.  L.  Huronensis. 

Lip  decidedly  rhomboid-dilated  at  the  base  ;  flowers  white. 

Flowers  not  very  fragrant  ;  sepals  2-3  mm.  wide,  not  strongly  striate. 

4.  L.  dilatata. 
Flowers  very  fragrant  ;  sepals  1.5-2  mm.  wide,  strongly  striate.     5.  L.  fragrans. 


294  FLORA. 

1.  Limnorchis  hyperbdrea  (L.)  Rydb.    TALL  LEAFY  GREEN  ORCHIS.    (I.  F. 
f.  noo.)     Stem  rather  stout,  2-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  5-30 
cm.  long;  spike  narrow,  7-20  cm.  long;  flowers  small,  divaricate,  greenish  or  green- 
ish yellow;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long;  upper  sepal  crenulate 
at  the  apex;  lip  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  about  7  mm.  long;  spur  seldom  equal- 
ling the  lip,  blunt,  slightly  incurved,  decidedly  clavate  ;  glands  small;  ovary  more 
or    less    twisted  ;  pod    I    cm.  long,  5   mm.  wide.      Labrador   and    Newfoundland. 
{Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.  Br.] 

2.  Limnorchis  media  Rydb.  INTERMEDIATE  BOG  ORCHIS.    Stem  stout, 
4-8   dm.    high.       Leaves   lanceolate,    acute,   1-2   dm.  long  ;    spike   long,  densely 
flowered  ;    bracts  rather  large  and  with  scabrous  margins  ;    flowers    divaricate, 
greenish  or  purplish;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  4-6  mm.  long;  petals  lanceolate,  obtuse; 
lip   lanceolate,   entire,    obtuse,   slightly  dilated  at  the   base,   5-7  mm.  long  ;  spur 
slightly  exceeding  the  lip,  curved,   obtuse,    scarcely   at  all  thickened  at  the  apex; 
ovary  somewhat  twisted  ;  pod  about  I  cm.  long  and  5  mm.  in  diameter.     It  has 
been  confused  with  /,.  hyperborea  and  L.  dilatata.     In  bogs,  Can.  and  N.  Y.,  west 
to  Minn.     Type  specimen  from  Quebec.     June- Aug. 

3.  Limnorchis   Huronensis  (Nutt.)   Rydb.      HURON   ORCHIS.     Stem   slen- 
der, 2-3  dm.  high.    Lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse;  upper  lanceolate  and  acute; 
spike  long,  rather  lax;  bracts  lanceolate,  the  lower  often  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers; 
flowers  almost  erect,  light  green  ;    sepals  oblong,  1.5—2  mm.  long  ;    lip  linear-lan- 
ceolate, entire;  spur  generally  exceeding  the  lip,   scarcely  clavate,   curved,  often 
acutish ;  pod  about  I  cm.  long  and  3  mm.  in  diameter.     It  resembles  a  slender  L. 
hyperborea,  differing  in  the  smaller  erect  flowers,  longer  and  narrower  spur  and  pod. 
In  swamps,  Can.  to  N.  Y. ;  apparently  also  in  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  Dak.     June- 
July.      \Orchis  Huronensis  Nutt.] 

4.  Limnorchis  dilatata  (Puish)  Rydb.     TALL  WHITE  BOG  ORCHIS.     (I.  F. 
f.  1101.)     Stem  slender,  leafy,   3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  7-20  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acute;  spike  5~25  cm-  l°ngl  bracts  acute,  the  lower  longer  than  the  ovary, 
the  upper  shorter;    flowers  small,  white  ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  6  mm.  long 
",nd  2-3  mm.  wide;  lip  entire,  dilated  or  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  base,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  shorter  than  the  blunt  incurved  slightly  clavate  spur;  glands  close  together, 
strap-shaped,  nearly  as  long  as  the  pollinia  and  caudicle;  stigma  with  a  trowel- 
shaped  beak  between  the  bases  of  the  anther-sacs.     In  bogs  and  wet  woods,  N.  S. 
to  Sask.,  south  to  Me.,  N.  Y.  and  Neb.     June-Sept.      [Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh) 
Hook.] 

5.  Limnorchis  fragrans  Rydb.  FRAGRANT  ORCHIS.    Stem  very  slender, 
leafy  above,  2-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  about  I  dm.  long  and  8-10  mm.  wide, 
acute;  spike  slender  and  lax  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  longer  than 
the  flowers  ;  flowers  small,   pure  white,  very  fragrant ;   sepals  lanceolate,   often 
acutish,    1.5-2   mm.  wide   and  strongly  striate  ;   lip   about  5  mm.  long,  narrowly 
linear,  dilated  at  the  base,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  curved  filiform  spur  ;  otherwise 
as  the  preceding.     In  bogs,  Willoughby  Mountains,  Vt.     July. 

8.  LYSIAS  Salisb. 

Plants  with  tubers  or  fleshy  roots;  stem  scapose.  Leaves  2,  basal.  Flowers 
greenish  or  white  ;  sepals  free,  large  and  spreading  ;  petals  small  and  narrow  ; 
lip  entire,  linear  or  nearly  so  ;  spur  long  and  slender,  generally  longer  than  the 
elongated,  straight  ovary.  -  Beak  of  the  stigma  without  appendages.  Anther-sacs 
widely  diverging,  their  narrow  beak-like  bases  projecting  forward  ;  stalk  of  the 
pollen-mass  laterally  affixed  to  the  back  of  the  orbicular  gland,  whose  face  is 
turned  inward.  Pod  cylindric-clavate,  distinctly  stipitate.  A  circumboreal  genus 
of  about  half  a  dozen  species,  separated  independently  by  Salisbury  in  1812  as 
Lysias  and  by  Richard  in  1818  under  the  name  Platanthera. 

Scape  bracted.  i.  L.  orbicnlata. 

Scape  naked.  2.   L.  Hookeriana. 

i.  Lysias  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  LARGE  ROUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS.  (I.  F. 
f.  1096.)  Scape  stout,  bracted,  3-6  dm.  high,  occasionally  bearing  a  small  leaf. 
Leaves  orbicular,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  green  above,  silvery  be- 


OX  CHID  A  CEA  E.  295 

neath,  10  17  cm.  in  diameter;  raceme  loosely  many-flowered;  pedicels  about  I  cm. 
long,  the  fruiting  ones  erect  ;  flowers  greenish  white  ;  lateral  sepals  falcate-ovate, 
obtuse,  8-10  mm.  long;  lip  about  12  mm.  long  ;  spur  much  longer  than  the  ovary, 
often  3.5  cm.  long  ;  anther-sacs  prominent,  converging  above  ;  glands  small,  orbic- 
ular, nearly  5  mm.  apart,  their  faces  turned  toward  the  axis.  In  rich  woods,  Newf. 
to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Car.  and  Minn.  July-  Aug.  [Habtinaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.] 
2.  Lysias  Hookeriana  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  HOOKER'S  ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1097.) 
Scape  2-4  dm.  high,  not  bracted.  Leaves  fleshy,  shining,  spreading  or  ascending, 
oval,  orbicular  or  obovate,  0.7-1.4  dm.  long;  raceme  rather  loosely  many-flowered, 
1-2  dm.  long  ;  bracts  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  yellowish  green  flowers  ;  lateral 
sepals  greenish,  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading,  about  8  mm.  long  ;  petals  narrowly 
linear  or  awl-shaped;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  8-iomm.  long;  anther-sacs  widely 
diverging  below  ;  glands  small,  their  faces  turned  inward  ;  spur  slender,  acute,  16 
mm.  long  or  more,  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  considerably  longer.  In  woods,  N.  S. 
to  Minn.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Iowa.  June-Sept,  [Habenaria  Hookeriana,  A.  Gray.] 

9.  LYSIELLA  Rydb. 

Small  plant  with  a  short  rootstock  and  thick  root-fibers.  Stem  scapose,  naked, 
with  a  single  6bovate  leaf  at  the  base  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow.  Upper  sepal 
round-ovate,  erect,  surrounding  the  broad  column  ;  lateral  sepals  reflexed, 
spreading  ;  petals  lanceolate  smaller  ;  lip  entire  linear-lanceolate,  deflexed  ; 
spur  slightly  curved,  shorter  than  the  arcuate  ovary.  Beak  of  stigma  not  appen- 
daged.  Anther-sacs  widely  diverging,  wholly  adnate,  arcuate;  glands  small,  their 
faces  turned  inward.  Pod  obovoid.  A  monotypic  genus,  mostly  of  North  America. 


[Name  diminutive  of  Lysias.^ 

I.  Lysiella  obtusata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  SMALL  NORTHERN  BOG  ORCHIS.  (I. 
F.  f.  1098.)  Scape  slender,  naked,  8-20  cm.  high,  4-angled.  Leaf  solitary,  basal, 
obovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  10-24  mm.  wide  ;  spike  2-5  cm.  long,  loose  ;  flowers 
greenish  yellow,  about  6  mm.  long;  upper  sepal  erect,  round-ovate,  green  with 
whitish  margins  ;  lateral  sepals  spreading-reflexed,  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute  ;  petals 
shorter,  dilated  or  obtusely  2  -lobed  at  the  base,  connate  with  the  base  of  the  column; 
lip  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  deflexed,  about  6  mm.  long;  spur  about  as  long 
as  the  lip,  slender,  curved,  blunt.  In  bogs,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Me.,  N.  Y. 
and  Colo.  Also  in  northern  Norway.  July-Sept.  [Habenaria  obtusata  (Pursh) 
Richards.] 

9.  BLEPHARIGLOTTIS  Raf. 

Plants  with  tall  and  leafy  stems  and  fleshy  or  tuberous  roots.  Flowers 
several  or  numerous  in  an  open  spike  with  foliaceous  bracts  ;  corolla  white. 
yellow  or  purplish  ;  sepals  broad  and  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  lip  variously 
fringed  or  3  -parted  and  cut-toothed  ;  spur  longer  than  the  lip.  Anther-sacs 
widely  separated  and  usually  diverging,  their  narrow  beak-like  bases  supported  by 
the  arms  of  the  stigma,  strongly  projecting  forward  and  upward  ;  gland  naked  ; 
pollinia  granular.  A  North  American  genus  of  perhaps  a  dozen  species.  [Name 
Greek,  meaning  fringed  throat.] 
Lip  not  3-parted,  pectinately  fringed. 

Spur  half  as  long  as  the  ovary;  flowers  yellow.  I.  B.  cristata. 

Spur  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Flowers  bright  yellow.  2.  B.  ciliaris. 

Flowers  white.  3.  B.  blephariglottis. 

Lip  3-parted. 

Segments  of  the  lip  deeply  fringed. 

Segments  narrow;  fringe  of  a  few  threads.  4    B.  lacera. 

Segments  broadly  fan-shaped;  fringe  copious. 

Segments  fringed  to  the  middle  or  deeper;  flowers  white. 

5.  B.  leucophaea. 
Segments  not  fringed  beyond  the  middle  ;  flowers  lilac,  rarely  white. 

Raceme  4-5  cm.  thick  ;  lip  1-2  cm.  broad.  6.  B.  grandiflora. 

Raceme  1-3  cm.  thick;  lip  8-12  mm.  broad.  7.  B.  psycodes. 

Segments  of  the  lip  cut-toothed  ;  flowers  violet-purple.  8.  B.  peramoena. 

x.  Blephariglottis  cristata  (Michx.)  Raf.  CRESTED  YELLOW  ORCHIS.  (L 
F.  f.  1106.)  Stem  slender,  angled,  2-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
5-20  cm.  long,  the  upper  much  smaller,  similar  to  the  bracts;  bracts  as  long  as  the 


296  FLORA. 

flowers;  spike  5-10  cm.  long,  dense;  flowers  orange  ;  sepals  roundish  ovate,  about 
3  mm.  long;  petals  narrower,  pectinate-fringed;  lip  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals, 
deeply  fringed  to  the  middle  or  beyond  ;  spur  4-6  mm.  long,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  ovary.  In  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  July-Aug.  \Habenaria  cristata 
(Michx.)  R.  Br.] 

2.  Blephariglottis  ciliaris  (L.)  Rydb.     YELLOW-FRINGED  ORCHIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1107.)     Stem  slender,  3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  1-2  dm.  long,  the 
upper  smaller;  spike  closely  many-flowered,  7-15  cm.  long,  sometimes  7  cm.  thick; 
flowers  orange  or  yellow,  large,  showy;  sepals  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  oblique 
at  the  base,  4-8  mm.  long;  petals  much  smaller,  oblong  or  cuneate,  usually  toothed; 
lip  oblong,  10-14  mm.  long,  copiously  fringed  more  than  half-way  to  the  middle  ; 
spur  25-35  mnl-  l°ng>  Ver7  slender.     In  meadows,  Vt.  (?)  and  Ont.  to  Mich.,  south 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Aug.      [Habenaria  ciliaris  (L. )  R.  Br.] 

3.  Blephariglottis  blephariglottis  (Willd.)  Rydb.    WHITE-FRINGED  ORCHIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1108.)    Stems  and  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species.     Spikes 
densely  or  rather  loosely  many-flowered;  flowers  pure  white,  usually  a  little  smaller 
than  those  of  H.  ciliaris;  lip  narrower,  oblong;  petals  toothed  or  somewhat  fringed 
at  the  apex ;  fringe  of  the  lip  copious  or  sparse.     In  bogs   and  swamps,  Newf.  to 
Minn,  and  N.  J.     Intermediate  forms  \B.  bicolor  Raf.]  between  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding   species,   with  light  yellow  flowers,  are  probably  hybrids.     Blooms  a  few 
days  earlier  than  ciliaris  where  the  two  grow  together.     July-Aug.     [//.  blephari- 
glottis (Willd)  Torr.] 

Blephariglottis  blepharig!6ttis   holoptStala    (Lindl.)    Rydb.      One   or   both   of    the 
petals  entire  ;  lip  often  sparingly  fringed.     With  the  type.     Probably  a  mere  form. 

4.  Blephariglottis  lacera  (Michx.)  Rydb.     RAGGED  ORCHIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1109.) 
Stem  rather  slender,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  lanceolate,  12-20  cm.  long,  the 
upper  gradually  smaller;  spike  5-15  cm.  long,  loose;  flowers  greenish  yellow;  sepals 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  6  mm.   long,  the  upper  one  a  little  broader  than  the  others; 
petals  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  segments  of  the  lip  narrow, 
deeply  fringed,  the  fringe  of  a  few  threads,  about  I  cm.  long  ;  spur  14-16  mm. 
long,  curved,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  clavate  at  the  apex  ;   glands  oblong-linear, 
hyaline,  as  long  as  the  caudicle.     In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Ga.  and  Mo.     June-July.     \H.  lacera  (Michx.)  R.  Br.] 

5.  Blephariglottis   leucophaea   (Nutt.)   Rydb.      PRAIRIE  WHITE-FRINGED 
ORCHIS.     (I.  F.  f.  mo.)     Stem  stout,  angled,  5-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
1-2  dm.  long  ;  spike  7-12  cm.   long,  very  thick,  loosely  flowered  ;   flowers   large, 
white,  fragrant,  sometimes  tinged  with  green;  sepals  broadly  ovate;  petals  obovate, 
minutely  cut-toothed,  about  6  mm.  long;  lip  12-14  mm-  l°ng>  the  segments  broadly 
wedge-shaped  and  copiously  fringed  ;  spur  25-35  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  ovary; 
caudicles  long  and  slender  ;   glands  transversely  oval  ;  ovary  often  recurved.     On 
moist  prairies,  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Ky.,  Ark.  and  Neb.     July.      [//.  leucophaea 
(Nutt.)  Gray.] 

6.  Blephariglottis   grandiflora  (Bigel.)   Rydb.      LARGE   PURPLE-FRINGED 
ORCHIS.     (I.  F.  f.  mi.)     Stem  3-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  1-2.5 
dm.  long,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  smaller  and  acute;  raceme  7-35  cm.  long,  sometimes 
6  cm.  thick,    densely  flowered  ;   flowers  lilac  or  purplish,  sometimes  whitish,  fra- 
grant; upper  sepal  and  petals  erect,  connivent;  petals  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  more 
or  less  toothed,  I  cm.  long  ;  lip  1-2.5  cm-  broad,  about  I  cm.  long,   the  segments 
broadly  fan-shaped,  copiously  fringed  nearly  to  the  middle;  glands  orbicular,  turned 
inward;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  25-35  mm.  long.     In  rich  woods  and  meadows,  N.  B. 
to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  south  to  N.  Car.     June-Aug.     [If.  grandiflora  (Bigel.)  Torr.] 

7.  Blephariglottis  psycddes  (L.)  Rydb.    SMALLER  PURPLE-FRINGED  ORCHIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1 1 12.)     Stem  rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  elliptic  or  lan- 
ceolate, 5-25  cm.  long,  the  upper  smaller  ;   raceme  5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  thick, 
loosely  or  densely  several  many-flowered;  flowers  lilac,  rarely  white,  fragrant;  lower 
sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  about  8  mm.  long,  the  upper  one  a  little  narrower  ;  petals 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  toothed  on  the  upper  margin;  lip  8-12  mm.  broad,  the  seg- 
ments fan-shaped  and  copiously  fringed ;  spur  somewhat  clavate  at  the  apex,  about 
16  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  ovary.     In  meadows,  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Newf. 
to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Ind.     July-Aug.     [//.  psycodes  (L.)  A.  Gray.] 


ORCHID  A  CEAE. 

8.  Blephariglottis  peramoena  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  FRINGELESS  PURPLE 
ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1113.)  Stem  3-7  dm.  high.  Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  1-2 
dm.  long,  the  upper  gradually  smaller  ;  spike  5-15  cm.  long,  2.5-3.5.  cm.  thick, 
densely  or  rather  loosely  many  flowered;  flowers  large,  showy,  violet  purple;  lateral 
sepals  round-ovate,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  upper  one  smaller  ;  petals  smaller,  round- 
obovate,  clawed,  entire,  or  slightly  erose  ;  lip  14-20  mm.  long,  the  segments  fan- 
shaped,  cut-toothed,  not  fringed,  the  middle  one  2-lobed  ;  spur  about  as  long  as  the 
ovary,  curved,  clavate;  glands  orbicular,  oblique.  In  moist  meadows,  N.  J.  to  111., 
Va.  and  Ky.  July- Aug.  \H.  peramoena  Gray.] 

ii.  POGONIA  Juss. 

Mostly  low  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  the  flowers  terminal, 
solitary,  the  leaves  alternate.  Sepals  and  petals  separate,  erect  or  ascending.  Lip 
erect  from  the  base  of  the  column,  spurless,  crested.  Column  elongated,  club-shaped 
at  the  summit.  Anther  terminal,  stalked,  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column,  its 
sacs  parallel  ;  pollinia  2,  I  in  each  sac,  powdery -granular,  without  a  caudicle. 
Stigma  a  flattened  disk  below  the  anth  r.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  erect.  [Greek, 
bearded,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  the  type  species.]  Only  the  following  North 
American  species  are  known  : 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike;  lip  bearded.  i.  P.  ophioglossoides. 

Sepals  longer  and  narrower  than  the  petals;  lip  not  bearded.  2.  P.  divaricata. 

1.  Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.     ROSE  POGONIA.     SNAKE-MOUTH. 
(I.  F.  f.  1114.)     Stem  2-3.8  dm.  high,  I -3 -leaved, 'not  rarely  with  a  long-petioled 
basal  leaf.     Stem  leaf  or  leaves  1-4  cm.  long,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  erect,  bluntly 
acute  ;  flowers  fragrant,  pale  rose-color,  slightly  nodding,  large,  solitary  or  occa- 
sionally in  pairs,  subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract  ;  sepals  and  petals  about  equal, 
elliptic  or  oval,  12-20  mm.  long  ;  lip  spatulate,  free  or  somewhat  appressed  to  the 
column   below,    fringed.     Propagates  by  running  rootstocks.       In   meadows  and 
swamps,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Fla.  and  Kans.     June-July. 

2.  Pogonia  divaricata  (L.)  R.  Br.     SPREADING  POGONIA.     (I.  F.  f.  1116.) 
Stem  2-6  dm.  high,  bearing  a  leaf  near  the  middle,  and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the 
flower.     Leaf  lanceolate,   or  narrowly  elliptic,   obtuse,   clasping,   5-10  cm.  long  ; 
flower  terminal,  solitary;  sepals  linear,  longer  and  narrower  than  the  petals,  diverg- 
ing, dark  -  colored ;  petals  flesh-color,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  apex  ;  lip  as  long 
as  the  petals,  3-lobed,  crenulate  or  wavy-margined,  greenish,  veined  with  purple, 
not  bearded,   the  upper  lobe  long.     In  swamps,  southern  N.  T.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 
Reported  from  Wisconsin.     July. 

12.  ISOTRIA  Raf. 

Low  herbs  with  a  rootstock  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  terminal.  Leaves  5  in 
whorl  near  the  top  of  the  plant.  Sepals  and  petals  separate,  ascending,  the  former 
generally  longer  than  the  latter.  Lip  erect  from  the  base  of  the  column,  crested, 
spurless,  sessile.  Anthers  and  pollinia  as  in  Pogonia,  Capsule  oblong,  erect.  [Greek, 
in  equal  threes.]  Only  the  following  species  are  known  : 

Lip  crested  along  a  narrow  line  down  the  face  ;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  capsule  or  longer. 

1.  7.  verticillata. 
Lip  crested  over  the  whole  face  and  lobes ;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

2.  7.  ajfinis. 

1.  Isotria  verticillata  (Willd.)    Raf.     WHORLED  POGONIA.     (I.  F.  f.  1117.) 
Stem  2.5-3  dm.  high,  from  long  fleshy  roots.     Leaves  obovate,  abruptly  pointed  at 
the  apex,  sessile,  2-4  cm.  long;  flower  solitary,  erect  or  declined;  peduncle  12-16 
mm.  long,  in  fruit  usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule;  sepals  linear,  3-5 
cm.  long,   spreading,   dark  purple;  petals  linear,  erect,  obtuse,  greenish  yellow, 
about  20  mm.  long;  lip  3-lobed,  crested  along  a  narrow  band,  the  upper  part  ex- 
panded, undulate;  capsule  erect,  2.5  cm.  long  or  more.     In  moist  woods,  E.  Mass, 
to  Ont.,  Wis.,  Ind.  and  Fla.     May-June.      [Pogonia  verticillata  (Willd.)  Nutt] 

2.  Isotria  affmis  (Austin)  Rydb.     SMALLER  WHORLED  POGONIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
1118.)     Smaller  than  the  preceding  species,   stem  2-2.5  dm.  high-     Leaves  2-5 
cm.  long;  flowers  2  or  solitary,  greenish  yellow;  peduncle  5-10  cm.  long,  much 


298  FLORA. 

shorter  than  the  ovary  and  capsule;  sepals  equalling  the  petals,  or  but  little  longery 
somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base;  lip  crested  over  nearly  the  whole  face  and  lobes; 
capsule  erect,  about  2  cm.  long.  In  moist  woods,  Conn,  to  S.  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  N.  J. 
Rare  and  local.  June.  [Pogonia  affinis  Austin.] 

13.  TRIPHORA  Nutt. 

Low  herbs  with  fleshy  tubers  and  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  separate, 
ascending,  subequal.  Lip  erect,  slightly  clawed,  and  more  or  less  3-lobed,  not 
crested,  spurless.  Column  elongated,  club-shaped  at  the  summit.  Anther  terminal, 
stalked,  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column,  its  sacs  parallel;  pollinia  2,  i  in  each 
sac,  powdery-granular,-  without  caudicles.  Stigma  a  flattened  disk  below  the  anther. 
Capsule  oval,  drooping.  [Greek,  bearing  three,  in  allusion  to  the  visual  3  flowers.] 
A  genus  of  8  species  of  North  and  tropical  America,  only  the  following  found  in 
the  United  States. 

i.  Triphora  trianthophora  (Sw.)  Rydb.  NODDING  POGONIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1115.) 
Stems  glabrous,  7-20  cm.  high,  from  a  tuberous  root,  often  clustered.  Leaves  2-8, 
alternate,  ovate,  6-18  mm.  long,  clasping;  flowers  1-7,  axillary,  peduncled,  pale 
purple,  at  first  nearly  erect,  soon  drooping;  perianth  12-16  mm.  long;  sepals  and 
petals  about  equal,  connivent,  elliptic,  obtuse;  lip  clawed,  somewhat  3-lobed, 
roughish  or  crisped  above,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  capsule  oval,  drooping, 
about  12  mm.  long.  In  rich  woods,  Can.  (  ?  ),  Vt.  to  Fla.,  Wis.  and  Kans.  Aug.- 
Sept.  \_Pogonia  trianthophora  (Sw.)  B.  S.  P.] 

14.    ARETHUSA   L. 

Low  herbs,  with  small  bulbs  and  mostly  solitary  flowers  on  slender  scapes,  the 
solitary  leaf  linear,  hidden  at  first  in  the  upper  scale,  protruding  after  flowering. 
Sepals  and  petals  about  equal,  connivent  and  hooded  above,  coherent  below.  Lip 
dilated  and  recurved-spreading  at  the  apex,  crested  on  the  face  with  straight  some- 
what fleshy  hairs,  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base.  Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below, 
linear,  narrowly  winged  and  dilated  at  the  summit.  Anther  operculate,  of  2  ap- 
proximate sacs  incumbent  upon  the  column;  pollinia  4,  2  in  each  sac,  powdery- 
granular.  Capsule  erect,  ellipsoid,  strongly  angled.  [Dedicated  to  the  nymph 
Arethusa.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  occurring  in  North  America,  the 
other  in  Japan. 

I.  Arethusa  bulbosa  L.  ARETHUSA.  (I.  F.  f.  1119.)  Scape  glabrous,  12- 
25  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3  loose  sheathing  bracts.  Leaf  linear,  many-nerved,  becom- 
ing 10-15  cm.  long;  flower  solitary  (rarely  2),  arising  from  between  a  pair  of  small 
unequal  scales,  rose-purple,  2-5  cm.  high;  sepals  and  petals  linear  to  elliptic, 
obtuse,  arched  over  the  column;  lip  usually  drooping  beneath  the  sepals  and  petals, 
the  apex  broad,  rounded,  variegated  with  purplish  blotches;  capsule  ellipsoid, 
strongly  6-ribbed,  rarely  maturing.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to 
N.  Car.  and  Ind.  May-June. 

15.  LIMODORUM   L.    [CALOPOGON  R.  Br.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  round  solid  bulbs  which  arise  from  the  bulb  of  the  previous 
year,  a  leaf  appearing  the  first  season,  succeeded  in  the  following  year  by  the  scape. 
Flowers  several  in  a  loose  terminal  spike  or  raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly 
alike,  separate,  spreading.  Column  elongated,  2-winged  above.  Anther  terminal, 
operculate,  sessile;  pollinia  solitary,  i  in  each  sac,  loosely  granular.  Lip  spread- 
ing, raised  on  a  narrow  stalk,  dilated  at  the  apex,  bearded  on  the  upper  side  with 
long  club-shaped  hairs.  [Greek,  a  meadow-gift.] 

i.  Limodorum  tuberosum  L.  GRASS-PINK.  CALOPOGON.  (I.  F.  f.  1145.) 
Scape  slender,  naked.  3-5  dm.  high.  Leaf  linear-lanceolate,  2-3  dm.  long,  6-20 
mm.  wide,  sheathing,  with  several  scales  below  it;  spike  1-4  dm.  long,  3-15 -flow- 
ered; flowers  about  2  cm.  long,  purplish  pink,  svibtended  by  small  acute  bracts; 
sepals  obliquely  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  2  cm.  long;  petals  similar;  column 
incurved;  lip  as  long  as  the  column,  broadly  triangular  at  the  apex,  crested  along 
the  face  with  yellow,  orange  and  rose-colored  hairs;  capsule  oblong,  nearly  erect. 
In  bogs  and  meadows,  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mo.  June-July. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 

16.  EPIPACTIS  R.  Br. 

Tall  stout  herbs  with  fibrous  roots  and  simple  leafy  stems.  Leaves  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  plicate,  clasping.  Flowers  leafy-bracted,  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals 
and  petals  all  separate.  Spur  none.  Lip  free,  sessile,  broad,  concave  below,  con- 
stricted  near  the  middle,  the  upper  portion  dilated  and  petal-like.  Column  short, 
erect.  Anther  operculate,  borne  on  the  margin  of  the  clinandrium,  erect,  ovate  or 
semiglobose,  its  sacs  contiguous.  Pollinia  2 -parted,  granulose,  becoming  attached 
to  the  glandular  beak  of  the  stigma.  Capsule  oblong,  beakless.  [Greek  name  for 
Helleborine.  ]  About  10  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following, 
another  occurs  in  the  western  United  States. 

I.  Epipactis  viridiflora  (Hoffm.)  Reichb.  HELLEBORINE.  (I.  F.  f.  1120.) 
Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  above.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  4-7  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish  yellow  to  purple;  pedicels  4-6  mm. 
long;  sepals  8-10  mm.  long,  lanceolate;  petals  narrower;  lip  expanded  into  a 
slightly  undulate  apex,  tapering  to  a  point;  bracts  lanceolate,  longer  than  the 
flowers.  Ont. ,  Mass,  and  N.  Y. ;  also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 

17.  GYROSTACHYS  Pers.     [SPIRANTHES  Rich.]    (See  Appendix  ) 

Erect  herbs,  with  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots  and  slender  stems  or  scapes, 
leaf-bearing  below  or  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  spurless,  spiked,  i-3-rowed,  the 
spikes  more  or  less  twisted.  Sepals  free,  or  more  or  le^s  coherent,  or  sometimes 
united  with  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  sessile  or  clawed,  concave,  erect,  embracing 
the  column  and  often  adherent  to  it,  spreading  and  crisped,  or  rarely  lobed  or 
toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  minute  callosities  at  the  base.  Column  arched  below, 
obliquely  attached  to  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Anther  without  a  lid,  borne  on  the 
back  of  the  column,  erect.  Stigma  ovate,  prolonged  into  an  acuminate  beak,  at 
length  bifid,  covering  the  anther  and  stigmatic  only  underneath.  Pollinia  2,  I  in 
each  sac,  powdery.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
twisted  spikes.]  About  80  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  two  occur  in  the  Southern  States  and  three  or  four 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  flowers  are  often  fragrant. 

Flowers  3-ranked  ;  stems  not  twisted,  or  but  slightly  so. 

Sepals  and  petals  more  or  less  connivent  into  a  hood.  i.   G.  stricta. 

Lateral  sepals  separate,  free. 

Spike  short,  about  5  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick ;  callosities  none,  or  mere  thicken- 
ings of  the  basal  margins  of  the  lip.  2.  G.  plantaginea. 
Spike  10-15  cm-  l°n&>  12-20  mm.  thick;  callosities  nipple-shaped. 
Spike  12-14  mm.  thick;  callosities  hairy,  straight. 

Flowers  yellowish  ;  spike  acute;  lower  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers. 

3.  G.  ochroleuca. 
Flowers  white;  spike  obtuse;  lower  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

4.  G.  cernua. 
Spike  16-20  mm.  thick ;  callosities  glabrous,  incurved.      5.   G.  odorata. 

Flowers  merely  alternate,  appearing  secund  from  the  spiral  twisting  of  the  stem. 

Stem  leafy;  lower  leaves  elongated,  mostly  persistent  through  the  flowering  season. 
Outer  sepals  lanceolate  ;  bracts  lanceolate  to  ovate,  scarcely  scarious-margined. 

6.   G.  praecox. 

Outer  sepals  linear;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  scarious-margined.  7.  G.  linearis. 
Stem  a  scaly  scape  ;  leaves  basal,  mostly  withering  before  the  flowering  season. 
Root  a  single  tuber  ;  spike  about  2.5  cm.  long.  8.   G.  Grayi. 

Root  a  cluster  of  tubers  ;  spike  2-7  cm.  long.  9.  G.  gracilis. 

i.  Gyrostachys  stricta  Rydb.  HOODED  LADIES'  TRESSES.     (I.  F.  f. 

1 12 1.)  Stem  1.5-3.5  dm.  high,  glabrous,  leafy  below,  bracted  above,  the  inflorescence 
rarely  puberulent.  Lower  leaves  7-20  cm.  long,  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate;  spike 
5-10  cm.  long,  8-14  mm.  thick;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  flowers  white  or 
greenish,  ringent,  6-8  mm.  long,  spreading  horizontally,  very  fragrant;  upper  sepal 
broad,  obtuse  or  merely  acutish  at  the  apex  ;  lip  oblong,  broad  at  the  base,  con- 
tracted below  the  dilated  crisped  apex,  thin,  transparent,  veined  ;  callosities  mere 
thickenings  of  the  basal  margins  of  the  lip,  or  none.  It  has  hitherto  been  confused 
with  the  Alaskan  G.  Romanzoffiana,  which  has  a  very  short  spike  1-2  cm.  long, 
upper  portion  of  the  scape  densely  glandular,  the  sepals  united  to  near  the  apex, 


300  FLORA 

and  acuminate.  G,  stricta  may  be  the  tine  Ophrys  Cernua  L.  from  the  character 
kl-petalis  superioribus  confluentibus."  In  bogs,  Newt,  to  Idaho,  south  to  Me.,  Penn., 
Minn,  and  Colo.  July-Aug. 

2.  Gyrostachys  plantaginea  (Raf.)  Britton.  WIDE-LEAVED  LADIES' TRESSES. 
(I.  F.  f.  1 122.)     Stem  1-2.5  dm.  high?  glabrous  or  pubescent,  bracted  above,  bear- 
ing 4  or  5  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaves  below.     Leaves  3-12  cm.  long  ;  spike 
2-5  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick,  dense  ;  floral  bracts  mostly  much  shorter  than  the 
flowers  ;  flowers  spreading,  about  6  mm.  long  ;  petals  and  sepals  white  ;  lip  pale 
yellow  on  the  face,  oblong,  not  contracted  at  the  middle,  the  wavy  apex  rounded, 
crisped  or  fringed,  the  base  short-clawed  ;  callosities  none,  or  mere  thickenings  of 
the  lip  margins.      Moist  banks  and  woods,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.  and  Mich. 
June-Aug. 

3.  Gyrostachys  ochroletica  Rydb.  YELLOW  LADIES'  TRESSES.     Stem 
3-5  dm.  high,  densely  pubescent  above.     Basal  leaves  linear,  tapering  to  both  ends, 
distinctly  petioled,  1-2  dm.  long  ;  lower  stem  leaves  similar  but  often  sessile  ;  upper 
stem  leaves  bract-like,  lanceolate  ;  spike  5-15  cm.  long,  15-20  mm.  in  diameter, 
densely  flowered,  generally  acute  ;  flowers  ochroleucous  or  greenish  yellow,  strongly 
fragrant,  about  I  cm.  long  ;  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the 
lower  generally  longer  than  the  flowers.     Otherwise  as  in  G.  cernua.     Hillsides, 
N   H.  to  N.  Car.,  and  Penn.     Type  from  Mt.  Washington,  Mass.     Aug. -Sept, 

4.  Gyrostachys  cernua  (L.)  Kuntze.     NODDING  LADIES'  TRESSES.     (I.  F.  f. 
1123.)     Stem  2-6  dm.  high  (rarely  taller),  usually  pubescent  above,  mostly  bearing 
2-6   acuminate  bract-like  stem    leaves.     Basal  leaves  from  linear-oblanceolate  to 
linear,  7-35  cm.  long,  the  blade  narrow;  spike  10-12  cm.  long,  12-14  mm.  thick; 
bracts  ovate,  acute,  generally  not  longer  than  the  flowers ;  flowers  white,  fragrant, 
nodding  or  spreading,  about  10  mm.  long;  lip  oblong,  or  sometimes  ovate,  the  broad 
apex  rounded,  crenulate  or  crisped;  callosities  nipple-shaped,  straight,  hairy.     In 
meadows  and  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. -Oct. 

5.  Gyrostachys  odorata  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.     FRAGRANT  LADIES'  TRESSES.     (I. 
F.   f.   1124.)     Stem  stout,   3-6  dm.  high,   strongly  pubescent  above.     Lower  and 
basal  leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  15-50  mm.  wide,  tapering  into  sheathing  petioles,  the 
upper  reduced  to  bracts;  spike  12—15  cm-  ^onS?  16-20  mm.  thick;  floral  bracts  often 
exceeding  the  flowers,  long-acuminate;  flowers  yellowish  white,  fragrant,  10  mm. 
long;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  oblong,  broad  at  the  base,  contracted  above  thp 
middle,  the  dilated  apex  crisped  or  toothed;  callosities  nipple-shaped,  incurved, 
glabrous.     On  river  banks,  often  in  water,  Va.  to  Ky.,  Fla.  and  La.     Sept.-Oct, 

6.  Gyrostachys  praecox  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     GRASS-LEAVED  LADIES'  TRESSES. 
(I.  F.  f.  1125.)     Stem  slender,  2.5-6  dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  above,   leafy. 
Leaves  linear,  1-3  dm.  long,  with  narrow  grass-like  blades  and  long  sheathing 
petioles,  mostly  persistent  through  the  flowering  season,  the  upper  smaller;  spikt 
usually  much  twisted,  5-20  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  thick;  bracts  ovate,  about  as  long 
as  the  ovaries;  flowers  white  or  yellowish,  about  8  mm.  long,  spreading;  lip  abou 
6  mm.  long,  short-clawed,  oblong,  contracted  above,  the  dilated  apex  obtuse,  cren 
ulate,  often   dark-striped    in  the  middle;  callosities  small,  glabrous.      In  grass 
places,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.     July-Aug. 

7.  Gyrostachys  linearis  Rydb.  LINEAR-LEAVED  LADIES'  TRESSEI 
Stem  slender,  4-5   dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  above,  leafy.     Leaves  narrowl  <• 
linear,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  persistent,  the  upper  small  and  brad* 
like;  spike 4-10 cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  scarious-margineo, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  cusp;  flowers  yellowish,  about  8  mm.  long,  spreading; 
lateral  sepals  free,  linear,  placed  so  as  to  leave  an  open  space  between  them  and  tl  * 
upper  one,  the  latter  connivent  with  the  petals;  lip  as  in  the  preceding,  but  gene  • 
ally  less  curved.     In  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Va      Type  from  Closter,  N.   J.     July-Aup. 

8.  Gyrostachys    Grayi     (Ames)     Britton.       LITTLE  LADIES'  TRESSES.     (> , 
F.  f.    1126.)     Stems  very  slender,    12-25   cm-   high,   with  small  deciduous  brae  « 
above.     Leaves  basal,  ovate  or  oblong,  short,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiol1  , 
mostly  disappearing  at  or  before  the  flowering  time;  spike  slender,  about  2-3  el  .. 
long  and  6  mm.  thick,  glabrous,  little  twisted;  flowers  white,  2-3  mm.  long;  li^  . 
thin,  striped,  obovate-oblong,  crisped  at  the  summit,  short-clawed;  callosities  nippl  -., 
shaped,  slender;  root  a  solitary  spindle-shaped  tuber.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Mass,    o 
Md.,  E.  Ky.  and  Tenn.     Aug. -Sept.    (Spirant hes  simplex  A.  Gray,  not  Griseb.) 


ORCHID  A  CEAE.  3O I 

9.  Gyrostachys  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Kuntze.  SLENDER  LADIES'  TRESSES.  (I.  F. 
f.  1127.)  Stem  slender,  2-6  dm.  high,  from  a  cluster  of  spindle-shaped  tuberous 
roots,  glabrous,  or  rarely  pubescent  above,  bearing  small  deciduous  bracts.  Leaves 
basal,  obovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  the  blades  1-5  cm.  long,  8-20  mm. 
wide,  mostly  perishing  before  the  flowering  season;  spike  2-6  cm.  long,  8-12  mm. 
thick,  loose,  usually  much  twisted;  flowers  white,  fragrant,  4-5  mm.  long;  sepals  a 
little  longer  than  the  lip;  lip  alxxit  4  mm.  long,  oblong,  dilated  and  crenulate  or 
wavy -crisped  at  the  apex,  usually  thick  and  green  in  the  middle,  white  and  hyaline 
on  the  margins;  callosities  small,  nipple-shaped.  In  dry  fields  and  open  woods, 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Kans.  Aug.-  Oct. 

18.  Ll'STERA  R.  Br. 

Small  herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  rather  tie  shy -fibrous  roots,  bearing  a  pair 
of  opposite  green  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  i  or  2  small  scales  at  the  base  of  the 
stem.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  spurless.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  free.  Anther  without  a  lid,  erect,  jointed  to  the  column. 
Pollinia  2,  powdery,  united  to  a  minute  gland.  Capsule  ovoid  or  obovoid.  [Name 
in  honor  of  Martin  Lister,  1638  (P)-I7I2,  a  correspondent  of  Ray.]  About  12  spe- 
cies, natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones.  Besides  the  following,  an- 
other occurs  in  northwestern  North  America. 

Lip  broadly  wedge-shaped,  retuse  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 

Leaves  oval ;  pedicels  and  ovaries  glandular.  I.  L.  convallarioides. 

Leaves  reniform  ;  pedicels  and  ovaries  glabrous.  2.  L.  Smallii. 

Lip  oblong  or  linear. 

Lip  broad,  2-cIeft  V±-\&  its  length  ;  base  auricled.  3.  L.  auriculata. 

Lip  2-cleft  about  J^  its  length. 

Lip  twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  with  lateral  teeth.  4.  L.  cordata. 

Lip  4-8  times  as  long  as  the  petals,  with  auricles  at  the  base. 

5.  L.  australis. 

1.  Listera  convailarioides  (Sw.)  Torr.     BROAD-LIPPED  TWAYBLADE.    (I.  F. 
1    1128.)     Stem   1-2   dm.   high,   glandular-pubescent  above  the    leaves.      Leaves 
smooth,  round-oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly 
rounded  at  the  base,   3-9-nerved.      Raceme  3-7  cm.  long,  loosely  3-12-flowered; 
flowers  greenish  yellow;  pedicels  filiform,  glandular,  bracted,  6-8  mm.  long;  petals 
a  ad  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  lip;  lip  wedge-shaped,  retuse  at 
the  dilated  apex,  generally  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base;  column  elongated, 
but  shorter  than  the  lip,  a  little  incurved,  with  2  short  projecting  wings  above  the 
anther.     In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Vt.,  Mich.,  and  Cal.     June-Aug. 

2.  Listera  Smallii  Wiegand.    SMALL'S  TWAYBLADE.    (I.  F.  f.  11280.)    Stem 
slender,  15-20  cm.  high,  glandular  above  the  leaves.     Leaves  at  or  below  the  mid- 
dle of  the  stem,  ovate-reniform,  apiculate  or  short-acuminate;  raceme  open,  rachis 
glandular,  but  pedicels  and  ovaries  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  sepals  and  petals  lan- 
ceolate, longer  than  the  ovary;  lip  large,  9  mm.  long,  broadly  obovate  or  wedge- 
shaped,  broadly  2-lobed  at  the  apex  and  with  prominent  lateral  teeth  near  the  base; 
column  rather  short  and  thick.     In  damp  woods,  in  the  mountains  from  Penn.  to 
N.  Car.     June-Aug.      [Listera  reniformis,  Small,  not  G.  Don.] 

3.  Listera  auriculata  Wiegand.    AURICLED  TWAYBLADE.    Stem  slender,  10- 
rS  cm.  high,   glabrous  below,   glandular  above  the  leaves.     Leaves   large,  3.5-5 
cm.   long,   oval   or   elliptic-ovate,   borne  above   the  middle  of  the   stem;    raceme 
many-flowered;  rachis  pubescent,  pedicels  and  ovaries  glabrous;  sepals  lance-ovate; 
petals  oblong-linear,  longer  than  the  ovary,  spreading,  obtuse;  lip  slightly  ciliate, 
oblong,  broadest  at  the  auricled  base,  cleft  £-$  its  length;  column  rather  stout,  2.5 
mm.  long.     In  cedar  swamps  of  Quebec,  N.  H.  and  Me.     July. 

4.  Listera  cordata  (L.)  R.  Br.    HEART- LEAVED  TWAYBLADE.    (I.  F.  f.  1129.) 
Stem  very  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  7-25  cm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  cordate 
or  broadly  ovate,  mucronate,  1-2.5   cm-  long;  raceme  rather  loose,  1-5   cm.  long, 
4-20- flowered;  flowers  purplish,  minute;  pedicels  glabrous,  bracted,  about  2  mm. 
long;  sepals  ovate  and  petals  oblong,  scarcely  2  mm.  long;  Up  narrow,  often  with 
a  subulate  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  2-cleft,  the 
segments  linear  or  getaceous  and  cjljolate;  column  very  small,  the  clinandrium  just 


3O2  FLOXA. 

appearing   above  the  anther.     In   moist  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J,  and  Ore. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

5.  Listera  australis  Lindl.  SOUTHERN  TWAYBLADE.  (I.  F.  f.  1130.)  Stern 
slender,  1-2.5  dm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent  above.  Leaves  ovate,  acutish, 
mucronate,  glabrous,  shining,  14-25  mm.  long,  3-7-nerved;  raceme  5-7  cm.  long, 
loosely  8-15 -flowered;  flowers  yellowish  green  with  purplish  stripes;  sepals  and 
petals  minute;  lip  6-10  mm.  long,  2-parted,  split  halfway  to  the  base  or  deeper,  4-8 
times  as  long  as  the  petals,  its  segments  linear-setaceous;  column  very  small.  In 
bogs,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  and  Ala.  and  La.  Feb. -June.  A  third  leaf  is  rarely 
borne  below  the  flowers. 

19.    PERAMIUM   Salisb.     [GOODYERA  R.  Br.] 

Herbs  with  bracted  erect  scapes,  the  leaves  basal,  tufted,  often  blotched  with 
white,  the  roots  thick  fleshy  fibres.  P'lowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Lateral  sepals 
free,  the  upper  one  united  with  the  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  sessile,  entire,  round- 
ish ovate,  concave  or  saccate,  without  callosities,  its  apex  reflexed.  Anther  with- 
out a  lid,  erect  or  incumbent,  attached  to  the  column  by  a  short  stalk;  pollinia  I 
in  each  sac,  attached  to  a  small  disk  which  coheres  with  the  top  of  the  stigma,  com- 
posed of  angular  grains.  About  25  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions. 

Lip  evidently  saccate. 

Spike  loosely  flowered  ;  lip  with  recurved  margins. 

Spike  i-sided  ;  beak  shorter  than  the  stigma  proper. 

Blotches  white,  mostly  along  the  cross  veins  ;  galea  stronglv  recurved. 

1.  P.  ophioides. 
Blotches  pale,  mostly  along  the  ribs ;  galea  not  strongly  recurved. 

2.  P.  repens. 
Spike  spiral ;  beak  as  long  as  the  stigma  proper  or  longer.        3.  P.  tessellatum. 

Spike  dense,  not  i-sided  ;  margins  of  the  lip  not  recurved.  4.  P.  pubescens. 

Lip  scarcely  saccate,  with  incurved  margins.  5.  P.  Menzicsii. 

1.  Peramium  ophioides  (Fernald)  Rydb.     WHITE-BLOTCHED  RATTLESNAKE 
PLAINTAIN.       Scape    1-2    dm.   high,    glandular-pubescent.      Leaf-blade   1-2  cm. 
long,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  winged  petiole,  dark  green, 
generally  with  the  white  blotches  most  conspicuous  along  the  cross-veins;    flowers 
greenish  white,  4-5   mm.  long;  galea   concave  with  a  short  strongly  recurved  tip; 
lip  deeply  saccate,  with  recurved  margins  and  tip;  anthers  blunt.      In  cold,  mossy 
woods  from  Prince  Edward  Island  to  Man.  and  N.  Car.     July-Sept.      \Goodyera 
repens  ophioides  Fernald.] 

2.  Peramium  repens  (L.)  Salisb.     NORTHERN   RATTLESNAKE  PLAINTAIN. 
(I.  F.  f.  1131.)     Scape   1-2.5   dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  the  blade  1-3  cm.   long, 
somewhat  reticulated  with   pale  blotches,  tapering  into  a  sheathing  petiole;  spike 
short,  I-sided;  flowers  greenish  white,  5-6  mm.  long;  galea  concave,  ovate,  with  a 
short  spreading  or  slightly  recurved  tip;  lip  saccate,  with  a  narrow  recurved  or 
spreading  apex;  column  very  short;  anther  2-celled,  blunt.     In  woods,   N.  S.   to 
Alaska  (?),  south  to  Mass,  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

3.  Peramium  tessellatum  (Lodd.)  Rydb.    CHECKERED  RATTLESNAKE  PLAN- 
TAIN.    Scape  2  dm.  high  or  more.     Leaves  from  2  to  7  mm.  long,  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  dark  green  with  pale  blotches,  or  sometimes  not  blotched;  spike  about"  6 
cm.  long;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long;  galea  with  a  slightly  recurved  tip;  lip  less  saccate 
than  in  the  preceding  and  with  the  tip  less  recurved;  anthers  acuminate;  beak  as 
long  as  the  body  of  the  stigma  or  longer.     In  woods,  seldom  in  bogs,  from  Newf. 
to  Lake  Superior,  south  to  N.  Y.     Aug.      [ Goodyera  tessellata  Lodd.] 

4.  Peramium  pubescens  (Willd.)  MacM.    DOWNY  RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN. 
(I.  F.  f.  1132.)     Usually  larger  than  the  preceding  species,  scape  15-60  cm.  high, 
densely  glandular-pubescent,  bearing  5-10  lanceolate  scales.     Leaves  2-5  cm.  long, 
i"-25   mm.   wide,   strongly  white-reticulated,   oval  or  ovate;    spike  not   i-sided; 
flowers  6-8  mm.  high,  greenish  white;  lateral  sepals  ovate;  galea  ovate,  its  short 
tip  usually  not  recurved;  lip  strongly  saccate  with  a  short  broad  obtuse  recurved 
or  spreading  tip.     In  dry  woods,  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 
July-Aug. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  303 


5.  Peramium  Menziesii  (Lindl.)  Morong.  MENZIES'  RATTLESNAKE 
TAIN.  (I.  F.  f.  1133.)  Scape  stout,  2-4  dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  4-6  cm.  long,  1  5-30  mm.  wide,  the  blade  acute  at  both  ends,  often 
without  white  blotches  or  reticulations  ;  spike  not  i-sided  ;  flowers  7-9  mm.  long  ; 
gaiea  concave,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  tip  long,  usually  recurved;  lip  swollen  at  the 
base  ;  anther  ovate,  pointed,  on  the  base  of  the  column,  which  is  prolonged  above 
the  stigma  into  a  gland-bearing  awl-shaped  beak.  In  woods,  Quebec  to  Br.  Col., 
N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  Ariz.,  and  Cal.  Aug. 

20.  ACHROANTHES  Raf.     [MICROSTYLIS  Nutt.] 

Low  herbs,  from  a  solid  bulb,  our  species  I  -leaved,  and  with  i-several  scales 
at  the  base  of  the  stem.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
Sepals  spreading,  separate,  the  lateral  ones  equal  at  the  base.  Petals  filiform  or 
linear,  spreading.  Lip  cordate  or  eared  at  the  base,  embracing  the  column. 
Anther  erect  between  the  auricles,  2-celled  ;  pollinia  4,  smooth  and  waxy,  2  in 
each  sac,  the  pairs  cohering  at  the  summit,  without  caudicles  or  glands.  Cap- 
sule oval,  sometimes  nearly  globose,  beakless.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  green 
flowers?]  About  40  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  about  4 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Leaf  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem.  i.  A.  monophylla. 

Leaf  clasping  the  stem  near  the  middle.  2.  A.  unifolia. 

1.  Achroanthes  monophylla  (L.)  Greene.  WHITE  ADDER'S-MOUTII.     (I.  F.  f. 

1134.)  Stem  slender,  10-15  cm.  high,  smooth,  glabrous,  striate.  Leaf  sheathing 
the  stem  at  its  base,  the  blade  2-5  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide  ;  raceme  2-7  cm  long, 
narrow,  6-io  mm.  thick  ;  flowers  whitish,  about  2  mm.  long  ;  pedicels  nearly 
erect,  bracted,  2-4  mm.  long  ;  sepals  acute  ;  lip  triangular  or  ovate,  acuminate, 
the  lateral  lobes  obtuse  ;  capsule  oval,  about  6  mm.  long.  In  woods,  Quebec  to  Minn., 
Penn.,  and  Neb.  July. 

2.  Achroanthes  unifolia  (Michx.)  Raf.     GREEN  ADDER'S-MOUTH.     (I.  F.  f. 
1135.)     Stem  glabrous,  striate,  10-25  cm.  high.     Leaf  clasping  the  stem  near  the 
middle,  oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  2-5  cm.  long  ;  raceme  2-7   cm.  long,  sometimes 
2   cm.    thick  ;    flowers   greenish,   about  2   mm.    long,    the    pedicels   very  slender, 
spreading,  6-10  mm.  long  ;  sepals  oblong  ;  lip  broad,  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  with  a 
small  tooth  in  the  sinus  ;  capsule  oval  or  subglobose.     In  woods  and  thickets, 
Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Mo.     July. 

21.  LEPTORCHIS  Thouars.     [LIPARIS  Rich.] 

Low  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  the  base  of  the  stem  sheathed  by  several  scales  and 
2  broad  shining  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly 
equal,  linear,  spreading,  petals  usually  very  narrow.  Column  elongated,  incurved, 
thickened  and  margined  above.  Pollinia  2  in  each  sac  of  the  anther,  smooth  and 
waxy,  the  pairs  slightly  united,  without  stalk,  threads  or  glands.  Lip  nearly  flat, 
often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base.  [Greek,  signifying  a  slender  orchid.] 
About  loo  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  only  the 
following  known  to  occur  in  North  America: 

Raceme  many-flowered  ;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals.  i.   L,  liliifolia. 

Raceme  few-flowered  ;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals.  2.  L.  Loeselii. 

1.  Leptorchis  liliifolia  (L.)  Kuntze.     LARGE  TWAYBLADE.     (I.  F.  f.  1136.) 
Scape  1-2.5  dm.  hign>  5-10-  striate.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  5-12  cm.  long,  obtuse, 
keeled  below,  the  sheaths  large  and  loose.     Raceme  sometimes  15  cm.  long;  flowers 
numerous,  showy;  petals  very  narrow  or  thread-like;  lip  erect,  large,  10-12  mm. 
long,  about  as  long  as  the  petals,  wedge-obovate;  column  3  mm.  long,  incurved, 
dilated  at  the  summit;  capsule  somewhat  club-shaped,   about  12  mm.   long,  the 
pedicel  thickened  in  fruit.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and 
Mo.     May-July. 

2.  Leptorchis  Loeselii  (L.)  MacM.     FEN  ORCHIS.     LOESEL'S  TWAYBLADE. 
(T.  F.  f.  1137.)     Scape  5-20  cm.  high,  strongly  5-7-ribbed.     Leaves  elliptic  or 


304  FLORA. 

elliptic-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  obtuse;  raceme  few-flowered;  flowers  greenish, 
smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  4-6  mm.  long;  sepals  narrowly  lance- 
olate, spreading;  petals  linear,  somewhat  reflexed;  lip  obovate,  pointed,  its  tip  in- 
curved; column  half  as  long  as  the  lip  or  less;  capsule  about  10  mm.  long,  wing- 
angled,  on  a. thickened  pedicel.  In  wet  thickets  and  on  springy  banks,  N.  S.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Md.  and  Mo.  Also  in  Europe.  May-July. 

22.  CALYPSO  Salisb. 

Bog  herb,  with  a  solid  bulb  and  coralloid  roots,  the  low  I -flowered  scape 
sheathed  by  2  or  3  loose  scales  and  a  solitary  petioled  leaf  at  the  base.  Flower 
large,  showy,  terminal,  bracted.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  nearly  equal.  Lip 
large,  saccate  and  swollen,  2-parted  below.  Column  dilated,  petal-like,  bearing 
the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  summit.  Pollinia  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  with- 
out caudicles,  sessile  on  a  thick  gland,  the  stigma  at  the  base.  [Dedicated  to  the 
goddess  Calypso.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  cooler  portions  of  the  north  tem- 
perate zone. 

I.  Calypso  bulbosa  (L.)  Oakes.  CALYPSO.  (I.  F.  f.  1138.)  Bulb  i  cm.  in 
diameter  or  less.  Scape  7-15  cm.  high;  leaf  round-ovate,  2-3.5  cm>  l°nS»  nearly 
as  wide,  obtusely  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  flowers 
variegated,  purple,  pink  and  yellow,  the  peduncle  jointed;  petals  and  sepals  linear, 
erect  or  spreading,  10-14  mm.  long,  with  3  longitudinal  purple  lines;  lip  large, 
saccate,  2-divided  below,  spreading  and  drooping,  with  a  patch  of  yellow  woolly 
hairs  near  the  point  of  division;  capsule  about  I  cm.  long,  many-nerved.  Labra- 
dor to  Alaska,  south  to  Me.,  Mich.,  Cal.  and  Ariz.  Also  in  Europe.  Flower  some- 
what resembling  that  of  a  small  Cypripediunt.  May-June.  \C.  borealts  Salisb,] 

23.  TIPULARIA  Nutt. 

Slender  scapose  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  several  generations  connected  by  off- 
sets, the  flowers  in  a  long  loose  terminal  raceme.  Leaf  solitary,  basal,  unfolding 
long  after  the  flowering  season  (in  autumn),  usually  after  the  scape  has  perished. 
Scape  with  several  thin  sheathing  scales  at  the  base.  Flowers  green,  nodding,  bract- 
less.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  spreading.  Lip  3-lobed,  produced  backwardly 
into  a  very  long  spur.  Column  erect,  wingless  or  very  narrowly  winged.  Anther 
terminal,  operculate,  2-celled.  Pollinia  4,  ovoid,  waxy,  2  in  each  anther-sac, 
separate,  affixed  to  a  short  stipe,  which  is  glandular  at  the  base.  [Latin,  similar  to 
Tipula,  a  genus  of  insects,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  flower.]  Two  known  spe- 
cies, the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  Himalayan. 

i.  Tipularia  unifolia  (Muhl.)  B.  S.  P.  CRANE-FLY  ORCHIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1144.) 
Scape  glabrous,  4-5  dm.  high,  from  a  bard,  often  irregular  solid  bulb  or  corm. 
Leaf  arising  in  autumn  from  a  fresh  lateral  corm,  ovate,  5-7  cm.  long,  dark  green, 
frequently  surviving  through  the  winter ;  raceme  12-25  cm-  l°i:ig>  verv  loose; 
flowers  green,  tinged  with  purple*  sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  narrow;  lip 
mostly  shorter  than  the  petals,  the  middle  lobe  narrow,  prolonged,  dilated  at  the 
apex,  the  lateral  lobes  short,,  triangular;  spur  often  twice  as  long  as  the  flower; 
column  shorter  than  the  petals,  tlie  beak  minutely  pubescent;  capsule  ellipsoid, 
6 -ribbed.  In  woods,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.  Local  and  rare.  July- 
Aug.  [T.  discolor  Nutt.] 

U4.   APLECTRUM   Nutt. 

Scapose  herbs,  from  a  corm,  produced  from  the  one  of  the  previous  season  by 
an  offset  and  sometimes  with  coralloid  fibres;  the  scape  clothed  with  several  sheath- 
ing scales.  Leaf  solitary,  basal,  developed  in  autumn  or  late  summer,  broad, 
petioled.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  pedicels  subtended  by  small  bracts. 
Petals  and  sepals  similar,  narrow.  Lip  clawed,  somewhat  3-ridged,  spur  none. 
Column  free,  the  anther  borne  a  little  below  its  summit.  Pollinia  4,  lens-shaped, 
oblique.  [Greek,  meaning  without  a  spur.]  A  North  American  genus  of  2  or  3 
species. 

Petals  and  sepals  linear-oblanceolate,  less  than  3  mm.  wide,  acutish.  i.  A.  hyemale. 
Petals  and  sepals  broadly  oblanceolate,  3-4  mm,  wide,  obtuse,  2.  A- 


OR  CHID  A  CEA  E.  3°5 

1.  Aplectrum  hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torn     ADAM-AND-EVE.    PUTTY-ROOT.    (I. 
F.  f.  H47-)     Scape  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high,  bearing  about  3  sheathing  scales.    Leaf 
arising  from  the  corm,  at  the  side  of  the  scape,  elliptic  or  oval,  10-15  cm.  long,  1-5 
cm.  wide,  usually  lasting  over  winter;  raceme  5-10  cm.  long,  loosely  several-flow- 
ered: bracts   lanceolate,  2-6  mm.  long;  flowers  dull  yellowish  brown  mixed  with 
purpie,  aoout  2.5  cm.  long,  short-pedicelled;    sepals  and  petals  linear-oblanceolate, 
about  i  cm.   long,  2-2.5  mm'  wide,  acute  or  rarely  obtuse;  lip  shorter  than  the 
petals,  obtuse,    somewhat  3-lobed  and  undulate;  column  slightly  curved,  shorter 
than  the  lip;  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  angled,  about  2  cm.  long.    In  woods  and  swamps, 
Vt.    and   Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Ga.     Several  old  corms  usually  re- 
main attached  to  the  latest  one.     Specimens  with  yellowish  green,  unspotted  flow- 
~rs  have  been  collected  by  Prof.  Underwood  at  Jamesville,  N.  Y.     May-June. 

2.  Aplectrum  Shortii  Rydb.  SHORT'S  PUTTY-ROOT.     Like  the  pre- 
ceding, but  stems  stouter,  the  sheaths  of  the  scales  of  the  stem  loose,  inflated;  leaves 
broadly  oval  or  obovate,  often  7  cm.  wide;  sepals  and  petals  much  broader,  very 
obtuse,  3-4  mm.  wide,  and  lip   more   gibbous  at  the  base;  bracts  ovate,  1-3  mm. 
long.    '  The  only  specimens  seen  were  collected  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Short  in  Ky. 

25.  CORALLORHlZA  R.  Br. 

Scapose  herbs,  saprophytes  or  root-parasites,  with  large  masses  of  coralloid 
branching  roots,  the  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  in  terminal 
racemes.  Sepals  nearly  equal,  the  lateral  ones  united  at  the  base  with  the  foot  of  the 
column,  forming  a  short  spur  or  gibbous  protuberance,  the  other  one  free,  the  spur 
adnate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  i-3-nerved. 
Lip  i-3-ridged.  Column  nearly  free,  slightly  incurved,  somewhat  2-winged. 
Anther  terminal,  operculate.  Pollinia  4,  in  2  pairs,  oblique,  free,  soft-waxy. 
[Greek,  from  the  coral-like  roots.]  About  15  species,  widely  distributed  in  the 
north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Spur  small  or  sac-like,  adnate  to  the  top  of  the  ovary. 
Lip  not  deeply  3-lobed. 

Lip  2-toothed  or  2-lobed  above  the  base.  i.   C.Corallorf-iza. 

Lip  entire,  or  merely  denticulate. 

Flowers  about  6-8  mm.  long;  lip  not  notched;  column  narrowly  winged. 

2.  C.  odontorhiza. 
Flowers  14  mm.  long;  lip  notched;  column  manifestly  winged. 

3.  C  Wisteriana. 
Lip  deeply  3-lobed;  flowers  12-18  mm.  long.                                      4.   C.  multtflora. 

No  spur  or  sac.  5.   C.  striata. 

1.  Corallorhiza  Corallorhiza  (L.)  Karst.     EARLY  CORAL-ROOT.     (I.    F.    f. 
1139.)     Scape   glabrous,  1-4  dm.  high,  clothed  with  2-5  closely  sheathing  scales. 
Raceme  2-7  cm.  long,  3- 12 -flowered;  flowers  dull  purple,  about  I  cm.  long;  sepals 
and  petals  narrow,  about  6  mm.  long;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  oblong,  whitish, 
2-toothed  or  2-lobed  above  the  base;  spur,  a  sac  or  small  protuberance  adnate  to 
the  summit  of  the  ovary;  capsule  8-12  mm.  long,  oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid. 
In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J.,  in  the  mountains  to  Ga.,  and  to  Neb.  and 
Wash.     Also  in  Europe.     May-June. 

2.  Corallorhiza   odontorhiza   (Willd.)    Nutt.      SMALL-FLOWERED   CORAL- 
ROOT.    (I.  F.  f.  1140.)    Scape  slender,  purplish,  1.5-3.5  dm.  high.   Raceme  5-10  cm. 
long,  6-2O-flowered;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long,  purplish;  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate, 
4  mm.  long  or  less,  marked  with  purple  lines;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  broadly 
oval  or  obovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  notched,  whitish; 
spur,  a  small  sac  adnate  to  the  top  of  the  ovary;  wings  of  the  column  very  narrow. 
In  woods,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Mo.     July -Sept. 

3.  Corallorhiza  Wisteriana  Conrad.  WISTER'S  CORAL-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  1141.) 
Stem  stouter  than  that  of  the  preceding  species,  2-4  dm.   high,  bearing  several 
sheathing  scales.     Raceme  5-12  cm.  long,  loose,  6-15 -flowered;  flowers  about  14 
mm.  long,  slender- pedicelled;    lip  broadly  oval   or  obovate,  8— IO    mm.  long   and 
wide,  abruptly  clawed,   white  with   crimson  spots,  crenulate,  notched  at  the  apex; 
spur,  a  somewhat  conspicuous  protuberance  adnate  to  the  top  of  the  ovary;  column 


306  FLORA. 

strongly  2-winged  toward  the  base;  capsule  about  10  mm.  long.     In  woods,  Mass. 
to  Ohio,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Feb. -May. 

4.  Corallorhiza   multiflora   Nutt.       LARGE  CORAL-ROOT.      (I.  F.  f.  1142.) 
Scape  2-5  dm.  high,  purplish,   clothed  with   several    appressed    scales.     Raceme 
5-20  cm.  long,  io~3O-flowered;  flowers   12-18  mm.   long,  brownish   purple,  short- 
pedicelled;  sepals  and  petals  somewhat  connivent  at  the  base,  linear-lanceolate, 
about  6  mm.  long;  lip  white,  spotted  and  lined  with  purple,  oval  or  ovate  in  out 
line,  deeply  3-lobed,  crcnulate,  the   middle  lobe  broader  than  the  lateral  ones,  its 
apex  curved;  spur  manifest,  yellowish;  capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  10-16  mm.  long. 
In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Cal.     July-Sept.     . 

Corallorhiza  multiflora  fldvida  Peck.  Whole  plant  light  yellow;  lip  white,  un- 
spotted. Perhaps  distinct.  N.  Y.  to  Neb.  and  Aid. 

5.  Corallorhiza  striata  Lindl.       STRIPED  CORAL-ROOT.       (I.  F.  f.   1143.) 
Scape   stout,    purplish,  2-5    dm.   high.     Raceme  5-15    cm.    long,   10-25 -flowered. 
Flowers  dark  purple;  sepals  and   petals   narrowly  elliptic,   striped   with    deeper 
purple  lines,    12-14  rnm.   long,  spreading;  lip  oval  or  obovate,   entire  or  a  little 
undulate,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur  none, 
but  the  perianth  has  a  gibbous  saccate  base  ;  capsule  ellipsoid,  reflexed,  16-20  mm. 
long.     In  woods)  Ont.  and  N.  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Ore.  and  Cal.     July. 

26.   HEXALECTRIS  Raf. 

Scapose  herbs,  from  thick  scaly  rootstocks  and  fleshy  coralloid  roots,  the  leaves 
reduced  to  purplish  scales,  sheathing  the  scape.  Flowers  bracted  in  a  loose  ter- 
minal raceme.  Perianth  not  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  petals  and  sepals 
similar,  nerved,  spreading.  Lip  obovate,  with  several  crested  ridges  down  the 
middle,  somewhat  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  a  little  concave.  Column  free,  thick, 
slightly  incurved.  Pollinia  8,  united  in  a  cluster.  Capsule  ellipsoid,  the  fruiting 
pedicels  thick.  [Greek,  signifying  six  crests.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  south- 
eastern United  States  and  Mexico. 

I.  Hexalect? is  spicata  (Walt.)  Barn.  CRESTED  CORAL-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  1146.) 
Scape  stout,  2-5  dm.  high,  its  upper  scales  lanceolate,  the  lower  sheathing  and 
truncate  or  acute.  Raceme  10-18  cm.  long,  8-12-flowered;  flowers  large,  brownish 
purple,  25  mm.  high  or  more;  pedicels  short,  stout;  sepals  and  petals  narrowly 
elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish,  spreading,  striped  with  purple  veins,  12-18  mm.  long, 
longer  than  the  broad  lip;  middle  lobe  of  the  lip  rounded  or  crenulate,  the  lateral 
ones  shorter,  rounded;  column  slightly  spreading  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  the 
lip;  capsule  ellipsoid,  about  2  cm.  long.  In  rich  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Ky.  and  Mo., 
south  to  Fla.  and  Northern  Mexico.  Aug.  (If.  aphyllns  Raf.) 

Sub-class  2.     DICOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  of  the  seed  with  two  cotyledons  (in  a  few  genera  one  only,  as 
in  Cyclamen,  Pinguicula  and  some  species  of  Capnoides),  the  first  leaves 
of  the  germinating  plantlet  opposite.  Stem  exogenous,  of  pith,  wood 
and  bark  (endogenous  in  structure  in  Nymphaeaceae),  the  wood  in  one  or 
more  layers  surrounding  the  pith,  traversed  by  medullary  rays  and  cov- 
ered by  the  bark.  Leaves  usually  pinnately  or  palmately  veined,  the 
veinlets  forming  a  network.  Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  3*3  or  6's. 

Dicotyledonous  plants  are  first  definitely  known  in  Cretaceous  time.  They  constitute 
between  two-thirds  and  three-fourths  of  the  living  angiospermous  flora. 

Series  I.     Chori petal ae. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other,  or  wanting. 

The  series  is  also  known  as  Archichlamideae,  and  comprises  most  of  the  fami- 
lies formerly  grouped  under  Apetalae  (without  petals)  and  Polypetalae  (with  sepa- 
rate petals).  Exceptions  to  the  typical  feature  of  separate  petals  are  found  in  the 


SA  UR  URA  CEA  E—SA  LICA  CEA E.  307 

Papilionaceae,  in  which  the  two  lower  petals  are  more  or  less  united;  in  the 
Fomariaceae,  where  the  two  inner  petals  or  all  four  of  them  are  sometimes  coher- 
ent; the  Polygalaceae,  in  which  the  three  petals  are  united  with  each  other,  and 
with  the  stamens;  Oxalis  in.  Geraniaceae;  and  Ilicaceae,  whose  five  petals  are  some- 
times joined  at  the  ba  ;^. 

Order  i.  CASUARINALES, 

comprising  only  the  family  Casuarinaccae,  is  confined  to  tropical  sea- 
coasts. 

Order  2.  PIPERALES. 

Dicotyledonous  herbs,  with  neither  petals  nor  sepals,  the  spicate 
flowers  bracteol?te. 

Family  i.     SAURURACEAE  Lindl. 
Lizard' s-t ail  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  broad  entire  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small 
perfect  incomplete  bracteolate  flowers,  in  peduncled  spikes.  Perianth 
none.  Stamens  6-8,  or  sometimes  fewer,  hypogynous  ;  anthers  2-celled, 
the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-4-carpelled,  the  carpels  dis- 
tinct or  united,  i-2-ovulcd  ;  ovules  orthotropous.  Fruit  capsular  or 
berry-like,  composed  of  3  or  4  mostly  indehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  globose 
or  ovoid,  the  testa  membranaceous.  Endosperm  copious,  mealy.  Embryo 
minute,  cordate,  borne  in  a  small  sac  near  the  -end  of  the  endosperm. 
Three  genera  and  4  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia. 

i.  SAURURUS  L. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  jointed  stems  and  cordate  leaves,  their 
petioles  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes,  and  small  white  flowers,  in  I  or  2  dense 
elongated  spikes  opposite  the  leaves.  Bractlets  adnate  to  the  flowers  or  to  their 
minute  pedicels.  Stamens  6-8  ;  filaments  fililorm,  distinct.  Carpels  united  at 
the  base.  Styles  as  many  as  the  carpels,  recurved,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side. 
Fruit  rugose,  depressed-globose,  separating  into  3  or  4  one-seeded  carpels.  [Name 
Greek,  meaning  the  tail  of  a  lizard,  in  allusion  to  the  long  slender  spike.]  Two 
species,  the  following  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  of  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Saururus  cernuus  L.  LIZARD'S-TAIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1148.)  Somewhat  pu- 
bescent when  young,  becoming  glabrous;  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched,  6-15  dm. 
high.  Leaves  ovate,  thin,  palmately  5-g-ribbed  and  with  a  pair  of  strong  ribs 
above,  dark  green,  acuminate,  7-15  cm.  long,  5-9  cm.  wide;  petioles  stout,  shorter 
than  the  blades;  spikes  few,  very  dense,  longer  than  their  peduncles,  10-15  cm* 
long,  the  apex  drooping  in  flower;  flowers  fragrant;  stamens  white,  spreading, 
about  4  mm.  long;  fruit  3  mm.  in  diameter,  strongly  wrinkled  when  dry.  In 
swamps  and  shallow  water,  Conn.  toFla.,  S.  Ont,  Minn,  and  Tex.  June- Aug. 

Orders.   SALICALES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  imperfect  small  flowers  in  aments.  Sepals  and 
petals  none.  Leaves  simple.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  with 
a  tuft  of  hairs  at  one  end. 

Family  i.  SALICACEAE  Lindl.* 
Willow  Family. 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  bitter  bark,  brittle  twigs, 
and  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  the  stipules  often  minute  and  caducous. 

*  Revised  by  Dr.  P.  A.  RYDBERG. 


308  FLORA. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Staminate  flowers  consisting 
of  from  one  to  numerous  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  subtended 
by  a  gland-like  or  cup-shaped  disk ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Pistillate  aments  sometimes  raceme-like ;  pistillate 
flowers  of  a  i-celled  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk  ;  placentae  2-4, 
parietal;  ovules  usually  numerous,  anatropous  ;  stigmas  2-4,  simple  or  2-4- 
cleft.  Seeds  small  or  minute,  provided  with  a  dense  coma  of  long,  mostly 
white,  silky  hairs.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex.  Radicle 
short.  The  family  includes  only  the  2  following  genera,  consisting  of  200 
species  or  more,  mostly  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 

Practs  fimbriate  or  incised  ;  stamens  numerous.  i.   Populus. 

Bracts  entire  ;  stamens  2-10.  2.  Salix. 

i.   POPULUS  L. 

Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds,  and  usually  long-petioled  leaves,  the  stipules 
minute,  fugacious.  Disk  cup-shaped,  oblique.  Staminate  aments  dense,  pendu- 
lous. Staminate  flowers  with  from  4  to  60  stamens,  their  filaments  distinct.  Pistillate 
aments  sometimes  raceme-like  through  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels.  Ovary  ses- 
sile; style  short;  stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  4-lobed.  Capsule  2-4-valved.  Coma  of 
the  seeds  often  very  long  and  conspicuous.  [Name  ancient,  used  for  these  trees  by 
Pliny.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, some  3  others  occur  in  the  western  part  of  N.  Am. 

Petioles  terete  or  chanelled,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  flattened  laterally. 

Leaves  persistently  and  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  lobed  or  coarsely  sinuate- 

dentate.  i.  P.  alba, 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  crenate. 

Foliage  densely  tomentose  when  young;  capsule  slender-pedicelled. 

2.   P.  heterophylla. 
Foliage  not  tomentose;  capsule  short-pedicelled. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles  and  nerves 

usually  puberulent.  3.   P.  candicans. 

Leaves  oviite  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base;  petioles  glabrous. 
Leaves  ovate- or  broadly  lanceolate;  petiole  fully  half  as  long  as  the  blade. 
Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  abruptly  acuminate. 

6.   P.  acuminata. 
Leaves  pale  beneath,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate. 

4.  P.  balsamifera. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  petiole  about  ohe-third  the  length  of  the  blade  or  less. 

5.  P.  angustifolia. 
Petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally. 

Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  acuminate. 

Young  leaves  pubescent;  capsule  nearly  sessile.  7.  P.  nigra. 

Young  leaves  not  pubescent;  capsule  slender-pedicelled.         8.  P.  deltoides. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular. 

Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-dentate.  9.  P.  grandidentata. 

Leaves  crenulate-denticulate.  10.  P.  tremuloides. 

1.  Populus  alba  L.  ABELE.   WHITE  OR  SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR.    (I.  F.  f.  1164.) 
A  large  tree,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  35 
m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1.5  m.     Young  foliage  densely  white-tomentose,  the 
leaves  becoming  glabrate  and  dark  green  above,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in 
outline,  apex  acute,  base  truncate  or  subcordate,  3-5 -lobed  or  irregularly  dentate, 
6-10  cm.  long;  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade;  Staminate  aments  3-5  cm.  long.    In 
yards  and  along  roadsides,  springing  up  from  suckers  cf  older  trees,  N.  B.  to  Va. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     March-May. 

2.  Populus  heterophylla  L.     SWAMP  OR  DOWNY  POPLAR.     (I.  F.  f.  1168.) 
An  irregularly  branching  tree,  sometimes    25  m.  high  and  with  a  trunk  I  m.  in 
diameter,  the  bark  rough.     Leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenulate-denticulate,  12- 
15  cm.  long,  or  those  of  young  plants  much  larger,  glabrous  or  somewhat  floccose 
beneath  when  mature;  bracts  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  Staminate  aments  stout,  7-10 
Cm,  long,  18-2$  mm,  in  d.iameter?  drooping;    stamens  numerous;   pistillate 


SALICACEAE.  309 

faceme-like,  peduncled  ;  capsules  ovoid,  acute,  2-valved,  8-12  mm.  long,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  their  pedicels.  In  swamps,  S.  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  west  to 
La.,  north  in  the  Miss.  Valley  to  Ind.  and  Ark.  April-May. 

3.  Populus  candicans  Ait.    BALM  OF  GILEAD.    A  large  tree,  reaching  a  height 
of  30  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  2  m.,  with  spreading  branches;  the  buds  large 
and   very  resinous.      Leaves   broadly  cordate,   dark  green  above,   pale    beneath, 
acuminate,  more  coarsely  crenate  than  in  the  next  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  6-15 
cm.  long,  3-12  cm.  wide,  pubescent  when  young,   generally  glabrous  in  age,  with 
the  exception  of  the  ciliate  margins  and  pubescent  veins  and  petioles;  otherwise 
like  the  following.     N.   B.  to  N.  J.  west  to  Minn.,  but  mostly  escaped  from  culti- 
vation.    (P.  balsamifera  candicans  A'.  Gray.) 

4.  Populus  balsamifera  L.  TACAMAHAC.     BALSAM  POPLAR.     (I.  F.  f.  1165.) 
A  large  tree,  with  nearly  smooth  gray  bark,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
25  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  2  m.,  the  branches  stout,  ascending,  the  large  buds 
very  resinous,  the  foliage  glabrous.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  pale  l>eneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base, 
crenulate,  7-12  cm.  long;  aments  and  bracts  somewhat  pubescent;  stamens  18-30; 
lobes  of  the  stigmas  broad;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved,  short-pedicelled.     In  moist  or 
dry  soil,  especially  along  streams  and  lakes,  Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska, 
south  to  N.  Y.,  Neb.  and  Nev.     April. 

5.  Populus  angustifolia  James.     NARROW-LEAVED  OR  BLACK  COTTONWOOD. 
(I.  F.  f.  1166. )   A  slender  tree,  maximum  height  about  IQ  m.,  trunk  diameter  6  dm. ; 
crown  narrowly  pyramidal,  branches  ascending;   foliage  glabrous.     Twigs  terete, 
gray;    leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  spreading,   drying   brownish, 
gradually   acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex  or  some  of  them  obtuse,   narrowed, 
rounded  or  rarely  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-12  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  finely  cren- 
ulate from  base  to  apex;  petioles  plano-convex,  not  flattened  laterally,  6—12  mm. 
long;  lateral  veins  8-15  on  each  side  of  the  blade;  staminate  aments  oblong-cvlin- 
dric,  2-6  cm.  long;  lobes  of  the  stigmas  broad;  capsules  ovoid,  short-pedicelled. 
In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. 
April-May. 

6.  Populus  acuminata  Rydberg.     RYDBERG'S  COTTONWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  1167.) 
A  slender  tree,   with  terete  twigs,   reaching  approximately  the  dimensions  of  P. 
angustifolia,   the  crown  broadly  pyramidal  with  spreading  branches,  the  foliage 
glabrous.      Leaves    rhomboid- lanceolate,    spreading   or   drooping,    drying    green, 
abruptly  or  gradually  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide,  crenulate  or  the  base  entire;  petioles  slen- 
der, 2—6  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  about  3  cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  slender, 
drooping,  7-12  cm.  long;  capsules  ovoid,  obtuse,  distinctly  pedicelled.    Black  Hills, 
S.  Dak.  to  Utah,  south  to  N.  Mex.     April-May. 

7.  Populus  nigra  L.     BLACK  POPLAR.     (I.  F.  f.  1171.)     A  large  tree,  some- 
times 30  m.  tall  and  the  trunk  12  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller.     Twigs 
terete;  young  foliage  somewhat  pubescent,  the  mature  leaves  firm,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous;    petioles  slender,    flattened   laterally;    leaves   broadly   deltoid,    abruptly 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  crenate,  5-10  cm. 
long;  staminate  aments  3-5   cm.  long;  stamens  about  20;  pistillate  aments  5-12 
cm.  long   in  fruit,   spreading;  capsules  oblong,  very  obtuse,   borne  on  pedicels  of 
much  less  than  their  own  length.     Valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Rivers, 
naturalized  from  Europe.     April-May. 

The  Lombardy  Poplar,   Populus  Italica,    commonly  planted  for  ornament,  occa- 
sionally spreads  by  sending  up  shoots  from  its  subterranean  parts. 

8.  Populus  deltoides  Marsh.     COTTONWOOD.     NECKLACE  POPLAR.     (I.  F.  f. 
1172.)     A  large  tree,  the  greatest  of  the  poplars,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
45  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  2.2  m.,  the    bark  grayish-green,  somewhat  rough 
when  old.     Foliage  glabrous;  leaves  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  crenulate,  truncate  at  the  base,  10-17  cm-  long;  petiole  flattened   later- 
ally, stout,  about  as  long  as  the  blade;  bracts  glabrous,  deeply  fimbriate;  staminate 
aments  drooping,  7-12  cm.  long,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter;  pistillate  aments  loosely 


3  *O  FLORA. 

flowered,  becoming  15-25  cm.  long  in  fruit;  capsules  ovoid,  acute,  8-10  mm.  long, 
2-4-valved,  shorter  than  or  equalling  their  pedicels.  In  moist  soil,  especially  along 
streams  and  lakes,  Quebec  to  Man.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tenn.  April-May.  Alst> 
called  Carolina  Poplar. 

Populus  deltoides  occidentals  Rydb.  Leaves  with  longer  acumination,  broader 
base  and  coarser  teeth;  young  branches  light  yellow  and  shining.  Sask.  to  Alb.,  south 
to  Kan.,  and  N.  Mex. 

9.  Populus    grandidentata    Michx.      LARGE-TOOTHED  ASPEN.      (I.  F.  f. 
1169.)     A  forest  tree  with  smooth,   greenish- gray  bark,  maximum   height  about 
20  m.,  and   trunk  diameter  7  dm.     Leaves  of  very  young  plants  densely  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  sometimes  3   dm.  long,  with  irregularly   denticulate    margins, 
those  of  older  trees  tomentose  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature,  short-acuminate, 
obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  6-io  cm.  long;  petioles  slender;  bracts  silky,  irreg- 
ularly 4-7  cleft;  staminate  aments  4-10  cm.  long,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter,  drooping; 
pistillate  aments  somewhat  pxibescent,  dense,  7-12  cm.  long  in  fruit,  also  drooping; 
stigma-lobes  narrow;  capsule  conic,  acute,  2-valved,  about  6  mm.  long,  papillose. 
In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  J.  and  in  the  Alleghanies  to 
N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     April. 

10.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.     AMERICAN  ASPEN.      (I.  F.  f.  1170.)     A 
slender  tree,  with  smooth,  light   green  bark,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
30  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  I  m.,  the  young  foliage  glabrous,  excepting  the 
ciliate  margins  of  the  leaves.     Petioles  very  slender,  causing  the  leaves  to  quiver  in 
the  slightest   breeze;  leaves  usually  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  finely  crenulate 
all  around,  truncate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  2-6  cm.  broad,  or  those  of 
very  young  plants  much   larger;  bracts  silky,  deeply  3-5-cleft  into   linear  lobes; 
aments  drooping,  the  staminate  4-6  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  pistillate 
longer,  dense;  stigma-lobes  linear;  capsule  like  that  of  the  preceding  species,  but 
somewhat  smaller.     In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska,  souta 
to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  Neb.,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Mexico  and  to  Lower  California. 
March-May. 

2.  SALIX    L.   (See  Appendix.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  single-scaled  buds,  the  scales  with  an  adherent  membrane 
within,  mostly  narrow  and  short-petioled  leaves  and  persistent  or  early  deciduous 
broad  or  minute  stipules.  Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Disk  gland-like,  small  or 
minute.  Staminate  aments  dense,  erect,  spreading  or  drooping.  Staminate  flowers 
with  I— 10,  mostly  2,  stamens,  their  filaments  distinct  or  sometimes  united.  Pistil- 
late aments  usually  erect  or  spreading.  Ovary  sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Style 
short  or  filiform.  Stigmas  2,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Capsule  mostly  2-valved.  [Name 
ancient.]  About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution  throughout  the  north 
temperate  and  arctic  zones,  a  few  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  Besides  the 
following,  many  others  occur  in  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Numerous  hybrids  between  the  species  have  been  recorded. 

*  Capsule  glabrous,  or  slightly  silky  when  young  in  Nos.  20-22. 
I.  Trees  or  larger  shrubs  with  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  leaves. 

Stamens  3-7  ;  filaments  hairy  at  the  base;  bracts  caducous,  light  yellow. 
Pedicels  slender,  3-5  times  as  long  as  the  gland. 
Petioles  and  stipules  withoul  glands. 
Leaves  green  or  pale  beneath. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  petioles  very  short. 

i.  S.  nigra. 
Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  ;  petioles  slender. 

3.  S.  amygdaloides. 

Leaves  whitish  beneath.  2.  S.  longipes. 

Petioles  and  stipules  with  prominent  glands.          4.  S.  lucida. 
Pedicels  about  twice  as  long  as  the  gland.  5.  S.fragilis. 

Stamens  2. 

Filaments  hairy  at  the  base;  bracts  caducous,  yellow. 
Pedicels  in  fruit  1-3  mm.  long. 

Stigma  sessile ;  leaves  linear  or  lance-linear. 

Leaves  finely  and  almost  permanently  silky. 

20.  S.  luteosericea. 


SALICACEAE.  311 

Leases  coarsely  silky  when  young,  glabrate  in  age. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  bracts  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse. 

21.  S,  fl uviatilis. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  bracts  lanceolate,  acute. 

22.  S.  linearifolia. 
Style  evident,  but  short ;  leaves  lanceolate.     5.  S.fragiKs. 

Pedicels  in  fruit  less  than  i  mm.  long ;  stigma  sessile. 

Branches  not  drooping  ;  leaves  lanceolate.     6.  S.  alba. 
Branches  drooping ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  7.  S.  Babylonica. 
Filaments  glabrous ;  bracts  persistent. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous. 

Pedicels  in  fruit  1-3  mm.  long;  capsule  5-9  mm.  long. 
Length  of  leaf-blade  less  than  three  times  it  breadth. 

Mature  leaves  thin,  dull.  8.  S.  balsamifera. 

Mature  leaves  thick,  firm,  dark  green  and  shining  above. 

9.  S.  glaucophylla. 
Length  of  leaf-blade  three  times  its  breadth  or  more. 

Leaves  dark  green  above  ;  young  branches  not  light  yellow. 
Pedicels  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  fuscous  bracts;  mature 

leaves  slightly  serrate.  10.  S.  Mackenziana. 

Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  bracts  ;    mature  leaves 
strongly  serrate. 

Bracts  pale;  leaves  not  whitish  beneath. 

11.  S.  cor  data. 
Bracts  fuscous;  leaves  whitish  beneath. 

12.  S.  Missouriensis. 
Leaves  yellowish  green  ;  young  branches  light  yellow. 

13.  S.  lutea. 
Pedicels  in  fruit  less  than  i  mm.  long;  capsule  3-5  mm.  long. 

14.  S.  acutidens. 
Mature  leaves  densely  silky-pubescent ;  capsule  subsessile. 

15.  S.  adenophylla. 

2.  Very  low  shrubs  with  serrate  or  crenate,  obtuse  leaves ;  filaments  glabrous. 

Leaves  oblong,  obovate  or  cuneate. 

Low  shrub  with  erect  branches  and  closely  serrate  or  crenate  leaves. 

1 6.  S.  myrtillifolia. 
Depressed  shrub  with  distantly  crenate  or  subentire  leaves. 

17.  S.  Uva-ursi. 
Leaves  nearly  orbicular.                                                            18.  S.  herbacea. 

3.  Low  shrub  with  entire-margined  leaves  ;  filaments  glabrous.  19.  S.  myrtilloides* 

**Capsule  silky  or  tomentose. 
I.  Filaments  distinct. 

A.  Capsule  distinctly  pedicelled,  rostrate;  style  none  or  short. 
a.  Mature  leav^  not  densely  hairy  beneath. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 

Filan  ents  hairy;  capsule  slightly  silky  when  young,  in  age  glabrate. 
Leaves  finely  and  almost  permanently  silky. 

20.  S.  hiteosericea. 
Leaves  coarsely  silky  when  young,  glabrate  in  age. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  bracts  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse. 

21.  S.  interior. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute. 

22.  S.  linearifolia. 
Filaments  glabrous;  capsule  permanently  hairy. 

23.  S.  petiolaris. 
Leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Bracts  fuscous,  obovate  or  cuneate,  long-hairy. 

Mature  leaves  rather  thin,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  irregularly 
or  indistinctly  toothed ;  young  branches  glabrous  or  slightly 
puberulent.  24.  S.  discolor. 

Mature  leaves  oblong,  firm,  dentate. 

Young  branches  densely  hairy ;  aments  short  and  dense. 

25.  S.  eriocephala. 
Young  branches  glabrous ;  aments  long,  laxer. 

26.  S.  prinoides. 
Bracts  yellow,  linear  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Pedicel  scarcely  longer  than  the  elongated  gland. 

27.  S.  latiuscula, 
Pedicel  much  longer  than  the  gland. 


312  FLORA. 

Bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  aments  erect. 

28.  S.  squamata. 

Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  aments  drooping. 
Mature  leaves  thin,  glabrous.      29.   S.  perrostrata, 
Mature  leaves  firm,  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath. 

30.  S.  Bebbiana. 
b.  Mature  leaves  densely  white-hairy  beneath. 

Leaves  white-tomentose  beneath. 

Style,  if  any,  less  than  i  mm.  long. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  slender-petioled.  30.  S.  Bebbiana. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  short-petioled. 

Leaves  5-10  cm.  long;  fruiting  aments  2-3  cm.  long. 

31.  S.  humilis. 
Leaves  2-5  cm.  long  ;  fruiting  aments  about  i  cm.  long. 

32.  6'.  tristis. 
Style  over  i  mm.  long  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate.    33.  S,  Candida. 

Leaves  silvery  silky  beneath. 

Style  shorter  than  the  stigma  ;  leaves  serrulate.          34.  S.  sericea. 
Style  longer  than  the  stigma  ;  leaves  entire-margined. 

35.  S.  argyrocarpa. 
B.  Capsule  subsessile. 
Style  long. 

Tree  with  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  silvery  leaves.        36.  S.  viminalis. 
Low  shiubs. 

Leaves  glabrous,  or  when  young  covered  with  long  white  hairs  parallel  to 
the  midrib. 

Bracts  fuscous,  obovate,  densely  white-silky. 

Aments  naked,  from  lateral  buds.  37.  S.  chlorophylla. 

Aments  ending  short  leafy  branches. 

Leaves  and  young  twigs  darkening  in  drying. 

Leaf-blade  10-20  mm.  long;  aments  10-20  mm. 

38.  S.  Groenlandica. 
Leaf-blade  25-50  mm.  long  ;  aments  25-80  mm. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate,  obtuse. 

39.  S.  arctica. 
Leaves  narrowly  obovate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  often 

acute.  40.  S.  anglorum. 

Leaves  and  yellowish  or  light  brown  twigs  not  darkening  in 
drying. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  acute. 

41.  S.  vacciniformis. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  obtuse.       42.  S.  callicarpaea. 
Bracts  yellow,  oblong,  white-silky. 

Capsule  conic,  7-8  mm.  long,  grayish  pubescent. 

43.  S.  glauca. 
Capsule  ovoid-conic,  5  mm.  long,  densely  white-villous. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  not  turning  black  in  drying. 

44.  S,  Waghornei. 
Leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute,  turning  black  in  drying. 

45.  S.  atra, 
Leaves  permanently  hairy. 

Leaves  silky-pubescent,  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate. 

46.  S.  stricta. 
Leaves  with  scattered  villous  hairs  spreading  in  all  directions,  broadly 

ovate.  47.  S.  Labradorica. 

Style  very  short,  or  generally  none. 

Mature  leaves  covered  with  long  silky  hairs  beneath.        48.  S.  vest  it  a. 
Leaves,  at  least  in  age,  not  silky  beneath. 

Bracts  broadly  obovate,  fuscous,  the  upper  portion  at  least  glabrous. 

49.  S.  orbicularis. 

Bracts  oblong,  yellow,  densely  hairy.  50.  S.  reticulata. 

2.   Filaments  united  ;  pedicel  and  style  none.  51.  -S1.  purpurea. 

I.  Salix  mgra  Marsh.  BLACK  WILLOW.  (I.  F.  f.  1173.)  A  tree,  with 
rough  flaky  dark  brown  bark,  attaining  a  height  of  40  m.  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
I  m.  Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrulate,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young, 
glabrous  and  green  above,  somewhat  paler,  and  sometimes  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath.  6-12  cm.  long.  4-18  mm.  wide  ;  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  on 
short  lateral  branches,  the  staminate  3-5  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  4-8  cm,  long  and 


SALICACEAE.  3*3 

spreading  in  fruit;  stamens  3-7,  distinct,  their  filaments  pubescent  below;  stigmas 
nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel.  Along 
streams  and  lakes,  N.  B.  to  W.  Ont,  Fla.  and  Cal.  Hybridizes  with  S.  alba, 
April-May. 

Salix  nigra  falc^ta  (Pursh)  Torr.     Leaves  narrower,  4-6  mm.  wide,  falcate,  green  on 
both  sides.     Mass,  to  Ohio  and  Fla. 

2.  Salix    longipes  Anders.      WARD'S   WILLOW.      (I.  F.  f.  1174.)     A  tree, 
sometimes  10  m.  high,  the  trunk  reaching  2  dm.  in  diameter,  the  branches  spread- 
ing or  drooping,  the  bark  dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  small  scales.     Leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded,  subcordate,  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  6-18 
cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath;  stipules  often  large,  some- 
times persistent;  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  terminal,  the  staminate  5-10 
cm.  long,   the  pistillate  as  long  or  shorter;  capsule  conic.      Along  streams  and 
lakes,  Md.  to   Mo.,   south  to  Fla,  and   Tex.     Wood   dark  brown.     March-May. 
(S.  Wardii  Bebb.) 

3.  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.     PEACH- LEAVED  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1175.) 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  20  m.  high  and  the  trunk  6  dm.  in  diameter,  the  brown 
bark  scaly.     Leaves  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when  old,  dark  green  above, 
paler  and  slightly  glaucous  beneath,  narrowed  at  the  base,  8-12  cm.  long,  about  2 
cm.  wide,  sharply  serrulate;  petioles  6-15  mm.  long,  glandless;  stipules  commonly 
fugacious;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  terminal  on  short  lateral  branches,  the 
staminate  3-5  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  loose,  spreading  and  6-10  cm.  long  in  fruit; 
stigmas  nearly  sessile ;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  at  length  about  as 
long  as  its  filiform  pedicel.     On  lake  and  river  shores,  Quebec  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Y., 
Mo.  and  N.  Mex.     April-May. 

4.  Salix  lucida  Muhl.    SHINING  WILLOW.    GLOSSY  WILLOW.    (I  F.  f.  1176.) 
A  tall  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree  6  m.  high,  the  bark  smooth  or  slightly  scaly,  the 
twigs  yellowish  brown,    shining.      Leaves    lanceolate,   ovate-lanceolate   or   ovate, 
mostly  long  acuminate,   narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate  all 
around,  green  and  glossy  on  both  sides  or  bearing  a  few  scattered  hairs  when  very 
young,  7-12  cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  wide  when  mature;  stipules  small,  semi-cordate  or 
oblong,  very  glandular,  commonly  persistent;  petioles  stout,  6-12  mm.  long,  glandu- 
lar at  the  base  of  the  blade;  aments  on  short  lateral  leafy  branches,  the  staminate 
stout,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  dense,  5-7  cm.  long  in  fruit,  often  long-persistent; 
stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  much  longer  than 
its  pedicel.     In  swamps  and  along  streams  and  lakes,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
N.  J.,  Ky.  and  Neb.     A  most  beautiful  willow.     April -May. 

5.  Salix  fragilis  L.     CRACK  WILLOW.     BRITTLE  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1177.) 
A  tall,  slender  tree,  with  roughish  gray  bark,  attaining  a  height  of  about  25  m.  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  2  m. ;   twigs  reddish  green,  very  brittle  at  the  base.     Leaves 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate,   glabrous  on 
both  sides,  rather  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  8-15  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide, 
glandular  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  petioles  6— 16  mm.  long,  glandular  above;  stip- 
ules semicordate,  fugacious;  staminate  aments  2-5  cm.  long;  stamens  2,  or  some- 
times 3  or  4;  pistillate  aments  7-12  cm.  long  in  fruit,  rather  loose;  stigmas  nearly 
sessile;  capsule  long-conic.     Escaped  from  cultivation,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Penn. 
Native  of  Europe.     Hybridizes  with  the  following  species.     The  twigs  break  away 
and  grow  into  new  plants.     April-May. 

Salix  fragilis  decfpiens  (Hoffm.)  Anders.,  with  yellowish  or  red  twigs  and  smaller, 
•  brighter  green  leaves,  appears  to  be  known  only  in  cultivation  within  our  area. 

6.  Salix  alba  L.     WHITE  WILLOW.     HUNTINGDON  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1178.) 
A  large  tree,   sometimes  30  m.   tall  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  2.5  m. ;  bark  gray, 
rough;  twigs  brittle  at  the  base.     Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrulate,   silky- 
pubescent  on  both  sides  when  young,  less  so  and  pale  or  glaucous  beneath  when 
mature,  5-13  cm.  long,  8-16  mm.  wide;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous;  peti- 
oles 4-8  mm.  long,  glandless  or  sparingly  glandular;  aments  on  short  lateral  leafy 
branches;  pistillate  aments  linear-cylindric,  3-6  cm.  long;  stigmas  nearly  sessile; 
capsule  ovoid,  acute.     In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to 
Penn.,  sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation.     Native  of  Europe.     April-May. 


3T4  FLORA. 

Salix  dlba  coerulea  (J.  E.  Smith)  Koch.  Mature  leaves  bluish  green,  glabrous,  glau« 
cous  beneath.  Occasional  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Salix  dlba  vitelllna  (L.)  Koch.  Mature  leaves  glabrous  above  ;  twigs  yellowish  green. 
The  commonest  form  in  North  America. 

7.  Salix   Babylonica  L.     WEEPING  WILLOW.     RING  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f. 
1179.)     A  large  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  20  m. 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  18  dm.,  the  twigs  slender,   green,   elongated,  drooping. 
Leaves  serrulate  all  around,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparsely  pubescent  when  young, 
glabrous  when  mature,  green  above,  paler  beneath,  10-18  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide, 
sometimes  curling  into  rings;  petioles  6-12  mm.  long,   glandular  above;    aments 
appearing  on  short  lateral  leafy  branches;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate;    style  almost 
none;  capsule  ovoid-conic.     Widely  cultivated  and  sometimes  spreading  by  the  dis- 
tribution of  its  twigs.     Native  of  Asia.     April-May. 

8.  Salix  balsamifera  (Hook.)  Barratt.     BALSAM  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1201.) 
A  shrub,  12-30  dm.  high,  the  twigs  glabrous,  shining,  the  youngest  foliage  pubes- 
cent.    Mature  leaves  elliptic,  ovate-oval  or  obovate,  thin,  glabrous,  acute  or  some 
of  them  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  dark  green  above, 
glaucous  and  prominently  reticulate-veined  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide, 
slightly  crenulate-serrulate,  the  minute  teeth  glandular;  stipules  minute  or  none; 
petioles  slender,  6-12  mm.  long;    aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  leafy -bracted 
at  the  base,  cylindric,  the  staminate  dense,  about  2  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  rather 
loose,  5-7  cm.  long  in  fruit;  bracts  villous,  persistent;  style  very  short;  capsules 
very  narrow,  acute,  4-5  mm.  long.     In  swamps,  Lab.  to  Man.,  south  to  Me.  and 
Minn.     May. 

9.  Salix  glaucoph^lla  Bebb.     BROAD-LEAVED  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1199.)    A 
shrub,  1-3  m.  high;  foliage  glabrous  or  when  young  sparingly  pubescent.     Mature 
leaves  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  white-glaucous  beneath,  short-acuminate, 
the  base  rounded  or  acute,  serrulate  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-3  cm. 
wide;  stipules  large,  persistent;  petioles  stout,  6-12  mm.  long;  aments  expanding 
before  the  leaves,  leafy -bracted  at  the  base,  the  staminate  3-5  cm.  long,  the  pistil- 
late 4-7  cm.  long  in  fruit;  bracts  densely  white- villous,  persistent;  style  filiform; 
capsule  beaked  from  an  ovoid  base,  acute.     On  sand  dunes,  Lake  Michigan,  N.  111. 
and  Wis.     April. 

10.  Salix  Mackenziana  Barratt.    MACKENZIE'S  WILLOW.    A  small  tree,  with 
smooth  pale  yellowish  or  grayish  bark.       Young  branches  glabrous  or  slightly 
puberulent,  yellow  or  often  tinged  with  bright  red;  mature  leave?  oblanceolate  or 
lanceolate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  finely  crenulate-serrate  or  entire;    stipules  large, 
oblique,  reniform  and  somewhat  persistent;  aments  on  short  leafy-bracted  branches, 
the  pistillate  4-6  cm.  long  in  fruit;  style  very  short;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  6-8  mm. 
long.     In  damp  soil  from  Man.  to  N.  W.  Terr,  and  N.  Cal.     April. 

11.  Salix  cordata  Muhl.      HEART-LEAVED  WILLOW.      (I.  F.  f.  1198.)    A 
shrub,  15-35  dm.  high,  the  twigs  puberulent  or  glabrous;  young  leaves  pubescent; 
mature  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate  with  glan- 
dular teeth;  stipules  oblique,  serrulate,  usually  large  and  persistent;  petioles  8-18 
mm.  long;  aments  bracted  at  the  base,  expanding  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate 
about  2  cm.  long,   the  pistillate  4-6  cm.  in  fruit;  style  short;  capsules  narrowly 
ovoid,  acute.    In  wet  soil,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Va.,  Mo.,  Colo,  and  Cal.    Hy- 
bridizes with  S.  sericea  and  other  species.     April-May. 

Salix  cord&ta  angust^ta  (Pursh)  Anders.  Leaves  narrower,  linear-lanceolate.  Range 
of  the  type. 

Salix  cord&ta  rfgida  (Muhl.)  Carey.  Leaves  broad,  sharper  serrate  especially  at  the 
cordate  base,  strongly  veined ;  pedicels  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  bracts ;  stigmas  sub- 
sessile.  N.  B.  to  Penn. 

12.  Salix  Missouriensis  Bebb.     MISSOURI  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.   1200  }    A 
tree,  often  15  m.  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  4.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the  thin  gray 
bark  with  small  appressed  scales.     Twigs  of  the  season  pubescent  or  puberulent; 
leaves  lanceolate,   or  oblanceolate,  acuminate,   finely  serrate   with   minute   gland- 
tipped  teeth,  rounaed  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  when  mature,  green  above,  pale  and  usually  glaucous  beneath,  7-15  cm. 


SALICACEAE.  315 

long,  1-3  cm.  wide;  petioles  I  cm.  long  or  less;  stipules  often  I  cm.  long,  per- 
sistent or  deciduous;  aments  unfolding  long  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  about 
3  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  7-10  cm.  long;  style  very  short;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid. 
On  river  banks,  Mo.  and  Neb.  Wood  dark  brown.  March-April. 

13.  Salix  lutea  Nutt.     YELLOW  WILLOW.     A  shrub,  2-5  m.  high,  with  light 
gray  rough  bark;  twigs  very  light  yellow,  slender  and  shining,  perfectly  glabrous; 
leaves  lanceolate,  4-7  cm.  long,  10-18  mm.  wide,  long- acuminate  at  the  apex,  cu- 
neate  at  the  base,   finely  serrate,   yellowish  green  and  shining   above,    glaucous 
beneath,  rather  thin;  stipules  small  and  generally  deciduous;  aments  on  short  lat- 
eral branches,  short;  the  pistillate  2-3  cm.  long  in  fruit;  style  very  short;  capsule 
ovoid.     On  river  banks  and  springy  grounds  from  Neb.  to  Assiniboia  and  Mont. 

14.  Salix  acutidens  Rydb.     SHARP-TOOTHED  WILLOW.     Shrub,  2-3  m.  high, 
bark  green  or  on  the  younger  branches  often  purplish;  leaves  rather  thin,  6-12 
cm.  long,  3-4  cm.  wide,   oblong,  long-acuminate,  rounded  or  acute   at   the   base, 
shining  above,  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath,  very  sharply  dentate,  the  teeth  tipped 
with  a  small  gland;  stipules  obliquely  ovate,  large,  toothed  and  persistent;  aments 
leafy-bracted  below;  fertile  ones  slender,  in  fruit  3-4  cm.   long;  bracts   yellow, 
obovate,  hairy;  style  about  I  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid.     The  form  of  the  leaves  is 
intermediate  between  that  of  S.  cordata  and  S,  eriocephala  with  the  texture  of  that 
of  S.  balsamifera;    but  the  small  glabrous  short-pedicelled  capsule   distinguishes 
the  species.     Swamps  of  Conn.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     (S.  myricoldes  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y. 
2:  207;  not  Muhl.) 

15.  Salix  adenoph^lla  Hook.     FURRY  WILLOW.    (I.  F.  £1203.)  A  straggling 
shrub,  1-2.5  m<  high>  the  twigs,  petioles,  stipules  and  leaves  densely  silky -tomen- 
tose,  the  silky  hairs  falling  away  from  the  leaves  when  old.     Leaves  ovate,  acute 
or  short-acuminate,  or  the  lower  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
finely  serrulate  with   gland-tipped  teeth,  2-5  cm.  long,  15-30   mm.  wide;  petioles 
stout,  3-6  mm.  long,  dilated  at  the  base;  stipules  ovate -cord  ate,  obtuse,  serrulate, 
persistent;  aments  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  expanding  with  the  leaves,  the 
staminate  about  2  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  3-10  cm.  long  in   fruit;  style   filiform; 
capsule  ovoid-conic,  acute,  3-4  mm.  long.     On  lake  and  river  shores,  Lab.  to  Ont., 
Penn.  and  111.     Hybridizes  with  S.  cordata.     April-May. 

16.  Salix  myrtillifolia  Anders.    BILBERRY  WILLOW.     A  shrub  generally  less 
than   i  m.  high,  with  erect  branches,  much  resembling  Vaccinium  Myrtillus   in 
general  habit  and  form  of  the  leaves.     Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  2-6  cm.  long, 
light  green,  rather  thin,  obtuse,  seldom  acute,  closely  and  finely  crenate;  stipules 
small,  deciduous;    aments  on  short  leafy  branches;  the  staminate   1-2  cm.  long, 
the  pistillate  2-3  cm.  long  in  fruit;  bracts  obovate,  fuscous,  slightly  hairy;  capsule 
subsessile,   ovate,   tapering  into  a  short  style.     From  Lab.  to  Lower  Mackenzie 
River  and  Alberta. 

17.  Salix   Uva-ursi  Pursh.     BEARBERRY  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1205.)    A  de- 
pressed or  prostrate  glabrous  shrub,  the   terete  brown  branches  15—30  cm.  long, 
diffuse  from  a  deep  central  root.     Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  crenulate-denticulate  or  entire,  8-20  mm.  long,  4-10 
mm.  wide,  prominently  veined,  deep  green  and  shining  above,  pale  beneath;  peti- 
oles 2-4  mm.  long;  aments  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  about  I  cm.  long  in 
flower,  the  pistillate  2-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  bracts  obovate,  obtuse,  densely  silky; 
stamens  usually  solitary,  rarely  2;  style  short;  capsule   ovoid-conic,    acute,   gla- 
brous, very  short-pedicelled.     Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay,  south  to  the  summits  of  the 
mountains  of  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.     May-June. 

1 8.  Salix   herbacea  L.      DWARF  WILLOW.      (I.  F.  f.  1206.)     A  depressed 
matted  shrub,  with  very  slender  angled  twigs  2-15  cm.  long,  the  youngest  foliage 
somewhat  pubescent.     Mature  leaves  glabrous,  suborbicular,  rounded  or  retuse  at 
the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  thin,  crenulate-denticulate  all  around, 
finely  reticulate-veined,  bright  green  and  shining  on  both  sides,  1-2  cm.  in  diam- 
eter; petioles  very  slender,  4-8  mm.  long;  aments  terminating  2-leaved  branchlets, 
4-iO-flowered,  4-8  mm.  long;  bracts  obovate,  obtuse,  persistent,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so;  stamens  2;    style   rather  longer  than  the   2-cleft   stigmas;  capsule    narrowly 
conic,  glabrous,    nearly  sessile.     Lab.  and  Quebec,   through  Arctic  America,  and 
on  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H.  and  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     Summer. 


FLORA. 

19.  Salix  myrtilloides  L.     BOG  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1204.)    An  erect  slender 
glabrous   shrub,  3-10   dm.  high,    the   twigs    light   brown,  terete.     Leaves   oblong, 
elliptic  or  somewhat  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  entire,  mostly  narrowed 
at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long,  8-16  mm.  wide,  short-petioled,  bright  green  above,  pale 
or  glaucous  beneath,  their  margins  slightly  revolute;  aments  expanding  with  the 
leaves,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  rather  dense,  2  cm.  long  or  less,  or  the  pistillate 
longer  in  fruit;  bracts  persistent,  obtuse,   slightly  villous;  style    shorter   than  or 
equalling  the    stigmas;  capsule    oblong-conic,  obtuse,    glabrous,   5    mm.  long,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel  which  slightly  exceeds  the  bract.     In  bogs, 
N.  B.  and  Quebec  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  J.  and  Iowa.     Also  in  northern  Europe. 
April-May. 

Salix  myrtilloides  pedicellkris  Anders.     Leaves  narrower,  oblong-linear  or  oblanceo- 
late;  pedicels  sometimes  longer.     Range  of  the  type. 

20.  Salix  luteosericea  Rydb.  SILVERY  SANDBAR  WILLOW.   A  shrub, 
with  grayish  bark,  1-6  m.  high,  occasionally  monoecious;  leaves   linear-lanceolate 
or  linear,  entire,  or  slightly  and  remotely  denticulate,  acute,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide,  permanently  yellowish  silky;  aments  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches,  the  stam- 
inate  2-3  cm.  long,  pistillate  3-5  cm.;  bract  of  staminate  flowers  obovate;  of  the 
pistillate  ones  broadly  lanceolate;    capsule  elongated -ovoid,   slightly  silky  when 
young,   soon  glabrate,   4-5   mm.   long.     On  sandbars,   Saskatch.   and  Br.  Col.   to 
Neb.,  Ind.  Terr.,  and  Ariz.     Type  from  Nebraska. 

21.  Salix   interior   Rowlee.     SANDBAR  WILLOW.      RIVER -BANK  WILLOW. 
(I.  F.  f.  1181.)     A  much-branched   shrub,  1-4  m.  high,  forming  thickets,  or  some- 
times a  slender  tree,  6-9  m.  tall,  and  with  a  trunk  3  dm.  in  diameter;  branches 
brown  or  grayish.     Leaves  6-10  cm.   long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  acuminate,  remotely 
denticulate  with  somewhat   spreading  teeth,  short-petioled,  bright  green;  petioles 
not  glandular:  stipules  minute  or  none;  aments  on  short  leafy  branches,  the  stam- 
inate dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  looser,  about  5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  capsule 
ovoid-conic,  finely  silky  when  young,  glabrate  in  age,  about   5    mm.  long.     Along 
streams  and  lakes,  Quebec  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Va.,  Ky.  and  Tex.     April- 
May.     \S.  flrnnatilis  A.  Gray,  not  Nutt.] 

22.  Salix   linearifolia   Rydb.      LINEAR-LEAVED  WILLOW.      A   low   shrub, 
very  soon  glabrous,  with  red  branches;  leaves  4-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  remotely 
dentate,  narrowly  linear;  stipules  minute,    deciduous;  aments  loosely  flowered  at 
the  ends  of  leafy  branches,  the  staminate  about  3  cm.,  the  pistillate  3-4  cm.  long; 
capsule  almost   glabrous  from  the  beginning,  conic,   3-4  mm.  long;  bract  nearly 
as  long  as  the  pistil,  almost  glabrous.     Sandbars,  from  Minn,  and  Saskatch.  to  Ind. 
Terr,  and  Colo.     (S.  rubra  Richards.;  not  Smith.) 

23.  Salix  petiolaris  J.  E.  Smith.     SLENDER  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.   1189.)    A 
shrub,  similar  to  S.  sericea,  but  the  young  leaves  only  slightly  silky,  the  branches 
slender,  upright  or  ascending.     Mature  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
serrulate  with  blunt  cartilaginous  teeth,  remaining  green  in  drying,  8-i6mm.  wide; 
petioles  4-10  mm.  long;  stipules  deciduous;  aments  expanding  before  the  leaves, 
the  pistillate  short-peduncled,  usually  rather  loose,  about  2  cm.  long  in  fruit;  stig- 
mas nearly  sessile;  capsule  tapering  from  an  ovoid  or  oblong  base,  4-6  mm.  long, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel.     In  swamps,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
south  to  Tenn.  and  Wis.     May. 

Salix  petiolkris  grdcilis  Anders.    Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsules ;  leaves  rather 
narrower.     Range  of  the  type. 

24.  Salix  discolor  Muhl.     GLAUCOUS  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1187.)    A  shrub  or 
low  tree,  maximum  height  7  m.,  trunk  diameter  3  dm.;  young  leaves  sometimes 
pubescent.     Mature  leaves  rather  thin,  usually  glabrous,  bright  green  above,  glau- 
cous and  nearly  white  beneath,  oblong-oblanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  irregularly 
serrulate  or  nearly  entire,  slender-petioled,  4-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide;  petioles 
6-24  mm.  long;  stipules  obliquely  lanceolate  or  semicordate,  commonly  deciduous; 
aments  unfolding  much  before  the  leaves,  dense,  the  pistillate  4-7  cm.  long  in  fruit; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  tapering  to  a  slender  beak,  5-8  mm.  long.     In  swamps  or 
on  moist  hillsides,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Del.  and  Mo.     March-April. 


SALICACEAE.  3*7 

25.  Salix  eriocephala  Michx.     PUSSY  WILLOW.     A  shrub  or  low  tree,  much 
resembling  the  preceding.     Mature  leaves  rather  firm,  green  and  shining  above, 
glaucous  and   generally  hairy  beneath,  especially  on  the  veins,  quite  often  fer- 
ruginous, 6-10  cm.    long,  2-4  cm.   wide  ;  stipules  semicordate,   often  deciduous; 
aments  unfolding  before  the  leaves,  dense  and  short,  the  staminate  1-2  cm.  long, 
yellowish  silky-hairy,  the  pistillate  ones  3-4  cm.  in  fruit;  capsule  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding, often  10  mm.  long.     In  wet  places  from  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  111.     This 
has  been  confused  with  S.  discolor,  as  intermediate  forms  apparently  occur. 

Salix  eriocephala  amplif61ia  Rydb.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  4-5  cm.  wide.  Conn,  and 
N.  Y. 

26.  Salix  prinoides  Pursh.     CHESTNUT-OAK  WILLOW.     Shrub  resembling 
the  preceding,  but  branches  slender,  glabrous;  mature  leaves  lighter  colored  above 
and  less  glaucous  beneath,  narrower  and  more  tapering  at  both  ends,  serrate;  aments 
longer,  4  cm.  long  or  more,  rather  lax,  sparingly  silky;  capsule  conic,  finely  silky, 
with  a  more  evident  style.     N.  Y.  to  Va. 

27.  Salix  latiuscula  Anders.     NEWFOUNDLAND  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1202.) 
A  low  shrub,  with  dark  brown  glabrous  twigs,  the  young  shoots  pubescent.     Leaves 
oval  or  obovate,  subcordate  at  the  base,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  serrulate,  when 
mature  bright  green  above,  pale  beneath,  about  4  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.  wide;  stipules 
ovate-cordate,  acute;  aments  unfolding  with  the  leaves,  borne  at  the  ends  of  short 
branches,  dense,  spreading  or  erect,  the  staminate  2  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  5-8  cm. 
long  in  fruit;  bracts  yellow,  obtuse,  persistent,  slightly  villous;  capsule  ovoid-conic, 
sparsely  tomentose,  acute,  6  mm.  long;  style  very  short.     Summer.     Newf.  (accord- 
ing to  Andersson).      [S.  Barkleyi  latiuscula  Anders.] 

28.  Salix  squamata  Rydb.  LONG-BRACTED  WILLOW.     A  shrub  or  low 
tree,  resembling  closely  S.  eriocephala,  but  young  branches  only  slightly  pubescent, 
Mature  leaves  firm,  green  and  shining  above,  glaucous  and  glabrous  beneath,  6— 10 
cm.  long,  distinctly  dentate -serrate,  acute  at  both  ends;  aments  on  more  or  less 
leafy   branches,  erect,  the  fertile  ones  in  fruit  3-7  cm.  long,  rather  loose;  bracts 
yellowish  or  reddish,  lanceolate,  acute,  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  pistil;  capsule 
conic;  style  short;  stigmas  short  and  almost  entire.     N.  J.  and  Penn.     Summer. 
Type  from  Sparta  Junction,  N.  J. 

29.  Salix  perrostrata  Rydb.  LONG-BEAKED  WILLOW.    A  shrub,  1-4111. 
high  with  grayibh,  rough  and  scaly  bark;  branches  yellow  or  the  youngest  tinged 
with  red,  at  first  finely  pubescent;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate  or oblanceolate,  when 
young  finely  silky,  in  age  glabrate,  2-4  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm>  wide,   acute  at  both 
ends,  and  with  undulate  margins,  light  green  above  and  paler  beneath;  petioles  2-6 
mm.;  stipules  minute,  deciduous;  aments  somewhat  leafy-bracted,  almost  sessile; 
the  staminate  1-1.5  cm-  long,  the  pistillate  in  fruit  2-3  cm. ;  capsule  conic,  long- 
rostrate;  stigma  subsessile.    Black  Hills  of  S.  Dak.,  Pine  Ridge,  Neb.  and  Wyoming. 
May-June.     (S.  Bebbiana  Rydb.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  523,  mainly,  not  Sarg.) 

30  Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg.  BEBB'S  WILLOW.  (I.  F.  f.  1184.)  A  shrub,  2-6 
m.  tall,  or  sometimes  a  tree  8  m.  high,  the  twigs  pubescent  or  puberulent,  terete. 
Leaves  elliptic,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  some  of  them 
blunt  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire,  dull 
green  and  puberulent  above,  pale,  reticulate-veined  and  tomentose  beneath  or  nearly 
glabrous  on  both  sides  when  very  old;  petioles  4-12  mm.  long,  stipules  semi- 
cordate,  acute,  deciduous;  aments  sessile,  expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves, 
dense,  the  staminate  2-3  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  capsule  very 
narrowly  long-conic,  twice  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel.  In  dry  soil  and  along 
streams,  Anticosti  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Br.  Col.,  south  toN.  J.,  Penn.,  Neb.  and 
Utah.  April-May. 

31.  Salix  humilis  Marsh.  PRAIRIE  WILLOW.  (I.  F.  f.  1185.)  A  shrub,  i- 
2.5  m.  long,  the  twigs  tomentose  or  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled, 
5-10  cm;  long,  8-1 6  mm.  wide,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  broader  and  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  sparingly  denticulate,  the  margins  slightly  revolute,  the  upper  surface 
dark  green,  dull,  puberulent  or  glabrous;  petioles  4-6  mm.  long;  stipules  obliquely 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  commonly  persistent;  aments  unfolding  much  before  the 
leaves,  sessile,  ovoid-oblong,  short,  dense;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  narrowly 
conic.  In  dry  soil,.N.  S.  to  western  Ont.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Neb.  Hy- 
bridizes with  S.  disr.nlnr.  April-May. 


318  FLORA. 

32.  Salix  tristis  Ait.     DWARF  GRAY  WILLOW.     SAGE  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f. 
1186.)     A  tufted,   slender  shrub,  3-6  dm.  tall,  the  twigs  terete,  puberulent,  the 
roots  long  and  thick.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtusish,  some- 
what undulate,  green  and  puberulent  or  glabrous  above,  crowded,  2-5  cm.  long, 
their  margins  revolute;  petioles  about  2   mm.   long;   stipules  minute,   deciduous; 
aments  expanding  much  before  the  leaves,  dense,  very  small,  sessile;  bracts  per- 
sistent; stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so;  capsule  ovoid  with  a  long,  slender  beak,  tomen- 
tulose,  about  6  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  (?),  Me.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tenn.      March-April. 

33.  Salix  Candida  Fluegge.     HOARY  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1193.)    An  erect 
shrub,  6-15  dm.  tall,  the  older  twigs  red  or  purple  and  terete,  the  younger  densely 
white-tomentose.     Leaves  green  and  loosely  tomentose  or  becoming  glabrate  above 
when  mature,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  thick,  sparingly  repand-denticulate  or 
entire,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  obtuse  at  the  apex,  5-10  cm.  long,  6-16  mm. 
wide,  their  margins  slightly  revolute;  petioles  3-4  mm.  long;  stipules  lanceolate- 
subulate,  about  equalling  the  petioles,   deciduous;    aments  expanding  before  the 
leaves,  dense,  cylindric,  the  staminate  about  2.5  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  3-5  cm. 
long  in  fruit;  bracts  villous,  persistent;  capsule  ovoid-conic,  acute,  5-6  mm.  long. 
In  bogs,  Lab.  to  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Iowa  and  Mont.     Hybridizes  with  S. 
petiolaris  and  S.  cor  data.     May. 

34.  Salix  sericea  Marsh.     SILKY  WILLOW.    (I.  F.  f.  1188.)    A  shrub,  2-4  m. 
tall,  with  slender  purplish  puberulent  twigs,  the  young  leaves  densely  silky-pubes- 
cent.    Mature  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  lanceolate,   acuminate,   narrowed  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  serrulate  all  around  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  dark  green  above, 
paler  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  turning  brown  or  black  in  drying,  6-10  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  stipules  narrow,  deciduous;  petioles  4-14  mm.  long,  sometimes 
glandular;  aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  sessile,  usually  with  a  few  leafy 
bracts  at  the  base,  dense,  the  staminate  about  2  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  2-4  cm.  long 
in  fruit;  bracts  villous,  persistent;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent,  about  4 
mm.  long.     In  swamps  and  along  streams,  Me.  to  Mich,  and  Va.     May. 

Salix  sericea  subserlcea  (Anders.)   Rydb.     Leaves  less  silky,  more  sharply  serrate ; 
capsule  smaller.     N.  Y.  to  Mich.  (S.  petiolaris  subsericea  Anders.). 

35.  Salix  argyrocarpa  Anders.     SILVER  WILLOW.    (I.  F.  f.  1190.)    An  erect 
or  diffuse  shrub,   1.5-6  dm.  high,  the  twigs  dark  green,   nearly  terete,   shining. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  or  the  lower  obtuse,  short-petioled, 
entire  or  crenulate,   bright   green  and  glabrous  alx>ve,   persistently  silvery-silky 
beneath,  3-5  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  the  margins  slightly  revolute;  aments  un- 
folding with  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long;  scales 
persistent,  villous;  capsule  oblong-conic,  acute,  2-3  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long 
as  its  pedicel.     Lab.  and  Quebec  to  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H.     Hybridizes 
with  S.  chlorophylla.     June-July. 

36.  Salix  viminalis  L.     OSIER  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1194.)    A  small  slender 
tree  or  shrub,  with    terete    green   twigs.     Leaves  sparingly  repand-crenulate   or 
entire,  reyolute-margined,  short-petioled,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  persist- 
ently  silvery-silky  beneath,  7-15    cm.   long,    4-16    mm.    wide;    stipules  narrow, 
deciduous;  aments   expanding  before  the  leaves,  dense,  the  pistillate  5-7  cm.  long 
and  I  cm.  in  diameter  in  fruit ;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid-conic,  acute,  about  6  mm. 
long.     Cultivated  for  wickerware  and  occasionally  escaped  into  wet  places  in  the 
Eastern  and  Middle  States.     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     April-May. 

37.  Salix  chlorophylla  Anders.     TEA- LEAVED  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1195.) 
A  shrub,  3-30  dm.  high,  much  branched,  the  twigs  glabrous,  dark  purple-green, 
sometimes  glaucous.     Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute .  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  minutely  repand-crenulate  or  entire,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green  and 
shining    above,  pale  and  glaucous   beneath,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  petioles 
6-16  mm.    long;  stipules  minute,   fugacious,  or  wanting;  aments   sessile,    dense, 
oblong-cylindric,  the  staminate  2   cm.  or  less  long,  the  pistillate  2-5  cm.  long  in 
fruit;  bracts  villous,  persistent;  capsule  conic,  acute,  5  mm.  long.     Swamps,  Lab. 
to  Br.  Col.,  and  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H.,  and  Colo.     Summer.      [S.  phylli- 
cifolia  Bebb,  not  L.] 

38.  Salix  Groenlandica  (Anders.)  Lundst.    GREENLAND  WILLOW.    A  low 


SALICACEAE.  319 

cespitose  shrub,  1-2  dm.  high,  much  branched,  with  short  stout  branches  and 
dark  brown  or  purplish  bark.  Leaves  crowded,  obovate,  when  young  covered  with 
long  white  hairs,  soon  glabrate  above,  more  tardily  so  below,  entire,  obtuse,  bright 
green;  petioles  short,  2-5  mm.  long;  aments  short  and  very  dense,  oblong-obovoid; 
capsule  ovoid,  densely  white-villous.  Geeenland,  Baffin  Bay  region,  and  Labrador. 

39.  Salix  arctica  Pall.      ARCTIC  WILLOW.      GROUND  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f. 
1197.)     A  low  branching  shrub,  1-3  dm.,  seldom  1-2  m.,  high,  the  twigs  terete  or 
nearly  so.     Leaves  glabrous,  elliptic  or  broadly  obovate,  entire,  obtuse  and  usually 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  long-petioled,  pale  and 
glaucous  beneath;  petioles  slender,  1-3   cm.  long;  aments  dense,  oblong;  capsule 
conic,  villous.     Arctic  America  and  Asia.     Summer. 

40.  Salix  anglorum  Cham.     ROBERT  BROWN'S  WILLOW.      (I.   F.  f.  1196.) 
A  low,  branched  shrub  with  prostrate  branches,  the  twigs  4-angled,  slender.     Leaves 
glabrous,  slightly  silky  when  young,  acute  or  the  lower  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire 
or  wavy,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  surface  pale  or  glaucous,  the  margins  not 
revolute;  petioles  only  10-15  mm.  long  ;  stipules  narrow,  deciduous ;  capsule  ovoid  - 
conic,  tomentose,  acute,  about  5-8  mm.  long.     Labrador,  Greenland  and  Anticosti 
to  Alaska.     Summer.     (S.  Broumii  Bebb.) 

41.  Salix  vacciniformis  Rydb.     BLUEBERRY  WILLOW.     A  small  shrub,  with 
numerous  ascending,  light  brown  branches,  which  are  glabrous,  or  very  soon  glabrate ; 
leaves   small,  resembling   those  of  Vacdnium   uliginosum,  about  2  cm.  long,  dark 
and  shining  above,  paler  beneath;  aments  2-3  cm.  long,  rather  loose;  capsule  7-8 
mm.,  loosely  villous,  ovoid.     Anticosti,  Hudson  Bay  and  Labrador.     (S.  Macounii 
•Rydb. ;  not  S.  Richardsonii  Macoimiana  Bebb. ) 

42.  Salix  callicarpaea  Trautv.     TRAUTVETTER'S  WILLOW.     A  very  low  de- 
pressed shrub  with  the  habit  of  S.  Uva-ursi,  with  light  yellow  glabrous  twigs;  leaves 
small,  about  1.5   cm.  long  and  I   cm.  wide,  bright  green  above,  a  little  glaucous 
beneath,  strongly  reticulated;  petioles   1-5   mm.  long;  aments  about  2  cm.  long, 
dense;  capsule  4-6  mm.,  grayish  tomentose,  ovate.     Mt.  Gaspe,  Quebec  and  Lab- 
rador. 

43.  Salix  glaiica  L.     NORTHERN  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1192.)    A  low  arctic 
shrub,  with  terete  brown  twigs,  the  young  shoots  and  leaves  densely  silky,  becom- 
ing glabrate  when  old,  turning  black  in  drying.     Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  entire, 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide; 
petioles   i-io   mm.  long;  stipules   deciduous;  the    staminate   aments  dense,  about 
2  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  4-7  cm.  long  in  fruit,  rather  loose.     Arctic  America  from 
Labrador  to  Alaska.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  and  Asia.     Summer. 

44.  Salix  Waghornei  Rydb.     WAGHORNE'S  WILLOW.     A  low  shrub,    1-3 
dm.  high,  with  brown  shining  bark;  branches  at  first  slightly  silky,  soon  glabrate; 
leaves  2-3  cm.  long  and  1.5-2  cm.  wide,  at  first  somewhat  silky,  soon  glabrate, 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  green  above,  slightly 
glaucous  beneath,  thin,  entire;  petioles  1-5  mm.  long;  aments   dense,  short;  the 
staminate  ones  1-2  cm.  long;  pistillate  in  fruit  2-2.5  cm.     Labrador.     August. 

45.  Salix  atra  Rydb.     BLACKENING  WILLOW.     A  low  shrub,  with  ascending 
dark  brown  branches,  which  are  more  or  less  villous  when  young;  leaves  small, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  when  young  covered  with  long  white  appressed  hairs,  dark  green 
above,  pale  beneath,  blackening  in  drying;  aments  1.5-3  cm.  long,  rather  dense; 
capsule  ovoid.     Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay. 

46.  Salix  stricta  (Anders.)  Rydb.     DRUMMOND'S  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1191.) 
A  shrub,  2-5  dm.  high,  with  purplish -green  or  yellowish  twigs.     Leaves  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex  and  cuneate  at  the  base  or  the  lower  obtuse  at 
both  ends,  entire  or  nearly  so,  short-petioled,  tomentose  on  both  sides  or  glabrate 
above  when  old,  1—5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;  stipules  fugacious;  aments  expand- 
ing with  the  leaves,  dense,  1-2  cm.  or  less  long,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base;  capsule 
ovoid-conic,   acute,  densely  tomentose,  about  5  mm.  long.     Anticosti  and  Quebec 
to  western  arctic  America,  south  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo.     Summer. 
(S.  desert  or  um   Bebb;  not  Richards.) 

47.  Salix  Labradorica  Rydb.     LABRADOR  WILLOW.     A  low  shrub;  older 
bark  dark  brown  and  shining;  young  shoots  more  or  less  densely  villous;  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  often  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  firm,  dark  and  glossy  above, 
more  or  less  glaucous  beneath,  on  both  surfaces  invested  with  villous  hairs,  blacken- 


320  FLORA, 

ing  in  drying;  aments  densely  many-flowered,  about  3  cm.  long;  bracts  oblong, 
brown,  villous;  capsule  6-8  mm.  long,  ovoid-conic,  densely  white-villous.  Lab. 
Summer. 

48.  Salix  vestita  Pursh.     HAIRY  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1183.)     A  low  shrub, 
1-2  dm.   seldom  5  dm.   high,   the  twigs  4-sided,   green.     Leaves  obovate,  thick, 
mostly  retuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  slightly  crenulate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  persistently  tomentose-silky  beneath,  short- 
petioled,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long,  channeled,  not  glandular;  aments 
slender,  stalked;  pistillate  3-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;   capsules  narrowly  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  densely  silky-tomentose,  about  6  mm.  long.     Lab.  and  Quebec  to  the  N.  W. 
Terr,  and  Ore.     June. 

49.  Salix  orbicularis  Anders.    ROUND-LEAVED  NET-VEINED  WILLOW.    A  low 
shrub,  closely  resembling  S.  reticulata,  but  stems  more  purplish;  leaves  generally 
more  rounded,  often  subcordate  at  the  base,   purple  or  brown-veined,   but   most 
easily  distinguished  by  the  broadly  obovate  bracts.     Lab.  to  Alaska  and  Br.  Col. 
(S.  reticulata  of  American  authors,  mostly.) 

50.  Salix  reticula"ta  L.     NET-VEINED  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1182.)    Aprocum- 
bent    shrub,  5-3    dm.   high,    often  sending  out  roots  from  the  twigs,  the  young 
shoots  4-sided,  purple-green.     Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  thick,  obtuse,  narrowed 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire,  slender- petioled,  glabrous  or 
somewhat  silky-pubescent  when  young,  dark  green  above,  not  shining,  glaucous 
and  strongly  reticulate-veined  beneath,    2-4  cm.   long;  petioles  8-20  mm.  long, 
channeled;  stipules  oblong,  obtuse;  aments  terminal,  long-stalked,  dense;  filaments 
pubescent  at  the  base;  capsule  ovoid-conic,  tomentose,  about  6  mm.  long.     Lab. 
Very  rare.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     June. 

51.  Salix  purpurea  L.     PURPLE  WILLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  1180.)     A  slender  shrub 
or  small  tree,  with  purplish  flexible  twigs,  maximum  height  about  3.5  m. ;  branches 
often  trailing;  bark  smooth  and  very   bitter.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
acute,  serrulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  glabrous,  green  above,  paler 
and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  4-7  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide;  stipules  minute;  peti- 
oles  2-4  mm.  long,   not  glandular;    aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,   dense, 
leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  the  staminate  about  2  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  3-5  cm. 
long,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  filaments  and  sometimes  also  the  anthers  united,  pubes- 
cent; bracts  purple,   persistent;  capsules  ovoid-conic,   obtuse,   tomentose,    5   mm. 
long.     Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  Atlantic  States.    Native  of  Europe. 
Also  called  Bitter,  Rose  and  Whipcord  Willow.     April-May. 


Order  4.    MYRICALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  leaves  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers  in  aments.  Perianth  none.  Ovary  i -celled  ;  style  short;  stig- 
mas 2.  Ovule  erect,  orthotropous.  Endosperm  none.  Only  one  family. 

Family  i.     MYRICACEAE  Dumort. 

._ 

Bay  berry  Family. 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and  aromatic.  Flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils  of  the  bracts  Staminate  flower  with  2-16  (usually  4-8)  stamens 
inserted  on  the  receptacle ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  the 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  subtended  by  2-8  bractlets ;  stigmas 
linear.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  or  nut,  the  exocarp  often  waxy.  Seed  erect. 
Cotyledons  plano-convex.  Radicle  very  short.  Two  genera  and  35 
species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Ovary  subtended  by  2-4  bractlets;  leaves  serrate  or  entire,  estipulate.  i.  Myrtca. 

Ovary  subtended  by  8  linear  persistent  bractlets;  leaves  pinnatifid,  stipulate. 

2.   Comptonia. 


/.  El  TNERIALES  3  2 1 

i.  MYRICA  L. 

Leaves  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  mostly  resinous-dotted.  Staminate  aments  oblong 
or  narrowly  cylindric,  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Stamens  4-8.  Pistillate 
aments  ovoid  or  subglobose;  ovary  subtended  by  2-4,  mostly  short,  bracelets. 
Drupe  globose  or  ovoid,  its  exocarp  waxy.  [Ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Tamarisk.] 
Besides  the  following  species,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States  and  2  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Bractlets  of  pistillate  aments  persistent,  clasping  the  drupes;  low  bog  shrub. 

1.  M.  Gale. 
Rractlets  of  pistillate  aments  deciduous,  the  ripe  drupes  separated. 

Slender  tree;  leaves  mostly  acute,  narrow;  drupe  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

2.  M.  cerifera. 
Shrub;  leaves  mostly  obtuse,  broader;  drupe  2-3  mm.  in  diameter. 

3.  M.  Carolinensis. 

1.  Myrica  Gale  L.     SWEET  GALE.     (I.  F.  f.  1159.)    A  shrub,  the  twigs  dark 
brown.      Leaves   oblanceolate,   obtuse    and    dentate    at   the  apex,    narrowed  to  a 
cuneate  entire  base,  short-petioled,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  puber- 
ulent  or  glabrous  beneath,   2-6  cm.   long,   unfolding  after  the  aments;  staminate 
aments  linear-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  crowded;  pistillate  aments  ovoid-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, alxmt  8  mm.  long,  their  bracts  imbricated;  drupe  resinous-waxy,  not  longer 
than  the  2   ovate  persistent  bractlets.      In  wet  places,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  S.  N.  Y., 
Va.,  Mich,  and  Wash.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     April-May. 

2.  Myrica  cerifera  L.     WAX  MYRTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  1160.)     A  slender  dioecious 
tree,  the   bark  gray,    nearly  smooth.       Leaves   narrow,   oblong   or   oblanceolate, 
mostly  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  narrowed  at   the  base,   fragrant,  short- 
petioled,  dark   green  above,  paler  and  sometimes  pubescent  beneath,  golden-resin- 
ous, 2-8  cm.  long,  unfolding  with  or  before  the  aments;  staminate  aments  cylindric; 
pistillate  aments  short,   oblong  ;  ripe  drupes  globose,  bluish   white,  waxy,  tipped 
with  the  base  of  the  style,  long-persistent.     In  sandy  swamps  or  wet  woods,  Md. 
to  Fla.,  Tex.,  north  to  Ark.     March-April. 

3.  My;  ica  Caroline  ;sis  Mill.     WAXBERRY.     BAYBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1161.)   A 
shrub,  0.5-2.5  m.  high,  with  smooth  gray  bark,  the  twigs  often  pubescent.     Leaves 
oblanceolate  or  obovate,  glabrous  above,  often    pubescent  beneath,  resinous,  5-10 
cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  serrate  with   a  few  low  teeth   above  the  middle,  or  entire, 
obtuse  or  sometimes  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled  ;  stam- 
inate aments  cylindric  or  oblong,  6-18  mm.  long;  pistillate  aments  short,  oblong  ; 
ripe  drupes  globose,  bluish  white,  very  waxy,  long- persistent.      In  dry  or  moist 
sandy  soil,  N.  S.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  and  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie.     Occurs  also  in 
bogs  in  N.  N.  J.  and  Penn.     April- May. 

2.  COMPTONIA  Banks. 

A  low,  branching  shrub  with  terete  brown  branches  and  narrow,  deeply  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  the  young  foliage  pubescent.  Aments  expanding  with  the  leaves, 
the  staminate  ones  and  their  fluwers  as  in  Myrica.  Fertile  aments  globose-ovoid, 
on  monoecious  plants  appearing  below  the  staminate,  several-flowered.  Ovary  sub- 
tended by  8  linear- subulate  persistent  bractlets,  which  form  an  involucre  to  the 
ovoid-oblong  bony  nut.  Fruit  bur-like.  [Name  in  honor  of  R-  v.  Henry  Comp- 
ton,  1632-17:3,  bishop  of  Oxford.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Comptonia  peregrina  (L.)  Coulter.  SWEET  FERN.  (I.  F.  f.  1162.) 
Leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long,  short-petioled,  obtuse 
or  subacute  at  the  apex,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  numerous  oblique  lobes,  fragrant  ; 
stipules  semi-cordate,  mostly  deciduous  ;  staminate  aments  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  their  bracts  reniform,  acute  ;  pistillate  aments 
bur-like  in  fruit,  the  subulate  bractlets  longer  than  the  light  brown,  shining,  striate, 
obtuse  nut.  In  dry  soil,  especially  on  hillsides,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  N.  Car.,  Ind.  and 
Mich.  April-May. 

Order  5.     LEITNERIALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  dioecious  small  flowers  in  aments,  and  simple 
entire  petioled  alternate  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  with  no  perianth. 


322  FLORA. 

Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  3  or  4  bractlets  (perianth?).  Ovary 
i-celled;  style  slender,  stigmatic  above ;  ovule  laterally  affixed,  amphit- 
ropous.  Endosperm  thin.  Only  one  family. 

Family  i.    LEITNERIACEAE  Drude. 

Cork-wood  Family. 

Aments  expanding  before  the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  with  3-12 
stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle ;  filaments  distinct ;  anthers,  oblong 
erect,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Style  terminal,  grooved 
and  flattened,  recurved,  caducous.  Fruit  an  oblong  drupe  with  thin 
exocarp  and  hard  endocarp.  Testa  thin.  Cotyledons  flat,  cordate  at  the 
base  ;  radicle  short,  superior.  Comprising  only  the  following  genus  of 
the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  LEITNERIA  Chapm. 

Characters  of  the  family.  One  species,  or  perhaps  two.  [In  honor  of  Dr.  E.  F. 
Leitner,  a  German  naturalist,  killed  in  Florida  during  the  Seminole  war.] 

i.  Leitneria  Floridana  Chapm.  LEITNERIA.  CORK-WOOD.  (I.  F.  f.  1163.) 
Bark  gray  and  rather  smooth ;  young  twigs,  leaves  and  aments  densely  pubescent. 
Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green,  firm, 
0.7-1.5  dm.  long,  finely  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins,  and  rugose-reticulated 
beneath;  staminate  aments  ascending,  2-5  cm.  long,  their  bracts  triangular-ovate, 
acute,  tomentose;  pistillate  aments  shorter,  borne  toward  the  ends  of  the  twigs; 
drupe  slightly  compressed,  about  2  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  rugose-reticulated. 
In  swamps,  S.  Mo.  to  Tex.,  and  in  Fla.  Wood  lighter  than  cork  and  probably 
the  lightest  wood  known,  weighing  only  about  12^  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot.  March. 

Order  6.     BALANOPSIDALES, 

includes  only  the  family  Balanopsidaceae,  comprising  the  genus  Balanops 
of  Australasia. 

Order  7.    JUGLANDALES/ 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  monoecious 
bracteolate  flowers,  the  staminate  in  long  drooping  aments,  the  pistillate 
solitary  or  several  together.  Staminate  flowers  consisting  of  3-numerous 
stamens  with  or  without  an  irregularly  lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the 
bractlet,  very  rarely  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Anthers  erect,  2-celled, 
the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent;  filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers 
bracted  and  usually  2-bracteolate,  with  a  3~5-lobed  (normally  4-lobed) 
calyx  or  with  both  calyx  and  petals,  and  an  inferior  i -celled  or  incom- 
pletely 2-4-celled  ovary.  Ovule  solitary,  erect,  orthotropotis  ;  styles  2, 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  in  our  genera  a  drupe  with  inde- 
hiscent  or  dehiscent,  fibrous  or  woody  exocarp  (husk;  ripened  calyx; 
also  regarded  as  an  involucre),  enclosing  the  bony  endocarp  or  nut  which 
is  incompletely  2-4-celled.  Seed  large,  2-4-lobed.  Endosperm  none. 
Cotyledons  corrugated,  very  oily.  Radicle  minute,  superior.  Only  one 
family. 

Family  i.    JUGLANDACEAE  Lindl. 

Walnut  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  Six  genera  and  about  35  species,  mostly 
of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  The  young  leaves 
in  the  bud  are  stipulate  in  at  least  two  species  of  Hicoria. 

Husk  indehiscent;  nut  rugose  or  sculptured.  i.  Juglans. 

Husk  at  length  splitting  into  segments;  nut  smooth  or  angled*  2.  Hicoria. 


JUGLANDACEAE.  323 

x.  JUGLANS  L. 

Trees,  with  spreading  branches,  superposed  buds,  fragrant  bark,  and  odd- 
pinnate  leaves,  with  nearly  or  quite  sessile  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  sometimes 
early  perishing.  Staminate  flowers  in  drooping  cylindric  aments,  borne  on  the 
twigs  of  the  previous  year;  perianth  3-6-lobed;  stamens  8-40  in  2  or  more  series. 
Pistillate  flowers  on  a  terminal  peduncle  at  the  end  of  shoots  of  the  season,  the 
calyx  4-lobed,  with  4  small  petals  adnate  to  the  ovary  at  the  sinuses ;  styles  fim- 
briate,  very  short.  Drupe  large,  globose  or  ovoid,  the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy, 
fibrous,  indehiscent,  the  endocarp  bony,  rugose  or  sculptured,  2-4-celled  at  the 
base,  indehiscent,  or  in  decay  separating  into  2  valves.  [Name  a  contraction  of 
the  Latin  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone,  i  in  the  W.  I.,  I  or  2  in  the  Andes  of  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following 
I  or  2  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

Fruit  globose,  obtuse,  not  viscid  ;  petioles  puberulent.  I.  J.  nigra. 

Fruit  oblong,  pointed,  viscid  ;  petioles  pubescent.  2.  J.  cinerea. 

1.  Juglans  nigra  L.     BLACK  WALNUT.     (I.  F.  f.  1149.)    A  large  forest  tree 
with  rough  brown  bark,  the  twigs  of  the  season  and  petioles  puberulent,  the  older 
twigs  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so.     Leaflets  13-23,  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less 
inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  serrate, 
pubescent  beneath,  7-13  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  7-14 cm.  long;  drupes  usually 
solitary  or  2  together,  globose  or  a  little  longer  than  thick,  3-8  cm.  in  diameter, 
papillose;    nut   corrugated,    slightly  compressed,  4-celled   at   the   base.     In   rich 
woods,  Mass,  to  S.  Ont.,   Minn.,  Fla.,   Kans.  and  Tex.     April-May.     Fruit  ripe 
Oct.-Nov. 

2.  Juglans  cinerea  L.     BUTTERNUT.    WHITE  WALNUT.     OIL-NUT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1150.)     A  forest  tree,  resembling  the  Black  Walnut,  the  bark  gray,  smoother,  the 
twigs,  petioles  and  leaflets  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  when  young.     Leaflets  11-19, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  inequilateral,  obtuse,  rounded  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  serrate ;  drupes  racemed,  5-8  cm.  long  and  about  one-half  as  thick,  pointed ; 
nut  4-ribbed,  deeply  sculptured,  and  with  sharp  longitudinal  ridges,  firmly  adherent 
to  the  husk,  2 -celled  at  the  base.     In  rich  or  rocky  woods,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  N. 
Dak.,  Neb.,  Del.,  Ga.,  Miss,  and  Ark.     April-May.     Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

2.    HICORIA    Raf.    [CARYA  Nutt.] 

Trees,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  serrate  or  serrulate  leaflets.  Staminate 
flowers  in  slender  drooping  aments,  borne  in  3*5  on  a  common  peduncle  at  the  base 
of  the  shoots  of  the  season,  or  clustered  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils  of  leaf- 
scars  at  the  summit  of  twigs  of  the  preceding  year;  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract, 
2-3-lobed  or  2-3-cleft;  stamens  3-10;  filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  2-6, 
together  on  a  terminal  peduncle;  bract  fugacious  or  none;  calyx  4-toothed;  petals 
none;  styles  2  or  4,  papillose  or  fimbriate,  short.  Fruit  subglobose,  oblong  or 
obovoid,  the  husk  separating  more  or  less  completely  into  4  valves ;  nut  bony,  in- 
completely 2-4-celled.  [From  the  aboriginal  name  Hicori.]  About  15  species, 
natives  of  eastern  North  America,  one  in  Mexico. 

Bud-scales  valvate ;  lateral  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  falcate. 
Nut  not  compressed  or  angled  ;  seed  sweet.  i.  H.  Pecan. 

Nut  somewhat  compressed  or  angled ;  seed  intensely  bitter. 

Leaflets  7-9  ;  nut  smooth.  2.  H.  minima. 

Leaflets  9-13 ;  nut  angled.  3.  H.  aquatica. 

Bud-scales  imbricate;  lateral  leaflets  not  falcate. 

Husk  of  the  fruit   freely  splitting  to  the  base ;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx 
narrow,  often  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones. 
Bark  shaggy,  separating  in  long  plates. 

Leaflets  3-5  (rarely  7) ;  nut  rounded  at  the  base,  1-2  cm.  long. 
Leaflets  oblong- lanceolate  to  obovate ;  twigs  puberulent. 

4.  H.  ovata. 
Leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  twigs  glaucous. 

5.  H.  Carolinae-septentrionalis. 
Leafcts  7-9;  nut  usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  2.5-3  cm- 

6.  H.  laciniosa. 


324  FLORA. 

Bark  close,  rough  ;  leaflets  7-9. 

Foliage  persistently  stellate-pubescent ;  staminate  aments  stellate-woolly. 

7.  H.  alba. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous,  or  nearly  so  ;  staminate  aments  slightly  pubescent. 

8.  H.pallida. 
Husk  of  fruit  thin,  not  freely  splitting  to  the  base  ;  lobes  of   the  staminate  calyx 

mostly  nearly  equal. 

Fruit  nearly  globular;  nut  thin-shelled;  bark,  at  least  that  of  old  trees,  separat- 
ing in  strips. 

Fruit  little  flattened  ;  middle  lobe  of  staminate  calyx  short. 

9.  //.  microcarpa. 
Fruit  much  flattened;  middle  lobe  of  staminate  calyx  long. 

10.  H.  borealis. 
Fruit  obovoid;  nut  thick-shelled  ;  bark  close. 

Foliage  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.  n.  H.  glabra. 

Foliage  with  silvery  peltate  glands.  12.  //.  villosa. 

1.  Hicoria  Pecan  (Marsh.)  Britton.     PECAN.     (I.  F.  f.  1151.)    A  large  tree, 
with  rough  bark.     Young  twigs  and  leaves  pubescent;  mature  foliage  nearly  gla- 
brous;   bud-scales   few,    small;    leaflets    11-15,    oblong-lanceolate,    short-stalked, 
inequilateral,  acuminate,  1-1.8  dm.  long;  staminate  aments  sessile   or  nearly  so, 
1.2-1.5  dm.  l°ng>  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much  longer  than  the 
oblong  lateral  ones;  fruit  oblong-cylindric,  3-6  cm.  long;  husk  thin,  4-valved;  nut 
smooth,   oblong,   thin-shelled,   pointed,    2-celted  at   base,   dissepiments   thin,  very 
astringent;  seed  delicious.     In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Ind.  to  Iowa, 
Mo.,  Ky.  and  Tex.      April -May.     Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct.     [C.  olivaeformis  Nutt.j 

2.  Hicoria  minima  (Marsh.)  Britton.    BITTER-NUT.    SWAMP  HICKORY.    (IF. 
f.  1152.)     A  slender  tree,  the  bark  close,  rough.     Bud-scales  6-8,  small,  caducous; 
young  foliage  puberulent;  leaflets  7-9,  sessile,  long-acuminate,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long, 
1-3  cm.  wide,  the  lateral  ones  falcate;  staminate  aments  slightly  pubescent;  lobes 
of  the  staminate  calyx  about  equal,  the  middle  one  narrower;  fruit  subglobose,  nar- 
rowly 6-ridged,  2-3.5  cm-  ^n  diameter;  husk  thin,  tardily  and  irregularly  4-valved; 
nut  short-pointed,    1.5-2.5   cm.   long,  thin-shelled.       In  moist  woods  and  swamps, 
Quebec  to  Out.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

3.  Hicoria  aquatica  (Michx.  f.)  Britton.     WATER  HICKORY.     (I.  F.  f.  1153.) 
A  swamp  tree,  the  bark  close,  the  young  foliage  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  gl  i- 
brous  when  mature.     Leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate,  or  the  terminal  one  oblong,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  0.7-1.3  dm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  the 
lateral  strongly  falcate;  staminate  aments  and  calyx  as  in  the  preceding  species; 
fruit  oblong,  ridged,  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  pointed;  husk  thin,  tardily  splitting;  nut  oblong, 
thin-shelled,  angular.     In  river  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.,  111.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     March- 
April.     Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

4.  Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britton.    SHAG-BARK.    SHELL-BARK  HICKORY.    (I.  F. 
f.  1154.)     A  large  tree;    bark  shaggy  in  narrow  plates;  young  twigs  and  leaves 
puberulent.      Leaflets  5,  or  sometimes  7,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper 
obovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  1-1.5  dm.  long,  those 
of  young  plants  much  larger;  bud-scales  8-10,  the  inner  becoming  very  large;  fruit 
subglobose,  2.5-5.5  cm-  l°ng:  husk  thick,  soon  splitting;  nut  white,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, 4-celled  at  the  base,   2-celled  (rarely  3-celled)  above,    pointed,    slightly 
angled,  thin-shelled.     In  rich  soil,  Quebec  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 
May.     Fruit  ripe  Sept  -Nov.     \Carya  alba  Nutt.,  not  Juglans  alba  L.] 

5.  Hicoria  Carolinae-septentrionalis  Ashe.    SOUTHERN  SHAG  BARK.    (I.  F. 
f.  H54a.)     A  tree,  with  gray  bark  hanging  in  loose  strips.     Bud-scales  8-10,  the 
inner  greatly  enlarging  in  leafing;  terminal  bud  ovoid-lanceolate,  truncate:  twigs 
slender,   glaucous,    smooth,   purplish   brown;    staminate  aments  glabrous;    young 
foliage  blackening  in  drying,  glabrous,  ciliate,  with  few  resinous  globules;  leaflets 
3-5;  fruit  subglobose,  1.5-3  cm-  l°ng;  husk  soon  falling  into  4  pieces;  nut  white  or 
brownish,  much  compressed,  angled,   cordate  or  subcordate  at  top,   thin-shelled. 
Sandy  or  rocky  woods,  Del.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

6.  Hicoria  laciniosa  (Michx.  f.)  Sarg.     BIG  SHAG-BARK.     KING-NUT.     (I.  F. 
f.  1155.)    A  large  tree,  the  bark  separating  in  long  narrow  plates,  the  young  foliage 
densely  puberulent,  the  mature  leaves  somewhat  so  beneath.     Leaflets  7-9  (rarely 
5),  acute  or  acuminate,  sometimes  2  dm.  long;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx 


JUGLANDACEAE.  $2$ 

linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  oblong,  5-8  cm.  long;  husk  thick, 
soon  splitting  to  the  base;  nut  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  thick-shelled,  pointed 
at  both  ends,  yellowish  white.  In  rich  soil,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ind.,  Iowa,  Tenn., 
Kans.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct.  \Carya  sulcata  Nutt] 

7  Hicoria  alba  (L.)  Britton.  WHITE-HEART  HICKORY.  MOCKER-NUT.  (I.  F. 
f.  1156.)  A  large  tree,  the  foliage  and  twigs  persistently  tomentose-stellate- 
pubescent,  fragrant  when  crushed ;  bark  close;  bud-scales  large;  leaflets  7-9,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  long-acuminate;  middle  lobe  of  the 
staminate  calyx  linear,  much  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  globose  or  oblong- 
globose,  3-9  cm.  long;  husk  thick;  nut  grayish-white,  angled,  pointed  at  the  sum- 
mit, little  compressed,  thick-shelled,  4-celled  at  the  base.  In  rich  soil,  Mass,  to 
Out.,  111.,  Neb  ,  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-June.  Frui  tripe  Oct.  -Nov.  [C.  foment  osa  Nutt.] 

8.  Hicoria  pallida  Ashe.     PALE-LEAVED  HICKORY.     A  forest  tree  with  very 
rough  gray  bark  and  purple-brown  twigs,  the  buds  sharp-pointed,  their  scales  5-9. 
Leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
when  old,  pale  and  with  numerous  silvery  scales  beneath,  the  rachis  stellate- pubes- 
cent, at  least  when  young;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  usually  subglobose,  sometimes  oval  or  pyriform, 
the  husk  rather  thin,  sometimes  tardily  splitting;  nut  laterally  flattened,  4-celled  at 
the  base.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Va.   to  Tenn.,  Ga.  and  Ala.     April-May.     (H.  villosa 
pallida  Ashe.) 

9.  Hicoria  microcarpa  (Nutt.)  Britton.     SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1157.)     A  forest  tree,  the  older  bark  separating  in  narrow  plates,  the  foliage  gla- 
brous.    Bud -scales  6-8;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  9-13  cm.  long  ;  staminate  aments  glabrous;  middle   lobe  of  the    staminate 
calyx  equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  globose  or  globose- 
oblong,  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  the  husk  thin,  tardily  and  incompletely  splitting  to 
the  base;  nut  subglobose,  slightly  compressed,  thin-shelled,  pointed  ;  seed  sweet.    In 
rich  woods.  Mass,  to  Mich.,  Va.,  111.  and  Mo.     May-June.     P>uit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

10.  Hicoria   bo^ealis   Ashe.      NORTHERN    HICKORY.      (I.  F.  f.  ii56b.)     A 
small  tree,  with  rough  furrowed  bark  when  young,  becoming  shaggy  in  narrow 
strips  with  age.     Bud-scales  8-10,  imbricated,  the   inner  bright-colored   and  seri- 
ceous;   terminal  bud   ovoid-lanceolate;  twigs  slender,    glabrous,    bright  brownish 
red;  middle  lobe  of  staminate  calyx  much  prolonged;  young  leaves  blackening  in 
drying,  ciliate,  with  few  resinous  globules  on  lower  surface;  leaflets  5,  occasionally 
3,  lanceolate,  the  upper  9-15  cm.  long;  fruit  ovoid,  much  flattened.  1.5   cm.  long 
or  more;  husk  very  thin,  rugose,  coriaceous,  usually  not  splitting;  shell  thin  and 
elastic;  seed   large,  sweet  and  edible.     A  small  tree  of  dry  uplands,  growing  with 
oaks  and  H.  microcarpa.     Mich.,  Detroit  river.      Probably  also  in  S.  Ont. 

ix.  Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britton.  PIG-NUT  HICKORY.  (I.  F.  f.  1158.) 
A  tree,  the  bark  close,  rough;  foliage  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent.  Bud- 
scales  8-10,  imbricated,  the  inner  ones  enlarging;  leaflets  3-7,  rarely  9,  oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  obovate,  sessile,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  7—I5  cm*  l°ng>  ^n  young  plants  much  larger;  staminate 
aments  glabrous,  peduncled  in  3*5;  lobes  of  the  staminate  calyx  about  equal  in 
length,  the  middle  one  narrower;  fruit  obovoid  or  obovoid-oblong,  3.5-5  cm.  long; 
husk  thin,  the  valves  very  tardily  dehiscent;  nut  brown,  angled,  pointed,  very 
thick-shelled;  seed  astringent  and  bitter,  not  edible.  In  dry  or  moist  woods,  Me. 
to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

Hicoria  gl&bra  hirsuta  Ashe.  Similar  to  type,  but  leaves  larger,  pubescent  beneath, 
thinner,  generally  destitute  of  resinous  globules  on  the  lower  surface;  fruit  larger.  Va. 
to  Ga. 

X2.  Hicoria  villosa  (Sarg.)  Ashe.  SCURFY  HICKORY.  WOOLLY  PIG-NUT. 
•  I.  F.  f.  H56a.)  A  small  or  medium  sized  tree,  with  deeply  furrowed  dark  gray 
bark.  Buds  of  6-8  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  usually  thickly  dotted  with  resinous 
globules;  lateral  buds  mostly  short-stiped ;  staminate  aments  pubescent,  and  gland 
and  scurf  covered ;  twigs  usually  glabrous,  bright  purple-brown;  petiole  pubescent; 
leaflets  5-9,  at  first  thickly  covered  beneath  with  silvery  peltate  glands,  mixed  with 
resinous  globules,  generally  pubescent;  fruit  about  2.5  cm.  long,  obovoid,  the  husk 
partly  splitting;  nut  brown,  thick-shelled,  angled;  seed  small,  but  sweet.  Mo. 


326  FLORA. 


Order  8.     FAGALES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  flowers 
in  aments,  or  the  pistillate  ones  subtended  by  an  involucre,  which  be- 
comes a  bur  or  cup  in  fruit.  Calyx  usually  present.  Corolla  none. 
Endosperm  none. 

Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  aments.  Fam.  i.  Betulaceae. 

Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  an  involucre,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  a  cup  in  fruit. 

Fam.  2.  Fagaceae. 

Family  i.    BETULACEAE  Agardh. 
Birch  Family. 

Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled 
simple  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  aments.  Stipules  mostly  fugacious. 
Staminate  aments  pendulous.  Staminate  flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axil 
of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous  2-4-parted  calyx  or  none,  and 
2-10  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  their  filaments  distinct,  their 
anthers  2-celled,  the  anther-sacs  sometimes  distinct  and  borne  on  the 
forks  of  the  2-cleft  filaments.  Pistillate  aments  spike-like  or  capitate. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  calyx  adnate  to  the  solitary  i-2-celled 
ovary ;  style  2-cleft  or  2-divided  ;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary, 
anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  small,  mostly  i-celled  and  i-seeded  nut 
or  samara.  Testa  membranous.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  fleshy. 
Radicle  short.  Six  genera  and  about  75  species,  mostly  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

Staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  destitute  of  a  calyx  ;  pistillate  flowers 
with  a  calyx. 

Staminate  flowers  with  no  bractlets ;  pistillate  aments   spike-like ;  nut  small,  sub- 
tended by  or  enclosed  in  a  large  bractlet. 

Fruiting  bractlet  flat,  3  cleft  and  incised.  i.   Carpinus. 

Fruiting  bractlet  bladder-like,  closed,  membranous.  2.   Ostrya. 

Staminate  flowers  with  2  bractlets  ;  pistillate  flowers  2-4,  capitate ;  nut  large,  enclosed 

by  a  leafy  involucre.  3.  Corylus. 

Staminate  flowers  3-6  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a  calyx  ;  pistillate  flowers 
without  a  calyx. 

Stamens  2 ;  filaments  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac  ;  fruiting  bracts  3-lobed 

or  entire,  deciduous.  4.  Betula. 

Stamens  4;  anther-sacs  adnate;  fruiting  bracts  woody,  eroseor  5-toothed,  persistent. 

5.  Ainu s, 

i.  CARPINUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  gray  bark,  furrowed  and  ridged  stems,  and 
straight- veined  leaves,  the  primary  veins  terminating  in  the  larger  teeth.  Aments 
expanding  before  the  leaves.  Staminate  aments  linear-cylindric,  sessile  at  the 
ends  of  short  lateral  branches  of  the  preceding  season,  their  flowers  consisting  of 
3-12  stamens;  filaments  short,  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  Pistillate 
flowers  in  small  terminal  aments,  2  to  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  2-celled  ovary 
adnate  to  a  calyx  and  subtended  by  a  flat  persistent  bractlet,  which  becomes 
much  enlarged,  foliiceous  and  lobed  or  incised  in  fruit,  the  bracts  deciduous;  stigmas 
2,  subulate.  Nut  small,  ovoid,  acute,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  large  bractlet.  [The 
ancient  name.]  About  «I2  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  only  the 
following  American. 

i.  Carpinus  Caroliniana  Walt.  AMERICAN  HORNBEAM.  BLUE  BEECH. 
WATER  BEECH.  (I.  F.  f.  1207.)  A  small  tree,  with  slender  terete  gray  twigs. 
Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  somewhat  inequilateral,  0.6-1  dm.  long,  slightly  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath;  petioles  very  slender;  staminate  aments  2-3  cm.  long, 
their  bracts  triangular-ovate,  puberulent;  bractlet  of  the  pistillate  flowers  3-lobed 


BE  T  ULA  CEA  E.  3  2  7 

at  the  base,  strongly  veined  and  about  2.5  cm.  long  when  mature,  its  middle  lobe 
lanceolate,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones,  incised-dentate  on  one  side,  often 
nearly  entire  on  the  other  ;  nut  4  mm.  long.  In  moist  wdods  and  along  streams, 
N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April-May. 

2.  OSTRYA  Scop. 

Trees  similar  to  the  Hornbeams,  the  aments  expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves. 
Staminate  aments  sessile  at  the  ends  of  branchlets  of  the  preceding  season;  fila- 
ments 2-cleft.  Pistillate  ai»pnts  small,  terminal,  erect,  the  flowers  2  to  each  bract, 
subtended  by  a  tubular,  pffsistent  bractlet  which  enlarges  into  a  nerved,  bladder- 
like  sac  in  fruit.  Style  slender;  stigmas  2,  subulate.  Nut  ovoid-oblong,  com- 
pressed,  smooth,  sessile  in  the  base  of  the  inflated  sac.  Mature  pistillate  ament 
hop-like.  [The  ancient  name.]  Four  species,  the  following,  I  in  the  Southwest,  I 
in  Europe  and  Asia,  I  Japanese. 

I.  Ostrya  Virginidria(MilL)  Willd.  HOP-HORNBEAM.  IRON-WOOD.  (I.  F.  f. 
1208.)  Bark  scaly.  Twigs  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
the  base  rounded  or  inequilateral,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  sparingly  pubescent 
above,  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath,  6-15  cm.  long;  petioles  rarely  more  than 
4  mm.  long;  staminate  aments  3-7.5  cm.  long,  their  bracts  triangular-ovate,  acumi- 
nate; bractlet  of  each  fertile  flower  forming  a  sac  12-16  mm.  long  in  fruit,  cuspi- 
date, pubescent,  villous  near  and  at  the  base  with  bristly  hairs,  finely  reticulated; 
nut  5  mm.  long,  shining;  ripe  fertile  aments  4-7  cm.  long.  In  dry  woods,  Cape 
Breton  I.  toS  Dak.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  July. -Aug. 

3.  CORYLUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broad  thin  serrulate  or  incised  leaves.  Staminate 
aments  sessile  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  the  previous  season,  expanding  much  before 
the  leaves,  the  flowers  with  about  4  stamens  and  2  bractlets;  filaments  2-cleft  or  2- 
divided,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac,  which  is  villous  at  the  summit.  Calyx 
none.  Pistillate  flowers  from  scaly  buds,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  branches  of 
the  season,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  consisting  of  an  incompletely  2-celled  ovary 
adnate  to  a  calyx,  a  short  style  and  2  slender  stigmas  ;  bractlets  2,  enlarged  in  fruit, 
forming  a  leaf-like  involucre  to  the  nut.  Nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  bony.  [Name  Greek, 
from  the  helmet-like  involucre.]  Species  7,  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  California. 

Involucre  of  2  broad  laciniate  bractlets.  i.    C.  Americana. 

Involucral  bractlets  united,  prolonged  into  a  tubular  bristly  beak.  2.  C.  rostrata. 

1.  Corylus  Americana  Walt.     HAZEL-NUT.     (I.  F.  f.  1209.)     A  shrub,  0.8- 
2.5  m.  tall,  the  young  shoots  russet-brown,  densely  hispid-pubescent  with  pinkish 
hairs.     Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrulate  all  around,  cor- 
date or  obtuse  at  the  base,  finely  tomentose  beneath,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long;  petioles  4-8 
mm.  long;  staminate  aments  mostly  solitary,  7-10  cm.  long;  involucre  of  the  nut 
compressed,  the  2  finely  pubescent  leaf-like  bractlets  laciniate  on  their  margins, 
commonly  broader  than  high;  nut  compressed,  light  brown,  striate,  1-1.5  cm-  nigft- 
In  thickets,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Man.,  Fla.  and  Kans.    March- April.     Nuts  ripe  July- 
Aug. 

2.  Corylus  rostrata  Ait.     BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT.     (I.  F.  f.  1210.)    A  shrub, 
similar  to  the  preceding.    Leaves  ovate  or  narrowly  oval,  incised-serrate  and  serru- 
late, glabrous,  or  with  some  scattered  appressed  hairs  above,  sparingly  pubescent 
at  least  on  the  veins  beneath;  2-6  cm.  wide ;  involucral  bractlets  bristly-hairy,  united 
to  the  summit  and  prolonged  into  a  tubular  beak  about  twice  the  length  of  the  nut, 
laciniate  at  the  summit;  not  ovoid,  scarcely  compressed,  striate.     In  thickets,  N.  S. 
to  Br.  Col.,  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Kans.  and  Ore.     April-May.     Fruit  ripe  Aug.-Sept. 

4.  §ETULA  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves,  scaly  buds  and  flowers 
of  both  kinds  in  aments  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers, 
consisting  of  a  membranous,  usually  4-toothed  perianth,  2  stamens,  and  subtended 
by  2  bractlets;  filaments  short,  deeply  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac. 
Pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  (rarely  I)  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  the  bracts  deciduous 


FLORA. 

with  the  fruits;  perianth  none;  ovary  sessile,  2-celled;  styles  2,  stigmatic  at  the 
apex,  mostly  persistent.  Nut  small,  compressed,  membranous-winged  on  each  side 
(a  samara),  shorter  than  the  bracts.  [The  ancient  name.]  About  35  species, 
natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 

*  Trees. 
Fruiting  aments  peduncled  ;  bark  chalky-white. 

Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate;  lateral  lobes  of  fruiting  bracts  "short,  divergent. 

1.  B.  populifolia. 
Leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  fruiti^  bracts  ascending. 

2.  B.  papyri/era. 
Fruiting  aments  peduncled  ;  bark  greenish-brown  or  brown. 

Western  ;  leaves  ovate,  often  obtuse  at  the  base.  3.  B.  fontinalis. 

Eastern ;  leaves  rhombic,  acute  at  both  ends.  4.  B.  nigra. 

Fruiting  aments  sessile,  at  the  ends  of  short  branches ;  bark  brown  or  yellowish. 
Fruiting  bracts  4  mm.  long,  lobed  at  the  apex ;  leaves  shining  above. 

5.  B.  lenta. 
Fruiting  bracts  8  mm.  long,  lobed  to  about  the  middle ;  leaves  dull  above. 

6.  B.  lutea. 
**  Shrubs. 

Twigs  glandular-warty  ;  leaves  glabrous.  7.  B.  glandulosa. 
Twigs  not  glandular-warty,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  upper  fruiting  bracts  mostly  entire.  8.  B.  nana. 

Young  foliage  densely  pubescent ;  bracts  3-lobed.  9.  B.  pumila. 

1.  Betula  populifolia  Marsh.     AMERICAN  WHITE  BIRCH.    (I.  F.  f.  1211.)    A 
slender  tree,  with  white  smooth  bark,  tardily  separating  in  thin  sheets;  twigs  russet, 
warty.     Leaves  deltoid,  pubescent  on  the  veins  when  young,  nearly  glabrous  when 
old,  minutely  glandular,  long-acuminate,  sharply  dentate  and  commonly  somewhat 
lobed,  obtuse  or  truncate  .at  the  base,   3-6  cm.   long,   slerider-petioled;  staminate 
aments  5-8  cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  cylindric,  in  fruit  1.5-3.6  cm.  long,  slender- 
peduncled;  fruiting  bracts  puberulent,  2-4  mm.  long,  their  lateral  lobes  larger  than 
the  middle  one;  nut  narrower  than  its  wings.     In  moist  or  dry  soil,  N.  B.  to  S. 
Ont.  and  Del.     Leaves  tremulous  like  those  of  the  Aspens.     May. 

2.  Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.     PAPER  OR  CANOE  BIRCH.     (I.  F.  f.  1212.)     A 
large  forest  tree.     Bark  chalky  white,  peeling  in  thin  layers.     Leaves  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  dentate  and  denticulate,  glabrous  above,  glandular  and  pubescent 
on  the  veins  beneath,  slender-petioled,  3-11  cm.  long;  petioles  1-3  dm.  long;  stam- 
inate aments   5-10    cm.  long;  pistillate    aments   cylindric,  slender-peduncled,  2-5 
cm.  long;  fruiting  bracts  4-6  mm.  long,  puberulent  «r  ciliate;  nut  narrower  than 
its  wings.     Newf.  to  Alaska,  Penn.,  Mich.,  Neb.  and  Wash.     April-May. 

Betula  papyrifera  rrlnor  Tuckerm.     A  low    bushy  form,  occurring   on    the  higher 
mountains  of  N.  E.  and  N.  N.  Y. 

3.  Betula   fontinalis   Sargent.     WESTERN  RED  BIRCH.     (I.  F.  f.'  1213.)     A 
tree,  the  bark  smooth,  dark  bronze,  the  twigs  gray -brown,  w.irty.     Leaves  broadly 
ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  sharply  serrate,   short-petioled,   glabrous  on    both  sides 
or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  peduncled,   cylin- 
dric, 2-3  cm.  long,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting  bracts  ciliolate,  about 
6  mm.  long,  their  lateral   lobes  ascending;  nut   much  narrower  than  its   wings. 
W.  Neb.  to  Br.  Col.,  Cal.  and  N.  Mex.     April-May. 

4.  Betula  nigra  L.     RIVER  BIRCH.     RED  BIRCH.     (I.  F.  f.  1214.)     A  slen- 
der tree;  bark  reddish  or  greenish-brown,  peeling  in  very  thin  layers;  twigs  red- 
dish.    Young  shoots,  petioles  and  lower  surfaces  of  the   leaves  tomentose;  leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  irregularly  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed,  base  cuneate,  when  mature 
dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  3-8  cm.  long;  petioles  6-16  mm.  long;  staminate 
aments    mostly  clustered    in  2's    or   3's,  6-9    cm.  long;  pistillate  aments   oblong 
cylindric,  spreading,   peduncled,  2-5  cm.  long.  10-12    mm.   in   diameter  in  fruit; 
fruiting  bracts   tomentose,  about  equally  3-lobed;  nut  broadly  obovate,  wider  than 
its  wings.     Along  streams  and  lakes,  Mass,  and  N.  H.  to  Iowa,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
April-May. 

5.  Betula  lenta  L.      CHERRY,  BLACK  OR  SWEET  BIRCH.      (I.  F.  f.  1215.) 
A  large  forest  tree,  with  dark  brown  close  smooth  bark,  becoming  furrowed,  not 


BETULACEAE.  $2$ 

separating  in  layers;  twigs  smooth,  warty;  young  leaves  silky.  Mature  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  base  cordate  or  rounded,  sharply 
serrulate,  bright  green,  and  shining  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  6-10 
cm.  long;  petioles  6—12  mm.  long;  staminate  aments  clustered,  6-10  cm.  long; 
pistillate' aments  sessile,  dense,  oblong,  about  2.5  cm.  long  in  fruit,  nearly  erect; 
bracts  appressed,  about  4  mm.  long,  nearly  equally  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  some- 
what divergent;  nut  oblong,  broader  than  its  wings.  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Fla.  and 
Tenn.  April-May. 

6.  Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.     YELLOW  BIRCH.     GRAY  BIRCH.     (I.  F.  £.1216.) 
A  large  forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding,  the  bark  yellowish  or  gray,  sepa- 
rating in  thin  layers  or  close,  the  twigs  gray-brown.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  obtuse  or  rarely  subcordate  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrulate,  dark  green    and  dull  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins   beneath; 
staminate  aments  usually  2-4  together;  pistillate  aments  sessile,  oblong  or  oblong  - 
cylindric,  rather  loose;  bracts  nearly  equally  3-lobed  to  the  middle,  ciliolate,  the 
lateral  lobes  ascending.     Newf.  to  Manitoba,  N.  Car.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.     April-May. 

7.  Betula   glandulosa   Michx.      GLANDULAR  OR  SCRUB  BIRCH.      (I.  F.  f. 
1217.)     A  shrub,  3-12  dm.  high,  the  twigs  brown,  glandular-warty,  not  pubescent. 
Leaves  orbicular,  oval  or  obovate,  glabrous,  rounded  at  the  apex,  crenate-dentate, 
bright  green  above,  pale  and  glandular-dotted  beneath,  short- petioled,  0.6-2.5  cm- 
long;  petioles  2-6  mm.  long;  staminate  aments  commonly  solitary,  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng> 
pistillate  aments   cylindric,  erect,  peduncled,  1-2.5  cm-  ^ong  anc^  about  4  mm-  i11 
diameter  in  fruit;    fruiting  bracts    glabrous,    the  lateral    lobes    divergent,    rather 
shorter  than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  usually  narrower  than  its  wings.     Newf. 
to  Alaska,  the  higher  mountains  of  Me.  and  N.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo.     Also  in  Asia.     June-July. 

8.  Betula  nana  L.     DWARF  BIRCH.     (I.  F.  £1218.)     A  low   diffuse  shrub, 
similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  twigs  glanclless.     Leaves  orbicular,  obovate,  or 
reniform,  bright  green,  firm,  deeply  and  incisely  crenulate,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
6-20  mm.  long;  petioles   rarely  more  than  2   mm.  long;  staminate  aments  1—2.5 
cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  oblong,  6-10  mm.  long;  fruiting  bracts   glabrous,  the 
lower   usually  3-lobed,  the   upper  ovate  or  lanceolate,   mostly  entire;  nut  oblong, 
wingless  or  narrowly  winged.     Greenland  and   Lab.  to   Hudson    Bay.     Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.     May-June. 

Betula  nana  flabellifolia  Hook.  Leaves  with  a'cuneate  base  and  more  deeply 
incised-crenulate.  Lab.  and  Newf. 

9.  Betula  pumila  L.     Low  BIRCH.     (I.  F.  f.  1219.)    A  bog  shrub,  0.5-5  m- 
tall,   the    twigs  brown,   becoming  glabrous,  the  young   foliage   densely  brownish 
tomentose.     Leaves  obovate,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  both  ends  or 
some  of  them  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base,  rather  coarsely  dentate,  when  mature 
glabrous  above,    pale,    persistently  tomentose  or  becoming    glabrous  beneath  and 
reticulate-veined,  1-3   cm.  lon.t;;  petioles   3-6  mm.  long;  fruiting  aments  oblong- 
cylindric,  erect,  peduncled,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  bracts  puberulent  or  ciliolate,  the 
lateral  lobes  spreading  at  right  angles,  shorter  than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong, 
mostly  rather  broader  than  its  wings.     Newf.  to  Ont.,  theN.  W.  Terr.,  N.  J.,  Ohio 
and  Minn.     May -June. 

5.  ALNUS   Gaertn. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  dentate  or  serrulate  leaves,  few-scaled  buds,  and  flowers 
of  both  kinds  in  aments,  expanding  before,  with  or  after  the  leaves,  making  their 
first  appearance  during  the  preceding  season,  the  staminate  pendulous,  the  pistil- 
late erect,  clustered.  Staminate  flowers  3  or  sometimes  6  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
consisting  of  a  mostly  4-parted  perianth,  4  stamens  and  subtended  by  I  or  2  bract- 
lets;  filaments  short,  simple;  anther-sacs  adnate.  Pistillate  flowers  2-3  in  the  axil 
of  each  bract,  without  a  perianth,  but  subtended  by  2-4  minute  bractlets;  ovary 
sessile,  2-celled;  stvjles  2;  bracts  woody,  persistent,  5 -toothed 'or  erose.  Nut  small, 
compressed.  [Ancient  Latin  name  derived  from  the  Celtic,  in  allusion  to  the 
growth  of  these  trees  along  streams.]  About  14  species,  natives  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  and  the  Andes  of  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur 
hi  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 


330  FLORA. 

Nut  bordered  by  a  membranous  wing  on  each  side.  i.  A.  Alnobetula. 

Nut  acute-margined,  wingless. 

Leaves  obovate,  broadly  oval  or  suborbicular,  dull;  aments  expanding  long  before 
the  leaves. 

Leaves  finely  tomentose  or  glaucous  beneath.  2.  A.  incana. 

Leaves  green,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaves  finely  serrulate;  foliage  not  glutinous;  native.         3.  A.  rugosa. 
Leaves  dentate  serrate;  twigs  glutinous;  introduced  tree.  4.   A.  glutinosa. 
Leaves  oblong,  bright  green  and  shining  above;  aments  expanding  in  autumn. 

5.  A.  maritima, 

1.  Alnus   Alnobetula    (Ehrh.)   K.    Koch.     GREEN   OR    MOUNTAIN  ALDER, 
(I.  F.  f.  1220.)     A  shrub,  0.5-3.5  m.  high,  the  young  foliage  glutinous  and  more 
or  less  pubescent.     Leaves  oval  or  ovate,    sharply   and    irregularly   serrulate  or 
incised-serrulate,  when  mature  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  usually  pubescent 
on  the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long;  petioles  8-25  mm.  long;  aments  expanding 
with  the  leaves,   the  staminate  slender,  naked,  3-6  cm.    long,  the  pistillate   from 
scaly  buds,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  slender-peduncled,  becoming   12-14  mm.  lorg 
in  fruit,   their  bracts  irregularly  5 -toothed;  nut  oblong,   the  thin  wing  about  as 
broad  as  the  body.     Lab.  to  Hudson  Bay,  south  to  the  higher  mountains  of  N.  E. 
and  N.  Y.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June.     \A.  crispa  (Ait.)  Pursh.] 

2.  Alnus  incana  (L.)Willd.     SPECKLED  OR  HOARY  ALDER.     (I.  F.  f.  1221.) 
A  shrub,  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  the  young  shoots  pubescent.     Leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
usually  acute,  finely  serrulate  or  dentate,  dark  green  above,  pale  or  glaucous  and 
pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long,  the  veins  prominent  on  the 
lower  surface;  petioles  8-25   mm.  long;  aments  appearing  from  naked  buds,  the 
staminate  3-8  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  ovoid,  1-1.5  cm-  "oriS  in  fruit,  their  bracts 
5 -toothed;  nut  orbicular,  coriaceous-margined.     In  wet  soil,  Newf.,  N.  W.  Terr., 
S.  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  ISeb.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     April-May. 

3.  Alnus  rugosa  (DuRoi)  K.  Koch.     SMOOTH  ALDER.      (I.  F.  f.  1222.)     A 
shrub,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  the  bark  smooth,  the  younger  shoots  somewhat 
pubescent.      Leaves    green   on   both    sides,    obovate   or   oval,    mostly    obtuse  and 
rounded,   sharply  and  minutely  serrulate,  when  mature    glabrous    above,   usually 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,   7-13   cm.  long;  aments  appearing    from  naked 
buds,  the  staminate  5-10  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long  in  fruit;  nut 
ovate,  narrowly  coriaceous-margined.     In  wet  soil,  or  on   hillsides,  Me.  to  Ohio, 
Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     March-April.     [A.  serrnlata  Willd.] 

4.  Alnus  glutinosa  (L.)  Medic.     EUROPEAN  ALDER.    (I.  F.  f.  1223.)    A  tree, 
the  bark  smooth,  the  foliage  glutinous.     Leaves  broadly  oval,  orbicular  or  obovate, 
thick,  dark  green,  dull,  often  obtuse  at  both  ends,  dentate  and  the  teeth  denticulate, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long;  aments,  the  stam- 
inate 7-1°  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  ovoid-oblong,  1—2  cm.  long  in  fruit;  nut  wing- 
less, coriaceous-margined.      In  wet  places,  S.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion.    Native  of  Europe.     April. 

5.  Alnus  maritima  (Marsh.)  Muhl.     SEASIDE  ALDER.     (I.  F.  f.   1224.)     A 
small  tree,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout.     Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong  or  ob- 
ovate, firm,  acute  at  both  ends,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  pale  green  and  dull 
beneath,  sharply  serrulate,  5—10  cm.  long;  aments  unfolding  long  after  the  leaves, 
the  staminate  2.5-6  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  oblong,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  nut  oblong- 
obovate,  wingless,  coriaceous-margined.     In  wet  soil,  S.  Del.  and  E.  Md. ;  also  in 
the  Ind.  Terr.     Aug. -Sept. 

Family  2.     FAGACEAE  Drude. 
Beech  Faintly. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately  veined,  the 
stipules,  if  any,  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  the  staminate  in 
aments,  or  capitate,  the  pistillate  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  partly  or 
wholly  united  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cup.  Petals  none.  Stam- 
inate flowers  with  a  4-7-lobed  perianth  and  4-20  stamens ;  filaments 
slender,  distinct,  simple;  anther-sacs  adnate,  longitudinally  dehiscent. 


FAG  ACE  A  E.  331 

Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-8-lobed  urn-shaped  or  oblong  perianth,  adnate 
to  the  3~7-celled  ovary;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity,  only  i  in  each  ovary 
ripening,  pendulous,  anatropous ;  styles  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the 
ovary,  linear.  Fruit  a  i-seeded  nut,  with  a  coriaceous  or  somewhat  bony 
exocarp.  Testa  thin.  Endosperm  none ;  cotyledons  large,  fleshy,  often 
rugose  ;  radicle  short.  About  5  genera  and  375  species,  of  very  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution. 

Staminate  flowers  capitate ;  nut  sharply  triangular.  i.  Fagus. 

Staminate  flowers  in  slender  aments;  nut  rounded  or  plano-convex. 

Pistillate  flowers  2-5  in  each  involucre ;  involucre  becoming  globose  and  very  prickly 

in  fruit,  enclosing  the  nuts.  2.   Castanea. 

Pistillate  flower,  t  in  each  involucre;  involucre  of  numerous  scales  forming  a  cup  in 

fruit  and  subtending  the  acorn.  3.   Quercus. 

i.   FAGUS   L. 

Trees,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  and  serrate  straight-veined  leaves.  Flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  slender-peduncled  pendulous  heads,  the 
pistillate  about  2  together  in  short-peduncled  subutate-bracted  involucres  in  the 
upper  axils.  Staminate  flowers  yellowish-green,  subtended  by  deciduous  bracts, 
consisting  of  a  campamilate  4-8-lobed  calyx,  and  8-16  stamens  with  filiform  fila- 
ments. Pistillate  flowers  with  a  6-lobed  perianth  adnate  to  a  3 -celled  ovary; 
ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  usually  I  only  of  each  ovary  maturing;  styles  3,  filiform. 
Nut  coriaceous,  sharply  3-angled,  enclosed  in  the  4-valved  bur.  [Name  irom  tne 
Greek,  to  eat,  referring  to  the  esculent  nuts.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  the  north- 
ern  hemisphere,  only  the  following  native  in  N.  Am. 

I.  Fagus  Americana  Sweet.  AMERICAN  BEECH.  (I.  F.  f.  1225.)  A  large 
forest  tree,  the  lower  branches  spreading.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  firm, 
acuminate,  5-12  cm.  long,  densely  silky  when  young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when 
mature,  green  on  both  sides,  not  ehining;  petioles  4-12  mm.  long;  heads  of  stam- 
inate flowers  12-18  mm.  in  diameter,  hanging  on  long  peduncles;  bur  1-2  cm.  high, 
densely  tomentose,  its  soft  pricklets  recurved  or  spreading;  nut  brown;  seed  sweet. 
In  rich  soil,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Wis.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April-May.  Nut  ripe  Sept.- 
Oct. 

2.   CASTANEA   Adans. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  straight-veined  leaves,  their  teeth  sharply  acumi- 
nate. Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  narrowly  cylindric 
interrupted  axillary  yellowish  aments,  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  the  bracts 
fugacious,  the  pistillate  in  prickly  involucres  at  the  bases  of  the  staminate  aments 
or  in  separate  axils.  Staminate  flowers  2-bracteolate,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed 
campanulate  perianth  and  numerous  stamens,  sometimes  also  with  an  abortive 
ovary;  filaments  filiform,  long-exserted.  Pistillate  flowers  2-5  (commonly  3)  in 
each  involucre,  consisting  of  an  urn-shaped  6-lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  mosily 
6-celled  ovary,  and  usually  with  4-12  abortive  stamens;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  I 
ovule  only  of  each  ovary  usually  maturing ;  styles  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the 
ovary,  slender,  exserted;  stigmas  minute.  Pistillate  involucre  enlarging  and  becom- 
ing a  globose  mostly  4-valved  very  prickly  bur  in  fruit,  enclosing  i-several  nuts. 
Nut  rounded  or  plano-convex,  I -seeded,  the  shell  coriaceous.  Seed  large,  sweet. 
Style  mostly  persistent.  [Name  Greek,  from  a  city  in  Thessaly.]  Four  or  five 
species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  the  southeastern  United  States. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides ;  nuts  usually  2-5  in  each  involucre  ;  large  tree. 

1.  C.  dentata. 
Leaves  densely  white-tomentose  beneath ;  nut  usually  solitary  ;  shrub  or  small  tree. 

2.  C.  pumila. 

x.  Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.  AMERICAN  CHESTNUT.  (I.  F.  f. 
1226.)  A  large  tree,  with  gray  bark  rough  in  longitudinal  plates.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  glabrous,  firm,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  with  very  sharp-pointed 
ascending  teeth,  rather  dark  green  above,  lighter  beneath,  1-3  dm.  long,  petioles 
stout,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  erect,  numerous,  1.5-3  dm.  l°ngr  8-10  mm. 


332  FLORA. 

in  diameter;  burs  3-10  cm.  in  diameter,  enclosing  1-5  nuts;  nuts  puberulent, 
dark  brown,  plano-convex  or  angled  on  the  face,  or  when  solitary  ovoid.  In  rich 
soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Ala.  Involucre  sometimes  suppressed  and 
the  nuts  naked.  June-July.  Nuts  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

2.  Castanea  pumila  (L.)  Mill.  CHINQUAPIN.  (I.  F.  f.  1227.)  A  shrub  or 
small  tree,  the  young  shoots  puberulent.  Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends, 
sharply  serrate  with  ascending  or  divergent  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above, 
densely  white-tomentulose  beneath,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide;  staminate 
aments  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  7-12  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter;  burs 
3  cm.  in  diameter  or  less,  commonly  spicate,  enclosing  a  solitary  ovoid  brown  nut 
(rarely  2);  seed  very  sweet.  In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ind.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
June.  Nuts  ripe  Sept. 

3    QUERCUS    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed,  dentate,  crenate  or  entire  leaves,  decidu- 
ous, or  in  some  species  persistent.  Flowers  very  small,  green  or  yellowish, 
appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  numerous  in  slender,  mostly 
drooping  aments,  the  pistillate  solitary  in  many-bracted  involucres.  Staminate 
flowers  subtended  by  caducous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed  campanulate 
perianth  and  6-12  stamens  with  filiform  filaments,  sometimes  also  with  an  abortive 
pilose  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  urn-shaped  or  oblong  calyx,  adnate  to  a 
mostly  3-celled  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  rarely  more  than  I  in 
each  ovary  maturing;  styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities,  short.  Fruit  consisting 
of  the  imbricated  and  more  or  less  united  bracts  of  the  involucre  (cup),  subtending 
or  nearly  enclosing  the  ovoid,  oblong  or  subglobose,  i-seeded  coriaceous  nut  (acorn). 
[The  ancient  Latin  name,  probably  of  Celtic  derivation,  signifying  "beautiful 
tree."]  About  200  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the 
following,  some  30  others  occur  in  the  western  and  southern  section;  of  N.  Am. 

*  Leaves  or  (heir  lobes   bristle-tipped,  deciduotis  /    acorns  maturing  in  autumn   of 

second  year. 

t  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  saucer-shaped,  much  broader  than  high. 

Cup  16-25  mm.  broad;  acorn  ovoid;  leaves  dull.  i.   Q.  rubra. 

Cup  8-16  mm.  broad;  leaves  shining. 

Acorn  subglobose  or  short-ovoid;  northern.  2.  Q.  palustris. 

Acorn  ovoid;  southern.  3.   Q.  Schneckii. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  turbinate  or  hemispheric. 

Inner  bark  gray  to  reddish  ;  leaves  deeply  lobed. 

Leaves  shining  both  sides,  lobed  to  near  the  midrib. 

Acorn  ovoid;  cup  15-25  mm.  wide.  4.   Q.  coccinea. 

Acorn  narrow' /  ellipsoid;  cup  10-15  nim.  wide         5.   Q.  ellipsoidalis. 
Leaves  dull  and  paler  beneath  ;  acorn  ovoid.  6.   Q.  borealis. 

Inner  bark  orange.  7.  Q.  velutina. 

Leaves  white  or  gray-tomentulose  beneath. 

Large  trees;  leaf-lobes  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  long. 

Leaves  rounded 'or  obtuse  at  base,  3-5-lobed;  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  often 

falcate.  8.   Q.  digitata. 

Leaves  cuneate  and  acute  at  base,  5-n-lobed;  lobes  triangular. 

9.   Q.  pagodaefolia, 
Shrub  or  low  tree;  leaf-lobes  triangular-ovate,  short.  10.   Q.  nana. 

1 1  Leaves  3-5-lobed  above  the  middle  or  entire,  obovate  or  spatnlate  in  outline. 

Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  brown-floccose  beneath.  n.   Q.  Marylandica. 

Leaves  spatulate,  glabrous  both  sides.  12.   Q.  nigra. 

1 1 1  Leaves  entire,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  (sometimes  lobed  in  no.  14). 

Leaves  linear-oblong,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides.  13.  Q.  Phellos. 

Leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  shining  above.  14.   Q.  laurifoha. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  brown-tomentulose  beneath.  15.  Q.  imbricaria. 


FAG  ACE  A  E.  333 

*  *  Leaves  or  their  lobes  not  bristle-tipped,  deciduous;  acorns  maturing  in  autumn 

of  first  year. 

t  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Mature  leaves  pale,  or  glaucous  and  glabrous  beneath  ;  cup  shallow. 

16.  Q.  alba. 
Mature  leaves  tomentulose  beneath  ;  cup  one-third  to  fully  as  long  as  the  acorn. 

Upper  scales  of  the  cup  not  awned. 

Leaves  yellowish-brown  tomentulose  beneath  ;  acorn  ovoid. 

17.  Q.  minor. 
Leaves  white-tomentulose  beneath  ;  acorn  depressed-globose. 

1 8.  Q.  lyrata. 
Upper  scales  awned,  forming  a  fringe  around  the  acorn;              19.   Q.  macrocarpa. 

1 1  Leaves  crenate  or  dentate,  not  lobed. 
Fruit  peduncled. 

Peduncle  much  longer  than  petioles;  leaves  white-tomentulose  beneath. 

20.   Q.  platanotdes. 

Peduncle  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  petioles;  leaves  gray-tomentulose  beneath. 
Bark  white,  flaky.  21.   Q.  Michauxii. 

Hark  close.  22.   Q.  Prinus. 

Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Tall  trees. 

Leaves  mostly  oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  cup  deep;  bark  close.  23.   Q.  acuminata. 
Leaves  obovate  ;  cup  shallow  ;  bark  more  or  less  flaky.  24.  Q.  Alexanderi. 

Shrub  or  low  tree  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate.  25.    Q.  prinoides. 

*  *  *  Leaves  entire  (rarely  -with  afe~>.v  bristle-tipped  lobes\  evergreen. 

26.  Q.  Virginiana. 

1.  Quercus  rxibra  L.     RED  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1228.)     A  large  forest  tree,  the 
bark   dark   gray,  slightly   roughened.     Leaves   oval    or  somewhat  obovate,  when 
mature  glabrous,  or  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  1-2  dm.  long,  dull 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  sinuses  rounded,  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering 
from  a  broad  base  to  an  acuminate  apex;  styles  spreading;  cup  saucer-shaped,  its 
base  flat  or  slightly  convex,  16-25   mm.  broad;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  2-3  cm.  long,  2-4  times   as   long   as  the  cup.     N.  S.  to 
Ont,  Minn.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May-June.    'Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

Quercus    rubra    runcin^ta  A.  DC.     Leaf-lobes  nearly  entire;  acorn  1.2  cm.  high. 
Near  St.  Louis.     Perhaps  a  hybrid  with  Q,  digitata. 

2.  Quercus  palustris  DuRoi.     SWAMP  OAK.     PIN  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1229.)     A 
forest  tree,  the  lower  branches  deflexed;    bark  brown,  rough  when  old.     Leaves 
broadly  oblong  or  obovate,  deeply   pinnatifid,  bright  green,  glabrous  and  shining 
above,  duller,  glabrous  or  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  bmeath,  0.7- 
1.3  dm.  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  divergent;  styles 
slender;    cup   saucer  shaped,   8-12    mm.  broad,  base  flat,  bracte  triangular-ovate, 
appressed;  acorn  subglobose  or  ovoid,  8-14  mm.  high,  often  striate,  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the   cup.      In  moist  ground,  Mass,   to  Wis.,   Del.   and  Ark.     May-June. 
Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Quercus  Schneckii  Britton.     SCHNECK'S  RED  OAK.     (L  F.  f.  1230.)     A 
forest  tree,    similar  to  the  preceding   species.      Bark  reddish-brown,   with  broad 
ridges  broken  into  plates  ;  leaves  mostly  obovate,  bright  green  and  shining  above, 
paler  and  with  tufts  of  wool  in  the  axils  beneath,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  truncate  or 
broadly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  5—9  oblong  or  triangular 
lobes;  styles  short ;   cup   saucer-shaped,  10-16  mm.  broad,  its  scales  appressed  ; 
acorn  ovoid,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  2~3  times  as  high  as  the  cup.     Ohio  and  S.  Ind.  to 
Iowa,   Mo.,   Fla.   and  Tex.      April-May.      Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct.       (Q.  Texana 
Sargent,  in  part,  not  Buckley.) 

4.  Quercus  coccinea  Wang.    SCARLET  OAK.    (I.  F.  f.  1231;  acorns.)   A  forest 
tree,  inner  bark  pale  reddish  or  gray  ;  foliage  turning  scarlet  in  autumn.     Leaves 
deeply  pinnatifid,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,   paler  beneath,    1-2 
dm.  long,  rather  thin,  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  divergent  or  ascending,  few- 
toothed  ;  styles  slender,  recurved-spreading  ;   cup  hemispheric  or  top-shaped,   its 
bracts   triangular-lanceolate,    mostly  glabrous  ;   acorn  ovoid,    1-2  cm.  high,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  cup.     In  dry  soil,  Me,  and  Ont,  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Mo.    May- 
June.     ACOIT.S  ripe  S  pt  -()  t. 


334  FLORA. 

5.  Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill.     HILL'S  OAK.     A  tall  tree,  the  lowest 
branches  drooping,  the  bark  close,  fissured,  gray,  the  innermost  layer  yellowish. 
Leaves  oval  to  obovate-orbicular  in  outline,  when  mature  6-15  cm.  long,  deeply 
5-y-lobed,  the  sinuses  rounded,  shining  above,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  the 
base  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  ;   petioles  2.5—5  cm-  ^onS  >  styles  spreading  or  re- 
curved, flattish  ;  cup  turbinate,  short-peduncled,  its  bracts  pubescent,  appressed  ; 
acorn  ellipsoid  to  subglobose,  1-2  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm-  thick,  1-2  times  as  long  as 
the  cup.      111.,  Mich,  and  Minn. 

6.  Quercus   borealis   Michx.    f.      GRAY   OAK.      A   large   tree,    the    leaves 
similar  to  those  of  Q.   rubra,  the  acorns  similar  to  those  of  Q.  coccinea.     Leaves 
7~i3-lobed    to    the    middle    or    somewhat    beyond,    rather    lustrous    and    deep 
green  above,   dull  and  paler  and  glabrous  or  nearly   so  beneath;  cup  turbinate, 
peduncled,  its  bracts  appressed  ;  acoin  ovoid,  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  cup,  about 
2.5  cm.   long.     Quebec   to  Ont.,    N.  V.   and  Penn.      (Q.    ambigua  Michx.  f.,   net 
H.  &  B.) 

7.  Quercus  velutina  Lam.     BLACK  OAK.     QUERCITRON.     (I.  F.  f.   1232.) 
A  large  forest  tree  similar  to  Q.  coccinca  ;  outer  bark  very  dark  brown,  rough  in 
ridges,  the  inner  bright  orange.     Leaves  sometimes  lobed  to  beyond  the  middle, 
firm,  brown-pubescent  or  sometimes  stellate-pubescent  when  young,  when  mature 
glabrous  and  dark  dull  green  abjve,  pa'e  green  and  usually  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath,   and  with  tufts  of  wool  in  the  axils,  the  broad  oblong  or  triangular-lan- 
ceolate   lobes    and    their    teeth    bristle-tipped ;    cup    hemispheric   or   top-shaped, 
commonly   narrowed   into  a   short  stalk,   its  bracis  mostly  pubescent,  the  upper 
somewhat  squarrose  ;  acor:i  ovoid,    1-2.5  c:n.  high,  more  or  less  longer  than  the 
cup.     Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.  May-June.     [Q   tindoria  Bartr  1 

8.  Quercus  digitata  (Marsh.)  Sudw.    SPANISH  OAK.    (I.  F.  f.  1233.)    Leaves 
dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  gray-tomentulose  beneath,  deeply  pinnatifid  into 
3-7  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  often  falcate,  acuminate  ;  teiminul  lube  commonly 
elongated  ;    styles  slender  ;   cup  saucer-shaped  with  a  turbinate  base,  10-14  mm. 
broad,  its  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed  ;   acorn  subglobose  or  depressed,   about 
twice  as  high   as  the  cup.     In  dry  soil,  L.  I.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 
May-June.     Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct.     [Q.  falcata  Michx.] 

9.  Quercus   pagodaefolia   (Ell.)   Ashe.     A  tree  sometimes  32  m.  high,   the 
branches  spreading,  the  bark  dark  gray,  rough.     Leaves  oval  to  oblong  in  outline, 
cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  2-3  dm.  long,  deeply  5-ii-lobed,  persistently  white- 
tomentulose  beneath,  dark  green  above,  the  lobes  narrowly  triangular,  spreading 
or  somewhat  ascending,  usually  entire  ;   twigs  tomentose  ;   petioles  3-6  cm.  long; 
cup  sessile,  shallow,  its  bracts  appressed  ;  acorn  globose,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter, 
about  one-half  enclosed  in  the  cup.     In  wet  or  moist  soil,  E.  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to 
Ga.,  Ind.  and  Mo.     April-May. 

10.  Quercu$  nana  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     BEAR  OR  SHRUB  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1234.) 
A  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  often  forming  dense  thickets  ;    bark  gray,  nearly 
smooth.      Leaves  mostly  obovate,   5-13  cm.   long,   short-petioled,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  above,   grayish-wluie  tomentulose  beneath,  3~7-lobed  ;   lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  acute;  styles  recurved;  cup  saucer-shaped,  8-12  mm.  broad,  with  a  turbinate 
or  rounded  base,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  appressed  ;  acorn  globose-ovoid,  longer  than 
the  cup.     In  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Me.  to  Ohio,  Del.,  and  the  mountains  of  N.  C.  and 
Ky.     May.     Acorns  ripe  Oct. -Nov.     A  hybrid  of  this,  presumably  with  Q.  cocci - 
nea,  was  found  by  Dr.  Robbins  of  Uxbridge,  Mass.     [Q.  ilicifolia  Wang.] 

11.  Quercus  Marylandica  Muench.     BLACK-JACK  OR  BARREN-OAK.     (I.  F. 
f.  1235.)     Bark  nearly  black,   very  rough   in  ridges.      Leaves  obovate,    stellate- 
pubescent  above  and  brown -tomentose  beneath  when  young,  3-5 -lobed  toward  the 
broad  usually  nearly  truncate  apex,  cuneate  below,  the  lobes  short ;  mature  leaves 
dark  green,  glabrous  above,  paler  and  more  or  less  floccose  beneath,  0.7-1.7  dm. 
long,   styles  recurved  ;   cup  deep,  10-1-6  mm.  broad,  its  bracts  oblong-lanceolate, 
appressed,  pubescent ;   acorn  ovoid,  2-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup.     In  dry  soil, 
L.  I.  to  Ohio,  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

Quercus  Rudkini  Britton,  a  hybrid  of  this  with  Q.  Phellos,  occurs  from  Staten  I.  to 
N.  Car. 

Quercus  Brfttoni  W.  T,  Davis  is  a  hybrid  with  Q.  nana,     Staten  I, 


FAGACEAE.  335 

12.  Quercus  mgra  L.     WATER  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1236.)     Bark  gray,  rough  in 
ridges.     Leaves  spatulateor  obovate,  i-3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  some  of  them  entire 
and  rounded,   coriaceous,   short-petioled,   rather  bright  green  and  shining,   finel} 
reticulate-veined,  glabrous  when  mature  except  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath,  3-8  cm.  long,  the  lobes  low,  usually  obtuse  and  bristle-tipped;  styles 
recurved;  cup  saucer-shaped  with  a  rounded  base,  10-14  mm.   broad,  its  bracts 
appressed;  acorn  globose-ovoid,  2-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup.     Along  streams  and 
swamps  or  sometimes  on  the  upland,  Del.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-May. 
Acorns  ripe  Sept-Oct.     [Q.  aquatica  Walt.] 

13.  Quercus    Phellos   L.     WILLOW   OAK.     (I.   F.   f.    1237.)     A  tree,  with 
slightly    roughened  reddish  brown   bark.       Leaves   narrowly    oblong   or   cblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  very  short-petioled,  bristle-tipped,  glabrous 
or  very  slightly  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath  when  mature,  5-10  cm. 
long,    8-25    mm.    wide  ;    styles    slender,   recurved-spreading;    cup    saucer- shaped, 
nearly  flat  on  the  base,  8-12  mm.  broad;  acorn  subglobose,  8-12  mm.  high.     In 
moist  woods,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     April-May.     Acorns  ripe  Sept-Oct. 

Quercus  heterophylla  Michx.,  the  Bartram  Oak,  probably  a  hybrid  of  Q.  Phellos 
With  Q.  rubra,  but  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  intermediate  in  leaf  and  fruit  characters 
between  the  two,  occurs  from  Staten  Island  to  N.  Car.  and  in  Mo.  Q.  Phellos  hybrid- 
izes also  with  Q.  nana. 

14.  Quercus    laurifolia  Michx.      LAUREL   OAK.     (I.    F.    f.    1238.)      Bark 
nearly  black,  with  flat  ridges.      Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  often  somewhat 
falcate,  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,   glabrous  when  mature,  0.3-1.5 
cm.   long,    1-2.5   cm.   wide,   entire,  or  those  of  young  shoots  undulate-lobed,   the 
apex  bristle  tipped;  styles  rather  short,  recurving;  cup  saucer-shaped,  8-12  mm. 
wide,  its  base  somewhat  rounded,  its  scales  ovate,  rounded,  appressed;  acorn  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  cup.     Along  streams  and  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  mostly 
near  the  coast. 

15.  Quercus  imbricaria  Michx.     SHINGLE  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1239.)     A  forest 
tree.     Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,   coriaceous,  acute  at  both  ends,   short- 
petioled,  bristle  tipped,  dark  green  above,  persistently  gray-tomentulose  beneath, 
0.7-1.7  dm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide;  styles  recurved;  cup  hemispheric  or  turbinate, 
10-14  mm-  broad,  its  bracts  appressed;  acorn  subglobose,  10-14  mm.  high.      Cen- 
tral Penn.  to  Mich.,  Neb.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

Quercus  Leiina  Nutt.  is  a  hybrid  of  this  and  Q.  velutina,  with  intermediate  char- 
acters. Ohio  to  Mo.  and  D.  C. 

Quercus  tridentita  Engelm.  is  a  hybrid  with  Q.  Marylandica.     111.  and  Penn. 
Also  hybridizes  with  Q.  palustris  and  Q.  rubra  in  Mo. 

16.  Quercus  alba  L.     WHITE  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1240.)     A  large  forest  tree,  with 
light  gray  bark  scaling  off  in  thin  plates.     Leaves  obovate,  green  above,  pale  and 
more  or  less  glaucous  beneath,  pubescent  when  young,  nearly  glabrous  when  old, 
thin,  pinnatifid  into  3-9  oblong  obtuse -toothed  or  entire  lobes,  1-2  dm.  long;  styles 
short,   erect;   fruit  peduncled;   cvip.  depressed-hemispheric,    1.4-2   cm.    broad,    its 
bracts  thick,  warty,  obtuse,  woolly  or  at  length  glabrate,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid- 
oblong,  2.5  cm.  high  or  less,  3-4  times  as  high  as  the  cup.     Me.  to  Out.,  Minn., 
FLa.  and  Tex.     May-June.     Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

Hybrids  with  Q.  macrocarpa  have  been  observed  in  111.,  with  Q.  minor,  from  111.  to 
Va.  and  S.  Car.,  with  Q.  Prinus,  near  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  N.  Y.,  and  with  Q.  acu- 
minata  in  Mo. 

17.  Quercus  minor  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     POST  OR  IRON  OAK.     (L  F.  f.  1241.) 
A  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  or  sometimes  a  shrub.     Leaves  broadly  obovate, 
deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid  into  3-7  broad  rounded  often  deeply  undulate  or  toothed 
lobes,  when  mature  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  brown-tomentu- 
lose  beneath,  1-2  dm.  long,  1-1.5  dm.  wide  or  smaller;,  petioles  stout;  fruit  nearly 
or  quite  sessile;  styles  short;  cup  hemispheric,  12-16  mm.  broad,  base  narrowed, 
i's  bracts  lanceolate,  subacute,  slightly  squarrose;  acorn  ovoid,  1-2  cm.  high,  2-3  times 
is  long  as  the  cup.     In  dry  soil,  Mass,  to  S.  N.  Y..  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May- 
June.     Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct.    [Q.  obtysiloba  Mighx.J 


33^  FLORA. 

18.  Quercus  lyrata  Walt.     SWAMP,  OVERCUP  or  POST  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.    1242.) 

A  large  tree;  bark  gray  or  reddish,  in  thin  plates.  Leaves  obovate,  1.5-2  dm. 
long,  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  lobed  to  beyond  the  middle,  thin,  when  mature  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneath,  the  lobes  entire  or 
toothed,  the  upper  pair  the  larger  and  usually  divergent;  fruit  peduricled;  styles 
short,  cup  depressed-globose,  2.5-3.5  cm-  in  diameter,  its  bracts  broad,  thin,  cus- 
pidate; acorn  depressed- globose,  nearly  or  quite  immersed  in  the  cup.  In  swamps 
or  along  streams,  N.  J.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April-May. 

19.  Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.     MOSSY-CUP  or  BUR  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1243.) 
A  large  tree,  with   gray   flaky   bark.      Leaves  obovate  or  oblong -obovate,  rather 
thin,  irregularly  lobed,  pirinatifid,  or  some  coarsely  crenate;  when  mature  bright 
green   and  shining   above,  grayish-white  tomentulose  beneath,  1-2   dm.  long,  the 
lobes  toothed  or  entire,  rounded;  fruit  short-peduncled  or  sessile;  styles  short;  cup 
hemispheric  or  subglobose,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  its  bracts  floccose,  thick,  hard, 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  the  lower  acute,  the  upper  subulate-tipped,  the  tips  forming  a 
fringe  around  the  acorn;  acorn  1.5-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  ovoid,  1-2  times  as  high  as  the 
cup.     In  rich  soil,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Mass.,  Penn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May -June. 
Hybridizes  with  Q.  acuminata  in  Kans.  and  Mo. 

20.  Quercus   platanoid^s    (Lam.)   Sudw.     SWAMP  WHITE   OAK.     (I.  F.  f. 
1244. )     A  large  tree,  with  flaky  gray  bark.     Leaves  obovate,  or  oblong-obovate, 
coarsely   toothed  or   sometimes   lobed   nearly   to    the   middle,  firm,  when   mature 
1-2    dm.  long,  dark   green,  dull   and   glabrous   above,  densely    white-tomentulose 
beneath;  peduncles  2-5  times  as  long  as  the  petioles;  cup  hemispheric,  its  bract 
pubescent,  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  acute  or  acuminate^ 
acorn  oblong-ovoid,  about  2.5   cm.  high;    cup  about   1.2   cm.   high;    seed  rather 
sweet.     In  moist  or  swampy  soil,  Quebec  to  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     May-June. 
Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct.     [Q.  bicolor  Willd.] 

21.  Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt.     Cow  OAK.     BASKET  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1245.) 
A  large  tree,  with  white  flaky  bark.     Leaves  obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  when  ma- 
ture  bright  green,  feebly  shining  above,  pale  and  gray -tomentulose  beneath,  cre- 
nately  toothed,  1-2  dm.  long,  the  teeth  often  mucronulate;  fruit  short-peduncled  or 
sessile;  styles  very  short;  cup  depressed-hemispheric,  2.5-3.5  cm.  broad,  its  bracts 
thick,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  appressed;  acorns  ovoid,  about  3  times  as  high  as  the 
cup.     In  moist  soil,  Del.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-May.     Acorns 
ripe  Sept. -Oct.,  sweet  and  edible. 

22.  Quercus  Pritms  L.     ROCK  CHESTNUT  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.   1246.)    A  large 
tree;  bark  brown,  ridged,  close  or  slightly  flaky.     Leaves  coarsely  crenate,  oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate,  when  mature  dark  green,  glabrous  and  feebly  shining 
above,  finely  gray-tomentulose  beneath,  1.2-2  dm.  long;  petioles  slender;  peduncles 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  petioles;   styles  very  short;  cup  hemispheric,  1-3  cm. 
broad,  its  bracts  tomentose,  triangular -ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  appressed;  acorn 
ovoid,  2-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup;   seed  edible,  but  not  very  sweet.     In  dry  soil, 
Me.  to  Out..  Ala.  and  Tenn.     May-June.      Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

23.  Quercus   acuminata   (Michx.)    Houda.     CHESTNUT  or  YELLOW  OAK. 
(I.  F.  f.  1247.)     A  tree  with  gray  close  bark.     Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  some- 
times obovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  toothed,  with  acute  teeth,  when  mature 
dark   green   and   shining   above,  pale,  gray-tomentulose   and  prominently   veined 
beneath,    I    1.5  cm.  long,    2.5-6   cm.  wide;  fruit  sessile  or  very  short  peduricled; 
cup  hemispheric,  1-1.6  cm.  broad,  its  bracts  floccose,  ovate,  thick,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  1-2  cm.  high,  about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup.     In 
dry  soil,  preferring  limestone  ridges,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Tex.     May-June. 
Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov.,  edible.     [Q.  Muhlcnbergii  Engelm.] 

24.  Quercus    Alexander*    Britton.  ALEXANDER'S    OAK.     (I.    F.   f. 
1245;  leaves.)     A  tree  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  leaves  broadest 
above  the  middle,  obovate  or  oblong-obovate;  cup  cupulate,  short- stalked  or  sessile, 
shallow;  acorn  ovoid,    1.5-2  cm.  long,   2-3  times    as  high  as  the  cup  ;  bark,  es- 
pecially  that  of  old  trees,  flaky.     Vt.  to  Mich.,  Ohio  and  Ind.     Type  specimens 
from  Birmingham,  Mich. 

25.  Quercus  prinoides  Willd.     SCRUB  CHESTNUT  OAK.     (I.  F.  f.  1248.)     A 
shrub,  0.6-5  m.  tall,  sometimes  tree-like,  the  bark  gray.    Leaves  obovate,  coarsely 
toothed,  when  mature  bright  green  and  somewhat  shining  above,  gray 


ULMACEAE.  337 

beneath,  6-13  cm.  long,  5-8  cm.  wide,  mostly  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  teeth  short,  triangular  ;  petioles  slender,  6-18  mm.  long; 
fruit  sessile  ;  cup  hemispheric,  thin,  about  1.2  cm.  broad  and  one-half  as  high,  its 
bracts  floccose,  triangular-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  appressed  ;  acorn  ovoid, 
obtuse,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  cup;  seed  sweet.  In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Me. 
to  Minn.,  Ala.  and  Tex.  April-May.  Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

26.  Quercus  Virginiana  Mill.  LIVE  OAK.  (I.  F.  f.  1249.)  A  tree,  with 
rough  brown  bark;  often  shrubby,  the  young  shoots  puberulent.  Leaves  evergreen, 
coriaceous,  oblong,  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire  or  with  a  few  bristle- 
tipped  teeth,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  green  and  puberulent  or  becom- 
ing glabrous  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long;  petioles  stout,  2—6  mm.  long;  fruit  peduncled; 
cup  nearly  hemispheric,  1-1.6  cm.  broad,  its  bracts  closely  appressed,  ovate  or 
lanceolate  ;  acorn  ovoid  oblong,  about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup  ;  seed  not  edible. 
In  dry,  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Also  in  Cuba. 
March-April.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct.  [Q.  virens  Ait.] 


Order  9.   URTICALES. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  the  flowers  with  a  calyx  but  without  corolla, 
small,  not  borne  in  aments,  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polygamous ;  ovary 
i -celled,  superior. 

Fruit  not  an  achene  (except  in  Humulus  and  Cannabis  of  the  Moraceae) :  trees,  shrubs 
or  herbs;  ovule  pendulous. 

Trees  with  alternate  leaves,  the  sap  not  milky.  Fam.  i.    Ulmaceae. 

Trees  with  alternate  leaves  and  milky  sap ;  or  opposite-leaved  herbs  or  herbaceous 

vines.  Fam.  2.  Moraceae. 

Fruit  an  achene;  herbs  with  small  clustered  greenish  flowers;  ovule  erect  or  ascending. 

Fam.  3.    Urticaceae. 

Family  I.    ULMACEAE  Mirbel. 

Elm  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  serrate  petioled  pinnately  veined 
stipulate  leaves,  the  stipules  usually  fugacious.  Flowers  small,  monoe- 
cious, dioecious,  perfect  or  polygamous,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  solitary. 
Perianth  3~9-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in 
our  species  as  many  as  the  perianth-lobes  or  sepals  and  opposite  them ; 
filaments  straight ;  anthers  ovate  or  oval,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
i-celled  (rarely  2-celled),  mostly  superior ;  ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  anat- 
ropous  or  atnphitropous  ;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  drupe  or 
nut.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  little  or  none.  Embryo  straight  or  curved  ; 
cotyledons  mostly  flat.  About  13  genera  and  140  species,  widely  distrib- 
uted in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Flowers  borne  in  clusters  on  twigs  of  the  preceding  season  ;  fruit  a  samara  or  nut-like. 
Flowers  expanding  before  the  leaves;  calyx  4-9-cleft;  fruit  a  samara.  i.  Ulmm 
Flowers  expanding  with  the  leaves;  calyx  4-s-cleft ;  fruit  nut-like.  2.  Planers 

Flowers  borne  on  twigs  of  the  season,  the  pistillate  mostly  solitary;  fruit  a  drupe. 

3.   Celtis. 

x.  ULMUS  L. 

Trees,  with  2-ranked  straight-veined  inequilateral  leaves.  Flowers  perfect  or 
polygamous,  fascicled  or  racemose,  usually  unfolding  before  the  leaves,  borne 
axillary  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-9  lobed,  per- 
sistent, its  lobes  imbricated.  Filaments  erect,  slender,  exserted.  Ovary  sessile  or 
stalked,  compressed.  Styles  2,  divergent,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  margin.  Fruit  a 
i-seeded  flat  orbicular  or  oval  samara,  its  membranous  wings  continuous  all  around 
except  at  the  apex,  commonly  as.  broad  as  or  broader  than  the  body.  Embryo 
straight.  [The  ancient  Latin  name  ot  the  elm;  Celtic  elm.]  About  18  species, 


33$  FLORA. 

natives  of  the  northern  Hemisphere.     Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the 
southern  U.  S.  and  one  in  Mex. 

Leaves  smooth  or  slightly  rough  above;  samara  densely  ciliate. 

None  of  the  branches  corky-winged;  samara-faces  glabrous.  x.  U.  Americana. 

Some  or  all  of  the  branches  corky-winged;  samara-faces  pubescent. 

Leaves  5-13  cm.  long;  flowers  racemose;  northern.  2.  U.  racemosa. 

Leaves  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  fascicled;  southern.  3.  U.  alala. 

Leaves  very  rough  above;  samara  not  ciliate;  twigs  not  corky-winged.    4.  U.fulva. 

1.  Ulmus  Americana  L.     AMERICAN  WHITE  OR  WATER  ELM.    (I.  F.  f.  1250.) 
A  large  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark,  and  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  twigs  and 
buds,  the  branches  terete.     Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  apex  abruptly  acuminate,  base 
obtuse  or  obtusish,   and   very   inequilateral,    sharply  and   usually  doubly  serrate, 
slightly  rough  above,  5-13  cm.  long;  flowers  fascicled  ;  pedicels  filiform,  drooping, 
jointed  ;  calyx  y-g-lobed,  oblique,  its  lobes  oblong,  rounded  ;   samara  ovate -oval, 
reticulate-veined,  10-12  mm.  long,  its  faces  glabrous;  styles  strongly  incurved.     In 
moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Tex.    March-April. 

2.  Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas.     CORK  OR  ROCK  ELM.     (I.  F.  f.  1251.)    A 
large  tree,  the  young  twigs  puberulent;  bud-scales  ciliate  and  somewhat  pubescent; 
branches,  or  some  of  them,  winged  by  narrow  plates  of  cork.     Leaves  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding,  but  less  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above  ;   flowers  racemose  ; 
pedicels  filiform,  drooping,   jointed  ;   calyx-lobes  oblong,    rounded  ;   samara  oval, 
12-i6  mm.  long,  its  margins  densely  ciliate;  persistent  styles  strongly  incurved  and 
overlapping.     In  rich  soil,  Quebec  to  (Jnt.,  Mich.,  N.  J.,  Tenn.  and  Neb.     April. 

Ulmus  campestris  L.,  from  Europe,  distinguished  by  its  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,* 
not  ciliate  samaras,  and  wingless  branches,  rarely  escapes  from  cultivation. 

3.  Ulmus  alata  Michx.     WINGED  ELM.     WAHOO.     (I.  F.  f.  1252.)     A  small 
tree,  the  branches,  or  most  of  them,  with  corky  wing- like  ridges.     Twigs  and  buds 
glabrous  or   nearly  so;    leaves  oblong,    oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,   acute, 
doubly  serrate,  base  obtuse,  inequilateral  and  sometimes  subcordate,  roughish  above, 
pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  the  veins,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  fascicled;  pedicels 
filiform;  calyx  lobes  obovate,  rounded;   samara  oblong,  8-io  mm.  long,  pubescent 
on  the  faces;  styles  very  slender.     In  dry  or  moist  soil,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.,  111.,  Ark. 
and  Tex.     March. 

4.  Ulmus  fulva  Michx.     SLIPPERY,   RED  or  MOOSE  ELM.     (I.  F.  f.   1253.) 
A  tree,  with  rough  gray  fragrant  bark,  twigs  rough -pubescent;  bud-scales  densely 
brown  tomentose.     Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  very  rough  with  short  papillse 
above,  pubescent  beneath,  sharply   doubly  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse, 
inequilateral  and  commonly  cordate  at  the  base,  1-2  dm.  long;  flowers  fascicled; 
pedicels  4-6  mm.  long,  spreading,   jointed   near  the  base;  calyx- lobes  lanceolate, 
subacute,   samara  oval  orbicular,    12-18  mm.    long,   pubescent  over  the  seed.     In 
woods,  on  hills  and  along  streams,  Quebec  to  N.   Dak.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     March- 
April. 

2.  PLANERA    J.    F.  Grael. 

Trees,  similar  to  the  elms,  the  flowers  moncecious  or  polygamous,  unfolding 
with  the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  fascicled  on  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  the 
pistillate  or  perfect  ones  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year.  Calyx  4-5  cleft,  cam- 
panulate,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Filaments  filiform,  straight,  exserted. 
Ovary  stalked,  ovoid,  slightly  compressed,  I  -eel  led.  Styles  2,  spreading,  stigmatic 
along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  coriaceous,  obliquely  ovoid,  compressed,  ridged  on  the 
back,  covered  with  short  fleshy  processes.  Embryo  straight.  [Name  in  honor  of 
Johann  Jakob  Planer,  1743-1789,  Professor  of  Botany  in  Erfurt.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  southeastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Planera  aquatica  (Walt.)  J.  F.  Gmel.  PLANER-TREE.  WATER  ELM. 
(I.  F.  f.  1254.)  A  small  tree,  the  foliage  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong -lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cordate  and  usually  somewhat 
inequilateral  at  the  base,  serrate,  3-4  mm.  long;  petioles  2-5  cm.  long,  stipules 
lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  deciduous;  staminate  flowers  fascicled 
and.  somewhat  racenipse  from  scaly  buds;  perfect  or  pistillate  flowers  on  j,hort 


MOXACEAE.  339 

branches;  fruit  4-6  mm.  long,  about  equalling  its  stalk,  its  soft  processes  I  mm. 
long.      In  swamps,  Mo.  to  Ind.,  Ky.,  N.  Car.,  La.  and  Fla.     April-May. 

3.  CELTIS    L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  wi  <i  serrate  or  entire  pinnately  veined  or  in  some  species  3-5- 
nerved  leaves,  and  polygamous  or  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious?)  flowers,  borne  in 
the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  season,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  fertile  solitary  or  2-3 
together.  Calyx  4-6-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Filaments  erect,  exserted. 
Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  2,  recurved  or  divergent,  tomentose  or  plumose.  Fruit 
an  ovoid  or  globose  drupe,  with  a  row  of  bars  at  the  base,  the  exocarp  pulpy,  the 
endocarp  bony.  Seed-coat  membranous.  Embryo  curved.  [Name  ancient,  used 
by  Pliny  for  an  African  Lotus-tree.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  temperate  and 
tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  and 
southwestern  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Leaves  sharply  serrate,  thin  ;   ripe  drupe  8-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Leaves  smooth  above.  i.  C.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  scabrous  above.  2.  C.  crassifolia. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  thick  ;  drupe  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  3.  C.  Mississippiensis. 

1.  Celtis  occidentalis  L.    AMERICAN  NETTLE-TREE.    SUGAR-BERRY.    (I.  F.  f. 
1255.)     A  tree  or  shrub,  the   bark  dark  and  rough,  the  twigs  glabrous.     Leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  mostly  thin,  usually  abruptly  acuminate, 
inequilateral,    pinnately    veined,    0.3-1    dm.    long,    smooth    above,    pubescent   or 
glabrate   beneath;    calyx-segments    linear-oblong,   deciduous;    drupe    globose   and 
purple,  or  nearly  black  when  mature,  or  orange,  8-io  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dr} 
soil,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  La.,  N.  Car.,  Mo.  and  Kans.     April-May.     Fruit  rip' 
Sept.     Variable. 

2.  Celtis   crassifolia   Lam.      HACKBERRY.      A  tree  or  shrub,   the  young 
shoots  puberulent.     Leaves  ovate,  firm,  inequilateral,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at 
the  apex,  often  cordate  at  base,  scabrous  above  and  often  so  beneath,  more  or  less 
pubescent,  usually  serrate  quite  to  the  tip,  rarely  entire,  3-12  cm.  long;  fruiting 
pedicels  mostly  about  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  more,  sometimes  short;  drupe 
purple,  red  or  nearly  black  when  mature,  globose  to  oval,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter 
N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.,  Ohio,  111.,  Mo.  and  Tenn. 

3  Celtis  Mississippiensis  Bosc.  SOUTHERN  HACKBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1256.) 
A  tree,  similar  to  the  two  preceding,  the  bark  light  gray,  rough  and  warty.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  firm,  entire  or  with  a  few  low  sharp  teeth,  3 -nerved  and  prominently 
pinnately  veined,  glabrous,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  inequilateral,  2-8  cm. 
long,  drupe  purple-black,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter.  In  dry  soil,  N.  Car.  to  111.,  Mo., 
Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April.  Fruit  ripe  July -Aug. 

Family  2.     MORACEAE    Lindl. 

Mulberry  Faintly. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  with  milkv  sap,  petioled  stipulate 
leaves,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  axillary  clustered  flowers,  or 
the  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  some  exotic  genera.  Calyx  mostly  4-5- 
parted.  Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  panicled,  spicate  or  capitate, 
the  stamens  iis  many  as  the  calyx-segments.  Pistillate  flowers  capitate, 
spicate  or  cymose.  Ovary  superior,  i-celled  in  our  genera.  Ovule  soli- 
tary, pendulous,  anatropous.  Styles  i  or  2.  About  55  genera  and  92? 
species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Trees  or  shrubs  ;  stipules  fugacious. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  spiked  ;  leaves  dentate  or  lobed.       i.  Morus. 
btaminate  flowers  racemose  or  spiked  ;  pistillate  capitate. 

Pistillate  perianth  deeply  4-cleft ;  leaves  entire.  2.   Toxylon. 

Pistillate  perianth  3-4-toothed  ;  leaves  various.  3.  Broussonetia. 

Erect  or  twining  herbs ;  stipules  persistent. 

Twining  vines  ;.  pistillate  flowers  in  ament-like  clusters.  4.  Humiiltts 

Erect  herb;  pistillate  flowers  spicate,  Cwnafa's 


340  FLORA. 

i.  MORUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  sap,  alternate  dentate  and  often  lobed,  3-nerved 
leaves,  fugacious  stipules,  the  pistillate  spikes  ripening  into  a  succulent  aggregate 
fruit.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  perianth,  its  segments  somewhat  imbri- 
cated, and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  and  exserted 
in  anthesis.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  persistent  perianth,  which  becomes 
fleshy  in  fruit,  a  sessile  ovary,  and  2  linear  spreading  stigmas.  Fruiting  perianth 
enclosing  the  ripened  ovary,  the  exocarp  succulent,  the  endocarp  crustaceous. 
Albumen  scanty;  embryo  curved.  [The  ancient  name  of  the  mulberry;  Celtic 
mo' .]  About  10  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following 
trees,  another  occurs  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

Leaves  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath;  fruit  purple;  spikes  2-6  cm.  long.    i.  M.  rubra. 
Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so,  on  both  sides;  fruit  nearly  white;  spikes 
1-1.5  cm.  long.  2.  M.  alba. 

1.  Morus  rnbra  L.     RED  MULBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.   1257.)     Bark  brown  and 
rough.     Leaves  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  or 
when  young  almost  tomentose,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  serrate-dentate  or  3-7-lobed,  7-13  cm.  long  ;  staminate  spikes  droop- 
ing ;   pistillate    spikes    spreading   or   pendulous  in  fruit,  8-io  mm.  in  diameter, 
slender  peduncled,  dark  purple-red,  delicious.    In  rich  soil,  Vt.  and  Out.  to  Mich., 
S.  Dak.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-May.     Fruit  ripe  in  June. 

2.  Morus  alba  L.     WHITE  MULBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.   1258.)     Bark  light  gray, 
rough,  the  branches  spreading.     Leaves  ovate,  thin,  smooth,  glabrous  and  some- 
what shining  on  both  sides,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  varying  from  serrate  to  variously  lobed,  5-15  cm. 
long  ;  staminate  spikes  slender,  dro  >ping  ;  pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  subglobose, 
drooping,  6  mm.  in  diameter  and  white  or  pinkish  when  mature,  not  as  succulent  as 
those  of  the  preceding.     Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation.     Me.  and  Ont.  to  Fla. 
Introduced  from  the  Old  Wor.d  for  feeding  silkworms.    May.     Fruit  ripeJuly-Aug. 

2.  TOXYLON  Raf.      [MACLURA  Nutt.J 

A  tree,  with  milky  sap,  thick  alternate  petioled  pinnately  veined  leaves,  stout 
axillary  spines,  caducous  stipules  and  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  the  staminate 
racemose,  the  pistillate  capitate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4  parted  calyx,  its  seg- 
ments valvate,  and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  and 
somewhat  exserted  in  anthesis.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-cleft  calyx  enclosing 
the  sessile  ovary,  and  a  filiform  long-exserted  style,  the  calices  becoming  fleshy 
and  enlarged  in  fruit,  densely  aggregated  into  a  large  globular  head.  Endosperm 
none;  embryo  curved.  [Greek,  signifying  bow- wood.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the 
south -centra I  U.  S. 

i.  Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.  OSAGE  ORANGE.  (I.  F.  f.  1259.)  Foliage 
puberulent  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate  lanceolate  or 
ovate -oblong,  glossy,  entire,  7-15  cm.  long,  apex  acuminate,  base  obtuse,  truncate 
or  subcordate;  axillary  spines  sometimes  8  cm.  long;  staminate  racemes  1-2.5  cm- 
long;  flowers  about  2  mm.  broad;  head  of  pistillate  flowers  peduncled,  pendulous, 
ripening  into  a  hard  yellowish  tubercled  syncarp  5-15  cm.  in  diameter.  In  rich 
soil,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Tex.  Much  planted  for  hedges  and  occasionally  spontane- 
ous in  the  East.  May -June.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.  -Nov. 

3.  BROUSSONETIA  L'Her. 

Trees,  with  milky  sap,  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled.  entire,  serrate,  or  3-5. 
lobed,  3-nerved  at  the  base.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  cylindric  ament- 
like  spikes,  the  pistillate  capitate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  deeply  4-cleft  peri- 
anth. 4  stamens,  and  a  minute  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an 
ovoid  or  tubular  perianth,  a  stalked  ovary  and  a  2-cleft  style.  Head  of  fruit  glob- 
ular, the  drupes  red.  exserted  beyond  the  persistent  perianth.  [In  honor  of  Brous- 
ronet,  French  naturalist.]  About  4  sprcies,  natives  of  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Broussonetia  papyrifera  (L.)  Vent.  PAPER  MULBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1260.) 
Young  shoots  hirsute-toroentose.  Leaves  mostly  ovate,  thin,  long-petioled,  serrate, 


URTICACEAE.  341 

often  deeply  3-lobed,  sometimes  with  a  lobe  on  one  sid ;  only,  as  in  Sassafras, 
rarely  5-lobed,  rough  above,  tomentose  beneath,  I--2  dm.  long;  spikes  of  staminate 
flowers  peduncled;  heads  of  pistillate  flowers  1-2.5  cm-  *n  diameter.  Escaped 
from  cultivation,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.  May-June. 

4.  HUMULUS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Herbaceous  perennial  rough  vines,  with  broad  opposite  thin  petioled  palmately 
veined  leaves,  lanceolate  membranous  stipules,  and  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  the 
staminate  panicled,  the  pistillate  in  ament-like  drooping  clustered  spikes.  Stam- 
inate flowers  with  a  5 -parted  calyx,  the  segments  distinct  and  imbricated,  and  5 
short  erect  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  in  2's  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  of  the  ament. 
consisting  of  a  membranous  entire  perianth,  clasping  the  ovary,  and  2  filiform 
caducous  stigmas.  Fruiting  aments  cone-like,  the  persistent  bracts  subtending  the 
compressed  ovate  achenes.  Endosperm  fleshy.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  [Name 
said  to  be  the  diminutive  of  the  Latin  hunws,  earth.]  Two  species,  the  following 
widely  distributed  through  the  north  temperate  zone,  the  other  native  of  north- 
eastern Asia. 

I.  Humulus  Lupulus  L.  HOP.  (I.  F.  f.  1261.)  A  vine,  often  8  m.  long, 
very  rough  with  stiff"  reflexed  hairs.  Leaves  orbicular  or  ovate  in  outline,  slender- 
p<  doled,  deeply  3-7-cleft  or  some  of  the  upper  ones  ovate,  acute  and  merely  ser- 
rate; stipules  reflexed,  acuminate,  8-25  mm.  long;  ripe  pistillate  clusters  (hops) 
2.5-6  cm.  long;  fruiting  bracts  broadly  ovate,  concave,  thin,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  obtuse,  much  longer  than  the  achenes;  fruiting  calyx  and  achene  strongly 
resinous-aromatic.  In  thickets  and  on  river-banks,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  N.  Y., 
Penn.,  in  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga.,  to  Kans.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz,  and 
N.  Mex.  Extensively  escaped  from  cultivation.  Native  also  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
July-Aug.  Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

5.  CANNABIS   L. 

A  stout,  rough  and  puberulent  herb,  with  petioled  digitately  5-11 -divided  thin 
leaves,  subulate  stipules,  and  greenish  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  the  staminate 
panicled,  the  pistillate  spicate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  5 -parted  calyx,  the 
sepals  distinct  and  imbricated,  and  5  short  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils  of  foliaceous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  thin  entire  calyx  clasping  the  sessile 
ovary,  and  2  filiform  caducous  stigmas.  Fruit  a  compressed  achene.  Endosperm 
fleshy;  embryo  curved.  [The  classic  name  of  hemp.]  A  monotypic  genus  of 
central  Asia. 

I.  Cannabis  sativa  L.  HEMP.  (I.  F.  f.  1262.)  Annual,  branching,  1-3  m. 
tall,  the  inner  fibrous  bark  very  tough.  Leaves  divided  to  the  base,  the  segments 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sharply  and  coarsely  ser- 
rate, 0.7-1.5  dm.  long;  staminate  panicles  narrow,  loose,  peduncled;  pedicels 
filiform,  bracteolate,  2-6  mm.  long;  pistillate  spikes  erect,  leafy-bracted;  achene 
crustaceous,  ovoid-oblong,  about  4  mm.  high.  In  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Ont., 
Minn.,  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Kans.  July-Sept. 

Family  3.     URTICACEAE    Reichenb. 
Nettle  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  watery  sap, 
mostly  stipulate  simple  leaves,  and  small  greenish  dioecious,  monoe- 
cious or  polygamous  flowers,  variously  clustered.  Calyx  2-5-cleft, 
or  of  distinct  sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers 
as  many  as  the  lobes  or  segments  of  the  calyx  (sepals)  and  opposite 
them,  the  filaments  indexed  and  anthers  reversed  in  the  bud,  straighten- 
ing at  anthesis.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled  ;  style  simple  ;  ovule  solitary, 
erect  or  ascending,  orthotropous,  or  in  some  genera  partly  amphitro- 
f  ous.  Fruit  an  achene.  Endosperm  oily,  usually  not  copious ;  embryo 
straight.  About  40  genera  and  475  species  of  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution. 


342  FLORA. 

Herbs  with  stinging  hairs. 

Leaves  opposite  ;  both  kinds  of  flowers  4-parted  ;  achene  straight,  i.   Urtfca. 

Leaves  alternate;  staminate  flowers  5-parted  ;  achene  oblique.  2.  Urticascrum, 
Herbs  without  stinging  hairs. 

Flower-clusters  panicleci  or  spiked,  not  involucrate  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Pistillate  calyx  3  parted  or  of  3  sepals.  3.  Adicea. 

Pistillate  calyx  2-4-toothed  or  entire.  4.  Boehtneria. 

Flower-clusters  involucrate  by  leafy  bracts;  leaves  alternate.  5.  Parietaria. 

i.  URTICA  L. 

Herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  3-y-nerved  petioled  dentate  or  incised  leaves,  and 
distinct  or  connate  stipules.  Flowers  small  and  numerous,  axillary,  cymose- 
paniculate,  or  glomerate,  dioecious,  monoecious  or  androgynous.  Staminate  flowers 
with  a  deeply  4-parted  calyx  and  4  stamens.  Pistillate  calyx  4-parted,  the  seg- 
ments unequal;  ovary  straight;  stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovule  erect,  orthot- 
ropous.  Achene  compressed,  enclosed  by  the  persistent  calyx.  Seed-coat  thin; 
endosperm  little;  cotyledons  broad.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  30  species 
of  wide  distribution. 

Perennials,  0.6-2.2  m.  tall  ;  flower-clusters  large,  compound. 

Leaves  ovate,  cordate  at  base.                                                          i.  U.  dioica. 

Leaves  laciniate,  rarely  cordate.                                                      2.  U.  gracilis. 
Annuals,  1.5-7  dm.  tall  ;  flower-clusters  small,  mostly  glomerate. 

Leaves  oval,  laciniate-dentate;  plant  leafy  at  the  top.                3.  U.  urens. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  crenate ;  upper  leaves  very  small. 

4.  U .  chamaedryoides, 

1.  Urtica  dioica  L.     STINGING  OR  GREAT  NETTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  1263.)    Densely 
beset  with   stinging  hairs;  stem  0.6-1.2   m.  tall,  puberulent  above.     Leaves  thin, 
ovate,  long- petioled,  acute  or  acuminate   at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply 
serrate  with  acute  teeth,  pubescent  beneath,  3-5 -nerved,   7-13   cm.  long;  stipules 
lanceolate;  flower-clusters  large,   cymose -paniculate;  flowers   dioecious    or  andro- 
gynous.    In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  S.  Car.  and  Mo.     Nat.  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.     July-Sept. 

2.  Urtica   gracilis   Ait.      SLENDER    NETTLE.      (I.  F.  f.  1264.)      Sparingly 
armed  with  stinging  hairs;  stem  usually  slender,  0.6-2.2  m.  tall.     Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  base  (rarely  subcordate),  sharply  serrate,  3-5 -nerved, 
sparingly  pubescent,  7-15  cm.  long;  petioles   usually  bristly;  stipules   lanceolate; 
flower-clusters  compound,    smaller  than  those    of  the    preceding,   but  commonly 
longer  than  the  petioles;  flowers  dioecious  or  androgynous.     In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to 
Br.  Col.,  N.  Car.,  La.  and  Kans.     June-Oct. 

3.  Urtica  urens  L.     SMALL  NETTLE.     (I.  F.  f.    1265.)     Stem  1.5-4.5  dm. 
high,   stinging-bristly.     Leaves  thin,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  elliptic,  oval  or 
ovate,    deeply  incised    or   sometimes  doubly   serrate.    3— 5 -nerved,    2-8  cm.    long, 
slender-petioled  ;   stipules   short  ;   flower-clusters  oblong,  rather  dense.     In  waste 
places,   Newf.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.     Also   on  the^Pacific  Coast.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     May-Sept. 

4.  Urtica  chamaedryoides  Pursh.  WEAK  NETTLE.    (I.  F.  f.  1266.)   Sparingly 
stinging-bristly;  stem  slender,  weak,  ascending,  1.5-10  dm.  long.     Leaves  slender- 
petioled,  thin,  crenate-dentate,  the  lower  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  usually  cordate  at  the  base,  1-3  cm.  wide,  the  upper  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  the  uppermost  very  small  ;   stipules  lanceolate- 
subulate;  flower-clusters  small,  glomerate.     In  thickets,  Ky.  to  Ark.,  Ga.  and  Tex. 
April-Aug. 

2.  URTICASTRUM  Fabr.    [LAPORTEA  Gaud.] 

Perennial  herbs,  armed  with  stinging  hairs,  the  leaves  broad,  alternate,  serrate, 
petioled,  the  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  sessile  in  loose  axillary  compound 
cymes.  Staminate  flowers  in  our  species  with  5  imbricated  sepals,  5  stamens  and 
a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  4  unequal  sepals,  the  outer  i  or  2 
minute,  an  oblique  or  nearly  straight  compressed  ovary  and  a  subulate  slender  per- 
sistent style  ;  ovule  erect.  Achene  very  oblique,  flat,  reflexed.  Seed-coat  mem- 


UR  TIC  A  CEAE.  343 

branous.     Endosperm  scanty  or  wanting.     [Latin,  star  nettle.]     About  25  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  only  the  following  North-American. 

i.  Urticastrum  divaricatum  (L.)  Kuntze.  \Vooo  NETTLE.  (I.  F.  f.  1267.) 
Stem  3-12  dm.  tall.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  long-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  sharply  serrate.  3  nerved  and  pinnately  veined,  glabrous  or  with  some 
stinging  hairs,  5-13  cm.  wide;  petioles  3-13  cm.  long  ;  stipule  solitary,  small,  lan- 
ceolate, 2-cleft,  commonly  deciduous;  flower-clusters  often  longer  than  the  petioles, 
the  lower  staminate,  the  upper  pistillate,  divergent,  5-15  cm.  broad  in  fruit  ;  ulti- 
mate branches  of  the  fruiting  clusters  flat,  cuneate,  emarginate  ;  achene  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  glabrous.  In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Kans. 
July-Aug. 

q    ADICEA  Raf.     [PILEA  Lindl.] 

Herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  mostly  3-nerved  leaves,  connate  stipules,  and 
small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Staminale  flowers 
mostly  4-parted  (sometimes  2-  or  3-parted)  and  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistil- 
late flowers  3-parted,  the  segments  in  most  species  unequal,  each  subtending  a 
staminodium  in  the  form  of  a  concave  scale;  ovary  straight;  stigma  sessile,  penicil- 
late.  Achene  compressed.  Seed-coat  thin.  Endosperm  scanty  or  none.  [Name 
unexplained.]  Alxmt  150  species,  chiefly  in  the  tropics,  most  abundant  in  tropical 
America.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Adicea  pumila  (L. )  Raf.  CLEARWEED.  RICHWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1268.) 
Annual,  stems  pellucid,  usually  branched,  glabrous,  succulent,  1.5-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves  membranous,  ovate,  slender-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute,  3-nerved,  coarsely 
dentate,  2-13  cm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs;  petioles  much  longer 
than  the  pistillate  flower-clusters  ;  sepals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  lanceolate,  nearly 
equal;  achene  ovate,  acute,  i  mm.  long.  In  swampy,  shaded  situations,  often  on 
old  logs.  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Kans.  Also  in  Japan.  July-Sept. 

4.  BOEHMERIA  Jacq. 

Perennial  stingless  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  even  trees),  with 
petioled  3-nerved  leaves,  distinct  or  connate  stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious flowers,  glomerate  in  axillary  spikes  or  heads.  Staminate  flowers  mostly 
4-parted,  or  the  calyx  of  4  distinct  sepals,  usually  with  a  rudimentary  ovary. 
Pistillate  calyx  tubular  or  urn-shaped,  enclosing  the  ovary ;  stigma  subulate. 
Achene  enclosed  by  the  pistillate  calyx.  [In  honor  of  Georg  Rudolph  Boehmer, 
1723-1803,  Professor  in  Wittenberg.]  About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  of  eastern  N.  A. 

i.  Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Willd.  FALSE  NETTLE.  (I.  F.  f.  1269.)  A 
perennial  rough  erect  branching  herb,  3-10  dm.  tall.  Stem  stiff;  leaves  ova'e, 
ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  slender  petio'ed,  opposite,  or  some  alter- 
nate, coarsely  dentate,  1-3  cm.  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blades;  stipules 
distinct;  flowers  dioecious  or  androgynous;  staminate  spikes  usually  interrupted, 
the  pistillate  mostly  continuous,  0.6-3  cm-  l°ng:  achene  ovate-oval,  acute,  rather 
less  than  2  mm.  long.  In  moist  soil,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and 
Kans.  July -Sept. 

Boehmeria  cylindrica  scabra  Porter.  Leaves  firm,  rough  above,  tomentose  be- 
neath, short- petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  usually  reflexed  ;  fruiting  spikes  much  longer 
than  the  petioles.  Penn.,  N.  J.  and  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 

5.  PARIETARIA   L. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  entire  3-nerved  petioled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  axillary 
glomerate  polygamous  flowers,  involucrate  by  leafy  bracts.  Calyx  of  the  stami- 
nate flowers  4-parted  or  of  4  (rarely  3)  distinct  sepals.  Fertile  flowers  with  a 
4-lobed  calyx  investing  the  ovary,  a  short  or  slender  style,  and  a  penicillate 
stigma.  Achene  enclosed  by  the  pistillate  calyx.  [Ancient  Latin,  referring  to 
the  growth  of  some  species  on  walls.]  About  7  species,  widely  distributed;  be- 
sides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Parietaria  Pennsylvania  Muhl.  PENNSYLVANIA  PELLITORY.  (I.  F.  f. 
1270.)  Annual,  pubescent;  stem  weak,  ascending  or  reclining,  slender,  1-4  dm. 
long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  membranous,  dotted,  acuminate  at 


344  FLORA. 

the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nerved  and  with  1-3  pairs  of  weaker  veins 
above,  slender-petjoled,  6-12  mm.  wide;  petioles  almost  filiform;  flowers  glomerate 
in  all  except  the  lowest  axils,  the  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  linear,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers;  style  almost  none;  achene  about 
I  mm.  long.  On  dry  rocks  and  banks,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  Colo,  and  Mex. 
June-Aug. 

Order  10.    PROTEALES, 

includes  only  the  Family  Proteaceae,  with  nearly  1000  species,  all  natives 
of  the  southern  hemisphere. 


Order  n.    SANTALALES. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  parasitic,  the  flowers  with  a  calyx,  but 
without  a  corolla,  perfect  or  imperfect,  clustered  or  solitary.  Ovary  i, 
inferior,  at  least  in  part  i -celled. 

Fam.  i.  Loranthaceae. 
i  drupe,  or  nut. 
Fam.  2.  Santalaceae. 


Tree-parasites,  with  opposite  leaves  or  scales;  fruit  a  berry.  Fam.  i 

Root-parasites,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  in  our  genera;  fruit  a  drupe, 


Family  i.     LORANTHACEAE   D.  Don. 
Mistletoe  Family. 

Parasitic  green  shrubs  or  herbs,  containing  chlorophyll,  growing  on 
woody  plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through  specialized 
roots  called  haustoria  (a  few  tropical  species  terrestrial).  Leaves  in  the 
following  genera  opposite,  in  Razoumofskya  reduced  to  opposite  scales. 
Flowers  regular,  terminal  or  axillary,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  and  peri- 
anth simple,  or  in  some  exotic  genera  perfect,  and  with  perianth  of 
both  calyx  and  corolla.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  2-6. 
Ovary  solitary,  erect ;  style  simple  or  none  ;  stigma  terminal,  undivided, 
obtuse.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seed  solitary,  its  testa  indistinguishable  from 
the  endosperm,  which  is  usually  copious  and  fleshy ;  embryo  terete 
or  angled.  About  21  genera  and  500  species,  widely  distributed  ;  most 
abundant  in  tropical  regions. 

Leaves  scale-like,  united  at  the  base;  anthers  i-celled;  berry  peduncled. 

i.   Razoumofskya. 
Leaves  thick,  flat;  anthers  2-celIed;  berry  sessile.  2.  Phoradendron. 

i.  RAZOUMOFSKYA   Hoffm.  [ARCEUTHOBIUM  Bieb.] 

Small  or  minute  fleshy  glabrous  plants,  parasitic  on  the. branches  of  coniferous 
trees,  their  branches  4-angled,  and  leaves  reduced  to  connate  scales.  Flowers 
dioecious,  not  bracted,  in  the  axils  of  the  scales.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  25- 
parted  calyx  and  usually  an  equal  number  of  stamens,  the  anthers  sessile  on  the 
segments.  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  ovary  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx, 
the  calyx-limb  2-parted.  Disk  present  in  both  kinds  of  flowers.  Berry  fleshy, 
ovoid,  more  or  less  flattened,  borne  on  a  short  somewhat  recurved  peduncle. 
Embryo  enclosed  in  the  copious  endosperm.  [In  honor  of  Alexis  Razoumofski, 
Russian  botanist.]  About  10  species.  Besides  the  following,  7  or  8  others  occur 
in  western  N.  Am.  and  Mex.,  2  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

I  Razoumofskya  pusilla  (Peck)  Kuntze.  SMALL  MISTLETOE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1271.)  Plant  inconspicuous;  stems  4-20  mm.  long,  nearly  terete  when  fresh, 
somewhat  4-angled  when  dry.  Scales  suborbicular,  appressed,  obtuse,  about 
I  mm.  wide;  flowers  dioecious,  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils,  longer  than  the  scales; 


SA  N  TA  LA  CEA  E.  34  S 

berry  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  about  2  mm.  long,  nodding  on  a  slightly  exserted 
peduncle;  seeds  enclosed  in  a  viscid  mucus.  On  twigs  of  spruces  and  larch,  Me.  to 
Conn.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June. 

2.  PHORADENDRON   Nutt. 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  trees,  with  opposite  coriaceous  flat  faintly  nerved  leaves, 
terete  twigs,  and  dioecious  axillary  spicate  bracted  small  flowers,  solitary  or  sev- 
eral in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  3-lobed  (rarely  2-4-lobed) 
calyx,  bearing  a  sessile  transversely  2-celled  anther  at  the  base  of  each  lobe. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovoid  inferior  ovary.  Style 
short,  obtuse  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  sessile  fleshy  berry.  Endosperm  copious. 
[Greek,  tree-thief,  from  its  parasitic  habit.]  About  80  species,  all  American. 
Besides  the  following,  5  or  6  others  occur  in  the  Western  States. 

i.  Phoradendron  flavescens  (Pursh)  Nutt.  AMERICAN  MISTLETOE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1272.)  A  branching  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  shrub,  the  twigs  terete,  brittle 
at  the  base.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short 
petioles,  3-5 -nerved,  entire,  1-2  cm.  wide,  dark  green;  spikes  solitary,  or  2  or  3 
together  in  the  axils,  linear,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  berry  globose,  white,  about 
4  mm.  in  diameter.  Parasitic  on  deciduous  leaved  trees,  notably  on  the  Tupelo 
and  Red  Maple,  N.  J.  to  Ohio,  Ind.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-July. 

Family   2.     SANTALACEAE    R.    Br. 

Sandalivood  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (some  exotic  genera  trees),  with  entire  estipulate 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  mostly  greenish. 
Calyx  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  or  to  the  disk,  3-6-lobed,  the 
lobes  valvate.  Petals  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and 
inserted  near  their  bases,  or  opposite  them  upon  the  disk.  Ovary  i- 
celled  ;  ovules  2-4,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  central  placenta ; 
style  cylindric,  conic  or  sometimes  none  ;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  drupe 
or  nut.  Seed  I.  Testa  none  ;  endosperm  copious,  fleshy  ;  embryo  small, 
apical.  About  26  genera  and  250  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution, 
a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Perennial  herbs;  flowers  perfect,  cymose  or  solitary.  i.  Comandra. 
Shrubs  ;  flowers  imperfect,  mostly  dioecious. 

Flowers  racemose.  2.  Pyrularia. 

Staminate  flowers  umbellate,  the  pistillate  solitary.  3.  Nestronia. 

i.  COMANDRA    Nutt. 

Glabrous  herbs,  some  (or  all  ?)  parasitic  on  roots  of  other  plants.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  pinnately  veined.  Flowers  perfect,  terminal  or  axillary,  rarely 
solitary,  cymose,  bractless.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  base  of  its  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed).  Stamens  5,  or  rarely  4,  inserted  at  the 
bases  of  the  calyx-lobes  and  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk,  attached  to  the  middle 
of  the  lobes  by  tufts  of  hairs.  Anthers  ovate,  2-celled.  Fruit  drupaceous,  crowned 
by  the  persistent  calyx.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  hairy  attachments  of  the  anthers.] 
Four  known  species,  the  following  N.  Am.,  one  European. 

Cymes  mostly  corymbose-clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  leaves  acute,  sessile; 

style  slender. 

Leaves  oblong,  pale  green;  fruit  globose-urn-shaped.  i.   C.  umbellata, 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  glaucous;  fruit  ovoid.  2.   C.  pallida. 

Peduncles  few,  axillary;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  short-petioled;  style  short.  3.   C.  livida. 

i.  Comandra  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX.  (I.  F.  f.  1273.) 
Stem  slender,  leafy,  1.5-5  dm.  ta^-  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pale 
green,  acute  or  subacute  at  both  ends,  sessile,  ascending,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  lower 
smaller;  cymes  several-flowered,  corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the  plant  or  also 
axillary;  peduncles  filiform;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx  greenish  white  or  purplish, 


346  FLORA, 

about  4  mm.   high;   drupe  globose,   5-6  mm.   in  diameter.     In    dry  fields   and 
thickets,  Cape  Breton  I.  to  Ont.,  Br.  Col.,  Ga.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.     April-July. 

2.  Coinandra  pallida  A.  DC.     PALE  COMANDRA.     (I.  F.  f.  1274.)     Similar 
to  the  preceding  but  paler  and  glaucous,  the  leaves  narrower,  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lowest  and  those  of  the  stem  oblong -elliptic;  cymes  few- 
several-flowered,   corymbose-clustered    at   the  summit ;   peduncles  usually   short ; 
calyx  purplish,   about  4  mm.   high;  fruit  ovoid-oblong,   6-8  mm.   high.     In  dry 
soil,  Man.  to  Br.  Col.,  Minn.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     April-July. 

3.  Comandra   livida   Richards.     NORTHERN   COMANDRA.     (I.   F.  f.   1275.) 
Stem  slender,  usually  quite  simple,   1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  thin,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  1-2.5  cm-  ^ong»  6-12 
mm.   wide  ;  petioles  2-4  mm.  long  ;  cymes  axillary,   few  (often  only    I   to  each 
plant),    i-5-flowered;  peduncle  shorter  than  its  subtending  leaf,   filiform;  flowers 
sessile  ;  drupe  globose-oblong,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  red,  edible.     In  moist  soil, 
Newt,  to  Hudson  Bay,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Vt.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Br.  Col.     June-July. 

2.  PYRULARIA   Michx. 

A  branching  shrub  (the  Asiatic  species  trees),  with  thin  alternate  pinnately 
veined  entire  short-petioled  deciduous  leaves,  and  dioecious  or  polygamous  small 
greenish  racemose  flowers.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  campanulate  3-5 -cleft  calyx, 
the  lobes  valvate,  pubescent  at  the  base  within;  disk  of  3-5  distinct  glands  or  scales; 
stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  between  the  glands  and  opposite  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments 
short ;  anthers  ovate.  Pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  with  a  top-shaped  calyx 
adnate  to- the  obovoid  ovary ;  style  short,  stout;  stigma  capitate,  depressed.  Fruit 
a  pear-shaped  or  oval  drupe,  the  endocarp  thin  and  endosperm  of  the  seed  very 
oily.  [Name  from  Pyms,  the  pear,  from  the  similar  shape  of  the  fruit.]  Three 
species,  the  following  and  two  Asiatic. 

i.  Pyrularia  pubera  Michx.  OIL  NUT.  BUFFALO-NUT.  (I.  F.  f.  1276.) 
A  much  branched  shrub,  1-5  m.  tall,  with  terete  twigs,  the  young  foliage  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  somewhat  obovate,  nearly  glabrous 
when  mature,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  1.5-3  cm.  wide;  racemes  termi- 
nating short  branches,  the  staminate  many-flowered,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  pistillate 
few-flowered  and  shorter;  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long;  calyx  3-5 -cleft;  drupe  about 
2.5  cm.  long,  crowned  by  the  ovate  acute  calyx -lobes.  In  rich  woods,  Penn.  to 
Ga.  May.  Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 

3.  NESTRONIA   Raf. 

A  low  glabrous  dioecious  shrub,  with  opposite  short-petioled,  oblong  to  ovate 
entire  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  small,  in  axillary  peduncled  umbels;  calyx  top- 
shaped,  4-5 -cleft,  the  lobes  spreading,  each  with  a  tuft  of  wool;  stamens  as  many 
as  the  calyx-segments  and  opposite  them;  disk  crenate.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary 
in  the  axils,  short-peduncled  ;  calyx  narrowly  top-shaped,  4  lobed  ;  stamens  4 ; 
style  short,  4-lobed;  ovary  adnate  to  the  calyx.  Fruit  an  oval  I -seeded  drupe. 
[From  the  Greek  name  of  Daphne.}  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

i.  Nestronia  umbellula  Raf.  NESTRONIA.  (I.  F.  f.  i276a.)  Shrub  3-10 
dm.  high,  branching.  Leaves  thin,  2-5  cm.  long,  pinnately  veined,  bright  green 
above;  petioles  2-6  mm.  long;  peduncles  of  the  staminate  3-g-flowered  umbels 
filiform,  the  pedicels  about  4  mm.  long,  equalling  the  green  calyx;  stamens  shorter 
than  the  oblong-ovate  calyx -segments,  pistillate  calyx  glaucescent,  about  6  mm. 
long,  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  drupe  about  1.2  cm.  in  diameter.  In 
woods  and  along  streams,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  April-May. 


Order  12.     ARISTOLOCHlALES. 

Herbs  or  vines,  mostly  with  cordate  or  reniform  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  its  tube  wholly  or  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
Corolla  none.  Ovary  several-  (mostly  6-)  celled.  Only  the  following 
family. 


A  KIS  TOL  O  CHI  A  CEA  E.  347 

Family  i.     ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  Blume.* 
Bir  thwart  Family. 

Acaulescent  plants,  or  with  erect  or  twining  stems.  Leaves  alternate, 
often  basal,  exstipulate.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  sometimes  clus- 
tered. Calyx-limb  3-6-lobed  or  irregular.  Stamens  6-many,  adnate  to 
the  pistil ;  anthers  2-celled,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovules 
numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous,  horizontal  or  pendulous.  Fruit  a 
many-seeded  6-celled  capsule.  Seeds  angled  or  compressed,  with  a  crus- 
taceous  testa  and  usually  with  a  fleshy  or  dilated  raphe ;  endosperm 
fleshy,  copious ;  embryo  minute.  Six  genera  and  about  200  species  of 
wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 

Acaulescent  herbs;  perianth  regular,  persistent ;  filaments  distinct. 

Calyx-tube  mainly  free  from  the  ovary ;    filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers ;  styles 

distinct.  i.  Hexastylis. 

Calyx-tube  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary ;  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers  :  styles 

united.  2.  Asarum. 

Vines  or  erect  leafy-stemmed  herbs  ;  perianth  irregular,  deciduous ;  anthers  sessile. 

3.  Arislolochia. 

x.  HEXASTYLIS  Raf. 

Perennial  evergreen  acaulescent  herbs  with  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  foliage. 
Rootstocks  dichotomously  branched  ;  roots  fleshy.  Leaves  usually  i  every  year, 
the  blades  leathery,  often  mottled,  petioled.  Flowers  solitary,  on  a  pedicel  aris- 
ing from  a  membranous  bract.  Calyx  glabrous  without,  the  tube  terete,  some- 
times  inflated,  the  3  segments  shorter  than  the  tube,  valvate.  Corolla  none.  Sta- 
mens 12;  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers  or  wanting.  Ovary  mainly  free  from 
the  calyx-tube.  Styles  distinct,  prolonged  beyond  the  extrorse  stigmas  into  cleft 
appendages.  Capsule  free,  sometimes  distending  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  flattened. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  six  styles.] 

Leaf-blades  mostly  of  an  ovate  or  suborbicular  type. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate  during  anthesis.  i.  H.  heterophylla. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate,  cylindric-campanulate,  sometimes  constricted  at  the  throat. 
Calyx  2.5-5  cm-  long:,  much  longer  than  thick.  2.  H.  Shuttleworthii. 

Calyx  1-2  cm.  long,  slightly  longer  than  thick. 

Calyx  campanulate  at  maturity,  its  segments  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 

tube.  3.  H.  Virginica. 

Calyx  urn-shaped  at  maturity,  its  segments  barely  one-third  as  long  as  the 

tube.  .  4.  H.  Memmingeri. 

Leaf-blades  mostly  of  a  hastate  type. 

Calyx  not  constricted  at  the  throat ;  segments  erect.  5.  H.  Ruthii. 

Calyx  constricted  at  the  throat  ;  segments  spreading.  6.  H.  arifolia. 

1.  Hexastylis    heterophylla   (Ashe)  Small.     ASHE'S  HEXASTYLIS.      Leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  orbicular-reniform  or  triangular-ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  some- 
times rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  with  a  slightly  open  sinus;  petioles  as  long  as 
the  blades  or  twice  as  long;  calyx  1-1.5  cm-  lon£'  tne  tubes  turbinate  at  least  dur- 
ing anthesis,  the  segments  8-12   mm.  broad,  often  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube, 
crisped,  orange,  purple  or  brown-purple  without,  brighter  within  ;  prolongations  of 
the   styles  very  stout,   barely  notched  ;    capsules  hardly   distending  the  calyx  at 
maturity  ;  seeds  oval.     In  mountain  woods,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     March  to  May. 
(Asarum  heterophyllum  Ashe.) 

2.  Hexastylis  Shuttleworthii  (J.  Britten)  Small.     LARGE  FLOWERED  HEX  A. 
STYLTS.     (I.  F.  f.  1279.)     Leaf-blades  ovate  to  suborbicular  or  rhombic-orbicular, 
5-8  cm.  long,  apiculate  or  obtuse  ;  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or  longer  ;  calyx 
2.5-5   cm-  l°ng '»  tne  tube  cylindric-campanulate,  the  segments   1.5-2  cm.  broad, 
often  abruptly  acute,   mottled  within  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the 
calyx -tube  ;  prolongations  of  the  styles  stout,  barely  notched  ;  capsule  hardly  dis- 
tending the  calyx  ;  seeds  triangular  in  outline.     In  high-mountain  woods,  Va.  to 

*  Contributed  by  DR.  JOHN  K.  SMALL. 


348  FLORA. 

N.  C.  and  Tenn.     May   to  July.      [Asarum   macrantkum   (Shuttlw.)   Small;  not 
Hook.     A.  Shuttleworthii}.  Britten.] 

3.  Hexastylis    Virginica    (L.)    Small.     VIRGINIA    HEXASTYLIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1278.)     Leaf-blades  ovate  or  rarely  orbicular-ovate,  4-9  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse  or 
retuse,  usually  with  an  open  sinus;  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or  twice  as  long; 
calyx  1.5-2  cm.  long,  the  tube  campanulate;  the  segments  less  than  I  cm.  broad, 
rarely  half  as  long    as  the  tube,  spreading,  usually  purplish  and  sometimes  mottled 
within;  pedicel  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  prolongations  of  the  styles  stout,  barely 
notched;  capsule  only  slightly  distending  the  calyx;  seeds  oblong.     In  woods,  Va. 
and  W.  Va.,  south  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.     May-June.     (Asarum  Virginicum  L.) 

4.  Hexastylis    Memmingeri    (Ashe)    Small.      MEMMINGER'S   HEXASTYLIS. 
Slender.     Leaf-blades  suborbicular  or  ovate,  4-7  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse  or  retuse, 
sometimes  mottled,  with  a  slightly  open  sinus;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades 
or  much   longer;  calyx    1-1.5    cm-  l°ng>  urn-shaped,  the  tube  more  or  less  con- 
stricted at  the  throat;  the  segments  rarely  over  3  mm.  long,  obtuse;  pedicel  as  long 
as  the  calyx  or  shorter;  prolongations  of  the  styles  slender,  usually  deeply  cleft; 
capsule  conspicuously  distending  the   calyx;  seed  sharply  triangular.     In  sandy 
woods,  Va.  and  W.  Va.,  south  to  Ga.    May  and  June.    (Asarum  Memmingeri  Ashe.) 

5.  Hexastylis  Ruthii  (Ashe)  Small.     RUTH'S  HEXASTYLIS.     Stout.     Leaf- 
blades  hastate  to  triangular,  occasionally  slightly  rhombic,  8-15  cm.  long,  obtuse, 
retuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  with  a  rather  narrow  sinus ;  petioles  longer  than  the 
blades;  calyx  2-3  cm.  long;  the  tube  narrowed  to  the  mouth  but  not  constricted, 
usually  over  10  mm.  in  diameter  at  the  throat,  the  segments  erect,  mostly  longer 
than  broad,  dull  purplish  green   within;  pedicel   as  long  as  the   calyx  or  much 
longer;  prolongations  of  the  styles  notched  to  the  stigma;  capsule  barely  distending 
the   calyx-tube.     In   sandy    woods,  S.  W.  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Ala.     April   to  July. 
(Asarum  Ruthii  Ashe. ) 

6.  Hexastylis    arifolia   (Michx.)    Small.      HALBERD-LEAVED    HEXASTYLIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1280.)     Stout.     Leaf- blades  hastate,  triangular  or  ovate-hastate,  6-12  cm. 
long,  mostly  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  sometimes  with  a  wide-open  sinus;  petioles 
usually  much  longer  than  the  blades;  calyx  2-3  cm.  long,  urn-shaped;    the  tube 
less  than  8  mm.  in  diameter  at  the  constricted  throat;  the  segments  triangular  or 
rounded,  broader  than  long,  spreading,  purple-brown  within;  prolongations  of  the 
styles  cleft  to  the  top  of  the  stigmas;  capsule  only  slightly  distending  the  calyx-tube. 
In  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     May  to  July.     (Asarwn  arifoliutn  Michx.) 

2.  ASARUM    L. 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs,  with  usually  manifestly  pubescent  foliage.  Root- 
stocks  elongated;  roots  fibrous.  Leaves  in  pairs,  deciduous,  the  blades  membra- 
nous, mostly  broader  than  long,  cordate  at  the  base,  petioled.  Flowers  on  pedicels 
arising  from  between  the  petioles.  Calyx  pubescent  without,  the  tube  angled,  the 
3  segments  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer,  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Corolla  none. 
Stamens  12 ;  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers.  Ovary  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube. 
Styles  united;  stigmas  terminal.  Capsules  inferior,  angled.  Seeds  plump.  [The 
ancient  name,  meaning  obscure.] 

Calyx-segments  lanceolate-acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  not  reflexed. 

Calyx-segments  slightly  longer  than  the  tube,  the  tubular  portion  4-8   mm.  long; 

species  mainly  Alleghenian.  i.  A,  Canadense. 

Calyx-segments   much  longer  than  the  tube,  the  tubular  portion  10-20  mm.  long; 
species  campestrian.  2.  A.  acuminatum. 

Calyx-segments  triangular,  merely  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  reflexed. 

3.  A   reflexum. 

1.  Asarum  Canadense  L.     WILD  GINGER.     (T.  F.  f.   1277.)     Foliage  finely 
pubescent.     Petioles   1.5-3    dm.   long  ;    blades  reniform,    1-1.8  dm.  broad,  often 
short-pointed,  with  a  usually  closed  basal  sinus  ;  calyx  slender,  pedicelled,  pubes- 
cent without,  2-3.8  cm.  broad,  mainly  brownish  purple,  its  tube  angled,  its  seg- 
ments lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  with  tubular  tips  4-8  mm.  lonq% 
curving  upward  ;  style-column  6  lobed  ;  capsule  12-15  mm.  in  diameter.     In  rich 
woods,  N.  B.  to  Quebec,  Ont.  and  N.  C.     April-May. 

2.  Asarnm   acuminatum   (Ashe1!    Bicknell.      LONG-TIPPED  WILD  GINGER. 
(I.   F.   f.   1277^.)     Quite  similar  to  A.  Canadense,  but  more  pubescent,   at  least 


A  R2S  TOL  0  CHI  A  CEA  E.  349 

when  young.  Leaf-blades  very  thin,  reniform-cordate,  and  acutely  short-pointed 
or  broadly  reniform  and  blunt,  densely  cinereous -tomentulose  beneath,  less  closely 
so  in  age,  the  larger  nerves  often  somewhat  bristly,  thus  giving  the  lower  surfaces 
a  white-reticulated  aspect;  calyx-segments  much  longer  than  those  of  A.  Canadense 
and  of  a  duller  brownish  purple  color,  caudate-acuminate  or  flagellate,  the  tubular 
terminations  10-20  mm.  long,  recurved-spreading.  In  rich  woods,  Minn,  and 
Wis.  to  Manitoba,  Ind.  and  Ohio.  May-June. 

3.  Asarum  reflexum  Bicknell.  SHORT- LOBED  WILD  GINGER.  (I.  F.  f. 
1277*5.)  Similar  to  the  two  preceding  species  in  habit,  but  more  loosely  pubescent 
and  with*  more  elongated  and  slender  rootstocks;  leaf-blades  reniform,  much 
broader  than  long,  blunt-tipped,  the  upper  surface  and  the  petioles  nearly  glabrous 
in  age;  calyx  much  smaller,  the  tube  white  within,  the  segments  early  reflexed, 
triangular,  purplish  brown,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  with  a  straight  obtuse  tip 
2-4  mm.  long.  In  rich  woods,  along  streams  and  in  river  valleys,  Conn,  to  Iowa, 
N.  C.,  Mo.  and  Kan.  April-May. 

Asarum  reflexum  ambiguum  Bicknell.  Leaf-blades  short  and  conspicuously  broad, 
with  a  wide  and  often  rectangular  sinus  ;  calyx-segments  narrower  and  longer,  12-19 
mm.  long,  the  straight  tip  4-8  mm.  long,  sometimes  extending  back  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Mich.,  111.  and  Mo. 

3.  ARISTOLOCHIA  L.^ 

Perennial  herbs  or  twining  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  petioled  and  entire 
(some  exotic  species  3-7-lobed),  cordate,  palmately  nerved.  Flowers  irregular. 
Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  base,  the  tube  usually  inflated  around  the 
style  and  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  limb  spreading  or  reflexed,  entire,  3-6, 
lobed  or  appendaged.  Stamens  mostly  6;  anthers  adnate  to  the  short  style  or 
stigma,  2  celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  mostly  6  celled  with 
6  parietal  placentae.  Style  3-6-lobed.  Capsule  naked,  septicidally  6-valved. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  horizontal,  compressed.  [Named  for  its  supposed  medicinal 
properties.]  Alx>ut  180  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western 
United  States. 

Erect  herbs. 

Calyx-tube  bent  ;  flowers  solitary,  on  basal  scaly  branches. 

Leaves  hastate  at  the  base  ;  capsules  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,     i.  A.  Nashit. 
Leaves  merely  cordate  at  the  base  ;  capsules  about  10  mm.  in  diameter. 

2.  A.  Serpentaria. 

Calyx-tube  straight  ;  flowers  axillary,  clustered.  3.  A.  Clematitis. 

Tall  twining  vines  ;  flowers  axillary  ;  calyx-tube  bent. 

Leaves  minutely  pubescent ;  calyx-limb  flat,  spreading.  4.  A.  macrophylla. 

Leaves  tomentose  ;  calyx-limb  rugose,  reflexed.  5.  A.  tomentosa. 

1.  Aristolochia  Nashii  Kearney.     NASH'S  SNAKEROOT.     Stems  erect  or  re- 
clining, 1-3  dm.  long,  zigzag,   simple  or  branched  below;  leaves  thin,   linear  or 
linear-lanceolate  above  the  hastate  base,  2-10  cm.  long,  acuminate,  ciliate,  short  - 
petioled;  peduncles  slender;  bracts  2-4  mm.  long;  calyx  S-shaped,  brownish  purple, 
IO-I2  mm.  long,  the  limb  slightly  3-lobed,  about  I  cm.  broad;  capsules  subglobose, 
5-6   mm.   in  diameter,  sharply  angled.     In  damp  woods,   Va.  to  Fla.  and   La. 
Summer. 

2.  Aristolochia    Serpentaria    L.     VIRGINIA    SNAKEROOT.      SERPENTARY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1281.)     Stems  erect,  2-5  dm.  tall,  sometimes  branched  below,  more  or  less 
zigzag;  leaves  rather  thin,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  4-15  cm. 
long,  acuminate,    undulate,    cordate,  short-petioled ;    peduncles  scaly,   solitary  or 
clustered;  bracts  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx  S-shaped,  about  I  cm.  long,  the  limb  slightly 
3-lobed;  capsules  subglobose,  about  10  mm.  in  diameter,  somewhat  ribbed;  flowers 
sometimes  cleistogamous.     In  dry  woods,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  La.     Summer. 

3.  Aristolochia  Clematitis  L.     BIRTHWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1282.)     Stem   erect, 
glabrous,   zigzag,   3—6  dm.  tall;  leaves   dark  green,  reniform,    glabrous,  or  their 
margins  minutely  spinulose-ciliate,  strongly  reticulate-veined,  5-13  cm.  wide;  peti- 
oles shorter  than  the  blades;  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;  tube 


35°  FLORA. 

of  the  calyx  yellowish  green,  straight,  enlarged  around  the  ovary,  the  lobes  appen- 
daged;  anthers  equidistant.  Near  Ithaca  and  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  and  E.  Penn.  Es- 
caped from  cultivation.  Native  of  southern  Europe.  Summer. 

4.  Aristolochia  macroph^lla  Lam.     DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE.     (I.  F.  f.  1283.)    A 
twining  vine,  the  stem  sometimes  2.5  cm.  in  diameter  and  10  m.  long;  leaves  thin, 
broadly  reniform  or  suborbicular,  densely  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  and  1.5-3.6  dm.  broad  when  mature;  petioles  2. 5-10  cm.  long;  pedun- 
cles solitary  or  2  or  3  together,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  each  with  a  suborbic- 
ular clasping  bract  at  about  the  middle  12-25  mm-  *n  diameter;  calyx-tube  strongly 
curved,  2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  contracted  at  the  throat,  yellowish  green,  veiny,  the 
limb  flat,  spreading,  purple-brown,  somewhat  3-lobed;  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs 
under  the  3  lobes  of  the  stigma;  capsule  oblong -cylindric,  5-7.5  cm.  long.     In  rich 
woods,  S.  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Ga.,  Tenn.  and  Kans.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Sept. 

5.  Aristolochia    tomentosa    Sims.     WOOLLY    PIPE-VINE.      (I.  F.  f.  1284.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  twigs,  petioles,  leaves  and  peduncles  persistently 
tomentose.     Leaves  suborbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  0.7-1.5  dm.  broad  when  mature; 
petioles   rather  stout;    peduncles   mostly    solitary,    bractless;    calyx-tube   sharply 
curved,  yellowish  green,  about  3  cm.  long,  its  throat  nearly  closed,  the  limb  dark 
purple,  3-lobed;  capsule  oblong-cylindric.     In  woods,   Mo.,  Kans.,  and   S.  111.  to 
N.  Car.,  Ala.  and  Fla.     May-June. 


Order  13.     POLYGONALES. 

Characters  of  the  only  family,  Polygonaceae,  as  given  below. 

Family  i.     POLYGONACEAE  Lindl.* 
Buckwheat  Family. 

Herbs,  twining  vines,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  or  sometimes 
opposite  or  whorled,  simple  mostly  entire  leaves,  jointed  stems,  and 
usually  sheathing  united  stipules  (ocreae).  Flowers  small,  regular,  per- 
fect, dioecious,  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior, 
2-6-cleft  or  2-6-parted,  the  segments  or  sepals  more  or  less  imbricated, 
sometimes  petaloid,  sometimes  developing  wings  in  fruit.  Stamens  2-9, 
inserted  near  the  base  of  the  calyx  ;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  often 
dilated  at  the  base,  distinct  or  united  into  a  ring ;  anthers  2-celled,  the 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  i-celled  ;  ovule  solitary, 
orthotropous,  erect  or  pendulous;  style  2-3-cleft  or  2-3-parted,  some- 
times very  short ;  stigmas  capitate  or  tufted,  rarely  2-cleft ;  fruit  a  lentic- 
ular 3-angled  or  rarely  4-angled  achene,  usually  invested  by  the  persistent 
calyx ;  endosperm  mealy ;  cotyledons  accumbent  or  incumbent ;  embryo 
straight  or  nearly  so.  About  30  genera  and  800  species,  of  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution. 

Flowers  subtended  by  involucres. 

Ocreae  present  ;  calyx  2-4-parted  ;  stamens  3  or  fewer.  i.  Macounastrum. 

Ocreae  none;  calyx  6-cleft  or  6  parted  ;  stamens  9.  2.  Eriogonum. 

Flowers  not  involucrate  ;  stamens  4-8. 
Ocreae  present ;  stigmas  tufted. 

Calyx  6-parted  ;  style  3-parted  ;  achene  3-angled.  3.  Kumex. 

Calyx  4-parted  ;  style  2-parted  ;  achene  lenticular.  4.  Oxyria. 

Ocreae  present ;  stigmas  capitate. 

Pedicels  mostly  several  together;  achene  much  surpassing  the  calyx. 

5.  Pagopyrum. 
Pedicels  usually  fascicled  ;  achene  mostly  enclosed  by  the  enlarged  calyx. 

6.  Polygonttm, 
Pedicels  solitary  ;  leaves  jointed  at  the  base.                             7.   Potygonella. 

Ocreae  obscure  or  wanting ;  stigmas  2-cleft.  8.  Brunnichia. 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  JOHN  K.  SMALL. 


POL  YG  ON  A  CEA  E.  3  5 l 

I.  MACOUNASTRUM  Small. 

Low  glabrous  annual  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  erect  or  spreading  simple  or 
forked  stems,  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  funnelform  membranous  ocreae,  and 
minute  perfect  terminal  clustered  flowers,  subtended  by  a  several-leaved  involucre. 
Calyx  2-4-parted  (usually  3-parted),  greenish-white,  the  segments  valvate,  equal  ; 
pedicels  subtended  by  transparent  bracts;  stamens  2  or  4,  alternate  with  and  often 
protruding  between  the  calyx-segments;  filaments  stout;  style  2-3-parted;  stigmas 
capitate;  achene  ovoid,  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx;  embryo  eccentric,  accum- 
bent.  Two  or  three  species,  the  following  circumboreal,  the  others  of  the  higher 
Himalayas. 

i.  Macounastrum  Islandicum  (L.)  Small.  MACOUNASTRUM.  (I.  F.  f.  1285.) 
Stems  very  slender,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  sometimes  tufted.  Leaves  obovate,  oblong 
or  almost  orbicular,  2-10  mm.  long,  fleshy,  obtuse,  sessile  or  short-petioled;  ocreae 
about  I  mm.  long;  involucre  consisting  of  3-6  obovate  or  orbicular  bracts;  flowers 
fascicled  in  the  involucres,  short-pedicelled;  calyx  I  mm.  long,  the  segments  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse;  style- branches  short;  achene  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
brown,  striate,  its  faces  convex.  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
Alaska.  Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

2.  ERIOGONUM   Michx. 

Annual  or  perennial  acaulescent  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  very 
woody  at  the  base,  often  with  tufted  stems,  and  entire  alternate  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  fascicled,  cymose,  umbellate  or  capitate,  subtended  by 
5-8-toothed  or  cleft  involucres.  Calyx  6  cleft  or  6-parted,  usually  colored,  the 
segments  equal  or  the  outer  ones  larger.  Stamens  9  ;  filaments  filiform,  often 
villous.  Style  3-parted;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  pyramidal,  3-angled,  more  or 
less  swollen  near  the  base,  invested  by  the  calyx-segments,  or  winged.  Embryo 
axial  or  somewhat  eccentric.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  woolly  and  jointed  stems.] 
About  160  species,  natives  of  America,  mostly  of  the  western  U.  S. 

Achenes  3-winged.  i.  E.  alatum. 

Achenes  merely  angled,  never  winged. 

Calyx  contracted  into  a  stipe-like  base. 

Caulescent ;  stems  topped  by  compound  cymes. 

Stem  leaves  alternate.  2.  E.  longifolium, 

Stem  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Calyx  yellow;  basal  leaves  rounded  at  the  base  ;  Alleghenian. 

3.  E.  Allenii. 
Calyx  white  or  pink  ;  basal  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  campestrian. 

4.  E.  Jamesii. 
Scapose  ;  stems  topped  by  simple  umbels.                              5.  E.  flavum. 

Calyx  jointed  to  the  pedicel  without  a  stipe-like  base. 
Scapes  or  peduncles  topped  by  capitate  clusters. 

Calyx  glabrous  ;  achenes  over  2  mm.  long.  6.  E.  pauciflorum. 

Calyx  villous  ;  achenes  less  than  2  mm.  long.  7.  E,  multiceps. 

Scapes  or  peduncles  topped  by  more  or  less  compound  cymes. 
Involucres  erect  or  at  least  never  drooping. 

Ovaries  and  achenes   completely  clothed  with  wool ;   leaf-blades  silky 

above  with  silvery  hairs.  8.  E.  lachnogynum. 

Ovaries  and  achenes  glabrous  or  villous  at  the  top  ;  leaf-blades  more  or 

less  floccose. 
Annual ;  herbaceous  throughout  and  usually  simple  at  the  base. 

9.   E.  annutim. 
Perennial ;  shrubby  and  much  branched  at  the  base. 

Calyx  yellow.  10.  E.  campanulatum. 

Calyx  white,  pink  or  reddish. 

Leaf- blades  copiously  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

11.  E.  corymbosum. 
Leaf-blades  densely  pubescent  beneath,  inconspicuously  so 

above. 
Inflorescence  2-3  times  compound;  branches  spreading. 

12.  E,  microthecum. 
Inflorescence  5-7  times  compound  ;  branches  erect  or 

nearly  so.  13.  E.  effiisum. 

Involucres  on  drooping  on  deflexed  peduncles,  14.  E.  cernuum. 


352  FLORA. 

1.  Eriogonum    alatum    Torr.      WINGED    ERIOGONUM.      (I.    F.    f.    1286.) 
Perennial,    strigose.     Stems   erect,   3-9    dm.   tall,   paniculately  branched ;    leaves 
mostly  basal,  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,   2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  or  those  on  the  stem 
nearly  linear,  obtuse  or   rather  acute,  ciliate,   with  prominent  midrib  beneath  ; 
panicle  open  ;  involucres   in  cymtiles,  campanulate,   2-3  mm.   high,   the  5   teeth 
obtuse,  spreading  or  retlexed  ;    calyx  yellowish,  2  mm.  long;  filaments  glabrous  ; 
achenes   5-7    mm.    long,    glabrous,   3 -winged  its  whole   length.     On   plains   and 
prairies,  Neb.  to  Colo.,  south  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     June-Sept. 

2.  Eriogonum   longifolium  Nutt.      LONG-LEAVED   ERIOGONUM.     (I.    F.    f. 
1287.)     Perennial  from    a  stout  root,   caulescent.     Foliage  strigose  or  somewhat 
tomentose;  stems  erect,  6-13  dm.  tall,  paniculately  or  corymbosely  branched  above; 
leaves  alternate,  the  blades  narrowly  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  5-22  cm.  long,  the 
lower  ones  with  broad  sheathing  petioles,  the  upper  sessile;  bracts  lanceolate  to 
subulate  ;    involucres  turbinate-campanulate,   4-5  mm.   long,   silky  ;   calyx  herba- 
ceous, 4-5  jnm.  long;  achenes  pubescent  especially  above,  4-5  mm.  long  including 
the  beak.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Mo.  to  Tex.     June-Nov. 

3.  Eriogonum   Allenii  S.  Wats.     ALLEN'S   ERIOGONUM.      (I.    F.    f.    1288.) 
Perennial,  floccose-tomentose;  stems  erect,  2-6  dm.  tall,  dichotomously  branched 
above;  leaves  basal  and  in  whorls  of  3*3  to  5's  at  the  nodes,  the  blades  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  6-8  cm.  long,  obtuse  at    both  ends  or  cordate  at   the  base,  rather 
green  above,  the  basal  slender- petioled;  involucres  in  clustered  cymes,  turbinate, 
3-6  mm.  high,  with  5  obtuse  teeth;    calyx  bright  yellow,  6-7  mm.  long,  pubes- 
cent, the  segments  spatulate  or  obovate-spatulate,  rounded,  concave;  stamens  and 
style-branches    exserted;    achenes.     On    dry   mountain   slopes,   Va.   and  W.    Va. 
July-Aug. 

4  Eriogonum  Jamesii  Benth.  JAMES'  ERIOGONUM.  (I.  F.  f.  1289.)  Per- 
ennial by  woody  rootstocks,  tomentose  with  white  or  whitish  hairs;  stems  short; 
leaves  approximate,  the  blades  oblong  to  oblong-spatulate,  3-8  cm.  long,  narrowed 
into  slender  petioles  which  often  exceed  the  blade  in  length,  rarely  glabrate  above; 
peduncles  erect,  or  assurgent,  sometimes  tufted,  1-3  dm.  tall,  dichotomous  and 
corymbose  above;  bracts  broadened  upward  or  oblong;  involucres  campanulate, 
about  5  mm.  high,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  with  rounded  teeth  ;  calyx  white  or 
pink,  4  mm.  becoming  6-7  mm.  long,  the  tube  attenuate  into  a  stipe-like  base,  the 
inner  segments  longer  and  slightly  larger  than  the  outer;  filaments  villous  at  the 
base;  achene  4  mm.  long,  pubescent  above  the  swollen  base.  On  plains  and 
prairies,  Kans.  and  Colo,  south  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.  June-Nov. 

5.  Eriogonum  flavum  Nutt.     YELLOW  ERIOGONUM.     (I.  F.  f.  1299.)      Per- 
ennial  from  a  stout  scaly  base,  scapose,  tomentose  throughout  with  white  hairs; 
leaves  crowded,  linear-oblong  to  oblong-spatulate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  flat  or  nearly 
so,  narrowed  into  short  petioles  with  dilated  bases;  scapes  erect,  5-30  cm.  long, 
mostly  solitary;  involucres  in  terminal  umbels,  turbinate  4-5  mm.   high,  shorter 
than  their  stalks,  with  blunt  teeth;  bracts  subtending  the  umbel  similar  to  the  leaves 
but  smaller  ;    calyx  yellow,  about  6  mm.  long,  copiously  pubescent,  narrowed  into 
a  stipe-like  base;  filaments  villous  at  the  base;  achenes  about  4  mm.  lont*,  villous 
near  the  top.     On  dry  plains  and  prairies,  N.  W.  Terr,  south  to  Neb.,  Kans.  and 
Ariz.     Summer. 

6.  Eriogonum  pauciflorum  Pursh.     FEW-FLOWERED  ERIOGONUM.     (I.  F./. 
1294.)     Perennial,  sparingly  pubescent;  stems  very  short,  covered   with  the  per- 
sistent leaf-bases;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  above,  tomentose  or  cottony  beneath,  becoming  strongly  revolute,  slender- 
petioled;  peduncles  slender,  erect.   5-15   cm.   high,   simple,   sparingly   tomentose; 
involucres  4-10,  capitate,  about  3  mm.  high,  turbinate-campanulate,  with  5  obtuse 
teeth  ;    calyx  white,  about  3  mm.  long,  glabrous;    achenes  2.5  mm.  long,  the  faces 
swollen    about   the    middle,    inconspicuously  striate-reticulated.     On    dry   plains, 
Neb.  and  Colo.     Summer. 

7.  Eriogonum  multiceps  Nees.     BRANCHED  ERIOGONUM.     (I.  F.  f.   1293.) 
Perennial  from  a  more  or  less  matted  base,  tomentose  with  white  hairs.     Leaves 
spatulate,    1.5-5  cm-   l°ng>  numerous,  obtuse;  peduncles  simple,  2.5-15  cm.  long, 
rather  slender;  involucres  3-12,  in  a  head  terminating  the  peduncles,  about  3  mm. 
high,  with  5-6  acute  teeth  ;    bracts  spatulate  ;    calyx  white  or  rose,  3  mm.  becom- 
ing 5  mm.- high,  somewhat  vJlous,  the  begments  cuneate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the 


POL  YG  ON  A  CEA  E.  353 

apex;  filaments  sparingly  villous  near  the  base;  achenes   I   mm.  long.     On   dry 
plains  or  hillsides,  Neb.  and  Colo.     Summer. 

8.  Eriogonum  lachnogynum  Torr.     LONG-ROOTED  ERIOGONUM.     (I.   F.  f. 
1296.)     Scapose  perennial.     Stems   short,  often  tufted,    clothed  with  the  dilated 
petiole-bases;  leaves  numerous,  crowded,  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong,  1.5-3  cm. 
long,   silky  above,  white  tomentose  beneath,  somewhat  revolute;  scapes  erect,  1-3 
dm.  tall,  tomentose,  branching  into  a  dichotomous  cyme  above;  involucres  broad  y 
campanulate  or  nearly  hemispheric,  3-4  mm.  high,  commonly   sessile,  5 -toothed; 
bracts  scale-like  ;    calyx  3  mm.  long,  densely  silky-villous  ;    filament  villous  at  the 
base;  achenes  about  2  mm.  long,  covered  by  a  mass  of  cottony  hairs.     On  dry  plains 
and  prairies,  Kans.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz.     Spring  to  fall. 

9.  Eriogonum   annuum   Nutt.       ANNUAL    ERIOGONUM.       (I.    F.   {.    1290.) 
Annual,   caulescent  white  floccose-tomentose.      Stems  erect,   3-9  dm.   tall;  leaves 
narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  2-7  cm.  long,  sometimes  revolute  or  crisped;  ped- 
uncles shorter  than  the  stems,  topped  by  dichotomous  cymes;  involucres  turbinate 
or  turbinate-campanulate,  2-3  mm.   high,  secund,   short-stalked  ;    calyx  white  or 
pink,  1-2  mm.  long,  glabrous,  the  outer  segments  obovate,  the  inner  narrower,  all 
truncate  or  retuse;  achenes  1.5  mm.  long,  with  a  globular  base  and  smooth -angled 
beak  about  as  long  as  the  base.     On  dry  plains  and  prairies,  Neb.  to  Tex.,  N.  Mex. 
and  Mex.     July  to  Sept. 

10.  Eriogonum  campanulatum  Nutt.     NARROW-LEAVED  ERIOGONUM.    (I.  F. 
f.  1297.)     Perennial  from  a  woody  base.      Stems  branched,  more  or  less  tomentose; 
leaves  crowded  on  short  branches,  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear,  2-8  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  sometimes  revolute,   narrowed  into  petioles;  peduncles  erect  or  nearly  so, 
1-3  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  topped   by   often   trichotomous  cymes;  involucres  oblong- 
turbinate,  2-3  mm.  high,  with  five  obtuse  teeth  ;   bracts  scale-like  ;    calyx  yellow, 
1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  segments  often  becoming  fiddle- shaped,  retuse  or  emarginate; 
filaments  villous  below  the  middle;  achenes  3  mm.  long,  pitted,  enlarged  at  the 
base.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Ore.,  south  to  Utah  and  N.  Mex.     Summer  and  fall. 

11.  Eriogonum  corymbosum  Benth.      CRISP-LEAVED  ERIOGONUM.      (I.  F. 
f.  1292.)     Perennial,  caulescent,  densely  floccose-tomentose.     Stem  erect,  branched, 
3-6  dm.  tall;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  1-4  cm.  long,  obtuse,  more  or  less  crisped, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  peduncles  terminating  leafy  branches,  i-io  cm.  long,  topped 
by  a  trichotomous  cyme;  involucres  campanulate,  sessile,  2-4  mm.  long,  5-toothed; 
calyx   2-4  mm.  long,   white  or  pinkish,  glabrous,  the  outer  segments  broadened 
upward,    rounded  or  notched   at  the  apex,   broader   and  longer   than  the  inner; 
filaments  woolly  below;  achenes  about  2  mm.  long,  with  a  rounded  base  and  rough 
angles  especially  on  the  beak.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  Utah,  south  to 
N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.     Aug. -Sept. 

12.  Eriogonum  microthecum  Nutt.     SLENDER  ERIOGONUM.    (I.  F.  f.  1291.) 
Shrubby,  more  or  less  floccose-tomentose,  1-3  dm.   tall.     Stems  diffusely  branched 
below,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending;  leaves  oblanceolate,  spatulate  or  nar- 
rowly oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  flat  or  revolute,  with  short  petioles  ;  peduncles  erect, 
3-10  cm.  long,  topped  by  small  twice  or  thrice  compound  corymbose  cymes;  bracts 
scale-like;  involucres    narrowly    campanulate,    2   mm.    high  ;    the   teeth    acutish; 
calyx  glabrous,  white  or  pink,   sometimes  tinged  with  red,   2.5-3  mm-   l°ng»  tne 
outer  segments  obovate  or  oval-obovate,  the  inner  smaller,   inclined  to  be  oblong; 
filaments  villous;  achenes  2-2.5   mm-   l°ng>   swollen  at  the  base.     On  dry  plains 
or  prairies,  S.  Dak.  to  Wash.,  south  to  Tex.  and  Calif.     Summer  and  fall. 

13.  Eriogonum  effusum  Nutt.      EFFUSE  ERIOGONUM.      Shrubby,    2-4   dm. 
tall,   white  floccose-tomentose.     Stems  stout,   diffusely  branched;  leaves  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong,  1-4  cm.  long,  revolute;  peduncles  2-10  cm.   long,   topped  by  5-7 
times  compound  stiff  corymbose  cymes  ;  bracts  scale-like  ;    involucres   narrowly 
campanulate,  2-2.5  mm-   high>   the  tube  slightly  angled,  the  teeth  rather  obtuse; 
calyx  2  mm.  high,  white,  glabrous,  the  outer  segments  cuneate  obovate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  the  inner  notched;  filaments  villous,  especially  below   the  middle  ; 
achenes  3-angled.     On  dry  plains  or  prairies,  S.  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  Wyo.,  south  to 
N.  Mex.     Summer. 

14.  Eriogonum   cernuum   Nutt.     NODDING   ERIOGONUM.     (I.    F.  f.    1298.) 
Annual,  nearly  acaulescent,  often  diffuse.     Leaves  basal,  the  blades  suborbicular 
to  oval;  1-2  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  slightly  apiculate,  floccose-tomentose;  the  petioles 


354  FLORA. 

as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  scapes  erect,  1-4  dm.  tall,  sometimes  branched  at 
the  bast,  topped  by  trichotomous  compound  cymes;  involucres  turbinate-campanu- 
late,  1-2  mm.  high,  solitary  on  de-flexed  peduncles,  the  teetli  obtuse  ;  calyx  white 
or  pinklsli.  1-1.5  mm.  long,  the  outer  segments  broadly  obovate,  often  becoming 
fiddle-shaped,  the  inner  smaller;  fil  iments  glabrous;  achenes  about  I  mm.  long, 
with  a  globose  base  and  rough  angles.  In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and  Ore.,  south 
to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.  Summer  and  fall. 

3.  RUMEX   L. 

Perennial  or  annual,  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  slightly  woody,  the 
reaves  in  some  mainly  basal.  Stem  grooved,  mostly  branched,  erect,  spreading  ov 
creeping.  Leaves  flat  or  crisped,  the  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious,  the  inflorescence 
of.  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled  racemes.  Flowers  green,  perfect,  dioecious, 
or  polvgamo-moncecious,  whorled,  on  jointed  pedicels.  Corolla  none.  Calyx 
6-parted,  the  3  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  3  inner  ones  mostly  developed 
into  wings,  one  or  all  three  of  which  usually  bear  a  callosity  (tubercle);  wings 
entire,  dentate,  or  fringed  with  bristle-like  teeth.  Stamens  6,  filaments  glabrous. 
Style  3-parted  ;  stigmas  peltate,  tufted;  achene  3-angled.  the  angles  usually  mar- 
gined. Embryo  borne  in  one  of  the  faces  of  the  3-angled  seed.  [The  ancient  Latin 
name.]  About  130  specie:?,  of  wide  geo  :raphic  distribution.  Besides  the  following 
some  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

"  Leaves  hastate;  flowers  dicxious.    foliage  acid;  low  species. 

Inner  sepals  not  developing  wings  in  fruit ;  achene  granular,  i.  R.  Aceto±>ttc* 
Fruiting  inner  sepals  developing  wings;  achene  smooth. 

Basal  leaves  numerous  ;   wings  orbicular-cordate.  2.  K.  hastatitlus. 

Basal  leaves  few;  wings  broadly  oblong-cordate.  3.  R.  Acetosa. 

Leaves  not  hastate ;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious;  foliage  scare V  y  c.  *iet 
'J:  all  acid;  tali  species. 

Leaves  flat,  bright  or  light  green,  or  giaucescent. 

Wings,  12-35  mm.  broad,  reddish;  no  tubercles.  4.  R.  venost* 

Wings  small,  not  red,  bearing  tubercles. 
Tubercles  usually  3. 

Pedicels  little  longer  than  the  wings.  5.   R.  salicifolius. 

Pedicels  several  times  longer  thun  the  wings.          6.   R.   verticillot"* 
Tubercle  usually  i  ;  pedicels  equalling  the  wings.  7.   R.  altissin, 

J  j-ivos  wavy- margined  or  crisped,  dark  green,  not  giaucescent. 
'Vings  entire,  more  or  less  undulate. 

Lower  leaves  narrowed  or  acuminate  at  the  base. 

Tubercle  i.  8.   A".  Patients. 

Tubercles  3.  9.   R.  Britanmca. 

Lowei  leaves  cordate  or  rounded  at  tne  base. 

Tubercles  wanting.  10.   R.  occidentals. 

Tubercles  mostly  3. 

Inflorescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  long.  ir.    R,  crispus. 

Inflorescence  leafy:  pedicels  long.  12.    R.  conglomerates. 

Tubercle  i  ;  inflorescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  short. 

13.  R.  sanguineus, 
Wings  toothed  or  fringed. 

Lower  leaves  cordate. 

Wings  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  ;  tubercles  mostly  2. 

14.  R.  pulcher. 
Wings  hastate  or  ovate-hastate  ;  tubercle  i.           15.  R.  obtnsifol.  .„•. 

Lower   leaves   mostly   narrowed    at    base  ;  wings   with  4  spreading  bristle-like 
teeth.  1 6.   K.  persicanoides. 

...  Rumex  Acetosella  L.  FIELD  OR  SHEEP  SORREL.  (I.  F.  f.  1299.) 
Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous,  dioecious;  stem  slender,  erect  or  nearly  so,  the 
rootstock  woody,  horizontal  or  creeping.  Leaves  narrowly  hastate.  5-16  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  usually  widest  above  the  middle,  petioled,  the  basal 
auricles  entire  or  i  2  toothed,  or  the  uppermost  leaves  nearly  lineai  and  not 
auricled,  all  papillose;  ocreae  silvery,  2  p  irted.  soon  lacerate;  flowers  in  erect 
panicled  racemes;  raceme;;  interrupted;  ca'.:  x  green,  i  man.  long,  pedicelled; 


POL  YG  ON  A  CEA  E.  355 

stamens  exserted;  achene  less  than  2  mm.  long,  Very  granular,  exceeding  the 
persistent  calyx,  its  angles  not  margined.  In  dry  fields  and  on  hillsides  through 
out  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.  In  large  part  naturalized  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed.  May-Sept. 

2.  Rumex  hastatulus  Muhl.     EINGELMANN'S  SORREL.     (I.  F.  f.  1300.)     Per- 
ennial from  a  woody  base,  glabrous,  dioecious;    stem  rather  strict,  erect,  10-40  cm. 
tall.     Leaves  hastate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  basal  numerous, 
auricled  at  the  base,  subacute,  petioled,  those  of  the  stem   linear,  all  papillose; 
ocreae  silvery,  2 -parted,  at  length   lacerate;  racemes  ascending,  at  length  inter- 
rupted; calyx  green,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  equalling  or  longer  than  the  wings; 
wings  mostly  broader  than  high,  cordate,  2-4  mm.  long;  stamens  slightly  exserted; 
achene   reddish,  smooth,  shining,  less  than  2  mm.  long,  invested  by   the  calyx- 
wings,  its  angles  margined.     On  the  seacoast,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  on  the  plains 
from  Kans.  to  Tex.     March-Aug. 

3.  Rumex  Acetosa  L.     SORREL.     SOUR  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  1301.)     Perennial, 
glabrous,  dioecious;  stem  erect,  simple,  grooved,  30-90  cm.  tall.     Leaves  oblong- 
hastate  or  ovate-sagittate,  2-12  cm.  long,  acute,  crisped  on  the  margins,  the  basal 
few,  long-petioled,  the  upper  subsessile,  the  acute  auricles  entire  or  I -toothed  and 
more  or  less  reflexed;  ocreae  lacerate;  racemes  nearly  erect,  crowded,  at  length 
interrupted;  calyx  green,  2  mm.  long,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  wings,  jointed;  wings  cordate,  4-5  mm.  long;  achene  rather  more  than 
2  mm.   long,   pointed,   smooth,   shining,   blackish,   invested  by   the  calyx-wings. 
Lab.  to  Alaska.     Naturalized  from  Europe  in  Vt.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     Summer. 

4.  Rumex  venosus  Pursh.     VEINED  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  1302.)     Perennial  by  a 
woody  rootstock,  glabrous,  stem  rather  stout,  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  15-40  cm. 
tall,  grooved,  branched.     Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  2-12  cm.  long,  acute  at  both 
ends,  petioled,  rather  coriaceous;  ocreae  funnelform,  thin,  brittle;  racemes  mostly 
erect,  soon  interrupted;  calyx  red,  pedicelled,  conspicuously  winged  in  fruit;  pedi- 
cels at  maturity  rather  stout,  slightly  shorter  than  the  wings,  jointed  at  about  the 
middle;  wings  broad,  suborbicular,  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the  base,  veiny,  reddish; 
achene  6  mm.  long,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  margined.     N.  W.. 
Terr,  to  Ore.  and  Wash.,  South  to  Mo.  and  Nev.     May- Aug. 


5.   Rumex  salicifolius  Weinm.      WHITE,  PALE  or  WILLOW-LEAVED  DOCK. 
[.  F.  f.  1303.)    Perennial,  glabrous,  pal 
spreading,  flexuous,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate  or  the  lower 


(I.  F.  f.  1303.)    Perennial,  glabrous,  pale  green;  stem  erect,  ascending,  or  sometimes 


oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex,  petioled; 
racemes  erect,  divergent  or  reflexed,  dense,  in  fruit  interrupted  below,  2  mm.  long, 
pedicelled;  pediceU  slightly  longer  than  the  wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings 
triangular-ovate,  3  mm.  long,  undulate  or  subdentate.  each  bearing  a  large  ovoid 
tubercle;  achene  2  mm.  long,  dark  red,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly  mar- 
gined. In  swamps,  Lab.  to  S.  N.  Y.,  Fla.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  L.  Calif.  Also  in  Europe. 
May-Sept. 

6.  Rumex  verticillatus  L.     SWAMP  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  1304.)     Perennial,  gla- 
brous, rather  bright  green;  stem  erect,  ascending  or  decumbent,  6-15   dm.  long, 
more  or  less  flexuous  when  old.     Leaves   narrowly  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or 
lanceolate,  5.30  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  slightly 
papillose,    long-petioled;    racemes    interrupted   below,   spreading    in   fruit;    calyx 
green,  2  mm.  long;  pedicels  stout,  thickened  above,  jointed  near  the  base,  3-5  times 
as  long  as  the  wings,  or  rarely  shorter;  wings  broadly  deltoid,  4  mm.  long,  more 
or  less  decurrent  on  the  pedicel,  each  bearing  a  narrowly  ovoid  tubercle;  acher.e 
2.5   mm.  long,  reddish,  pointed,  its  faces  concave.     In  swamps,  Quebec    to  Ont. 
and  Iowa,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

7.  Rumex  altissimus  Wood.     TALL  or  PEACH-LEAVED  DOCK.      (I.  F.  f. 
1305.)     Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  pale   green;  stem  erect,   simple  or  sparingly 
branched  above,  3-12   dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  (sometimes  oblanceolate),  5-25  cm.  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  papillose; 
panicle    rather   open;    racemes    slightly    interrupted    in    fruit;     flower.s  .densely 
whorled,  2  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  jointed  near  the  base,  as  long  as  the  wings; 
wings  triangular-cordate,  4-5  mm.  long,  usually  one  oi  them  only  bearing  an  ovoid 
tubercle;  achene  3  mm.  long,  dark  red,  its  faces  concave.     Along  streams  and  in 
swamps.  Mass,  to  Neb.,  Md.  and  Tex.     April-June. 


356  FLORA. 

8.  Rumex    Patientia    L.     PATIENCE    DOCK.     (I.   F.  f.   1306.)     Perennial, 
glabrous;  stem  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  6-15  dm.  tall.     Lower  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,   long-petioled,   10—40  cm.    long,    the  upper   oblong-lanceolate  or 
oblong-elliptic,  acute  or  obtusish,  the  uppermost  lanceolate;  fruiting  panicle  dense; 
racemes  erect,   somewhat  interrupted  in  fruit;  flowers  densely  whorled;  pedicels 
slender,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings,  jointed  below  the  middle;  wings 
orbicular-cordate,  4-6  mm.  long,  one  of  them  bearing  a  prominent  ovoid  callosity; 
achene  3  mm.  long,  light  brown,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  obscurely  margined. 
In  waste  places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Wis.,  south  to  Conn.,  Penn.  and  Kans.     Also  in 
the  Far  West.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     May-June. 

9.  Rumex  Britannica  L.     GREAT  WATER-DOCK.      (I.  F.  f.  1307.)    Peren- 
nial, glabrous,  dark  green;   stem  stout,   erect,   more  or   less  branched,  9-18  dm. 
tall.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  lanceolate,  the  lower  3-6  dm.  long,  long-petioled, 
the  upper  5-15  cm.  long,   short- petioled;  fruiting  panicle  dense;  racemes  nearly 
erect,   more  or  less  interrupted;  flowers  densely  whorled;  pedicels  slender,  con- 
spicuously jointed  above  the  base,  j^-2  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  wings;  wings 
broadly  cordate,  6  mm.  long,  irregularly  denticulate,  each  bearing  a  large  callos- 
ity; achene  ovoid-oblong,  or  oblong,   4  mm.  long,  pointed  at  both  ends,   brown, 
its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly  margined.     In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  N.  B. 
and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  111.  and  Neb.     July- Aug. 

10.  Rumex  occidentalis  S.  Wats.     WESTERN  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  1308.)    Per- 
ennial,  glabrous;    stem   strict,  erect  or  nearly  so,  strongly  grooved,  6-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  bluish-green,  somewhat  crisped  and  wavy- 
margined,  papillose,   the  lower  20—30  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex, 
more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,   long-petioled,   the  upper  smaller  and   usually 
lanceolate;  panicle  rather  dense,  leafless  or  nearly  so,  erect;  racemes  usually  not 
interrupted;  flowers  loosely  whorled;  calyx  2  mm.  long;  pedicels  obscurely  jointed 
below  the  middle,  2-3  times  longer  than  the  calyx-wings;  wings  triangular-ovate, 
5-8  mm.  long,  somewhat  dentate  or  undulate,  bearing  no  tubercles;  achene  oblong, 
4-5  mm.  long,  short-pointed,  chestnut-brown.     In  wet  places,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Ont., 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Tex.,  and  to  Calif.     May- Aug. 

11.  Rumex  crispus  L.     CURLED  DOCK.      (I.  F.  f.   1309.)      Perennial,  gla- 
brous, dark  green;   stem  rather  slender,  erect,  3-10  dm.  tall.     Leaves  crisped  and 
wavy-margined,  the  lower  oblong   or   oblong-lanceolate.    15-30   cm.  long,  long- 
petioled,  the  upper  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate,  7-15  cm.  long,  short-petioled, 
all  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,   more   or   less   papillose;  panicle   rather  open; 
racemes  simple  or  compound,  by  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels  apparently  contin- 
uous in  fruit;  flowers  rather  loosely  whorled;  fruiting  pedicels  1^-2  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx-wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  cordate,  3-4  mm.  long,  truncate 
or  notched  at  base,  erose-dentate,  or  nearly  entire,  each  bearing  a  tubercle;  achene 
2  mm.  long,  dark  brown.     In  fields  and  waste  places  nearly  throughout  the  U.  S. 
and  southern  British  America.        Often   a  troublesome  weed.     Naturalized  from 
Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Aug.     Hybridizes  with  A',  obtusifolius. 

12.  Rumex  conglomerates  Murr.     CLUSTERED  OR  SMALLER  GREEN  DOCK. 
(I.  F.  f.  1310.)     Perennial,  glabrous,  pale  green;  stem  slender,  erect,  3-9  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2.5-14  cm.  long,  some  of  them  slightly  fiddle- 
shaped,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base,  crenulate  and  slightly  crisped,  peti- 
oled; panicle  loose  and  open  in  fruit;  racemes  leafy,   slender,   ascending,  much 
interrupted;  flowers  loosely  whorled;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  ovate,    fiddle-shaped,   3    mm.  long,  toothed 
near  the  base,  each  bearing  a  large  oblong  callosity;  achene  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
pointed,  red.    its  faces  convex.     In  waste  places,  Va.   to  S.  Car.     Also   in  Calif. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.     May-July. 

13.  Rumex  sanguineus  L.     BLOODY  OR  RED- VEINED  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  1311.) 
Perennial,  glabrous;   stem  slender,  erect,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2.5-15  cm.  long,  the  lower  long-petioled,  cordate  at  the 
base,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  red-veined,   the  upper  short-petioled; 
panicle  loose;  racemes  slender,   spreading,   not  leafy,  interrupted;  flowers  loosely 
whorled;  pedicels  slender,  i-ij^  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings,  jointed  at  the 
base;  wings  oblong,  3  mm.  long,  one  of  them  bearing  a  spherical-oblong  callosity; 
achene  less  than  2  mm.  long,  sharp-pointed,  dark  red,  its  faces  convex.     In  waste 


POL  YG  ON  A  CEA  E.  357 

places  and  ballast,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  La.     Uncommon.     Naturalized  or  adven- 
ive  from  Europe.     May-Aug. 

14.  Rumex  pulcher  L.     FIDDLE  DOCK.     (I.   F.  f.  1312.)     Perennial,  dark 
green;  stem  slender,  erect  or  procumbent,   diffusely  branched,  3-9  dm.   long,  the 
branches  spreading.     Leaves  oblong,   or  some  of  the    lower   fiddle-shaped,    2.5- 
15  cm.  long,  long-petioled,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  upper  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,   2.5-7.5   cm.  long,   usually  narrowed  at  both  ends;  petioles 
more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  loose;  racemes  long,  divergent,  sometimes  reflexed, 
much  interrupted,  rather  leafy;   flowers  few  in  the  whorls;  pedicels  equalling  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  at  or  below  the   middle;  wings  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  4  mm. 
long,  truncate  at  the  base,  one  larger  than  the  others  or  all  three  of  different  sizes, 
fringed  with    spine-like  teeth,    usually    two,   sometimes  one   or  all  three  bearing 
tubercles;  achene   2    mm.   long,    pointed,     reddish,    its   faces  concave.     In  waste 
places,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Also  on  the   Pacific  Coast  and  in  ballast  about  the 
northern  seaports.     Naturalized  from  Europe.      June-Sept. 

15.  Rumex  obtusifolius  L.     BROAD- LEAVED  OR  BITTER  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f. 
1313.)     Perennial,    glabrous,  dark   green;    stem  stout,   erect,   more  or  less  scurfy 
above,  6-12  dm.  tall.    Lower  leaves  oblong-  lanceolate,  15-35  cm.  long,  long-petioled, 
all  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse   or  acute  at  the  apex,  the  upper  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.    long,    short-petioled,    somewhat   undulate  or 
crisped;  panicle  rather  open;  racemes    nearly  erect,   continuous  or  interrupted  be- 
low; flowers  loosely  whorled;  pedicels    slender,    somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  below  the  middle;  wings  hastate,  4-5  mm.  long,  fringed  with  a  few 
spreading  spiny  teeth,   one  of  them   bearing   an  oblong  tubercle;  achene  2  mm. 
long,  pointed,  dark  red,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly  margined.     In  waste 
places,   N.   S.  and  N.  B.  to  Ore.,  south  to  Fla.   and  Tex.     Naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope.    Native  also  of  Asia.     June -Aug. 

16.  Rumex  persicarioides  L.     GOLDEN   DOCK.     (I.  F.  £1314.)    Annual, 
pubescent,  pale  green;  stem  rather  stout,  erect  and  simple,  or  diffusely  branched, 
3-9  dm.  high,  sometimes  spreading  or  creeping,  very  leafy.     Leaves  lanceolate,  or 
oblong,  2.5-30  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  or  sometimes  cordate,  or  sagittate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  undulate;  panicle  simple   or  compound  ;  racemes  erect,   leafy  - 
bracted,  mostly  interrupted;  flowers   densely  whorled;  pedicels  slender,  i-i|  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx-wings,  jointed  at  the  base ;  wings  oblong,  2   mm.  long,  with  1-3 
bristles  on  each  margin,  each  tearing  an  ovoid  or  oblong  callosity;    achene  less 
than  2  mm.  long,  pointed,  reddish,  its  faces  convex,   its  angles  slightly  margined. 
On  sandy  shores,   N.   B.  to  Va.,    extending    across  the  continent  through  British 
America,  south  in  the  interior  to  Kan.  and   N.  Mex.  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  to 
Calif.     Has  been  confounded  with  R.  maritimus  L.  of  the  Old  World.     July-Oct. 

4.  OXYRIA  Hill. 

Low  fleshy  glabrous  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  stems.  Leaves  mostly  basal, 
long-petioled,  reniform  or  orbicular,  cordate,  palmately  nerved,  with  cylindric 
ocreae.  Flowers  perfect,  green,  in  terminal  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  4-parted, 
the  outer  segments  smaller  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  included;  filaments  short, 
subulate,  glabrous.  Ovary  l-celled;  ovule  solitary;  style  2-parted;  stigmas  fim- 
briate,  persistent  on  the  large  wings  of  the  fruiting  calyx.  Achene  lenticular. 
Embryo  straight,  borne  in  the  centre  of  the  endosperm.  [Greek,  sour,  from  the 
acid  leaves.]  Two  known  species,  the  following,  and  one  in  the  Himalayas. 

I.  Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Camptdera.  MOUNTAIN  SORREL.  (I.  F.  f.  1315.) 
Rootstock  large,  chaffy;  stems  scape-like,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  leafless  or 
nearly  so,  5-30  cm.  tall.  Leaves  reniform  or  orbicular-reniform,  1-3.5  crru  wide, 
undulate,  sometimes  emarginate  at  the  apex,  the  basal  long-petioled;  ocreae  ob- 
lique, loose,  racemes  many-flowered;  flowers  slender-pedicelled;  segments  oblong, 
the  inner  erect,  the  outer  reflexed  in  fruit;  achene  ovoid,  smooth,  surrounded  by  a 
broad  membranous  wing.  Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  White  Mts. 
of  N.  H.  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
July-Sept. 

5.  FAGOPYRUM  Gaertn. 

Annual  or  perennial  rather  fleshy  usually  glabrous  leafy  herbs,  with  erect, 
striate  or  grooved  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  hastate  or  deltoid,  with  ob- 


FLORA. 

lique,  cylindric  or  furmelform  ocreae.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  terminal 
or  axillary  usually  paniculate  racemes,  perfect,  borne  solitary  or  several  together 
from  each  ocreola,  slender-pedicelled.  Calyx  about  equally  5 -parted,  persistent 
and  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  segments  petaloid,  shorter  than  the  achene.  Stamens 
8;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous.  Ovary  I -celled,  i-ovuled;  style  3-parted;  stigmas 
capitate.  Achene  3 -angled.  Embryo  central,  dividing  the  mealy  endosperm 
into  two  parts;  cotyledons  broad.  [Greek,  beech-wheat,  from  the  similarity  of  the 
grain.]  About  6  species,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Racemes  panicled  or  corymbose;  angles  of  the  achene  not  crested.  i.  F.  Fagopyrum, 
Racemes  mostly  simple;  angles  of  the  achene  crested,  undulate.  2.  F.  Tataricum. 

1.  Fagopyrum   Fagopyrum   (L.)   Karst.      BUCKWHEAT.     (I.    F.    f.    1316.) 
Annual,    glabrous   except   at    the   nodes,    stem   3-9   dm.    high.     Leaves    hastate, 
2.5-7.5  cm.   long,  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  middle,  acuminate,  the  nerves  on 
the    lower   surface   slightly  scurfy;  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious;  racemes  mostly 
panicled,  sometimes  corymbose,  many-flowered,   erect  or  inclined  to  droop;  pedi- 
cels as   long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-segments   white  or  whitish;  stamens    included; 
style-branches  deflexed  in  fruit;  achene  acute,  5  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  ay 
the   calyx,    its  faces  pinnately-striate  when  mature,  the  angles  acute,  not  crested. 
In  waste  places,  and  persistent  in  fields  after  cultivation.     Reported  from  almost 
all  parts  of  the  northern  U.  S.  and  southern  British  America.     Native  of  eastern 
Europe  or  western  Asia.     June- Sept.      [F.  esculentum  Moench.] 

2.  Fagopyrum  Tataricum  (L.)  Gaertn.     TARTARY  BUCKWHEAT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1317.)     Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  leaves  deltoid-hastate,  or 
oblong  hastate,  often  broader  than  long,  2.5-10  cm.  wide,  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at   the    apex;    racemes  terminal   and   axillary,    mostly   solitary,   simple  and  few- 
flowered,    long-pedur,cled;    flowers   whitish,   short-pedicelled;  achene   subacute,    5 
mm.  long,  its  angles  crested  with  three  prominent  lobes  above  the  middle,  its  faces 
pinnately   sulcate  from   a  conspicuous  groove.     In  waste  places,  eastern  Canada 
and  New  England.     Adventive  from  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  POLYGONUM  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  some  species  woody,  with  erect, 
prostrate,  climbing  or  floating  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves,  continuous  with,  or 
jointed  to  the  cylindric  funnelform  or  two-lobed,  often  lacerate  or  fringed  ocreae, 
Flowers  normally  perfect,  green,  white,  pink  or  purple,  variously  clustered,  the 
clusters  terminal  or  axillary.  Pedicels  jointed,  subtended  by  ocreae  or  ocreolae; 
calyx  4-5-parted  or  4-5 -cleft,  the  outer  sepals  or  segments  somewhat  larger  than  the 
inner,  stamens  5-9,  included  or  exserted;  filaments  filiform,  or  dilated  at  the  base, 
glabrous;  style  2-3-parted  or  2-3-cleft,  its  branches  included  or  exserted;  stigmas 
capitate:  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled  (rarely  4  angled),  invested  by  or  exceeding 
the  calyx.  Embryo  near  the  end  of  the  seed,  in  one  of  its  angles.  [Greek,  many- 
knees  from  the  swollen  joints  of  some  species.  ]  About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic 
distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  33  others  occur  in  the  western  and 
southern  parts  of  North  America. 

i.  Flowers  in  terminal  spike  like  racemes;  calyx  s-cleft  ors-parted;  stem  not  twining. 
Raceme  solitary  ;   alpine  species  ;  perennial,  not  aquatic.  i.  P.  viviparum. 

Racemes  solitary  or  2  ;  aquatic  or  swamp  species;  perennials. 

Leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  not  acuminate.  2.   P.  amphibium. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  oblong- lanceolate,  not  acuminate. 

3.  P.  Hartwrightii. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate. 

4.  P.  emersum. 
Racemes  several  or  numerous  ;  annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  terrestrial. 

Ocreae  naked  or  ciliolate,  their  limbs  not  spreading. 
Racemes  drooping. 

Achene  ovoid;  style  2-parted  to  near  the  base.  6.  P.  incarnatum. 

Achene  broadly  oblong-ovoid;  style  2-cleft  to-below  the  middle. 

7.  P.  lapathi/olium. 


POL  YG  ON  A  CEA  E.  359 

Racemes  erect. 

Style-branches  scarcely  or  slightly  exserted. 

Achene  broadly  oblong,  biconvex.  5.  P.  Portoricense. 

Achene  orbicular,  flat.  8.  P.  Pennsylvanicum. 

Style-branches  long-exserted  ;  achene  ovoid,  somewhat  gibbous. 

9.  P.  longistylum* 
Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles,  their  limbs  not  spreading. 

Racemes  not  interrupted,  erect;  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled. 
Ocreae  conspicuously  fringed;  achene  broadly  ovoid. 

10.  P.  Persicaria. 
Ocreae  inconspicuously  fringed;  achene  narrowly  ovoid. 

11.  P.  persicarioides. 
Racemes  not  interrupted,  erect;  achene  always  3-angled. 

Ocreolae  conspicuously  fringed.  14.  P,  Opelousanum. 

Ocreolae  inconspicuously  fringed. 

Leaves  mostly  glabrous  above;  achene  pointed  at  the  top. 

15.  P.  hydropiperoidesi 
Leaves  strigose  above;  achene  pointed  at  both  ends. 

13.  P.  setaceum. 

Racemes  not  interrupted,  drooping.  12.  P.  Careyi. 

Racemes  interrupted,  erect  or  drooping. 

Achene  granular  and  dull:  racemes  drooping.  16.  P.  Hydropiper. 

Achene  smooth,  shining;  racemes  erect.  17.  P.  punctatum. 

Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles,  their  limbs  normally  spreading. 

18.  P.  orient  ale. 

a.  Flowers  in  long  naked  much  interrupted  spike-like  racemes;  calyx  4-parted. 

19.  P.   Virginian  urn. 
3.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  stems  more  or  less  wiry,  not  twining. 

Plants  prostrate;  achene  invested  by  the  calyx. 

Achene  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base. 

Leaves  mostly  acute;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle. 

20.  P.  aviculare. 
Leaves  mostly  obtuse-,  style  3-parted  to  the  base.             21.  P.  lit  tor  ale. 

Achene  pointed  at  both  ends.  22.  P.  Bellardi. 

Plants  prostrate;  achene  protruding  beyond  the  calyx. 

Leaves  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes;  sea  beach  species. 

23.  P.  maritimum. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  internodes;  plant  of  waste  places.    24.  P.  Rayi. 
Plants  erect  or  ascending,  rather  stout. 
Achene  invested  by  the  calyx. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  persistent.  25.   P.  ertctum. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  persistent.  27.  P.  ramosissimum. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  fugacious. 

28.   P.  camporum. 

Achene  much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx.  26.  P.  exsertum. 

Plants  strictly  erect  and  very  slender. 

Leaves  with  a  lateral  impression  on  either  side  of  the  midvein  ;  fruiting  pedicels 

stout,  erect.  29.   P.  tenue. 

Leaves  without  lateral  impression;  fruiting  pedicels  slender,  deflexed. 

30.  P.  Douglasii. 

4.  Flowers  in   axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  racemes  or   panicled   racemes;   stems 

mostly  twining. 

Stems  twining;  herbaceous  vines. 

Outer  segments  of  the  calyx  unchanged,  or  keeled  in  fruit. 

Achene  granular  and  dull;  ocreae  not  bristly.  31.  P.  Convolvulus. 

Achene  smooth  and  shining;  ocreae  bristly.  32.  P.  cilinode. 

Outer  segments  of  the  calyx  conspicuously  winged  in  fruit. 
Carlyx-wings  not  incised. 

Fruiting  calyx  10-12  mm.  long,  the  wings  crisped.   33.  P.  scandens. 
Fruiting  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  the  wings  rather  flat.   34.  P.  dumetorum. 
Calyx-wings  incised.  35.  /*.  cristatum. 

Stems  stout,  erect,  tall;  outer  calyx-segments  winged  in  fruit.     36.  P.  Zuccarinii. 

5.  Flowers  in  capitate  clusters  or  racemes;  stem  climbing  by  recurved  prickles. 
Leaves  sagittate;  achene  3-angled.  37.  P.  sagittatum. 

Leaves  halberd-shaped;  achene  lenticular.  38.  P.  arifolium. 

I.   Polygonum  viviparum  L.     ALPINE  BISTORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1318.)     Perennial 
by  a  conn-like  rootstock,  mostly  glabrous  and,  somewhat  glaucous,  stems  solitary 


30  FLORA. 

or  clustered,  erect,  simple,  5-25  cm.  tall.  Basal  leaves  oblong  ot  .anceoiaie,  2.5-20 
cm.  long,  rather  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  long-petioled; 
stem  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the 
upper  sessile,  their  margins  often  revolute;  ocreae  clasping  below,  open  above; 
raceme  solitary,  terminal,  narrow,  rather  dense,  bearing  a  number  of  rather  dark- 
colored  bulblets  about  its  base;  calyx  5 -parted,  pale  rose-color  or  white;  stamens  8, 
exserted;  style  3-parted,  achene  oblong,  3-angled.  Greenland  and  Labrador  to 
Alaska,  south  to  the  high  summits  of  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo.  Also  in  Arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.  June- 
Aug. 

2.  Polygonum    amphibium    L.      WATER    PERSIC  ART  A.      (I.    F.   f.    1319.) 
Aquatic,  perennial,  glabrous  when  mature;  stem    floating  or  submersed,    1-6  m. 
long.     Leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  petioled,  obtuse 
or  subacute  at  the  a.pex,  slightly  inequilateral,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
sometimes  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  those  of   the  branches  often  longer  than  the 
internodes,  their  limbs  sometimes  spreading,  usually  glabrous;  raceme  terminal, 
usually  solitary,  12-2^  mm.  long,  dense,  erect,  oblong  or  ovoid;  calyx  rose-color, 
5 -parted;    stamens  5,    exserted;   style   2-cleft,   exserted;    achene  orbicular-oblong, 
lenticular,   3   mm.   long,   biconvex,    black,  smooth  and  shining,   or  granular.     In 
ponds  and  lakes,  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  to  northern  N.  J.,  Ky.,  Colo,  and  Cal. 
Also  in  Europe.     July-Aug. 

3.  Polygonum   Hartwrightii    A.     Gray.     HART    WRIGHT'S    PERSICARIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  1320.)     Perennial   by     rootstocks,   more  or   less  hispid;  stem   ascending, 
decumbent  or  erect,  1.5-6  dm.     long,  many -jointed,  usually  rather  stout.     Leaves 
lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or    oblong,    7-15    cm.   long,   obtuse  or  subacute  the 
apex,  short-petioled  or  sessile;    ocreae  cylindric,  varying  from  one-half  as  long  to 
as  long  as  the  internodes,  the  limb  abruptly  spreading,  fringed  with  short  bristles; 
racemes    usually    solitary,     dense,     1-2.5    cm-    'orig,  oblong ;    calyx    rose-colored, 
5-parted;  stamens  5,  exserted;  style  exserted,  2-cleft  to  beyond  the  middle;  achene 
oblong,    biconvex,    lenticular,    black,    smooth,  shining.     In  swamps  or  moist  soil, 
Hudson  Bay  to  Ore.,  south  to  Me.,  S.  Penn.,  Kans.,  Nev.  ard  L.  Calif.     June- 
Aug. 

4.  Polygonum  emersum  (Michx.)    Britton.     SWAMP  PERSICARIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
1321.)     Perennial  by  long  creeping  or     horizontal  rootstocks,  glabrous  or  strigose- 
pubescent;  stem  erect  or  assurgent,     commonly    simple,    enlarged    at   the   nodes, 
3-9  dm.  or  sometimes  6  m.  long.      'Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
or   the    upper   sometimes   narrowly    lanceolate,    6-20   cm.  long,  acute  or  usually 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or    cordate  at  the  base,  petioled,  the  lateral  nerves 
prominent,    sometimes    forking;    ocreae    cylindric,    not   ciliate;   racemes    I  or   2, 
erect,    2.5-8   cm.   long,    linear-oblong,      ^ense;    calyx   dark   rose-color,    5-parted; 
stamens  5,  exserted;  style  2-cleft,  exserted;    achene  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular, 
3  mm.   long,   very  convex,    lenticular,  black    and  slightly   granular,   but  shining. 
In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Me.,  Ont.  to  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Va., 
La.  and  Mex.     July-Sept.     [P.  Muhlenbergii  S.  Wats.] 

5.  Polygonum  Portoricense  Bertero.    DENSE-FLOWERED  PERSICARIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
1322.)    Perennial,  more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  erect,  decumbent  or  floating,  1-1.5  m- 
long  or  longer,  branched,  enlarged  at  the    nodes.     Leaves  lanceolate   or   linear- 
lanceolate,  4-30  cm.   long,    acuminate   at  both    ends,   obscurely  punctate,   short- 
petioled,  the  nerves  prominent  beneath;  ocreae    cylindric,  sometimes  bristly  when 
young,  naked  when  mature,  sometimes  hispid;    racemes  narrow,  paniculate,  often 
in  pairs,  2.5-13  cm.   long,  dense,  erect;  calyx  white  or  whitish,   5. parted  to  near 
the   base;    stamens   6-8,    included;    style    2~3-cleft,     somewhat   exserted;    achene 
lenticular   and   strongly   biconvex   or   3-angled,   2-3    mm.    long,   broadly   oblong, 
orbicular   or  even   broader  than   high,  black,   smooth   and   shining,  or   minutely 
granular.     In  wet  soil,  Mo.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  the  W.  I.  and  S.  Am.      May -Nov. 

6.  Polygonum    incarnatum   Ell.     SLENDER  PINK  PERSICARIA.     (I.   F.    f. 
1323.)     Annual,   glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;   stem  erect,  more  or  less  swollen  at  the 
nodes,  6-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceolate,  7-22  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
short-petioled,    sparingly   punctate   and   ciliate;   ocreae   cylindric,    loose,    brittle, 
sometimes  ciliolate  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature;  racemes  panicled,  droop- 
ing, 3.5-10  cm.  long,  linear,  many-flowered;  calyx  white  or  pink,  small,  5 -parted; 


POL  YGOiVA  CEAE.  361 

stamens  6;  style  2-parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  ovoid-oblong,  lenticular,  about 

2  mm.  long,  flat  or  biconcave,  smooth,  shining.     In  wet  soil,  Vt.  to  111.  and  Neb., 
south  to  Fla.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

7.  Polygonum    lapathifolium    L.     DOCK-LEAVED   OR    PALE    PERSICARIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  1324.)     Annual,  stem  erect  or  ascending,  swollen  at  the  nodes,  3-9  dm. 
high,    the    peduncles    and    pedicels    glandular.     Leaves    lanceolate    or    oblong, 
lanceolate,  5-25   cm.  long,  usually  broader  than  those  of  the  preceding,  attenuate 
to  the  apex,  acuminate  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  ciliate,  inconspicuously  punctate; 
ocreae  cylindric,  ribbed  or  striate;  racemes  panicled,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  drooping, 
narrow,  rather  dense;  calyx  pink,   greenish  or  white,  5-parted;  stamens  6;  style 
2-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene  broadly  oblong  or  ovoid,  lenticular,  2  mm. 
long,  brownish   or  black,  slightly  reticulated  but  shining,  its  faces  concave.     In 
waste  places,    throughout  temperate  N.   Am.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Sometimes   a 
troublesome  weed.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Sept. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  nod6sum  (Pers.)  Small.  Generally  robust  and  glabrous  ; 
stem  stout,  reddish,  purple  spotted  and  with  a  purple  ring  below  each  ocrea,  much 
thickened  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  conspicuously  punctate  ;  racemes  2.5-7.5  cm-  lon&>  less 
drooping,  often  erect  ;  achene  slightly  larger.  Occasional  in  the  range  of  the  type. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  incinum  (Schmidt)  Koch.  Low;  stem  slender,  erect, 
5-30  cm.  high,  slightly  scurfy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong,  usually  narrowed  at 
the  base,  white-tomentose  beneath,  glabrous  above;  racemes  1-4  cm.  long.  In  waste 
places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  and  Br.  Col. 

8.  Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum  L.    PENNSYLVANIA  PERSICARIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
1325.)     Annual,  glabrous  below;  stem  erect,   3-9  dm.   tall,   the  upper  parts,  the 
peduncles   and   pedicels  glandular.     Leaves    lanceolate,   acuminate    at  the  apex, 
petioled,  ciliate,  5-30  cm.    long,  the   upper  sometimes  glandular  beneath;  ocreae 
cylindric,   naked,   glabrous;  racemes  panicled,   erect,  thick,   oblong  or  cylindric, 
dense,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  calyx  dark  pink  or  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  8  or  fewer; 
style  2-cleft  to  about  the   middle;  achene  orbicular  or  mostly  broader  than  high, 

3  mm.   long,    short-pointed,  lenticular,  smooth,  shining.     In  moist  soil,  N.    S.   to 
Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

9.  Polygonum   longistylum  Small.     LONG-STYLED   PERSICARIA.     (I.   F.   f. 
1326.)     Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  except  the  glandular  upper  branches  and 
peduncles;  stem  erect,  rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,    2.5-15    cm.    long,    acuminate    at   both    ends,    petioled,    their  margins 
undulate,  slightly  crisped,  more  or  less  ciliolate;  ocreae  cylindric,  entire,  brittle; 
racemes  panicled,  sometimes  geminate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  rather  dense,  erect;  calyx 
lilac,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the    lobes  petaloid;    stamens  6-8,   included; 
style  2-parted,  slender,   conspicuously   exserted;    stigmas  black;   achene   broadly 
ovoid,    lenticular,   slightly   gibbous  on  both  sides,   long-pointed,   black,   granular, 
but  somewhat  shining,   2.5  mm.   long.     In  moist  soil,  S.  111.  and  Mo.  to  La.  and 
N.  Mex.     Aug.-Oct. 

10.  Polygonum  Persicaria  L.     LADY'S  THUMB.     (I.  F.  f.  1327.)    Annual, 
glabrous   or   puberulent ;    stem   erect   or   ascending,    1.5-6   dm.    high.       Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  2-15  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  conspicuously 
punctate,   usually  with  a  dark  triangular  or   lunar  blotch  near  the  centre,   their 
margins  entire  or  slightly  eroded,  often  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  nearly  glabrous, 
fringed  with  short  bristles;  racemes  solitary  or  panicled,  1-5  cm.  long,  ovoid  or 
oblong,    dense,  erect;  calyx  pink  or  dark  purple;  stamens  mostly  6;  style  2-3- 
parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene  broadly  ovate  and  lenticular,  often  gibbous  or 
3-angled,  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng>  smooth  and  shining.    In  waste  places,  throughout  N.  Am. 
except  the  extreme  north.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Often  an  abundant  weed.     June- 
Oct. 

11.  Polygonum   persicarioides   H.   B.   K.      SOUTHWESTERN  PERSICARIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  1328.)     Perennial,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent;  stem  erect,  decumbent 
or  creeping,  3-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at 
both    ends,    punctate,    4-25    cm.    long  ;    ocreae   cylindric,    glabrous,   or  sparingly 
strigillose,    fringed  with    short   bristles  ;    racemes   more  or   less  panicled,   erect, 
2-5-7-5  cm-   long>  narrowly  oblong  or   linear,   loosely  flowered;    calyx   rose-color 
tinged  with  green,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle;  stamens  8  or  fewer;  style  2-3- 


362  FLORA. 

parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  lenticular  and  biconvex,  or  3 -angled,  more  or  less 
gibbous,  2  mm.  long,  ovoid  or  broadly  oblong,  short- pointed,  black,  minutely 
granular,  but  shining.  Neb.  to  Mex. ;  widdy  distributed  in  tropical  Am.  June- 
Sept. 

12.  Polygonum   Careyi   Olney.      CAREY'S   PERSICARIA.      (I.   F.    f.    1329.) 
Annual,  rough-glandular  throughout ;  stem  erect,  3-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  oblong, 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  uppermost  nearly  linear,  5-27  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  hispid  on  the  midrib,  ciliate, 
sparingly  punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  sparsely  hispid,  fringed  with  long  bristles; 
racemes  several,  narrow,  loosely  flowered,  drooping,  2-7  cm.  long;  calyx  purplish; 
stamens  5  or  sometimes  8;  style  2-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene  lenticular, 
broadly  ovoid  or  obovoid,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  short- pointed,  thick,  smooth  and  shining. 
In  marshes,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mich.,  south  to  R.  I.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.     July- Sept. 

13.  Polygonum  setaceum  Baldw.     BRISTLY  PERSICARIA.     (I.  F.  f.  1330.) 
Perennial,   strigose;   stem  6-12  dm.   high,    erect,   simple  or  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,   5-23  cm.   long,   acuminate    at   both  ends, 
ciliate,  inconspicuously  punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  strigose,  fringed  with  very  long 
bristles  ;    racemes   few,    terminal,    2.5-6.5    cm.    long,    erect,    narrow,    sometimes 
geminate,  rather  loosely  flowered;  calyx  white  or  pink;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted 
to  below  the  middle;  achene  3-angled,  oblong  or  obovoid,  thick-pointed,  1-2  mm. 
long,  minutely  reticulated  and  rather  dull,  or  smooth  and  shining.     In  swamps, 
southern  Mo.  to  La.,  east  to  N.  Car.  and  Fla-    June-Sept. 

14.  Polygonum  Opelousanum  Riddell.     OPELOUSAS  PERSICARIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
1331.)     Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly   so;  stem  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  spar- 
ingly or  considerably  branched,  3-9  -dm.   tall,   becoming  woody  below.     Leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  4-13  cm.  long,  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  strigose,  fringed 
with  long  bristles;  spike-like  racemes  panicled,  erect,  often  geminate,  1.2-5  cm.  long, 
not  densely  flowered;  calyx  white,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle;  stamens  8  or  fewer; 
style   deeply  3-parted ;    achene    3-angled  or   rarely   4-angled,   broadly  ovoid   or 
obovoid,  1.5  mm.   long,  black,   smooth  and  shining.     Mo.  to  La.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 
July-Sept. 

15.  Polygonum   hydropiperoides  Michx.     MILD  WATER  PEPPER.     (I.  F.  f. 
1332.)     Perennial,  strigillose;  stem  erect,  decumbent  or  prostrate,  slender,  3-9  dm. 
long.   Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate, 
5-15   cm.  long,  short  petioled,   acute  at   apex,    ciliate,   pubescent   with    appressed 
hairs  on  the   midrib  beneath;  ocreae  cylindric,   loose,  strigose,  fringed  with  long 
bristles;  racemes  panicled,  terminal,  erect,  narrow,  more  or  less  interrupted,  3-7.5 
cm.  long;  calyx  pink  or  greenish;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle; 
achene  3-angled,  ovoid  or  oblong,  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng»  smooth,  shining.     In  swamps 
and  wet  soil,  N.  B.  to  Minn,  and  Calif.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mex.     June-Sept. 

Polygonum  hydropiperoJdes  Macoiini  Small.  More  robust  than  the  type;  stem 
3-12  dm.  long;,  clothed  with  stout  appressed  hairs  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  ocreolae 
more  or  less  ciliate  ;  calyx  white  or  whitish,  often  conspicuous.  Quebec  to  W.  Va.  and 
Ind.  Also  in  Calif. 

16.  Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.     SMART-WEED.     WATER  PEPPER.     (I.  F.  f. 
T333-)     Annual,  glabrous,  stem  erect,  often  red  or  reddish,  2-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  2.5-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  undulate  or  slightly  crisped,  punctate,  ciliate,  very  acrid ;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric, fringed  with  short  bristles,  sometimes  slightly  pubescent,  usually  swollen  at 
the  base  by  the  development  of  several  flowers  within;  racemes  panicled,  2.5-7.5 
cm.  long,  narrow,  drooping,  interrupted;  calyx  green,  3-5-parted  (usually  4-parted), 
conspicuously  punctate;  stamens  4  or  sometimes  6:  style  short,  2-3-parted;  achene 
lenticular  or  3-angled,  broadly  oblong  or  ovoid,  slightly  gibbous,  2.5-3  mm-  I°n£» 
granular,  dull.     In   moist  waste  places,   almost  throughout  N.  Am.     Naturalized 
from  Europe  in  our  area,  perhaps  indigenous  in  the  far  Northwest.     July-Sept. 

17.  Polygouum  punctatum  Ell.     DOTTED  OR  WATER  SMART- WEED.    (I.  F.  f. 
1334.)     Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
rarely  prostrate,  simple  or  branched,  3-12  dm.  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3-20  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  petioled,  ciliate,  conspicuously 
punctate,  acrid,  the  midrib  often  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  ocreae  cylindric, 


POL  YGO.VA  CEAE.  363 

falling  away  at  maturity,  fringed  with  long  bristles;  racemes  narrow,  erect  or 
slightly  drooping,  loosely -flowered,  2-8  cm.  long;  calyx  greenish;  stamens  8;  style 
2-3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  oblong,  thick,  lenticular  or  3-angled,  2.5  mm.  long, 
smooth,  shining.  In  swamps  and  wet  places,  throughout  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme 
north.  June-Get.  [P.  acre  H.  B.  K.,  not  Lam.] 

Polygonum  punctitum  leptostichyum  (Meisn.)  Small.  Rather  smaller ;  stem  slen- 
der, 3-6  dm.  long;  leaves  narrower;  racemes  very  slender  and  much  interrupted,  clus- 
tered at  the  summit;  achene  about  2  mm.  long,  oblong,  shining.  Vt.  to  Calif.,  south  to 
Fla.  and  Mex. 

Polygonum  punctktum  robiistior  Small.  Larger  and  stouter  than  the  type,  leafy  ; 
stem  6-12  dm.  tall,  conspicuously  enlarged  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long;  racemes 
thicker,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  interrupted  below;  achene  3  mm.  long,  slightly  granular,  some- 
what obovoid;  calyx-segments  white.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast. 

18.  Polygonum  orientale  L.     PRINCE'S  FEATHER.     (I.  F.  f.  1335.)     Annual, 
more  or  less  hispid;  stem  erect,  3-25  dm.  tall,  branched.     Leaves  ovate  or  broadly 
oblong,  7-30  cm.  long,  petioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ciliate;  petioles  slightly 
winged;  ocreae  cylindric,  loose,  mostly  with  a  spreading  border,  ciliate;  racemes 
panicled,  oblong-cylindric,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  dense,  drooping;  flowers  large  for  the 
genus;  calyx  dark  rose-color  or  crimson;  stamens  7,  exserted;  style  2-cleft  to  above 
•the  middle;  achene  orbicular  or  broader  than  long,  lenticular,  flat,  3  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, finely  reticulated  and  rather  dull.     In  waste  places,  escaped  irom  gardens 
throughout  eastern  N.  Am.     Native  of  India.     Aug.-Sept. 

19.  Polygonum  Virginianum  L.     VIRGINIA   KNOT\VEED.     (I.  F.  f.   1336.) 
Annual,  nearly  glabrous,  or  strigose;  stem  erect  or  arching,  simple,  or  branched 
above,   3-12    dm.    tall.      Leaves    ovate,    elliptic- ovate   or   cvate-lanceolate.    short- 
petioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  5-15  cm.  long,  sparingly  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric, 
strigose,  fringed  with   short  bristles;  racemes  spike-like,  naked,  greatly  elongated 
and   interrupted,  sometimes  4-5  dm.  long;  calyx  curved,   greenish  or  rose-color, 
4-cleft;  stamens  5;  style  long,  exserted,  2-parted  to  the  base,  its  branches  at  length 
curled;    achene  4  mm.    long,    ovate-oblong,    lenticular,    strongly  biconvex,    dark 
brown  or  cream- colored,  shining.     In  wocds,  N.  S.    to  Minn.,  south   to  Fla.  and 
Tex.     July-Nov. 

20.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.     KNOTGRASS.     DOOR-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1337.) 
Annual  or  commonly  perennial,  slender,  glabrous,  dull  green  or  bluish  green;  stem 
prostrate  or  ascending,  1-7  dm.  long.     Leaves  oblong,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  0.5-2 
cm.  long,  jointed  to  the  ocreae,  narrowed   at   the  base,  usually  acute  at  the  apex, 
not  conspicuously  veined;  ocreae  oblique,  silvery,  2-parted  or  at  length  lacerate; 
clusters  axillary,  i-5-flowered;  calyx  green,  5 -parted,  the  lobes  with  a  white  or  pink 
border;    stamens  5-8;  style   short,    3-parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  3-angled, 
ovoid,  2  mm.  long,  acute,  reticulated.     A  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds, 
common  almost  throughout  N.  Am.,  Asia  and  Europe.     June-Oct 

21.  Polygonum  littorale  Link.  SHORE  KNOTWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1338. )  Annual 
or  perennial,  stout,  glabrous,  bright  green  or  slightly  glaucous;  stem  3-12  dm. 
long,  prostrate  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched  from  a  woody  base,  striate. 
Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  acuminate  at  the  base,  prominently  veined,  often  crisped, 
jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  at  length  lacerate;  flowers  axillary,  2-6  in 
each  cluster  ;  calyx  green,  its  lobes  whitish-margined  or  carmine;  stamens  8;  style 
short,  3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  broadly  ovoid,  3-angled,  3  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  pinched  at  the  apex.  On  shores  and  in  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Minn,  and 
Cal.,  south  to  Va.,  111.  and  Kans.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug.-Sept. 

22.  Polygonum  Bellardi  All.  BELLARD'S  KNOTWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1339.) 
Annual,  dingy  green;  stem  slender,  prostrate  or  spreading,  3—9  dm.  long,  often 
diffusely  branched,  striate.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  short- 
petioled,  0.5-4  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  acuminate  at  the  base,  distant,  promi- 
nently veined  beneath,  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  silvery,  slightly 
lacerate  when  young,  becoming  much  incised  when  old  ;  flowers  1-3  together  in 
the  axils;  calyx  green,  its  lobes  white-margined ;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted  to  the 
base,  very  short;  achene  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  3-angled,  rather  pointed  at  both 
ends.  2-2.5  mm.  long,  reticulated  and  rather  dull.  In  waste  grounds,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  Adventive  from  eastern  Europe  and  western  Asia. 


"FLORA. 

23.  Polygonum  maritimum  L.      SEASIDE  KNOTWEED.      (I.   F.   f.    1340.) 
Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  glaucous,  glabrous;  root  usually  deep,  woody;  stem 
prostrate  or  ascending,  branched,  2-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  internodes,  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  fleshy,  veined  beneath, 
somewhat   rugose  above,  conspicuously   jointed  to  the  ocreae,  the  margins  often 
revolute;  ocreae  large,  silvery,   at  length  lacerate,  becoming  brown  at  the  base; 
flowers   1-3  together  in  the  axils;  calyx  white  or  pinkish;  stamens  8;  style  short, 
3-parted;  achene  3-angled,  ovoid  or  narrowly  ovoid,  3  mm.  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, shining,  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  sands  of  the  seashore,  Me.  to  Fla.     Also 
on  the  coast  of  Europe.     July-Sept. 

24.  Polygonum    Rayi   Babingt.      RAY'S    KNOTWEED.       (I.    F.    f.     1341.) 
Perennial  or  annual,  glabrous,   slightly  glaucous  ;   stem   1-6  dm.  long,  prostrate, 
usually  much  branched.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  0.5-3  cm.  long,  acute 
or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  veined  beneath,  inconspicuously  so  above,  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  inconspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  becoming  lacerate,  silvery, 
brown  and    glaucous  at   the  base  when  old;    flowers  2-4  together  in   the  axils; 
stamens  5  or  6;  style  short,  3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  ovoid,  3-angled,  4-6  mm. 
long,  slightly  granular  but  shining,  much  exceeding  the  calyx.     In  waste  places, 
N.  B.  and  Prince  Edward's  I.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  along  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Va. 
Apparently  naturalized  from  Europe.     Ma-y-Sept. 

25.  Polygonum  erectum  L.     ERECT  KNOTWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1342.)    Annual, 
glabrous;   stem  erect  or  ascending,  2-6  dm.  high,  terete,  nearly  simple  or  much 
branched.     Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  subsessile  or  short-petioled,  0.5-4  cm. 
long,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae 
oblique,  funnelform,  soon  lacerate,  silvery  when  young;  flowers  I  or  2  together  in  the 
axils;  calyx  greenish,  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  6  (sometimes  5);  style  very  short, 
3-parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  ovoid-pyramidal,  3-angled,  3  mm.  long,  reticu- 
lated and  dull,  invested  by  the  calyx,  or  the  apex  slightly  protruding.     In  moist  or 
dry  soil,  Me.  to  On*.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Tenn.  and  Ark.     July-Sept. 

26.  Polygonum  exs§rtum  Small.      LONG-FRUITED  KNOTWEED.      (I.  F    1. 
1343.)     Annual,  glabrous,   sometimes   slightly  glaucous;  stem  slender,    brownish, 
erect  or  nearly,  so,  conspicuously  striate,  branched,  5-10  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceo- 
late, rarely  oblanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  acuminate 
at  the  base,  nearly  sessile;  ocreae  soon  lacerate,  silvery,  becoming  brownish;  calyx 
greenish  or  white,  6-parted  to  near  the  base;   stamens  5   or  6;    style  3-cleft  or  3- 
parted,  very  short;  achene  3-angled,  narrowly  pyramidal,  5-6  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  constricted  above  the  middle,  chestnut  brown,  smooth,  shining,  2-3  times  as 
lon^r  as  the  calyx,  at  length  twisted.      N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  111.,  Mo.  and  Neb., 
and  0:1  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  brackish  marshes,  from  Me.  to  N.  Y.     Aug. -Oct. 

27.  Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.     BUSHY  KNOTWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  1344.) 
Annual,   bright   green  or  yellowish    green,    glabrous  ;    stem    erect  or   ascending, 
usually  very  much  branched,  slender,  usually  rigid,  1-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceo- 
l.ite  or  linear  oblong,  0.5-4  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  persistent,  conspicu- 
ous!/   jointed  to  the  ocreae  ;  ocreae    oblique,   funnelform,   few-nerved,   becoming 
deeply    lacerate  ;    flowers  several  together    in   the    axillary    clusters  ;    calyx  5-6 . 
parted,  greenish-white  ;    stamens   6  or  fewer  ;    style  very  short,  3-parted  to  the 
base  ;    achene  3-angled,   acute,  sometimes  slightly  protruding  beyond  the  calyx, 
nearly  3  mm.  long,  black,   reticulated,   dull.     In  saline  soil,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.,  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Me.  to  N.  J.     July-Sept. 

Polygonum  ramosfssimum  prolfficum  Small.  Bushy,  much  branched  ;  stem  nearly 
erect,  its  internodes  short,  its  nodes  giving;  off  2  or  more  branches;  leaves  narrower; 
flowers  and  achenes  more  numerous.  Neb.  and  Kan.,  also  on  the  coast  of  Me. 

28.  Polygonum  campdrum  Meisn.     PRAIRIE  KNOTWEED.     (I.  F.  f.   1345.) 
Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  ;  stem  mostly  erect,  slightly  striate,  much  branched, 
sometimes  slightly   glaucous,  6-9  dm.   tall.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate   or  oblong, 
soon  falling  away,  subsessile,  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex,  veined  beneath,  0.5-2.5 
cm.  long  ;  ocreae  funnelform,  early  lacerate  and  fugacious,  dark  brown  ;  flowers 
several  together  in  the  axillary  clusters  ;  pedicels  short ;  stamens  8  ;  style  short, 
3-parted  ;  achene  pyramidal-ovoid,   3-angled,  black,  nearly  3  mm.  long,  shining. 
On  prairies,  Neb.  to  La.,  and  N.  Mex.     Also  in  S.  Am.     July-Sept. 


POL  YGONA  CEAE.  365 

29.  Polygonum  tenue  Michx.    SLENDER  KNOTWEED.   (I.  F.  f.  1346.)   Annual, 
glabrous,  somewhat  rough   about  the  nodes;  stem  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect, 
somewhat   4-angled,    1-4   dm.    tall.     Leaves  linear   or   linear-lanceolate,   sessile, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  o  5-2.5  cm.  long,  articulated  to  the  ocreae,  I -ribbed  with  a 
lateral  impression  on  each  side  of  the  rib,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous  or  serru- 
late ;  ocreae  funnelibrm,  soon  lacerate  ;    flowers  several   in  the  axillary  clusters, 
green,    su^essile  ;   calyx-lobes  whitish  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3-parted  nearly  to  the 
base,  its  branches  diverging  ;  fruit  erect  ;  achene  3  angled,  black,  2-2.5  mm-  l°ng? 
reticulated  on  the  angles,  the  centre  of  its  faces  smooth.     Dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     July-Sept. 

30.  Polygonum  Douglasii  Greene.     DOUGLAS' KNOTWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1347.) 
Animal,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  glabrous,  somewhat  rough  at  the  nodes, 
sometimes   slightly  glaucous  ;   stem  erect,   2-5  dm.   tall,  simple  or  usually   much 
branched.     Leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-5  cm.  long,  subsessile,  rather 
thin,  flat  or  revolute,  with  no  lateral  impressions  parallel  to  the  midrib  ;  ocreae 
oblique,  short,  soon  lacerate  ;  clusters  axillary,  several -flowered  ;  the  flowers  and 
fruit  deflexed  ;  calyx  green  with  white  or  rose-colored  margin  ;  stamens  8  ;  style 
3-parted  ;  achene  3-angled,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  black,  smooth 
and  shining.     N.  \V.   Terr,  and  Br.  Col.   to  N.  Mex.,  Neb.  and  Ind.   Terr.,  east 
through  Ont.  to  northern  N.  Y.  and  Vt.     June- Sept. 

31.  Polygonum  Convolvulus  L.    BLACK  BINDWEED.  (1.  F.  f.  1348.)    Annual, 
glabrous,  scurfy;  stem  twining  or   trailing,    1.5-10   dm.    long,    mostly   branched. 
Leaves  ovate-sagittate  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate-sagittate,  long-petioled,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  slightly  ciliate,  1-7.5  cm-  'ong;  ocreae  oblique,  short,  rough  on 
the  margin  ;  axillary  clusters  or  racemes  loosely  flowered;  flowers  greenish,  pen- 
dulous on  slender  pedicels  ;  calyx  5-parted  or  rarely  6-parted,  closely  investing  the 
achene,  the   outer  lobes   slightly  or  not  at  all  keeled  ;    stamens  8  ;  style  nearly 
entire  ;    stigmas    3  ;    achene   3  angled,    obovoid  pyramidal,   3    mm.   long,    thick- 
pointed,    black,    granular,    rather  dull.      In  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  nearly 
throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native 
of  Asia.      Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed.     July-Sept. 

32.  Polygonum  cilinode  Michx.     FRINGED  BLACK  BINDWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  1349.) 
Perennial,  sparingly  pubescent;  stem  red  or  reddish,  twining  or  prostrate,  0.3-3  m> 
long.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate 
at  the  base,  rather  long-petioled,  undulate,  finely  ciliate,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  or  the 
upper  smaller  ;  ocreae  small,  armed  with  reflexed  bristles  near  the  base  ;  racemes 
mostly  panicled,  axillary  and  terminal,  interrupted  ;  calyx  whitish  ;  style  short, 
3  parted  to  the  base  ;  achene  3  angled,  oblong- pyramidal  or  ovoid,  nearly  3  mm. 
long,  very  smooth  and  shining.     In  rocky  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Minn,  and  Penn., 
south  in  the  Alleghanies  to  N.  Car.     June-Sept. 

Polygonum  cilinode  brevis  Peck.     Stems  erect,  about  3dm.  tall;  inflorescence  mostly 
terminal.     Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  Y. 

33.  Polygonum  scandens  L.     CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT.    (I.  F.  f.  1351.) 
Perennial,  glabrous;  stem  climbing,  0.5-6  m.  long,  rather  stout,  branched,  rough 
on  the  ridges.     Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  the  base,  2.5-15  cm.  long  or 
the  upper  smaller,  the  larger  long-petioled,  finely  punctate,  the  margins  scabrous; 
ocreae  oblique,   smooth   and  glabrous;  racemes  usually  numerous  and  panicled, 
interrupted,   leafy,  5-20  cm.  long;  flowers  yellowish -green,  long-pediceled;   calyx 
5-parted,   the  three  outer  segments  very  strongly  winged  and  decurrent  on  the 
pedicels,  especially  in  fruit;  style  almost  none;  stigmas  3;  fruiting  calyx  10-12 
mm.  long,  the  wings  crisped,  not  incised;  achene  4-5  mm.  long,  3-angled,  rather 
blunt  at  both  ends,  smooth,  shining.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  the 
Rocky  Mts.,  south  to  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

34.  Polygonum  dumetorum  L.     COPSE  OR  HEDGE  BUCKWHEAT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1350.)     Perennial,    glabrous,   similar  to  the  preceding  species;  stem  extensively 
twining,  0.5-3  m-  l°ng«  much  branched.     Leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  hastate,  and 
sometimes  inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  2.5-7  cm. 
long,  long-petioled,  or  the  upper  smaller  or  nearly  sessile;  ocreae  oblique,  smooth; 
racemes  numerous,  much  interrupted,  lenfy  bracted,  5-13  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow- 
ish green,  pendulous;  calyx  5-parted,  the  three  outer  segments  winged  or  keeled 


FLORA. 

and  much  enlarged  in  fruit;  style  short,  3-parted;  fruiting  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  the 
wings  nearly  flat,  not  incised;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,  4  mm.  long,  inclined  to  be 
pointed  at  both  ends,  black,  smooth,  shining.  Prairies  of  111.  and  about  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  Also  in  the  vicinity  of  Knoxville,  Tenn.  Naturalized  from  Europe(  ?). 
July-Sept. 

35-  Polygonum  cristatum  Engelm.  &  Gray.  CRESTED  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1352.)  Perennial,  scurfy;  stem  slender,  twining,  0.7-2.5  m.  long,  more 
or  less  branched.  Leaves  triangular  or  ovate,  2.5-13  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  undulate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  rather  long-petioled;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric-funnelform;  flowers  in  simple  or  compound  often  naked  racemes  2.5-13  cm. 
long;  pedicels  about  5  mm.  long,  jointed  near  the  middle;  calyx  greenish-white 
4-5  mm.  long,  ^-parted,  the  three  outer  segments  keeled  and  at  maturity  winged; 
stigmas  3;  fruiting  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  its  wings  incised;  achene  3-angled, 
oblong,  black,  smooth,  shining,  about  3  mm.  long.  Sandy  woods  and  rocky  banks, 
Conn,  to  Ga.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Tex.  Aug.-Oct. 

36.  Polygonum  Zuzzarinii  Small.     JAPANESE  KNOTWEED.     (I.  E  f.  1353.) 
Perennial,  more  or  less  scurfy;    stem  stout,  erect,  Woody  below,  much  branched, 
1-2.5  m-  ta-U-     Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  petioled,  5-15  cm.  long, 
acuminate- cuspidate  at  the  apex,  truncate  or   subcordate  at  the  base,  reticulate- 
veined  on  both  surfaces,  undulate;    ocreae  oblique,  smooth,  fugacious;    racemes 
mostly  terminal,   panicied,   5-10  cm    long,  or  axillary,  many-flowered,  more  or 
less  pubescent;    flowers  greenish-white,   long-pedicelled;    outer  segments  of  the 
5-parted  calyx  very  broadly  winged  in  fruit;    style  3-parted;    achene  3-angled, 
narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-pyramidal,  2.5-3  mm-  l°ng>  black,  smooth,  shining. 
Escaped  from  cultivation  in  Me.,  near  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
and  in  Ohio.     Native  of  Japan.     July-Oct. 

37.  Polygonum  sagittatum  L.     ARROW-LEAVED  TEAR -THUMB.      (I.    F.    f 
1354.)     Annual,  light  green;    stem  slender,  weak,  decumbent,  or  climbing  over 
other  plants  by  the  abudant  recurved  prickles  which  arm  its  four  prominent  angles. 
Leaves  lanceolate-sagittate  or  oblong-sagittate,  1.2-7.5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutf  at 
the  apex,  slightly  rough  on  the  margins,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  subsessile; 
petioles  and  lower  surface  of  the  midribs  prickly;    ocreae  oblique,   not  ciliate 
fringed  at  the  base  by  a  few  bristle-like  prickles;  flowers  in  rather  dense  terminal 
heads  or  racemes;    calyx  greenish  or  rose- colored ;    style  3-parted  to  below  the 
middle;  achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal,  thick -pointed,  3  mm.  long,  dark  red, 
smooth,  shining.     I:,  wet  soil,  Newf.   and  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

38-  Polygonum  arifjlium  L.  HALBERD-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.  (I.  F.  f. 
1355.)  Perennial  ;  stem  ridged,  reclining,  3-18  dm.  long,  the  ridges  armed  with 
recurved  prickles.  Peduncles  and  pedicels  glandular  or  pubescent;  leaves  broadly 
hastate,  long-petioled,  2.5-25  cm.  long,  pubescent  or  glabrous  beneath,  the  apex 
and  basal  lobes  acuminate;  petioles  and  stronger  nerves  prickly;  ocreae  oblique, 
fringed  at  the  summit  with  short  bristles  and  at  the  base  with  slender  prickles; 
flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  heads  or  racemes;  calyx  rose-color  or  greenish. 
4-parted;  style  2-parted;  achene  lenticular,  broadly  obovate,  4  mm.  long,  strongly 
biconvex,  dark  brown,  smooth,  shining.  In  moist  or  wet  soil,  N.  B.  and  Out.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  S.  Car.  July-Sept. 

7.  POLYGONELLA  Michx. 

Annual  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  sometimes  slightly  woody,  with  branched, 
usually  conspicuously  jointed  stems,  alternate  narrow  leaves  jointed  to  the  mostly 
naked  ocreae,  and  small  white,  pink  or  greenish  flowers  in  slender  panicied  ra- 
cemes. Calyx  unequally  5-parted,  persistent,  its  segments  petalloid,  loosely  invest- 
ing the  achene  or  its  base  in  fruit,  the  three  inner  calyx-segments  often  winged. 
Stamens  8,  included;  filaments  filiform,  or  much  dilated  or  auricled  at  the  base. 
Style  3-parted,  short  or  almost  wanting  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  3-angled, 
smooth.  Embryo  slender,  nearly  straight  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  seed.  [Dimin- 
utive of  Polygonum.]  Five  or  six  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

Annual:  inner  sepals  not  winged  in  fiuf':'  pedicels  reflexed.  i.  P.  articulata. 

Perennial;  inner  sepals  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  divergent,  2,  Pi  American** 


CHENOPODIALES.  367 

1.  Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.     COAST  JOINTWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1356.) 
Annual,   glaucous;  stem  wiry,  erect  or  sometimes  diffusely  spreading,  simple  or 
branched,  1-3    dm.  long.     Leaves   linear   or    linear-subulate    (apparently   filiform 
from  the  revolute  margins),  1-4  cm.  long,  cylindric,  slightly  expanded  at  the  sum- 
mit; racemes  numerous,   erect,   many-flowered,  2.5-5  cm<  l°ng;  ocreolae  crowded 
or  imbricated;  pedicels  reflexed;  calyx-segments  white  with  a  dark  mid-rib,  loosely 
investing  the  achene,  not  winged  in  fruit;  achene  narrowly  ovoid-pyramidal,  pointed, 
2  mm.  long,  brown.      In  sands  of  the  seashore  and  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Me., 
N.  H.  to  Fla.,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.     July-Get. 

2.  Polygonella  Americana  (F.  &  M.)  Small.    SOUTHERN  JOINTWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
1357.)     Perennial,    slightly   glaucous;    stem    erect   or  ascending,   wiry,   somewhat 
flexuous,  5-12  dm.  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched,  covered  with  a  ridged  more 
or  less  scaly  bark.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  often  fas- 
cicled on  short  branches,  rather   fleshy,  obtuse  and  revolute  at  the  apex;  ocreae 
scarious-margined,  split  on  one   side;  racemes  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  dense,  divergent; 
calyx  white  or  pink,  its  three  inner  segments  developing  orbicular  cordate  wings, 
the  two  outer  reflexed  in  fruit;  pedicels  divergent;  achene  elliptic-oblong,  2-5  mm. 
long,  chestnut-brown,  pointed  at  both  ends.     Jn  dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  east  to  Ga. 
and  Ala.     Aug.-Oct. 

8.  BRUNN1CHIA  Banks. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs  with  elongated  grooved  much  branched  stems  climb- 
ing  by  tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  alternate  entire  petioled  leaves,  the 
ocreae  obscure  or  wanting,  and  small  perfect  flowers  in  panicled  terminal  and 
axillary  racemes.  Pedicels  slender,  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate-subulate 
bracts.  Calyx  5-parted,  much  enlarged,  coriaceous  and  winged  on  one  side  in 
fruit,  closely  investing  the  achene,  the  segments  spreading  when  fresh,  converging 
when  dry.  Stamens  7-10,  mostly  8.  filaments  filiform,  much  dilated  at  the  base. 
Style  3  parted,  the  stigmas  2-cleft  at  the  summit;  ovary  imperfectly  2-celled;  ovule 
pendulous.  Achene  3.-angled.  Seed  irregularly  6-grooved,  the  embryo  in  one  of 
its  angles.  [Name  in  honor  of  M.  T.  Brunnich,  Norwegian  naturalist.]  Two 
known  species,  the  following  of  southeastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  of  tropical  Africa. 

I.  Brunnichia  cirrhosa  Banks.  BRUNNICHIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1358.)  Stem  2-6 
m.  long,  somewhat  woody,  rather  tough.  Tendrils  numerous,  filiform;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2.5-15  cm.  long,  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the- base,  petioled;  ocreae  represented  by  a  ring  of  short  bristles,  ra- 
cemes 5-15  cm.  long;  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  greenish,  5-parted,  its  base  strongly 
winged  along  one  side;  achene  oblong-ovoid,  6  mm.  long,  brown,  smooth,  closely 
invested  by  the  calyx  which  becomes  2.5  cm.  or  more  in  length.  On  banks  of 
streams,  S.  111.  to  Ark.,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.  May -June. 


Order  14.    CHENOPODIALES. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  present.  Corolla,  if  present, 
polypetalous.  Ovary  superior.  Embryo  coiled,  curved  or  annular.  Fruit 
not  an  achene. 

Fruit  a  utricle  (see  also  last  genera  of  Caryophyllaceae). 

Flowers  bractless,  or,  if  bracted,  the  bracts  not  scarious;  sepals  green,  or  greenish. 

Fam.  i.  Chenopodiaceae. 
Flowers  bracted,  the  bracts,  and  also  the  sepals,  mostly  scarious. 

Fam.  2.  Amaranthaceae* 

Fruit  fleshy,  enclosing  several  carpels  ;  a  berry.  Fam.  3.  Phytalaccaceae. 

Fruit  an  anthocarp,  the  persistent  base  of  the  corolla-like  calyx  enclosing"  a  utricle. 

Fam.  4.  Xyctaginaceae. 

Fruit   a  capsule,   dehiscent    by  valves,   or  teeth   (utricular  in  Anychia,  Paronychia  and 
Sclerantkus  of  the  Caryophyllaceae). 

Capsule  2-several-celled  ;  petals  none.  Fam.  5.  Aizoaceae. 

Capsule  i -celled;  petals  mostly  present. 

Sepals  2.  Fam.  6.   Portulacaceae. 

Sepals  5  or  4,  distinct  or  united,  Fam.  7.  Caryophyllaceae, 


FLORA. 


Family  i.     CHENOPODIACEAE  Dumort. 
Goosefoot  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  angled  striate  or  terete 
stems.  Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  exstipulate,  simple,  en- 
tire, toothed  or  lobed,  mostly  petioled  (in  Salicornia  reduced  to  mere 
ridges).  Flowers  small,  green  or  greenish,  regular  or  slightly  irregular, 
variously  clustered,  occasionally  solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  none. 
Calyx  persistent,  2-5-lobed,  2-5-parted  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal, 
wanting  in  the  pistillate  flowers  of  some  genera.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  lobes  or  divisions  of  the  calyx,  or  fewer,  and  opposite  them  ;  filaments 
slender;  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  usually  none. 
Ovary  i-celled;  ovule  solitary,  amphitropous ;  styles  1-3;  stigmas  capi- 
tate, or  2-3-lobed  or  divided.  Fruit  a  utricle,  with  a  thin  or  coriaceous 
pericarp.  Seed  vertical  or  horizontal ;  endosperm  mealy,  fleshy  or  want- 
ing. About  75  genera  and  550  species,  of  wide  geographical  distribution. 

*  Embryo  annular  or  conduplicate,  not  spirally  coiled  ;  endosperm  copious  (except  in 

Salicornia). 
Leaty  herbs  ;  endosperm  copious. 

Fruit  enclosed  by  or  not  longer  than  the  calyx  or  bractlets. 

Flowers  perfect  or  some  of  them  pistillate  ;  calyx  herbaceous  or  fleshy. 
Calyx  2-5-lobed  or  2-5-parted  ;  stamens  1-5. 

Fruiting  calyx  wingless,  its  segments  often  keeled. 

Calyx  herbaceous  or  but  slightly  fleshy  in  fruit  ;  flowers  in  panicled 

spikes.  I.   Chenopodium. 

Fruiting  calyx  dry,  strongly  reticulated  ;  leaves  pinnatifid. 

2.  Roubieva. 
Calyx  very  fleshy  and  bright  red  in  fruit  ;  flowers  densely  capitate. 

3.  Blitum. 
Fruiting  calyx  horizontally  winged.                              4.   Cycloloma. 

Calyx  of  i  sepal  ;  stamen  i.  5.  Monolepts. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  calyx  of  pistillate  flowers  none  ;  fruit  enclosed 
by  2  bractlets. 

Bractlets  flat  or  convex,  not  silky.  6.  Atnplex, 

Bractlets  silky-pubescent,  conduplicate.  7.  Eurotia. 

Flowers  perfect  ;  calyx  membranous;  leaves  filiform-linear. 

8.  Kochia. 

Fruit  much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx.  9.  Corisperrmtm. 

Leafless  fleshy  herbs  with  opposite  branches ;  endosperm  none.         10.  Salicornia. 

*  *  Embryo  spirally  coiled  ;  endosperm  little  or  none. 

Shrub  ;  flowers  monoecious,  not  bracteolate.  u.  Sarcobatus. 

Herbs  ;  flowers  perfect,  bracteolate. 

Fruiting  calyx  wingless;  leaves  fleshy,  not  spiny.  12.  Dondia. 

Fruiting  calyx  bordered  by  a  thin  horizontal  wing  :  leaves  very  spiny. 

13.  Salsola. 

x.  CHENOPODIUM  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  small, 
green,  perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered.  Calyx  2-5-parted  or  2-5-lobed,  em- 
bracing or  enclosing  the  utricle,  its  segments  or  lobes  often  keeled  or  ridged. 
Stamens  1-5  ;  filaments  filiform  or  slender.  Styles  2  or  3  ;  seed  horizontal  or 
vertical,  sometimes  in  both  positions  in  different  flowers  of  the  same  species  ;  endo- 
sperm mealy;  embryo  completely  or  incompletely  annular.  [Greek,  goose-foot, 
from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.]  About  60  species,  mostly  weeds,  of  wide  geographic 
distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of 
N.  Am. 

*  Embryo  a  complete  ring. 

Leaves  white-mealy  on  the  lower  surface. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed. 
Sepals  strongly  keeled  in  fruit. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed  ;  stem  erect,  tall. 

i,  C,  album, 


CHENOPODIACEAE.  369 

Pericarp  readily  detached  from  the  seed ;  stem  low. 

6.   C.  Fremontii  incanum. 

Sepals  not  keeled  in  fruit ;  stem  decumbent.  2.  C.  glaucum. 

Leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  linear  or  oblong.  3.   C.  leptophyllum. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces  when  mature. 

Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  entire.  4.   C.  polysperntum. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  sinuate,  toothed  or  incised. 
Stamens  5  ;  calyx  not  fleshy. 

Pericarp  readily  separable  from  the  seed. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled. 

5.  C.  Boscianum. 

Leaves  triangular-hastate  ;  calyx  lobes  keeled.      6.  C.  Fremcntii. 
Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Flower-clusters,  at  least  the  upper,  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves  oblong,  rhombic-ovate  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Leaves  obtuse  or  merely  acute.  i.  C.  album  viride. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  cuspidate  or  brittle  tipped. 

7.  C.  Berlandieri. 
Leaves  triangular-ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base. 

8.  C.  urbicum. 
Spikes  loosely  panicled  in  the  axils,  the  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

9.  C.  mttrale. 
Stamens  only  i  or  2  ;  calyx  slightly  fleshy,  red.                  n.  C.  rubrum. 

Leaves  very  coarsely  toothed.  10.  C.  hybridum. 

Leaves  broadly  triangular-hastate,  entire  or  merely  undulate.  12.  C.  Bonus- Henricus. 

**  Embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnately  lobed ;  flowers  in  long  loose  panicles. 

13.  C.  Botrys. 
Leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  continuous  or  interrupted  spikes. 

Spikes  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  small  upper  leaves.    14.   C.  antbroswides. 
Spikes  in  large  commonly  leafless  terminal  panicles.  15.   C.  anthelminticum. 

1.  Chenopodium  album  L.     LAMB'S  QUARTERS.     WHITE  GOOSEFOOT.     PIG 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1359.)     Annual;    stem    usually    slender,   erect,   commonly    mucl 
branched,  0.3-3  m-  ta^-      Leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  3-nerved,  dentate,  sinuate  or  lobed,  or  the  upper  entire,  2-IO  cm.  long; 
spikes  terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled;  calyx  about  I  mm. 
broad  in  fruit,,  its  segments  usually  completely  enclosing  the  utricle  ;  seed  hori- 
zontal, black,  shining,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp.      In  waste  places.     A  ccm- 
mon   weed   throughout  N.  Am.    except   the    extreme  north.     Nat.  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Sept. 

Chenopodium  ilbum  viride  (L.)    Moq.   Plant  brighter  green;    leaves  green  on  both 
sides  or  but  slightly  mealy  beneath.     Range  of  the  type. 

2.  Chenopodium  glaucum  L.     OAK-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.     (I.   F.  f.   1360.) 
Annual,  succulent;  stem  usually  much  branched,  decumbent  or  prostrate.     Leaves 
oblong,   lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,    mostly  narrt.wed  at  the  base,  dark  green 
above,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  or  all  of  them  sinuate-dentate  or  lobed  ;  flowers  in 
axillary  often  branched  spikes,  or  the   upper  panicled  ;  calyx  about  I  mm.  broad, 
its  segments  obtuse,  neither  fleshy  nor  keeled  in  fruit;  utricle  brown,  depressed,  its 
summit  not  completely  covered  by  the  calyx;   seed  of  lateral  flowers  vertical,  that 
of   terminal  flowers  commonly   horizontal.     A    weed  in  waste  places  throughout 
N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

3.  Chenopodium  leptophyllum  (Moq.)  Nutt.     NARROW-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1361.)     Annual,  scarcely  succulent;  stem  slender,  usually  erect,  striate  or 
grooved,    at   least    when   dry,   branched,    1.5-8  dm.    tall,    mealy   above.      Leaves 
linear  to  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  entire  or  the  lower  rarely 
toothed,   short-petioled,  2-6  mm.  wide,  i-3-nerved;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal 
simple  or  branched  spikes;  calyx  about  I  mm.,  broad,  its  segments  strongly  keeled 
and  nearly  covering  the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  readily  detached  from  the  pericarp. 
In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Mo..  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.      Also  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  on  sands  of  the  seashore,  Conn,  to  N.  J.     July-Sept. 

Chenopodium  leptophyllum  subgl&brum   S.  Wats.     Leaves  scarcely  mealy  or  quite 
green;  flowers  loosely  clustered.     W,  Neb,  a.nd  Colo, 


37°  FLORA. 

4.  Chenopodium   polyspermum  L.     MANY-SEEDED  GOOSEFOOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1362.)      Animal,    glabrous,   not  mealy  ;    stem  commonly  much  branched,   striate, 
1.5-9  dm.  high.      Leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  ovate,   slender-petioled,   entire,   thin, 
obtuse,  2-8  cm.  long,  flowers  in  loose  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  calyx  less  than 
2  mm.  wide,    its   segments  oblong,  not  keeled,  not  completely  covering  the  fruit ; 
seed    firmly   attached  to    the    pericarp,   horizontal.      In    waste  places  and  ballast, 
Mass,  to  N.  J.     Adv.  from  Europe.     July -Sept. 

5.  Cheaop  odium  Bosci£num  Moq.     Bosc's  GOOSEFOOT.     (I.  F.    f.    1363.) 
Annual,  light  green;  stem  slender,  3-10  dm.  tall,  the  branches  very  slender.    Leaves 
thin,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  slender-petioled,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  lower  sinuate-dentate  or  nearly  all  of 
them  entire  ;  flowers  in  slender  spikes  ;  calyx-segments  broadly  oblong,  obtuse  ; 
herbaceous,  nearly  covering  the  utricle;  seed  horizontal,  readily  separating  from 
the  pericarp,  black,  shining.      In  woods  and  thickets,  N.    V.   and  N.  J.    to  Ind., 
Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Tex.     July -Sept. 

6.  Chsnopodium   Fremontii   S.  Wats.     FREMONT'S   GOOSEFOOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1364.)      Annual,    light    green  ;  stem    erect,    grooved,    branched,    3-10  dm.    tall. 
Leaves  thin,  broadly  triangular-hastate,  sinuate-dentate  or  the  upper  entire,  mostly 
obtuse  at  the  apex,   truncate  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,   slender-petioled, 
2-10  cm.  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  the  uppermost  sometimes  very  small,  oblong  or 
lanceolate  and  acute  ;    spikes  slender  ;    calyx  I  mm.    wide,    its  segments   nearly 
enclosing   the    utricle;  pericarp  easily    separable    from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal, 
shining.     In  woods  and  thickets,  S.  Dak.  to  Mont.,  Nev.  and  N.  Mex.     July-Sept. 

Chenopodium  Frem6ntii  incknum  S.  Wats.  Low;  stems  stout  and  much  branched, 
the  branches  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  densely  white-mealy  ;  leaves  6-25  mm. 
lon^.  Range  of  the  type.  Probably  a  distinct  species. 

7.  Chenopodiun  Berlandiari  Moq.     BERLANDIER'S  GOOSEFOOT.     (I.   F.  f. 
1365.)     Annual;  ste.n  erect,  commonly  much  branched,  4-10  dm.  tall,  the  branches 
ascending.      L^.ives     lanceolate,     oblong    or    rhombic-lanceolate,    slender-petioled, 
thin,  so.ne  or  all  of  the.n  cuspidate-acuminate  at  the  apex  or  bristle- tipped,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  in  rather  loose  panicled  spikes;  calyx  nearly 
2  mm.  broad,  its  segments   keeled,  enclosing  the  utricle;  pericarp  firmly  attached 
to  the  horizontal  seed.     In  dry  soil,  southern  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  in  Fla.     June-Sept. 

8.  Chenopoiiun    urbicu.n   L.     UPRIGHT   OR   CITY   GOOSEFOOT.     (I.   F.  f. 
1366.)     Annual;  stem  commonly    stout,    erect,   channeled,   3-9  dm.   tall.     Leaves 
hastate  or  triangular  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  truncate  subcordate  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  stout-petioled,  coarsely  and  irregularly  dentate  or  the  uppermost 
entire,  the  larger  7-13  cm.  long;   spikes  in  erect  panicles,  the  upper  longer  than  the 
leaves;  calyx  I  mm.  broad,  its  segments  obloag,  obtuse,  not  entirely  enclosing  the 
fruit;  seed  horizontal,  firmly   attached  to   the  pericarp,  its  margins  rounded.     In 
waste  places,  N.  S.  and  Ont.   to  S.  N.  Y.      Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

?.  Chenopodium  murals  L.  NETTLE-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.  SOWBANE. 
.  f.  1367.)  Annual,  somewhat  scurfy  above;  stem  3-8  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the 
summit.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  thin,  bright  green,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply 
and  coarsely  sinuite  dentate,  cuneate  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled, 
5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  often  not  longer  than  the  petioles; 
calyx-segments  not  entirely  enclosing  the  utricle  ;  seed  sharp-edged,  horizontal, 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp.  In  waste  places,  Me.  to  Mich.,  Br.  Col,  Fla.  and 
Mex.  June-Sept. 

10.  Chenopodium   h^bridum    L.      MAPLE-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.     (I.    F.   f. 
1368.)     Annual,  sometimes  more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  slender,  erect,  6-13  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  thin,  slender-petioled,  sharply  dentate  with  1-4  large  acute 
teeth  on  each  side,  or  the  upper  lanceolate  and  entire,   the  lower  1-2  dm.   long; 
flowers  in  large  panicles;  calyx  about  2  mm.   broad,   its  segments  oblong,  slightly 
keeled,    incompletely    covering  the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,   sharp  edged,  firmly  at 
tached  to  the  peric.irp.      In  woods  and  thickets,  sometimes  in  waste  places,  Quebec 
to  the  Northwest  Terr.,   Br.   Col.,    N.    Y.,    Ky.   and  N.   Mex.     Also   in   Europe. 
July-Sept. 

11.  Chenopodium  rubrum  L.     REP  GOOSEFOOT.    (1.  F.  f.  1369.)    Annual,  ' 


CHENOPODIA  CEAE.  37 1 

glabrous;  stem  leafy,  3-8  dm.  tall,  the  branches  strict  or  ascending.  Leaves  thick, 
3-10  cm.  long,  rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  petioled,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate  or  the  upper  entire;  flowers  in  erect  compound 
leafy- bracted  spikes;  calyx  3-5 -parted,  its  segments  slightly  fleshy,  red,  not  keeled, 
obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  utricle;  stamens  I  or  2;  stigmas  short;  seed  hori- 
zontal, shining,  separating  from  the  pericarp.  On  the  seacoast,  Newf.  to  N.  J., 
and  in  saline  soil  in  the  interior  across  the  continent,  south  to  central  N.  Y.,  Neb. 
and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 

12.  Chenopodium   Bonus-Henricus   L.     GOOD   KING  HENRY.      (I.    F.  f. 
1370.)     Perennial  by  a  thick  rootstock,  glabrous;  stem  erect,  3-8  dm.  tall.    Leaves 
broadly  trangular-hastate,  palmately  veined,  entire  or  undulate,  rarely  wilh  I  or  2 
small  teeth,   the  lower  long- petioled,   the  upper  much  smaller;  flowers  simple  or 
panicled,    commonly  dense  spikes  sometimes  7-10  cm.    long  ;  calyx   4-5-parted; 
stigmas  elongated;  seed  ver.ical,   or   that  of  terminal   flowers  horizontal,  black, 
shining,  blunt  edged.     In  waste  places,  N.   S.  to  Ont.,  Mass,  and  southern  N.  Y. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

13.  Chenopodium    Botrys   L.      FEATHER   GERANIUM.     JERUSALEM   OAK. 
(I.    F.    f.    1371.)     Annual,    glandular-pubescent  and  viscid,    strong-scented;  stem 
2-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,   deeply  pinnately  lobed,  petioled,  1-5  cm. 
long,  or  the  uppermost  much  smaller,  the  lobes  mostly  obtuse  and  dentate;  flowers 
very  small,    in  numerous  loose  axillary  cymose  panicles;  calyx   3~5-parted,   the 
segments  lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  rather  longer  than  the  utricle;  seed  horizontal  or 
vertical,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp.     In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Ore., 
N.  Y.,  Ky.  and  Mex.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.    July-Sept. 

14.  Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.     MEXICAN  TEA.     (I.  F.  f.  1372.)    An- 
nual, glabrous  or  slightly  glandular- pubescent,  strong-scented;  stem  leafy,  6-iodm. 
high,   angular  and  grooved.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a 
short  petiole,  repand-dentate,  undulate  or  the  upper  entire,  2-9  cm.  long,  the  upper 
numerous  and  much  smaller;  flowers  in  small  dense  axillary  spikes;  calyx  usually 
3-parted,  completely  enclosing  the  fruit;  pericarp  readily  separable  from  the  seed; 
seed  horizontal  or  vertical,  shining.     Li  waste  places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Fla.,  west 
to  Cal.     Naturalized  from  tropical  America.     Aug. -Oct. 

15.  Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L.     WORMSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1373.)    An- 
nual or  sometimes  perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species  and  perhaps  inter- 
grading  with  it;  stem  somewhat  stouter.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
usually  acuminate  at  the  apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  coarsely 
dentate  or  incised,  5-13  cm.  long,  the  lower  2  cm.  or  more  wide,  the  upper  gradu- 
ally smaller;  flowers  in  linear  usually  bractless  panicled  spikes,  or  the  lower  spikes 
leafy-bracted.     In  waste  places,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Wis.,  Fla.  and  Mex.     Naturalized 
from  Europe.     Aug. -Oct. 

3.    ROUBIEVA  Moq. 

A  perennial  herb,  glandular- pubescent,  strong-scented,  prostrate,  and  diffusely 
branched,  with  narrow  small  short-petioled  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  green,  perfect,  or  pistillate,  solitary,  or  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx 
urn- shaped,  3— 5-toothed,  narrowed  at  the  throat,  in  fruit  becoming  obovoid,  strongly 
reticulated  and  closed.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  exserted.  Wall  of  the  pericarp  thin, 
glandular.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[Name  in  honor  of  G.  J.  Roubieu,  French  botanist.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  S.  Am. 

i.  Roubieva  multifida  (L.)  Moq.  CUT-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.  ROUBIEVA. 
(I.  F.  f.  1374.)  Very  leafy,  prostrate,  or  the  branches  ascending,  1.5-3.5  dm. 
long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  in  outline,  1-3  cm. 
long  ;  flowers  1-5  together  in  the  axils,  sessile,  less  than  I  mm.  broad,  some  per- 
fect, some  pistillate  ;  fruiting  calyx,  3-nerved  and  strongly  veined,  I  mm.  thick  ; 
utricle  compressed.  In  waste  places  and  ballast,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Va.  Naturalized  or 
adventive  from  tropical  America.  June-Sept. 

3.  BLITUM  L. 

Annual  succulent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  hastate  petioled  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  aggregated  in  globose  axillary  sessile  heads,  or  the  upper  heads 
forming  an  interrupted  spike.  Calyx  2- 5 -lobed,  becoming  pulpy  and  bright  red 


372  FLORA. 

in  fruit.  Stamens  1-5.  Pericarp  separating  from  the  seed.  Seed  vertical,  shining. 
Embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [The  classical  name  of  orache.J 
One  or  perhaps  two  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Europe. 

i.  Blitum  capitatum  L.  STRAWBERRY  ELITE.  (I.  F.  1.  1375.)  Stem  1.5-6  dm. 
long,  the  branches  ascending.  Leaves  usually  longer  than  wide,  3-8  cm.  long, 
sinuate-dentate,  or  the  upper  or  sometimes  all  of  them  entire,  cordate  or  reniform, 
lower  petioles  often  longer  than  the  blades  ;  heads  becoming  bright  red  and 
10- 1 6  mm.  in  diameter  in  fruit,  and  then  somewhat  resembling  strawberries  ;  seed 
compressed,  ovate.  In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  111.,  Minn.,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colo,  and  Utah  and  to  Nev.  Also  in  Europe.  June-Aug. 

4.  CYCLOLOMA  Moq. 

An  annual  diffusely  branched  glabrous  or  cobwebby -pubescent  herb,  with  alter- 
nate petioled  irregularly  toothed  leaves,  and  small  sessile  bractless  flowers  in 
panicled  interrupted  spikes.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  keeled  in  flower,  a  thin 
horizontal  irregularly  dentate  wing  developing  below  them  in  fruit.  Stamens  5. 
Styles  2-3.  Eruit  (except  its  summit)  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  depressed.  Seed 
horizontal  ;  embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Greek,  circle 
border,  alluding  to  the  calyx-wing. J  A  monotypic  genus  of  north  central  North 
America. 

i.  Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult.  CYCLOLOMA.  (I.  F.  f.  1376.) 
Pale  green  or  becoming  dark  purple,  bushy-branched  1.5-5  dm.  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles,  sinuate-dentate  with 
acute  teeth,  2-8  cm.  long  or  the  upper  much  smaller  ;  spikes  numerous,  loosely 
flowered  ;  slender  ;  fruit,  including  the  winged  calyx,  4  mm.  broad  ;  calyx-lobes 
not  completely  covering  the  summit  of  the  utricle,  which  appears  as  a  5-rayed 
area.  Along  streams  and  on  sand  hills  arid  banks,  Manitoba  to  Ind.,  111.,  the  N. 
W.  Terr.,  Neb.,  arid  Ariz.  Summer. 

5.    MONOLEPIS    Schrad. 

Low  annual  branching  herbs,  with  small  narrow  alternate  entire  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  polygamous  or  perfect  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx 
of  a  single  persistent  herbaceous  sepal.  Stamen  I.  Styles  2,  slender.  Utricle 
flat,  the  pericarp  adherent  to  the  smooth  vertical  seed.  Embryo  a  very  nearly 
complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm,  its  radicle  turned  downward.  [Greek, 
single-  scale,  from  the  solitary  sepal. J  Three  known  species,  natives  of  western 
N.  Am.,  the  following  one  reaching  our  limits. 

i.  Monolepis  Nuttalliana  (R.  &  S.)  Greene.  MONOLEPIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1377.) 
Slightly  mealy  when  young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  old  ;  stem  7-30  cm.  high  ; 
branches  many,  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile, 
I  6  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones;  flowers  clustered 
in  the  axils  ;  sepal  oblanceolate  or  splatulate  ;  pericarp  minutely  pitted,  about 
I  mm.  broad  ;  margins  of  the  seed  acute.  In  alkaline  or  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and 
the  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  S.  Cal.  June-Sept. 

6.  ATRIPLEX  L. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  often  scrufy  canescent  or  silvery.  Leaves  alternate,  or 
some  of  them  opposite.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  small,  green,  in  panicled 
spikes  or  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  consisting  of 
a  3~5-parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens  ;  filaments  separate  or  united 
by  their  bases  ;  a  rudimentary  ovary  sometimes  present.  Pistillate  flowers  sub- 
tended by  2  bractlets  which  enlarge  in  fruit  and  are  more  or  less  united,  some- 
times quite  to  their  summits  ;  perianth  none  ;  stigmas  2.  Utricle  completely  or 
partially  enclosed  by  the  fruiting  bractlets.  Seed  vertical  or  rarely  horizontal  ; 
embryo  annular  ;  endosperm  mealy.  [From  a  Greek  name  of  orache.]  About 
130  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  45 
others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Annual  herbs  ;  stems  or  branches  erect,  diffuse  or  ascending-. 

Leaves  hastate,  ovate,  rhombic-lanceolate  or  linear  lanceolate. 

Plants  green,  glabrous  or  sparingly  scurfy,  not  silvery  ;  leaves  slender-petioled. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  several  times  longer  than  wide,  Jt,  A,  patula, 


CHENOPODIA  CEAE.  373 

Leaves  triangular-hastate,  the  lower  only  1-2  times  as  long  as  wide. 

2.  A.  hastata. 

Plant  very  scurfy;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  short-petioled.  3.  A.  rosea. 

Plants  densely  silvery  ;  leaves  hastate,  entire  or  little  toothed. 

Staminate  spikes  dense,  short;  leaves  petioled.  4.  A.  argetitea. 

Staminate  spikes  elongated,  interrupted ;  upper  leaves  sessile. 

5.  A.  expansa. 

Leaves  oblong,  densely  silvery,  entire  ;  plant  of  sea  beaches.  6.  A,  arenaria. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  entire  ;  plants  of  the  western 
plains. 

Fruiting  bractlets  suborbicular,  wingless,  their  sides  crested  or  tubercled. 

7.  A.  Nuttalln. 
Fruiting  bractlets  appendaged  by  4  vertical  reticulated  wings. 

8.  A.  canescens. 

1.  Atriplex  patula  L.     SPREADING  OR  ACHE.     (I.  F.  f.  1378.)    Annual,  dark 
green ;  stem  much  branched,  diffuse,  ascending  or  sometimes  erect,  3-10  dm.  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  uppermost  nearly  sessile,  entire,  spar- 
ingly  toothed,  or  3-lobed  below  the  middle,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
cuneat  at  the  base,  4-35  mm.  wide;  flowers  in  panicled  interrupted  slender  mostly 
leafless  spikes,  and  usually   also   capitate   in   the   upper  axils;    fruiting  bractlets 
united  only  at  the  base,  fleshy,  triangular  or  rhombic,  6-8  mm.  wide,  their  sides 
often  tubercled ;  radicle  ascending.      In  waste  places  and  ballast,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to 
S.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     July-Aug. 

2.  Atriplex  hastata  L.     HALBERD-LEAVED  ORACHE.     (I.  F.  f.  1379.)    An- 
nual, pale  green,  or  purple,  somewhat  scurfy,  at  least  when  young;  stem  branched, 
3-7  dm.  tall.     Leaves  slender- petiole  J,  acuminate,  the  lower  broadly  triangular- 
hastate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  basal  lobes  divergent,  acute 
or  acuminate;  upper  leaves   sometimes   triangular-lanceolate;  inflorescence  as  in 
the  preceding;    the  fruiting   bractlets   sometimes  broader.     In  salt  meadows  and 
waste  places  mostly   near  the  coast,  N.  B.  to  S.  C.,  and  in  saline  soil,  Manitoba 
to  Br.  Col.,  Neb.  and  Utah.     Also  in  Europe.     Aug. -Oct. 

3.  Atriplex  rosea  L.     RED  ORACHE.     (I.  F.  f.  1380.)     Annual,  pale  green, 
very  scurfy;  stem  usually  much  branched,  3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  rhombic- 
ovate,    short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  i-g  cm.  long; 
flowers  mostly  in  axillary  capitate  clusters,  or  some  in  terminal  spikes;  fruiting 
bractlets  broadly  ovate  or  triangular-hastate,  strongly  veined,   mealy-white,  dry, 
about  6  mm.  broad,  united  only  at  their  bases,  their  margins  toothed  or  lacerate 
and  sides  tubercled.     In  waste  places   and  ballast,  N.  S.  to  N.  N.  Y.   and  N.  J. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     Aug.  -Oct. 

4.  Atriplex  argentea  Nutt.     SILVERY  ORACHE.     (I.  F.  f.  1381.)     Annual, 
pale,  densely  silvery-scurfy  or  becoming  smooth;  stem  bushy-branched,  1.5-5  dm. 
high,  angular.     leaves  firm,  triangular-hastate  or  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  acute  at 
the  apex,  petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  1-5  cm.  long, 
the  basal  lobes  short;  flowers  in  capitate  axillary  clusters,  or  the  staminate  in  short 
dense  spikes;  fruiting  bractlets  suborbicular,  rhombic  or  broader  than  high,  4-8 
mm.  wide,  united  nearly  to  their  summits,  the  margins  sharply  toothed,  the  sides 
sometimes  tubercled  or  crested.     In  dry  or  saline  soil,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Mont.,  Neb.,  Coio.  and  Utah.     June-Sept. 

5.  Atriplex  expansa  S.   Wats.      SESSILE-LEAVED  ORACHE.     (I.  F.  f.  1382.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  but   stouter,  the  stem  erect,  widely  branched,  sometimes 
2  m.  tall.     Leaves  thin,  sessile  or  the  lower  very  short-petioled,  1-4  cm.  long  and 
nearly  as  wide  at  the  base;  fruiting  bractlets  broad,  united  nearly  to  their  summits, 
tubercled,  their  margins   strongly  toothed.     W.  Kans.  (according  to  A.  S.  Hitch- 
cock) to  Chihuahua  and  N.  Mex.,  west  to  Cal.     July- Oct. 

6.  Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt.     SEA-BEACH  ATRIPLEX.     (I.  F.  f.  1383.)    Annual, 
pale,  densely  silvery -scurfy;   stem  bushy-branched,  1-4.5  dm.  high,  the  branch  us 
ascending  or  decumbent,  angular;  leaves  oblong,  entire,  short-petioled  or  sessile, 
1-4  cm.  long,  the  lateral  veins  few  and  obscure;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  fruiting  bractlets  triangular  wedge-shaped,  broadest  above, 
4-6  mm.  wide,  united  nearly  to  the  several-toothed  summits,  their  margins  entire, 
their  sides  reticulated,  or  sometimes  crested  or  tubercled.     On  sandy  sea  beaches, 
N.  S.  (?),   Mass,  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 


374  FLORA. 

7.  Atriplex  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.     NUTTALL'S  ATRIPLEX.     (I.  F.  f.  1384.)    / 
scurfy  pale  green  shrub,   3-7   dm.  tall,   the  branches  rather  stiff,  leafy,  the  ba  ' 
nearly  white.     Leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
sessile,  entire,  4-10  mm.   wide  ;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  and  clustered  in  the 
axils,  often  strictly  dioecious  ;  fruiting  bractlets  ovate  or  suborbicular,  united  to 
above  the  middle,  3-5  mm.  broad,  the  margins  toothed,  the  sides  crested,  tubercled 
or  spiny.     In  dry  or  saline  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  M.  W.  Terr.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and 
Nev.     Aug. -Oct. 

8.  Atriplex  canescens  (Pursh)  James.     BUSHY  ATRIPLEX.     (I.  F.  f.  1385 
A  pale  densely  scurfy  shrub,  resembling  the  preceding  species  and  with  simi 
foliage.     Flowers  in  short  terminal  spikes  and  in  axillary  clusters;  bractlets  ov 
in  flower,  united  nearly  to  their  summits;  in  fruit  appendaged  by  4  broad   cli.. 
distinct  wings,  which  are  4-8  mm.  broad  at  the  middle  and  usually  about  twice  a. 
high,  strongly  reticulate-veined,  not  tubercled  nor  crested.     In  dry  or  saline  soil, 
S.  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  N.  Mex.,  Mex.,  Nev.  and  Cal.     July-Sept. 

7.  EUROTIA   Adans. 

Pubescent  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  ent!re  narrow  leave 
and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  capitate  or  spicate  in  the  axils.  Staminate 
flowers  not  bracteolate,  consisting  of  a  4-parted  calyx  and  as  many  exserted 
stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  2 -bracteolate,  the  bractlets  united  nearly  or  quite  to 
their  summits,  densely  covered  with  long  silky  hairs,  2 -horned;  calyx  none;  ovary 
ovoid,  sessile,  pubescent;  styles  2,  exserted.  Seed  vertical;  embryo  nearly  annular 
in  the  mealy  endosperm,  its  radicle  pointing  downward.  [From  the  Greek  for 
hoariness  or  mould.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  of  western  N.  Am.,  the 
other  of  western  Asia  and  eastern  Europe. 

i.  Eurotia  lanata  (Pursh)  Moq.  AMERICAN  EUROTIA.  WHITE  SAGE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1386.)  A  stellate-pubescent  erect  much-branched  shrub  3-9  dm.  high,  the  hairs 
long,  white  when  young,  becoming  reddish  brown,  the  branches  very  leafy. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  4-9  mm.  wide,  their  margins  revolute,  the  mid-vein 
prominent;  bractlets  lanceolate,  4-8  mm.  long  in  fruit,  appendaged  by  4  tufts  of 
spreading  hairs;  utricle  loose,  the  pericarp  readily  separating  from  the  large  seed. 
In  dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.,  Nev.  and  Cal.  June-Sept. 

8.  KOCHIA  Roth. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  sessile  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  or 
pistillate  flowers  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5-lobed,  wingless,  or  sometimes  developing  a 
horizontal  wing,  enclosing  the  fruit.  Stamens  3-5,  their  filaments  linear.  Ovary 
ovoid;  stigmas  2.  Utricle  pear-shaped  or  oblong,  the  pericarp  membranous,  not 
adherent  to  the  seed.  Seed  inverted,  the  testa  thin;  embryo  annular;  endosperm 
little  or  none.  [Name  in  honor  of  W.  D.  J.  Koch,  1771-1849,  Director  of  the 
Botanical  Garden  at  Erlangen.]  About  35  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  Old 
World,  the  following  introduced  from  Europe.  An  indigenous  species,  K.  Ameri- 
cana, occurs  in  the  western  U.  S. 

i.  Kochia  Scoparia  (L.)  Roth.  KOCHIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1387.)  Annual,  pubes- 
cent or  becoming  glabrate;  stem  erect,  slender,  leafy,  3-8  dm.  tall.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear,  ciliate,  acuminate,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  the  upper 
gradually  smaller;  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  short 
dense  bracted  spikes;  fruiting  calyx-segments  each  with  a  short  triangular  horizon- 
tal wing.  In  waste  places,  Ont.,  Vt.  and  N.  N.  Y.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Na, 
live  also  of  Asia.  July-Sept. 

9.  CORISPERMUM  L. 

Annual  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  entire  i -nerved  leaves,  and  perfect  bract, 
less  small  green  flowers,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  terminal  narrow  leaf} 
spikes,  the  upper  leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  the  lower.  Calyx  of  a  solitary 
thin  broad  sep.il,  or  rarely  2.  Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more,  and  one  of  them  longer. 
Ovary  ovoid;  styles  2.  Utricle  ellipsoid,  mostly  plano-convex,  the  pericarp  firmly 
adherent  to  the  vertical  seed,  its  margins  acute  or  winged.  Embryo  annular  in  the 
somewhat  fleshy  endosperm,  its  radicle  pointing  downward.  [Greek,  bug-seed.] 


CHE  NO  POD  I  A  CEA  E.  J  7  5 

About  10  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  subarctic  zones.     Only  the 
following  is  known  to  occur  in  N.  Am. 

Upper  leaves  imbricated;  fruit  3.5-5  mm.  long.  j.  C.  hyssopifolhtm. 

Upper  leaves  not  imbricated;  fruit  2  mm.  long.  2.  C,  nitidum. 

1.  Corispermum  hyssopifolium  L.     BUG-SEED.     (I.   F.  f.   1388.)     Rather 
pale  green,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young,  fleshy  ;    stem  erect,  1.5-4  dm.  tall, 
the  branches   slender,   ascending  or  divergent.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,   sessile, 
1-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  cuspidate,  the  upper  ovate  or  lanceolate,  imbricated, 
appressed-ascending,  or  at  length  spreading,  acute  or  acuminate,  6-12  mm.  long, 
scarious-margined ;  utricle  3.5-5  mm.  long,  winged.     In  sandy  soil,  shores  of  the 
Great  Lakes  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Arctic  America  and  Br.   Col.,  south  to  Kans., 
Tex.  and  Ariz.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept. 

2.  Corispermum  nitidum  Kit.     SMALL-FRUITED  BUG-SEED.     Like  the  pre- 
ceding, but  taller,   3-6  dm.  high,    glabrous,   with  ascending  branches,  narrower 
leaves  and  lax  spikes,  the  leaves  of  which  are  not  imbricated,  3-4  mm.  long  and 
generally  narrower  than  the  small-winged  utricle,  which  is  2  mm.  long.     In  poor 
soil,  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept. 
\C.  hyssopifolium  var.  microcarpwn  Wats.] 

10.  SALICORNIA    L. 

Fleshy   glabrous  herbs,    with  opposite  terete  branches,  the  leaves  reduced  to 
mere  opposite  scales,  the  flowers  sunken  3-7  together  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  ones, 
forming  narrow  terminal  spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateral  ones  staminate.    Calyx  ob- 
pyramidal  or  rhomboid,  fleshy,  3~4-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming  spongy  in  fruit 
deciduous.     Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  solitary,  exserted;  filaments  cylindric,  short 
anthers  oblong,  large;  ovary  ovoid;  styles  or  stigmas  2.     Utricles  enclosed  by  th 
spongy  fruiting  calyx,  the  pericarp  membranous.      Seed  erect,  compressed ;  embryo 
conduplicate ;  endosperm  none.      [Name  Greek,  salt-horn;  from  the  saline  habitat, 
and  horn-like  branches.]     About   10  species,    natives  of  saline  soil,   widely  dis- 
tributed in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New.     Only  the  following  are  known  tc 
inhabit  N.  Am. 

Annuals ;  stem  erect. 

Scales  very  short,  acute  or  blunt  ;  spikes  2-3  mm.  in  diameter.  i.  S.  hetbacea. 

Scales  mucronate-tipped  ;  spikes  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  2.  S.  Bigelovii. 

Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock  ;  stems  trailing  or  decumbent.  3.  S.  ambigua. 

1.  Salicornia  herbacea  L.     SLENDER  GLASSWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1389.)  Annual, 
1.5-6  dm.  tall;  stem  much  branched,  the  branches  slender,  ascending  or  nearly  up- 
right; their  joints  2—4  times  as  long  as  thick.     Scales  2  mm.  long  or  less,  broadly 
ovate  or  wider  than  long;  fruiting  spikes  2-8  cm.   long;  middle  flower  of  the  3  at 
each  joint  twice  as  high  as  the  lateral  ones,  reaching  nearly  to  the  top  of  the  joint; 
utricle  pubescent.     In  salt  marshes,  Anticosti  to  Ga. ;  about  salt  springs  in  central 
N.  Y. ;  in  saline  soil  from  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  Kans.  and  Utah.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     The  plant  often  turns  bright  red   in  autumn,  forming  vividly  colored 
areas  in  the  salt  marshes,  hence  called  Marsh  Samphire.     July-Sept. 

2.  Salicornia  Bigelovii  Torr.      BIGELOW'S  GLASSWORT.     (I.  F.  f.    1390.) 
Annual,  stout,  erect  or  nearly  so,  5-30  cm.  tall.      Scales  ovate  or  triangular-ovate, 
sharply  mucronate,  2-3  mm.  long,   at  length  spreading;  fruiting  spikes  1-6  cm. 
long,   their  joints  not  longer  than  thick;  middle  flower  slightly  higher  than  the 
lateral  ones,  reaching  very  nearly  to  the  end  of. the  joint;  utricle  pubescent.    In  salt 
marshes,  N.  S.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Plant  bright  red  in  autumn.     July-Sept. 

3.  Salicornia  ambigua  Michx.     WOODY  GLASSWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1391.)     Per- 
ennial by  a  woody  rootstock;  stem  trailing  or  decumbent,    1.5-6  dm.   long,  the 
branches  ascending  or  erect,  slender,  nearly  or  quite  simple,  rather  long-jointed. 
Scales  broadly  ovate  or  wider  than  high,  appressed  or  slightly  divergent;  fruiting 
spikes  1-4  cm.  long,  their  joints  not  longer  than  thick  ;  flowers  all  about  equally 
high  and  about  equalling  the  joints.     On  sea  beaches  and  salt  meadows,  Mass,  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Aug. -Sept. 

ii.  SARCOBATUS  Nees. 

An  erect  much  branched  shrub,  with  spiny  branches  and  alternate  linear  fleshy 
entire  sessile  leaves.     Flowers  moncecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  terminal 


FLORA. 

ament-like  spikes,  the  pistillate  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  rarely  several  together. 
Staminate  flowers  without  a  calyx;  stamens  2-5  together  under  peltate  rhombic- 
ovate  acute  spirally  arranged  scales;  filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  sessile  or 
very  nearly  so;  calyx  compressed,  ovoid  or  oblong,  slightly  2-lipped,  adnate  to  the 
bases  of  the  2  subulate  exserted  papillose  stigmas,  appendaged  by  a  narrow  border 
which  expands  into  a  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit.  Seed  vertical,  the 
testa  translucent,  double;  embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral,  green;  endosperm  none. 
[Name  Greek,  flesh-thorn,  from  the  fleshy  leaves  and  thorny  stems.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Sarcobatus  vermiculatus  (Hook.)  Torr.  GREASE  WOOD.  (I.  F.  f.  1392.) 
Glabrous  or  the  young  foliage  somewhat  pubescent,  0.6-3  m-  high,  the  branches 
nearly  white.  Stem  2-8  cm.  in  diameter;  wood  yellow,  very  hard;  leaves  obtuse 
or  subacute,  1-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide;  spikes  of  staminate  flowers  6-25  mm. 
long,  cylindric,  short- ped  uncled  or  sessile;  wing  of  the  calyx  8-12  mm.  broad  when 
mature,  conspicuously  veined.  In  dry  alkaline  and  saline  soil,  western  Neb.  and 
Mont,  to  Nev.  and  N.  Mex.  June-July. 

12.  DONDIA  Adans.    [SUAEDA  Forsk.] 

Fleshy  herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  narrowly  linear  thick  or  nearly 
terete  entire  sessile  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  bracteolate  flowers,  solitary 
or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  5 -parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  in  fruit 
enclosing  the  utricle.  S'amens  5.  Styles  usually  2,  short.  Pericarp  separating 
from  the  seed.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral.  Endosperm  wanting  or  very 
little.  [In  honor  of Jacopodi  Dondi,  Italian  naturalist  of  the  fourteenth  century.] 
About  50  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  6 
others  occur  in  the  western  and  southern  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Calyx-lobes  not  appendaged;  Atlantic  coast  species. 

Dark  green,  not  glaucous  ;  sepals  acutely  keeled  ;  seed  black.  i.  D.  Americana. 

Light  green,  glaucous  :  sepals  scarcely  keeled  ;  seed  dark  red.  2.  D.  marttima, 

One  or  more  of  the  calyx-lobes  crested  or  winged;  western  species.  3.  D.  depressa. 

1.  Dondia  Americana   (Pers.)  Britton.     TALL  SEA-BLITE.     (I.  F.  f.  1393.) 
Stem  erect,  strict,  3-10  dm.  tall,  pale  green  or  nearly  white,  the  branches  slender, 
very  leafy,   erect-ascending  or  sometimes   recurved.     Leaves  of  the  stem   linear- 
subulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  those  of  the  branches   much   shorter,  somewhat  3-angled, 
lanceolate-subulate,  widest  just  above  the  base,  the  upper  surface  flat;  sepals   glau- 
cous, acutely  keeled  or  almost  winged;  seed  orbicular,  black,  shining,  I  mm.  broad 
On  salt  marshes  and  along  salt-water  ditches,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Dondia  maritima  (L.)   Druce.     Low  SEA-BLITE.     (I.  F.  f.  1394.)    Pale 
green  and  somewhat  glaucous;  stem    bushy-branched,    1-4  dm.   high,   becoming 
brownish,  the  branches  ascending.      Leaves  10-25  mm.  long,  those  of  the  branches 
not  conspicuously  shorter  than  the  upper  ones  of  the  stem,  3-angled,  broadest  at 
the  base;  sepals   pale 'green,  rounded  or  obtusely  keeled,  somewhat  roughened; 
seed  orbicular,  dark  brownish   red,  shining,  about  2  mm.  in   diameter.     On    sea 
beaches,  stony  and  muddy  shores,  and  in  salt  marshes,  Me.  to  S.  N.  Y.     Also  on 
the  coasts  of  Europe.     July-Sept. 

3.  Dondia   depressa   (Pursh)   Britton.      WESTERN   ELITE.      (I.  F.  f.  1395.) 
Branched,  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  the  branches  usually  very  leafy.     Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
1-2.5  cm<  l°ng>  broadest  at  or  just  above  the  base,  or  the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate - 
lanceolate  and  commonly  much  shorter;  sepals  acute,  one  or  more  of  them  strongly 
keeled  or  crested  in  fruit  ;    seed  about   I   mm.  in  diameter,  rather  dull,  minutely 
reticulated.     In  saline  soil,   Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 'south  to  Kans.,  Colo,  and 
Nev.     June-Aug. 

13.  SALSOLA  L. 

Bushy -branched  herbs,  with  rigid  subulate  prickle-pointed  leaves,  and  sessile 
perfect  2-bracteolate  flowers  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5-parted,  its  segments  appendaged 
by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit  and  enclosing  the  utricle.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Ovary  depressed;  styles  2.  Utricle  flattened.  Seed  horizontal;  embryo 
coiled  into  a  conic  spiral;  endosperm  none.  [Name  Latin,  a  diminutive  of  salsus, 


AMARANTHACEAE.  377 

salty.]     About  50  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution  on  seashores  and  in 
saline  districts,  occasionally  pernicious  weeds  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Calyx  coriaceous,  not  conspicuously  veined  ;  plant  maritime.  i.  S.  Kali. 

Calyx  membranous,  very  strongly  veined  ;  plant  an  inland  weed.  2.  S.  Tragus. 

1.  Salsola   Kali   L.     SALTWORT.     (I.  F.  f.   1396.)     Annual,    loosely    much 
branched,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  mostly  stout.    Leaves 
dull  green  or  grayish,  6-2O  mm.  long,  succulent,  lanceolate- subulate,  swollen    at 
the  base,    the   midvein  excurrent    into  a  stout   yellowish    green   prickle  ;    flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  ;  wing  of  the  persistent  calyx  nearly  orbicular,  lobed,  becoming 
lacerate,  not  conspicuously  veined,  4-8  mm.  in  diameter  ;  calyx   coriaceous,  not 
conspicuously  veined,  its  wing  not  longer  than  the  ascending  lobe.     On  sea  beaches, 
Cape  Breton  Island  to  Florida.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept. 

2.  Salsola  Tragus  L.     RUSSIAN  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.   1397.)     Similar  to  the 
preceding,  but  bushy  branched,  the  branches  usually  slender.     Leaves  and  outer 
branches  usually  bright  red  at  maturity  ;  leaves  not  noticeably  swollen  at  the  base, 
linear,   prickle-tipped,   less    fleshy  ;   calyx    membranous,   conspicuously    veiny,   its 
wing  longer  than  the  ascending  lobe.     In  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  J. 
to  Ont,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Kans.     A  very  troublesome  weed  in  many  parts  of 
the   Central   and   Western   States.     Naturalized   from   northern   Europe  or  Asia. 
July-Sept. 

Family  2.     AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Amaranth  Fa m ily . 

Herbs,  some  exotic  genera  low  shrubs,  with  simple  mostly  entire  thin 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  bracteolate,  variously  clustered, 
usually  in  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Petals  none.  Calyx  her- 
baceous or  membranous,  2-5-parted,  the  segments  distinct,  or  united  at 
the  base,  equal,  or  the  inner  ones  smaller.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly 
opposite  the  calyx-segments,  hypogynous ;  filaments  distinct,  united  at 
the  base,  or  into  a  tube.  Ovary  i -celled  ;  ovule  solitary  in  the  following 
genera,  amphitropous  (several  in  some  tropical  genera) ;  stigmas  1-3. 
Fruit  a  utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly,  or  indehiscent, 
i-seeded  in  our  genera.  Seed  mostly  smooth;  embryo  annular;  en- 
dosperm mealy,  usually  copious.  About  40  genera  and  425  species, 
widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  warm  regions. 

Anthers  2-celled  ;  leaves  alternate. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals.  i.  Amaranthus. 

Calyx  of  the  pistillate  flowers  wanting.  2.  Acnida. 

Anthers  i-celled  ;  leaves  opposite. 

Flowers  in  small  axilliary  clusters.  3.  Cladothrix. 

Flowers  variously  spicate  or  paniculate. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  filaments  united  into  a  tube.  4.  Froelichia. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  filaments  united  at  the  base.  5.  Iresine. 

i.  AMARANTHUS  L. 

Annual  branched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  with 
petioled  pinnately  veined  leaves  and  small  monoecious  polygamous  or  dioecious 
green  or  purplish  mostly  3-bracteolate  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  2-5  ;  anthers  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong  utricle,  2-3-beaked 
by  the  persistent  styles.  Embryo  annular.  [Greek,  unfading  flower,  from  the 
dry,  unwithering  bracts.]  About  50  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Besides  the  following  some  22  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Utricle  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  away  as  a  lid. 

Flowers,  at  least  the  upper,  in  dense  terminal  spikes. 
Axils  not  spine-bearing. 

Spikes  stout,  8-14  mm.  thick.  i.  A.  retroflexu$» 

Spikes  slender,  4-6  mm.  thick.  2.  A.  hybridus. 

A  pair  of  stout  spines  in  each  axil.  3.  A.  sptnosus. 


3/8  fLORA. 

Flowers  all  in  small  axilliary  clusters,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Plant  prostrate  ;  sepals  4  or  5.  4.  A.  blitoides. 

Plant  erect,  bushy  branched  ;  sepals  3.  5.  A.  graecizans* 

Utricle  indehiscent,  membranous,  coriaceous  or  fleshy. 

Upper  flowers  in  terminal,  more  or  less  elongated  spikes. 

Sepals  5,  clawed  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  southwestern  species. 

Bracts  cuspidate-tipped,  short.  6.  A.    Torreyi. 

Bracts  subulate,  long  and  sharp.  7.  A.  Palmeri. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  oblong  or  spatulate  ;  flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous ;  in  waste 
places. 

Utricle  smooth,  dry,  scarious.  8.  A.  lividus. 

Utricle  fleshy,  3~5-nerved.  9.  A,  deflexus* 

Flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Plant  not  fleshy  ;  stem  prostrate  ;  leaves  crisped.  jo.  A.  crispus. 

Seacoast  fleshy  plant ;  stem  short,  erect ;  leaves  not  crisped. 

ii.  A.  pumilus. 

1.  Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.     ROUGH  PIGWEED.     (T.  F.  f.  1398.)  Roughish- 
puberulent,  rather  light  green;  stem  stout,  0.3-3  m-  taM-     Leaves  ovate,  rhombic- 
ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate 
at  the  base,  the  larger  7-15   cm.  long,  their  margins  undulate  or  entire;  flowers 
green,  densely  aggregated  in  spikes,  which   are  sessile,  stout,  ovoid -cylindric,  1-6 
cm.  long;  bracts  subulate,  twice   as  long  as  the  5  scarious  mucronate-tipped  and 
often  emarginate  sepals;  stamens  5;  utricle  slightly  wrinkled,  rather  shorter  than 
the  sepals.     A  weed,  throughout  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.     Also  in  Eu- 
rope.    Naturalized  from  tropical  America.      Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Amaranthus  h^bridus  L.     SLENDER  PIGWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1399.)    Similar 
to  the  preceding  but  darker  green,  or  purple;  stem  usually  slender,  erect,  0.3-2.5  m. 
tall.     Leaves  usually  smaller;  spikes  linear- cylindric,  axillary  and  forming  dense 
terminal  panicles,  ascending,   somewhat  spreading  or   drooping;  bracts  subulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  5  oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals;  stamens  5;  utricle  scarcely 
wrinkled.     A  weed,  in  waste  grounds,  range  of  the  preceding  species,  but  locally 
rare  or  absent.     Naturalized  from  tropical  America.     Aug. -Oct. 

Amaranthus  h5?bridus  paniculitus  (L.)  Uline  &  Bray.  Flowers  and  foliage  more  or 
less  deeply  tinged  with  red  or  purple;  leaves  sometimes  lanceolate  and  bracts  shorter. 
Range  of  the  type,  but  less  abundant. 

3.  Amaranthus  spinosus  L.    SPINY  AMARANTH.    (I.  F.  f.  1400.)  Stem  stout, 
ridged,  usually  much  branched,   sometimes   red,  3-12   dm.   high.     Leaves  ovate, 
rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  2-8  cm.  long,  with  a  pair 
of  rigid  stipular  spines  at  each  node,  the  midvein  excurrent;  flowers  in  numerous 
capitate  axillary  clusters,  and  in  dense  terminal  spreading  or  drooping  spikes  2-15 
cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate  about  as  long  as  the  5  scarious  oblong  mucro- 
nate-tipped i -nerved  sepals,  and  the  thin  imperfectly  circumscissile  utricle;  stamens 
5.     In  waste  and  cultivated  soil,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Ohio,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Mex.    Nat- 
uralized from  tropical  America.     June-Sept. 

4.  Amaranthus  blitoides  S.  Wats.     PROSTRATE  AMARANTH.    (I.  F.  f.  1401.) 
Stem  diffusely  branched,  prostrate  and  spreading  on  the  ground,  1.5-6  dm.  long, 
often  forming  mats.     Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  6-25  mm.  long,  narrowed  into 
slender  petioles;  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  little 
longer  than  the  4  or  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals;  stamens  3;  utricle 
nearly  smooth,  equalling  or  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals.     In  waste  places,  espe- 
cially along  the  principal  routes  of  travel,  Me.  to  S.  Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  J.,  Mo.  and 
Kans.    Naturalized  from  west  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  where  it  appears  to  be  indigenous 
from  Utah  and  Colo,  to  Mex.     June-Oct. 

5.  Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  TUMBLE-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1402.)  Glabrous,  pale 
green;  stem  erect,  bushy-branched,  whitish,  1.5-7  dm.  tall,  the  branches  slender, 
ascending.     Leaves  oblong,  spatulate  or  obovate,  1-4  cm.  long,  papillose,  the  mid- 
vein  excurrent;   flowers  polygamous,   several   together  in  small  axillary  clusters; 
bracts  subulate,  pungent-pointed,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  3  membranous 
sepals;  stamens  3;  utricle  wrinkled,  longer  than  the  sepals.     In  waste  and  cultivated 
soil  throughout  N.  Am.     Naturalized  from  tropical  America.     The  leaves  fall  away 
in  autumn,  and  on  the  western  plains  the  plant,  thus  denuded,  is  freely  uprooted  and 
blown  before  the  wind,  whence  the  popular  name.     June-Sept.    [A.  albus  L.J 


AMARANTHACEAE.  379 

6.  Amaranthus  Torreyi  (A.  Gray)  Benth.     TORREY'S  AMARANTH.     (I.  F.  f. 
1403.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  erect,  grooved,  6-10  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lance- 
olate or  rhombic-lanceolate,  thin,  narrowed  above  to  a  rather  blunt  apex,  mostly 
cuneate  at  the  base,  4-10  cm.  long,  slender-petioled;  flowers  dioecious,  in  terminal 
slender  spikes  and  in  axillary  clusters;  bracts  shorter  than  or  about  equalling  the  5 
sepals,  cuspidate;    sepals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate, 
clawed,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  narrower  and  subacute. 
In  dry  soil,  W.  Neb.  to  Nev.,  south  to  Mex.     Plant  with  the  aspect  of  Acnida. 
June-Aug. 

7.  Amaranthus  Palmeri  S.  Wats.     PALMER'S  AMARANTH.     (I.  F.  f.  1404.) 
Somewhat  similar  to  the  preceding;  stem  slender,  branched,  6-10  dm.  tall,  usually 
pubescent  above.     Leaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  slender-petioled;  flowers  dioecious,  in  elongated   spikes  often 
2  cm.  long  or  more,  and  some  of  them  commonly  in  clusters  in  the  upper  axils; 
bracts  subulate,  spiny-awned,  spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;   sepals  5, 
spatulate,  clawed.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.,  west  to  Cal.     June-Sept. 

8.  Amaranthus  lividus  L.    PURPLISH  AMARANTH.    (I.  F.  f.  1405.)   Glabrous, 
rather  succulent,  purplish-green;  stem  slender,  3-9  dm.  tall.     Leaves  ovate,  entire, 
2-8  cm.  long,  strongly  emarginate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled;  flowers 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  dense  terminal  spikes  and  in  capitate  axillary  clusters; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  2  or  3  oblong  or  spatulate  sepals;  utricle  smooth,  longer  than 
the  sepals.     In  waste  places,  E.  Mass,  to  S.  N.  Y.    Adventive  from  tropical  America. 
July— Sept. 

9.  Amaranthus  deflexus  L.     Low  AMARANTH.     (I.  F.  f.  1406.)     Glabrous, 
ourplish-green;    stem  usually    much  branched,  3-10  dm.   tall.     Leaves   ovate  or 
oval,  obtuse  retuse  or  emarginate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,    1-4  cm.   wide, 
slender-petioled;  flowers  polygamous  in  dense,  thick  terminal  spikes  and  capitate 
in  the  axils;  bracts  shorter  than   the    2  or  3  oblong  or  spatulate  sepals;   utricle 
fleshy,  3-5 -nerved,  smooth,  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals.     In  waste  places  and 
ballast  along   the  coast,  Mass,    to  S.  N.  Y.     Also  in  Cal.      Probably   adventive 
from  tropical  America.     July-Sept. 

10.  Amaranthus  crispus  (Lesp.  &  Thev.)  Braun.    CRISP-LEAVED  AMARANTH. 
(I.  F.  f.  1407.)     Pubescent  ;    stem  copiously  branched,   slender,   spreading,  form- 
ing  mats  2-7  dm.  in  diameter.     Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  the 
apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled,  8-25  mm.  long,  their  margins  remarkably 
crisped;  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters;  bracts  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
the  5  spatulate  spreading  sepals;  stamens  (always?)  3;  utricle  wrinkled,  about  as 
long    as  the  sepals.     In  waste  places,  N.   Y.  City,   and  Albany,  N.  Y.     Also  in 
France.     Native  region  unknown.     June-Sept. 

11.  Amaranthus  pumilus  Raf.     COAST  AMARANTH.     (I.  F.  f.  1408.)     Gla- 
brous,  fleshy,  branched,  the  branches  0.5-2   dm.   long.      Leaves  ovate,   rhombic- 
ovate  or  suborbicular,  most  of  them  clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  prominently  veined;  6-20 
mm.   long,  the  veins  often  purple  ;  flowers  few  in  small  axillary  clusters;   bracts 
lanceolate,  subacute,  shorter  than  the  5  oblong  obtuse  sepals;  stamens  5;  anthers 
yellow;  utricle  fleshy,  faintly  5-ribbed,  slightly  wrinkled,  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals  when  mature;  seed  very  large  for  the  genus.     On  sea  beaches,  R.  I.  to 
N.  Car.     June-Sept. 

2.  ACNIDA  L. 

Annual,  glabrous  herbs,  similar  to  the  dioecious  Amaranths,  with  alternate  peti- 
oled pinnately  veined  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  i-3-bracted,  in  terminal  and 
axillary  spikes,  or  clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  consisting  of  5  scarious 
erect  I -nerved  mucronate  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  ; 
filaments  subulate,  distinct;  anthers  2 -celled.  Pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx; 
stigmas  2-5,  papillose  or  plumose.  Seed  erect,  smooth  and  shining.  [Greek, 
without  nettle.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  the  West 
Indies. 

Utricle  fleshy,  angled,  indehiscent  ;  salt-marsh  plant.  i.  A   cannabina. 

Utricle  membranous,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  not  angled  ;  plants  of  fresh-water  swamps. 

2.  A.  tamariscina. 


3^0  FLORA. 

1.  Acnida  cannabina  L.    SALT-MARSH  WATER-HEMP.   (I.  F.  f.  1409.)    Succu- 
lent, stem  usually  much  branched,  0.3-3  m-  ta^-     Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  but 
generally  blunt- pointed  and  apiculate,  5-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or 
slightly  undulate  ;  staminate  spikes  2-13  cm.  long,  usually  dense;  sepals  oblong- 
lanceolate   or  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate  or  mucronate  ;    stigmas  slender,   papillose- 
hispid,    I   mm.   long  ;   utricle  3-5 -angled,   2-4  mm.  long  when  mature,  becoming 
black,   much   longer  than  the  bracts.     In  salt  and  brackish  marshes,  and  up  the 
rivers  to  fresh  water,  Mass,  to  Fla.     July-Aug. 

Acaida  Floridana  S.  Wats.,  a  more  slender  plant,  of  the  southern  Atlantic  coast,  with 
narrower  slender-petioled  leaves,  the  flowers  in  elongated  interrupted  spikes,  and  a  smaller 
utricle,  may  occur  in  southern  Va. 

2.  Acnida  tamarfscina  (Nutt.)  Wood.     WESTERN  WATER-HEMP.     (I.  F.  f. 
1410.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  branches  usually  slender.     Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  long -acuminate,  but  sometimes  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the 
base  ;  spikes  mostly  loose  or  interrupted  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate  ; 
stigmas  plumose,  rather  short  ;  utricle  not  angled,  1-2  mm.  long,  circumscissile; 
bractlets    lanceolate,    cuspidate.     In   swamps,   111.  to  S.  Dak.,  La.   and  N.  Mex. 
July-Sept. 

Acnida  tamariscina  tuberculata  (Moq.)  Uline  &  Bray.  Tall,  erect,  sometimes  3  m. 
high,  with  flexuous  branches;  inflorescence  spicate ;  utricle  ovoid,  tubercled,  indehiscent. 
Vt.  to  Manitoba,  Tenn.  and  Neb.  This  and  the  following  varieties  perhaps  constitute  a 
distinct  species. 

Acnida  tamariscina  concatenata  (Moq.)  Uline  and  Bray.  Stems  often  pecumbent ; 
flowers  larger,  in  separate  glomerules.  Range  of  preceding  variety. 

Acnida  tamariscina  prostr^ta  Uline  &  Bray.  Stems  diffuse  and  prostrate  or  some- 
times ascending;  leaves  rarely  over  2.5  cm.  long,  spatulate ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters 
or  in  separated  glomerules.  Mich,  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mo. 

3.  CLADOTHRIX  Nutt. 

Diffusely  branched  stellate- pubescent  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  or  slightly  un- 
dulate petioled  leaves,  and  very  small  perfect  3-bracted  flowers  in  the  axils.  Calyx 
of  ;  equal  pilose  erect  dry  oblong  i-nerved  sepals.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous, 
their  filaments  united  at  the  base,  their  anthers  I -celled.  Ovary  subglobose;  style 
short;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Utricle  globose,  indehiscent.  [Greek,  branch- 
hair,  from  the  stellate  pubescence.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  southwestern  N. 
Am.  and  Mex. 

i.  Cladothrix  lanuginosa  Nutt.  (I.  F.  f.  1411.)  Perennial,  somewhat 
woody  at  the  base,  or  sometimes  annual;  stem  much  branched,  the  branches  1-3 
dm.  long.  Leaves  orbicular,  broadly  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  usually  narrowed  at 
the  base,  entire,  inconspicuously  veined,  4-25  mm.  wide;  flowers  i  mm.  broad  or 
less,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  small  upper  leaves.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to 
Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.  June-Sept. 

4.  FROELl'CHIA  Moench. 

Annual  erect  woolly  or  silky  herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  entire  or  slightly 
undulate  narrow  leaves,  or  the  lower  and  basal  ones  contracted  into  petioles. 
Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted,  often  bracteolate,  in  panicled  dense  spikes.  Calyx 
tubular,  nearly  terete,  5 -cleft  or  5-toothed,  very  woolly,  its  tube  longitudinally 
crested  and  sometimes  tubercled  in  fruit.  Stamens  5,  their  filaments  united  into  a 
tube,  which  is  5 -cleft  at  the  summit  and  bears  the  I -celled  anthers  between  its  lobes. 
Ovary  ovoid;  stigma  capitate  or  penicillate.  Utricle  indehiscent,  enclosed  by  the 
tube  of  united  filaments.  [Name  in  honor  of  J.  A.  Froelich,  a  German  botanist.] 
About  12  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the 
Southwestern  States. 

Stout,  6-12  dm.  tall  ;  crests  of  fruiting  calyx  continuous,  dentate.  i.  F.  campfstris. 

Slender,  2-5  dm.  tall ;  crests  of  fruiting  calyx  interrupted.  2.  F.  gracilis. 

i.  Froelichia  campestris  Small.  FRAIRIE  FROELICHIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
1412.)  Stem  stout,  the  branches  leafless  above.  Upper  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lower  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  spikes  mobtly 


PHYTOLACCACEAE.  .381 

opposite,  narrowly  ovoid  or  oblong,  1-2.5  cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  111.  and  Minn,  to 
Neb.,  Colo.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex.     June-Sept.     [F.  FloridandlA.^.,  in  part.] 

2.  Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.  SLENDER  FROELICHIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1413.)  Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  the  stem  slender,  sometimes  simple,  2.5-5  dm.  ^a^-  Leaves 
all  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikes  alternate  or 
opposite,  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  6-25  mm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  W.  Neb.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.  June-Sept. 

5.  IRESINE  P.  Br. 

Tall  herbs,  with  opposite  broad  petioled  leaves  and  small  3-bracted  white 
flowers,  in  large  terminal  panicles  or  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  5 -parted,  the 
pistillate  usually  woolly.  Stamens  5,  rarely  fewer;  filaments  united  by  their  bases, 
filiform;  anthers  i-celled.  Utricle  very  small,  subglobose,  indehiscent.  [Greek, 
in  allusion  to  the  woolly  pubescence.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  warm  and 
temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Iresine  paniculata  (L.)  Kuntze.  BLOOD-LEAF.  JUBA'S  BUSH.  (I.  F.  f. 
1414.)  Annual;  stem  erect,  0.6-1.5  m.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long;  flowers  very  numer- 
ous, 2  mm.  broad  or  less,  calyx  and  bracts  silvery;  pistillate  flowers  white- villous 
at  the  base,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  bracts.  In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Kans.,  Md.,  Fla. 
and  Tex.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.  Aug.-Sept.  [/.  celosioides  L.] 

Family  3.     PHYTOLACCACEAE  Lindl. 
Poke-weed  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees)  with  alternate  entire 
mostly  exstipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  polygamous  or  monoecious 
flowers.  Calyx  4-5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  sepals,  its  segments  or  sepals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
calyx-segments  or  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  numer- 
ous, hypogynous;  filaments  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base;  anthers 
2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovary 
superior,  several-celled  in  most  of  the  genera ;  ovules  solitary  in  the 
cavities,  amphitropous.  Styles  as  many  as  the  carpels,  short  or  none ; 
stigmas  linear  or  filiform.  Fruit  a  berry  in  the  following  genus.  Endo- 
sperm of  the  seed  mealy  or  fleshy.  About  22  genera  and  85  species, 
mostly  in  the  tropics. 

x.  PHYTOLACCA  L. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  petioled  exstipulate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  which  by  the  further  growth  of  the  stem  become  opposite  the 
leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base  and  often  i-3-bracted  above.  Calyx  of  4  or  5 
persistent  rounded  sepals.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  composed  of  5-15  distinct  or  somewhat  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  depressed- 
globose  5-i5-celled  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  I  in  each  cavity,  erect,  compressed;  em- 
bryo annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Name  Greek  and  French,  referring  to  the 
crimson  juice  of  the  berries.]  About  10  species,  the  following  of  eastern  N.  Am., 
the  others  tropical. 

i.  Phytolacca  decandra  L.  Poke.  Scoke.  PIGEOIN-BERRY.  GARGET. 
(I.  F.  f.  1415.)  A  glabrous  strong-smelling  succulent  erect  herb,  1-4  in.  tall,  the 
root  large,  poisonous,  the  stem  stout,  its  pith  divided  into  disks.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  2-3  dm.  long;  ra- 
cemes 0.5-2  dm.  long;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long;  flowers  perfect;  calyx  white, 
4-6  mm.  broad;  stamens  10,  slightly  shorter  than  the  sepals;  ovary  green,  10- 
celled;  styles  recurved;  berry  dark  purple,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter,  very  juicy,  its 
10  carpels  conspicuous  when  dry.  In  various  situations,  Me.  and  Out.  to  Minn., 
Fla.  and  Tex.  Naturalized  in  Europe.  June-Sept.  Berries  ripe  Aug. -Oct. 


FLORA. 

Family  4.     N YCTAGINACEAE  Lindl. 
Foiir-o  clock  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  genera  trees  or  shrubs)  with  simple  entire  leaves, 
and  regular  flowers  in  clusters,  in  the  following  genera  subtended  by  in- 
volucres. Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior,  usually  corolla-like,  its  limb 
4-5-lobed  or  4-5-toothed.  Stamens  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform; 
anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits.  Ovary  enclosed  by  the  tube 
of  the  perianth,  i-celled,  i-ovuled  ;  ovule  campylotropous ;  stigma  capi- 
tate. Fruit  a  ribbed,  grooved  or  winged  anthocarp.  About  17  genera 
and  250  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in 
America. 

Involucre  of  united  bracts  ;  pairs  of  leaves  equal.  i.  Allionia. 

Involucre  of  separate  bracts;  pairs  of  leaves  mostly  unequal.  2.  Abronia. 

i.  ALLl6NIA'Loefl.     [OXYBAPHUS   L'Her.]    (See  Appendix.) 

Forking  herbs,  with  opposite  equal  leaves,  and  involucres  in  loose  terminal 
panicles.  Involucre  5  lobed  (of  5  partially  united  bracts),  3 -5 -flowered,  becoming 
enlarged  and  reticulate-veined  after  flowering.  Perianth  campanulate,  its  tube 
constricted  above  the  ovary,  its  limb  deciduous.  Stamens  3-5,  generally  3,  un- 
equal, hypogynous.  Fruit  obovoid  or  clavate,  strongly  ribbed,  pubescent  in  our 
species.  [Name  in  honor  of  Chas.  Allioni,  1725-1804,  a  botanist  oi  Turin. \ 
About  20  species,  natives  of  N.  and  S.  Am.,  one  Asiatic. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  oblong-ovate,  all  petioled.  i.  A.  nyctagineb* 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  only  the  lower  petioled. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence.  2.  A.  lanceolata. 

Plant  densely  pubescent  all  over.  3.  A.  hirsuta. 

Leaves  linear,  sessile. 

Plant  tall,  5-9  dm.  high;  branches  erect-ascending.  4.  A.  linearis. 

Plants  low,  1-2.5  dm.  high,  diffusely  branched  ;  branches  divergent. 

Involucres  axillary,  their  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acute.  5.  A.  Bodini. 

Involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches,  lobes  simicircular,  obtuse. 

6.  A.  Bus  hi. 

1.  Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx.     HEART-LEAVED  UMBRELLA-WORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
1416.)     Stem  often  4-sided  below,   glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,    3-9  dm.  tall. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate,   rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,   all   petioled  except  the  bract-like  uppermost  ones,   glabrous  0* 
nearly  so;  peduncles  and  pedicles  commonly  somewhat  pubescent;  involucre  shorter 
than  the  flowers;  perianth  red;  stamens  3-5,  exserted;  style  exserted;  fruit  oblong 
or  narrowly  obovoid,  very  pubescent.      In   dry   soil,    Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
111.,  La.  and  N.  Mex.     May- Aug. 

2.  Allionia   lanceolata  Rydb.     PALE  UMBRELLA- WORT.     (I.   F.  f.   1417.] 
Stem  4-sided  below,  3-9  dm.  tall,  the  peduncles  and  branches  commonly  glandular 
and  viscous.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceolate,  3-veined,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  lower  short-petioled;  involucre  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  pubescent,  dilate,  be- 
coming whitish  and  purpled- veined;  perianth  pink  or  lilac;  fruit  with  5  or  6  ob- 
tuse hispid  ribs,  roughened  in  the  furrows.     Minn,  to  Mont.,  Colo.,  Ala.,  Mo.  and 
Tex.     May-Aug.     (A.  albida  Rydb.,  in  part,  not  Walt.) 

2a.  Allionia  floribunda  (Choisy)  Kuntze.  OVATE-LEAVED  UMBRELI.A- 
WORT.  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  leaves  ovate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceo 
late,  not  cordate.  Dry  soil,  S.  D.  to  Mo.,  Wyo.  and  N.  Mex. 

3.  Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh.    HAIRY  UMBRELLA-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1418.)   Stem 
3-9  dm.   tall,   erect,   angled,   alandular-pubescent,   especially  at  the  nodes,  occu 
sionally  glabrate  toward  the  base.       Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
sessile  or  the  lowest  sometimes  short-petioled,  pubescent,  2-8  cm.  long;  branches 
and  petioles  very  pubescenc;  inflorescence  usually  contracted  ;  stamens  often  5j, 
fruit  narrowly  obovoid,  the  ribs  obtuse.     In  dry  soil,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Wis.,  Colo,  and  Tex.     July- Aug. 

4.  Allionia   linearis  Pursh.     NARROW-LEAVED  UMBRELLA-WORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1419.)     Stem  glabrous,  glaucous,  3-13  dm.  tall,  the  branches  and  peduncles  some- 


AIZOACEAE.  383 

times  puberulent.  Leaves  linear,  thick,  i -nerved,  2-6  cm.  long,  sessile  or  the 
lower  occasionally  short-petioled ;  involucre  about  3-flowered;  perianth  purple, 
longer  than  the  involucre;  stamens  and  style  exserted;  fruit  commonly  roughened 
in  the  furrows  between  the  5  prominent  ribs.  In  dry  soil,  Minn,  to  Mont.,  Utah, 
Tex.  and  Mex.  June-Aug. 

5.  Allionia  Bodini  (Holzinger)  Morong.     (BooiN's  UMBRELLA-WORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
1420.)     Low,   glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,   stem  whitish,  diffusely  branched, 
0.5-1.3  dm.  high.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,   sessile,  1—3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or 
less,  fleshy;  involucres  solitary  and  short-peduncled  in  the  upper  axils,  finely  pubes- 
cent, about  6  mm.  broad  when  mature,  5-lobed  to  about  the  middle,   the  lobes 
ovate-oblong,  acute;  fruit  narrowly  obovoid,  obtusely   5 -ribbed,  very  pubescent,  5 
mm.  high.     In  dry  soil,  E,  Colo,  and  W.  Kans.     June-July. 

6.  Allionia  Bushi  Britton.     BUSH'S  UMBRELLA-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1421.)     Low, 
glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  stem  nearly  white,  diffusely  branched,  about  2  dm.  high, 
the  branches  widely  divergent.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-3 
mm.  wide,  blunt,  their  width  almost  uniform  from  base  to  apex ;  involucres  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  at  first  campanulate  and  longer  than  the  flowers, 
at  length  rotate  and  becoming  2  cm.  broad,  membranous,  pubescent,  finely  retic- 
ulate-veined, their  lobes  semicircular,  rounded,  the  midveins  prominent.       In  dry 
ground;  Jackson  Co.,  Mo.     Aug. 

2.  ABRONIA  Juss. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  thick  entire  leaves,  one  of  each  pair  somewhat 
larger  than  the  other.  Stems  branching,  mostly  glandular-pubescent,  with  clus- 
tered or  solitary  numerous -flowered  involucres  on  long  axillary  peduncles.  Flowers 
sessile,  usually  conspicuous.  Perianth-tube  elongated,  tubular  or  funnelform,  the 
limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obcordate  or  emarginate.  Stamens  3-5,  unequal, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  perianth;  anthers  linear-oblong,  included.  Style  fili- 
form. Fruit  dry,  i-5-winged,  the  wings  reticulate-veined.  Seed  cylindric,  smooth, 
shining.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  graceful.]  About  15  species,  all  American. 
Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Perennial  ;  flowers  white  ;  wings  of  the  fruit  2  mm.  broad  or  less.         i.  A.fragrans. 
Annual  ;  flowers  pink  ;  wings  thin,  8-14  mm.  broad,  very  conspicuous. 

2.  A.  micrantha. 

1.  Abronia  fragrans  Nutt.     WHITE  ABRONIA.     (I.  F.  f.  1422.)    Viscid-pubes- 
cent;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  usually  much   branched.  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves 
oval,  ovate,  or  oblong-elliptic,  petioled,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  2-6  cm.  long ;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  5  or  6,  large,  ovate  or  obovate,  white;  flowers  white,  very  numerous 
in  the  involucres,  1-2  cm.  long,  fragrant,  opening  at  night;  fruit  8-10  mm.  high, 
coriaceous  with   5  or  sometimes  fewer,  undulate  coarsely  reticulated  wings  which 
do  not  close  over  its  summit.     In  d?y  soil,  Iowa  to  Neb.,  Mont.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 
June-Aug. 

2.  Abronia  micrantha  (Torr.)  Chois.     PINK  ABRONIA.     (I.  F.  f.  1423.)     Gla- 
brous below,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent  above;   stem  ascending,  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding;  involucral  bracts  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  several  or  numerous,  about  18  mm. 
long,  bright  pink;  calyx-limb  8-16  mm.  broad;  fruit  nearly  2.5  cm.  high,  its  2—4 
membranous  wings  entire-margined,  shining,  glabrous,  united  over  the  body  of  the 
fruit,  beautifully  reticulate- veined.     In  dry  soil.  W.  Neb.  to  Mont.,  Nev.,  Tex.  and 
N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

Family  5.     AIZOACEAE  A.  Br. 
Carpet-weed  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  mostly  prostrate  and  branching,  with 
(in  our  species)  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves  and  perfect,  small  regular 
flowers.  Stipules  none  or  scarious,  or  the  petiole-bases  dilated.  Calyx 
4  s-cleft  or  4~5-parted.  Petals  small  or  none  in  our  species.  Stamens 
perigynous.  Ovary  usually  free  from  the  calyx,  3-5-celled,  and  ovules 
numerous  in  each  cell  in  our  species.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  loculicidal 


384  FLORA. 

or  circumscissile  dehiscence.  Seeds  amphitropous ;  endosperm  scanty 
or  copious  ;  embryo  slender,  curved.  About  22  genera  and  500  species, 
mostly  of  warm  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Fleshy  seacoast  herbs  ;  leaves  opposite  ;  capsule  circumscissile.  i.  Sesuvium. 

Not  fleshy  ;  leaves  in  our  species  verticillate  ;  capsule  3-valved.  2.  Molhcgo. 

1.  SESUVIUM   L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Fleshy  decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  pink  or 
purplish  flowers.  Stipules  none,  but  the  petioles  often  dilated  and  connate  at  the 
base.  Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  5-60,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Filaments  filiform,  sometimes  united  at 
the  base.  Ovary  3-5-celled.  Styles  3-5,  papillose  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule 
membranous,  oblong,  3-5-celled,  circumscissile.  Seeds  round-reniform,  smooth; 
embryo  annular.  About  4  species,  natives  of  seacoasts  and  saline  regions.  Besides 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States  and  in  the  alkaline  areas  of  the 
Far  West. 

i.  Sesuvium  maritimum  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  SEA  PURSLANE.  (I.  F.  f.  1424.) 
Annual,  glabrous;  branches  0.5-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire, 
rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  or  the  upper 
sessile,  8-25  mm.  long;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  about  2  mm.  broad,  mostly 
solitary;  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  ovoid,  about  4  mm.  high, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Sands  of  the  seashore,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  to  Fla. 
July-Sept.  [S.  pentandrum  Ell.] 

2.  MOLLUGO  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual,  much  branched,  with  verticillate,  or  in  some  species  basal 
or  alternate  leaves,  and  small  cymose  or  axillary  whitish  flowers.  Stipules  scarious, 
deciduous.  Calyx  5 -parted.  Sepals  persistent,  scarious-margined.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  3-5,  when  3  alternate  with  the  cavities  of  the  ovary,  when  5  alternate  with 
the  sepals.  Ovary  usually  3-celled.  Capsule  usually  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculici- 
dally  dehiscent.  Seeds  small,  the  testa  smooth,  granular  or  sculptured.  About  12 
species,  most  of  them  tropical.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  South- 
west. 

i.  Mollugo  verticillata  L.  CARPET-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1425.)  Prostrate,  gla- 
brous, not  fleshy,  spreading  and  forming  patches  sometimes  5  dm.  in  diameter. 
Leaves  verticillate,  in  5's  or  6's,  spatulate,  obovate  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  1-2.5 
cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  flowers  axillary,  less  than  2  mm.  broad;  pedicels 
filiform;  sepals  oblong,  slightly  shorter  than  the  ovoid  capsule,  which  appears 
roughened  by  the  projecting  seeds;  seeds  reniform,  usually  smooth  and  shining.  In 
waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  Native 
of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  May-Sept. 

• 

Family  6.     PORTULACACEAE  Reichenb. 
Purslane  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  regular  perfect  but  unsymmet- 
rical  flowers.  Sepals  commonly  2  (rarely  5).  Petals  4  or  5,  rarely  more, 
hypogynous,  imbricated.  Stamens  hypogynous,  equal  in  number  to  the 
petals  or  fewer,  rarely  more  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  2-celled,  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  i -eel  led ;  style  2-3-cleft  or  2-3-divided,  the 
divisions  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side ;  ovules  2-00  ,  amphitropous.  Capsule 
circumscissile,  or  dehiscent  by  3  valves.  Seeds  2-co ,  reniform-globose 
or  compressed;  embryo  curved.  About  150  species,  mostly  natives  of 
America. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary;  capsule  3-valved. 

Seeds  numerous  ;  stamens  5-00  .  I.  Talinunt. 
Seeds  not  more  than  6 ;  stamens  2-5. 

Petals  distinct  or  very  nearly  so,  and  stamens  5  in  our  species.  2.  Claytonia. 

Petals  united  into  a  short  tube  at  the  base;  stamens  2  or  3.  3.  Montia. 

Calyx  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary;  capsule  circumscissile.  4.  Portttlaca. 


FOR  TULA  CA  CEA E. 

I.  TALINUM  Adans.     (See  Appendix.) 

Fleshy  glabrous  erect  or  ascending  herbs,  with  alternate  terete  or  flat  exstip- 
ulate  leaves  (terete  and  clustered  near  the  base  in  the  following  species).  Sepals  2, 
ovate.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  fugacious.  Stamens  adherent  to  the  bases  of  the 
petals.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  3-lobed  or  3 -cleft.  Capsule  ovoid,  oval  or 
globose.  Seeds  numerous,  borne  on  a  central  globose  placenta.  [Aboriginal  name 
of  a  Senegal  species.]  A  genus  of  about  12  species,  all  but  I  or  2  natives  of 
America.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  4  others  occur  in  the  western  and 
southwestern  U.  S. 

Flowers  10-16  mm.  broad  ;  sepals  deciduous. 

Stamens  10-30;  capsule  globose.  i.  T.  tet  etifolium. 

Stamens  only  5:  capsule  oval.  2.  T.  parviflorum. 

Flowers  20-30  mm.  broad;  s.epals  persistent.  3-  ?'•  calycinum. 

1.  Talinum  teretifolium  Pursh.     FAME-FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  1426.)    Perennial, 
erect.  1-3  dm.  high,  leafy  at  the  base.     Leaves  linear,  terete,  1-5  cm.  long,  about 
2  mm.  wfde,  the  base  broadened  and  prolorged  posteriorly;  scape-like  peduncles  1-5, 
terminal,  branched,  leafless,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long;  cymes  terminal,  loose;  flowers  pink, 
12-16  mm.  broad,  opening  for  a  day;  sepals  membranous,  deciduous,  ovate,  obtuse, 
4  mm.  long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals;  style  as  long  as  the  stamens;  cap- 
sule globose.  4  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  of  the  cyme  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.     On 
dry  rocks,  P'enn.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     May- Aug. 

2.  Talinum  parviflorum  Nutt.     SMALL-FLOWERED  TALINUM.     (I.  F.  f.  1427.) 
Perennial,    similar   to   the  preceding.     Leaves    terete  or  nearly  so,   rather    more 
slender,  broadened  at  the  base;  scape-like  peduncles  slender,  0.7-2  dm.  tall;  cymes 
loose;  flowers  pink,  8-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  deciduous,  acute  or  subacute; 
stamens  5  (or  sometimes  fewer  ?);  capsule  4mm.  high,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter; 
bracts  slightly  prolonged  posteriorly.     In  dry  soil,  Minn,  to  S.  Dak.,  Ark.,  N.  Mex. 
and  Tex.     May-Sept. 

3.  Talinum  calycinum  Engelm.    LARGE-FLOWERED  TALINUM.    (I.  F.  f.  1428.) 
Perennial,  erect  from  a  thick  root,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  nearly  terete,  3-5  cm. 
long,  the  base  triangular-broadened,   slightly  prolonged   posteriorly;  .cyrne  some- 
what compound,   scarious-bracted  ;    flowers  pink,   2-3   cm.  broad;   sepals  broadly 
ovate,  persistent,  cuspidate;    petals  twice   as  long  as  the  calyx;    stamens  12-30; 
style  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  capsule  globose-ovoid,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. 
In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  Tex.     June. 

2    CLAYTONIA  L. 

Succulent  glabrous  herbs,  with  petioled  basal  leaves,  and  opposite  or  alternate 
cauline  ones.  Flowers  terminal,  racemose  or  cymose.  Sepals  2,  ovate,  persistent. 
Petals  5,  hypogynous,  distinct,  or  slightly  united  by  their  bases.  .Stamens  5,  in- 
serted on  the  bases  of  the  petals.  Ovary  few-ovuled;  style  3-lobed  or  3 -cleft. 
Capsule  3-valved,  3-6-seeded.  Seeds  compressed,  orbicular  or  reniform.  [In 
honor  of  John  Clayton,  i686?-!773,  American  botanist.]  About  25  species,  mainly 
natives  of  northern  N.  Am. 

Upper  leaves  not  connate. 

Perennials  :  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate. 

Leaves  linear  lanceolate,  8-17  cm.  long.  i.  C.  Virginiea. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  5-8  cm.  long.  2.   C.  Caroliniana. 

Annual,  diffuse  ;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate.  3.  C.  Chamissoi. 

Upper  leaves  connate,  forming  an  orbicular  disk.  4.   C.  perfoliata. 

1.  Claytonia  Virginica  L.     SPRING  BEAUTY.     (I.  F.  f.  1429.)     Ascending  or 
decumbent,  perennial  from  a  deep  tuberous  root;  stem  1.5—3  dm.  long,  simple  or 
rarely   with   a  few  branches.      Leaves  elongated,   linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  the 
bxsal   2-12  cm.  wide,  the  cauline  shorter  and  opposite;  raceme  loose,  somewhat 
secund;  flowers  white  or  pink,  with  darker  pink  veins,  1—2  cm.  broad;  pedicles 
slender,  at  length  recurved;  petals  emarginate;  capsules  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
In  moist  woods,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     March-May. 

2.  Claytonia  Caroliniana  Michx.     CAROLINA   SPRING  BEAUTY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1430.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  sometimes  more  nearly  erect.     Basal 


FLORA. 

leaves  ovate -lanceolate  or  oblong,  1-2  cm.  wide,  obtuse,  tsem- leaves  on  petio'es 
6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  fewer.  In  damp  woods,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Conn., 
N.  Car.,  Ohio  and  Mo.  March-May. 

3.  Claytonia  Chamissoi  Ledeb.     CHAMISSO'S  CLAYTON IA.     (I.  F.  f.  1431.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  stoloniferous ;  stems  weak,  ascending  or  procumbent,  0.7-2.5  dm. 
long.     Leaves  spatulate  or   oblanceolate,  obtuse,  6-10   mm.    wide;    flowers  few, 
pink,  racemose,  6-8  mm.  broad;  pedicels  slender,  recurved  in  fruit;  capsule  very 
small.     In  wet  places,  Minn,   to   Br.   Col.,   Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.   to 
N.  Mex.  and  to  Cal.     May-June. 

4.  Claytonia  perfoliata  Donn.     SPANISH  LETTUCE.    (I.  F.  f.  1432.)    Annual; 
stems  several,  simple,  0.7-3  dm.  high,  bearing  a  pair  of  connate-perfoliate  leaves 
near   the    summit.     Basal  leaves   rhomboid-ovate,  long-petioled  ;    petioles  shorter 
than   the    stems  ;    raceme    usually   peduncled,    several  flowered ;    bracts    broad, 
deciduous  ;  flowers  white  or  pink,  6-10  mm.  broad  ;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  capsule 
globose,   2-4  mm.   in  diameter,   2-5 -seeded.     Established  near  Painesviile,   Ohio. 
Native  from  Br.  Col.  to  Mex.     April-May. 

3.  MONTIA  L. 

Small  annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  fleshy  leaves  and  minute  nodding 
white  flowers.  Sepals  2  (rarely  3),  broadly  ovate,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogy- 
nous,  more  or  less  united.  Stamens  3  (very  rarely  5),  inserted  on  the  corolla. 
Ovary  3-ovuled  ;  style  short,  3-parted.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-seeded.  Seeds  nearly 
orbicular,  compressed,  minutely  tuberculate  ;  embryo  peripheral.  [In  honor  of 
Guiseppe  Monti,  Italian  botanist  and  author  of  the  eighteenth  century.]  About 
4  species,  widely  distributed  in  the  colder  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  In  addition 
to  the  following,  another  occurs  in  Oregon. 

i.  Montia  fontana  L.  WATER  OR  BLINKING  CHICKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1433.) 
Tufted,  weak,  diffuse  or  ascending,  2-15  cm.  long,  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  spat- 
ulate or  obovate,  mainly  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad  or  less;  flowers  nod- 
ding, solitary  and  terminal  or  in  a  small  loose  leafy-bracted  raceme;  sepals  obtuse, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  petals  ;  capsule  globose,  nearly  2  mm.  in 
diameter.  In  springs  and  wet  places,  Quebec  and  Me.  to  Lab.,  Newf.  and  across 
arctic  America,  south  in  the  mountains  to  Calif.  Also  in  the  Andes  of  S.  Am.,  in 
Australasia  and  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

4.  PORTULACA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Diffuse  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pubescent  fleshy  herbs,  with  terminal  flowers. 
Sepals  2,  united  at  the  base  and  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals  4-6  (mainly  5), 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  fugacious.  Stamens  7-00  ,  also  on  the  calyx.  Ovary  many- 
ovuled  ;  style  deeply  3-g-cleft  or  parted.  Capsule  membranous,  dehiscent  by  a 
lid,  many-seeded.  [Latin,  in  allusion  to  the  purging  qualities  of  some  species.] 
A  genus  of  about  20  species,  all  but  2  or  3  natives  of  America.  In  addition  to  the 
following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Glabrous  throughout ;  flowers  small,  yellow. 

Leaves  mainly  rounded  at  the  apex  ;  seeds  minutely  rugose.  i.  P.  oleracea. 

Leaves  mainly  retuse;  seeds  prominently  tuberculate,  2.  P.  retusa. 
Pilose  pubescent,  especially  in  the  axils. 

Flowers  red  or  pink,  8-12  mm.  broad.  3.  P.  pilosa. 

Flowers  variously  colored,  2-5  cm.  broad.  4.  P.  grandiflora. 

i.  Portulaca  oleracea  L.  PURSLANE.  PUSSLEY.  (I.  F.  f.  1434.)  Annual, 
prostrate,  branching  from  a  deep  central  root;  branches  1-2.5  dm-  lon£-  Leaves 
alternate  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  obovate  or  cuneate,  6-20  mm. 
long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  very  fleshy;  flower-buds  flat;  flowers  solitary,  sessile, 
4-6  mm.  broad,  yellow,  opening  in  bright  sunshine;  sepals  broad,  keeled,  acutish; 
style  4-6-parted;  capsule  6-10  mm.  long;  seeds  finely  rugose.  In  fields  and  waste 
places,  common  throughout  our  area,  and  in  warm  and  tropical  America.  Native 
in  the  southwest,  but  naturalized  northward.  Summer. 


CAR  YOPH  YLLA  CEAE.  387 

2.  Portulaca  retusa  Engelm.     NOTCHED  PURSLANE.     (I.  F.  f.  1435.)  Closely 
resembles  the  preceding.     Leaves   cuneate,    generally  broader,  mostly  retuse  or 
emarginate;  sepals  broad,  obtusish,   carinate- winged;  style  larger,  3-4-cleft;  cap- 
sule  4-6  mm.  long;  seeds  distinctly  tuberculate;  petals  smaller   and   the    flowers 
opening  earlier  in  the  morning  than  those  of  that  species,  where  the  two  grow 
together.     Minn.   (?),    Mo.   and  Ark.  to  Tex.,   west  to  Nev.     Growing    in   large 
patches.     Summer. 

3.  Portulaca  pilosa  L.     HAIRY  PORTULACA.     (I.  F.  f.  1436.)    Annual,  from 
a  deep  root,  pilose-pubescent,  with  small  tufts  of  light-colored  hairs  in  the  axils. 
Branches  5-15  cm.  long;  leaves  linear,  terete,  obtuse,  8-16  mm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
wide,  alternate,  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  sepals  oblong,  acute, 
membranous,  not  carinate,  deciduous  with  the  operculum  of  the  capsule ;  stamens 
numerous;  style  5-6-parted;  seeds  minutely  tuberculate.     In  dry  soil,  N.  Car.  to 
Fla.,  Kans.,  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Cal.     Also  throughout  tropical  America.     Summer. 

4.  Portulaca  grandiflora  Hook.     GARDEN  PORTULACA.     SUN-PLANT.     (I.  F. 
f.  1437.)     Ascending  or  spreading.     Branches   1.5-3  dm.  long;  leaves  alternate, 
and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  terete,  about  2  mm.  wide;  flowers  pink, 
yellow,  red,  or  white,  open  in  sunshine;  sepals  broad,  obtuse,  scarious-margined; 
petals  obovate;  capsule  ovoid;  seeds  gray,  shining.     In  waste  places,  occasionally 
escaped  from  gardens.     Introduced  from  S.  Am.     Summer. 

Family  7.     CARYOPHYLLACEAE  Reichenb. 

Pink  Family. 

Herbs  often  swollen  at  the  nodes,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  or  rarely  dioecious  regular  flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5,  persistent, 
separate  or  united  into  a  calyx-tube.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the 
sepals  or  none.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  fewer,  hypogy- 
nous  or  perigynous;  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  mainly 
i-celled  (rarely  3-5-celled) ;  styles  2-5  ;  ovules  and  seeds  attached  to  a 
central  column.  Fruit  generally  membranous,  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by 
valves  or  teeth,  or  an  indehiscent  achene  or  utricle.  Seeds  mainly 
amphitropous;  embryo  curved  and  peripheral  to  the  endosperm,  rarely 
straight;  cotyledons  mainly  incumbent.  About  70  genera  and  1500 
species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in'the  northern  hemisphere. 

*  Calyx  of  united  sepals,  tubular  or  ovoid. 

Calyx-ribs  at  least  twice  as  many  as  the  teeth,  running  both  into  the  teeth  and  into  the 
sinuses. 

Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  foliaceous  calyx-teeth.  i.  Agrostemma. 

Styles  3-5,  when  5,  opposite  the  short  calyx-teeth. 

Styles  5,  capsule  several-celled  at  the  base.  2.    I  iscaria. 

Styles  3,  rarely  4.  3-  Silene. 

Styles  5,  capsule  i-celled  to  the  base.  4.  Lychnis. 

Calyx  5-ribbed,  5-nerved,  or  nerveless,  or  striate-nerved. 
Calyx  conspicuously  scarious  between  its  green  nerves. 

Calyx  not  bracteolate  at  the  base.  5.   Gypsophila. 

Calyx  bracteolate  at  the  base.  6.   7'nnica. 

Calyx  not  at  all  scarious. 

Petals  appendaged  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  7.  Saponaria. 

Petals  not  appendaged  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Calyx  strongly  5-angled,  not  bracteolate.  8.    Vaccaria. 

Calyx  terete  or  nearly  so,  subtended  by  bractlets.  9.  Dianthus* 

*  *  Calyx  of  distinct  sepals,  or  the  sepals  united  only  at  the  base. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by  apical  teeth  or  by  valves. 
Styles  separate  to  the  base;  stipules  wanting. 

Plants  not  fleshy;  disk  of  the  flower  inconspicuous  or  none. 
Petals  deeply  2-cleft  or  2-parted  (rarely  none). 

Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  dehiscent  by  valves.  10.  Alsine. 

Capsule  cylindric,  commonly  curved,  dehiscent  by  teeth. 

ii.  Cerastium. 


388  FLORA. 

Petals  entire  or  emarginate  (rarely  none). 

Capsule  cylindric.  12.  Holosteum. 

Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong. 

Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Styles  oppfosite  the  sepals.  13.  Moenchia. 

Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals.  14.  Sagina, 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals. 

Seeds  not  appendaged  by  a  strophiole.  15.  Arenaria. 

Seeds  strophiolate.  16.  Moehringia. 

Plants  fleshy,  maritime;  disk  conspicuous,  8-io-lobed.  17.  Ammodenia, 

Styles  separate  to  the  base;   stipules  present,  scarious. 

Styles  and  capsule- valves  5.  18.  Spergula. 

Styles  and  capsule-valves  3.  19.    7'issa. 

Styles  united  below;  southwestern  herbs  with  subulate  leaves.          20.  Loeflingia. 
Fruit  an  indehiscent  or  irregularly  bursting  utricle  or  achene. 
Leaves  stipulate. 

Sepals  awn-tipped.  21.  Paronychia. 

Sepals  awnless.  •  22.  Anychia. 

Leaves  not  stipulate.  23.  Scleranthus. 

I.   AGROSTEMMA   L. 

Annual  pubescent  herbs,  with  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate 
sessile  leaves,  and  large  red  or  white  erect  flowers,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  long 
axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  oblong,  not  inflated,  narrowed  at  the  throat,  lo-ribbed, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  linear,  elongated  and  foliaceous.  Petals  5,  shorter  than  the 
calyx  lobes,  their  blades  obovate  or  cuneate,  emarginate,  not  appendaged;  stamens 
10.  Styles  5,  opposite  the  petals.  Capsule  i-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  black. 
[Greek,  a  field-garland.]  Two  known  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Agrostemma  Githago  L.  CORN  COCKLE.  CORN  ROSE.  CORN  CAMPION. 
(I.  F.  f.  1438.)  Erect,  3-10  dm.  high,  densely  pubescent  with  whitish  appressed 
hairs.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  long-acuminate,  erect,  5-10  cm.  long, 
4-6  mm.  wide;  flowers  red,  2-8  cm.  broad;  calyx  ovoid,  its  lobes  3  or  4  times 
the  length  of  the  tube  and  much  exceeding  the  petals,  deciduous  in  fruit;  petals 
usually  slightly  emarginate,  the  blade  obovate-cuneate.  In  grain  fields  and  waste 
places,  frequent  or  occasional  throughout  our  area.  Adventive  from  Europe, 
occurring  also  in  northern  Asia.  July-Sept. 

a.  VISCARIA  Roehl. 

Perennial  or  biennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  erect  stems  and  narrow  leaves,  the 
basal  densely  tufted,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  and  small  red  or  rarely  white  flowers 
in  clustered  terminal  cymes,  the  inflorescence  in  our  species  almost  capitate.  Calyx 
oblong-campanulate,  not  inflated,  4-5-toothed,  8-10- ribbed.  Petals  4  or  5,  much 
exceeding  the  calyx,  each  with  a  2-cleft  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  obovate  emar- 
ginate blade.  Stamens  10,  exserted.  Styles  alternate  with  the  petals.  Capsule 
several-celled  at  the  base,  its  teeth  as  many  as  the  styles.  [Latin,  glutinous.] 
About  5  species,  the  following  of  arctic  and  subarctic  regions;  the  others  European 
and  Asiatic. 

I.  Viscaria  alpina  (L.)  Roehl.  RED  ALPINE  CAMPION.  (I.  F.  f.  1439.) 
Tufted,  0.7-3  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  somewhat  glaucous.  Basal  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate  or  linear,  2-4  mm.  wide;  stem-leaves  distant,  linear-lanceolate,  about 
2  cm.  long;  inflorescence  1-2.5  cm-  broad;  bracts  small,  membranous;  flowers 
pink,  6-8  mm.  wide;  calyx  campanulate,  4  mm.  long,  its  teeth  short,  rounded;  petals 
obovate,  2-lobed;  appendages  minute.  Quebec  to  Lab.,  Newf.,  Hudson  Bay, 
Greenland,  and  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

3.  SILENE  L. 

Herbs,  with  mainly  pink  red  or  white  flowers.  Calyx  more  or  less  inflated, 
5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  lo-many-nerved,  not  bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  narrow, 
clawed.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3  (rarely  4  or  5);  ovary  i-celled,  or  incompletely 
2-4-celled.  Pod  dehiscent  by  6  or  rarely  3  apical  teeth.  Seeds  mainly  spiny  or 
tubercled.  [Greek,  saliva,  in  allusion  to  the  viscid  secretions  of  many  species.] 
About  250  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
gome  35  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 


CARYOPHYLLA  CEAE.  389 

Dwarf,  arctic-alpine  ;  flowers  solitary.  i.  S.  acaulis. 

Erect  or  ascending  herbs;  flowers  clustered  (sometimes  solitary  in  nos.  3-7). 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  verticillate  in  4*8.  2.  S.  stellata. 

Leaves  all  opposite. 

Calyx  much  inflated  and  bladdery. 

Flowers  few,  leafy-bracted.  3.  S.  alba. 

Flowers  numerous,  in  leafless  cymes.  4.  S.  vulgaris. 

Calyx  merely  expanded  by  the  ripening  pod. 
Flowers  cymose  or  paniculate. 

Day-blooming ;  flowers  rarely  white,  mostly  pink  or  red. 
Perennials,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent. 

Petals  2-cleft,  2-lobed,  or  irregularly  incised,  scarlet  or  crimson. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate  ;  flowers  numerous. 
Flowers  in  slender  panicles,  nodding. 

5.  S.  nutans. 

Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  erect.  6.  S.  Virginica. 
Leaves  broadly  oval  ;  flowers  few  or  solitary. 

7.  S.  rotundifolia. 
Petals  erose,  entire,  or  emarginate. 

Petals  scarlet ;  plant  9-12  dm.  tall.        8.  S.  regia. 
Petals  pink;  plant  1-2.5  dm.  high.        9.  S.  Caroliniana. 
Annuals,  glutinous  at  or  below  the  nodes. 
Calyx  ovoid. 

Flowers  small,  panicled  ;  calyx-teeth  ovate. 

10.  S.  antirrhina. 
Flowers  large,  cymose  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate. 

11.  S.  conica. 
Calyx  club-shaped  ;  flowers  large,  cymose. 

12.  S.  Armeria. 
Night-blooming  ;  flowers  large,  white.                      13.  .5".  noctiflora. 

Flowers  spicate  or  racemose,  short-pedicelled. 

Spike-like  raceme  simple ;  flowers  small.  14.  S.  Anglica. 

Raceme  forked;  flowers  12-16  mm.  broad.  15.  S.  dichotoma. 

Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  slender-pedicelled ;  western. 

16.  S.  Menziesii. 

1.  Silene  acaulis  L.     Moss  CAMPION.     (I.  F.  f.  1440.)     Perennial,  branched, 
densely  tufted,   2-8  cm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  crowded,  linear,  8-12   mm.  long, 
about  I  mm.  wide,  the  margins  ciliate-serrulate;  flowers  sessile  or  slender-peduncled, 
8-12  mm.  broad,  purple  or  purplish;  calyx  campanulate,   glabrous,  8   mm.  high; 
petals  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  pod  oblong.     White  Mountains,  N.  H., 
to  Quebec;  Lab.  and  throughout  arctic  America,  south  in  the  higher  Rocky  Mts. 
to  Ariz.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Silene  stellata  (L.)  Ait.     STARRY  CAMPION.     (I.  F.  f.  1441.)    Perennial, 
erect,    6-10   dm.    high,    densely   and   minutely  rough-pubescent.     Leaves   ovate- 
lanceolate,   acuminate,   5-10  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  verticillate  in  4/5   or  the 
lowest  opposite,   their  margins   finely  ciliate;  flowers  white,    1-2   cm.  broad,  in 
panicled  cymes;  calyx  campanulate,  inflated,  14-16  mm.  high,  its  teeth  triangular, 
acute;  petals  crownless,  fimbriate,  about  equalling  the  stamens;  pod  globose-ovoid. 
In  woods,  R.  I.  to  Niagara,  Minn.,  Ga.,  Neb.  and  Ark.     June-Aug. 

3.  Silene  alba  Muhl.     WESTERN  WHITE  CAMPION.     (I.  F.  f.  1442.)     Peren- 
nial, rather  weak,  minutely  puberulent  or  glabrate.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  8-13  cm.  long,  1-1.6  cm.  wide,  acuminate,  the  upper  gradually  smaller; 
pedicels  divaricate;  flowers  white,  about  2  cm.  broad;  calyx  inflated,  elongated- 
campanulate,  pubescent,  its  teeth  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  cuneate,  2-cleft,  or  2-lobed, 
minutely  crowned.     In  shaded  or  moist  places,  Penn.  to  D.  C.,  Minn,  and  Neb. 
June-July. 

4.  Silene  vulgaris  (Moench)  Garcke.     BLADDER  CAMPION.     (I.  F.  f.  1443.) 
Perennial,  branched  from  the  base,  glaucous  and  glabrous,  or  rarely  pubescent, 
1.5-4.5   dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  or  the  lower  often 
spatulate;  flowers  white,  1-2  cm.  broad,  in  loose  cymose  panicles,  often  drooping; 
calyx  at  length  inflated  and  globose,  8-12  mm.  long,  strongly  veined;  petals  2-cleft. 
In  meadows  and  waste  places,  N.  B.   to  Ont.,  N.  J.  and  111.     Naturalized  from 
Europe.     Summer. 

5.  Silene  nutans  L.     NODDING  CATCHFLY.    (I.F.  f.  1444.)    Perennial;  stem 
erect,  3 -6  dm.  tall.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  spatulate,  subacute,  6-16  mm.  wide, 


39°  FLORA. 

tapering  into  slender  petioles;  stem-leaves  few,  distant,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  sessile;  flowers  12—16  mm.  broad,  white  or  pink,  nodding  or  spreading 
in  a  loose  panicle;  pedicels  slender;  calyx  oblong-cylindric  in  flower,  8-io  mm. 
long,  glandular,  its  teeth  triangular,  acute;  petals  2-cleft  or  sometimes  4-cleft;  cap- 
sule ovoid,  10-12  mm.  high,  distending  the  calyx.  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Me.,  and 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.  Fugitive  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

6.  Silene   Virginica  L.     FIRE   PINK.     (I.  F.   f.   1445.)      Perennial,    viscid- 
pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  those  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  8-13  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  acute,  sessile;  in- 
florescence loosely  cymose-paniculate  ;  flowers  crimson,  2-3  cm.  broad  ;  pedicels 
slender,  1-5  cm.  long  ;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  enlarged  by 
the  ripening  pod,  its  teeth  ovate,  acute;  petals  2-cleft,  2-lobed,  or  irregularly  in- 
cised, crowned.     In  dry  woods,  S.  N.  J.,  W.  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,   Ga.  and 
Mo.     May-Sept. 

7.  Silene  rotundifolia  Nutt.     ROUND-LEAVED  CATCHFLY.     (I.  F.  f.  1446.) 
Perennial;  stem  ascending  or  reclining,  viscid-pubescent,  4-6  dm.  long.     Leaves 
thin,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  obovate  ;  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  winged 
petiole,  the  cauline  obovate,  broadly  oblong  or  orbicular-ovate,  acute,  the  upper- 
most   sessile  ;  flowers    few  or  solitary,   scarlet,   2-5  cm.  broad;    pedicels  slender  ; 
calyx  tubular-campanulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  somewhat  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod, 
its   teeth   ovate,    acute  ;  petals   2-cleft,    lobed,  or  laciniate,  crowned.     In  shaded 
places,  S.  Ohio  and  Ky.  to  Ga.     Summer. 

8.  Silene  regia  Sims.     ROYAL  CATCHFLY.     (I.F.  f.  1447.)     Perennial;  stem 
erect,  stout,  1-1.2  m.  high,  minutely  rough-pubescent,  slightly  viscid.     Leaves  all 
but  the  lowest  sessile,  thick,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-8  cm.  long  ; 
inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle  of  few-flowered  cymose  clusters  ;  flowers  numerous, 
deep  scarlet,  about  2.5  cm.  broad  ;  calyx  oblong-tubular,  2  cm.  long,  slightly  en- 
larged by  the  ripening  pod,  its  teeth  ovate,   acute  ;  petals  emarginate  or  laciniate, 
crowned.     Prairies,  Ohio  to  Ala.,  Term,  and  Mo.     July. 

9.  Silene   Caroliniana   Walt.     WILD   PINK.     (I.   F.    f.    1448.)     Perennial, 
tufted,  1-2.5  dm.   high,  viscid-pubescent,   especially  above.     Basal  leaves  spatu- 
late, or  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.   long,   narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole;    stem-leaves 
shorter,  sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate;  flowers  pink,  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  in  termi- 
nal cymes;  calyx  narrow,    much   enlarged   by  the  ripening  pod,  its  teeth  ovate, 
acute;  petals  cuneate,  emarginate,  eroded,  crowned.     In  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soil, 
Me.  to  Ga.,  west  to  central  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Ky.     April-June. 

10.  Silene   antirrhina  L.     SLEEPY   CATCHFLY.     (I.  F.  f.    1449.)    Annual, 
puberulent  or  glabrous,  glutinous  about  the  nodes,  2-7  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower 
leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,    2-5   cm.    long,   narrowed  into  a  petiole;  upper 
leaves  linear  to  subulate;  inflorescence  a  loose  cymose  panicle;  pedicels  slender, 
erect;   flowers  pink,  2-4  mm.  broad;  calyx  narrowly  ovoid,  4-6  mm.  long,  much 
expanded  by  the  ripening  pod,   its  teeth  ovate,  acute;  petals  obcordate,  minutely 

N  crowned.     In  waste  places  and  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  S.  Ont.,  Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  Mex. 
Summer. 

Silene  antirrhina  divaric^ta  Robinson.  More  slender  than  the  species  and  with 
narrower  leaves ;  branches  spreading,  filiform  ;  calyx  4-5  mm.  long ;  petals  none. 
111.  and  N.  Y. 

11.  Silene   conica  L.     STRIATE,  OR  CORN  CATCHFLY.     (I.    F.    f.    i45oa.) 
Canescent  or  puberulent;  stems  erect,   commonly  forked  above,    1.5-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile,  about  3  m'm.  wide  ;  inflorescence  cymose  ; 
flowers   i-several;  calyx  ovoid,    rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,   densely  about 
3O-nerved,   its   teeth  triangular-subulate;    petals  rose,   obcordate;  capsule  oblong- 
ovoid,  distending  the  calyx.     Clyde,  Ohio.     Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope.    June-July. 

12.  Silene  Armeria  L.     SWEET  WILLIAM  OR  LOBEL'S  CATCHFLY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1450.)     Annual,    glabrous    and    glaucous,    or   minutely  puberulent,   about  3  dm. 
high,  glutinous  below  each  node.     Basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long,  obtuse; 
stem-leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  inflorescence  a  terminal  compact  compound 
Cyme;  flowers  purple  or  pink,  12-16  mm.  broad;  calyx  club-shaped,    10-16  mm. 


CA  R  YOPH  YL  LA  CEA  E.  39 1 

long,  slightly  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod;  petals  emarginate,  crowned  with  nar- 
row scales.  In  waste  places  and  spontaneous  in  gardens,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Mich., 
E.  Mass.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Introduced  from  Europe.  June-July. 

13.  Silene  noctiflora  L.      NIGHT-FLOWERING  CATCHFLY.      (I.  F.  f.   1451.) 
Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  3-10  dm.    high.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  5-13   cm.  long,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole;  upper  leaves 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  few,  white  or  pinkish,  1.5- 
2.5  cm.  broad,   in  a  loose  panicle;  calyx  2-3  cm.   long,   tubular,  ro-nerved  and 
beautifully  veined,   much  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod,  its  teeth  linear,   acute; 
petals  2-cleft.     In  waste  places,   N.    S.   and   N.   B.   to  Manitoba,    Fla.    and  Mo. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     Flowers  opening  at  dusk  and  remaining  so  until  the 
morning  of  the  next  day,  fragrant.     July-Sept. 

14.  Silene  Anglica  L.     ENGLISH  OR  SMALL- FLOWERED  CATCHFLY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1452.)      Annual,    hirsute-pubescent;    stem  3-6  dm.   high.      Leaves   spatulate   or 
oblanceolate,   1-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  sometimes  mucronate,  or  the  upper  narrower 
and  acute;  flowers  in  a  terminal  simple  I -sided  raceme,  nearly  sessile  or  the  lower 
ones  distant  and  longer-pedicelled,  sometimes  all  distinctly  pedicelled;  calyx  10- 
nerved,   villous,   8-io  mm.   long,    much  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod,   its  teeth 
lanceolate,  spreading;  petals  white,    somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  waste 
places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     Adventive  from  Europe.     Naturalized  as  a 
weed  on  the  Pacific  Coast.      April-July. 

15.  Silene  dichotoma  Ehrh.     FORKED  CATCHFLY.     (I.  F.  f.  1453.)     Annual, 
pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  5-8 
cm.  long,  acuminate  or  acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  upper  leaves  sessile,  lanceo- 
late or  linear;  flowers  white,  distant  in  forking   I -sided  spikes;  calyx  cylindric, 
12-16  mm.   long,   hirsute,    much  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod,   its  teeth  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute;  petals  white,  bifid,  with  a   short  obtuse  crown.     In  fields  and 
waste  places,  Me.   to  N.  J.   and  Penn.     Also  in  Cal.     Adventive  from  southern 
Europe.     Summer. 

16.  Silene   Menziesii   Hook.     MENZIES'  PINK.     (I.  F.  f.  1454.)    Perennial, 
ascending  or  decumbent,  leafy,  widely  branching,  minutely  glandular-pubescent, 
1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  or  the  lowest  petioled,  oval,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
slightly  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  minutely  ciliate,  2-6  cm. 
long;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  numerous,  slender-peduncled,  white  (or  pink?), 
8-10  mm.  long;  petals  2-cleft,  crownless,  longer  than  the  5-toothed  calyx;  capsule 
about  the  length  of  the  calyx.      In  damp  soil,  Neb.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col., 
Cal.  and  N.  Mex.     June— Aug. 

4.  LYCHNIS  L. 

Herbs,  mainly  erect.  Calyx  ovoid,  tubular,  or  inflated,  5-toothed,  lO-nerved. 
Petals  5,  narrowly  clawed,  the  blade  entire,  2-cleft,  or  laciniate,  generally  crowned. 
Stamens  10.  Ovary  I -celled  or  incompletely  several-celled  at  the  base,  many- 
ovuled;  styles  5,  opposite  the  calyx-teeth  (occasionally  4  or  rarely  3).  Capsule 
dehiscent  by  apical  teeth  or  valves.  [From  the  Greek  for  lamp,  in  allusion  to  the 
flame- colored  flowers  of  some  species.]  A  genus  of  about  35  species,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  and  arctic  zones.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  9  others  occur 
.in  northern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Calyx-teeth  not  twisted  ;  plants  pubescent,  glandular  or  glabrate. 

Flowers  cymose  or  panicled;   calyx  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod. 
Fruiting  calyx  much  enlarged,  ovoid,  obovoid  or  globose. 
Plants  viscid-pubescent;   flowers  usually  dioecious. 

Flowers  white  or  pink,  opening  in  the  evening.  i.  L.  alba. 

Flowers  red,  opening  in  the  morning.  2.  Z,.  dioica. 

Plant  roughish-pubescent;   flowers  perfect,  scarlet.  3.  L.  Chalcedonica 

Fruiting  calyx  campanulate  or  tubular. 

Petals  deeply  laciniate;  introduced  species.  4.  L.  Fl^s-cvculi. 

Petals  entire  or  emarginate  i  native  western  species.          5.  L.  Drummondi. 
Flowers  solitary:  calyx  inflated;  plants  arctic-alpine. 

Flower  nodding;  pod  erect.  6.  L^apetala. 

Flower  and  pod  erect  or  nearly  so.  7.  L.  affinis. 

Calyx-teeth  twisted  ;  plant  densely  white-woolly  all  over.  8.  L.  Coronart'a. 


392  FLORA. 

1.  Lychnis  alba  Mill.    WHITE  CAMPION.    EVENING  LYCHNIS.    (I.  F.  f.  1455.) 
Biennial,  freely  branching,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  flowers  few,  loosely  panic- 
ulate, 1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  white  or  pinkish,  opening  at  dusk  and  remaining  open 
into  the  morning  ol  the  next  day;  calyx  at  first  tubular,  swelling  with  the  ripening 
pod  so  as  to  become  ovoid  and  12-14  mm.  in  diameter,  its  teeth  short,  lanceolate; 
petals  obovate,  2-cleft,  crowned;  teeth  of  the  capsule  2-cleft,  nearly  erect.     In  waste 
places  and  on  ballast,  occasional  in  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada,  Ont.  and  in 
the  Eastern  and  Middle  States.     Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Lychnis  dioica  L.     RED  CAMPION.     (I.  F.  f.   1456.)     Biennial,  3-6  dm. 
high.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,   oblong,  the   blade  5-8  cm.   long  ;    stem-leaves 
sessile  or  the  lower  short-petioled,    ovate,   acute,   2-5   cm.    long  ;  flowers  red  or 
nearly  white,  opening  in  the  morning  ;  calyx  at  first  tubular,  swollen  in  fruit  to 
nearly  globular  by  the  ripening  pod,  its  teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  petals  obo- 
vate, 2-cleft,  crowned  ;  teeth  oi  the  capsule  2-cleft,  recurved.     In  waste  places  and 
ballast,   N.   S.,   Ont.,   N.  Eng.  and    the  Middle  States.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
Summer. 

3.  Lychnis  Chalcedonica  L.    SCARLET  LYCHNIS.    (I.  F.  f.  1457.)    Perennial; 
stem  pubescent  or  hirsute,   3-7  dm.   tall.     Leaves  ovate,   ovate-lanceolate  or  the 
upper  lanceolate,   acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  1-2  cm.  wide  ;  flowers  perfect,  about  2.5  cm. 
broad,  scarlet,  in  one  or  more  dense  terminal  cymes  ;  calyx  becoming  obovoid,  its 
teeth   triangular,    acute  ;  petals  2-cleft  or  laciniate  ;  capsule   borne  on  a  stipe  of 
nearly  its  own  length,  its  teeth  entire.     Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides,  Mass. 
to  S.  N.  Y.     Native  of  eastern  Europe  and  western  Asia.     June-Sept. 

4.  Lychnis  Flos-cuculi  L.    CUCKOOFLOWER.    RAGGED  ROBIN.  (I.  F.  f.  1458.) 
Perennial,  3-6  dm.  high,  freely  branching,  downy-pubescent  below,  slightly  viscid 
above.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  5-8  cm.  long,  tapering 
into  a  broad  petiole  ;  upper  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  distant  ; 
inflorescence  paniculate  ;  flowers  pink,  blue  or  white,  1.5-2.5   cm.   broad  ;  calyx 
lo-nerved,  becoming  campanulate  in  fruit,  its  teeth  triangular,  acute  ;  petals  cleft 
into  4  linear  lobes,  the   middle  pair  of  lobes  longer  ;  capsule  globose.     In  moist 
waste  places,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Fugitive  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

5.  Lychnis    Drummondi  (Hook.)  S.  Wats.     DRUMMOND'S  PINK.     (I.  F.  f. 
1459.)     Erect  from  a  perennial  root,  finely  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid,  3-9  dm. 
high.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  2-8  cm. 
long;  flowers    few,   slender-pedicelled,    white    or   purplish,    1-2  cm.   long;    petals 
scarcely  longer  than  the  tubular  calyx;  capsule  oblong-cylindric,  12-16  mm.  long; 
seeds  tuberculate.    In  dry  soil,  Minn,  to  Manitoba,  Neb.,  Ariz,  and  Ore.    June-July. 

6.  Lychnis  apetala  L.     NODDING  LYCHNIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1460.)     Tufted,  per- 
ennial,  0.7-2  dm.    high,    glandular-pubescent   at  least  abjve.     Stems  i-flowered; 
leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate,    1-6  cm.  long,  sessile,  or  the  lower  petioled;  flower 
nodding,    12- 16   mm.   long;   petals  narrow,   2-cleft,    included  in  the  calyx;    calyx 
inflated,   strongly  purple-veined,   its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  acute;  petals  narrow, 
about  2  mm.   wide,   minutely  appendaged,   equalling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
deeply  2-cleft ;    capsule  erect,  ovoid.     Labrador  and  throughout  arctic  America. 
Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

7.  Lychnis  affinis  Vahl.     ARCTIC  LYCHNIS.     (L  F.  f.   1461.)     Tufted,  per- 
ennial, 5-10  cm.  high,  glandular-pubescent.     Basal  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  about 
I  cm.   long,  ciliat'-;  stem-leaves  linear,    1-5  cm.   long,  obtuse;  flower  erect,  8-12 
cm.    long;    calyx  oblong   or  ovate-campanulate,  slightly   inflated,  its  teeth    short, 
acute;  petals  somewhat  exserted,  the  blade  narrowed  below,  emarginate  and  eroded, 
the  appendages  minute.     Lab.  and  arctic  America  and  Europe.      Summer. 

8  Lychnis  Coronaria  (L.)  Desr.  MULLEIN  PINK.  ROSE  CAMPION.  (I. 
F.  f.  1462.)  Perennial,  densely  white -woolly;  stem  3-10  dm.  tall.  Lower  leaves 
spatulate,  5—10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  few,  2  cm.  broad  or  more,  long- 
pedicelled  in  open  terminal  panicles;  calyx  oblong-campanulate,  its  teeth  filiform- 
subulate,  twisted,  shorter  than  the  tube;  petals  crimson.  Escaped  from  gardens  to 
roadsides  and  waste  places,  Mass,  to  S.  N.  Y.  Native  of  Europe.  Jurie-Aug. 


CA  A"  YOPn  YL  L  A  CEA  E.  393 

5.  GYPSOPHILA  L. 

Mostly  glabrous  and  glaucous  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  small  numerous 
axillary  or  paniculate  flowers.  Calyx  5 -toothed,  5 -nerved,  bractless.  Petals  5, 
their  claws  narrow.  Stamens  10;  styles  2.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  4  valves.  Seeds 
reniform,  laterally  attached;  embryo  coiled.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed 
preference  of  some  species  for  gypsum  soils.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia  and  northern  Africa. 

Annual,  diffuse;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  flowers  axillary  on  filiform  peduncles. 

i.   G.  muralis. 
Erect  perennial ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  paniculate.  2.  G.  paniculata. 

1.  Gypsophila  muralis  L.      Low  GYPSOPHYLL.      (I.  F.  f.  1463.)     Annual, 
diffuse,  slender,  much  branched,  smooth,  or  slightly  rough  at  the  base,  1-2  dm. 
high.     Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  6-20  mm.  long, 
0.5-1  mm.  wide;  peduncles  6-20  mm.   long;   flowers   purplish,   3-4   mm.  broad; 
calyx  turbinate,  the  teeth  rounded ;  petals  crenate  or  emarginate,  much  exceeding 
the  calyx;  pod  about  4  mm.  long,  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  waste  places, 
Me.  and  Ont.   to  Mich.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Adventive  or  naturalized  from 
Europe.     June-Sept. 

2.  Gypsophila  paniculata  L.      TALL  GYPSOPHYLL.      (I.  F.  f.  1464.)     Per- 
ennial; glabrous,  or  sometimes  pubescent  below,  3-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
those  of  the  s  2m  2  cm.  long  or  more,  4-8  mm.  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller;  flowers  3-4  mm.  broad,  in 
panicled  cymes;  calyx  campanulate,    2  mm.   high,  deeply  5-lobed,   the   segments 
with  scarious  margins;  petals  white  or  pink,  slightly  emarginate,  longer  than  the 
calyx.     Manitoba  and  Neb.     Fugitive  from  northern  Europe  or  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  TUNICA  Adans. 

Rigid  and  slender  mainly  perennial  herbs,  with  small  glomerate  panicled  or 
solitary  flowers,  bracted  at  the  base.  Calyx  top-shaped  or  campanulate,  5 -toothed, 
5-i5-nerved.  Petals  5,  long-clawed,  the  limb  emarginate  or  bifid.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  4  apical  teeth  or  valves.  Seeds  compressed,  lat- 
erally attached;  embryo  excentric.  [Latin,  a  cloak,  in  allusion  to  the  bracts  at  the 
base  of  the  calyx.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  southern  Europe  and  western 
Asia. 

i.  Tunica  Saxifraga  (L.)  Scop.  SAXIFRAGE  PINK.  (I.  F.  f.  1465.)  Per- 
ennial, tufted,  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems  1-2  cm.  long,  terete.  Leaves 
linear-subulate,  erect,  acute,  6-8  mm.  long,  less  than  i  mm.  wide,  connate  at  the 
base,  the  lower  imbricated,  the  upper  distant;  flowers  panicled,  about  6  mm.  broad, 
pink  or  purple;  calyx  5 -ribbed,  twice  the  length  of  the  scarious-margined  acute 
bracts.  Roadsides,  Flushing,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  and  London,  Ont.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  Summer. 

7.  SAPONARIA  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  broad  leaves  and  large  flowers.  Calyx  5 -toothed,  obscurely 
nerved.  Petals  5,  long-clawed.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  i -celled  or  incompletely 
2-4-celled;  styles  2.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  4  short  apical  teeth  or  valves.  [Latin, 
soap;  the  juices  abound  in  saponin.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and 
northern  Africa. 

r.  Sapor-aria  officinalis  L.  SOAPWORT.  BOUNCING  BET.  (I.  F.  f.  1466.) 
Perennial,  glabrous,  erect,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  5-8  cm. 
long,  3-5 -ribbed,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  broad  short  petiole;  flowers  pink  or  whit- 
ish, about  2.5  cm.  broad,  in  dense  terminal  corymbs,  with  numerous  small  lanceo- 
late floral  leaves;  calyx  tubular,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  petals  obcordate  with  a  scale  at 
the  base  of  the  blade;  pod  narrowly  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Roadsides  and 
waste  places,  common  in  most  districts,  spreading  by  underground  stolons.  Natu- 
ralized from  Europe.  Flowers  sometimes  double.  Summer. 

8.  VACCARIA  Medic. 

Annual  glabrous  and  glaucous  erect  branching  herbs,  with  clasping  ovate  or 
ovate  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  and  rather  small  red  or  pink  slender-pedicelled 


394  FLORA. 

flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Calyx  cylindric  in  flower,  becoming  sharply  5 -angled 
and  inflated  in  fruit,  5 -toothed,  not  bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  much  longer  than 
the  calyx,  not  appendaged.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  4-toothcd.  Seeds 
laterally  attached;  embryo  curved.  [Latin,  cow,  in  allusion  to  its  value  for  fodder.] 
About  3  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Vaccaria  Vaccaria  (L.)  Britton.  COW-HERB.  (I.  F.  f.  1467.)  Plant  3-6 
dm.  high.  Leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  connate  at  the  base;  flowers  pale  red,  6-8  mm. 
broad;  calyx  10-15  mm-  l°ng>  5-ribbed;  petals  crenulate.  In  waste  places,  Ont. 
to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  La.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mt.  region.  Naturalized  or  adven- 
tive  from  Europe.  June- Aug. 

9.  DIANTHUS  L. 

Stiff"  herbs,  mainly  with  narrow  leaves.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  cymose- 
paniculate,  generally  purple.  Calyx  5-toothed,  finely  and  equally  many-stnate, 
tubular,  several-bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  long-clawed,  dentate  or  crenate. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Ovary  i-celled,  stipitate.  Capsule  cylindric  or  oblong, 
stalked,  dehiscent  by  4  or  5  short  teeth  at  the  summit.  Seeds  compressed,  laterally 
attached.  Embryo  straight,  excentric.  [Greek,  the  flower  of  Jove.]  Species 
about  200,  natives  of  the  Old  World;  one  of  Siberia  extending  into  arctic  America. 

Annuals  ;  flowers  clustered. 

Bracts  broad,  scarious.  i.  D.  prolifer. 

Bracts  narrow,  heibaceous,  long-pointed.  2.  D.  Armeria. 
Perennials. 

Flowers  solitary  ;  leaves  linear,  short.  3.  D.  deltoides. 

Flowers  clustered  ;  leaves  lanceolate.  4.  D.  bar  bat  us, 

1.  Dianthus  prolifer  L.     PROLIFEROUS  PINK.     (I.  F.  f.   1468.)     Glabrous, 
1.5-4  dm.  high,  simple,  or  with  few  erect  branches.     Leaves  distant,  linear,  acute, 
1-2  mm.   wide;    flowers  small,   pink,   in   terminal  oblong  or  obovoid   heads,  and 
appearing  successively  from  behind  the  bracts,  which  are  broad,  ovate,  imbricated, 
shining,  obtuse  or  mucronate,  concealing  the  calyx.     In  waste  places  and  ballast, 
Mass,  to  Del.  and  Ohio.      Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Dianthus  Armeria  L.     DEPTFORD  PINK.     (I.  F.  f.  1469.)     Finely  pubes- 
cent, 1.5-4.5  dm.  high;  branches  few,  nearly  erect.     Leaves  linear,  erect,  2-3  mm. 
wide;    flowers   small,  pink    with    whitish    dots,  in  terminal  often  dense  clusters; 
bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  erect,  mostly  longer  than  the  sharply-toothed  calyx.     In 
fields   and    along  roadsides,   Me.    to   S.   Ont.   Mich,   and   Va.     Naturalized   from 
Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Dianthus  deltoides  L.     MAIDEN  PINK.     (I.  F.  f.  1470.)     Tufted,  glabrous 
or  somewhat  hoary;  stems  ascending,  1.5-4  dm.  long.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  flowering  stems  erect,  acutish,  the  lower  obtuse;  flowers 
pink  or  whitish,   solitary;  petals  dentate;  bracts  ovate,  pointed,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  calyx  or  less.     In  waste  places,  Conn,  and  eastern  Mass,  to  northern  N.  Y.  and 
Mich.     Adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Dianthus  barbatus  L.     SWEET  WILLIAM.     (I.  F.  f.  1471.)     Tufted,  gla- 
brous, erect,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  8-18  mm.  wide, 
acute;  bracts  linear-filiform,  about  equalling  the  long-toothed  calyx;  flowers  pink 
or  whitish,  in  large  terminal  clusters.     In  waste  places,  occasional  in  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  States.     Introduced  from  Europe.     Summer. 

10.  ALSINE  L.     [Including  STELLARIA  L.]     (See  Appendix.) 

Tufted  herbs,  with  cymose  white  flowers.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  of  the 
same  number,  2-cleft,  2-parted,  or  emarginate,  white  in  our  species,  rarely  none. 
Stamens  10  or  fewer,  hypogynous.  Ovary  i -celled;  styles  commonly  3,  rarely  4  or  5, 
usually  opposite  the  sepals.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there 
are  styles.  [Greek,  grove,  the  habitat  of  some  species.]  Species  about  75, 
widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  temperate  or  cold  climates. 

Styles  5  ;  leaves  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long.  x.  A.  aquatica. 

Styles  3,  rarely  4. 

Leaves  broad,  ovate,  ovate-oblong  or  oblong. 

Plants  glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs. 

Flowers  few,  terminal;  leaves  ovate,  4-6  mm.  long.  2.  A.  humifusa. 


CA  £  YOPH  *  L  LA  CEA  E.  395 

Cymes  lateral ;  leaves  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long.  3.  A.  uliginosa. 

Stems  with  i  or  2  pubescent  lines ;  petioles  often  ciliate. 

Petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  lower  leaves  petioled.  4.  A.  media. 

Petals  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  lower  leaves  rarely  petioled.  5.  A.  pubera. 
Leaves  narrow,  linear,  oblong,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate. 

Flowers  1.4-2  cm.  broad.  6.  A.  Holostea. 

Flowers  only  4-12  mm.  broad. 

Bracts  of  the  cyme  small,  scarious. 

Pedicels  widely  spreading  ;  cyme  diffuse. 

Leaves  linear,  acute  at  each  end  ;  seeds  smooth.     7.  A.  longifolia. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  below  ;  seeds  rough.    8.  A.  graminea. 
Pedicels  erect ;  flowers  few  or  solitary.  9.  A.  longipes* 

Bracts  of  the  cyme  foliaceous,  resembling  the  upper  leaves. 

Capsule  114-2  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate. 
Seeds  rough  ;  petals  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx. 

10.  A.  crassi/olia. 
Seeds  smooth  ;  petals  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  none. 

11.  A.  borealis. 
Capsule  not  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate  ; 

petals  none.  12.  A.  fontinalis. 

1.  Alsine  aquatica  (L.)  Britton.     WATER  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
1472.)     Perennial;  stem  angled,   mostly  glandular-pubescent  above,  ascending  or 
decumbent,  3-7   dm.   long.     Leaves  ovate   or  ovate-lanceolate,    acute,    the  upper 
sessile  and  subcordate,    the   lower  petioled,   rounded  at  the  base,   2-5  cm.  long; 
flowers  about  1.2  cm.   broad,  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the   stem   and  in  terminal 
cymes;  pedicels  slender,  glandular,  deflexed  and  much  longer  than  the  calyx  in 
fruit;  calyx  campanulate;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  about  one-halt  as  long  as  the  2-cleft 
petals;    stamens   IO;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,    slightly   longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds 
rough.     In  wet  and  waste  places,  Ont.  to  Perm.     Also  in  Br.  Col.     Adventive  from 
Europe.     May-Aug. 

2.  Alsine  humifdsa,  (Rottb.)  Britton.     Low  CHICKWEED.     (I.   F.  f.    1473.) 
Glabrous;  stems  spreading  and  ascending,  2-8  cm.  long,  purplish.     Leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  fleshy,  4-6  mm.  long,  sessile;  bracts  foliaceous;  flowers  few  or  solitary, 
6-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,   acute   or  acutish,   4   mm.    long;  petals 
2-parted;  capsule  ovoid,  as  long  as  the  sepals;   seeds  smooth,  brown.     In  moist  or 
wet  places,  Lab.  to  N.  B.   and   Me.,  west  to   Ore  and  Alaska.     Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

3.  Alsine  uliginosa  (Murr.)    Britton.       BOG   STARWORT.      MARSH  CHICK- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1474.)     Weak,  slender,  generally  growing  in  masses;  stems  nearly 
simple,  1-4  dm.  long.     Leaves  oblong,  16-25  mm-  l°ng>  4-10  mm.  wide,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  lower  slightly  petioled  and  sometimes  ciliate,  the  upper  sessile;  flowers 
6  mm.  broad,  in  lateral  sessile  cymes,  rarely  terminal;  sepals  lanceolate,   acute; 
petals  2-parted,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  the  ovoid  pod;  seeds  rough.     In 
cold  brooks  and  springs,  Md.  and  Penn.  to  Newf.     Also  in  Br.  Col.  and  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

4.  Alsine  media  L.     COMMON  CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1475.)     Annual,  tufted, 
much  branched,  decumbent  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  long,  glabrous  except  a  line  of 
hairs  along  the  stem  and  branches,  the  pubescent  sepals  and  the  sometimes  ciliate 
petioles.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  4-35  mm.  long,  acute  or  rarely  obtuse,  the  lower 
often  cordate;  flowers  4-8  mm.  broad,  in  terminal  leafy  cymes  or  also  solitary  in 
;he  axils;  sepals  oblong,  longer  than  the  2-parted  petals;  stamens  2-10 ;  capsule 
ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  rough.     A  weed  in  waste  places,  meadows  and 
woods,  common  throughout  N.   Am.     Naturalized  from  Europe,   though  possibly 
native  northward.     Jan. -Dec. 

5.  Alsine  pubera  (Michx. )   Britton.     GREAT   CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1476.) 
Perennial,  1-3  dm.  high,  branching,  the  stems  and  branches  with  two  hairy  lines. 
Leaves  oblong   or  ovate-oblong,    1-6   cm.    long,  their  margins  ciliate,    the  upper 
generally  sessile,  the  lower  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base  or  on  broad  petioles, 
those  of  sterile  shoots  sometimes  all  petioled  ;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad,  in  terminal 
leafy  cymes  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  2-cleft  or  2-parted  petals  ;  capsule 
subglobose,   or  ovoid,    its  teeth  revolute  after  splitting  ;  seeds  rough.     In   moist 
rocky  places,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ind,,  Ky.,  Ga.  and  Ala.     May-June. 


396  FLORA. 

6.  Alsine  Holostea  (L.)  Bif*ton.     GREATER  STITCHWORT  OR  STARWORT. 
ADDER'S   MEAT.     (I.  F.  f.   1477.)     Erect  from   a  creeping    rootstock,    glabrous 
or  slightly  downy,  4-6  dm.  high,     Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  taper- 
ing  to    a    long    slender  tip  ;  flowers  showy,    1.4-3  cm-   broad,   in  terminal  leafy 
cymose  panicles  ;  pedicels  downy  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  one-half  to  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  2  cleft  petals;  capsule  globose  ovoid.     Along  Train's  Meadow 
Road,    Long   Island,    N.  Y. ;    Poland,   Me.     Fugitive   or  adventive  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  northern  Asia.     Also  called  Allbone,  from  its  brittle  nodes.     April- 
June. 

7.  Alsine  longifolia  (Muhl.)  Britton.     LONG-LEAVED  STITCHWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1478. )     Weak,    glabrous,   or   the  stem  rough-angled,  freely  branching,  2-5  dm. 
high.     Leaves   linear,   spreading,  acute   or  acutish  at   each   end,  2-6  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  the  lower  smaller  ;  bracts  lanceolate  ;  pedicels  slender,  divaricate  ; 
cymes  terminal  or  lateral  ;  flowers  numerous,  6-io  mm.  broad ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  3-nerved,  equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  2-parted  petals  ;  capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  seeds  smooth,  shining.     In  low 
meadows  and  swamps,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Ky.  and  La.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region,  Br.  Col.,  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     May-July. 

8.  Alsine  graminea  (L.)  Britton.    LESSER  STITCHWORT.    LESSER  STARWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1479.)     Weak,  glabrous,  ascending  from  creeping  rootstocks,  3-5  dm.  high 
or  long;  stem  4-angled.     Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-3  cm. 
long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  broadest  just  above  the  base,  acute,  the  lower  smaller;  cymes 
diffuse;    pedicels   spreading;   bracts    scarious,  often   ciliate,   lanceolate,  4-6   mm. 
long;  flowers  6-10  mm.  broad;   sepals  lanceolate,  acute;   petals  2 -cleft,  about  the 
length  of  the  sepals;  capsule  oblong,  exceeding  the  sepals;  seeds  finely  roughened. 
In  fields  and  along  roadsides,  Newf.   to  Ont.  and  Mel.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
May-July. 

9.  Alsine  longipes  (Goldie)  Coville.     LONG-STALKED  STITCHWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1480.)     Tufted,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched,  0.7-3  dm.  high?  glabrous,  shining,, 
rarely  glaucous  or  pubescent.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  1-3.5  cm- 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  rigid,  ascending  or  erect;  flowers  few,  6-10  mm. 
broad,  terminal,  on  long  erect  pedicels;  bracts  lanceolate;  sepals  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acutish ;  petals  2-cleft,  exceeding  the  calyx ;  capsule  ovoid,  longer  than 
the  sepals;  seeds  smooth.     In  moist  places,  Lab.  and  N.  S.  to  northern  New  Eng- 
land, Alaska  and  Minn.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.,  and  in  Cal.     Also  in 
northern  Asia.     Summer. 

Alsine  longipes  Edwdrdsii  (R.  Br.)  Britton.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base ;  stems  2-3-flo\vered,  5-8  cm.  tall.  Lab.  and  Quebec,  through 
arctic  America  to  Siberia. 

Alsine  longipes  pedunculiris  (Bunge)  Britton.  Stem  5-15  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3 
larger  flowers  on  longer  pedicels;  stem  more  or  less  pubescent,  especially  at  the  nodes. 
Lab.  to  Alaska  and  Siberia. 

10.  Alsine  crassifolia  Ehrh.    FLESHY  STITCHWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  1481.)    Diffuse 
or  ascending,  weak,  slender,  simple  or  branched,  glabrous,  5-25  cm.  long.     Leaves 
somewhat  fleshy,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  6-16  mm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  cymes  terminal,  few-flowered,  or  flowers 
axillary  and  solitary;  bracts  foliaceous,  small;  peduncles  slender,  ascending;  flowers 
4  6  mm.  broad;  sepals  lanceolate-oblong,  acute;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx;  cap- 
su'e  ovoid,  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  rough.     In  springs  and  moist  places,  Lab. 
to  N.  H.,  Minn.,  111.  and  Manitoba,  and  in  arctic  America,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
to  Colo.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

n.  Alsine  borealis  (Bigel.)  Britton.  NORTHERN  STITCHWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1482.) 
Erect  or  ascending,  weak,  much  branched,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  above,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
long.  Leaves  membranous,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  acute,  sessile,  their  margins  ciliate  or  naked;  inflorescence  a  leafly  terminal 
compound  cyme;  pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading;  flowers  4-8  mm.  broad; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  petals  r.  5,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  or  none;  capsule 
oblong,  much  exceeding  the  sepals;  seeds  smooth.  In  wet  places,  Lab.  to  R.  I., 
northern  N.  J.,  Minn,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.  Also  in  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


CA  R  YOPH  YLLA  CEA  E.  397 

nlsine  bore^lis  alpestris  (Tries)  Britton.  Larger,  leaves  broader,  cyme  more  diffuse; 
upper  bracts  scarious  or  scarious-margined;  seeds  obscurely  roughened.  Lake  Superior, 
the  Saskatchewan  region,  Br.  Col.  and  the  Rocky  Mts.  Also  in  northern  Asia. 

12.  Alsine  fontinalis  (Short  &  Peter)  Britton.  WATER  STITCHWORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
1483.)  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  weak,  very  slender,  branched,  ascending  or  diffuse, 
1-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  linear-spatulate,  8-25  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  the 
upper  sessile,  acute  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  the  lower  obtuse  and  narrowed  into 
short  petioles;  pedicels  filiform,  6-30  mm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  solitary  or  2-3 
together  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  and  branches  and  axils;  calyx  oblong-campanulate, 
2  mm.  long;  sepals  4  or  5,  oblong  or  linear,  obtuse,  about  equalling  the  ovoid-oblong 
obtuse  capsule;  stamens  4-8;  petals  wanting;  styles  very  short;  seeds  densely  tuber- 
culate-roughened.  In  wet  places,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  April-May. 

ii.  CERASTIUM  L. 

Generally  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs,  with  terminal  cymes  of  white  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  emarginate  or  bifid  (rarely  want- 
ing). Stamens  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  oppo- 
site them,  or  in  some  species  fewer.  Capsule  cylindric,  i-celled,  many-ovuled, 
often  curved,  dehiscent  by  10,  rarely  8,  apical  teeth.  Seeds  rough,  more  or  less 
flattened,  attached  by  their  edges.  [Greek,  horny,  referring  to  the  horn-like  cap- 
sule of  many  species.]  About  50  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in 
the  temperate  zones. 

Petals  equalling  the  sepals,  or  shorter. 

Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  sepals;  flowers  glomerate.       I.  C.  viscosum. 
Pedicels  at  length  longer  than  the  sepals;  flowers  cymcse*. 

Leaves  4-8  mm.  long ;  capsule  nearly  straight.  \J)  C.  semidecandrum, 

Leaves  8-25  mm.  long  ;  capsule  curved  upward.  3.   C.  vulgatum. 

Petals  manifestly  longer  than  the  sepals  (rarely  wanting). 
Annuals,  viscid-pubescent  ;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad. 

Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  4.   C.  longipednnculatum. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  or  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

5.  C.  brachypodum. 

Perennials,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  flowers  12-20  mm.  broad. 
Styles  always  5. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-oblong,  mainly  acute.  6.  C.  arvense. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse.  7.  C.  alpinum. 

Styles  3  (very  rarely  4  or  5)  :  leaves  linear  oblong.         8.  C.  cerastioides. 

1.  Cerastium  viscosum  L.     MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1484.)    An- 
nual, tufted,  densely  viscid-pubescent,    1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or 
the  lower  spatulate,   8-25    mm.    long,   obtuse;  bracts    small,  herbaceous;  flowers 
4-6  mm.  broad,  in  glomerate  cymes;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  acute 
sepals;  petals  shorter  than   the   calyx,    2-cleft.     In  waste    places    and    meadows, 
N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Fla.  and  Mex.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     Naturalized  also  in 
the  W.  I.,  Cent.  Am.  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     April-July. 

2.  Cerastium  semidecandrum  L.    SMALL  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.    (I.  F.  f. 
1485.)     Low,  tufted,  annual,  5-15  cm.  high,  finely  viscid -pubescent.    Leaves  ovate, 
or  the  lower  spatulate,  obtuse;  bracts  scarious;  pedicels  at  length  longer  than  the 
calyx;  flowers  2-3   mm.   broad;  sepals  lanceolate,    acute,    slightly  exceeding  the 
emarginate  petals;  capsule  narrow,   nearly   straight;  stamens   often   5-     In  dry, 
sterile  soil,  N.  J.  to  Va.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     April-May. 

3.  Cerastium   vulgatum  L.     LARGER   MOUSE-EAR    CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
1486.)     Biennial  or  perennial,  viscid-pubescent,  tufted,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.     Lower 
and  basal  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse  ;  upper  leaves  oblong,    1-2.5  cm-   l°n£  '•> 
inflorescence  loose,   the  pedicels  at  length   much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;    sepals 
about  equalling  the  2-cleft  petals,   4-6  mm.   long  ;  capsule  curved  upward.     In 
fields  and  woods,  common  throughout  our  area.     May-Sept. 

4.  Cerastium  longipedunculatum  Muhl.    NODDING  CHICKWEED.    POWDER^ 
HORN.     (I.  F.  f.  1487.)     Annual:   stem  weak,  reclining  or   ascending,    1.5-6  dm. 
long,  striate,  finely  clammy-pubescent  to  glabrate.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  spat- 
ulate.  obtuse,   petioled,    1-2.5   dm.    ^on?-  tne  upper  lanceolate  or  oblong,   acute, 
sessile;  inflorescence  loos^:  pedicels   in  fruit  several  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  ; 
flowers  4-6  mm.  "broad  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  2-cleft 


39$  FLORA. 

petals  (petals  sometimes  wanting)  ;  pods  nodding,  1-2  cm.  long,  curved  upward, 
much  exceeding  the  calyx.  In  moist,  shaded  places,  N.  S.  and  Hudson  Bay  to 
N.  Car.,  Br.  Col.,  Nev.  and  northern  Mexico.  April-June. 

5.  Cerastium   brach^podum  (Engelm.)  Robinson.    SHORT-STALKED  CHICK- 
WEED.     (I.   F.  f.    1488.)     Annual,    light   green,    viscid-pubescent  or   puberulent : 
stems  tufted,  erect,  0.7-2.5  dm.  tall.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spat- 
ulate,  6-25  mm.   long,   narrowed  into  short  petioles,  the    upper  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,    acute,   sessile,   sometimes  erect-appressed  ;  flowers  about  4  mm.    broad  ; 
fruiting  pedicels,  or  some  of  them,  deflexed,  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;    capsule    straight   or  slightly   curved   upward,  2-3   times  as  long  as  the 
calyx.     In  dry  soil,  111.    and  Mo.   to  Neb.,  S.   Dak.,  Mont.,  Nev.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 
March-July. 

Cerastium  brach^podum  compdctum  Robinson.  Cyme  capitate ;  capsules  very 
slender.  Neb.  to  Tex. 

6.  Cerastium  arvense  L.     FIELD  CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1489.)     Perennial, 
densely  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  flowering   stems  1-2.5  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves 
and  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  linear-oblong,  close;  stem- leaves  distant,  linear  or 
narrowly  lanceolate.  1-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  acute;  flowers  12-16  mm.  broad; 
petals  obcordate,  much  exceeding  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals  which  equal  or  are  a 
little  shorter  than  the  slightly  oblique  capsule.     In  dry,  rocky  places,  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
Ga.,  Mo.,  Nev.  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia,     April-July. 

Cerastium  arvense  oblongff61ium  (Torr.)  Roll.  &  Britt.  Larger,  pubescent ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  broader,  mainly  obtuse ;  capsules  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  Mainly  on  magnesian  rocks,  N.  S.  to  Va.,  S.  Ont.,  Minn,  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  and  Sierra  Nevada. 

Cerastium  arvense  velutlnum  (Raf.)  Britton.  Depressed,  villous-pubescent;  stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  capsule  2  or  2.5  times  the  length  of  the  calyx.  On 
serpentine  rocks,  Lancaster  and  Chester  counties,  Pa. 

7.  Cerastium  alpmum  L.       ALPINE  CHICKWEED.      (I.  F.  f.  1490.)     Peren- 
nial, generally  silky-hairy ;  sterile  stems  prostrate;   flowering  stems  erect,  5-15  cm. 
high.     Lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  4-8  mm.  long,  obtuse;  upper  leaves 
distant,  ovate-oblong,  obtusish,  8-16  mm.  long;   flowers  solitary  or  2-3,  12-18  mm. 
broad;  petals    2-lobed,  twice  the    length  of   the    lanceolate   acute   scarious-tipped 
sepals;  pod  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  straight.     In  moist,  rocky  places,  Quebec, 
Lab.  and  in  arctic  America.     Also  in  arctic  and   alpine  Europe  and  Asia.       Sum- 
mer. 

Cerastium  alplnum  Fischeri&num  (Ser.)  T.  &  G.  Taller;  pubescence  more  rigid. 
Lab.  and  through  arctic  America  to  Siberia. 

8.  Cerastium  cerastioides  (L.)  Britton.     STAR  WORT  CHICKWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
1491.)     Perennial,   glabrous  except    a  line  of  minute  hairs  along  one  side  of  the 
stem  and  branches,  rarely  pubescent  throughout.     Flowering  branches  ascending, 
0.7-1.5  dm.  long;  leaves  linear-oblong,  8-16  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  obtuse; 
flowers  solitary  or  few,  10-12  mm.  broad,  long-pedicelled;  petals  2-lobed,  twice  the 
length  of  the  sepals;  capsule  nearly  straight,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  styles 
3,  rarely  4  or  5 ;  sepals  and  petals  5  or  4.     Quebec  and  arctic  America.     Also  in 
arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.      Summer. 

12.  HOLOSTEUM  L. 

Annual  erect  herbs,  often  viscid-pubescent  above,  with  cymose-umbellate,  while 
flowers  on  long  terminal  peduncles.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  emarginate  or  eroded.. 
Stamens  3-5,  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  Ovary  I -celled,  many-ovuled.  Capsule 
ovoid-cylindric,  dehiscent  by  6  short  valves  or  teeth.  Seeds  compressed,  attached 
by  the  inner  face,  rough.  [Greek,  signifying  all  bone,  an  antiphrase,  the  herbs 
being  tender.]  About  3  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  temperate  Asia. 

I.  Holosteum  umbellatum  L.  JAGGED  CHICKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1492.)  Gla- 
brous or  slightly  downy  below,  tufted,  i  -3  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  spreading, 
oblanceolate  or  oblong;  stem-leaves  oblong,  sessile,  1-5  cm.  long;  umbel  3-8- 
flowered;  pedicels  slender,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending  in  flower,  sub- 
sequently reflexed  and  again  erect  when  the  fruit  is  mature;  flowers  white,  4-6 


CA  R  YOPH  YLLA  CEAE.  399 

mm.  broad;  sepals  obtuse,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  petals;  capsule  nearly  twice 
the  length  of  the  sepals,  its  teeth  recurved.  Penn.  and  Del.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  April-May. 

13.  MOENCHIA  Ehrh. 

Low  annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  small  narrow  sessile  leaves.  Flowers  ter- 
minal, solitary  or  cymose,  4-parted  or  sometimes  5 -parted,  white.  Sepals  lanceo- 
late. Petals  entire.  Stamens  4-10.  Styles  as  many  as  the  st-pals  and  opposite 
them.  Capsule  cylindric,  8  toothed  or  rarely  lO-toothed,  the  teeth  somewhat  rev- 
olute  at  maturity.  [In  honor  of  Konrad  Moench,  Professor  in  Marburg.  J  Two  or 
three  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

I.  Moenchia  erecta  (L.)  Gaertn.  UPRIGHT  PEARLWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1493.) 
Glaucous,  tufted,  5-15  cm.  high.  Basal  leaves  spatulate,  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole;  stem-leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  8-16  mm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
wide;  flowers  few  or  solitary,  4-8  mm.  broad,  on  slender  erect  pedicels;  sepals  4, 
lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long,  scarious-margined;  petals  4,  slightly  shorter  than 
the  sepals,  entire;  stamens  4,  rarely  8;  styles  4.  In  waste  grounds,  near  Phila- 
delphia and  Baltimore.  Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe.  Not  recently  col- 
lected. May-July. 

14.  SAGINA  L. 

Tufted  matted  low  herbs,  with  subulate  leaves,  and  small  pedicelled  whitish 
flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  entire,  emarginate  or  none. 
Stamens  of  the  same  number,  or  fewer,  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  i  celled,  many- 
ovuled.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them.  Capsule  4-5. 
valved,  at  length  dehiscent  to  the  base,  the  valves  opposite  the  sepals.  [Ancient 
name  of  the  spurry.  ]  About  10  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Farts  of  the  flower  in  4's  (or  some  flowers  in  s's). 

Plant  depressed-spreading ;  petals  present.  I.  5".  procumbens. 

Plant  erect ;  petals  very  minute  or  none.  2.  6".  apetala. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  5's. 

Leaves  opposite,  not  fascicled. 

Petals  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  sepals.  3.  S.  decumbens. 

Petals  and  pods  longer  than  the  sepals.  4.  6".  saginoides. 

Leaves  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  petals  exceeding  the  sepals.  5.  vS".  nodosa. 

1.  Sagina  procumbens  L.     PROCUMBENT  PEARLWORT.     (L  F.  f.  1494.)     An- 
nual  or  perennial,   branching,   decumbent,   or    spreading,    glabrous   or   minutely 
downy,  matted,  2-8  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  subulate,  2-6  cm.  long,  connate  at 
the  base;  flowers  about  2  mm.  broad,  numerous;  peduncles  capillary,  longer  than 
the  leaves,  often  recurved  at  the  end  after  flowering;  sepals  4,  sometimes  5,  ovate- 
oblong,  generally  longer  than  the  petals,  which  are  occasionally  wanting;  capsule 
about  equalling  the  calyx;  stamens  4,  rarely  5.     In  moist  places,  Newt,  and  Green- 
land to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Kans.  and  Mich.     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     Probably  in 
part  naturalized  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

2.  Sagina  apetala  Ard.     SMALL- FLOWERED  PEARLWORT.      (I.  F.  f.  1495.) 
Erect  or  ascending,  annual,  glabrous,  filiform,  2-10  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear-sub- 
ulate, glabrous  or  sparingly  ciliate,  2-8  mm.  long;  flowers  2  mm.  broad  or  less; 
peduncles  elongated,  capillary,  erect;  sepals  4,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse;  petals  none, 
or  4  and  very  minute;  pod  ovoid,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil 
in  woods  and  fields,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Apparently  introduced.     Native  of 
Europe.     June. 

3.  Sagina  decumbens  (Ell.)  T.  &  G.     DECUMBENT  PEARLWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1496.)     Annual,  tufted;    stems  5-10  cm.  long,    glabrous  or   minutely  glandular- 
pubescent.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,    sometimes  bristle-tipped,    6-10   mm.    long; 
peduncles  filiform;  flowers  2-3  mm.  broad;  sepals,  petals  and  styles  5;  stamens  5 
or  iO;  pod  ovoid-oblong,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil,  eastern 
Mass,  to  111.,  Fla.,  Mo.  and  La.     March -May. 

Sagina  decumbens  Smfthii  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.  Slender;  sterns  erect  or  nearly  so  ; 
flowers  apetalous.  Plant  with  the  aspect  of  S.  apetala,  but  the  parts  of  the  flower  in 
j's.  Southeastern  Penn.  and  southern  N.  J. 


40O  FLORA. 

4.  Sagina  saginoides  (L.'t  Britton.     ARCTIC  PEARLWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1497.) 
Perennial,  glabrous,  tufted,  2-10  cm.  high,  few-flowered  or  the  flowers  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  stems.     Leaves  linear-subulate,  or  filiform,  4-10  mm.   long,  acumi- 
nate or  mucronate;  flowers  3-5  mm.  broad;  sepals,  petals  and  styles  5;  stamens  10; 
sepals  oval,  obtuse,  half  the  length  of  the  ovoid-oblong  capsule.     On  rocks,  Lab., 
Anticosti  and  in  arctic  America.     Also  in  the  higher  Rocky  Mts.,  south  to  Colo, 
and  Utah,  in  Cal.,  and  in  alpine  and  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

5.  Sagina  nodosa   (L.)  Fenzl.     KNOTTED    PEARLWORT.     (I.    F.    f.    1498.) 
Perennial,  tufted,  5-15  cm.  high;  stems  glabrous,  or  slightly  glandular-pubescent 
above.     Lower  leaves   linear,    teretish,   8-16  mm.  long,    mucronulate,   the  upper 
shorter  and  with  clusters  of  minute  ones  in  their  axils;  flowers  few,  about  6  mm. 
broad;  sepals,  petals  and  styles  5;  stamens  10;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  petals 
obovate,   longer  than  the  calyx,   as  is  also  the  ovoid  pod.     In  wet,  sandy  places, 
coast  of  Mass,  to  Greenland;  shores  of  Lake  Superior,   Lake  Winnipeg  and  of  the 
Arctic  Sea.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

15.  ARENARIA  L,     (See  Appendix.) 

Mainly  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  leaves,  and  terminal  cymose  or  capitate,  rarely 
solitary,  white  flowers.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire  or  scarcely  emarginate,  rarely 
none.  Stamens  10.  Styles  generally  3  (rarely  2-5).  Ovary  i -celled,  many- 
ovuled.  Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  apex  by  as  many  valves  or  teeth  as  there  are 
styles,  or  twice  as  many.  Seeds  reniform- globose  or  compressed.  [Latin,  sand,  in 
allusion  to  the  habitat  of  many  species.]  About  150  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleft  or  2-toothed,  sometimes  appearing  as  if  double  the  number 
of  the  styles. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong. 

Sepals  acute  or  acuminate;  annual  herb  of  waste  places.       i.  A.  serpyllifolia. 
Sepals  obtuse  or  scarcely  acute  ;  perennial;  arctic.  2.  A.  ciliata. 

Leaves  subulate  or  setaceous. 

Cymes  very  dense  ;  stems  2-10  cm.  tall.  3.  A.  Hookeri. 

Cymes  loose  ;  stems  1-4  dm.  tall.  4.  A.  Fendleri. 

Valves  of  the  capsule  entire  (Genus  ALSINE  Wahl). 
Leaves  rigid,  subulate  or  setaceous. 

Arctic  or  alpine,  densely  tufted,  2-8  cm.  high. 

Flowers  10-16  mm.  broad.  5.  A.  biflora. 

Flowers  4-6  mm.  broad.  6.  A.  verna. 

Neither  arctic  nor  alpine,  tufted  but  diffuse,  1-4  dm.  high. 

Leaves  densely  imbricated  ;  pine  barren  species.  7.  A.  Carolim'ana. 

Leaves  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

Sepals  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  4  mm.  long ;  plant  bright  green. 

8.  A.  Michauxii. 
Sepals   narrowly   lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  5  mm.  long  ;  plant  pale 

green.  9.  A.  Texana. 

Leaves  soft,  herbaceous,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform. 

Sepals  prominently  ribbed  ;  southern.  10.  A.  patula. 

Sepals  not  ribbed  ;  alpine  and  northern.  n.  A,  Groenlandica. 

1.  Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.     THYME-LEAVED  SANDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1499.) 
Annual,   slender,    slightly  downy-pubescent,   widely  branched,    0.5-2    dm.    high. 
Leaves  ovate,  4-8  mm.  long,  acute;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long  ;  bracts  ovate,  resem- 
bling the  leaves;  flowers  4  mm.  broad  or  less,  very  numerous  in  cymose  panicles; 
sepals  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,    3-5-nerved;  petals  obovate  or  oblong,   usually 
shorter;  capsule  ovoid,  dehiscent  by  6  short  apical  valves;  seeds  rough.     In  dry  or 
rocky  places,  throughout  eastern  N.  Am.     Naturalized  from  Europe.     May-Aug. 

2.  Arenaria  ciliata  L.     FRINGED  SANDWORT.     <I.  F.  f.  1500.)     Perennial, 
tufted,  glandular-puberulent;  stems  very  slender,  creeping  or  ascending,  pubescent 
in  lines,  2-13  cm.  long,  or  the  flowering  branches  erect.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so,   2-6  mm.   long,   ciliate  or  glabrous;  peduncles  filiform, 
erect,  mostly  i -flowered;  flowers  about  6mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, nerveless  or  faintly  I -nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  capsule  oblong, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  3  valves  deeply  2-cleft;  seeds  slightly  roughened. 
Quebec  to  Greenland.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe.     Summer. 

3  Arenaria  Hookeri  Nutt.  HOOKER'S  SANDWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1501.)  Tufted 
from  a  deep  woody  root,  2-10  cm.  high.  Leaves  linear-subulate,  rigid,  very 


CA  R  YOPH  YLLA  CEA  E.  40 1 

sharp -pointed,  densely  imbricated,  glabrous,  1-2.5  cm.  long  ;  flowering  stems  finely 
pubescent ;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  the  margins  ciliolate  ;  cyme  1.5—3.5  cm. 
broad,  its  rays  short  and  pubescent  ;  sepals  lanceolate-subulate,  pubescent,  shorter 
than  the  similar  bracts  and  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  petals.  In  dry  or 
rocky  soil,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Mont,  and  Idaho.  June- Aug. 

4.  Arenaria  Fendleri   A.    Gray.     FENDLER'S  SANDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.   1502.) 
Perennial  by  a  woody  root,  pale  green,  glandular-pubescent  above  ;  stems  tufted, 
erect,    very  slender,    1-4  dm.    tall,    the  internodes  2-5  cm.  long.     Lower  leaves 
subulate  or  setaceous,  glabrous  or  minutely  ciliate,  2-10  cm.  long,  about  0.5  mm. 
wide,   the  upper  somewhat  connate  at   the  base  ;  cyme  loose,   its  rays    filiform, 
several-flowered;  pedicels  very  glandular;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad;  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  obovate  petals  ;  capsule  rather  shorter 
than  the  sepals.     In  dry,  usually  rocky  soil,  Neb.,  and  Wyo.  to  Utah,  N.  Mex.  and 
Cal.     June -Aug. 

5.  Arenaria    biflora   (L.)    S.   Wats.     ARCTIC   SANDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.   1503.) 
Perennial,  tufted,  glandular-pubescent,  2-5  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, sessile  and  sheathing,  densely  imbricated,  6-8  mm.  long,  semiterete,  obtuse, 
glabrous,  ciiiateor  glandular-pubescent;  peduncles  i-2-flowered;  flowers  10-16  mm. 
broad  ;  sepals  linear-oblong,  3 -nerved,  obtusish  ;  petals  obovate,  twice  as  long  as 
the -calyx  ;  capsule  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  seeds  smooth.     Greenland  and 
Lab.  to   Quebec  and  Alaska,   south    in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz.     Also  in  Asia. 
Summer. 

6.  Arenaria  verna  L.     VERNAL    SANDWORT.     (I.    F.    f.  1504.)     Perennial, 
tufted;  flowering  stems  2-13  cm.  high.     Leaves  subulate-linear,  rather  rigid,  im- 
bricated below,  more  distant  above,   4-8  mm.  long  ;  the  upper  a  little  shorter  and 
broader  than  the  lower  ;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad,  numerous  in  loose  cymes  ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  3 -ribbed  ;    capsule  3-valved,    exceeding  the   sepals  ;    seeds 
rugose.     In  rocky  places,  Smuggler's  Notch,  Vt. ;  Mt.  Albert,  Quebec;  Lab.  and 
arctic  America.     Also  in  northern  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

7.  Arenaria  Caro.iniana  Walt.     PINE-BARREN  SANDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1505.) 
Perennial  from  a  deep  root,  tufted,  glandular-pubescent;  flowering  stems  1—2.5  ^m. 
high.     Lower  leaves  subulate,  rigid,  4-6  mm.  long,  keeled  by  the  prominent  mid- 
rib, densely  imbricated;  upper  leaves  similar,  distant;  cymes  few-flowered;  flowers 
10 -16  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate-oblong,    obtuse,    nerveless;    petals   oblanceolate, 
3-4   times   as   long   as  the   calyx  ;  pod  short-ovoid,    twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
3-valved;  seeds  nearly  smooth.     In  dry  sand,  southeastern  N.  Y.,  pine  barrens  of 
N.  J.,  south  near  the  coast  to  Fla.  and  Ga.     May-July. 

8.  Arenaria  Michauxii  (Fenzl.)  Hook.  f.     ROCK  SANDWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  1506.) 
Perennial,  tufted,  slender,  glabrous,  dark  green,  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  slender, 
rigid,  subulate  or  filiform,  broadest  at  the  sessile  base,  8-20  mm.  long,  distinctly 
I -ribbed,  spreading,  with  numerous  others  fascicled  in  the  axils;  flowers  8-10  mm. 
broad  ;  calyx  ovoid-oblong  in  fruit  ;  sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
3 -ribbed,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals  and  slightly  shorter  than  the  ovoid 
pod;  seeds  minutely  rugose.     In  dry,  rocky  places,  Ont.   and  Vt.  to  Va.,  Minn., 
S.  Dak.  and  Mo.      [A.  stricta  Michx.  ;  not  A.  stricta  (Sw.)  S.  Wats.]     June -July. 

9.  Arenaria  Texana  (Robinson)  Britton.    TEXAS  SANDWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  1507.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  lower,  stiffer,  pale  green  :  stems  erect,  1-2  dm.  tall, 
thickened   at   the    nodes,    the    internodes    mostly   short.     Leaves   subulate,    stiff, 
6-12  mm.  long,  connate,  with  numerous  minute  or  similar  ones  fascicled  in  their 
axils  ;  cymes  small,  rather  few-flowered  ;  calyx    narrowly   conic   in  fruit  ;  sepals 
narrowly  lanceolate,  strongly  3-ribbed,  long-acuminate,  4  mm.  long,  longer  than 
the  capsule.     In  dry  rocky  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.  to  Tex.     June-July. 

10.  Arenaria  patula  Michx.     PITCHER'S  SANDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1508.)     An- 
nual, branched  from  the  base,  slender  or  even  filiform,  1-2.5  dm.  high-     Leaves 
soft,   linear-filiform,  8-25   mm.  long,  I  mm.   wide  or  less  ;  cyme  several-flowered, 
diffuse  ;   sepals   lanceolate,    acuminate,   3~5-nerved,  about   half  the   length  of  the 
emarginate  petals  and  equalling  the  pod  ;  seeds  rou^h.     In  open  dry  places,  Ky. 
to  111.,  Minn.,  Kans.,  Ala.,  Tenn.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

11.  Arenaria  Groenlandica  (Retz)  Spreng.    MOUNTAIN  SANDWORT  OR  STAR-' 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.   1509.)     Perennial   from   a  slender  rootstock,    tufted,   glabrous  ; 
flowering  stems  slender,  5-13  cm.  high  -,  leaves  linear-filiform,  the  upper  distant, 


402  FLORA. 

the  lower  matted,  6-12  mm.  long  ;  cyme  terminal,  several -flowered  ;  pedicels 
filiform;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  nerveless,  half  the  length 
of  the  petals  and  shorter  than  the  oblong  pod  ;  petals  rarely  wanting;  seeds  com- 
pressed, smooth.  On  dry  rocks,  Lab.  and  Greenland  to  N.  N.  Y.,  Conn.,  the 
mountains  of  S.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.,  and  on  the  higher  Alleghanies  of  Va.  and  N. 
Car.  June-Sept. 

16.  MOEHRINGIA    L. 

Low  herbs,  our  species  perennials,  with  oblong  ovate-lanceolate  or  linear  soft 
leaves,  sessile  or  very  short-petioled,  and  small  white  flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes. 
Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Capsule  oblong  or  ellipsoid,  few- 
seeded.  Seeds  mostly  smooth  and  shining,  appendaged  at  the  hilum  by  a  mem- 
branous broad  strophiole.  [In  honor  of  P.  H.  G.  Moehring,  naturalist  of  Danzig.] 
About  20  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Only  the  following  are 
known  to  occur  in  N.  Am. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  usually  obtuse  ;  sepals  obtuse  or  acute,  much  shorter  than  the 

petals.  i.  M.  latertflora. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  usually  acute  ;  sepals  acuminate,  longer  than  the  petals. 

2.  M.  macrophylla. 

1.  Moehringia    lateriflora   (L.)     Fenzl.     BLUNT-LEAVED   MOEHRINGIA  OR 
SANDWORT.     (I.   F.  f.   1510.)     Stems    finely    pubescent,    1-3  dm.    high.     Leaves 
thin,  oval  or  oblong,  1-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  the  margins  and  nerves  ciliate  ;  cymes 
few-flowered  or  flowers  sometimes  solitary  ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad  ;  sepals  half 
as  long  as  the  petals  ;  ovary  at  first  3-celled  ;  capsule  ovoid,  nearly  twice   as  long 
as  the  calyx,  dehiscent  by  three  2-cleft  valves.      In  moist  places  and  on  shores,  S.  N. 
Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Mo.,   N.   S.   and  Alaska,  extending  in  the  Rocky   Mts.    to  Utah. 
Also  in  Ore.,  Br.  Col.,  Europe  and  Asia.      May-July.      [Arenaria  lateriflora  L.] 

2.  Moehringia  macrophylla  (Hook. )   Torr.    LARGE-LEAVED  MOEHRINGIA  OR 
SANDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  15.11.)    Stems  decumbent,  puberulent,  1.5-4  dm.  long.    Leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  (rarely  obtusish)  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
2-8  cm.  long,   4-10  mm.  wide  ;  cymes   i-5-flowered  ;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad  ; 
sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  longer  than  the  small  petals; 
capsule  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx,  3-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.     Isle  St.  Ignace, 
Lake  Superior,  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Cal.     May-Aug. 

17.  AMMODENIA   J.  G.  Gmel. 

Perennial  fleshy  maritime  herbs,  with  ovate,  obovate,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate 
leaves,  and  rather  small  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils  and  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or 
branches.  Sepals  5  (rarely  4).  Petals  the  same  number,  entire.  Stamens  8  or  10. 
Disk  prominent,  8-io-lobed,  glandular.  Styles  3-5.  Capsule  subglobose,  fleshy, 
3_5_valved  when  mature,  the  valves  entire.  Seeds  numerous,  obovate,  not 
strophiolate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of  these  plants  in  sand.]  Two 
species,  of  sea  beaches  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Ammodeniapeploides(L.)Rupr.  SEA-BEACH  SANDWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1512.) 
Perennial  by  long  rootstocks,  glabrous  ;  stems  stout,  tufted,  0.7-2.5  dm.  long. 
•Leaves  sessile,  clasping,  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  mucronate,  1-2  cm.  long  ;  flowers 
6-8  mm.  broad  ;  peduncles  stout  ;  ovary  3-celled  (rarely  4-5 -celled)  ;  sepals  ovate, 
obtusish,  about  equalling  the  petals,  shorter  than  the  pod  ;^  seeds  smooth,  short- 
beaked  at  the  hilum.  On  sands  of  the  seashore,  Va.  to  arctic  America.  Also  on 
the  shores  of  Europe  and  Asia.  June-July.  \Arenaria  peploidts  L.] 

18.  SPERGULA  L. 

Annual  branched  herbs,  with  subulate  stipulate  leaves,  much  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  and  terminal  cymes  of  white  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  10  or 
5.  Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule  5-valved,  the  valves  opposite  the 
sepals.  Seeds  compressed,  acute-margined  or  winged.  [Latin,  from  spergo,  to 
scatter.]  Two  or  three  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Spergula  arvensis  L.  SPURRY.  CORN  SPURRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1513.)  Slender, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  1-5-4-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear  or 
subulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  clustered  at  the  nodes  in  two  opposite  sets. of  6-8  together, 
appearing  verticillate  ;  stipules  small?  connate  ;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad?  numerous 


CA  R  YOPH  YLLA  CEA  E.  403 

in  loose  terminal  cymes  ;  pedicels  slender,  divaricate;  sepals  ovate,  slightly  longer 
than  the  petals;  stamens  10  or  5  ;  capsule  ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  fields 
and  waste  places,  frequent  as  a  weed  throughout  eastern  Canada  and  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  States,  and  locally  westward.  Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe. 
Summer. 

19.  TISSA    Adans.      [SPERGULARIA  Pers.] 

Low  herbs,  mostly  with  fleshy  linear  or  setaceous  leaves,  often  with  others 
clustered  in  the  axils,  and  small  pink  or  whitish  flowers  in  terminal  cymes. 
Stipules  scarious.  Sepals  5.  Petals  the  same  number,  rarely  fewer,  or  none, 
entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Ovary  I -celled,  many-ovuled;  styles  3.  Pod  3-valved  to 
the  base.  Seeds  reniform-globose  or  compressed,  smooth,  winged  or  tuberculate. 
[Name  unexplained.]  About  20  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  of  them  on 
saline  shores  or  salt  marshes. 

Species  of  salt  marshes  or  sea  beaches  ;  leaves  very  fleshy. 

Pedicels  i  Hj-2  times  the  length  rf  the  sepals;  flowers  pink.  i.   T.  marina. 

Pedicels  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  sepals ;  flowers  pale  or  white. 

2.    T.   Canadensis, 
Species  mostly  of  dry  sandy  soil ;  leaves  scarcely  fleshy.  3.    7.  rubra. 

1.  Tissa  marina  (L.)  Britton.     SALT-MARSH  SAND  SPURRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1514.) 
Annual  to  perennial,  erect,  ascending  or  nearly  prostrate,    1-2  dm.  high,   branch- 
ing.    Stipules  ovate;  leaves  linear,   terete,   fleshy,  1-4   cm.  long,    1-2  mm.  wide, 
often  much  fascicled  in  the  axils;  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long;   sepals  ovate,  2-6  mm. 
long  ;    capsule  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth,  or  roughened  with 
projecting  processes,  wingless,  or  winged.     In  salt  marshes,   N.  B.  to  Fla.     Also 
in  those  of  Salina,  N.  Y.,  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  of  Europe   and  northern  Asia. 
Summer. 

Tissa  marina  minor  (Wats.  &  Coult.)  Britton.  Rarely  over  6  cm.  high;  flowers 
smaller;  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long.  Coast  of  New  England.  [Buda  marina  minor  Wats. 
&  Coult.]. 

2.  Tissa  Canadensis  (Pers.)  Britton.     NORTHERN  SAND  SPURRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1515.)     Annual,  diffuse  and  spreading,   glabrous,  5-13  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear, 
fleshy,  teretish,    10-16  mm.   long,  mainly  obtuse,   generally  not  fascicled ;  stipules 
broadly  ovate;  pedicels  slender,  at  length  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  sepals  2  mm. 
long;  flowers  pale  or  white;  capsule  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth  or 
papillose,  usually  wingless.     On  muddy  shores,  R.  I.  and  Mass,  to  Lab.     Summer. 

?.  Tissa  rubra  (L.)  Britton.  SAND  SPURRY.  PURPLE  SANDWORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
1516.)  Annual  to  perennial,  depressed  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  glabrous,  or 
glandular-pubescent  above,  5-15  cm.  high.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  scarcely  fleshy, 
4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  bright  pink,  2-3  mm.  broad;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish;  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  4-8  mm. 
long;  pods  about  equalling  the  calyx;  seeds  wingless,  rough  with  projecting 
points.  In  waste  places  and  along  roadsides,  or  sometimes  maritime,  Newf.  to 
Penn.,  western  N.  Y.,  Ohio  and  Va.  Apparently  adventive  from  Europe.  Also 
in  Cal.  and.  Ore.,  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

20.   LOEFLINGIA  L. 

Low  annual  glandular-puberulent  diffusely  branched  herbs,  with  small  subulate 
or  setaceous  stipulate  leaves,  and  very  small  sessile  flowers  in  the  axils  Sepals  5, 
rigid,  keeled,  acuminate  or  awn-tipped,  the  outer  ones  commonly  with  a  tooth  on 
each  side.  Petals  3-5,'  minute,  or  wanting.  Stamens  3-5,  perigynous.  Ovary 
triangular-pyramidal,  i -celled,  many-ovuled.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  attached 
near  their  bases;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [In  honor  of  Peter  Loefling,  1729-1756, 
Swedish  traveler.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Europe,  and  central  Asia. 
Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Loeflingia  Texana  Hook.  TEXAN  LOEFLINGIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1517.)  Bushy, 
7-15  cm.  high,  the  branches  slender,  terete,  ascending  or  those  bearing  flowers 
secund  and  recurved.  Leaves  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  less  than  2  mm.  broad; 
sepals  nearly  or  quite  straight;  stamens  usually  3;  capsule  shorter  than  the,  calyx; 
seeds  obovate.  In' dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.  April- June, 


4°4  FLORA. 

21.  PARONYCHIA  Adans.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  tufted  herbs,  often  woody  at  the  base,  with  opposite  leaves,  scarious 
stipules,  and  small  clustered  scarious -bracted  apetalous  flowers.  Calyx  5 -parted, 
the  segments  bristle-pointed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  some- 
times alternate  with  as  many  staminodia.  Ovary  narrowed  upward  into  the  style; 
style  2-cleft  at  the  apex;  ovule  solitary,  amphitropous  Utricle  membranous,  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx,  i-seeded.  [Greek,  for  a  disease  of  the  fingers  and  a  plant 
supposed  to  cure  it.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following  about  5  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States,  one  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.,  and  one  in  Cal. 

Awns  of  the  calyx-segments  erect.  i.   P.  argyroconta. 

Awns  of  the  calyx-segments  divergent. 

Stipules  2-cleft.  2.  P.  sessiliflora. 

Stipules  entire. 

Lowest  leaves  obtuse,  uppermost  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed. 

3.  P.  Jamesii. 
Leaves  all  acute,  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed.  4.  P.  dichotoma. 

1.  Paronychia    argyrocoma    (Michx.)    Nutt.       SILVER    WHITLOW- WORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1518.)     Stem  much  branched,  0.7-2  dm.   high,   clothed  with  silvery  ap- 
pressed  scale-like  hairs.     Leaves   linear,    I -nerved,   acute  or   mucronate;  stipules 
silvery-white,   entire;  flowers  in  forking  cymes,   subtended   by  the    large  silvery 
bracts;  calyx-segments  4-5   mm.  long,  their  awns  erect,  nearly  as  long;  style  fili- 
form; staminodia    minute  and  much   shorter  than  the  filaments  or  wanting.     In 
rocky  places,  Me.  and  N.  H.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.     July-Sept. 

2.  Paronychia  sessilifl:>ra  Nutt.     Low  WHITLOW-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.   1519.) 
Densely  tufted  from  thick  roots,  low,  the  internodes  very  short  and  hidden  by  the 
imbricated  leaves  and  stipules.    Leaves  linear-subulate,  the  lowest  erect  and  obtuse, 
the  uppermost  recurved-spreading,  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed;  stipules  2-cleft; 
bracts  entire;  flowers  sessile,  solitary  or  several  together;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  its 
segments  hooded  at  the  apex,   tipped  with  divergent  awns  of  nearly  their  own 
length;  staminodia  about  as  long  as  the  filaments.     In  dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb. 
and  Wyo.     Aug-Sept. 

3.  Paronychia  Jamesii  T.  &  G.     JAMES'  WHITLOW-WORT.    (I.  F.  f.  1520.) 
Scabrous-pubescent;  stems  0.7-2  dm.  high,  much  branched.    Leaves  linear-subulate, 
the  lowest  obtuse,   the   uppermost   mucronate  or  bristle-pointed;    stipules  entire; 
flowers  in  small  cymes;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  the 
segments  hooded  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  divergent  awns  of  about  one-fourth  their 
length-  staminodia  about  as  long  as  the  filaments.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.     July-O.t. 

Paronychia  Jamesii  depre"ssa  Nutt.  Lower,  rarely  over  0.7  dm.  high,  densely  tufted  ; 
internodes  very  short ;  leaves  imbricated.  Neb.  to  Tex. 

4.  Paronychia  dichotoma  (L.)  Nutt.  FORKING  WHITLOW- WORT.  NAILWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1521.)    Much  branched  from  the  thick  woody  base,  1-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves 
subulate,  acute,  mucronate  or  bristle-tipped;  stipules  entire,  often  10-12  mm.  long; 
calyx  2-4  mm.  long,  the  awns  of  its  segments  divergent,  short;  staminodia  hardly 
one-fourth  as  long  as  the  filaments;  styles  nearly  as  long  as  the  perianth-segments. 
In  dry  soil,  Md.  to  N.  Car..  Ark.  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 

22.  ANYCHIA  Michx. 

Annual  herbs,  with  forking  stems,  elliptic  oval  or  oblanceolate  opposite,  mostly 
punctate,  short-petioled  leaves,  small  scarious  stipules,  and  minute  green  apetalous 
flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  its  segments  oblong,  concave,  not  awned.  Stamens  2-1;, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx;  filaments  filiform.  Staminodia  wanting.  Ovary 
subglobose,  compressed;  styles  2,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base;  ovule  solitary, 
amphitropous.  Utricle  subglobose,  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer.  [Derivation 
same  as  the  preceding  genus.]  Only  the  following  species,  natives  of  eastern  N. 
Am. 

Pubescent;  flowers  sessile;  stems  mostly  prostrate  or  ascending.          i.  A.  polygonoides. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  flowers  pedicelled ;  sterns  usually  erect,  2,  A,  Canadensis, 


RAN  ALES.  4O5 

1.  Anychia  polygonoides  Raf.    FORKED  CHICKWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  1522.)    Pubes- 
cent; stems  mostly  prostrate  or  ascending,  much  forked,  0.7-2  dm.  high,  the  inter- 
nodes  often  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  narrowly  elliptic,  4-8  mm.  long,  1-2 
mm.  wide,   mucronate  or  acute,  sessile,  or  the  base  tapering  into  a  very  short 
petiole,  usually  numerous  and  Crowded;  flowers  sessile  in  the  forks,  more  or  less 
clustered,  scarcely  I  mm.  high.     In  dry  woods,  thickets  and  in  open  places,  Me.  to 
Minn.,  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Ark.     June-Sept. 

2.  Anychia  Canadensis  (L.)  B.  S.  P.  SLENDER  FORKED  CHICKWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
1523.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  very  slender  or  filiform,  usually  erect,  1.5-3 
dm.  tall,  the  internodes  sometimes  2.5  cm.  long,  much  longer  than  those  of  the 
preceding.     Leaves  elliptic,  oval  or  sometimes  oblanceolate,  6-16  mm.  long,  2-8 
mm.  wide,  narrowed  into  petioles  about  2  mm.  long,  not  crowded;  flowers  more  or 
less  pedicelled.     In  dry  woods,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  Ga.,  Minn,  and  Ark.    June-Sept. 

23.  SCLERANTHUS  L. 

Low  annual  herbs,  with  forking  stems,  opposite  subulate  leaves  connate  at  the 
base,  no  stipules  and  minute  green  clustered  apetalous  flowers.  Calyx  not  bracted 
deeply  5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed),  the  lobes  awnless,  the  cup-like  tube  hardened. 
Stamens  i-io,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  2,  distinct;  ovule 
solitary,  pendulous,  amphitropous.  Utricle  I -seeded,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  hard  calyx-tube.]  About  10  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  the 
Old  World,  the  following  nat.  from  Europe  as  a  weed. 

i.  Scleranthus  annuus  L.  KNAWEL.  GERMAN  KNOTGRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  1524.) 
Much  branched,  the  branches  prostrate  or  spreading,  7-13  cm.  long.  Leaves  subu- 
late, 4-25  mm.  long,  ciliate,  light  green,  often  recurved;  tube  of  the  calyx  10- 
angled,  rather  longer  than  the  lobes,  the  lobes  somewhat  angled  on  the  back  and 
their  margins  incurved.  In  fields  and  waste  places  or  on  dry  rocks,  Quebec  and 
Ont.  to  Penn.  and  Fla.  Nat.  from  Europe.  March-Oct. 


Order  15.    RANALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  Calyx  present,  usually  of  separate  sepals. 
Corolla  usually  present  and  of  separate  petals.  Ovary  or  ovaries  superior, 
free  from  the  calyx  ;  carpels  i  to  many,  usually  separate.  Stamens  mostly 
hypogynous  and  more  numerous  than  the  sepals. 

*  Aquatic  herbs;  floating  leaves  peltate,  or  with  a  basal  sinus. 
Carpels  3  or  more;  petals  large;  floating  leaves  not  dissected.    Fam.  i.  Nymphaeaceae. 
Pistil  i;  petals  none;  leaves  whorled,  all  submersed  and  dissected. 

Fam.  2.  Cei  atophyllaceae. 

*  *  Land  or  marsh  plants  (some  Ranunculaceae  aquatic.) 

Btamens  numerous ;  sepals  distinct ;  petals  present  (except  in  some  Ranunculaceae  and  in 
Calycocarpttm  of  the  Menispermaceae). 
Receptacle  not  hollow;  leaves  alternate  (except  in  Clematis). 

Flowers  perfect  (except  in  some  species  of  Clematis  and  Thalictrum). 

Fruit  aggregate,  cone-like;  trees;  sepals  and  petals  in  3  series,  or  more,  of  3. 

Fam.  3.  Magnoliaceae. 

Fruit  not  aggregate;  the  carpels  separate,  at  least  when  mature. 
Anthers  not  opening  by  valves;  pistils  usually  more  than  i. 

Sepals  3;  petals  6;  shrubs  or  trees.  Fam.  4.  Anonaceae. 

Sepals  3-15;  petals  (when  present)  about  as  many  ;  our  species  herbs 

or  vines  (Xanthorrhiza  shrubby).         Fam.  5.  Ranunculaceae. 
Anthers  opening  by  valves  (except  in  Podophyllum}\  pistil  i. 

Fam.  6.  Berberidaceae. 
Dioecious  climbing  vines  with  simple  leaves ;  fruit  drupaceous. 

Fam.  7.  Menispermaceae. 
Receptacle  hollow,  enclosing   the   numerous   pistils   and  achenes;   opposite-leaved 

shrubs.  Fam.  8.   Calycanthaceae. 

Stamens  9  or  12,  in  3  or  4  series  of  3 ;  anthers  opening  by  valves  ;  aromatic  trees  or  shrubs 
with  no  petals,  more  or  less  united  sepals,  and  i  pistil.          Fam.  9.  Laura-ceaet 


406  FLORA. 

Family  i.     NYMPHAEACEAE  DC. 
Water  Lily  Family. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  floating,  im- 
mersed or  rarely  emersed  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.  Sepals 
3-5.  Petals  5-00  .  Stamens  5-00  ;  anthers  erect,  the  connective  continu- 
ous with  the  filament.  Carpels  3-00  ,  distinct,  united,  or  immersed  in  the 
receptacle.  Stigmas  distinct,  or  united  into  a  radiate  or  annular  disk, 
ovules  i -oo  ,  orthotropous.  Fruit  indehiscent.  Seeds  enclosed  in  pulpy 
arils,  or  rarely  naked ;  cotyledons  fleshy ;  hypocotyl  very  short. 

Eight  genera  and  about  33  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  fresh-water  lakes  and 
streams. 

Sepals  and  petals  3  ;  stamens  6,  hypogynous  ;  carpels  distinct ;  ovules  few. 

Leaves  dissected,  excepting  the  small  floating  ones.  i.   Cabomba. 

Leaves  peltate,  entire,  floating.  2.  Brasenia. 

Sepals  4-6  ;  petals  numerous  or  several;  carpels  united;  ovules  numerous. 

Petals  small  or  minute  ;  stamens  hypogynous.  3.  Nymphaea. 

Petals  large,  numerous;  stamens  epigynous.  4.  Caslalia. 

Sepals  4-5;  petals  numerous  ;  carpels  distinct,  immersed  in  the  receptacle  ;  ovule  i. 

5.  Nelumbo. 
i.  CABOMBA  Aubl. 

Stems  slender,  coated  with  gelatinous  matter,  branching.  Leaves  petioled, 
peltate,  the  floating  ones  small,  entire;  submerged  ones  opposite,  palmately  dis- 
sected into  capillary  segments.  Flowers  small,  white  or  yellow.  Sepals  and  petals 
3.  Stamens  6;  filaments  slender;  anthers  extrorse.  Carpels  2-4.  Stigmas  small, 
terminal;  ovules  commonly  3,  pendulous.  Fruit  coriaceous,  indehiscent,  about  3- 
seeded.  [Guiana  name.  ]  A  genus  of  2  or  3  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts 
of  America. 

i.  Cabomba  Caroliniana  A.  Gray.  CABOMBA.  CAROLINA  WATER-SHIELD. 
(I.  F.  f.  1525.)  Stem  several  feet  long.  Submerged  leaves  opposite  or  sometimes 
verticillate,  2-5  cm.  broad,  repeatedly  divided;  floating  ones  linear-oblong,  1-2  cm. 
long;  flowers  long-peduncled  from  the  upper  axils,  1-1.6  cm.  wide,  white,  or  yellow 
at  base  within;  petals  obovate;  ripened  carpels  3,  separate,  flask-shaped.  In  ponds 
and  slow  streams,  Mo.  and  S.  111.  to  N.  Car.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  May- Aug. 

2.    BRASENIA  Schreb. 

Plant  covered  with  gelatinous  matter.  Leaves  alternate,  oval,  entire,  5-10  cm. 
long,  long-petioled,  floating.  Flowers  axillary,  purple.  Sepals  and  linear  petals  3. 
Stamens  12-18;  filaments  filiform.  Carpels  4-18,  separate.  Ovules  2  or  3,  pendulous 
from  the  dorsal  suture.  Ripe  carpels  indehiscent,  coriaceous,  i-2-seeded.  [Name 
unexplained.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  N.  Am..  Cuba,  eastern  and  tropical  Asia, 
west  tropical  Africa,  and  Australia. 

i.  Brasenia  purpurea  (Michx.)  Casp.  WATER-SHIELD  or  -TARGET.  (I.  F.  f. 
1526.)  Rootstoclc  slender.  Leaves  thick,  rounded  at  each  end;  flowers  1-1.6  cm. 
in  diameter,  on  long  stout  peduncles;  fruit  oblong,  68  mm.  long.  In  ponds  and 
slow  streams,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Man.,  Tex.,  Mex.,  and  at  a  few  stations  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  from  Cal.  to  Wash.  Summer. 

3.  NYMPHAEA  L.     [NUPHAR  Sibth.  &  Sm.] 

Herbs,  with  cylindric  thick  horizontal  rootstocks,  and  large  cordate  leaves  with 
a  deep  sinus.  Flowers  showy,  yellow,  or  sometimes  purplish.  Sepals  5  or  6,  concave, 
thick.  Petals  oo  ,  small,  stamen-like,  hypogynous.  Stamens  oo  ,  hypogynous.  Car- 
pels oo  ,  many-ovuled,  united  into  a  compound  pistil.  Stigmas  disciform,  7-24- 
radiate.  Fruit  ovoid,  naked.  Seeds  with  endosperm.  [Greek,  water-nymph.] 
About  8  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval. 

Leaves  1-3 dm.  long;  stigma  i2-24-rayed;  petals  truncate,  fleshy,  i.   N.  advena. 

Leaves  0.7-2.5  dm.  long;  stigma  9-1 2-rayed;  petals  spatulate,  fleshy. 

2.  A',  hybrid  a. 

Leaveso.5-i  dm.  long;  stigma  7-io-rayed;  petals  spatulate,  thin.    3.  N.  Kalmiana. 
Leaves  narrowly  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  4.  N.  sagittae/olia. 


N  YMPHA  EA  CEA  E.  407 

1.  Nymphaea  advena  Soland.     LARGE  YELLOW  POND  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1527.) 

Floating  and  emersed  leaves  1-2.5  ^m>  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular-oval,  thick,  the 
sinus  generally  open;  submerged  leaves,  when  present,  thin-membranous,  nearly 
orbicular;  petioles,  peduncles 'and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  often  pubescent; 
flowers  3-9  cm.  in  diameter,  depressed-globose,  yellow  or  tinged  with  purple; 
sepals  6,  oblong,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long;  stamens  in  5-7 
rows;  anthers  about  the  length  of  the  filaments;  stigmatic  disk  undulate,  yellow,  or 
pale  red;  fruit  ovoid,  not  deeply  constricted  into  a  neck,  3-5  cm.  long.  In  ponds 
and  slow  streams,  Labrador  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Utah.  April-Sept. 
Rev.  Thos.  Morong  (Bot.  Gaz.  u:  167)  describes  a  var.  (?)  minor  having  smaller 
flowers,  the  margins  of  the  stigmatic  disk  more  crenate,  rays  IO,  and  fruit  only  2.5 
cm.  long.  Called  also  Cow-lily  and  Spatter-dock. 

2.  Nymphaea  hybrida  Peck.    RED-DISKED  POND  LILY.    (I.  F.  f.  1528.)  Float- 
ing  leaves  0.5-1.5   dm.  long,   sometimes    pubescent   beneath;    submerged   leaves 
generally    present,    membranous,    orbicular ;    flowers    2.5—4   cm.    broad,    yellow; 
sepals  5   or  6;    petals  6-8  mm.  long,   less  fleshy  than  those  of  the  last;  anthers 
nearly  the  length  of  the  filaments;  stigmatic  disk  crenate,  bright  red  or  crimson; 
stamens  in  about  5  rows;  fruit  about  2.5   cm.  long,  contracted  below  into  a  neck. 
In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  Vt.  to  Ont.,  N.  Y;,  Penn.  and  Mich.     May-Sept. 

3.  Nymphaea    Kalmiana   (Michx.)   Sims.      SMALL  YELLOW   POND  LILY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1529.)     Leaves  0.5—1  dm.  long,  commonly  pubescent  beneath;  submerged 
ones  always  present,   membranous,  orbicular,  larger;  flowers  2.5  cm.  in  diameter 
or  less,  yellow;  sepals  5;  petals  4  mm.  long;  stamens  in  3  or  4  rows,  narrowly 
linear,  the  anther  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  filament;  stigmatic  disk  crenate  or 
stellate,  4-6  mm.  broad,  dark  red;  fruit  ovoid,  with  a  short  neck.     In  ponds  and 
slow  streams,  Newf.  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  Minn,  and  Saskatch.     Summer,  flowering  later 
than  the  two  preceding. 

4.  Nymphaea  sagittaefolia  Walt.  ARROW-LEAVED  POND  LILY.  (I.  F.  f.  1530.) 
Floating  leaves  glabrous,  obtuse,  2—4  dm.  long;  submerged  ones  numerous,  similar, 
but    membranous   and   commonly    larger;  flowers   yellow,    about   2.5   cm.   broad; 
sepals  5;  petals  broadened  above,  6  mm.  long;  stamens  in  4  or  5  rows,  the  fila- 
ments   about   equalling  the  anthers;    stigmatic   disk   crenate,    Ii-i5-rayed;    fruit 
ovoid,  not  constricted  into  a  neck.     In  ponds,  S.  Ind.  and  III.,  and  in  the  Atlantic 
States  from  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Summer. 

4.  CASTALIA' Salisb. 

Herbs  with  horizontal  perennial  rootstocks,  floating  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 
Sepals  4.  Petals  imbricated  in  several  rows,  inserted  on  the  ovary,  gradually  pass- 
ing into  stamens;  stamens  oo  ,  the  exterior  with  large  petaloid  filaments  and  short 
anthers,  the  interior  with  linear  filaments  and  elongated  anthers.  Carpels  oo , 
united  into  a  compound  pistil  with  radiating  linear  projecting  stigmas.  Fruit 
globose,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  petals,  ripening  under  water.  [A  spring  of 
Parnassus.]  About  25  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Flowers  0.7-1.5  dm.  broad,  fragrant  ;  leaves  orbicular,  purplish  beneath,   i.  C.  odorata. 
Flowers  1-2,5  dm.  broad,  not  fragrant  ;  leaves  orbicular,  green  both  sides. 

2.  C.  tuber osa. 
Flowers  2.5-4  cm-  broad,  not  fragrant  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong.  3.  C.  tetragona. 

1.  Castalia  odorata  (Dryand.)    Woodv.  &  Wood.     SWEET-SCENTED  WHITE 
WATER  LILY.     POND  LILY.     (I.  F.  f.  1531.)     Rootstock  thick.     Leaves   1-3  dm. 
in  diameter,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  cordate-cleft  or  reni- 
form;  petioles  and  peduncles  with  4  main  air-channels  ;  flowers  white,  or  tinged 
with  pink;   petals  narrowly  oblong,   obtuse;   fruit   globose,  or  slightly  depressed; 
seeds  stipitate,  oblong,  shorter  than  the  aril.     In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  Newf.  to 
Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

Castalia  odorata  rdsea  (Pursh)  Britton.     Flowers  large,  deep  pink  or  red.     E.  Mass, 
to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast. 

2.  Castalia  tuberosa  (Paine)   Greene.     TUBEROUS   WHITE  WATER   LILY. 
(I.  F.  f.   1532.)     Rootstock   with  numerous    lateral  tuberous-thickened  brandies. 


FLORA. 

Leaves  green  both  sides;  the  veins  very  prominent  on  the  lower  surface;  flowers  pure 
white,  inodorous  or  very  slightly  scented;  petals  oblong,  broader  than  those  of 
C.  odoraia,  obtuse;  fruit  depressed-globose;  seeds  globose-ovoid,  sessile,  longer 
than  or  about  equalling  the  aril.  Lake  Champlain^west  through  the  Great  Lakes 
to  Mich.,  south  to  Del.,  Penn.  and  Ark.  Summer. 

3.  Castalia  tetragona  (Georgi)  Lawson.  SMALL  WHITE  WATER  LILY.  (I. 
F.  f  1533.)  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  0.5-1  dm.  long,  green  above,  green  or  pur- 
plish beneath,  the  sinus  narrow;  petioles  and  peduncles  nearly  or  quite  glabrous; 
flowers  white,  inodorous;  petals  in  about  2  rows,  faintly  striped  with  purple,  oblong 
or  obovate,  thin,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals.  In  the  Misinaibi  River,  Ont. ;  in 
ponds  along  the  Severn  River,  Keewatin;  near  Granite  Station,  northern  Idaho. 
Also  in  Siberia,  Japan  and  the  Himalayas.  Summer. 

5.  NELUMBO  Adans. 

Large  herbs,  with  thick  rootstocks,  long-petioled  concave  leaves,  and  small  and 
scale-like  submerged  ones  borne  sessile  on  the  rootstock.  Flowers  large,  yellow, 
pink  or  white.  Sepals  imbricate.  Petals  and  stamens  oo,  inserted  on  the  calyx, 
caducous.  Filaments  more  or  less  petaloid;  anthers  introrse.  Carpels  distinct, 
contained  in  pits  in  the  large  convex  receptacle.  Style  short;  ovules  I  or  2;  endo- 
sperm none;  cotyledons  thick,  fleshy.  Nuts  globose,  ovoid  or  oblong.  [Ceylon 
name  for  N.  Nelumbo.]  A  genus  of  2  species,  one  North  American,  the  other 
Asiatic  and  Australasian. 

Flowers  pale  yellow;  plant  native.  i.  N.lutea. 

Flowers  pink  or  white;  plant  introduced.  2.  N.  Neln moo. 

1.  Nelumbo  lutea  (Willd.)  Pers.     AMERICAN  NELUMBO  OR  LOTUS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1534.)     Rootstock  tuberiferous.     Emersed  leaves  3-6  dm.  broad,  nearly  orbicular 
but  often  somewhat  constricted  in  the  middle,  centrally  peltate,  prominently  ribbed, 
glabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  lepidote  beneath,  the  lower  surface 
marked  with  an  oblong,  transverse  area;  petioles  and  peduncles  thick,  0.9-2.2  m. 
long,  with  several  large  air-canals;  flowers   1—2.5  (^m-  broad;  petals  concave,  obo- 
vate, obtuse;  anthers  appendaged;  fruit  obconic  or  somewhat  hemispheric,  7-10 
cm.  long;  seeds  nearly  globular.     Ont.  to  Mass.,  Fla.,  Minn,  and  Tex.   '  July-Aug. 

2.  Nelumbo  Nelumbo  (L.)  Karst.     INDIAN  LOTUS.     (I.  F.  f.  1535.)    Leaves 
6-9  dm.   in  diameter,  concave,  glaucous;  petioles  and  peduncles  9-18  dm.   long, 
glabrous  or  with  scattered  minute  prickles;  flowers  1-2.5  dm.  broad,  pink  or  some- 
times white;  petals  oblong  or  elliptic,-obtuse;  fruit  obconic,  10-13  cm.  long;  seeds 
oblong  or  ovoid.     Nat.  in  ponds  about  Bordentown,  N.  J.     July-Aug. 

Family  2.     CERATOPHYLLACEAE  A.  Gray. 
Hornwoj't  Family. 

Submerged  aquatics,  with  slender  branching  stems,  and  verticillate 
leaves,  the  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the 
axils.  '  Perianth  many-parted,  the  segments  entire  or  toothed.  Stamens 
numerous,  crowded  on  a  flat  or  convex  receptacle;  anthers  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  linear-oblong,  extrorse,  the  connective  prolonged  into  a  thick 
appendage  beyond  the  sacs.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  superior  i -celled 
ovary;  ovule  i,  orthotropous,  pendulous;  style  filiform,  stigmatic  at  the 
summit.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  nut  or  achene.  Endosperm  none ;  embryo 
composed  of  4  verticillate  cotyledons,  with  a  short  hypocotyl  and  a 
plumule  of  several  nodes  and  leaves.  The  family  contains  only  the  fol- 
lowing genus : 

I.  CERATOPHYLLUM  L. 

Leaves  crowded,  linear  or  filiform,  spinulose-serrulate,  forked.  Sterile  flowers 
with  10-20  stamens,  the  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  perianth.  Fertile  and  sterile 
flowers  generally  at  different  nodes.  Ovary  and  fruit  somewhat  longer  than  the 
perianth,  the  fruit  beaked  with  the  long  persistent  style.  One  species  or  possibly 
two,  widely  distributed  in  fresh  water. 


MA  G  NO  LI  A  CEA  E.  4°9 

i.  Ceratophyllum  demersum  L.  HORNWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1536.)  Stemso.5-2.5 
m.  long.  Leaves  8-25  mm.  long;  ripe  fruit  oval,  4-6  mm.  long  with  a  spine-like 
beak  4-8  mm.  long,  smooth  and  spurless  or  with  a  long  basal  spur  on  each  side, 
or  tuberculate  and  with  narrowly  winged  spiny  margins  or  broadly  winged  without 
spines.  In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north. 
June-July. 

Family  3.     MAGNOLIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Magnolia  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  large 'solitary  flowers,  and  bitter 
aromatic  bark.  Sepals  and  petals  hypogynous,  deciduous.  Stamens  co  ; 
anthers  adnate.  Carpels  co ,  separate  or  coherent,  borne  on  the  surface 
of  the  elongated  receptacle,  ripening  into  an  aggregate  fruit  composed  of 
i-2-seeded  follicles  or  achenes.  About  10  genera  and  70  species,  of  wide 
distribution. 

Anthers  introrse;  leaves  entire,  or  with  2  basal  lobes.  i.  Magnolia. 

Anthers  extrorse;  leaves  lobed  or  truncate.  2.  Liriodendron. 

i.  MAGNOLIA   L. 

Leaves  large  and  generally  thick,  entire.  Buds  covered  with  conduplicate 
sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  fragrant.  Sepals  petaloid.  Petals  6-12,  imbricated 
in  2-4  series.  Anthers  linear,  introrse.  Carpels  spiked  or  capitate  on  the  elevated 
or  elongated  receptacle,  2-ovuled,  forming  follicles  at  maturity.  Seeds  fleshy,  sus- 
pended from  the  ripe  pink  or  rose  cones  by  slender  filamentous  threads.  [In  honor 
of  Pierre  Magnol,  1638-1715,  Professor  of  Botany  in  Montpellier.]  A  genus  of 
about  15  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  eastern  Asia  and  the  Himalayas. 
Leaves  auriculate,  glabrous.  J.  M.  Fraseri. 

Leaves  cordate,  white-pubescent  beneath.  2.  M.  macrophylla. 

Leaves  acute  at  the  base. 

Leaves  2-5  dm.  long,  light  green  beneath;  corolla  higher  than  broad. 

3.  M.  tripetala. 
Leaves  0.7-1.5  dm.  long,  glaucous  beneath;  corolla  broader  than  high. 

4.  M.  Virginiana. 
Leaves  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  thin.  *                                           5.  M.  acuminata. 

1.  Magnolia  Fraseri  Walt.     FRASER'S  MAGNOLIA.     LONG-  OR  EAR-LEAVED 
UMBRELLA-TREE.     (I.  F.  f.  1537.)     A  tree  8-16  m.  high,  the  branches  spreading. 
Leaf-buds  glabrous;  leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  auriculate,  1.5-4 
dm.  long,  elongated- obovate  or  oblong,   contracted  below,  the  lower  surface  light 
green,  the  upper  darker;  petioles  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  1-2  dm.  broad;  petals 
spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  much  longer  than  the  sepals;   cone  of  fruit  0.7-1  dm. 

-  long.     In  mountain  woods,  Va.  and  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     May-June. 

2.  Magnolia  macrophy'lla   Michx.      GREAT-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA.      LARGE- 
LEAVED  UMBRELLA-TREE,  OR  CUCUMBER-TREE.     (I.  F.  f.  1538.)     A  tree  6-20  m. 
high;    bark   gray.     Leaf-buds   silky -pubescent;   leaves  oblong  or  obovate,   blunt, 
cordate,  3-11  dm.  long,  1-3.5  dm.  broad,  glaucous-white  and  pubescent  beneath; 
petioles  stout,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  2-4  dm.  in  diameter,  white  with  a  large  pur- 
ple centre;  petals  ovate-oblong,   obtuse,  thrice  the  length  of  the  rounded  sepals; 
cone  of  fruit  ovoid-cylindric,  1-1.5  dm.  long.     In  woods,  Ky.  to  N.  Car.,  Fla.,  Ark. 
and  La.     May-June. 

3.  Magnolia  tripetala  L.     UMBRELLA-TREE.     ELK- WOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  1539.) 
A  tree  6-13  m.  high.     Leaf- buds  glabrous;  leaves  clustered  at  the  summits  of  the 
branches,  3-5  dm.  long,  1-2  dm.  wide,  obovate,  acute,  cuneate  at  the  base,  more 
or  less  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  stout;  flowers  2-2.5  dm.  in  diameter,  white, 
slightly  odorous;  sepals  broad,  reflexed,  early  deciduous;  petals  oblong-lanceolate 
orobovate-lanceolate,  acutish;  cone  of  fruit  1-1.5  dm.  long.    In  woods,  Penn.  to  Ga., 
Ark.  and  Miss.     May. 

4.  Magnolia  Virginiana  L.     LAUREL  MAGNOLIA.     SWEET  BAY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1540.)     A  tree  5-23  m.  high.     Leaf-buds  pubescent;  leaves  scattered,  0.7-1.5  dm. 


4io 

long,  2-5  cm.  broad,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  blunt-acuminate,  acute  at  the  base, 
coriaceous,  dark  green  above,  glaucous  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath;  flowers 
white,  depressed-globose,  deliciously  fragrant,  5-8  cm.  in  diameter;  sepals  spread- 
ing, obtuse,  nearly  as  large  as  the  obovate  rounded  petals;  cone  of  fruit  oblong,  4-5 
cm.  high.  In  swamps  and  swampy  woods,  eastern,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
May-June.  [M.  glauca  L.] 

5.  Magnolia  acuminata  L.  CUCUMBER-TREE.  MOUNTAIN  MAGNOLIA.  (I.  F. 
f.  1541.)  A  tree  20-30  m.  high.  Leaf-buds  silky-pubescent;  leaves  scattered,  1.5- 
2.5  dm.  long,  thin,  oval,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  light  green  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface;  flowers  oblong- 
campanulate,  greenish-yellow,  5  cm.  high ;  petals  obovate  or  oblong,  much  longer 
than  the  spreading  deciduous  sepals;  cone  of  fruit  cylindric,  usually  curved,  0.7-1 
dm.  long.  In  woods,  N.  Y.  'to  111.,  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Ark.  May-June. 

2.  LIRIODENDRON  L. 

Leaves  alternate,  truncate  or  broadly  emarginate,  4-6-lobed  or  rarely  entire, 
recurved  on  the  petiole  in  the  laterally  compressed  obtuse  buds.  Stipules  united  at 
the  base.  Flowers  large,  slightly  fragrant.  Sepals  3,  petaloid,  reflexed.  Petals 
6,  connivent.  Anthers  linear,  extrorse.  Carpels  spiked  on  the  elongated  recep- 
tacle, 2-ovuled,  samaroid,  i-2-seeded;  seeds  pendulous  by  a  short  slender  funiculus 
at  maturity.  [Greek,  a  tree  bearing  lilies.]  One  or  possibly  two  species,  natives 
of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  China. 

i.  Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L.  TULIP-TREE.  WHITE-WOOD.  YELIOW 
POPLAR.  (I.  F.  f.  1542.)  A  magnificent  tree  20-65  m-  high>  w^h  diverging 
curved  branches.  Leaves  glabrous,  very  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in  out- 
line, truncate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long  with  2  apical  and 
2-4  basal  lobes  with  rounded  sinuses;  flowers  about  5  cm.  high,  erect,  greenish- 
yellow,  orange-colored  within;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  about  equalling  the  sepals; 
cone  of  fruit  dry,  oblong,  acute,  7-8  cm.  long.  In  woods,  Vt.  and  R.  I.  to  Fla.> 
Mich,  and  Ark.  May-June. 

Family  4.  ANONACEAE  DC. 

Custard-apple  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  generally  aromatic,  with  alternate  entire  leaves. 
Stipules  none.  Sepals  3  (rarely  2),  valvate  or  rarely  imbricate.  Petals 
about  6,  arranged  in  2  series.  Stamens  oo  ;  anthers  adnate,  extrorse. 
Carpels  oo  ,  separate  or  coherent,  mainly  fleshy  in  fruit.  Seed's  large, 
anatropous ;  embryo  minute  ;  endosperm  copious,  wrinkled.  About  46 
genera  and  550  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics,  a  few  in  the  temperate 
zones. 

i.  ASIMINA  Adans. 

Small  trees,  or  shrubs,  with  lateral  or  axillary  nodding  flowers.  Buds  naked. 
Sepals  ovate,  valvate.  Petals  6,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  those  of  the  outer  series  the 
larger  when  mature.  Receptacle  subglobose.  Stamens  and  carpels  3-15.  Style 
oblong,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side:  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows.  Fruit,  large 
fleshy  oblong  berries.  Seeds  large,  flat,  horizontally  placed,  enclosed  in  fleshy 
arils.  [From  the  aboriginal  name  Assimin.]  A  genus  of  about  7  species,  natives 
of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Asimina  triloba  (L.)  Dunal.  NORTH  AMERICAN  PAPAW.  (I.  F.  f.  1543.) 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  1-15  m.  high.  Shoots  and  young  leaves  dark -pubescent, 
becoming  glabrous;  leaves  obovate  or  cuneate,  acute,  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng;  petioles 
8-12  mm.  long;  flowers  axillary,  on  shoots  of  the  preceding  year,  appearing  with 
the  leaves,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter,  dark  purple;  sepals  obovate,  densely  dark- 
pubescent;  outer  petals  spreading,  nearly  orbicular,  slightly  exceeding  the  ovate 
inner  ones;  fruit  07-2  dm.  long,  2-7  cm.  thick,  sweet  and  edible  when  ripe, 
pendulous,  several  together  on  a  thick  peduncle.  Along  streams,  Ont.  and  N.  Y. 
to  Mich.,  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  March-April. 


RA  N  UNCULA  CEAE.  4 1 1 

Family  5.     RANUNCULACEAE  Juss.* 

Crowfoot  Family. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  climbing  shrubs,  with  acrid  sap.  Leaves  alternate 
(except  in  Clematis  and  Atragene).  Stipules  usually  none,  but  the  base 
of  the  petiole  often  sheathing.  Pubescence,  when  present,  composed 
of  simple  hairs.  Sepals  3-15,  generally  caducous,  otten  petal-like,  im- 
bricate, except  in  Clematis  and  Atragene.  Petals  about  the  same  number 
(occasionally  more),  or  wanting.  Stamens  oo  ,  hypogynous,  their  anthers 
innate.  Carpels  oo  or  rarely  solitary,  i-celled,  i-many-ovuled.  Ovules 
anatropous.  Fruit  achenes,  follicles  or  berries.  Seeds  with  endosperm. 
About  35  genera  and  1050  species,  distributed  throughout  the  world,  not 
abundant  in  the  tropics. 

*  Carpels  several-ovuled  (1-2  ovuled  in  nos.  I  and  8);  fruit  a  follicle  or  berry. 

Flowers  regular ;  leaves  palmately  nerved  or  palmately  compound. 
Petals  wanting. 

Carpels  ripening  into  a  head  of  red  berries.  i.  Hydrastis. 

Carpels  ripening  into  a  head  of  dry  follicles.  2.   Caltha. 

Petals  present,  narrow  or  small,  linear,  flat.  3.    Trollius. 

Petals  present,  narrow  or  small,  tubular,  at  least  at  the  base. 

Sepals  persistent ;  stem  tall,  leafy.  4.  Helleborus. 

Sepals  deciduous  ;  stem  scape-like,  bearing  one  leaf.  5.  Cammarum. 

Flowers  regular ;  leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  compound  or  decompound. 
Petals  not  spurred. 

Low  herbs  with  solitary  or  panicled  flowers. 

Carpels  and  follicles  stalked.  6.  Coptis. 

Carpels  and  follicles  sessile.  7.  Isopyrum. 

Low  shrub  with  racemose  flowers.  8.  Xanthorrhiza. 

Tall  erect  herbs  with  racemose  flowers. 

Fruit  berries.  9.  Actaea. 

Fruit  follicles.  10*  Cimicifuga. 

Petals  prolonged  backward  into  hollow  spurs.  n.  Aquilegia. 

Flowers  irregular. 

Posterior  sepal  spurred.  12.  Delphinium. 

Posterior  sepal  hooded,  helmet-like.  13.  Aconitum. 

*  *  Carpels  l-ovuled ;  fruit  an  achene. 

Flowers  subtended  by  involucres  remote  from  the  calyx  or  close  under  it;  sepals  petal- 
like. 

Styles  short,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  or  none. 

Involucre  remote  from  the  calyx  ;  styles  short,  subulate.  14.  Anemone. 
Involucre  of  3  simple  sessile  leaves  close  under  the  flower.  15.  Hepatica. 
Involucre  of  3  compound  sessile  leaves ;  leaflets  stalked  ;  stigma  sessile. 

1 6.  Syndesmon. 

Styles  elongated,  densely  plumose.  17.  Pulsatilla. 

Flowers  not  subtended  by  involucres. 
Leaves  opposite;  sepals  petal-like. 

Petals  wanting.  18.   Clematis. 

Petals  present,  small,  spatulate.  19.  Atragene. 

Leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

Small  annual  herbs  ;  leaves  basal,  linear  ;  sepals  spurred.  20.  Myosurus. 
Low  or  tall  herbs,  mostly  with  both  basal  and  stem  leaves  ;  sepals  spurless. 

Petals  none  ;  leaves  palmately  lobed.  21.    Irautvetteria. 

Petals  present,  bearing  a  nectariferous  pit  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 
Achenes  compressed,  smooth,  papillose  or  spiny  ;  flowers  yellow. 

22.  Ranunculus. 

Achenes  transversely  wrinkled  ;  flowers  white.  23.  Batrachium. 

Achenes  swollen,  smooth  ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  mostly  8. 

24.  Ficaria. 
Achenes  compressed  or  terete  ;  longitudinally  nerved. 

Achenes  terete  ;  leaves  pinnately  compound.        25.   Cyrtorhyncha. 
Achenes  compressed  ;  leaves  crenate  or  lobed.     26.   Oxygraphis. 
Petals  none  ;  leaves  ternately  decompound.  27.    7^halictrum. 

Petals  present,  with  no  nectar-bearing  pit ;  leaves  dissected. 

28.  Adonis. 

*  Revised  by  Dr.  P.  A.  RYDBERG. 


412  FLORA. 

i,   HYDRASTIS  Ellis. 

Erect  perennial  pubescent  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  reniform  leaves,  and 
small  solitary  greenish-white  flowers.  Sepals  3,  petaloid,  falling  away  at  anthesis. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  oo  ,  each  bearing  two  ovules  near  the 
middle,  and  in  fruit  forming  a  head  of  i-2-seeded  crimson  berries.  [Greek,  water- 
acting,  from  its  supposed  drastic  properties.]  Two  known  species,  one  of  eastern 
N.  Am.,  the  other  Japanese. 

i.  Hydrastis  Canadensis  L.  ORANGE- ROOT  GOLDEN-SEAL.  (I.  F.  f.  1544.) 
Rootstock  thick,  yellow;  stem  erect,  about  3  dm.  high.  Basal  leaf  long-petioled, 
12-20  cm.  broad,  5-Q-lobed,  the  lobes  broad,  acute,  sharply  serrate;  cauline  leaves 
2,  borne  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  the  upper  one  subtending  the  greenish  white 
flower,  which  is  8-10  mm.  broad  when  expanded;  filaments  widened,  about  4  mm. 
long;  anthers  oblong,  obtuse;  head  of  fruit  ovoid,  blunt,  about  16  mm.  long,  the 
fleshy  carpels  tipped  with  a  short  curved  beak.  In  woods,  Conn,  and  southern 
N.  Y.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Ark.  April. 

a.  CALTHA  L. 

Succulent  herbs,  with  simple  mostly  basal  cordate  or  auriculate  leaves.  Flowers 
yellow,  white  or  pink.  Sepals  large,  deciduous,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  obovoid.  Carpels  numerous  or  few,  sessile,  bearing  ovules  in  2 
rows  along  the  ventral  suture,  in  fruit  forming  follicles.  [Latin  name  of  the  Mari- 
gold.] A  genus  of  marsh  plants,  comprising  about  10  species,  of  temperate  and 
arctic  regions.  In  addition  to  those  here  described,  three  others  are  found  on  the 
western  side  of  the  continent. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending,  not  rooting  at  the  nodes;  flowers  yellow. 

Leaves  cordate,  generally  with  a  narrow  sinus;  flowers  2.5-4001.  wide. 

i.  C.  palustris. 

Leaves  flabelliform  with  a  broad  sinus;  flowers  1-2.5  cm«  wide.  2.  C.  flabellifolia. 
Stems  floating  or  creeping,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes. 

Flowers  yellow,   1-2.5   cm>   broad  ;    upper  leaves  more  or  less  triangular-cordate, 

dentate.  3.   C.  radicans. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish,  8-16  mm.  broad  ;   all  the  leaves  reniform,  wavy  or  entire. 

4.  C.  natans. 

1.  Caltha  palustris   L.     MARSH-MARIGOLD.     MEADOW-GOWAN.     (I.    F.   f. 
1545.)     Stout,   glabrous;  stem  hollow,  3-6  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  on  long  and 
broad  petioles,  cordate  or  reniform,  5-18  cm.  wide,   the  upper  shorter-petioled  or 
sessile,  with  nearly  truncate  bases;  sepals  oval,  obtuse;  follicles  3-12  or  even  more, 
compressed,  10-12  mm.  long,  many-seeded.     In  swamps  and  meadows,  Newf.   to 
S.  Car.  and  Neb.     April-June. 

2.  Caltha  flabellifolia  Pursh.    MOUNTAIN  MARSH-MARIGOLD.    (I.F.f.  1546.) 
Weak,    slender,    3-4   dm.    long,    glabrous.     Basal  leaves  5-10  cm.   broad,   long- 
petioled;  the  upper  sessile  or  short -petioled,    similar  or  with  truncate  bases,    all 
crenate  or  dentate;  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  together;  sepals  oval;  achenes   4-10, 
about  8  mm.  long,   compressed.     In  cold  shaded   mountain  springs,    Penn.    and 
northern  N.  J.  to  Md.     June -July. 

3.  Caltha  radicans  Forst.     ROOTING  MARSH-MARIGOLD.     Slender,  prostrate 
or  reclining,  1-4  dm.  long.     Basal  leaves  4-8  cm.  broad,  reniform  with  a  broad 
sinus,   long-petioled;    upper   short-petioled,   all   dentate,   thin    and   lighter-colored 
than   in   the   preceding;  sepals    rounded,    oval;  follicles   about   8  mm.  long.     In 
swamps,  Woodlawn,  N.  Y.,  and  West  Hampton,  Long  Island.     (Circumboreal). 

4.  Caltha  natans  Pall.     FLOATING  MARSH-MARIGOLD.    (I.  F.  f.  1547.)  Stems 
slender,  1.5-3  dm.   long,    branching.     Lower  and   basal   leaves    slender-petioled, 
3-5  cm.   wide,   wavy  or  entire,    thin,   with  a  narrow   sinus;  upper  leaves  short- 
petioled,    smaller  ;    sepals    oval,   obtusish  ;  follicles    several    or  numerous,  rather 
densely  capitate,  about  4  mm.  long,   the  beak  short  and  straight.     In  pools  and 
streams,  Tower,  Mich.;  Athabasca;  arctic  Am.  and  northern  Asia.     Summer. 

3.  TROLLIUS  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  divided  or  lobed  leaves,  thickened  fibrous 
roots,  and  large  usually  solitary  yellowish  or  purplish  flowers.  Sepals  5-00 , 
petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  5-00  ,  small,  unguiculate,  linear,  with  a  nectariferous 
pit  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Carpels  5-00  ,  sessile,  many-ovuled,  forming  a  head 


RA  NUNCULA  CEA  E.  4 1 3 

of  follicles  in  fruit.  Stamens  numerous.  [Old  German,  trol,  something  round.] 
About  10  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Only  the  following  and 
one  from  the  Rocky  Mts.  are  N.  American. 

i.  Trollius  laxus  Salisb.  AMERICAN  GLOBE-FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  1548.) 
Stems  slender,  ascending,  3-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  all  but  the  upper  petioled,  pal- 
mately  5— y-parted,  5—10  cm.  wide,  the  segments  obovate,  cuneate,  lobed,  cleft  or 
toothed;  flowers  2.5-3.5  cm.  broad;  sepals  5-7,  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  spread- 
ing; petals  15-25,  minute,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  head  of  fruit  about 
2  cm.  broad,  the  follicles  10  mm.  long,  each  tipped  with  a  straight  subulate  beak  of 
one-fourth  its  length.  In  swamps,  N.  H.  to  Del.,  west  to  Mich.  May-July. 

4.  HELLEBORUS  L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  large  palmately  divided  leaves,  the  basal  long- 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile  and  sometimes  reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  large,  white, 
greenish  or  yellowish.  Sepals  5,  broad,  petaloid,  mainly  persistent.  Petals  small, 
unguiculate,  tubular.  Stamens  oo  .  Carpels  generally  few,  sessile,  in  fruit  form- 
ing several- seeded  capsules,  which  are  dehiscent  at  the  apex  at  maturity.  [The 
classical  name  for  H.  orient  alls  ;  derivation  unknown.]  About  10  species,  natives 
of  Europe  and  western  Asia. 

i.  Helleborus  viridis  L.  GREEN  HELLEBORE.  (I.  F.  f.  1549.)  Stout,  3-6 
dm.  high,  glabrous.  Basal  leaves  2-3  dm.  broad,  on  petioles  15-25  cm.  long,  di- 
vided into  7-1 1  oblong  acute  sharply  serrate  segments;  stem  hardly  exceeding  the 
basal  leaves,  and  bearing  several  sessile  similar  leaves  near  the  top  subtending  the 
large  flowers;  sepals  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  spreading,  about  2.5  cm.  long;  petals 
2-lipped,  4  mm.  long;  pods  16  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  slender  beak  one-third  their 
length  or  longer.  In  waste  places,  locally  adventive  from  Europe  in  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
Penn.,  N.  Car.  and  W.  Va.  May. 

5.  CAMMARUM    Hill.    (Erdnthis  Salisb.) 

Low  herbs,  with  perennial  tuberiferous  rootstocks.  Basal  leaves  palmately  dis- 
sected. Cauline  leaf  one,  borne  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  sessile  or  amplexi- 
caul,  immediately  subtending  the  large  yellow  flower.  Sepals  narrow,  petaloid, 
deciduous.  Petals,  small  two-lipped  nectaries.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels 
commonly  few,  stipitate,  many-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  head  of  follicles.  [Greek, 
for  aconite.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  the  mountains  of  Asia. 

i.  Cammarum  hyemale  (L.)  Greene.  WINTER  ACONITE  OR  HELLEBORE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1550.)  Erect,  simple,  12-20  cm.  high.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  3 
dm.  broad,  divided  and  cleft  into  numerous  linear  or  oblong  lobes;  cauline  leaf 
similar,  involucrate,  sessile,  clasping;  flower  solitary,  3-4  dm.  wide,  sessile;  sepals 
5-9,  membranous,  obovate,  obtuse;  stamens  numerous;  anthers  obtuse;  follicles 
compressed,  I  cm.  long,  tipped  with  a  sharp  beak.  Nat.  from  Europe  at  Bartram's 
Garden,  Philadelphia,  and  at  Media,  Penn.  February.  \Eranthis  hy emails  Salisb.] 

6.  COPTIS  Salisb. 

Low  herbs,  with  slender  perennial  rootstocks,  basal  compound  or  divided  leaves, 
and  scapose  white  flowers.  Sepals  5-7,  petaloid,  deciduous;  petals  5-6,  small, 
linear,  cucullate.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  stipitate,  few,  in  fruit  forming  an 
umbel  of  follicles.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  referring  to  the  cut  or  divided  leaves.] 
About  9  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  In  addition  to  the  following,  three 
others  are  found  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

i.  Coptis  trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  GOLD-THREAD.  (I.  F.  f.  1551.)  Tufted, 
glabrous,  7-15  cm.  high  from  a  slender  yellow  rootstock.  Leaves  evergreen,  long- 
petioled,  the  blade  reniform,  3-5  cm.  broad,  3-divided  ;  segments  broadly  obo- 
vate, cuneate,  obtuse,  prominently  veined,  crenate  or  slightly  lobed,  dark  green 
and  shining  above,  the  teeth  mucronate;  scape  i -flowered;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse; 
follicles  3-7,  about  6  mm.  long,  borne  on  stipes  of  about  their  own  length,  spread- 
ing,  tipped  with  a  beak  2-3  mm.  long.  In  damp  mossy  woods  and  bogs,  Newf.  to 
Md.,  E.  Tenn.,  Minn.,  Br.  Col.  and  Alaska.  May-Aug. 

7.  1SOPYRUM  L. 

Slender  glabrous  herbs,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves,  and  white  flowers. 
Sepals  5-9,  petaloid,  deciduous.  .Petals  5,  nectariform,  or  none.  Stamens  numer- 


4*4  FLORA. 

ous.  Carpels  2-20,  sessile  (stalked  in  a  western  species),  several-ovuled,  forming 
a  head  of  follicles  in  fruit.  [Old  Greek  name  for  some  Fumaria.}  About  15 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur 
in  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Isopyrum  biternatum  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.  FALSE  RUE  ANEMONE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1552.)  Erect,  pan iculately  branching  above;  roots  fibrous  and  sometimes  tuberifer- 
ous.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  thin,  the  ultimate  segments  broadly  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, lobed  or  divided;  upper  ones  similar  but  sessile  or  short-petioled;  flowers 
several,  terminal  and  axillary,  10-18  mm.  broad;  sepals  5,  oblong  or  somewhat 
obovate,  obtuse;  petals  none;  follicles  widely  spreading,  ovate,  4  mm.  long,  several- 
seeded,  tipped  with  a  beak  nearly  one-half  their  length.  In  moist  woods  and 
thickets,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  May. 

8.  XANTHORRHIZA  L'Her. 

Low  shrubby  plants,  with  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves,  and  small  compoundly 
racemose  flowers.  Sepals  5,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  smaller  than  the  sepals, 
unguiculate,  concave,  2-lobed.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Carpels  4-10,  sessile,  2-ovuled, 
forming  I -seeded  follicles  at  maturity  by  the  suppression  of  one  of  the  ovules. 
[Greek,  yellow  root.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

I.  Xanthorrhiza  apiifolia  L'Her.  SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  1553.) 
Glabrate,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  bark  and  rootstocks  yellow  and  bitter.  Leaves  clus- 
tered at  the  summit  of  the  short  stem,  the  blade  12-15  cm.  long,  slender  petioled; 
leaflets  5,  thin,  3-7  cm.  long,  incisely  toothed,  cleft  or  divided,  sessile,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acute,  shining;  branches  of  the  raceme  slender,  drooping,  5-7  cm.  long; 
flowers  about  4  mm.  broad,  pedicelled,  solitary  or  2-3  together,  brownish  purple; 
sepals  ovate,  acute;  follicles  4-8,  inflated,  light  yellow,  I -seeded,  diverging,  curved 
at  the  apex,  minutely  beaked.  In  woods,  southwestern  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Fla. 
April-May. 

9.  ACTAEA   L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  large  ternately  compound  leaves,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  3-5,  petaloid.  Petals  4-10.  small,  spatulate 
or  narrow,  clawed.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  I,  many-ovuled,  forming  in  fruit  a 
large  somewhat  poisonous  berry;  stigma  broad,  sessile.  [An  ancient  name  of  the 
elder.]  About  6  known  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the 
following,  another  occurs  in  the  western  United  States. 

Pedicels  slender. 

Berries  red,  spherical.  i.  A.  arguta. 

Berries  red,  ellipsoid  2.  A.  rubra. 

Berries  white,  ellipsoid.  3.  A.  eburnea. 

Pedicels  stout ;  berries  white,  ellipsoid.  4.  A.  alba. 

1.  Actaea    arguta    Nutt.     WESTERN   RED  BANEBERRY.      Erect,  6-8  dm. 
high,   glabrous    except  the    inflorescence.       Basal  leaf  long-petioled,   ternate,    the 
divisions  long  petioled,  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate,  4-14  cm.  long,  generally  more  in- 
cised and  thinner  than  those  of  the  next;  teeth  mostly  sharp;  raceme  ovoid,  in  fruit 
often  elongated;  petals  spatulate;  berry  5-7   mm.  long.     In  rich  woods,  from  Br. 
Col.  to  Mont.,  Black    Hills    of  S.   Dak.,  W.    Neb.,  N.  Mex.   and  Cal.    [A.  rubra 
arguta  (Nutt.)  Greene.] 

2.  Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.     RED   BANEBERRY.      (I.  F.  f.  1554.)     Erect, 
bushy,  3-6  dm.  high,  pubescent  or  glabrate.      Leaves  petioled,  or  the  upper  ses- 
sile;   leaflets   ovate,    or   the    terminal   one    obovate,    toothed   or  somewhat   cleft, 
the    teeth    mainly    rounded    or    mucronate,    or    acutish;    raceme    ovoid;    petals 
spatulate,  shorter  than  the  stamens;  berries  red,  oval,  10-12  mm.  long  and  6  mm. 
in   diameter.     In  woods,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.,  west  to  S.  Dak.   and  Neb. 
Most  abundant  northward.     April-June. 

Actaea  rfcbra  diss^cta  Britton.  Leaflets  all  deeply  incised,  the  lower  compound  or 
decompound.  Lincoln  Co.,  Ont.  Perhaps  not  properly  referable  to  this  species. 

3.  Actaea  eburnea  Rydb.    IVORY  BANEKERRY.    Stout,  6- 10  dm.  high  from  a 
very  thick  knotted  rootstock,  with  the  habit  and  leaves  of  A.  arguta;  sepals  rhom- 
bic-spatulate ;  fruit  9-12  mm.  long  and  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  about  12-seeded. 


RA  NUNCULA  CEA  £.  4 1 5 

In  rich  woods  from  Idaho  and  Utah  to  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  Dak.     Also  collected 
on  Mt.  Mackay,  Ont.,  and  Willoughby  Mountains,  Vt. 

4.  Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill.  WHITE  BANEBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1555.)  Closely  re- 
sembles A.  riibra.  Leaflets  generally  more  cut  and  the  teeth  and  lobes  acute  or 
acuminate;  raceme  oblong,  petals  truncate;  fruiting  pedicels  as  thick  as  the  pedun- 
cle and  often  red;  berries  white,  often  purplish  at  the  end.  In  woods,  N.  S.  and 
Anticosti  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  La.  April-June. 

10.  C1MICIFUGA  L. 

Tall  erect  perennial  herbs,  with  large  decompound  leaves,  and  white  racemose 
flowers.  Sepals  2-5,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  1-8,  small,  clawed,  2-lobed  or 
none.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  1-8,  many-ovuled,  sessile  or  stipitate,  form- 
ing  follicles  at  maturity.  Stigma  broad  or  minute.  [Latin,  to  drive  away  bugs.] 
A  genus  of  about  10  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Asia  and  eastern  Europe.  Besides 
the  following,  there  are  3  on  the  western  .side  of  the  continent. 
Carpels  i  or  2,  sessile ;  seeds  in  2  rows,  smooth. 

Leaflets  ovate,  oblong  or  obovate,  narrowed,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base. 

i.   C.  racemosa^ 

Leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  deeply  cordate.  2.  C.  cordifolia. 

Carpels  2-8,  stalked  ;  seeds  in  i  row,  chaffy.  3.   6".  Americana. 

1.  Cimicifuga  racemosa  (L.)  Nutt.     BLACK  SNAKEROOT.     BLACK  COHOSH. 
(T.  F.  f.  1556.)     Stem  slender,   1-2.5  m.   high,  leafy  above.     Leaves  ternate,  the 
divisions  pinnate  and  the  ultimate  leaflets  often  again  compound;  leaflets  ovate  or 
oblong,  or  the  terminal  one  obovate,  incisely-toothed,  cleft  or  divided,  thickish, 
nearly  glabrous;  racemes  compound,  terminal,  1.5-6  dm.  long;  flowers  12-14  mm- 
broad,  foetid;  petals  4-8,  2-cleft;  follicles  oval,  6-8  mm.  long,  minutely  beaked. 
In  woods,  Me.  and  Ont   to  Wis.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Mo.     June- Aug. 

Cimicifuga  racemdsa  dissecta  A.  Gray.     Leaves  pinnately  compound,  the  leaflets  all 
incised.     Conn.,  S.  Penn.  and  Del. 

2.  Cimicifuga  cordifolia  Pursh.     HEART-LEAVED  SNAKEROOT.     (I.   F.   f. 
1557.)     Tall,  similar  to  the  preceding  species.     Leaflets  very  broadly  ovate  or  or- 
bicular, acute,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  some- 
times  15  cm.  wide;  pistil    i,  sessile;  follicles  apparently  very  similar  to  those  of 
C.  racemosa.     In  woods,  S.  W.  Va.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     June-July. 

3.  Cimicifuga  Americana   Michx.      AMERICAN  BUGBANE.     (I.  F.  f.  1558.) 
Stem  slender,  1-1.5  m-  high,  leafy.   Leaves  ternate,  the  divisions  pinnate,  with  many 
of  the  ultimate  leaflets  again  compound;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  the  terminal  one 
generally  cuneate,  acute,  thin,  glabrate,  all  incisely  toothed,   cleft  or  divided,  3-7 
cm.  long;  racemes  slender,  compound,  densely  and  finely  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  long; 
flowers  pedicelled,  8-12  mm.  broad;  pedicels  minutely  bracted;  pistils  3-8,  stipi- 
tate; stigma   minute;  follicles  inflated,  membranous,  IO  mm.  long,   narrowed  be- 
low;   beak  short,  oblique,  subulate.     Watkins,  N.  Y.,  to  Blair  Co.,  Penn.,  and  Ga. 
Aug.-Sept. 

ii.  AQUILEGIA  L. 

Erect  branching  perennial  herbs,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves,  and  large 
showy  flowers.  Sepals  5,  regular,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  concave,  produced 
backward  between  the  sepals  into  a  hollow  spur;  stamens  numerous,  the  inner 
ones  reduced  to  staminodia.  Carpels  5,  sessile,  many  ovuled,  forming  heads  of 
follicles  in  fruit.  [Latin  eagle,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  the 
eagle's  claws.]  About  15  species,  distributed  throughout  the  north  temperate  zone 
and  extending  into  the  mountains  of  Mexico.  Besides  the  following,  some  12  others 
occur  in  the  western  part  of  N.  Am. 

Spur  of  petals  nearly  straight:  flowers  scarlet,  white  or  in  a  variety  yellow. 
Spur  stout,  abruptly  narrowed  near  the  apex;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate. 

1.  A.  coccinea. 
Spur  slender,  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  base,  sepals  broadly  ovate. 

2.  A.  Canadensis. 
Spur  incurved;  flowers  blue,  white  or  purple. 

Flowers  15-18  mm  :  stvle  in  fruit  2-4  mm.  3.  A.  brevistyla. 

Flowers  2-4- cm.;  style  in  fruit  6-8  mm.  4.  A.  vulgaris. 


4l  FLORA. 

1.  Aquilegia  coccinea  Small.    LARGE  RED  COLUMBINE.    Tall,  3-8  dm.  high, 
sparingly  pubsecent  at  the  nodes.     Leaves  larger  than  in  the  next;  leaflets  with  3 
main  lobes,  glaucous  beneath,  nearly  orbicular  in  outline;   sepals  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 17-21  mm.  long;  spur,  30-33  mm.  long;  follicles  straight,  20  mm.  long,  tipped 
by  a  style  shorter  than  the  body.     On  cliffs  and  in  rocky  woods,  Va.  to  Mo.,  Neb. 
and  Ala.     May- July. 

2.  Aquilegia  Canadensis  L.    WILD  COLUMBINE.    (I.  F.  f.  1559.)     Glabrous 
or  somewhat  pubescent,   2-6  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  slender-petioled,  biternate, 
the  ultimate  leaflets  cuneate,  obtusely  lobed  and  toothed,  pale  beneath ;  leaves  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  stem  lobed  or  divided;  flowers  nodding,  3-4  cm.  long,  the  spurs 
12  mm.   long,   thickened  at  the  end;  stamens  and  styles  long  exserted;   follicles 
with  spreading  tips,  about  16  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  filiform  beak  of  about  the 
same  length.     In  rocky  woods,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Kans. 
April-July. 

Aquilegia  Canadensis  flaviflora  (Tenney-)  Britton.     Flowers   yellow;    foliage   lighter 
green  than  in  the  type.     Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Rare. 

3.  Aquilegia  brevistyla  Hook.     SMALL-FLOWERED  COLUMBINE.     (I.  F.  f. 
1560.)     Slender,    erect,    sparingly    pubescent,    brandling,  3-5    dm.    high.     Basal 
leaves  long-petioled,  biternate,  the  ultimate  leaflets  nearly  sessile,  broadly  obovate, 
lobed  and  crenate;  leaves  of  the  stem  few.  nearly  sessile,  lobed  or  divided;  flowers 
small,  nodding;  spurs  about  4  mm.  long;  stamens  and  short  styles  barely  exserted; 
follicles  slightly  spreading,  16  mm.  long,  pubescent.     N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak.  and 
Alb.     June-July. 

4.  Aquilegia  vulgaris  L.     EUROPEAN  COLUMBINE.     (I.  F.  f.  1561.)     Stout, 
erect,   3-0  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,   2-3-ternate,   the  lateral 
divisions  broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  lobed  and  crenate,  glaucous  beneath ;  the  upper 
few,  lobed  or  divided;   spurs  6-8  mm.  long,  stout,  strongly  hooked;  sepals  spread- 
ing; stamens  and  styles  hardly  exserted.    Escaped  from  gardens  in  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  in  N.  S.  and  N.  B.    Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.    May-July. 

12.  DELPHINIUM  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  branching  herbs,  with  racemose  or  paniculate  showy  flowers.  Leaves 
palmately  lobed  or  divided.  Sepals.  5,  the  posterior  one  prolonged  into  a  spur. 
Petals  2  or  4,  small,  the  two  posterior  ones  spurred,  the  lateral,  when  present,  small. 
Carpels  few,  sessile,  many-ovuled,  forming  follicles  at  maturity.  [Latin,  from  the 
supposed  resemblance  of  the  flowers  to  a  dolphin.]  A  genus  comprising  some  60 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others 
in  western  N.  Am. 
Annuals;  pistil  i. 

Follicle  glabrous.  i.  D.  Consolida. 

Follicle  pubescent.  2.  D.  Ajacis. 

Perennials;  pistils  3. 
Follicles  erect. 

Leaf-segments  narrow,  ultimate  divisions  linear  or  oblong  linear. 
Raceme  elongated,  pedicels  almost  erect. 

Bractlets  close  under  the  usually  bright  blue  flower. 

3.  D,  Caroliniannm. 
Bractlets  2-4  mm.  (in  fruit  even  10  mm.)  below  the  almost  white  flower. 

4.  D.  albescent. 
Raceme  short;  pedicels  spreading.                                       5.  D.  Nelsonii. 

Leaf-segments  broad,  ultimate  divisions  lanceolate.  6.  D.  urceolatum. 

Follicles  in  fruit  widely  spreading.  7.  D.  tricorne. 

1.  Delphinium  Consolida  L.     FIELD  LARKSPUR.     KNIGHT'S-SPUR.     LARK- 
HEEL.     (I.   F.  f.    1562.)     Erect,    3-5    dm.    high,    divaricately  branched.     Leaves 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  all  divided  into  narrowly  linear  cleft  or  toothed  segments; 
racemes  terminating  the  branches,  rather  loose  and  few-flowered;  flowers  blue  or 
white,  3-4  cm.  long;  spur  slender,  bent  near  the  middle;  petals  2,  united;  follicles 
8-10,   tipped  with  a  short  slender  beak.     In  waste  places,  nat.   from  Europe  in 
southern  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Va.  and  Kans.,  locally  adventive  or  fugitive  north- 
ward.    Summer. 

2.  Delphinium  Ajacis  L.     GARDEN  LARKSPUR.     Like  the  preceding,  gen- 
erally taller,  3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  with  shorter  and  more  diverging  divisions; 


RANUNCULACEAE.  417 

racemes  longer,  1-3  dm.  long,  more  densely  flowered;  follicle  12-15  mm.,  tipped 
with  a  short  stout  beak.  Often  escaped  from  gardens,  from  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  Tenn. 
and  Mo. 

3.  Delphinium  Carolinianum  Walt.     CAROLINA  LARKSPUR.     (I.  F.  f.  1564.) 
Stem  slender,  more  or  less  glandular  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high,  from  a  cluster  of 
thickened  roots.     Leaves  deeply  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  toothed  or  cleft  segments; 
flowers  blue  or  the  petals  light  brown,   2-3  cm.   long,   the  spur  curved  upward, 
16  mm.  long;  follicles  downy,  14-18  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  beak;  seed- 
coat  rugose.     Sandy  soil,  from  N.  Car.  to  Ark.,  La.  and   Fla.;  probably  also  in 
southern  Va.     May-June.    \D.  azureum  Michx.j 

4.  Delphinium  albescens  Rydb.     PRAIRIE  LARKSPUR.     Stem  stout  and  tall, 
5-10  dm.  high,  strigose  below,  more  or  less  glandular  above,  from  a  thick,  woody 
root.     Leaves  as  those  of  the  preceding,  but  generally  larger  and  with  broader 
segments,  more  or  less  puberulent;  flowers  white,  slightly  tinged  with  blue  and 
bluish  spots  on  the  sepals;  spur  generally  horizontal,  12-15  mm.  long,  straight  or 
slightly  curved  upward;  follicle  12-18  mm.  long,  puberulent.     It  has  hitherto  been 
confused  with  the  preceding.     Open  prairies,  from  111.   to  Manitoba,   Kans.  and 
Ark.     May-July. 

5.  Delphinium  Nelsoni  Greene.      NELSON'S  LARKSPUR.      (I.  F.  f.   I564a.) 
Finely  puberulent,   at  least  above;  stem   slender,   simple,   2-4  dm.   high  from  a 
cluster  of  tuberous  roots  near  the  surface  of  the  ground.     Leaves  firm,  divided  into 
linear  segments;  flowers  blue,  slightly  villous,   slender-pedicelled ;  sepals  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  slender  spur;  lower  petal  2-cleft,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  about  the 
middle;  appressed-pubescent;  seeds  wing-angled  above.     Wyo.,  western  Neb.  and 
Colo.     May-June. 

6.  Delphinium  urceolatum  Jacq.     TALL  LARKSPUR.     (I.  F.  f.  1563.)    Slen- 
der, 6-18  dm.  high,  glabrous  below,  densely  and  finely  pubescent  above.     Leaves 
large,  all  but  the  upper  petioled,  deeply  3-5 -cleft,  the  divisions  acuminate,  upper 
ones  reduced  to  small  linear  bracts;  racemes  dense,  elongated;  flowers  purple  or 
blue,  16-20  mm.  long,  downy-pubescent,  the  lower  pedicels  about  2  cm.  long;  spur 
nearly  straight,  4  mm.  long;  follicles  8-io  mm.   long,  pubescent,  tipped  with  a 
subulate  beak.      In  woods,  Penn.    to  Minn.,   south  to  N.   Car.,  Ala.   and   Neb. 
July- Aug.     \D~  exaltatum  Ait.] 

7.  Delphinium  tricorne  Michx.     DWARF  LARKSPUR.     (I.  F.  f.  1565.)    Stout, 
simple,  3-10  dm.  high.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  deeply  5-7-cleft  or  divided,  the 
divisions  linear  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  or  again  cleft  and  toothed;  raceme  loose, 
10-12  cm.  long,  mostly  several-flowered;  flowers  2.5-3  cm.   long,  blue  or  white; 
spur  generally  slightly  bent,  ascending,  2-2.5  cm-  l°ng;  follicles  IO-I2  mm.  long, 
tipped  with  a  short  beak;  seed-coat  smooth,  dark.     Western  Penn.  to  Ga.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  Ark.     Roots  tuberous.     April-June. 

13.  ACONITUM  L. 

Erect  ascending  or  trailing  perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  divided 
leaves,  and  large  irregular  showy  flowers.  Sepals  5,  the  posterior  (upper)  one 
larger,  hooded  or  helmet-shaped.  Petals  2-5,  small,  the  two  superior  ones  hooded, 
clawed,  concealed  in  the  helmet,  the  three  posterior  ones,  when  present,  minute. 
Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  3-5,  sessile,  many-ovuled.  forming  follicles  at  ma- 
turity. [Ancient  Greek  name  for  these  plants.]  A  genus  of  some  18  species, 
mostly  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  4  others  are 
found  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Flowers  blue. 

Helmet  arched,  tipped  with  a  descending  beak.  i.  A.  Noveboracense. 

Helmet  conic,  slightly  beaked.  2.  A.  uncinatum. 

Flowers  white;  stem  trailing;  helmet  elongated -conic.  3.  A.  reclinattim. 

i.  Aconitum  Noveboracense  A.  Gray.  NEW  YORK  MONKSHOOD.  (I.  F.  f. 
1566.)  Slender,  erect,  about  6  dm.  high,  leafy.  Lower  leaves  all  petioled,  7-10 
cm.  broad,  nearly  orbicular,  deeply  5-7-cleft,  the  divisions  obovate,  cuneate, 
toothed  and  cut,  acute  or  acuminate,  glabrous,  rather  thin;  upper  leaves  nearly 
sessile,  3~5-cleft,  otherwise  similar;  flowers  15  mm.  broad;  follicles  erect,  6  mm. 
long,  subulate-beaked.  Orange,  Ulster  and  Chenango  Counties,  N.  Y.  Reported 
from  Ohio.  June-Aug. 


41 8  FLORA. 

2.  Aconitum  uncinatum  L.     WILD  MONKSHOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  1567.)     Slender, 
weak,  6-12  dm.    long,  ascending  or  climbing,  leafy.     Leaves  thick,  broader  than 
long,  7-10  cm.  wide,  deeply    3~5-lobed  or  cleft;  lobes  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
cleft  or  toothed,    acute,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;    panicle  few-flowered,   pubescent: 
flowers  20  mm.  broad  or  more;  follicles  3,  12-14  mm-  l°ng>  subulate-beaked.     In 
woods,  southern  Penn.  and  Wis.,  to  Ga.  and  Ky.     June-Sept. 

3.  Aconitum  reclinatum  A.  Gray.     TRAILING  WOLFSBANE.     (I.  F.  f.  1568.) 
Trailing,  6-25  dm.  long.       Leaves  3~7-cleft,  all  but  the  upper  petioled,  thin,  the 
lower  15-20  cm.  broad,  mainly    obovate,  acute,   toothed  and  cleft  toward  the  apex; 
simple  panicle  or  raceme  loose,  pubescent;  flowers  16-20  mm.  long;  follicles  3,  ic 
mm.    long,    with   slender    divergent     beaks.       In   woods,  Cheat  Mountain,    Va., 
south  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga.     July-Aug. 

14.  ANEMONE   L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs.  Basal  leaves  lobed,  divided  or  dissected,  those  of  the 
stem  forming  an  involucre  near  to  or  remote  from  the  flower.  Sepals  4-20, 
petaloid.  Petals  none.  Stamens  oo ,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Carpels  oo . 
Achenes  compressed,  i-seeded.  [From  the  Greek,  a  flower  shaken  by  the  wind.] 
About  75  species,  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  subarctic  regions 
of  both  hemispheres.  About  18  species  are  natives  of  N.  Am. 

*  Achenes  densely  woolly. 

Stem  simple,  slender,  i-flowered. 

Root  tuberous:  sepals  6-20,  narrow. 

Radical  leaves  or  some  of  them  simply  ternate.  i.  A.  decapctala. 

Radical  leaves  repeatedly  ternately  divided.  2.  A.  Caroltniana. 

Rootstock  slender  ;  sepals  5  6,  oval.     "  3.  A.  parviflora. 

Stem  commonly  branching  above,  tall,  generally  2-several- flowered. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  sessile  or  short-petioled;  sepals  red  or  green;  head  of  fruit 

globose  or  oval.  4.  A.  Hudsoniana. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  slender-petioled;  sepals  white  or  green;  head  cylindric,  oval, 
or  oblong. 

Beak  of  fruit  i  mm.  long;  divisions  of  the  leaves  wedge-shaped,  narrow. 

5.  A.  cylindrica. 
Beak  of  fruit  2  mm.  long ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  ovate,  broad. 

Flower  greenish  white,  1.5-3  cm-  wide;  head  of  fruit  oblong. 

6.  A.    Virginian  a, 
Flower  pure  white,  3-5  cm.  wide  ;  head  of  fruit  short-cylindric. 

7.  A.  riparia. 
*  *  Achenes  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  sessile. 

Stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  branching  and  bearing  several  flowers;  carpels  nearly  orbicular. 

8.  A.   Canadensis. 
Slender,  .5-3  dm.  high,  i-flowered;  carpels  narrow.                        9.  A,   Richardsonii 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  petioled. 

Involucral  leaf-divisions  lobed  and  incised  ;   plant  1-2  dm.  high. 

10.  A.  qitinquefolia. 
Involucral  leaf-divisions  dentate;   plant  1.5-4  dm.  high.  "•  ^-  trifolia. 

1.  Anemone  decapetala  Ard.    TEN  PETALED  ANEMONE.     Appressed-pubes- 
cent  or  glabrate,  1-3  dm.  high   from  a  globose  or  cylindric  tuber.     Basal  leaves 
slender-petioled,  ternate,  divisions  broad,  ovate   to  obovate,   thick,   crenate;  those 
of  the  involucre  on  short,  bro.id  petioles,  cleft  into  linear  lobes;  sepals  10-20,  blue, 
oblong,  linear;  head  of  fruit   cylindric,  5-20  mm.  long.     Ala.  to  Kans.  and  Tex. 
Also  in  Mex.  and  southern  S.  Am. 

2.  Anemone   Caroliniana    Walt.     CAROLINA   ANEMONE.     (I.    F.  f.    1569.) 
Sparsely    hairy,    10-25    cm-    high)  arising  from   a   tuber  8-12  mm.  in  diameter. 
Basal  leaves  slender-petioled,  3-divided,  the   divisions  variously  lobed  and  parted, 
those  of  the  involucre  sessile  and  3-cleft;  flower  erect,  10-35  mm-  broad;  sepals 
6-2O,  linear-oblong,  purple,  varying  to  white-  head  of  fruit  oblong.     Open  places, 
111.  to  Wis.,  S.  Dak.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

3.  Anemone   parviflora  Michx.      NORTHERN   ANEMONE.      (I.  F.    f.    1570.) 
Sparingly   hairy,    1-2    dm.    high    from    slender   rootstocks.      Basal    leaves    long- 
petioled,  3 -parted,  the  broadly  wedge-shaped   divisions  obtusely  lobed  or  crenate, 
those  of  the  involucre  nearly  sessile,  similarly  lobed;  flower  1-4  cm.  in  diameter  or 


RANUNCULACEAE.  419 

less;  sepals  oval,  very  obtuse,  white;  head  of  fruit  short-oval  or  globose.  Lab. 
and  Newf.  to  Minn.,  and  in  arctic  America,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.  Also 
in  northern  Asia.  May -June. 

4.  Anemone  Hudsoniana  Richards.     CUT-LEAVED  ANEMONE.     RED  WIND- 
FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.   1571.)     Silky -hairy,   1.5-4.5  dm.  high,   sparingly  branched, 
the  lateral  peduncles  involucrate.    Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  reniform,  3~5-parted, 
the  divisions  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  acute  lobes,  those  of  the  involucres  short- 
petioled  and  more  or  less  cuneate,  otherwise  similar;  sepals  5-9,  greenish  or  red, 
oblong,  forming  a  flower  10-15  mm-  broad;  head  of  fruit  1-2  cm.  long.    Anticosti, 
Hudson  Bay  and  N.  B.  to  northern  N.  Eng.  and  Minn.    Has  been  confused  with 
A.  multifida  Poir.,  a  South  American  species.     Summer. 

5.  Anemone  cylindrica  A.  Gray.    LONG-FRUITED  ANEMONE.    (I.  F.  f.  1572.) 
Silky-hairy  throughout,  3-6  dm.  high,  branched  at  the  involucre.     Basal  leaves 
long-petioled,  3-5 -parted;  those  of  the  involucre  similar,  their  petioles  about  2  cm. 
long;    sepals  5-6,  greenish-white,  oblong,   generally  obtuse;    flowers  15-18  mm. 
broad,  on  elongated  generally  naked  peduncles;  head  of  fruit  cylindric,  2-4  cm. 
long.     Open  places,  N.  B.    and  Ont.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.,   N.  Mex.  and  in  Br.  Col. 
June-Aug. 

6.  Anemone  Virginiana  L.     TALL  ANEMONE.     (I.  F.  f.  1573.)     Hairy,  6~io 
dm.  high,  stout,  branching  at  the  involucre,  the  lateral  peduncles  bearing  secondary 
involucres.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,    3 -parted,   cleft  into  acute  serrate  lobes, 
those  of  the  involucres  similar,  on  petioles  2-5  cm.  long;  sepals  generally  5,  acute 
or  obtuse;  head  of  fruit  1-2.5  cm.  long  and  12-15  mm-  thick.     In  woods,  N.  S.  to 
S.  Car.,  Kans.,  Manitoba  and  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.     June-Aug. 

7.  Anemone  riparia  Fernald.      RIVER-BANK  ANEMONE.    Like  the   last  but 
generally  more  slender;  petals  large  and  pure  white,  obtuse;  head  of  fruit  more 
cylindric,  2-3  cm.  long  and  I  cm.  wide.      On  river  banks,  Me.  and  Ont.   to  Va. 
June-July. 

8.  Anemone  Canadensis   L.     CANADA  ANEMONE.     (I.  F.  f.  1574.)    Some- 
what hairy,  especially  on  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  branching  at  the  in- 
volucre.    Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  3 -5 -parted,  the  divisions  broad,  acute,  vari- 
ously cleft  and  toothed,  those  of  both  primary  and  secondary  involucres  similar, 
sessile;  sepals  white,  oblong,  obtuse;  flower  2. 5-4  cm.  broad;  head  of  fruit  globose; 
achenes  flat,  tipped  with  the  stout  style  of  their  own  length.     Low  grounds,  Lab. 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  E.  Mass.,  Md.,  111.  and  Colo.     May -Aug. 

9.  Anemone  Richardsonii  Hook.     RICHARDSON'S  ANEMONE.    (I.  F.  f.  1575.) 
Low,  slender,  pubescent,  from  slender  rootstocks.     Basal  leaves  reniform,  slender- 
petioled,  3~5-parted,  the  lobes  acute,  broadly  oblong,  dentate  or  crenate;  those  of 
the   involucre  similar,   sessile;    flower  solitary,    18  mm.  broad,  white  (?);    sepals 
about  6,  oblong;  head  of  fruit  depressed-spherical;  achenes  nearly  glabrous,  com- 
pressed, ovate-oblong,  reflexed,  tipped  with  a  long  hooked  persistent  style.     Lab., 
Hudson  Bay  and  in  Arctic  America.     Also  in  Siberia.     Summer. 

10.  Anemone  quinquefolia  L.     WIND-FLOWER.     (1.  F.  f.  1576.)    Low,  sim- 
ple, nearly  glabrous,  from  thick  rootstocks.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  appearing 
later  than  the  flowering  stem,  5 -parted,   the  divisions  oblong,   cuneate,   dentate; 
those  of  the  involucre  3-5  parted;  flower  solitary,  2.5  cm.  broad;  sepals  4-9,  ob- 
ovate  or  oval,  white,  or  purplish  without;  head  of  fruit  globose,  inclined;  achenes 
pubescent,  oblong,  tipped  with  the  hooked  styles.     In  low  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ga., 
west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.      April-June.      [A.  nemorosa  Michx.,  not  L.] 

11.  Anemone  trifolia  L.      MOUNTAIN  ANEMONE.      (I.  F.  f.  1577.)      Stout, 
nearly  glabrous.     Basal  leaves    mostly  3-divided   (sometimes  4-5 -divided),   long- 
petioled,  dentate,  often  somewhat  lobed;  involucral  leaves  stout-petioled,  3-parted, 
the  divisions  oblong-lanceolate,   3-7  cm.   long;  flower   solitary,  white,    2.5-4  cm. 
broad  when  expanded;  sepals  oblong;  head  of  fruit  globose,  10-12  mm.  in  diam- 
eter;   achenes   10-20,    oblong,   finely   pubescent,    tipped   with   the   hooked   style. 
Southern  Penn.,  Va.,  N.  Car.  and  Ga.     Also  in  Europe.     May. 

15.  HEPATICA  Scop. 

Perennial  scapose  herbs,  with  long  petioled  thick  3-lobed  evergreen  basal  leaves, 
and  large  white  or  purple  flowers,  solitary  on  slender  scapes.  Involucre  of  3  small 
sessile  leaves  close  under  the  flowers,  simulating  a  calyx.  Sepals  membranous, 


420  FLORA. 

petal-like.     Stamens  all  anther-bearing.     Achenes  short-beaked,  pubescent.  [Name 
ancient,  from  the  supposed  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  the  liver.]     About  4  species, 
natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.     Only  the  following  are  known  from  N.  Am. 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  rounded  or  obtuse.  i.  H.  Hepatica. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  acute.  2.  H.  acuta. 

1.  Hepatica  Hepatica  (L.)  Karst     ROUND-LOBED  OR  KIDNEY  LIVER  LEAF. 
NOBLE  LIVERWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1578.)     Scapes  10-15  cm.  high,  villous;  roots  fibrous. 
Leaves  long-petioled,   reniform,  5-6  cm.   broad    when   mature,   spreading  on   the 
ground,  3-lobed,  and  the  lobes  sometimes  toothed  or  again  lobed,  obtuse;  involucral 
leaves  obtuse;  flowers  blue,  purple  or  white,  12-20  mm.  broad;  sepals  oval  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  longer  than  the  stamens;  achenes  several,  4  mm.  long,  oblong,  acute, 
hairy.     In  woods,  N.  S.  to  northern  Fla.,  west  to  Manitoba,  Iowa  and  Mo.     Albo 
in  Europe  and  Asia.     Dec.-May.    [Hepatica  triloba  Chaix.] 

2.  Hepatica  acuta  (Pursh)  Britton.     SHARP-LOBED  OR  HEART  LIVER-LEAF. 
(I.  F.  f.  I579-)     Scapes   1-2  dm.  high,  villous.     Plant  closely  resembling  the  pre- 
ceding, differing  in  that  the  leaf-lobes  and  those   of  the  involucre  are  acute  or 
acutish.     In  woods,  Quebec  and  throughout  Ont.,  south  to  Ga.,  west  to  Iowa  and 
Minn.     Puzzling  forms  occur  which  are  referable  with  about  equal  certainty  to  the 
preceding  species.     March-April. 

16.  SYNDESMON  Hoffmg.     [ANEMCNELLA  Spach.] 
A  glabrous  perennial  herb  from  a  cluster  of  tuberous-thickened  roots,  with  basal 

2— 3-ternately  compound  leaves,  those  of  the  involucre  similar  but  sessile,  and  large 
terminal  umbellate  slender-pedicelled  white  flowers.  Sepals  thin,  petaloid.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  all  anther-bearing.  Achenes  terete,  deeply  grooved;  stigma  ses- 
sile, truncate.  [Greek,  bound  together,  the  plant  uniting  many  of  the  characters 
of  Anemone  and  Thalictrmn.}  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Syndesmon  thalictroides  (L.)  Hoffmg.  RUE-ANEMONE.  (I.  F.  f.  1580.) 
Low,  glabrous,  10-35  cm-  high*  tne  flowering  stem  arising  in  early  spring,  the 
tern ately -com pound  basal  leaves  appearing  later  and  resembling  those  of  Thalic- 
trum;  sepals  5-10,  white  or  pinkish,  longer  than  the  stamens;  flower  1-2  cm. 
broad;  achenes  sessile,  pointed,  8-12  mm.  long.  In  woods  throughout  the  eastern 
U.  S.,  west  to  Kans.  and  Minn.,  sparingly  in  Ont.  March-June. 

17.  PULSATILLA  Adans. 

Perennial  scapose  herbs,  with  thick  rootstocks,  basal  long-petioled  digitately 
divided  leaves,  and  large  purple  or  white  solitary  flowers.  Involucre  remote  from 
the  flower,  3-leaved.  Sepals  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Inner  stamens  anther-bear- 
ing, the  outer  ones  often  sterile.  Achenes  with  long  persistent  plumose  styles. 
[Latin  name,  unexplained.]  About  18  species,  of  the  north  temperate  and  sub- 
arctic zones.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  northwestern  N.  Am. 

i.  Pulsatilla  hirsutissima  (Pursh)  Britton.  AMERICAN  OR  NUTTALL'S 
PASQUE  FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  1581.)  Villous,  1.5-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  much  di- 
vided into  narrow  linear  acute  lobes,  the  basal  on  slender  petioles,  those  of  the 
involucre  sessile  and  erect  or  ascending;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  light  bluish -purple; 
fruit  a  head  of  silky  achenes  like  those  of  some  Clematis.  In  dry  soil,  prairies  of 
111.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  Neb.  and  Tex.  March-April. 

18.    CLEMATIS    L. 

Climbing  vines,  or  perennial  herbs,  more  or  less  woody.  Leaves  opposite, 
slender-petioled,  pinnately  compound,  lobed.  or  in  some  species  entire.  Sepals  4 
or  5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Stamens  oo .  Pistils  oo  • 
Achenes  i -seeded.  Style  long,  persistent,  plumose,  silky  or  naked.  [Greek 
name  for  some  climbing  plant.]  About  100  species  of  very  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution, most  abundant  in  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  12 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

*  Climbing:  vines ;  leaves  pinnate  or  3-foliolate. 
Flowers  panicled,  numerous:    filaments  glabrous. 

Leaves  glabrate  or  nearly  so;  achenes  with  a  thick  obtuse  margin 

Leaves  3-foliolate;  eastern.  i.   C.  Virginiana. 

Leaves  pinnately  5-y-foliolate  ;  western.  2.   C.  ligusticifolta. 

Leaves  decidedly  silky  beneath ;  achenes  marginless.  3.  C.  Missouri  en  sis. 


RANUNCULA  CEA  E.  42 1 

Flowers  solitary;  filaments  pubescent. 

Fruiting  styles  silky,  not  plumose;  sepals  thin. 

Sepals  conspicuously  dilated;  leaflets  thin,  pinnately  veined.  4.   C.  crispa. 
Sepals  with  recurved  tips;  venation  strongly  reticulated.        5.   C.  Simsii. 
Fruiting  styles  plumose. 

Leaflets  thick,  strongly  reticulated,  glaucous  beneath.  6.   C.  verstcolor.  • 

Leaflets  thin,  not  strongly  reticulated. 

Leaflets  all  simple,  pubescent  beneath.  7.  C.flacctda. 

Lower  leaflets   ternate  or  3-lobed,  glabrate,  or  nearly  so. 
Leaflets  or  their  lobes  rounded,  ovate  or  subcordate. 

8.   C.  glaucophylla. 

Leaflets  or  their  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.       9.   C.  yiorna. 
*  *  Erect  or  ascending  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnate. 
Glabrous,  glaucous;  leaves  simple,  or  pinnate  and  tendril-bearing.    10.   C.  Addisonii. 
Pubescent;  leaves  simple  or  pinnate,  not  tendril-bearing. 
Leaves  simple,  entire  or  rarely  lobed. 

Fruiting  styles  long,  plumose;  eastern  species. 

Flowers  yellowish-green;  style-plumes  brown,  achenes  straight. 

11.  C.  ochroieuca. 
Flowers  purple  ;  style-plumes  white  ;   achenes  distinctly  oblique. 

12.  C.  ovata. 
Fruiting  styles  short,  i  cm.,  silky  below,  naked  above;  western  species. 

13.  C.  I'remontti. 
Leaves  pinnate,  or  the  lowest  entire.                                              *4-  C.  bcottu. 

1.  Clematis  Virginiana  L.     VIRGINIA   VIRGIN'S  BOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  1582.) 
Leaflets    mostly  broadly  ovate,   acute  at  the    apex,    toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate;  flowers  white,   in  leafy  panicles,  polygamo-dioscious,  16-30  mm. 
broad   when  expanded;  persistent   styles    plumose,  2-4  cm.    long    or  more.     In 
low  woodlands  and  along  fences  and  watercourses.      Ga.  to  Kans.,  northward  to 
N.  S.  and  Manitoba.     Leaves  rarely  5-foliolate.     July-Sept. 

2.  Clematis  ligusticifolia  Nutt.      WESTERN    VIRGIN'S   BOWER.     (I.    F.  f. 
1583.)     Leaves  pinnately  5-folioliate;  leaflets  oblong  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  and 
sometimes  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  toothed,  lobed 
or  divided;  flowers  white,  in  leafy  panicles;  persistent  styles  plumose  throughout, 
nearly  white,  3-5  cm.   long.     Neb.,  Mo.  and   throughout  the  Rocky  Mts.,  west  to 
the  Pacific  Coast.     June -Aug. 

3.  Clematis    Missourisnsis    Rydb.  n.   sp.      MISSOURI   VIRGIN'S    BOWER. 
Stem  obtusely  angled,   silky-puberulent.      Leaves   pinnately    3 -5-foliolate;   leaflets 
ovate  or  cordate,  often  3-lobed  and  incised;   flowers  dull  white,  polygamo-dioecious 
in  rather  small  panicles,  the  branches  often  subumbellate;  achenes  lanceolate-ovate, 
pubescent,  4  mm.  long,  with  a  plumose  style  3  cm.  long.     Rich  woods  in  the  Mis- 
souri Valley  from  Mo.  to  Kans.  and  Neb.     Type  from  Lincoln,  Neb.     July-Sept. 
Has  been  confused  with  C.   Virginiana  and  C.  Catesbyana. 

4.  Clematis  crispa  L.     MARSH  CLEMATIS.     (I  F.  f.  1584.)     Leaves  pinnate; 
leaflets  mostly  trifoliolate,  the  ultimate  divisions  entire  or  occasionally  lobed,  gla- 
brous and  thin;  flowers  nodding,  bluish-purple,  20-35  mm-   l°ng;  calyx  cylindric 
below,  but  the  sepals  thin  and  widely  spreading  above,  their  margins  undulate; 
persistent   styles   silky,  not  plumose.     In    marshes,   S.   E.  Va.  to  Fla.    and   Tex. 
May-June. 

5.  Clematis   Simsii  Sweet.    SIMS'  CLEMATIS.    (I.  F.  f.  1585.)     High  climb- 
ing, the  branches  more  or  less  pubescent.      Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  entire,  lobed  or 
trifoliolate,  thick    reticulated,  generally  mucronate;  calyx  campanulate,    less  than 
2.5  cm.  long,  purplish,  pubescent;  persistent  styles  more  or  less  pubescent.    South- 
ern Ind.  to  Mo.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

6.  Clematis  versicolor  Small,  n.  sp.     PALE  CLEMATIS.     A  branching  vine, 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  below  the  nodes.     Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  firm, 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-7  cm.  long,   conspicuously  reticulate,  very  glaucous 
beneath;   sepals  thin,  lanceolate,  about  2  cm.  long,  glabrous,  slightly  recurved  at 
the  tip.     Rocky  ledges,  Mo.  and  Ark.     July.     Type  from  McDonald  Co.,  Mo. 

7.  Clematis  flaccida  Small,  n.  sp.    THIN-LEAVED  CLEMATIS.    Stem  climbing 
over  bushes,  angled,  pubescent  or  glandular.     Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,   2-10  cm.   long,   slender-stalked,   apiculate  or  rarely  acuminate; 
calyx  greenish  to  light  lavender,  1.5  cm.  long,  nodding;  sepals  acutish,  pubescent 


422  FLORA. 

without;  achenes   rhomboid,  6-7   mm.   long;   style  of  fruit  2.5-3  mm.   long.     In 
thickets,  Ky.  and  Tenn.     May.     Type  from  Warren  Co.,  Ky. 

8.  Clematis  giaucophyila  Small.     GLAUCOUS  CLEMATIS.     Stem   2-5  mm., 
climbing  over  bushes,   glabrous.     Leaves  pinnate;    leaflets  simple,    3-lobed  or  3- 
foliplate,  ovate,  3-10  cm.,  prominently  veined  and  glaucous  beneath;  sepals  glossy 
purple,  lanceolate-acuminate,  not  very   thick;  styles  in  fruit  5-6  cm.  long,  tawny. 
River  valleys,  N.  Car.  and  Ky.,  south  to  Fla.     June -July. 

9.  Clematis  Viorna  L.     LEATHER-FLOWER.     (1.  F.  f.  1586.)     A  vine,  climb- 
ing to  the  height  of  3  m.  or  more  over  bushes.     Leaves  mostly   pinnate;  leaflets 
glabrous,   entire,  lobed  or  trifoliolate;    uppermost  and  lowest  leaves  often  entire; 
calyx  ovoid-campanulate,  purple;  persistent  styles  plumose  throughout,  2  cm.  long 
or  more,  brownish.     In  rich  soil,  S.   Penn.   to  Ind.   Mo.,   Ga.   and  Tenn      May- 
July. 

10.  Clematis  Addisonii  Britton.     ADDISON  BROWN'S  CLEMATIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1587.)     Ascending  or  erect,  3-10  dm.  long,  tufted.     Lower  leaves  simple,  entire  or 
1-4- lobed,   obtuse,   deep  bluish-green  above,   glaucous  beneath,  sessile,   clasping, 
5-10  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  pinnate,  or  sometimes  simple;  leaflets  2-4,  ovate,  ses- 
sile; flowers  solitary,  purplish,  nodding;  calyx  ovoid,  18-30  mm.  long,  contracted 
near  the  summit;  sepals  thick,  lanceolate,  acute,  their  tips  recurved;  achenes  flat, 
nearly  orbicular,   silky   pubescent  ;  persistent  styles,   brown-plumose    throughout. 
Banks  near  Roanoke,  Va.,  and  N.  Car.     May-June. 

Clematis  viornioides  Britton  is  a  hybrid  between  this  and  C.  Viorna.     Roanoke,  Va. 

11.  Clematis  ochroleuca  Ait.     ERECT  SILKY  CLEMATIS.     (I.   F.  f.   1588.) 
An  erect  silky-hairy  plant,  3-6  dm.  high,  somewhat  woody  at  the  base.     Leaves 
sessile,    ovate,   obtuse,    glabrous  and  reticulated  above,   silky   beneath,  entire  or 
occasionally  lobed,  mucronate;  flower  terminal,  nodding,  2  cm.  long;  calyx  cylin- 
draceous,  green ;  sepals  thick,  very  silky  without,  their  tips  recurved ;  head  of  fruit 
erect;  achenes  scarcely  oblique;  styles  yellowish-brown,  3-4  cm.  long.     S.  N.  Y. 
and  Penn.  to  Ga.     May-June. 

12.  Clematis  ovata  Pursh.     ERECT  MOUNTAIN  CLEMATIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1589.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species;  stems  stiff,  3-6  dm.  tall,  pubescent  when  young, 
becoming  nearly  glabrous  when  old.     Leaves  ovate,  entire,  4-5  dm.  long,  strongly 
reticulate-veined  and  nearly  glabrous  when  mature;   flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of 
the   stem  or  branches,   nodding,   about  2   cm.  long;  styles  3-4  cm.  long.     Kate's 
Mountain,  White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va.,  and  Negro's  Head  in  S.  Car.,  or  Ga. 
May-June. 

13.  Clematis  Fremontii  S.  Wats.     FREMONT'S  CLEMATIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1590.) 
Stout,  erect,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  the  stem  villous-pubescent,  especially  at  the  nodes, 
simple  or  branched.     Leaves  sessile,  coriaceous,  conspicuously  reticulated,  glabrous 
except  on  the  veins  beneath,  broadly  ovate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed;  flowers 
terminal,  nodding;  calyx  purple,  2.5  cm.  long;  sepals  thick,  tomentose  on  the  mar- 
gins, their  tips  recurved.    Prairies,  Kans.,  S.  Neb.  and  Mo.    Rare  and  local.    April- 
May. 

14.  Clematis  Scottii  Porter.     SCOTT'S  CLEMATIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1591.)     Some- 
what villous  when   young,  nearly  glabrous  when  old;   stems  erect,  2-6  dm.  tall. 
Leaves   petioled,   the  upper  pinnate  or  bipinnate,   their  segments  entire  or  few- 
toothed,  stalked,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  12-36  mm. 
long;  lower  leaves  sometimes  entire;    flowers  solitary,   long-peduncled,   nodding, 
about  2  cm.  long,  purple;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  thick;  persistent  styles  plumose 
throughout,  2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  the  plumes  brown.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Neb., 
Colo,  and  Idaho.     May-July. 

19.  ATRAGENE  L. 

Perennial  climbing  vines,  with  opposite  petioled  compound  leaves,  and  large 
showy  peduncled  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Sepals  very  large,  petaloid,  mostly  membranous  and  prominently  veined.  Petals 
small,  spatulate.  Stamens  very  numerous,  the  outer  ones  usually  with  broadened 
filaments.  Styles  long,  persistent,  plumose.  [Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  vine.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
two  occur  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  one  in  northwestern  N.  Am. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  42$ 

I.  Atragene  Americana  Sims.     PURPLE  VIRGIN'S  BOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  1592.) 

Leaves  tnfoiiolate ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate,  acute,  toothed  or  entire;  petioles  slender; 
flowers  purplish  blue,  5-10  cm.  broad;  sepals  4,  thin  and  translucent,  strongly 
veined,  silky  along  the  margins  and  the  veins;  petals  spatulate,  12-18  mm.  long; 
persistent  styles,  plumose  throughout.  Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba,  Conn.,  Va.  and 
Minn.  May-June.  [Clematis  vertidllaris  DC.] 

20.  MYOSURUS  L 

Diminutive  annual  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  basal  linear  entire  leaves  and  i- 
flowered  scapes;  sepals  5  (rarely  6-7),  long-spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  the  same 
number  or  none,  when  present  greenish-yellow,  narrow,  the  claw  bearing  a  nectar- 
iferous pit  at  the  summit,  the  limb  spreading.  Stamens  5-25,  about  equalling  the 
sepals.  Pistils  numerous,  borne  on  a  central  axis,  which  becomes  greatly  elongated 
in  fruit.  Ovule  I,  suspended.  Achenes  apiculate  or  aristate.  [Greek,  mouse-tail.] 
A  genus  of  insignificant  plants  of  local  but  wide  geographic  distribution,  consisting 
of  the  species  here  described  and  4  others  found  in  western  America  and  Australia. 

i.  Myosurus  miuimus  L.  MOUSE-TAIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1593.)  Low,  glabrous, 
2-15  cm.  high,  the  scape  at  length  surpassing  the  leaves  and  the  elongated  recepta- 
cle attaining  the  length  of  3  cm.  or  more.  Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  blunt;  petals 
small;  achenes  glabrous,  apiculate.  In  moist  places,  southern  Ont.  to  Neb.,  Kans. 
and  Fla.  Reported  from  the  Pacific  Coast.  Also  in  central  Europe.  April-July. 

21     TRAUTVETTERIA  F.  &  M. 

Tall  erect  perennial  herbs,  with  large  palmately-lobed  leaves,  those  of  the  stem 
distant.  Sepals  3-5,  concave,  caducous.  Petals  none.  Carpels  ao ,  i-ovuled. 
Achenes  capitate,  sharply  angular,  inflated,  tipped  with  the  minute  styles.  Em- 
bryo large.  Flowers  small,  white,  corymbosely  paniculate.  [In  honor  of  Prof. 
Trautvetter,  a  Russian  botanist.]  A  genus  of  two  species  in  N.  Am.  and  one  in 
eastern  Asia. 

I.  Trautvetteria  Carolinensis  (Walt.)  Vail.  FALSE  BUGBANE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1594.)  Stout,  6-10  dm.  high,  branching,  nearly  glabrous,  except  the  lower  sur- 
faces of  the  leaves.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  15-20  cm.  broad,  10-12  cm.  long, 
deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  acute  and  sharply  dentate;  panicle  ample,  the  flowers 
6-12  mm.  broad,  borne  in  cymose  clusters  at  the  ends  of  its  branches;  filaments 
slender,  slightly  widened;  anthers  oblong.  Southwestern  Penii.,  south  to  Fla., 
west  to  Ind.  and  Mo.  June-July.  £  T.  palmata  F.  &  M.] 

22.  RANUNCULUS  L. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  simple  entire-lobed  or  divided  or  dissected  leaves,  and 
yellow  white  or  red  flowers.  Sepals  mostly  5,  deciduous.  Petals  equal  in  number 
or  more,  conspicuous  or  minute,  provided  with  a  nectariferous  pit  and  a  scale  at 
the  base  of  the  blade.  Carpels  oo  ,  i-ovulecl.  Achenes  capitate  or  spicate,  gener- 
ally flattened,  tipped  with  a  minute  or  an  elongated  style.  [Latin  for  a  small  frog, 
in  allusion  to  the  marsh  habitat  of  many  species.]  Some  200  species,  widely  distrib- 
uted in  the  temperate  and  cool  regions  of  both  hemispheres  and  on  mountain  tops 
in  the  tropics.  In  addition  to  those  here  described,  about  50  others  inhabit  the 
western  and  northwestern  parts  of  the  continent. 

t  Aquatic  or  creeping  mud  plants  with  palmately  lobed,  divided  or  dissected  leaves. 
Leaves  orbicular,  palmately  divided. 

Achenes  marginless,  flowers  7-14  mm.  broad.  i.  R.  Purshii. 

Achenes  callous-margined. 

Flowers  15-30  mm.  broad ;  leaves  mostly  finely  dissected.  2.   R.  delphinifolius. 
Flowers  6-10  mm.  broad  ;  leaves  mostly  thrice  3-cleft.         3.  R.  Missouriensis. 
Leaves  3-lobed  or  3-cleft,  cuneate  at  the  base.  4.  R.  hyperboreus. 

tt  Scapose  plant  from  a  filiform  rootstock;  leaves  reniform,  3-parted. 

5.  R.  Lapponicus. 

ttt  Plants  of  swamps  or  muddy  shores;  leaves  entire  or  denticulate. 
Annuals  ;  achenes  beakless;  tipped  with  the  persistent  style-base. 

Petals  2-4  mm.  long ;  stamens  few,  i-io.  6.  R.  pusillus. 

Petals  4-6  mm.  long;  stamens  numerous.  7.  R.  oblongifolius. 

Perennials,  rooting  from  the  nodes;  achenes  beaked. 

Stems  trailing ;  achenes  minutely  beaked.  8.  R.  reptans. 

Stems  ascending  or  erect ;  achenes  subulate-beaked.  9.  R.  obtusiusciilus. 


424  FLORA 

tttt  Terrestrial  species  with  some  or  all  the  leaves  lobed  or  divided. 
Calyx  conspicuously  black-pubescent  ;  arctic;  flowers  white  or  light  yellow. 

10.  K.  nivalis. 
Calyx  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  flowers  yellow. 

1.  Achenes  smooth,  neither  papillose,  muricate  nor  spiny. 

Plants  low,  arctic-alpine ;  leaves  small,  palmately  lobed. 

Flowers  4-6  mm.  in  diameter  ;  sepals  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy. 

11.  R.  pygmaeus. 
Flowers  about  i  cm.  in  diameter;  sepals  densely  hairy. 

12.  R.  Sabini. 
Plants  neither  arctic  nor  alpine. 

Basal  leaves,  some  or  all  of  them,  merely  crenate. 
Head  of  fruit  oblong,  2-3  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Flowers  4-12  mm.  in  diameter ;  sepals  glabrate  or  slightly  hairy. 

13.  R.  pedatifidus. 
Flowers  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter;  sepals  densely  villous. 

14.  R.  cardiophyllus. 
Head  of  fruit  globose  or  subglobose. 

Petals  large,  oblong,  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Basal  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  not  cordate.  15.  R.  ovalis. 
Basal  leaves  reniform  or  orbicular,  cordate. 

16.  R.  Plarveyi, 
Petals  small,  oblong,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  sepals. 

Styles  very  short,  curved. 

Basal  leaves  cordate  ;  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

17.  R.  abort 't'vus. 
Basal  leaves  not  cordate ;  plant  villous. 

18.  R.  micranthns. 
Styles  subulate,  hooked,  nearly  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

19.  R.   Alleghaniensis. 
Leaves  all  lobed  or  divided. 

Plant  glabrous  ;  stem  hollow  ;  flowers  very  small.      20.  R.  sceleratus. 
Plants  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Beak  of  the  achene  strongly  hooked  ;  flowers  8-10  mm.  wide. 

21.  R.  recurvatus. 
Beak  of  the  achene  short. 

Erect  plants,  naturalized  in  fields ;  flowers  25  mm.  broad. 
Calyx  spreading ;  roots  fibrous.         22.  R.  acris. 
Calyx  reflexed ;  stem  bulbous-thickened  at  base. 

23.  R.  bulbosus. 

Erect  or  ascending  plants  of  moist  soil ;  flowers  6-12  mm. 
broad. 

Petals  not  longer  than  the  reflexed  sepals ;  head  of  fruit 
oblong  to  cylindric.  24.  R.  Pennsylvanicus. 

Petals   longer  than   the  sepels ;   head  of   fruit   spherical- 
ovoid.  25.  R,  Maconnii. 
Ascending  and  creeping  by  stolons;  flowers  2.5  cm.  broad. 

26.  R.  repens. 

Beak  of  the   achene   longs  stout  or  slender ;  flowers   12-36  mm. 
broad. 

Beak  stout,  sword-shaped  ;  roots  slender ;  leaflets  cuneate  at 
base.  27.   R.  septentrionalis. 

Beak  of  achene  slender,  subulate  ;  roots  thickened. 
Leaf-segments  broad,  oblong  or  obovate. 

28.  R.  hispidus. 
Leaf-segments  narrow,  linear-oblong. 

29.  R.fascicularis. 

2.  Achenes  with  a  few  scattered  papillae  near  the  margins.     30.  R.  parvulus. 

3.  Achenes  rough-papillosed  all  over.  31.  /t*.  parviflorus. 

4.  Achenes  muricate  or  spiny. 

Leaf-lobes  broad,  obtuse.  32.  R.  muricatus. 

Leaf-lobes  narrow,  subacute.  33.  R.  arvensts. 

i.  Ranunculus  Purshii  Richards.  PURSH'S  BUTTERCUP.  (I.  F.  f.  1596.) 
Aquatic  or  creeping,  pubescent  at  least  on  the  younger  parts.  Leaves  slender- 
petioled,  6-24  mm.  wiJe.  palmately  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  obtuse  lobes 
or  segments;  petals  about  5;  head  of  fruit  subglobose  or  ovoid  oblong,  4-6  mm. 
long,  In  moist  soil,  N.  S.  to  .Mich.,  Minn.,  western  Ont.  and  Arctic  Am.,  west  to 
Br.  Col.,  Colo,  and  Utah.  July-Aug. 


RA  N  UXCULA  CEA  E.  42  5 

2.  Ranunculus  delphinif  olius  Torr.     YELLOW  WATER-CROWFOOT.    (I.  F.  f. 
T595-)     Aquatic  or   partly   emersed.     Immersed    leaves  repeatedly    divided    into 
capillary  segments,  short-petioled,  3-7  cm.  long;  emersed   leaves   1-5  cm.   broad, 
petioled  or  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  3-5 -divided,  the  divisions  cleft  into  linear  or 
cuneate  segments;  petals  5-8,  much   longer  than  the  sepals;  head  of  fruit  globose 
or  oblong,  6-io  mm.  long.     In   ponds,  Me.  and  Out.  to  Mich.,  south  to  N.  Car., 
Mo.    and  Kans.       The  so-called  var.  terrestris,  appears  to  be  an  emersed  form. 
June-Aug.    [A\  multifidus  Pursh,  not  Forsk.] 

3.  Ranunculus  Missounensis   Greene.     MISSOURI   BUTTERCUP.      (I.   F.  f. 
1597.)    Perennial,  sparingly  pubescent;' stems  slender,  decumbent,  leafy,  3  dm.  long 
or  more,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.     Leaves  usually  wider  than  long,  thin,  3-7  cm. 
wide,  palmately  divided  into  3  obovate-cuneate  incised  and  lobed  segments,  the 
lobes  obtuse;  petals  about  5;  head  of  fruit  oblong,  about  8  mm.    long;  achenes 
compressed,  somewhat  wrinkled.     In  ditches  and  on  borders  of  lakes,  Mo.  to  N. 
Mex.     July-Aug. 

4.  Ranunculus  hyperboreus  Rottb.     ARCTIC  BUTTERCUP.     (I.  F.  f.  1598.) 
Stem    slender,    glabrous,    filiform,    creeping,    5-15    cm.    long.     Leaves    petioled, 
3-lobed  or  cleft,  4-8  mm.  long,  obtuse,  the  base  cuneate  or  rounded,  the  lobes  ob- 
long,  obtuse,    the  lateral  ones  sometimes  toothed;  flowers  few,   4-6  mm.  broad; 
petals   slightly    shorter   than   the   reflexed  sepals;  head  of  fruit  globose,  4  mm. 
broad;    achenes    slightly    compressed,    with    a   minute  blunt   tip.       Lab.,    Arctic 
Am.,  Iceland,  northern  Europe  and  Siberia.     Summer. 

5.  Ranunculus   Lapponicus  L.    LAPLAND    BUTTERCUP.      (I.    F.    f.    1599.) 
Scapose  from  running  rootstocks,  7-15  cm.  high.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  the 
blade  3-4  cm.  broad,   reniform,   3-parted,   the  divisions  broadly  obovate,  cuneate, 
obtuse,  crenate  or  lobed;  scape  I -flowered,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves;  flower 
6-10  mm.  broad;  petals  5-6;  sepals  generally  fewer  and  reflexed;  head  of  fruit 
globose,    12  mm.   broad;  achenes  flattened,   ovate,   with  a  slender  hooked   beak. 
Lab.,   Lake  Nipigon  and  Thunder  Bay,  Lake  Superior,  northern  Minn.,   Arctic 
Am.  and  in  northern  Europe  and  Siberia.     Summer. 

6.  Ranunculus  pusillus  Poir.     Low  SPEARWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1600.)    Slender, 
weak,  glabrous,  branching,  15-30  cm.  high.     Lower  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  on  long 
petioles,  the  upper  narrower,  lanceolate  or  linear,  short-petioled  or  sessile  ;  flowers 
4-6  mm.  broad,  the  petals  few,  often  barely  exceeding  the  sepals;  head  of  fruit 
globose,  4  mm.  broad.     Marshes,  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  Perm.,  south  to  Fla., 
and  west  through  the  Gulf  States  to  Tex.  and  Mo.     April-July. 

7.  Ranunculus  oblongifolius  Ell.     OBLONG-LEAVED  SPEARWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1601.)     Branched  above,  erect  or  ascending,  3-5  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 
Leaves  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  the  blade  some- 
times  7  cm.   long,   the  upper  narrower,  lanceolate  or  linear;  flowers  10-12  mm. 
broad,   the  5  petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals;   head  of  fruit  4  mm.  broad.     In 
swamps,  southern  Va.,  southern  III.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     April- Sept. 

8.  Ranunculus  reptans  L.     CREEPING  SPEARWORT.     (I.  F.  f.   1602.)     The 
flowering  stems  and  peduncles  ascending.     Leaves  linear,  lanceolate  or  spatuiate, 
2-5  cm.  long,  mainly  entire,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  petiole;  flowers  8-iomm. 
broad,  solitary  on  peduncles  2-7  cm.  long;  petals  4-7,  much  exceeding  the  calyx; 
achenes  flattish;  stamens  numerous.      On  shores,  Newf.  and  Arctic  Am.,   south 
to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Mich.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     Summer. 

Ranunculus  reptans  intermedius  (Hook.)     T.    &   G.     Larger;    leaves   longer   and 
wider,  7-13  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide.     Newf.  to  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  Ore. 

9.  Ranunculus  obtusiusculus  Raf.    WATER  PLANTAIN  SPEARWORT.   (I.  F.  f. 
1603.)     Stout,  3-10  dm.  high,  ascending,  glabrous;  stem  hollow,  sometimes  nearly 
2  cm.  thick  at  the  base.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  7-12  cm.  long, 
10-12  mm.  wide,  denticulate  or  entire,  all  but  the  uppermost  on  broad  petioles; 
flowers  12-16  mm.  broad;  petals  5-7,  much  exceeding  the  sepals;  head  of  fruit  glo- 
bose or  slightly  elongated,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter;  achenes  I  mm.  long.     Marshes, 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     June-Aug.    \R.  ambigens  S.  Wats.J 

10.  Ranunculus   nivalis   L.     SNOW   BUTTERCUP,     (i.    F.    f.    1604.)     Stem 
simple,    1-2  dm.   high.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,   3-7-lobed,  or  crenate,  thick, 
glabrous,  the  blade  about  2  era.  broad,  those  of  the  stem  short-petioled  or  sessile, 


FLORA. 

deeply  lol>ed ;  flowers  solitary,  12-18  mm.  broad;  head  of  fruit  oblong,  12  m.  long; 
achenes  tipped  with  the  subulate  style.  Lab.  and  Arctic  America;  also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

11.  Ranunculus   pygmaeus  Wahl.     PIGMY   BUTTERCUP.     (1.    F.   f.    1605.) 
Small,    2-5    cm.    high,    glabrous   or    sparsely    pubescent.      Basal    leaves    slender- 
petioled,  deeply  3-5 -lobed  or  divided,  the  blade  6-12  mm.  wide;  those  of  the  stem 
similar  and  nearly  sessile;  the  petals  slightly  exceeding  the  sepals;  head  of  fruit 
short -oblong,  4  mm.  long;  achenes  I  mm.   long,  lenticular,  tipped  with  a  slender 
beak.     Lab.,  Arctic  Am.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

12.  Ranunculus  Sabini  R.    Br.     SABINE'S    BUTTERCUP.     Small,    6-10  cm. 
high,  glabrous,  and  upper  portion  hairy.      Basal  leaves  petioled,  orbicular-reniforrn, 
deeply  5-cleft,  about  15  mm.  wide,  lobes  obovate-cuneate  3-lobed;  stem  leaves  ses- 
sile, deeply  3-divided  into  oblong  segments;  petals  5-8,  about  half  longer  than 
the  orbicular  sepals.     Melville  Island  and  Lab.     Also  in  the  northern  Reeky  Mts. 

13.  Ranunculus  pedatifidus  J.  E.  Smith.     NORTHERN  BUTTERCUP.     (I.  F.  f. 
1606.)     Erect,  1-3  dm.  high,  branching.      Basal  leaves  petioled,  broadly  ovate  or 
nearly  orbicular,  about  2  cm.  broad,  obtuse,  crenate  or  often  lobed,  those  oi  the 
stem  deeply  lobed,  nearly  sessile,  the  lobes  narrow,  obtuse;  the  petals  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  spreading  sepals;    head  of  fruit  oblong,    5-10  m.   long,  4-5    mm.   in 
diameter;  achenes  oval,  tipped  with  a  short  beak,  often  hairy.     Lab.  and  Quebec 
to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz.     Also  in  northern  Asia.     Summer. 

14.  Ranunculus  cardiophyllus  Hook.     HEART-LEAVED  BUTTERCUP.     Stout, 
1-3  dm.   high,    more  or  less   villous.      Basal   leaves    broadly  ovate  or  orbicular, 
often  subcordate  at  the  base,  and  upper  portion  crenate  or  lobed ;  stem  leaves  ses- 
sile, pedately  3-7  divided  into  oblong  divisions;  petals  one-half  or  more  longer  than 
the  sepals;  head  of  fruit  10-15   mm-    lorig>  6-8  mm.   in  diameter;  achenes  oval, 
tipped  with  a  short  curved  beak.     Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,   south  to  Quebec,   S.  Dak. 
and  Colo.     June. 

15.  Ranunculus  ovalis  Raf.     PRAIRIE  CROWFOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  1607.)     Pubes- 
cent, branching,  1.5-4  dm.  high.      Lower  and  basal  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  ovate- 
oblong,    long  petioled,  the  blade   2-3  cm.   in  length  or  more,  crenate  or  slightly 
lol)ed,  obtuse,  the  base  more  or  less  cuneate;  upper  cauline  leaves  sessile  or  short 

C"  >led,  deeply  divided  into  3-7  linear  or  oblong  obtuse  lobes;  flowers  18-24  mm. 
d;  carpels  and  achenes  oval  or  orbicular,  minutely  beaked.     In  fields  and  on 
prairies,  Lab.  and  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  111.  and  Neb.     March -May. 

16.  Ranunculus  Harveyi  (A.  Gray)  Britton.    HARVEY'S  BUTTERCUP.    (I.  F.  f. 
1608.)     Glabrous;  stem  erect,  slender,  branched,  2-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  thin,  the 
basal  and  lower  ones  long-petioled,  obtusely  crenate  or  somewhat  lobed,  1-3.5  cm- 
wide,  cordate,  truncate  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  deeply  3- cleft  or 
3-parted  into  linear  or  narrowly  oblong  segments;  flowers  bright  yellcw,  12-18  mm. 
broad;  petals  4-8,  4  or  5  times  as  long  as  the  reflexed  sepals;  head  ol  fruit  globose, 
4  mm.  in  diameter;  achenes  oblique,  compressed,   tipped  with  a  minute  straight 
style.     On  dry  hillsides,  Mo.  and  Ark.      April-May. 

17.  Ranunculus  abortivus  L.     KIDNEY-LEAVED  CROWFOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  1609.) 
Glabrous,  or  but  sparingly  pubescent,    1.5-6  dm.   high,  branched.     Basal  leaves 
long-petioled,    bright   green,    thick,    crenate    or   sometimes   lobed,  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  and  generally  cordate  or  reniform,  the  cauline  sessile  or  nearly  so,  divided 
into  oblong  or  linear  somewhat  cuneate  lobes;   receptacle  short,  pubescent;  flowers 
4-6  mm.  broad.     In  woods  and  moist  grounds,  Newf.,  Lab.  and  N.  S.  to  Manitoba, 
Fla.,  Ark.  and  Colo.     April- June. 

Ranunculus  abortivus  euc>clus  Fernald.  Stem  and  branches  more  slender,  the 
latter  flexuous  ;  leaves  thin,  shining,  some  of  the  basal  ones  orbicular  ;  flowers  and 
achenes  smaller.  Me.  and  Quebec  to  Mass. 

18.  Ranunculus   micranthus   Nutt.      ROCK  CROWFOOT.      (I.   F.   f.    1610.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  usually  smaller,  villous  with  spreading  hairs, 
flowering  when  very  young,    1.5-4  dm.  tall.     Leaves  thin,  dull  green,  the  basal 
ones  ovate  or  suborbicular,  3-lobed  or  crenate,  narrowed,  rounded  or  subcordate  at 
the  base;  segments  of  the  upper  leaves  narrow;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  sepals 
narrowed  into  a  short  claw;  head  of  fruit  rather  longer  than  thick,  the  receptacle 
linear,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so.     In  rich  woods,  often  on  rocks,  range  appar- 
ently nearly  that  of  K,  abortivus.     Roots  tuberous.     April-  May. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  427 

19.  Ranunculus  Alleghaniensis  Britton.     MOUNTAIN  CROWFOOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
1611.)     Similar    in    aspect   to   K.  abortivus  and    R.   micranthus,    glabrous;    stem 
widely  branched,  3-6  dm.  tall.     Basal  leaves  reniform  or  suborbicular,  1.5-5  cm- 
wide,  long-petioled,  crenate  or  some  of  them  lobed,  the  teeth  and  lobes  subacute; 
stem   leaves  sessile  or  the   lower   petioled,    divided    into  linear  acute    segments; 
flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  petals  glandular;  head  of  fruit  4  mm.  in  diameter; 
achenes  slightly  compressed  and  margined;  styles  of  about  one-half  their  length. 
Mountains  of  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  Penn.,  the  Catskills,  and  eastern  Mass.     April  May. 

20.  Ranunculus   scelera'us  L.      CELERY-LEAVED  OR   DITCH  CROWFOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1612.)     Stout,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  freely  branching.     Basal  leaves  thick  3-5- 
lobed,  on  long  and  broad  petioles,  the  blade  3-5  cm.  broad,  reniform  or  cordate. 
those  of  the  stem  petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  deeply  lobed  or  divided;  flowers  6-8 
mm.  broad,  the  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx;  head  of  fruit  oblong  or  c\lindric, 
8-12    mm.    long;    achenes    I    mm.    long,    very  numerous,    merely    apiculate.       In 
swamps  and  wet  ditches,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Kans..  and  Minn.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     April-Aug. 

21.  Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.     HOOKED  CROWFOOT.      (I.  F.  f.   1613.) 
Erect,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  usually  hirsute,  branching.     Leaves  all  petioled,  broadly 
reniform,   5-7    cm.    wide,    deeply   3-cleft,    the    divisions    broadly   cuneate,    acute, 
toothed  and    lobed;    flowers  light  yellow,    the   petals  not  exceeding    the  reflexed 
calyx;  head  of  fruit  globose,    12  mm.  wide;  achenes  compressed,  margined.     In 
woods,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mo.     April -June. 

22.  Ranunculus  acris  L.     TALL  OR  MEADOW  BUTTERCUP.     (I.  F.  f.  1614.) 
Hairy,  branched  above,  6-9  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  tufted,  petioled,  3~7-divided, 
the  divisions  sessile  and  cleft  into  numerous  narrow  mainly  acute  lobes;  upper 
leaves  short-petioled  and  merely  3-parted;  flowers  about  2  cm.  broad;  petals  twice 
or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  obovate;  head  of  fruit  globose,  12-14  mm.  broad. 
In  fields  and  meadows,  common,  especially  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

23.  Ranunculus  bulbosus  L.     BULBOUS  BUTTERCUP.    (I.  F.  f.  1615.)    Erect, 
hairy,  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled,  3  divided,  the  terminal  division  stalked, 
the  lateral  ones  sessile  or  nearly  so,  all  variously  lobed  and  cleft,  flowers  about 
2  cm.   broad;    petals  much  longer  than  sepals,  obovate,   rounded;    head  of  fruit 
globose,  10-12  mm.  broad;  achenes  compressed,  very  short-beaked.     In  fields  and 
along  roadsides,  in  the  Eastern  States.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-July. 

24.  Ranunculus   Pennsylvanicus  L.   f.     BRISTLY   BUTTERCUP.     (I.   F.   f. 
1616. )     Erect,  branching,   pilose-hispid,    3-6   dm.   high,  leafy.     Leaves   thin,  3- 
divided;    divisions  deeply  3-cleft,   the  lobes  lanceolate,    cuneate,    acute,    incised; 
flowers  6-8  mm.  wide;  head  of  fruit  6  mm.  thick,  sometimes  12  mm.  long;  achenes 
smooth,  pointed  with  a  sharp  beak  one-third  their  length;  receptacle  hairy.     In 
wet,  open  places,  N.  S.  to  Ga.  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  Br.  Col.     June-Aug. 

25.  Ranunculus  Macounii  Britton.     MACOUN'S  BUTTERCUP.     (I.  F.  f.  1617.) 
Erect  or  diffuse,   hairy,  branching,   3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  3-divided,   the  blade 
5-8  cm.  long,   the  divisions  broadly  oblong,  acute,   cuneate.    variously  cleft  and 
lobed;    flowers    10-12    mm.   broad;  head  of  fruit   oblong,  8  mm.   thick;    achenes 
smooth,  pointed  with  a  sharp  beak  about  one-fourth  their  length.     Western  Ont., 
Iowa  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  extending  south  in  the  Rocky- Mts.  to  Ariz. 
Summer. 

26.  Ranunculus  repens  L.     CREEPING  BUTTERCUP.     (I.  F.  f.  1618.)     Gen- 
erally hairy,  sometimes  only  slightly  so.     Leaves  petioled,  3-divided,  the  terminal 
division,  or  all  three  stalked,  all  ovate,  cuneate  or  truncate,  acute,  cleft  and  lobed, 
often  blotched;  petals  obovate,  much  exceeding  the  spreading  sepals;  head  of  fruit 
globose,  8  mm.  in  diameter;  achenes  margined,  tipped  with  a  stout  short  slightly 
bent  beak.     Fields  and  roadsides,  Newf.  to  Va.  and  locally  in  the  interior.     Mainly 
introduced  from  Europe.     May-July. 

27.  Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.     SWAMP  OR  MARSH  BUTTERCUP.     (I. 
F.   f.    1619.)     Roots  fibrous;  plant  branching,   3-9  dm.  high,   glabrous,   or  some- 
times  pubescent,    the   later  branches    procumbent  and   sometimes  rooting    at  the 
nodes.     Leaves    large,   petioled,    3-divided;    divisions    mostly  cuneate     cleft   into 
broad   lobes;    petals   obovate,    twice   the   length  of  the    spreading   sepals;    head 
of  fruit  globose  or  oval,  8  mm.   in   diameter;   achenes   flat,  strongly  margined. 


428  FLORA. 

Mainly  in  swamps   and  low  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Kans., 
April-July. 

28.  Ranunculus  hispidus  Michx.      HISPID  BUTTERCUP.      (T.   F.  f.    1620.) 
Densely  villous  when  young,   sometimes  merely  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate 
when  old;  stems  ascending  or  spreading,   2-6  dm.   long.      Leaves  pinnately  3-5- 
divided,   the  divisions  sharply  cleft  or  lobed,    usually  thin,  Mowers    12-35    mm. 
broad;  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  spreading  sepals;  head  of  fruit  globose- 
oval  or  globose;  achenes   broadly  oval,   lenticular,   narrowly   margined.     In   dry 
woods  and  thickets,  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     March-May. 

29.  Ranunculus  fascicularis  Muhl.     EARLY  OR  TUFTED  BUTTERCUP.    (I.  F. 
f.  1621.)    Pubescent;  plant  generally  low,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  tufted.     Leaves  petioled, 
3~5-divided;  divisions  stalked  (especially  the  terminal  one),  deeply  lobed  and  cleft, 
the  lobes  oblong  or  linear;  petals  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  spreading  sepals, 
rounded,  truncate  or  even  emarginate;  head  of  fruit  globose,  about  8  mm.  in  diam- 
eter; achenes  flat,  slightly  margined.     Woods,  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Car.,  west 
to  Manitoba,  Kans.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

30.  Ranunculus  parvulus  L.     HAIRY  BUTTERCUP.     (I.  F.  f.  1622.)     Erect, 
hairy,  1.5-3.5  dm.  high,  branching.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  broad-petioled,   the 
blade  about  5  cm.  broad  and  long,  3 -divided  or  cleft,  the  divisions  broadly  ovate, 
cuneate,    stalked,    cleft  and  lobed,    the   upper  sessile  or  nearly    so,   deeply   cleft 
into   linear-oblong   obtuse    segments;    flowers  yellow,    10-15    mm-   broad;    petals 
much  exceeding  the  reflexed  calyx;  head  of  fruit  oblong,  4-6  mm.  thick;  achenes 
flat,  strongly  margined,  short-beaked.     In  ballast  grounds  and  waste  places,  N.  B. 
to  Va.  and  Fla.     Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

31.  Ranunculus  parviflorus  L.     SMALL  FLOWERED  CROWFOOT.     (I.   F.  f. 
1623.)     Hairy,  slender,  diffuse,  branching  from  the  base,  15-25  cm.  high.     Basal 
leaves  long-petioled,  the  blade  reniform  or  cordate-orbicular,  2.5  cm.  broad  or  less, 
3-cleft,  the  lobes  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  cut  and  toothed;  upper  leaves  short- petioled 
or  nearly  sessile,  3-5 -parted  into  linear-oblong  lobes;  flowers  yellow,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
the  petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  head  of  fruit  globose,  4  mm.  broad;  achenes 
flat,  margined,  densely  papillose,  3  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  sharp  beak  of  about 
one-fourth  their  length.     In  waste  places,  Md.  and  eastern  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and 
Tex.,  and  in  ballast  grounds  about  the  northern  seaports.     Nat.  or  fugitive  from 
Europe.     Summer. 

32.  Ranunculus  muricatus  L.     SPINY-FRUITED  CROWFOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  1624.) 
Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  branched  from  the  base,  3-6  dm.  high.     Lower 
and  basal  leaves  on  long  broad  petioles,  the  blade  reniform  or  cordate-orbicular,  3— 
5  cm.  wide,  3-lobed,  cleft,  or  crenate;  the  upper  3-divided,  cuneate,  short-petioled 
or  sessile;    flowers  light  yellow,  6-10  mm.  wide,  the  petals  exceeding  the  calyx; 
head  of  iruit  globular,  10-12  mm.  wide;  achenes  flat,  4  m.  long,  tipped  with  a  stout 
slightly  curved  beak.     Waste  places,  eastern  Va.   and  southward,  naturalized  or 
fugitive  from  Europe.     Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Native  also  in  Asia  and  natu- 
ralized in  tropical  America.     Summer. 

33.  Ranunculus  arvensis  L.     CORN  CROWFOOT.     HUNGER-WEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
1625.)     Erect,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  branched  above,  3  dm.  or  more 
high.     Lower  leaves  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  all  deeply  cleft  or  divided  into 
linear-oblong,  ^  obtuse   cuneate,   lobed   or    toothed   segments  or  the  lowest  entire; 
flowers  12-16  mm.  broad,  pale  yellow,  the  petals  exceeding  the  sepals;  achenes  8- 
16  mm.,  flattened,  margined,  4  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  beak.     In  waste 
grounds,  Tom's  River  and  Passaic,  N.  J.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  northern  sea- 
ports.    Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

23    BATRACHIUM  S.  F.  Gray. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  ditch  herbs,  with  alternate  dissected  or  palmately  lobed 
leaves,  the  segments  of  the  submerged  ones  often  filiform,  and  solitary  rather  small 
white  flowers,  borne  on  peduncles  opposite  the  leaves;  sepals  and  petals  usually  5. 
Petals  oblong  or  oval,  the  base  sometimes  yellowish,  the  claw  bearing  a  small  pit. 
Stamens  several  or  numerous.  Achenes  oblique,  compressed,  not  margined,  nearly 
or  quite  beakless,  transversely  wrinkled.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  aquatic  habitat.] 
About  20  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  3 
others  occur  in  northwestern  N.  Am, 


RA  NUNCULA  CEA  E.  429 

Leaves  all  reniform,  3~5-lobed,  about  i  cm.  wide:  receptacle  glabrous. 

i.  B.  hederaceum. 
Leaves  all  dissected  into  filiform  segments ;  receptacle  hairy. 

Leaves  sessile,  circinate,  the  segments  short,  spreading  around  the  stem   nearly  in 

one  plane  ;  beak  of  achene  minute.  2.  B.  divaricatum. 

Leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  not  circinate. 

Beak  of  achene  nearly  i  mm.  long.  3.  B.  longirostris. 

Beak  of  achene  minute  or  none. 

Petals  5-7  mm.  long,  broadly  obovate ;  stamens  many. 

Segments  of  the  leaves  10-15  mm-  l°nR»  rather  rigid,  scarcely  collaps- 
ing when  withdrawn  from  water.  4.  B.  trichophyllum. 
Segments  of  the  leaves  15-30  mm.  long,  flaccid,  collapsing  when  with- 
drawn from  wa^er.  5.  ti.  Jlaccidum. 
Petals  less  than  5  mm.  long,  oblong-obovate,  stamens  5-12. 

Stem  slender;  leaves  not  very  flaccid.  6.  B.  Drouetii. 

Stem  filiform;  leaves  very  flaccid.  7.   B.  con/ervotdes. 

1.  Batrachium  hederaceum   (L. )   S.   F.   Gray.      IVY-LEAVED  CROWFOOT. 
(I.  Ff.  1628.)     Semi-aquatic,  rooting  extensively  at  the  joints,  branching,  entirely 
glabrous.     Leaves  floating,  or   spreading  on  the  mud,   the    lobes  obtuse;  flowers 
white,  4-6  mm.   broad;  head  of  fruit  globose,  4  mm.   wide;  achenes  rugose,  mi- 
nutely beaked.      In  ponds  and  pools,    Newf.    and  southeastern  Va.     Nat.   from 
Europe.     June-Aug.     Ranunculus  hederaceus  L.] 

2.  Batiachium  divaricatum  (Schrank)  Wimm.     CIRCINATE  WHITE  WATER- 
CROWFOOT.     (I.   F.   f.    1627.)     Submerged,  3  dm.  or  more.     Leaves  distant,  1-2 
cm.  broad,  with  very  short  lobes;  stipules  membranaceous,  very  short  and  broad,  gla- 
brate;  peduncles  4-10  cm.   long;  petals  broadly  obovate,  about  5  mm.  long;  head 
of  fruit   globose.      Very  rare;    most  specimens  referred   here  belong  to  the  next. 
Lakes  and  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.     Also  in  Europe.     June-Aug. 

3.  Batrachium    longirostris    (Godr.)   F.  Schultz.      LONG-BEAKED    WHITE 
WATER-CROWFOOT.     Stem  very  leafy,  submerged.     Petioles  short;  stipules  broad 
and  hairy;  segments  very  numerous,  about  15  mm.  long,  not  flaccid;  peduncles 
2-4  cm.   long;    petals  broadly  ovate,    5-7  mm.   long;    head    globose.     Has  been 
confused  with  the  preceding.     In  ponds  and  streams,  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.. 
N.  Mex.  and  Mo.     June-Aug. 

4.  Batrachium  trichophyllum  (Chaix)  Bossch.     WHITE  WATER-CROWFOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1626.)     Submerged;  stems  usually  3  dm.  long  or  more.     Leaves  petioled, 
3-5  cm.  long,  stipules  broad  and  short,  hairy;  flowers  white,  12-18  mm.  broad, 
on   stout  peduncles   2-5   cm.  long,  blooming  at  the  surface  of  the  water;   head 
of  fruit  globose,  4mm.  broad;  receptacle  hairy;  achenes  apiculate  but  beakless. 
In  ponds  and  streams,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Cal.    Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     The  so-called  van  caespitosus  is  a  small  mud  form  with  rather  fleshy 
leaf-segments.     June-Sept.    \Ranunculus  trichophyllus  Chaix.] 

5.  Batrachium  flaccidum  (Pers. )  Rupr.    FLACCID  WHITE  WATER-CROWFOOT. 
Like  the  next  preceding  except  the  leaves,  which  have  longer,  more  slender  petioles 
and  very  long  flaccid  leaf-segments,  collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  water.     In 
streams,  Mass,  to  Wash.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Lower  Cal.     Also  in  Europe,  Asia 
and  South  Africa.     May-Sept 

6.  Batrachium  Drouetii  (F.  Schultz)  Nym.  DROUET'S  WTHITE  WATER-CROW- 
FOOT.   Like  B.  trichophyllum,  but  more  slender  and  with  smaller  flowers,  fewer  and 
more  slender  leaf-segments,  narrower  and  glabrous  stipules  and  fewer  stamens.     In 
streams,  Vt.  and  R.  I.  to   Alaska,  south    to   Lower   Cal.     Also  in    Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Bolivia. 

7.  Batrachium  confervoides  Fries.     FILIFORM  WHITE  WATER-CROWFOOT. 
Resembling  the  last,  but  stem  filiform,  1-2  dm.  long;  leaves  very  flaccid  and  the 
receptacles  conic,  not  ovoid.     In  cold  pools,  from  Lake  Winnipeg  (according  to 
Hiern)  to  Alaska,  and  south  to  the  Yellowstone  Park.     Also  northern  Europe. 

24.  FICARIA   Huds. 

Glabrous  slightly  fleshy  perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  tuberous  roots, 
branched  or  simple  spreading  or  erect  stems,  petioled  entire  or  toothed  cordate 
leaves,  and  large  solitary  yellow  terminal  or  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  3  or  some- 
times 5,  deciduous.  Petal?  7-12  (commonly  8  ,  yellow,  or  red  at  the  base,  bearing 


43°  FLORA. 

a  small  pit  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Achenes 
slightly  compressed,  blunt,  not  wrinkled  nor  ribbed.  Cotyledon  only  one.  [Latin, 
fig,  from  the  fig-like  thickened  roots.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 
i.  Ficaria  Ficana  (L.)  Karst.  LESSER  CELANDINE.  (I.  F.  f.  1629.)  Gla- 
brous; flowering  stems  scapose,  10-12  cm.  high,  bearing  I  or  2  leaves  or  naked. 
Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  somewhat  fleshy,  on  broad  petioles,  the  blade 
3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  2.5  cm.  broad;  head  of  fruit  globose,  I  cm.  broad; 
carpels  beakless,  truncate.  College  Point,  Long  Island;  Staten  Island;  Philadelphia 
and  D.  C.  Fugitive  from  Europe;  also  in  western  Asia.  April-May. 

25.    CYRTORHYNCHA    Nutt. 

A  glabrous  perennial  herb,  with  fibrous  roots,  slender  erect  stems,  crenate  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  5,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals 
5,  narrowly  spatulate  or  oblong,  bearing  a  small  pit  near  the  base.  Stamens  and 
pistils  numerous.  Head  of  fruit  globose.  Achenes  terete,  longitudinally  ribbed  or 
nerved,  tipped  with  the  inflexed  style.  [Greek,  curved-beak.]  The  genus  as  here 
recognized  consists  of  the  following  species  only. 

I.  Cyrtorhyncha  ranunciilina  Nutt.  NUTTALL'S  BUTTERCUP.  (I.  F.  f. 
1630.)  Slender,  glabrous,  erect,  branched  above,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high.  Basal 
leaves  on  long  slender  petioles,  bipinnate,  parted  into  oblong  or  linear,  acutish 
lobes;  stem  leaves  few,  ternately  or  pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes;  flowers  few, 
corymbose,  about  12  mm.  broad;  sepals  yellow,  petaloid,  spreading;  petals  spatu- 
late; achenes  2-3  mm.  long,  in  a  globose  head,  glabrous,  oblong-cylindric.  In 
gravelly  soil,  VVyo.  and  Colo.  Reported  from  Neb.  June. 

26.    OXYGRAPHIS   Bunge. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  crenate  dentate  or  lobed  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small 
yellow  flowers,  solitary  or  2-7  together  on  scapes  or  scape-like  peduncles.  Sepals 
usually  5,  spreading,  tardily  deciduous.  Petals  5-12,  each  bearing  a  small  nectar- 
pit  near  the  base.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Head  of  fruit  oblong,  oval  or 
subglobose.  Achenes  compressed,  sometimes  swollen,  longitudinally  striate,  with- 
out a  hard  coat.  [Greek,  sharp-style.]  About  10  species,  the  following  of  North 
America,  Asia  and  southern  South  America,  the  others  Asiatic. 

I.  Oxygraphis  Cymbalaria  (Pursh)  Prantl.  SEASIDE  CROWFOOT.  (I.  F.  f. 
1631.)  Low,  glabrous,  spreading  by  runners.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  slender- 
petioled,  the  blade  cordate-oval  or  reniform,  crenate,  4-18  mm.  long;  flowers  1-7, 
about  6-8  mm.  broad,  borne  on  scapes  2-12  cm.  long,  these  sometimes  bearing  one 
or  more  leaves  toward  the  base;  head  of  fruit  oblong,  6-16  mm.  long;  achenes 
compressed,  somewhat  swollen,  distinctly  striate,  minutely  sharp-pointed.  On 
sandy  shores,  N.  J.  to  Lab.,  west  to  Alaska,  Cal.,  Mex.  and  Kans.  Also  in  Asia 
and  S.  Am.  Summer.  [Ranunculus  Cymbalaria  L.] 

27.  THALICTRUM    L.     (See  Appendix  ) 

Erect  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  ternately  decompound,  basal  and  cauhne,  the 
latter  alternate.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious,  generally  small,  green- 
ish-white, panicled  or  racemed.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  none.  Carpels  commonly 
few,  one-deeded,  ribbed  or  nerved,  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile.  Stamens  oo  ,  ex- 
serted.  [Derivation  doubtful.]  A  genus  of  about  75  species,  most  abundant  in 
the  north  temperate  zone,  a  few  in  the  Andes  of  South  America,  India  and  South 
Africa.  In  addition  to  the  species  described  below,  about  8  others  occur  in  south- 
ern and  western  N.  Am. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Stem  simple,  scape-like;  achenes  sessile ;  filaments  slender.         i.    T.  alpinum. 
Stem  branched,  leafy;  achenes  long-stipitate;  filaments  spatulate,  petal-like. 

2.  7\  clavatum. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

Filaments  filiform  or  slender,  not  wider  than  the  anthers. 

Flowers  strictly  dioecious  ;  lower  stem  leaves  distinctly  petioled. 
Achenes  terete ;  eastern  species. 

Leaflets  thin,  orbicular  or  broader  ;  roots  not  yellow. 

3.  T.  dioicum. 
Leaflets  thick,  obovate  or  reniform  ;  roots  bright  yellow. 

4.  T,  conaceum. 


RA  N  UNCULA  CEA  E.  43 1 

Achenes  2-edged  ;  western  species.  5.    /".  venulosum* 

Flowers  polygamous;  leaflets  usually  glandular,  or  waxy  ;  stem  leaves  almost 
sessile.  6.    T.  purpurascens. 

Filaments  spatulate,  often  wider  than  the  anthers  ;  plant  not  glandular. 

7.    7 .  polygamum. 

1.  Thalictrum   alpinum  L.     ARCTIC  OR  DWARF  MEADOW-RUE.     (I.  F.  f. 
1632.)     Smooth  or  slightly  glandular,  3-10  cm.  high.     Leaves  small,  tufted  at  the 
summits  of  scaly  rootstocks,   biternate;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  orbicular,  firm, 
3~5-lobed   at  the  apex,   margins  revolute;  panicle  very  simple,   often   racemose; 
stamens  about  10;  anthers  oblong-linear,  mucronate;  stigma  linear;  achenes  3  mm. 
long,  obliquely  obovoid.     Anticosti,   Newt,   and  Arctic  Am.     Also  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.,  Cal.  and  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Thalictrum  clavatum  DC.     MOUNTAIN  MEADOW-RUE.     (I.  F.  f.    1633.) 
Glabrous,  branching,  1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  the  terminal  obovate- 
cuneate,  basal  and  cauline,   large,   biternate;  leaflets  thin,   stalked,   with  3  main 
lobes  and  a  few  secondary  ones,  their  margins  not  revolute;  inflorescence  cymose; 
anthers  oblong,  blunt;  achenes  spreading,  equalling  their  stipes  or  longer,  obliquely 
ovoid,  narrowed  at  each  end,  flattened;  stigma  minute.     Mountains  of  Va.  and  W. 
Va.  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Tenn.     May-June. 

3.  Thalictrum  dioicum  L.    EARLY  MEADOW-RUE.    (I.  F.  f.  1634.)   Glabrous, 
erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  slender,  leafy;  leaves  3-4-ternate;  leaflets  pale  beneath,  often 
cordate  and  the  terminal  one  somewhat  cuneate,  5~9-lobed;  flowers  greenish;  pani- 
cle elongated,  of  numerous  lateral  corymbs  or  umbels;  filaments  longer  than  the 
sepals;  achenes  ovoid,  sessile  or  minutely  stipitate,  deeply  grooved,  much  longer 
than  the  style.     In  woods,  Lab.  and  Anticosti  to  Ala.,  west  to  Saskatch.  and  Mo. 
April-May. 

4.  Thalictrum  coriaceum  (Britton)  Small.     THICK-LEAVED  MEADOW-RUE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1635.)     Tall,  1-1.5  m-  high.     Stem  striate,  paniculately  branched  above; 
leaves  3-4-ternate,   short-petioled,   the  lower  petioles  expanded  at  the  base  into 
stipule-like  appendages;  leaflets  nearly  white  beneath,  usually  deeply  and  sharply 
incised,  the  veins  prominent  on  the  lower  surface;  stamiriate  flowers  nearly  white; 
pistillate  flowers  purple;  achenes  oblong-ovoid,  subacute,  stalked,  sharply  ribbed, 
longer  than  the  persistent  style.     In  open  places,  mountains  of  Va.,  N.  Car.   and 
Ky.     May-June. 

5.  Thalictrum  venulosum  Trelease.     VEINY  MEADOW-RUE.    (I.  F.  f.  1636.) 
Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  stem  purplish,  erect,  or  assurgent  at  the  base, 
1.5-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  3-4-ternate,  long-petioled ;  leaflets  firm,  obovate  or  sub- 
orbicular,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  8-16  mm. 
long,  3-5-lobed,  the  lower  surface  rather  prominently  rugose-veined;  anthers  linear, 
slender-pointed;  achenes  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  tapering  into  a  short  beak,   thick- 
walled,  2-edged.     In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  S.  Dak.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Wash., 
south  to  Colo.     May -June. 

6.  Thalictrum  purpurascens  L.     PURPLISH  MEADOW-RUE.     (I.  F.  f.  1637.) 
Stout,  erect,  1-2  m.   high,  leafy,   branching  above,   glandular,   pubescent  or  even 
glabrous;  leaves  3-4-ternate;  leaflets  thick,  oblong  or  obovate,  dark  green  above, 
commonly  waxy  beneath,  with  revolute  margins;  anthers  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
cuspidate;  stigma  linear,  persistent;   achenes  ovoid,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  short- 
stipitate,  with  6-8  longitudinal  wings.    In  copses  and  woodlands,  N.  S.  and  Anticosti 
to  Fla.,  west  to  Saskatch.  and  Ariz.     Stems  often  purplish.     June-Aug. 

7.  Thalictrum  polfgamum  Muhl.     TALL  MEADOW-RUE.     (I.  F.  f.  1638.) 
Stout,  1-2.5  m.  high,  branching,  leafy,  smooth  or  pubescent  but  not  glandular  nor 
waxy.     Leaves  3-4-ternate;  leaflets  moderately  thick,  light  green  above  and  paler 
beneath,  oblong,  obovate  or  orbicular,  with  3  main  apical  pointed  or  obtuse  lobes; 
flowers  polygamous,  white;  anthers  oblong,  short;  achenes  ovoid,  stipitate,  6-8- 
winged,  glabrous  or  pubescent.     Lab.  and  Quebec  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ohio. 

28.  ADONIS  L. 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  linear  segments.  Flowers 
yellower  red,  solitary,  terminal.  Petals  5-16,  conspicuous.  Carpels  oo  ,  I -ovuled. 
Achenes  capitate  or  spicate.  tipped  with  the  persistent  styles.  [Mythological  name 


432  FLORA. 

for  a  favorite  of  Venus,  changed  into  a  flower.]     A  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
consisting  of  the  following  and  about  five  other  species. 

1.  Adonis  annua   L.     PHEASANT'S   EYE.     (I.  F.  f.    1639.)    Annual,  erect, 
3-6  dm.   high,  glabrous.     Leaves   finely   dissected,  the  lower  petioied,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  segments  acute  ;  sepals  smooth,  deciduous  ;  flowers  1.5-3.5  cm-  broad, 
nearly   globular,  the   petals   obovate,   and    darker  colored    at   the  base  ;  achenes 
spicate,  rugose   or   angular.     Occasional    in  waste   places,   especially  southward. 
Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

Family  6.    BERBERIDACEAE   T.  &  G. 

Barberry  Family. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  with  or  without 
stipules,  and  solitary  or  racemed  mostly  terminal  flowers.  Sepals  and 
petals  generally  imbricated  in  several  series.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  opposite  them,  hypogynous.  Flowers  perfect  and  pistil  one 
in  our  species.  Anthers  extrorse,  opening  by  valves  (except  in  Podo- 
phylluni).  Style  short ;  ovules  2-00  ,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 
About  20  genera  and  105  species,  widely  distributed  in  the  north  temper- 
ate zone,  the  Andes  and  temperate  S.  Am.,  a  few  in  tropical  regions. 
Shrubs  ;  fruit  baccate.  i.  Berberis. 

Herbs. 

Anthers  opening  by  valves. 

Pericarp  early   bursting,  leaving  two   large  naked   stalked   seeds,  resembling 

berries.  2.  Caulophyilum. 

Fruit  baccate  ;  stamens  6.  3.  Diphyll'eia. 

Fruit  capsular,  half  circumscissile.  4.  Jeffersonia. 

Anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent ;  fruit  baccate  ;  stamens  6-18. 

5.  Podophyllum. 
i.  BERBERIS  L. 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood,  simple  or  compound  often  spiny  leaves,  and  yellow 
racemose  (rarely  solitary)  flowers.  Sepals  6-9.  petaloid,  bracted.  Petals  6.  im- 
bricated in  2  series,  each  with  2  basal  glands.  Stamens  6,  irritable,  closing 
around  the  stigma  when  shocked  ;  anthers  dehiscent  by  valves  opening  from  the 
apex.  Pistil  i  ;  stigma  peltate.  Berry  i-few-seeded.  [From  the  Arabic  name.] 
A  genus  of  about  75  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Europe,  northern  Asia  and  S.  Am. 
Besides  the  following,  about  10  others  are  found  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 
Leaves  simple  ;  racemes  drooping  ;  berries  scarlet. 

Twigs  ash-colored  ;  racemes  many-flowered  ;  petals  entire.      i.  B.  vnlgaris. 
Twigs  dark  brown  ';  racemes  few-flowered  ;  petals  notched.     2.  B.   Canadensis. 
Leaves  pinnate  ;  racemes  erect ;  berries  blue  or  purple.  3.  B.  Aqnifolium. 

T.  Berberis  vulgaris  L.  EUROPEAN  BARBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1640.)  A  glabrous 
shrub,  2-3  m.  high,  the  branches  arched,  the  twigs  gray.  Leaves  alternate  01 
fascicled,  obovate  or  spatulate,  unifoliolate,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long,  bristly  serrate, 
many  of  those  on  shoots  reduced  to  3 -pronged  spines  ;  racemes  lateral,  many- 
flowered,  2-io  cm.  long  ;  flowers  yellow,  6-8  mm.  broad  ;  petals  entire  ;  berries 
oblontr.  scarlet  when  ripe,  acid.  In  thickets,  nat.  from  Europe  in  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  States,  adventive  in  Canada  and  the  West.  May-June. 

2.  Berberis  Canadensis  Mill.     AMERICAN  BARBERRY.     (I.  F  f.  1641.)     A 
shrub,  0.3-2  m.   high,  with   slender,   reddish  brown  branchlets.     Leaves  similar 
to  those  of  B.  vulgaris,  but  with   more  divergent  and  distant  teeth,  or  sometimes 
nearly  entire  ;  racemes  fe w- flowered  ;  petals  notched  or  emarginate  at  the  apex  ; 
berries   scarlet,  oval  or  subglobose.     In  woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga.,  and  in 
Mo.     June. 

3.  Berberis  Aquifolium  Pursh.     TRAILING   MAHONIA.     (I.  Y.  f.  1642.)    A 
trailing  glabrous   shrub.      Leaves  petioied,    pinnate  :    leaflets  3-7,  ovate,  oval,   or 
nearly  orbicular,   oblique,  obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  sessile, 
thick,    persistent,    finely  reticulated,    dentate  with   spine-bearing  teeth,   2-5    cm. 
long  ;  racemes  several,    erect,    dense,   terminal,   many-flowered  ;    flowers   yellow, 
6-8  mm.  broad,  short-pedicelled  ;  bracts  ovate,  persistent ;  berry  globose,  blue  or 
purple,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     W.  .Neb.,  Ariz,  and  Br.  Col.     April-May. 


BERBER  ID  A  CEA  E.  433 

a.  CAULOPHYLLUM  Michx. 

Erect  herbs,  with  thickened  rootstocks.  and  ternately  compound  leaves.  Sepals 
6,  the  calyx  3~4-bracted.  Petals  6,  smaller,  cucullate,  opposite  the  sepals.  Sta- 
mens 6;  anthers  oblong,  dehiscent  by  valves.  Pistil  i;  style  short;  stigma  lateral; 
ovules  2,  ripening  into  large  globose  stipitate  seeds,  resembling  berries,  which  in 
growth  soon  rupture  .the  membranous  caducous  pericarp.  [Greek,  stem  leaf.] 

i.  CaulophyllumthalictroidesiL.)  Michx.  BLL-E  COHOSH.  (  I.  F.  f.  1643.) 
Glabrous,  glaucous  when  young,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  2  or  3  large  sheathing  scales 
at  the  base,  a  large  triteruate  nearly  sessile  leaf  near  the  summit,  and  generally  a 
smaller  similar  one  near  the  base  of  the  inflorescence.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  long 
petioled.  the  ultimate  segments  thin,  2-8  cm.  long,  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  3-5- 
lobed  near  the  apex;  panicle  terminal,  5-8 cm.  long;  flowers  greenish  purple.  8-12 
mm.  broad;  seeds  8  mm.  in  diameter,  blue,  glaucous,  borne  on  stout  stalks  about 
6  mm.  long.  In  woods,  N.  B.  to  S.  Car.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Mo.  April-May. 

3.  DIPHYLLEIA  Michx. 
• 

Herbs  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  large  peltate  leaves,  and  cymose  white  flowers. 
Sepals  6.  petaloid.  Petals  6,  flat.  Stamens  6;  anthers  dehiscent  by  valves.  Pis- 
til i;  ovules  few,  arranged  in  2  rows.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  oblong,  curved. 
[Greek,  double-leaf.]  Two  species,  one  of  eastern  Is.  Am.,  the  other  of  Japan. 

i.  Uiphylleia  cymosa  Michx.  UMBRELLA- LEAF.  (I.  F.  f.  1644.)  Erect, 
stout,  3 -6  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Basal  leaves  solitary,  long- petioled,  3-6 
dm.  in  diameter,  peltate,  deeply  2-cleft,  many-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate, 
sharply  dentate;  cauline  leaves  2,  similar,  smaller,  petioled,  constricted  in  the 
middle  and  generally  peltate  near  the  margin;  cyme  many-flowered,  5-8  cm. 
broad;  petals  oblong,  obtuse;  fruiting  pedicels  slender,  2  cm.  long  or  more;  berries 
b.'ue,  oblong,  1-1.5  cm>  l°ng-  ^n  woods,  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.  along  the  moun- 
tains. May-June. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA   Bart. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  basal  palmately-veined  or  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and 
solitary  white  flowers  on  slender  scapes.  Sepals  4,  petaloid,  caducous.  Petals  8, 
flat,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  8;  anthers  dehiscent  by  valves.  Pistil  I, 
many-ovuled.  Capsule  leathery,  pyriform,  half-circumscissile  near  the  summit. 
Seeds  oblong,  arillate.  [In  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.].  Two  species,  one  of 
eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  of  Mantchuria. 

i.  Jeffersonia  diphylla  (L.)  Pers.  TWIN-LEAF.  (I.  F.  f.  1645.)  Scape 
erect.  1.5-2  dm.  high  when  in  flower,  attaining  4-4.5  dm.  in  fruit.  Leaves  glau- 
cous beneath,  long-petioled,  cordate  or  reniform,  7—15  cm.  long,  5—10  cm.  wide, 
parted  longitudinally  into  2  obliquely  ovate  obtuse  lobed  or  entire  divisions;  flowers 
about  2.5  cm.  broad;  petals  oblong;  stigma  peltate,  undulate;  capsule  about  2.5 
cm.  long,  short-stipitate.  In  woods,  Out.  to  Wis.,  Va.  and  Tenn.  May. 

5.  PODOPHYLLUM  L. 

Erect  herbs,  with  horizontal  poisonous  rootstocks,  large  peltate  palmately 
lobed  leaves,  and  solitary  white  flowers.  Sepals  6,  petaloid,  fugacious.  Petals 
9-6,  flat,  obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals;  anthers  linear,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistil  I  (rarely  several \ 
many-ovuled,  forming  a  large  fleshy  berry  in  fruit.  Seeds  numerous,  obovate,  en- 
closed in  fleshy  arils.  [Greek,  duck-foot  leaf.]  About  4  species,  one  of  eastern 
N.  Am.,  the  others  Asiatic. 

i.  Podophyllum  peltatum  I,.  MAY  APPLE.  WILD  MANDRAKE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1646.)  Erect,  3-4  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  centrally  peltate,  nearly  3  dm.  in  di- 
ameter, long  petioled,  deeply  5~7-lobed,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface;  lobes  2-cleft  and  dentate  at  the  apex;  flowering  stems  bearing  1-3  similar 
leaves,  or  occasionally  leafless;  flower  stout-pedunded.  nodding,  5  cm.  broad, 
appearing  from  the  base  of  the  upper  leaf  and  generally  from  immediately  "between 
the  two  leaves:  fruit  ovoid,  yellowish  5  cm.  long,  edible.  In  low  woods,  Quebec 
3nd  Om,  to  Minn.,  Fla.?  La.  and  Tex.  May, 


434  FLORA. 


Family  7.     MENISPERMACEAE  DC. 

Moonseed  Family. 

Vines  with  alternate  entire  or  lobed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small 
dioecious  panicled  racemose  or  cymose  flowers.  Sepals  4-12.  Petals  6, 
imbricated  in  2  rows,  sometimes  fewer,  or  none.  Stamens  about  the 
same  number  as  the  petals.  Carpels  3-xj  (generally  6),  i-ovu!ed  sepa- 
rati- ;  styles  commonly  recurved.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Embryo  long, 
curved.  About  55  genera  and  150  species,  mainly  of  tropical  distribu- 
tion, a  few  extending  into  the  temperate  zones. 

Petals  none.  i.   Calycocarpum. 
Petals  present. 

Stamens  6;  drupe  red.  2.   Cebatha. 

Stamens  i2-many;  drupe  black.  3.  Menispermum. 

x.  CALYCOCARPUM  Nutt. 

Leaves  large,  petioled,  palmately  lobed.  Flowers  greenish  in  long  narrow 
drooping  panicles.  Sepals  6,  oblong,  obtuse.  Stamens  about  12,  nearly  equalling 
the  sepals;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistils  3;  stigma  laciniate.  Drupe  oval,  the  stone 
flattened  and  hollowed  out  on  one  side.  [Greek,  cup-fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  cup- 
like  stone.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

I.  Calycocarpum  Lyoni  (Pursh)  Nutt.  CUP-SEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1647.)  Climb- 
ing to  the  tops  of  trees,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  thin,  broadly 
ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  1-2  dm.  long,  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus, 
5~7-lobed,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath;  lobes 
ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  repand,  dentate  or  entire;  panicles  axillary, 
1-2.5  dm.  long;  flowers  4  mm.  broad;  crupe  nearly  2.5  cm.  long,  black,  the  stone 
toothed  or  erose  along  the  margin  of  its  lateral  cavity ;  pistillate  flowers  sometimes 
containing  abortive  stamens.  In  rich  woods,  111.  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  lex. 
May-June,  the  fruit  ripe  in  August. 

2.  CEBATHA  Forsk.     [COCCULUS    DC.] 

Flowers  small,  dioecious,  panicled.  Sepals  6,  in  two  series.  Petals  6,  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  concave.  Stamens  6;  anthers  4-celled  or  4- lobed.  Pistils  3-6, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  sterile  filaments;  styles  erect;  stigma  entire.  Drupe 
globose  or  ovoid,  the  stone  flattened,  curved.  [Name  Arabic.]  About  10  species, 
manly  of  tropical  regions,  two  or  three  in  the  temperate  zones. 

i.  Cebatha  Carolina  (L.)  Britton.  CAROLINA  MOONSEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1648.) 
Trailing  or  climbing,  the  stem  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  5-10 
cm.  long,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  entire  or  lobed,  sometimes  densely  pu- 
bescent beneath,  mainly  glabrous  above;  petioles  2-10  cm.  long;  panicles  loose, 
2-13  cm.  long;  flowers  about  2  mm.  broad;  drupe  red,  laterally  flattened,  4-6  mm. 
in  diameter,  the  stone  curved  into  a  closed  spiral,  crested  on  the  sides  and  back. 
Along  streams,  Va.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  June-Aug. 

3.  MENISPERMUM  L. 

Flowers  small,  panicled.  Sepals  4-8,  in  two  series,  longer  than  the  6-8  petals. 
Stamens  12-24.  Anthers  4-celled.  Pistils  2-4,  on  a  slightly  elevated  receptacle, 
generally  accompanied  by  6  sterile  filaments.  Drupe  nearly  globular,  or  ovoid, 
laterally  flattened,  the  stone  curved  into  a  spiral  and  crested  on  the  sides  and  back. 
[Greek,  moonseed.]  Two  species,  one  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  of  eastern 
Asia. 

i.  Menispermum  Canadense  L.  CANADA  MOONSEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1649.) 
Stem  slender,  slightly  pubescent,  or  glabrous.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly 
ovate,  1-2  dm.  wide,  cordate  or  sometimes  nearly  truncate  at  base,  entire,  or  with 
3-7  lobes,  pale  beneath,  peltate  near  the  base;  flowers  greenish  white,  4  mm. 
wide;  panicles  loose,  bracteolate;  drupe  bluish  black,  globose-oblong,  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter,  In  woods,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  Ga.  and  Ark.  June-July, 


CA  L  YCA  N  THA  CEA  E—LA  URA  CEA  E.  43  5 


Family  8.     CALYCANTHACEAE  Lindl. 

Strawberry-shrub  Family. 

Shrubs,  with  op[  osite  entire  short-petioled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and 
terminal  solitary  large  flowers  on  leafy  branches.  Sepals  and  petals  im- 
bricated in  many  series.  Stamens  <x> ,  the  inner  sterile,  short,  inserted  on 
the  receptacle;  anthers  innate.  Pistils  oo ,  nearly  enclosed  in  the  hollow 
receptacle ;  ovules  I  or  2,  anatropous.  Fruit  accessory,  consisting  of  the 
enlarged  ovoid  oblong  or  pyriform  receptacle,  to  which  the  bases  of 
petals,  sepals  and  bracts  are  adnate,  enclosing  few  to  many  smooth  shin- 
ing achenes.  Seed  erect ;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  convolute.  A  family  of 
2  genera  and  about  5  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  eastern  Asia. 

i.   BUTNERIA   Duham.       [CALYCANTHUS  L.] 

Stamens  inserted  in  several  rows.  Flowers  purple  or  red.  Otherwise  as  in  the 
family.  [Name  in  honor  of  Butner  or  Buettner.]  The  genus  comprises  3  species, 
one  additional  to  those  here  described  occurring  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Chimonan- 
thus  Lindl.  ol  Japan  and  China  comprises  2  species. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  fragrant.  i.  B.florida. 

Leaves  green,  often  glaucous  beneath,  smooth  or  rough  above;  flowers  not  fragrant. 

2.  B.fertilis. 

1.  Butneria  florida  (L.)  Kearney.     HAIRY  STRAWBERRY-SHRUB.     (I.   F.   f. 
1650.)     A  branching  shrub,  1-3   m.  high,  the   branchlets  and  petioles  pubescent. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rough  above;  flowers  dark  purple,  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  with 
a  strong  odor  of  strawberries  when   crushed ;   sepals  and  petals   linear  or  oblong, 
12-16  mm.  long.     In  rich  soil,  Va.  (?),  N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Miss.     April- Aug. 

2.  Butneria  fertilis  (Walt.)  Kearney.     SMOOTH  STRAWBERRY-SHRUB.    (I.  F.  f. 
1651.)     Branchlets  and  petioles   glabrous   or  nearly  so.     Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate or  oblong- lanceolate,  acute  or   acuminate,    rough  and  dark  green  above, 
glaucous  and  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  beneath  or  bright  green  and  smooth  on 
both  sides;  sepals  and  petals  linear  or  linear- lanceolate,  acute;  flowers   greenish- 
purple,  inodorous.     In  rich  woods,  Fenn.  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Ga.     March- Aug. 

Family  9.     LAURACEAE  Lindl. 
Laurel  Family. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs,  with  alternate  (very  rarely  opposite) 
mostly  thick,  punctate  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  small,  perfect,  polyg- 
amous, dioecious,  or  sometimes  monoecious,  usually  fragrant,  yellow  or 
greenish,  in  panicles,  corymbs,  racemes  or  umbles.  Calyx  4-6-parted, 
the  segments  imbricated  in  2  series  in  the  bud.  Corolla  none.  Stamens 
inserted  in  3  or  4  series  of  3  on  the  calyx,  distinct,  some  of  them  com- 
monly imperfect  or  reduced  to  staminodia  :  anthers  opening  by  valves. 
Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx,  i -celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  anatropous, 
pendulous;  stigma  discoid  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  i-seeded  drupe  or  berry. 
Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex,  accumbent.  About  40 
genera  and  900  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions ;  a  few  in 
the  temperate  zones. 

Flowers  perfect,  panicled,  not  involucrate  :  leaves  evergreen.  i.  Persea. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  racemose  or  umbellate,  involucrate  ;  leaves  deciduous. 
Anthers  4-cellecl. 

Flowers  in  umbelled  racemes  ;  leaves,  or  some  of  them,  lobed.    2.  Sassafras. 
Flowers  in  capitate  umbels  ;  leaves  all  entire.  3.  Malapoenna. 

Anthers  2-celled  ;  leaves  entire.  4-  Benzoin. 

i.   PERSEA  Gaertn.  f. 

Leaves  alternate,  coriaceous,  persistent,  entire.  Calyx  6-parted,  persistent. 
Stamens  12,  in  4  series  of  3,  the  inner  series  reduced  to  gland-like  staminodia,  the 


43^  FLORA. 

3  other  series  anther-bearing,  their  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved,  those  of  the  third 
series  extrorse  and  the  others  introrse  in  our  species.  Staminodia  large,  cordate, 
stalked.  Fruit  a  berry.  [Ancient  name  of  some  oriental  tree.]  About  50  species, 
natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  Fla. 

Twigs  and  petioles  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous.  i.  P.  Borbonia. 

Twigs  and  petioles  densely  tomentose.  2.  /.  pubescens, 

1.  Persea  Borbonia  (L.)  Spreng.     RED  BAY.  ISABELLA-WOOD.  (1.  F.  f.  1652.) 
A  tree,  with  dark  red  bark.      Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  bright 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  when  mature,  2-5  cm.  wide,  obscurely  veined, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  petioles  1-2.5  cm-  l°ngj  peduncles  short,  axillary,  often  little 
longer  than  the  petioles,  bearing  lew-flowered  panicles  ;  calyx  puberulent,  spread- 
ing in  fruit,  its  inner  segments   longer  than  the  outer;  berries  dark  blue,'  about  12 
mm.  in  diameter,  their  pedicels  thick,  red.     Along  streams  and  borders  of  swamps, 
Del.  (?),  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ark.      April-June.      Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Persea  pubescens  (Pursh)  Sarg.     SWAMP  BAY.     (I.   F.   f.    1653.)     Bark 
brown  ;  leaves  oval,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  glabrous  and  shining  above  when  mature, 
pubescent  beneath  or  also  tomentose  on  the  veins,  strongly  veined,  1-4  cm.  wide; 
petioles  0.8-1.6  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  tomentose,  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles, 
sometimes  5-8  cm.  long;  calyx  tomentose,  its  inner  segments  longer  than  the  outer; 
berry  dark  blue,  12-18  mm.  in  diameter.      In   swamps   and  along  streams,  S.  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  Miss.     May -July.     Fruit  ripe  Sept. 

2.  SASSAFRAS  Nees  &  Eberm. 

A  rough-barked  tree,  with  broad  entire  or  2-6-lobed  leaves,  and  yellow  dioe- 
cious flowers  in  involucrate  umbelled  racemes  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  the  preceding 
season,  unfolding  with  or  before  the  leaves,  the  involucre  composed  of  the  persist- 
ent bud-scales.  Calyx  6-parted,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers  persistent,  its  seg- 
ments equal.  Staminate  flowers  with  3  series  of  3  stamens,  the  2  outer  series  with 
glandless  filaments,  those  of  the  inner  series  with  a  pair  of  stalked  glands  at  the 
base.  Anthers  introrse,  4  valved.  Pistillate  flowers  with  about  6  staminodia  and 
an  ovoid  ovary.  Fruit  an  oblong -globose  blue  drupe.  [The  popular  Spanish  name.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Sassafras  Sassafras  (L.)  Karst.  SASSAFRAS  OR  AGUE  TREE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1654.)  A  tree  sometimes  40  m.  high,  the  twigs  and  leaves  mucilaginous,  pubescent 
when  young  but  becoming  glabrous.  Leaves  oval  or  often  as  wide  as  long,  mem- 
branous, pinnately  veined,  petioled;  racemes  several  or  numerous  in  the  umbels,  ped- 
uncled  ;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  stamens  about  equalling  the  calyx-segments; 
fruiting  pedicels  red,  much  thickened  below  the  calyx;  drupe  nearly  1.2  cm.  high. 
In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  July-Aug. 
3.  MALAPOENNA  Adans.  [TETRANTHERA  Jacq.] 

Leaves  entire,  deciduous  in  our  species.  Flowers  small,  greenish  or  yellow,  in 
umbels  or  almost  capitate,  involucrate  by  the  bud  scales,  axillary,  or  in  the  follow- 
ing species  unfolding  before  the  leaves  at  the  nodes  of  twigs  of  the  previous  season. 
Calyx  6-parted,  deciduous.  Staminate  flowers  much  as  in  Sassafras,  bearing  3 
series  of  3  stamens,  their  anthers  all  4-celled,  4-valved  and  introrse.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  9  or  12  staminodia  and  a  globose  or  oval  ovary.  Fruit  a  small  drupe. 
[Malabar  name.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions  of  l)oth 
the  Old  World  and  the  New,  only  the  following  known  in  N  Am. 

i.  Malapoenna  ge-iiculata  (Walt.)  Coulter.  POND  SPICE  (I  F.  f.  1655  ) 
A  much-branched  shrub,  with  terete  smooth  zigzag  twigs.  Leaves  oblonp.  firm, 
1-5  cm.  long,  6-13  mm.  wide,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  above,  paler  and 
puberulent,  at  least  on  the  veins,  beneath,  or  quite  glabrous  when  mature;  umbels 
2-  4-flowered,  sessile  ;  involucres  of  2-4  scales  ;  flowers  yellow,  less  than  4  mm. 
broad  ;  drupe  globose,  red,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.  In  swamps  and  wet  soil, 
S.  Va.  to  Fla.  March -April. 

4.   BENZOIN    Fabric.      [LINDERA  Thunb.] 

Leaves   alternate,    pinnately   veined  and  in   our   species  deciduous.     Flowers 
or  polygamous,  yellow,  in  lateral  sessile   involucr^te  dusters   unfolding 


PA  PA  VERA  CEA  E.  437 

before  the  leaves,  the  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.  Calyx -segments  6,  equal, 
deciduous.  Staminate  flowers  with  3  series  oi  3  stamens,  the  H laments  of  the 
inner  series  lobed  and  gland-bearing  at  the  base,  those  of  the  two  outer  series 
glandless;  anthers  introrse,  2  valved.  Pistillate  flowers  with  12-15  staminodia 
and  a  globose  ovary.  Fruit  a  red  drupe.  [Named  from  Benzoin  gum,  from  its 
similar  fragrance.]  About  7  species,  of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  Asia.  Only  the 
following  are  North  American. 

Shrub  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base. 

i.  B.  Benzoin. 

Twigs  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  pubescent ;  leaves  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the 
base.  2.  B.  melissaefolium. 

1.  Benzoin  Benzoin  (L.)  Coulter.     SPICE- BUSH.     BENJAMIN-BUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
1656.)     A  shrub,  1-7  m.  high,  with  smooth  bark.    Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  elliptic, 
5—13  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide,  or  those  of  shoots  much  larger,  acute,  short-acuminate 
or  some  of  them  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  petioles  6-12  mm. 
long;  flowers  about  3  mm.   broad,   fragrant;   pedicels  about  equalling  the  calyx- 
segments;  ovary  about  as  long  as  the  style;  drupe  8-10  mm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in 
diameter.     In  moist  woods,  thickets  and  along  streams,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  N.  Car., 
Tenn.  and  Kans.     March-May.     Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Benzoin   melissaefolium   (Walt.)   Nees.     HAIRY  SPICE-BUSH.     (I.   F.  f. 
1657.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  young  twigs,  buds  and  lower  surfaces 
of  the   leaves   densely  pubescent.     Leaves   ovate-lanceolate   or   oblong,   acute   or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3.6 
cm.  wide;  petioles  2-6  mm.   long;  pedicels  equalling  or  slightly  longer  than  the 
calyx  segments;  drupe  6-10  mm.   high.     In  swamps  and  wet  soil,   111.   and  Mo. 
to  N.  Car.,  Ala.  and  Fla.     Feb. -March. 


Order  15.    PAPAVERALES. 

Mostly  herbs,  with  clustered,  regular  and  perfect  flowers.  Petals,  with 
very  rare  exceptions,  present,  separate.  Sepals  usually  separate.  Stamens 
hypogynous.  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx,  compound,  composed 
of  two  united  carpels,  or  more. 

Sepals  2  (very  rarely  3  or  4) ;  endosperm  fleshy.  Fam.  i.  Papaveraceae, 

Sepals  or  calyx-segments  4-8  ;  endosperm  none. 

Capsule  2-celled  by  a  longitudinal   partition,  usually  2-valved,  rarely  indehiscent ; 

sepals  and  petals  4.  Fam.  2.  Cruciferae. 

Capsule  i -celled,  of  2-6  carpels. 

Sepals  and  petals  4,  regular,  or  petals  irregular  ;  capsule  of  2  carpels,  2-valved. 

Fam.  3.   Capparidaceae. 

Sepals  and  petals  4-8,  irregular  ;  capsule  of  3-6  carpels,  3-6  valved  at  the  top  ; 
disk  large.  Fam.  4.  Resedaceae. 

Family   i.     PAPAVERACEAE    B.  Juss. 
Poppy  Family. 

Herbs,  with  milky  or  colored  sap,  and  alternate  leaves  or  the  upper 
rarely  opposite.  Stipules  noner^  Flowers  perfectrregulaf  or  irregular. 
Sepals  2  (rarely  3  or  4),  caducous.  Petals  4-6  or  rarely  more,  imbricated, 
often  wrinkled,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  distinct ;  filaments 
filiform;  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  i,  many-ovuled, 
mainly  i -celled  ;  style  short;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  gen- 
erally dehiscent  by  a  pore,  or  by  valves,  rarely  indehiscent.  About  26 
genera  and  200  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the  north 
temperate  zone. 


438  FLORA. 

*  Flowers  regular. 
Pod  dehiscent  at  the  top,  or  only  to  the  middle. 

Leaves  not  spiny-toothed.  I.  Papaver. 

Leaves  spiny-toothed.  2.  Argemone. 

Pod  dehiscent  to  the  base. 

Flowers  white;  juice  red.  3.  Sanguinaria, 

Flowers  and  juice  yellow. 

Capsule  oblong  or  short-linear,  bristly.  4.  Stylophorum. 

Capsule  long-linear,  rough,  tipped  with  a  dilated  stigma.  5.   Glaucinm. 

Capsule  linear,  smooth,  lipped  with  a  subulate  style  and  minute  stigma. 

6.  Chelidonium. 

**  Flowers  irregular.     Family  FUMARIACEAE  DC. 
Each  of  the  2  outer  petals  spurred  at  the  base. 

Corolla  deeply  cordate  at  base;  petals  slightly  coherent.  7.  Bicuculla. 

Corolla  rounded  or  slightly  cordate;  petals  permanently  coherent,  persistent. 

8.  Adlumia. 
One  of  the  outer  petals  spurred  at  base. 

Capsule  2-valved,  few-several-seeded.  9.   Capnoides. 

Fruit  globose,  indehiscent,  i -seeded.  10.  Fumaria. 

I.  PAPAVER  L. 

Sap  milky.  Leaves  lobed  or  dissected,  alternate.  Flowers  and  flower-buds 
nodding.  Sepals  2  or  occasionally  3.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  oo  .  Anthers  ex- 
trorse.  Ovules  oo  ,  borne  on  numerous  internally. projecting  placentae.  Stigmas 
united  into  a  radiate  persistent  disk.  Capsule  globose,  obovoid,  or  oblong,  de- 
hiscent near  the  summit.  Seeds  marked  with  minute  depressions.  [Classic  Latin 
name  of  the  poppy.]  About  25  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  Old  World,  but  2  or 
3  indigenous  in  western  America. 

Glabrate  and  glaucous;  leaves  lobed,  clasping;  capsule  subglobose.       i.   P.  somniferum. 
Green,  hirsute;  leaves  pinnately  divided. 

Stems  branching,  leafy;  weeds  of  waste  or  cultivated  ground. 
Capsule  glabrous. 

Capsule  subglobose  or  top-shaped.  2.  P.  Rhoeas. 

Capsule  oblong,  narrowed  below.  3.  P.  dubiunt. 

Capsule  oblong,  hispid  with  a  few  erect  hairs.  4.  P.  Argemone. 

Leaves  all  basal ;  capsule  obovoid,  densely  hispid  with  erect  hairs;  arctic. 

5.  P.  radicatum. 

1.  Papaver  somniferum  L.     OPIUM  OR  GARDEN  POPPY.     (I.  F.  f.  1658.) 
Erect,  glaucous,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  clasping  by  a  cordate  base,  1-2  dm.  long, 
oblong,    wavy,   lobed  or  toothed;    flowers   7-10  cm.   broad,    bluish-white  with   a 
purple  centre;  filaments  somewhat  dilated  upward ;  capsule  glabrous.     Occasional 
in  waste  grounds  and  on  ballast.     Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Papaver  Rhoeas  L.     FIELD,  RED  OR  CORN  POPPY.    (I.  F.  f.  1659.)    Erect, 
3-9  dm.  high,  hispid  with  spreading  bristly  hairs.     Lower  leaves  petioled,  1-1.5 
dm.  long,  the  upper  smaller,  sessile,  all  pinnatifid;  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate; 
flowers  5-10  cm.  broad,  scarlet  with  a  darker  centre;  filaments  not  dilated;  capsule 
glabrous,  the  disk  with  10  or  more  stigmatic  rays.     In  waste  places  and  on  ballast, 
Me.  to  Va.     Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Papaver  dubium  L.     LONG  SMOOTH-FRUITED  POPPY.      (I.  F.  f.    1660.) 
Slender,    3-6  dm.  high,   hirsute  with  spreading  hairs.      Lower  leaves  petioled, 
1-1.5  dm.  long,  the  upper  smaller,  nearly  sessile,  all  deeply  pinnately  divided; 
lobes  oblong,  pinnatifid,   cleft  or  sometimes  entire;  flowers  5  cm.  broad,  scarlet, 
sometimes  darker  in  the  centre;  filaments  not  dilated;  capsule  oblong,  glabrous, 
i  5-2  cm.  long,  narrowed  below;  stigmatic  rays  6-10.     In  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds,  Penn.  to  Va.  and  southward.     Adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Papaver  Argemone  L.     PALK  OR  LONG  ROUGH-FRUITED  POPPY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1661.)     Slender,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  all  but  the  upper  petioled,  lanceolate  in 
outline,  pinnately  divided,  the  divisions  pinnatifid  and  toothed;  flowers  2-5   cm. 
broad,  pale  red,  often  with  a  darker  centre;  filaments  not  dilated;  capsule  oblong, 
1.6-2  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bristly-hairy.      Waste  grounds,  Philadelphia, 
and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer.     Old  name 
Wind -rose. 


PA  PA  VEKA  CEA  E.  439 

5.  Papaver  radicatum  Rottb.  ARCTIC  POPPY.  (I.  F.  f.  1662.)  More  or 
less  hirsute.  Leaves  all  basal,  pinnately  lobed  or  cleft,  the  lobes  linear-oblong; 
scape  erect,  slender,  0.5-3  dm.  tall,  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  flower  solitary, 
2-8  cm.  broad,  yellow  or  red;  filaments  filiform;  capsule  narrowly  obovoid,  1-1.6 
cm.  high,  about  8  mm.  in  greatest  diameter,  densely  beset  with  erect  bristly  hairs. 
Greenland  and  Lab.  tj  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

2.  ARGEMONE  L. 

Glaucous  herbs,  with  yellow  sap,  spiny -toothed  leaves  and  large  flowers.  Sep- 
als 2  or  3.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  oo  .  Placentae  4-6,  many-ovuled.  Style  very 
short.  Stigma  dilated,  3-6-radiate.  Capsule  prickly,  oblong,  dehiscent  at  the 
apex  by  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  cancellate.  [Greek,  an  eye  disease,  supposed 
to  be  relieved  by  the  plant  so  called.]  A  genus  of  about  10  species,  natives  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America. 

Petals  yellow  or  ochroleucous.  i.  A.  Mexicana. 
Petals  white  or  pinkish. 

Stem  spiny  or  unarmed,  not  hispid-pubescent. 

Horns  of  the  sepals  nearly  erect,  the  terminal  spine  1-1.5  mm.  long;  flowers 

peduncled.  2.  A.  alba. 
Horns  of  the  sepals  diverging,  the  terminal  spine  2-4  mm.  long  ;  flowers  usually 

sessile.  3.  A.  intermedia. 

Stem  spiny  and  also  hispid-pubescent.  4.  A.  hispida. 

1.  Argemone  Mexicana  L.     MEXICAN   OR  PRICKLY  POPPY.    (I.  F.  f.  1663.) 
Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  spiny  or  sometimes  nearly  unarmed.     Leaves  sessile,  clasping 
by  a  narrowed  base,  1-2.5  dm.  l°n&>  glaucous,  runcinate-pinnatifid,   spiny-toothed 
and  more  or  less  spiny  on  the  veins;  flowers  orange  or  yellow,  sessile  or  subsessile, 
2-8  cm.  broad  ;  sepals  acuminate,  bristly-pointed  ;  capsule   2.5   cm.  long  or  more; 
stigma  sessile.     In  waste  places,  N.  ].  and  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Also  in  ballast 
about  the  northern  seaports.     Adventive  from  tropical  America.     June-Sept. 

Argemone  Mexicana  ochroleiica  Lindl.  Flowers  ochroleucous  ;  style  distinct.  Oc- 
casional with  the  type. 

2.  Argemone  alba  Lestib.     WHITE  PRICKLY  POPPY.    (I.  F.  f.  1664.)   Similar 
to  the  preceding  species,  but  commonly  stouter  and  taller.     Leaves  pinnatifid  or 
pinnately  lobed,  sometimes  whitish  along  the  veins;   flowers  white,  usually  larger, 
7-10  cm.   broad,  distinctly  peduncled;  petals  generally  cuneate-obovate ;  terminal 
spine  of  the  nearly  erect,  flattened  sepal-tips,  1-1.5  mm-  l°ng  ;  capsules  oval-ellip- 
soid, 2.5-4  cm.  long.     Fla.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

3.  Argemone  intermedia  Sweet.     Leafy,  the  flowers  usually  sessile  or  nearly 
so.     Petals  broadly  obovate,  often  as  wide  as  long;  horns  of  the  sepals  pyramidal, 
not  much  flattened,  diverging,  the  terminal  spine  2-4  mm.  long:  capsule  cylindric- 
ellipsoid.     Plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Idaho,  Tex.  and  Mex.     May-Aug. 

4.  Argemone  hispida  A.  Gray.     Plant  spiny,  and  also  densely  hispid-pubes- 
cent.    Petals  obovate;   horns  of  the  sepals  triangular -lanceolate,  more  or  less  spiny 
and  hispid.     Kans.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Cal. 

3.  SANGUINARIA  L. 

Rootstock  horizontal,  thick  ;  juice  red.  Leaves  basal,  palmately  veined  and 
lobed,  cordate  or  reniform.  Scape  i-flowered  (rarely  2).  Flower  white.  Sepals 
2,  fugacious.  Petals  8-12,  arranged  in  2  or  3  rows.  Stamens  oo  .  Stigmas 
grooved.  Placentae  2.  Capsule  oblong,  dehiscent  to  the  base,  the  valves  persist- 
ent. Seeds  smooth,  crested.  [Name  from  the  red  juice.]  A  monotypic  genus  of 
eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  San-uinaria  Canadensis  L.  BLOODROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  1665.)  Glabrous, 
glaucous,  especially  when  young.  Rootstock  several  inches  long,  clothed  with 
thick  fibrous  roots;  petioles  1.5-3.5  dm-  long'»  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  broad,  1-2  dm. 
long,  palmately  5~9-lobed,  the  lobes  repand,  or  cleft  at  the  apex;  flower  2.5-4  cm. 
broad;  petals  oblong  or  obovate,  early  deciduous;  capsule  oblong,  narrow,  i-celled, 
2-valvedf  2-3  cm.  long.  In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Neb.,  Fla.  and 
Ark.  April-May. 


44O  FLORA. 

4.   STYLOPHORUM  Nutt. 

Herbs,  with  stout  rootstocks,  yellow  sap,  pinnatifid  leaves  and  clustered  or 
solitary  flowers.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens. oo  .  Placentae  2-4;  stigma  2-4- 
lobed,  radiate.  Capsule  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  cancellate,  crested.  [Name 
Greek,  style-bearing.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  Asia. 

i.  Stylophoium  diph^Jlum  (Michx.)  Nutt.  YELLOW  OR  CELANDINE  POPPY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1666.)  Glaucous,  especially  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  sparingly 
pubescent,  3-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long,  slender-petioled,  i-2-pinnat- 
ifid,  the  divisions  obovate,  obtuse,  lobed  or  irregularly  crenate,  those  of  the  stem 
2-4,  the  upper  opposite;  flowers  2-4,  terminal,  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  deep  yellow; 
sepals  hirsute,  caducous;  petals  obovate,  rounded;  capsule  2.5  cm.  long,  ovoid, 
acute  at  each  end,  hirsute,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style.  In  low  woods,  western 
Penn.  (?),  Ohio  to  Term.,  Wis.  and  Mo.  March-May. 

5     GLAUCIUM  Juss. 

Glaucous  herbs,  with  alternate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  saffron-colored 
sap.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  oo  .  Placentae  2,  rarely  3;  stigma  sessile, 
dilated,  2-lobed,  the  lobes  convex.  Capsule  long-linear,  2-celled,  dehiscent  to  the 
base.  Seeds  cancellate,  crestless.  [Name  Greek,  from  the  glaucous  foliage.] 
About  6  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Glaucium  Glaucium  (L.)  Karst.  YELLOW  HORNED  OR  SEA  POPPY.  (I. 
F.  f.  1667.)  Stout,  6-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  thick,  ovate  or  oblong,  0.7-2  dm. 
long,  scurfy,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  clasping,  all  pinnatifid,  the  divi- 
sions toothed;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  yellow,  2-5  cm.  broad;  capsule  nar- 
rowly linear,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  tipped  with  the  persistent  stigma.  In  waste  places, 
R.  I.  to  Va.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Summer. 

6.  CHELIDONIUM  L. 

Erect  branching  herbs,  with  alternate,  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves,  yellow  sap  and 
yellow  flowers.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  oo  .  Placentae  2.  Styles  distinct; 
stigma  not  dilated,  2-lobed.  Capsule  linear,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  smooth, 
shining,  crested.  [Name  Greek  for  the  swallow.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe 
and  Asia. 

i.  Chelidonium  majus  L.  CELANDINE.  (I.  F.  f.  1668.)  Weak,  3-6  dm. 
high,  sparingly  pubescent.  Leaves  thin,  1-2  dm.  long,  glaucous  beneath,  1-2- 
pinnatifid,  the  segments  ovate  or  obovate,  crenate  or  lobed  ;  petioles  often  dilated 
at  the  base  ;  flowers  12-16  mm.  broad,  in  axillary  pedunculate  umbels  ;  petals 
rounded  ;  pedicels  slender,  elongating  in  fruit ;  capsule  glabrous,  2-5  cm.  long, 
tipped  with  the  persistent  style  and  stigma.  Was'e  places,  roadsides  and  woods, 
common  in  the  East.  Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.  Summer.  April-Sept. 

7.  BICUCULLA  Adans.      [DICENTRA    Bernh.] 
Herbs,   with   dissected   leaves,   and   clustered    irregular   flowers.     Pedicels  2- 

bracted.  Sepals  2,  scale-like.  Corolla  cordate  at  base  ;  petals  4,  in  2  pairs,  con- 
nivent,  slightly  coherent,  the  exterior  pair  oblong,  concave,  spurred  at  the  base, 
spreading  at  the  apex,  the  inner  narrow,  clawed,  coherent  above,  crested  or  winged 
on  the  back.  Stamens  6,  in  two  sets  placed  opposite  the  outer  petals  ;  filaments 
more  or  less  diadelphous.  Placentae  2;  style  slender;  stigma  2-4  lobed.  Capsule 
oblong  or  linear,  dehiscent  to  the  base  by  2  valves.  Seeds  crested.  [Name  from 
the  Latin,  double-hooded.]  About  14  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  western  Asia. 

Raceme  simple;  flowers  white  or  whitish. 

Spurs  divergent ;  inner  petals  minutely  crested.  i.  B.   Cucullaria. 

Spurs  short,  rounded  ;  inner  petals  conspicuously  crested.  2.  B.  Canadensis. 

Raceme  compound;  flowers  deep  pink.  3.  B.  eximia. 

i.  Bicuculla  Cucullaria  (L.)  Millsp.  DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.  SOLDIER'S 
CAP.  (I.  F.  f.  1669.)  Delicate,  glabrous,  1-2.5  dm.  high,  from  a  bulbous  base. 
Leaves  basal,  pale  beneath,  slender  petioled,  ternately  compound,  the  divisions 
stalked  and  dissected  into  linear  or  oblanceolate  segments;  scape  slender;  raceme 
secund,  4-io-flowered ;  flowers  nodding,  pedicelled,  12-16  mm.  long,  6-20  mm. 


PAPA  VERA  CEAE.  441 

broad  at  the  base,   white,   or  faintly  pink,  yellow  at  the  summit;  spurs  widely 
divergent.      In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Wash..  N.  Car.,  Neb.  and  Mo.     April-May. 

2.  Bicuculla  Canadensis  (Goldie)  Millsp.     SQUIRREL  CORN.     (I.  F.  f.  1670.) 
Similar,  the  rootstock  bearing  numerous  small  tubers.     Leaves  decidedly  glaucous 
beneath;  flowers  nodding,  short-pedicelled,  14-18  mm.  long,  10  mm.  broad  at  the 
base,   greenish  white,   purplish    tinged,    slightly    fragrant;    spurs  short,   rounded. 
In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Va.,  Ky.,  Neb.  and  Mo.     May-June. 

3.  Bicuculla  exiraia  (Ker)  Millsp.     WILD  BLEEDING-HEART.     (I.  F.  f.  1671.) 
Glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous,  3-6  dm.  high;  rootstock  scaly.     Leaves  larger  than 
those   of  the   preceding   species,    ternately  parted,    the   divisions   stalked,   finely 
pinnatifid  into  oblong  or  ovate  segments;  scape  slender,  about  equalling  the  leaves; 
raceme  compound;  flowers  clustered  in  cymes,  slender- pedicelled,  pink,  nodding, 
16-20  mm.   long,   6-8  mm.  broad  at  the  base;    spurs  short,   rounded,   incurved; 
outer   petals  spreading   at   the   apex.     In  rocky  places,   W.   N.   Y.    to  Ga.    and 
Tenn.     May-Sept. 

8.  ADLUMIA  Raf. 

A  glabrous  climbing  vine,  with  decompound  leaves.  Sepals  2,  scale-like. 
Petals  4,  permanently  united  into  a  narrowly  ovate  cordate  persistent  spongy 
corolla  4-lobed  at  the  apex.  Stamens  6,  monadelphous  below,  diadelphous  above, 
adherent  to  the  petals.  Capsule  oblong,  included  in  the  persistent  corolla.  Seeds 
crestless.  Closely  related  to  certain  Asiatic  species  of  Bicuculla.  [In  honor  of 
John  Adlum,  a  gardener  of  Washington.  ]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Adlumia  fungosa  (Ait.)  Greene.  CLIMBING  FUMITORY.  ALLEGHANY 
VINE.  (I.  F.  f.  1672.)  Weak,  slender,  climbing  by  slender  petioles.  Leaves 
bipinnate,  the  divisions  slender-stalked  ;  ultimate  segments  lobed  or  entire,  very 
thin,  ovate  or  cuneate,  pale  beneath;  flowers  numerous  in  axillary  drooping  cymes, 
10-14  mm.  long,  6  mm.  broad  at  the  base,  greenish  purple;  capsule  2-valved.  few- 
seeded.  In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.  June-Oct. 

9.  CAPNOIDES   Adan.     [CORYDALIS   Vent.]     (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  with  decompound  leaves,  and  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  2,  small. 
Corolla  irregular,  deciduous;  petals  4,  erect-connivent,  one  of  the  outer  pair  spurred 
at  the  base,  the  interior  ones  narrow,  keeled  on  the  back.  Stamens  6,  in  2  sets, 
opposite,  the  outer  petals.  Placentae  2  ;  style  entire,  dilated  or  lobed,  persistent. 
Capsule  linear  or  oblong,  2-valved.  [Greek,  smoke-like,  in  allusion  to  the  smoke- 
like  odor  of  some  species,  as  in  Fumaria.]  About  no  species,  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone  and  South  Africa. 

Stems  tall;  flowers  pink  with  yellow  tips.  i.   C.  sempervirens. 

Stems  low,  diffuse  or  ascending;  flowers  yellow. 
Flowers  6-8  mm.  long;  spur  short. 

Seeds  sharp-margined,  wrinkled;  pods  drooping  or  spreading. 

2.   C.  flavulum. 

Seeds  blunt-margined,  smooth,  shining:  pods  ascending.       3.  C.  micranthum. 
Flowers  8-16  mm.  long  ;  spur  conspicuous. 
Pods  smooth. 

Seeds  smooth  or  obscurely  reticulated. 

Capsules  spreading  or  drooping,  distinctly  tcrulose  ;  eastern. 

4.  C.  aureum. 
Capsules  ascending,  terete  or  slightly  torulose;  western. 

5.  C.  tnontanum. 
Seeds  finely  muriculate  ;  pods  ascending.                          6.  C.  curvisiliquum. 

Pods  densely  covered  with  transparent  vesicles.  7.  C.  crystallinum. 

i.  Capnoides  sempervirens  (L.)  Borck.  PINK  CORYDALIS.  (I.  F.  f.  1673.) 
Glabrous,  glaucous,  3-6  dm.  high.  Lower  leaves  2-10  cm.  long,  short-petioled, 
the  upper  nearly  sessile,  pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  obovate  or 
cuneate,  toothed  or  entire,  obtuse,  often  mucronulate;  flowers  numerous,  10-16  mm. 
long,  pink  with  a  yellow  tip;  spur  rounded,  about  2  mm.  long;  capsules  narrowly 
linear,  erect,  2-5  cm.  long,  nodose  when  mature  ;  seeds  shining,  minutely  reticu- 
lated. In  rocky  places,  N.  S.  to  Alaska.  N.  Car.  and  Minn.  April-Sept. 


44 2  FLORA. 

2.  Capnoides~flavulum(Raf.)  Kuntze.    PALECORYDALIS.    (I.  F.  £.1674.)   Slen- 
der, glabrous,  diffuse  or  ascending,  i-5~3-5  clm-  high'    Lower  leaves  petioled,  the 
upper  nearly  sessile,  all  finely  dissected  into  linear  or  oblong,  sometimes  cuneate,  seg- 
ments ;  pedicels  very  slender;  bracts  conspicuous,  broadly  oblong,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 4-8  mm.  long;  spur  I  mm.  long,  rounded  ;  outer  petals  sharp  pointed;  crest 
dentate  ;    pods    torulose  ;    seeds    sharp-margined,    finely    reticulated.       In  rocky 
woods,   S.  N.  Y.  to  S.  W.   Ont.,   Minn.,  Va.,  Kans.  and  La.     May- June. 

3.  Capnoides  micranthum  (Engelm.)  Britton.    SMALL-FLOWERED  CORYDALIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1675.)     Habit  and  foliage  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  the  ultimate  leaf- 
segments  generally  slightly  broader.      Flowers  similar,  the  crest  entire  ;  or  some- 
times cleistogamous  and  minute,  spurless;  pods  ascending,  short-pedicelled,  torulose; 
seeds  obtuse-margined,   smooth,  shining.       In  woods,  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  Tex., 
Va.  and  Fla.     Feb.-April. 

4.  Capnoides  aureum  (Willd.)  Kuntze.    GOLDEN  CORYDALIS.     (I.  F.  f.  1676.) 
Glabrous.   1-3.5  dm.  high,  diffuse.      Leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  petioled,  finely 
dissected  into  oblong  obovate  or  cuneate  segments  ;  flowers  12  mm.  long  ;  spur  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  body  of  the  corolla,  or  more,  rounded  ;  outer  petals  keeled, 
not  crested  ;  pedicels  short,  slender  ;  pods  spreading  or  pendulous,  torulose  ;  seeds 
obtuse-margined,   shining,   obscurely   reticulated.      In   woods,   N.   S.    to  Alask., 
Penn.  and  Wis.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Ariz.     March-May. 

5.  Capnoides    montanum    (Engelm.)     Britton.      MOUNTAIN     CORYDALIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1677.)     Closely  resembles  C  aureum,  but  lighter  green,  and  the  leaves 
often  more  finely  divided.     Flower-clusters  spicate-racemose.  the  pedicels  usually 
very  short;  flowers  12-16  mm.  long;  spur  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  its  body,  or 
less;  capsules  spreading  or  somewhat  ascending;  seeds  sharp  margined,  shining  or 
obscurely  reticulated.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Kans.,   Tex.,   Ore.  (?),  Utah  and 
Mex.     April-Aug. 

6.  Capnoides  curvisiliquum  (Engelm.)  Kuntze.     CURVED-FRUITED   CORY- 
DALIS.     Usually  stout,  similar  to  the  two  preceding  species,  often  rather  taller  than 
either.    Flowers  spicate  or  spicate-racemose,  about  16  mm.  long,  conspicuous;  spur 
of  the  corolla  conspicuous;  pods  curved  upward,  very  short-pedicelled,  stout,  some- 
what  4-sided;    seeds   sharp-margined,   finely  muriculate.     Apparently  restricted 
in  distribution  to  Texas,    though  reported    from  much   farther   north.       April- 
June. 

7.  Capnoides    crystallinum   (Engelm.)  Kuntze.      VESICULAR    CORYDALIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1679.)     Erect   or   ascending,    glabrous,    2-5    dm.    high.      Lower   leaves 
slender  petioled.   the  upper  sessile,    all    finely    dissected  into  oblong   or   cuneate 
segments;  pedicels  stout,   short,  diverging;  flowers  spicate,  12-16  mm.  long;  spur 
6-8  mm.    long;  crest   large,    dentate;  capsules  18   mm.   long,    ascending  or  erect, 
densely   covered   with    transparent   vesicles;     seeds    acute-margined,     reticulated. 
Prairies,  Mo.,  Kans.  and  Ark.      April-June. 

10.  FUMARIA   L. 

Herbs,  with  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  small  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  2, 
scale-like.  Petals  4,  erect-connivent,  the  outer  pair  larger,  i  of  them  spurred,  the 
inner  narrow,  coherent  at  the  apex,  keeled  or  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6, 
diadelphous,  opposite  the  outer  petals.  Ovule  I;  style  slender;  stigma  entire  or 
lobed.  Fruit  I -seeded,  nearly  globose,  indehiscent.  [Name  from  the  Latin, 
smoke,  from  the  smoke-like  smell  of  some  species.]  About  15  species,  all  natives 
of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Fumaria  officinalis  L.  FUMITORY.  HEDGE  FUMITORY.  (I.  F.  f.  1680.) 
Glabrous;  stems  diffuse  or  ascending,  1.5-9  dm.  long.  Leaves  petioled,  finely 
dissected  into  entire  or  lobed  linear  oblong  or  cuneate  segments;  racemes  2-8  cm. 
long,  narrow;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long,  axillary  to  small  bracts;  flowers  purplish, 
4-6  mm.  long,  darker  at  the  summit;  spur  rounded,  I  mm.  long;  nut  2  mm.  in 
diameter,  depressed-globose.  In  waste  places  and  on  ballast,  N.  S.  to  Fla.  and 
the  Gulf  States,  and  locally  in  the  interior.  Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe. 
Summer. 


CRUCIFERAE.  443 

Family  2.     CRUCfpERAE    B.  Juss. 
Mustard  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  watery  acrid  sap,  alternate 
leaves,  and  racemose  or  corymbose  flowers.  Sepals  4,  deciduous,  or 
rarely  persistent,  the  2  outer  narrow,  the  inner  similar,  or  concave,  or 
saccate  at  the  base.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  cruciate,  nearly  equal,  gen- 
erally clawed.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  tetradynamous,  rarely  fewer. 
Pistil  i,  compound,  consisting  of  2  united  carpels,  the  parietal  placentae 
united  by  a  dissepiment;  style  generally  persistent,  sometimes  none; 
stigma  discoid  or  usually  more  or  less  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicic, 
generally  2-celled,  rarely  i -celled,  in  a  few  genera  indehiscent.  Seeds 
attached  to  both  sides  of  the  septum ;  endosperm  none  ;  cotyledons 
incumbent,  accumbent  or  conduplicate.  About  185  genera  and  1500 
species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

The  following  wholly  artificial  key  is  designed  to  apply  only  to  the  species  and  genera 
of  our  Flora.  The  natural  alliances  of  the  genera  are  largely  based  on  minute  charac- 
ters. The  family  is  also  known  as  BRASSICACEAE. 

*  Pod  a  silique  or  silicic,  dehiscent  into  two  valves  to  the  base. 

f  Pod  an  elongated-linear  silique,  or  at  least  twice  as  long  as  wide.     (See  also 
species  of  No.  29.) 

1.  Silique  borne  on  a  long  stipe.  i.  Stanleya. 

2.  Silique  terete,  4-sided,  or  compressed,  very  short-stipitate,  or  sessile  on  the  receptacle. 

a.  Silique  tipped  with  the  short  slender  style,  or  style  none. 

Seeds  globose  or  oblong,  wingless. 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 

Pubescence,  when  present,  of  simple  hairs.  17.  Roripa. 

Pubescence  of  forked  hairs  ;  leaves  finely  dissected. 

30.  Sophia. 
Seeds  in  only  i  row  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  auricled  at  the  base;  flowers  violet.  17.  lodanthus. 

Leaves  reniform  or  cordate,  undulate  or  repand ;  flowers  white. 

8.  Alliaria. 
Leaves  dentate  or  pinnatifid  ;  hairs  simple ;  flowers  yellow. 

9.  Sisymbrium. 
Leaves  finely  dissected  ;  pubescence  of  forked  hairs  ;  flowers  yellow. 

31.  Sophia. 
Leaves  entire,  or  slightly  toothed. 

Stigma  nearly  entire,  discoid  ;  plant  glabrous.      2.    l^helypodium. 
Stigma  2-lobed  ;  plants  more  or  less  pubescent. 
Flowers  white  or  pink. 

Valves  of  the  silique  nerved. 

Leaves  dentate  to  pinnatifid.  9.  Sisymbrium. 

Leaves  entire,  cordate.  39.   Conringia. 

Valves  of  the  silique  nerveless,  rounded. 

32.  Stenophragma. 

Flowers  yellow.  34.  Erysimum. 

Flowers  large,  purple,  purplish  or  white.     38.  Hesperis. 

Seeds  flat,  wingless  or  winged. 

Siliques  4-angled,  the  valves  keeled;  flowers  yellow.        16.  Barbarea. 
Siliques  flat  or  flattish. 

Valves  of  the  silique  nerveless. 

Seeds  winged  ;  stem  scape-like  ;  flowers  few.     23.   Leavenworthia* 
Seeds  wingless  :  valves  of  the  silique  elastically  dehiscent. 

Stems  leafy  below  or  throughout.  19.   Cardamine. 

Stems  leafless  below,  2-4-leaved  above.         20.   Dentaria. 
Valves  of  the  silique  i-nerved  or  veiny,  not  elastically  dehiscent. 

33.  Arabis. 

b.  Silique  produced  into  a  beak  beyond  the  valves. 

Beak  conic,  very  short  in  no.  13. 

Silique  terete ;  seeds  in  i  row.  13.  Brassica. 

Silique  flat :  seeds  in  2  rows.  14.  Diplotaxis. 

Beak  flat,  sword-shaped.  12.  Sinapis. 


444  FLORA, 

3.  Silique  elliptic  or  oblong,  very  flat,  2-3  times  as  long  as  broad,  clearly  stipitate. 
Flowers  violet ;  funiculus  of  the  seed  adnate  to  the  septum  of  the  pod. 

21.  Lunar ia. 
Flowers  yellow  ;  funiculus  of  the  seed  free  from  the  septum.         22.  Selenia, 

•f"f  Pod  an  orbicular  globose  or  oblong  silicle,  or  but  little  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  ivide  (except  in  some  species  of  no.  29). 

1.  Silicle  globose,  or  flattened  parallel  with  the  septum. 

a.  Plants  terrestrial,  or  not  strictly  aquatic. 

+  Silicle  globose,  or  terete-oblong,  little  or  not  at  all  compressed. 
Plants  not  maritime. 
Petals  not  2-cleft. 

Seeds  minute,  round,  not  flattened,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

18.  Roripa. 
Seeds  flat ;  silicle  inflated  ;  plants  stellate-pubescent. 

25.  Lesquerella. 

Petals  2-cleft.  37.  Berteroa. 

Plants  maritime,  fleshy,  northern.  7.   Cochlearia. 

-f+  Silicle  didymous,  its  cells  globose-inflated.  24.  Physaria. 

++  +  Silicle  compressed  or  flat,  many-seeded.  30.  Draba. 

2-8-seeded. 

Flowers  yellow.  35.  Alyssum. 

Flowers  white.  36.  Koniga. 

-\ — (-  +  +  Silicle  pear-shaped,  or  obovoid,  many-seeded.  28.  Camelina. 

b.  Wholly  submersed  small  aquatic  ;  silicle  globose  or  oblong.       3.  Subularia. 

2.  Silicle  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  narrow  septum. 

Seeds  several  in  each  cell  of  the  silicle. 

Silicle  triangular,  obcuneate.  27.  Bursa. 

Silicle  elliptic,  wingless,  its  valves  with  a  strong  midvein.  26.  Hutchinsia. 

Silicle  oblong  or  orbicular,  winged  all  around.  6.    7 hlaspi. 

Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  compressed.  4.  Lepidium. 

*  *  Pod  indehiscent,  short  or  elongated. 

Pod  broader  than  long,  more  or  less  didymous.  5.  Coronopus. 

Pod  globose,  reticulated.  29.  Neslia. 
Pod  elongated. 

Pod  of  2  joints,  separating  at  maturity ;  plants  maritime.  10.  Cakile. 

Pod  constricted  between  the  seeds,  not  jointed,  beaked.  15.  Raphanus. 

Pod  obcuneate  to  spatulate,  flattened.  n.  Myagrum. 

i.  STANLEYA    Nutt. 

Glabrous  and  glaucous,  perennial  tall  herbs,  with  large  yellow  bractless  flowers 
in  elongated  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  linear,  narrow.  Petals  narrow,  long- 
clawed.  Stamens  6,  very  nearly  equal;  anthers  twisted.  Ovary  short-stipitate; 
style  short  or  none.  Siliques  linear,  long-stipitate,  spreading  or  recurving,  some- 
what compressed,  dehiscent,  the  valves  with  a  strong  midnerve.  Seeds  in  I  row 
in  each  cell,  numerous,  pendulous.  Cotyledons  straight,  incumbent.  [Named  for 
Lord  Edward  Stanley,  President  of  the  Linnaean  Society.]  About  3  species,  of 
western  Is.  Am. 

i.  Stanleya  pinnata  (Pursh)  Britton.  STANLEYA.  (I.  F.  f.  1681.)  Stems 
0.6-1.5  m-  ta^'  sometimes  decumbent.  Lower  leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately 
divided,  or  entire,  1-2  dm.  long,  long-petioled;  upper  leaves  similar,  or  less  di- 
vided, or  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  short-petioled;  petals  1.5-2.5  cm. 
long;  filaments  filiform,  exserted;  siliques  5-8  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  their  stipes,  downwardly  curved,  somewhat  constricted  between 
the  seeds  when  dry.  In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  Cal.,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. 
May -July.  [S.  pinnatifida  Nutt.] 

a.  THELYPODIUM  Endl. 

Erect  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  entire  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
racemose  flowers.  Siliques  nearly  terete,  linear,  with  a  short  stipe  in  some  species; 
valves  i-nerved,  dehiscent;  stigma  nearly  entire.  Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell  of 
the  pod,  oblong,  marginless  ;  cotyledons  obliquely  incumbent.  [Greek,  female- 
stalk,  from  the  stiped  ovary.]  About  18  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

I.  Thelyoodium  integrifolium  (Nutt.)  Endl.  ENTIRE-LEAVED  THELY- 
PODIUM. (I.  F.  f.  1682.)  Glabrous,  0.9-1.8  m.  high.  Leaves  entire,  thickish, 


CR  UCIFERA  E.  445 

the  basal  and  lower  ones  petioled,  narrowly  oval  or  oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  the 
upper  sessile,  linear,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  flowers 
pink,  in  short  racemes;  pedicels  slender,  4-8  mm.  long;  petals  obovate  or  spatulate, 
long-clawed  ;  pods  about  2.5  cm.  long  and  I  mm.  wide  ;  stipe  very  short ;  style 
slender,  nearly  2  mm.  long.  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Ore.,  Utah  and  N.  Mex.  July- 
Sept. 

3.  SUBULXRIA  L. 

Small  annual  aquatic  submersed  herbs,  with  basal  linear  subulate  leaves,  and 
minute  racemose  white  flowers.  Silicles  short-stipitate,  oblong  or  elliptic,  the 
valves  convex,  ribbed  on  the  back.  Stigma  sessile,  entire.  Seeds  few,  in  2  rows 
in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  curved  above  their  base.  [Latin 
awl,  from  the  awl-shaped  leaves.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  northern  hemis- 
phere. 

i.  Subularia  aquatica  L.  WATER  AWLWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1683.)  Tufted, 
glabrous,  2-10  cm.  high,  growing  in  shallow  water.  Flowering  scape  simple, 
lateral;  leaves  nearly  cylindric,  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  few,  distant;  pedicels  slender, 
2-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  2-3  mm.  long.  In  clear,  cold  lakes,  Newf.  toBr.  Col., 
Me.,  Vt.  and  Ont.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Wyo.,  and  to  Cal.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Siberia.  June-Sept. 

4.  LEPID1UM  L.     (See  Appendix.; 

Erect  or  rarely  diffuse  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed  or  entire  leaves  and  race- 
mose white  or  whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  fewer  than  6.  Petals  short,  some- 
times none.  Silicles  oblong  or  obovate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  winged 
or  wingless;  valves  keeled,  dehiscent.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  flattened;  coty- 
ledons incumbent  or  rarely  accumbent.  [Greek,  a  little  scale,  from  the  flat  scale - 
like  pods.]  About  65  species,  widely  distributed.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
about  16  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Stem-leaves  clasping  by  an  auriculate  base. 

Pods  broadly  ovate,  winged.  i.  L.  campestre. 

Pods  wingless,  broader  than  long.  2.  L.  Draba. 

Stem-leaves  petioled  or  sessile,  not  clasping. 

Pods  and  seeds  entirely  wingless;  petals  none.  3.  L.  ruderale. 

Pods  slightly  winged  above,  orbicular  or  oval,  about  2  mm.  broad  ;  petals  present  or 
none. 

Cotyledons  accumbent;  petals  generally  present,  4.  L.  Virginicum. 

Cotyledons  incumbent;  petals  minute  or  wanting.  5.  /,.  apetalum. 

Pods  oblong,  winged  all  around,  longer  than  wide,  about  4  mm.  high. 

6.  L.  sativum. 

1.  Lepidium  campastre  (L.)  R.  Br.     FIELD  OR  Cow  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1684.) 
Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  2-4.5  dm.  high,  branching  above,  hoary- pubescent  with 
scale-like  hairs  or  rarely  nearly  glabrous.      Basal  leaves  entire,  or  pinnatifid  in  the 
lower  part,  obtuse,  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long;   stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire 
or  slightly  dentate,  sessile,  clasping  ;   flowers  white  or  yellowish  ;  pedicels  rather 
stout,  spreading,  48  mm.  long  in  fruit;   pods  forming  dense  elongated  racemes, 
broadly  ovate,  slightly  curved  upward,  broadly  winged  at  the  apex,  notched,  tipped 
with  a  minute  style.     In   fields   and  waste  places,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to  Va..  Kans., 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  a  bad  weed  in  the  Middle  States.     Nat.  from  Europe. 
May-July. 

2.  Lepidium  Draba  L.      HOARY  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1685.)    Perennial,  erect  or 
ascending,  2-4.5  dm-  high,  hoary-pubescent.     Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong, 
obtuse,  slightly  dentate  or  entire,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile 
and  clasping;  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long  in  fruit ;  flowers  white,  about  4  mm.  broad; 
pods  broadly  ovate,  or  cordate,  3  mm.  long,  in  short  racemes  ;  valves  papillose, 
keeled,  tipped  with  a  style  1-2  mm.   long.     Near  Astoria  and  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
and  on  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Also  in  Colo,  and  Cal.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 
April- June. 

3.  Lepidium  ruderale  L.     ROADSIDE  PEPPER-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1686.)     An- 
nual,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  glabrous,  wiry.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  oblong  in  outline, 
2-10  cm.  long,  l-2-pinnatifid  into  linear  or  oblong  obtuse  segments  ;  upper  leaves 


446  FLORA. 

smaller,  entire  or  with  a  few  lobes  ;  flowers  I  mm.  broad  or  less,  greenish  ;  petals 
none  ;  stamens  2  ;  pods  flat,  not  margined,  about  2  mm.  in  length,  short-oval  or 
suborbicular;  pedicels  slender,  3-4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  valves  sharply  keeled,  barely 
winded  ;  cotyledons  incumbent.  In  waste  places,  on  ballast  and  along  roadsides, 
N.  S.  to  Tex.  Nat.  from  Europe.  Summer. 

4.  Lepidium  Virginicum  L.    WILD  PEPPER-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  1687.)    Similar 
to  L.  ruderale.     Basal  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  in  outline,  less  pinnatifid,  gen- 
erally with  a  large  terminal  lobe  and  numerous  small  lateral  ones,  all  dentate,  gla- 
brous or  slightly  pubescent;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  stalked;  flowers  1-2  mm.  broad,  white  ;  petals  generally  present,  sometimes 
wanting  in  the  later  flowers;  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit; 
pod  flat,  short-oval  or  orbicular,  minutely  winged  above  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 
In  fields  and  along  roadsides,  Quebec  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.    Also  in 
the  West  Indies.     May-Nov. 

5.  Lepidium  apetaium  Willd.     APETALOUS  PEPPER-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1688.) 
Much  like  L.  ruderale  and  L.   Virginicuin.     Basal  leaves  pinnatifid.     Pods  nearly 
orbicular,  slightly  wing-margined  above,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  flowering  pedi- 
cels ascending,  forming  narrow  racemes,  or  in  fruit  spreading  ;   petals  minute  or 
wanting;  cotyledons  incumbent.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Cal.,  D.  C.  and  Tex. 
Apparently  nat.  irom  Asia.     May-Aug. 

Lepidium  medium  Greene,  with  rather  large  white  petals,  orbicular  pods,  3  mm. 
broad,  and  incumbent  cotyledons,  is  found  by  Mr.  Bicknell  near  New  York  city, 
and  on  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Me.  It  is  native  of  Western  N.  Am. 

6.  Lepidium  sativum  L.     GARDEN,  TOWN,  OR  GOLDEN  PEPPER-GRASS.     (I. 
F.  f.  1689.)     Glabrous,  bright  green  ;   stem  about  3  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  2- 
pinnate,  or  pinnate  with  the  segments  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  0.7-2  dm.  long  ;  upper 
leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  much  smaller;  flowers  in  loose  elongated  racemes,  about 
2  mm.  broad;  petals  present,  often  pinkish  ;  silicles  oval,  about  2  mm.  wide,  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  their  pedicels,  emarginate,  winged  all  around;  style  very  short. 
In  waste  places,  Quebec  to  N.  Y.  and  Br.  Col.     Escaped  from  gardens.     Native  of 
Europe.     May-Aug. 

5.  CORONOPUS  Gaertn.      [SENEBIERA    DC.] 

Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse  herbs,  with  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  whit- 
ish flowers.  Silicles  small,  didymous,  laterally  compressed,  sessile.  Stamens  often 
only  2  or  4.  Valves  of  the  capsule  oblong  or  subglobose,  obtuse  at  each  end,  in- 
dehiscent,  falling  away  from  the  septum  at  maturity.  Seeds  I  in  each  cell;  cotyle- 
dons narrow,  incumbent  or  conduplicate.  [Greek,  crow-foot,  from  the  shape  of 
the  leaves.]  About  6  species,  of  wide  distribution.. 

Pod  rugose,  not  crested.  i.  C,  dtdymus. 

Pod  coarsely  wrinkled,  crested.  2.  C.  Coronopus. 

1.  Coronopus  didymus  (L.)  J.  E.  Smith.     LESSER  WART-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1690.)     Tufted,  spreading  on  the  ground,  sparingly  pubescent.     Stems  0.5-4  dm. 
long;  leaves  deeply  i-2-pinnatifid  ;  flowers  white,  racemose  ;  pedicels  slender,  2-3 
mm.  long  in  fruit  ;   pod  about  2  mm.  broad  and  slightly  more  than  I  mm.  high  ; 
valves  obtuse  at  each  end  and  readily  separating  into  2  ovoid  nutlets.     In  waste 
places,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.,  west  to  Cal.     Summer.     Nat.  from  the  south. 

2.  Coronopus  Coronopus  (L. )  Karst.     WART  OR  SWINE'S  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1691.)     Tufted,    spreading   on    the    ground,    succulent,    glabrous    and    glaucous, 
or. with  a  few  spreading,  hairs.     Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  last  species,  gen- 
erally larger,  sometimes  less  divided;  flowers  similar;  pedicels  stout,  2  mm.  long  or 
less  ;  pod  4  mm.  broad  and  about  3  mm.  high,  flattish,  rounded,  apiculate  at  the 
summit,  marked  with  coarse  wrinkles  which  form  a  crest  around  the  margin;  valves 
not  distinctly  separate.     In  waste  places  and  on  ballast,  N.  B.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

6    THLASPI  L. 

Erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  entire  or  dentate  leaves,  those  of  the  stem,  or  at  least 
the  upper  ones,  auriculate  and  clasping.  Flowers  white  or  purplish.  Siliques  ob- 
cuneate,  obcordate,  or  oblong-orbicular,  mostly  emarginate,  flattened  at  right 
angles  to  the  narrow  septum,  crested  or  winged.  Valves  dehiscent.  Seeds  2  or 


CR  UC2FERA  E.  447 

several  in  each  cell,  wingless.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek,  to  flatten,  from 
the  flat  pod.]  A  genus  of  about  25  species,  natives  of  temperate,  arctic  and  alpine 
regions.  In  addition  to  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Lower  stem-leaves  not  clasping;  seeds  rugose.  i.    T.  arvense. 

All  the  stem-leaves  cordate-clasping;  seeds  smooth.  2.    7\  perfoliatum. 

1.  Thlaspi  arvense  L.     FIELD  PENNY-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1692.)    Annual,  gla- 
brous, 1.5-4.5    dm.   high.     Basal  leaves   petioled,  oblanceolate,   early    deciduous; 
stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sparingly  dentate,  the  upper  clasping  the  stem 
by  an  auricled  base;    flowers  white,  about   I   mm.  broad;    pedicels   spreading  or 
curved  upward,  slender,  1-2  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  nearly  orbicular,  8-12  mm. 
broad,  very  flat,  broadly  winged  all  around,  notched  at  the  apex,  in  long  racemes; 
style  minute,  or  none;  seeds  about  6  in  each  cell.     In  waste  places  and  on  ballast, 
Quebec  to  Man.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  Y.  and  Kans.     June-Aug. 

2.  Thlaspi  perfoliatum  L.     PERFOLIATE  PENNY-CRESS.     (I.  ¥.  f.  1693.)    An- 
nual, glabrous;  stems  0.5-2  dm.  tall.      Basal  leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular;  stem- 
leaves   oblong   or   oblong- lanceolate,    sessile,    clasping,    1-2.5    cm-    l°ng;    pedicels 
filiform,   spreading;    silicic    obovate-orbicular,    4-6   mm.   broad,   rather   narrowly 
winged,  broadly  notched  at  the  summit;  style  short   but  manifest;  seeds    usually 
4   in   each   cell.      Near    Hamilton,    Ont.      Fugitive   or   adventive   from    Europe. 
May-Aug. 

7.  COCHLEARIA   L. 

Maritime  herbs,  with  simple  mostly  fleshy  leaves,  and  white  or  rarely  purplish 
or  yellowish  racemose  flowers.  Silicic  inflated,  oblong  or  globose.  Valves  very 
convex,  dehiscent.  Stigma  nearly  simple,  or  capitate.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell 
of  the  pod,  usually  in  2  rows,  marginless.  Cotyledons  mainly  accumbent. 
[Greek,  spoon,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  the 
colder  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  about  three 
others  are  found  on  the  arctic  and  northern  Pacific  coasts  of  N.  Am. 

Stem-leaves  oval  or  oblong,  subsessile  or  with  a  broad-winged  petiole,  i.  C.  officinahs. 
Stem-leaves  deltoid  to  hastate,  all  except  the  uppermost  slender  petioled. 

2.   C.  Dantca. 

1.  Cochlearia   officinalis   L.     SCURVY -GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.    1694.)     Annual   to 
perennial,  diffuse,  branching,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  the  branches  15-30  cm. 
long.     Lower  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong,  orbicular  or  reniform,  obtuse,  1-3  cm. 
long,  dentate  or  entire;    flowers  white,    4-5   mm.   broad;    petals   emarginate,  or 
entire;  pods  globose  or  ovoid,  4-6  mm.  long,  smooth  or  reticulated.     Along  sea- 
coasts  and  rivers,  Anticosti  to  Greenland  and  arctic  America.   Also  in  arctic  Europe 
and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Cochlearia  Danica  L.      DANISH   SCURVY-GRASS.     Annual   with   slender 
d  fluse  branches,  1-2  dm.  long.    Lower  leaves  rounded,  reniiorm,  3-6  mm.  in  diam- 
e^'T,  subentire;  flowers  about  3  mm.  broad,  white;  petals  entire.     PVuit  ellipsoid, 
about  4  mm.  long.     Along  seacoast,  Newf.  to  Greenland  and  the  arctic  coast;    also 
in  Europe.     Summer. 

8.  ALLIARIA    Adans. 

Biennial  or  perennial  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous  herbs,  with  broad  den- 
tate cordate  or  reniform  leaves,  and  rather  large  racemose  white  flowers.  Sepals 
short.  Petals  oblong,  clawed.  Stamens  6.  Style  short,  conic.  Siliques  linear, 
slightly  constricted  between  the  seeds  when  dry,  the  valves  with  a  strong  mid- 
nerve,  dehiscent  from  the  bise.  Seeds  oblong,  striate,  in  I  row  in  each  cell;  coty- 
ledons flat,  incumbent.  [Fnvn  Allinm.  garlic,  on  account  of  its  similar  odor.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  Fur  >pe  and  Asia. 

T.  Alliaria  Alliaria  (L.)  Britton.  HEDGE-GARLIC.  GARLIC  MUSTARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  1695.)  Erect,  39  dm.  high,  glabrous,  or  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  petioles 
and  leaf- margins.  Leaves  crt-nate  or  undulate,  the  lower  0.5-2  dm.  broad  on  long 
petioles,  the  upper  smaller,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long,  spreading 
an  1  very  stout  in  fruit;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad;  .pods  glabrous,  stiff,  2-5  cm.  long, 
2  mm.  thick,  pointed.  4-sid^d  when  dry.  Waste  places,  woods  and  along  road- 
sides, Ont.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Va.  May-June.  {Sisymbrium  Alliaria  L.] 


FLORA, 

g.  SISYMBRIUM   L. 

Annual  or  biennial,  mostly  tall  herbs,  with  simple  entire  lobed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  yellow  white  or  rarely  pink  flowers.  Petals  generally  elongated. 
Siliques  elongated,  linear,  many-seeded.  Valves  mostly  3-nerved,  dehiscent. 
Stigma  nearly  simple,  or  with  2  short  lobes.  Seeds  in  I  row  in  each  cell  of  the 
pod,  marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  [Ancient  Greek  name  of  some  crucifer.j 
A  genus  of  about  50  specie;-,  of  wide  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
about  8  others  are  found  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid. 

Flowers  yellow;  pods  1-1.5  cm-  long,  appressed.  j.  S.  officinale. 

Flowers  cream- color  ;  pods  5-10  cm.  long,  divergent.  2.  S.  altissimum. 

Leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  dentate  ;  flowers  white  or  pink.  3.  S.  humile. 

1.  Sisymbrium  officinale  (L.)  Scop.     HEDGE  MUSTARD.      (I.  F.  f.  1696.) 
Erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  rigid  spreading  branches.     Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile  ;  lobes  oblong,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  the 
lower  ones  often  recurved  ;  pedicels  2  mm.  long,  erect  in  fruit ;   flowers  yellow,  3 
mm.  broad,  pods  linear,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy,  closely  appressed; 
valves  with  a  strong  prominent  midrib.     In  waste  places,  common  throughout  our 
area,  except  the  extreme  north.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May- Nov. 

2.  Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.     TALL  SISYMBRIUM.     (I.  F.  f.  1697.)     Erect, 
6-12  dm.  high,  freely  branching,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Lowest  leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  petioled,  the  lobes  often  auriculate;  upper  leaves  shorter  petioled,  deeply 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  often  with   a  narrow  projection  on  the 
lower  side  near  the  base  ;  uppermost  leaves  often  reduced  to  linear  bracts  ;  flowers 
yellowish,  about  6  mm.  broad  ;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long,   spreading  or  ascending, 
thickened  in  fruit  ;   pods  narrowly  linear,  divergent,  i  mm.  wide  ;  valves  with  a 
prominent  midrib.     In  waste  places,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Alberta,  D.  C.  and  Mo. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Sisymbrium  humile  Meyer.     Low  OR  NORTHERN  ROCK-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1698.)     Perennial,    erect,    1-2.5   dm.    high*    sparingly  pubescent,    with   branched 
hairs.    Leaves  spatulate,  or  oblanceolate,  the  lower  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long,  narrowed 
into  a  petiole,  sharply  dentate  or  rarely  entire,  the  upper  smaller,  often  acute  ; 
flowers  white  or  pink,  3-4  mm.  broad;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  nearly 
terete,  narrowly  linear,  1-2  cm.  long,  i  mm.  wide  ;  valves  finely  nerved  ;  style  I 
mm.  long.     In  rocky  places,  Anticosti,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vt.,  Lake  Superior, 
to  Alaska  and  Oregon.     July. 

io.  CAKILE  Gaertn.- 

Annual,  glabrous  fleshy  branching  herbs,  with  purplish  flowers.  Siliques 
elongated,  sessile,  flattened  or  ridged,  indehiscent,  2- jointed,  the  joints  i -celled  and 
i-seeded.  Style  none;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Old  Arabic  name.]  A  genus  of 
about  3  species,  natives  of  sea  and  lake  shores  of  Europe  and  N.  Am. 

i.  Cakile  edentula  (Bigel.)  Hook.  AMERICAN  SEA  ROCKET.  (I.  F.  f.  1699.) 
Bushy-branched  from  a  deep  root,  the  lower  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
central  ones  erect,  3  dm.  in  height  or  less.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  or  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, sinuate-dentate  or  lobed,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  7-13  cm.  long  ; 
flowers  light  purple,  4-6  mm.  broad;  petals  long-clawed,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  sepals  ;  pod  1-2  cm.  long,  upper  joint  slightly  longer  than  the  lower,  ovoid, 
flattened,  narrowed  into  a  beak  above;  lower  joint  obovoid,  not  flattened.  In  sands 
of  the  seashore,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.  Also  on 
the  California  coast.  Summer. 

xi.  MYAGRUM  L. 

An  annual  glabrous  glaucous  branching  herb,  with  entire  or  undulate  oblong  to 
lanceolate  leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  and  deeply  auricled  at  the 
base.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in  elongating  racemes  ;  pedicels  short,  erect-ascend- 
ing, bractless.  Sepals  nearly  erect.  Petals  short ;  longer  stamens  somewhat  con- 
nate in  pairs.  Silicic  obcuneate  to  spatulate,  flattened,  indehiscent,  falsely  3-ceIled, 
i -seeded,  tipped  by  the  short  style.  Seed  pendulous;  cotyledons  incumbent 
[Greek,  a  fly-trap.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


CR  UCIFERA  E.  449 

I.  Myagrum  perfoliatum  L.  MYAGRUM.  (I.  F.  f.  1699^7.)  Lower  leaves 
narrowed  into  petioles  ;  upper  leaves  5-13  cm.  long,  the  basal  auricles  mostly 
rounded  ;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long,  2-3  times  shorter  than  the  pods  ;  longer  stamens 
about  equalling  the  petals.  Jn  waste  places  about  Quebec.  P'ugitive  or  adventive 
from  Europe.  Summer. 

12.  SINAPIS  L. 

Annual  or  biennial,  usually  erect,  branching  more  or  less  hispid  herbs,  with 
pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  rather  large,  mostly  yellow  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes.  Siiiques  linear,  nearly  terete,  constricted  between  the  seeds,  sessile  in 
the  calyx,  densely  hispid  in  our  species,  tipped  with  a  very  long  flat  sword-like 
beak  which  sometimes  contains  a  seed  near  its  base.  Seeds  obiong  or  subglobose, 
not  winged  nor  margined.  Cotyledons  conduplicate.  [Name  Greek,  said  to  come 
from  the  Celtic  for  turnip.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  southern  Europe.  Only 
the  following  is  known  from  N.  Am. 

i.  Sinapis  alba  L.  WHITE  MUSTARD.  (I.  F.  f.  1700.)  Erect,  3-6  dm. 
high,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  stiff  spreading  hairs.  Lower  leaves  1.5-2  dm. 
long,  obovate  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  pinnate,  with  a  large  terminal  leaflet 
or  lobe  and  several  pairs  of  smaller  lateral  ones,  dentate  all  around  ;  uppermost 
leaves  lanceolate  or  cblong,  merely  dentate,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  yellow,  14-18 
mm.  broad;  pedicels  rather  stout,  spreading,  10-14  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  terete,  constricted  between  the  seeds  ;  beak  flat,  equalling  or 
sometimes  longer  than  the  pod  ;  seeds  light  brown.  In  waste  places  and  fields, 
occasional,  mostly  escaped  from  cultivation.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Native  also 
ol  western  Asia.  Summer. 

13.  BRASSICA  L. 

Erect  branching  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  basal  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers 
in  elongated  racemes.  Siiiques  elongated,  sessile,  terete  or  4-sided,  tipped  with 
an  indehiscent  conic  usually  i-seeded  beak.  Valves  convex,  i-3-nerved.  Seeds 
in  i  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless ;  cotyledons  conduplicate.  [Latin  name 
of  the  Cabbage.]  About  80  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  northern  Africa. 

None  of  the  leaves  clasping  the  stem,  the  upper  sessile. 

Pods  slender,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  appressed.  i.  B.  nigra. 

Pods  rather  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  erect,  not  appressed,  on  slender  pedicels  6-10  mm. 

long- 
Leaves  merely  toothed  or  lyrate-pinnatifid.  2.  B.  juncea. 
Leaves  laciniate,  at  least  marginally.  3.   B.Japonica. 
Pods  spreading  or  ascending  at  maturity,  on  stout  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long. 

4.  B.  arvensis. 
Upper  leaves  clasping  by  an  auricled  base.  5.   B.  campestris  ^ 

1.  Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.     BLACK  MUSTARD.     (I.  F.  f.   1701.)     Erect 
0.5-2.1  m.  high,  freely  branching.     Lower  leaves  slender-petioled,  with  I  terminal 
large  lobe  and  2-4  smaller  lateral  ones,  dentate  all  around,   the  uppermost  reduced 
to  lanceolate  or  oblong  entire  blades;  flowers  bright  yellow,  6-10  mm.  broad;  pedi- 
cels slender,  appressed,  4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  narrowly  linear,  4-sided,  1-1.5 
cm.  long,  i  mm.  wide,  appressed;  beak  slender,  2-4  mm.  long;  seeds  dark  brown 
In  fields  and    waste    places,    common    throughout  our  area.     Nat.   from  Europe 
June-Nov. 

2.  Brassica  juncea  (L.)  Cosson.     INDIAN  MUSTARD.     (I.  F.  f.  1702.)     Pale, 
glabrous,   or  slightly  pubescent,    somewhat  glaucous;  stem  erect,   3-12  dm.   tall. 
Lower  leaves  long-petioled,  1-1.5   dm.  l°ng>  tne  uppermost  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  commonly  entire,  much  smaller;  flowers  1. 2-1.8  cm.  wide; 
pedicels  6-10  mm.  long,  not  appressed:  pods  2-5  cm.  long,  rather  more  than  2  mm. 
wide,    the  conic-subulate  empty  beak  one-fourth   to  one-third  the   length  of  the 
body.      In  waste  places,   N.  H.  to  Penn.,  Mich.,  Va.  and   Kans.      Adventive  or 
nat.  from  Asia.     May  -July. 

3.  Brassica  Japonica  Siebold.      Similar   to   the    preceding,  but  the    leaves 
laciniate,  sometimes  deeply  so,  often  much  crisped.     In  waste  places,  Me.  to  Ga. 
Adventive  from  Asia. 


45°  FLORA. 

4.  Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  B.  S.  P.     CHARLOCK.     WILD  MUSTARD.     (I.  F.  f. 
1703.)     Erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  hispid  with  scattered  stiff  hairs,  or  glabrate.     Leaves 
similar  to  those  of  B.  nigra  but  generally  not  so  much  pinnatifid;  flowers  1-1.6 
cm.  broad;  pedicels  stout;  pods  glabrous,  spreading  or  ascending,  somewhat  con- 
stricted between  the  seeds,  1-1.6  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  tipped  with  a  flattened 
elongated-conic  often  i-seeded  beak   10-12  mm.  long,  the  valves  strongly  nerved. 
In  fields  and  waste  places,  frequent  or  occasional.    Adventive  from  Europe.     May— 
Nov.    \B.  Sinapistrum  Boiss.] 

5.  Brassica  campestris  L.     TURNIP.     WILD  NAVEW.    (I.  F.  f.  1704.)    Stem 
3-9  dm.  high,   glabrous  and  glaucous,   or  sometimes  slightly  pubescent.     Lower 
leaves  petioled,  pubescent,  more  or  less  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  upper  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  sessile  and  clasping  by  an  auricled  base;  glabrous;  flowers  bright 
yellow,  8-10  mm.  broad;  pedicels  spreading  or  ascending,  often  2.5   cm.  long  in 
fruit;    pods  3-5   cm.   long,    tipped  with   a  beak  8-10  mm.    long.     In   cultivated 
grounds,  sometimes  persisting  for  a  year  or  two,  and  occasional  in  waste  places. 
Fugitive  from  Europe.     April-Oct. 

Brassica  Niipus  L.  (RAPE)  has  all  the  leaves  glabrous,  and  is  sometimes  found  in 
waste  places. 

Brassica  oler^cea  L.  (CABBAGE)  is  occasionally  found  in  waste  places. 

14.  DIPLOTAXIS  DC. 

Herbs  similar  to  the  Mustards,  with  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  rather  large 
yellow  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Silique  elongated,  linear,  flat  or  flattish, 
short-beaked  or  beakless,  the  valves  mostly  i-nerved.  Style  usually  slender. 
Seeds  in  two  complete  or  incomplete  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  silique,  margiriless; 
cotyledons  conduplicate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  double  rows  of  seeds.]  About 
20  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  fugitive  or  adventive  in  our 
territory. 

Perennial;  stem  leafy  nearly  to  the  inflorescence.  i.  D.  tenuifoha. 

Annual;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblanceolate.  2.  D,  muralis. 

1.  Diplotaxis  tenuifolia  (L.)  DC.     WALL  ROCKET.     (I.  F.  f.  1705.)     Gla- 
brous or  nearly   so,    somewhat   glaucous;    stem   bushy,   3—12  dm.   high.     Leaves 
pinnatifid,  thin,  the  lower  7-15  cm.  long,  the  lobes  mostly  narrow;  flowers  1.5-2 
cm.  broad;  pods  2-3  cm.  long,  about  2.5  mm.  wide,  nearly  erect;  pedicels  slender, 
2-4  cm.   long  in   fruit.     In  waste  places  and  ballast,   N.  S.   to  N.  J.  and   Penn. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

2.  Diplotaxis  muralis  (L.)  DC.     SAND  ROCKET.     (I.  F.  f.  1706.)     Branched 
from  the  base,  sparingly  hispid  or  glabrous,  leafy  only  below.     Leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  sinuate-lobed   or   pinnatifid,    5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,   mostly 
slender-petioled;    flowers    12-16  mm.  broad  ;    pod  about  2.5  cm.  long  and  2  mm. 
wide,   erect,  flattish;    fruiting  pedicels   8-16  mm.    long.       In    waste   places    and 
ballast,  range  of  the  preceding.     Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

15.  RAPHANUS  L. 

Mainly  biennial  herbs,  with  lyrate  leaves  and  showy  flowers.  Silique  elongated  - 
linear,  coriaceous,  fleshy  or  corky,  constricted  or  continuous  and  spongy  between 
the  seeds,  indehiscent.  Style  slender.  Seeds  subglobose;  cotyledons  conduplicate. 
[Greek,  quick-appearing,  from  its  rapid  germination.]  A  genus  of  about  6 
species,  natives  of  Europe  and  temperate  Asia. 

Flowers  yellow,  fading  white;  pod  longitudinally  grooved,  4-io-seeded. 

1.  R.  Raphanistnim. 
Flowers  pink  or  white;  pod  not  longitudinally  grooved,  2-3-seeded. 

2.  R.  sativus. 

i.  Raphanus  Raphanistrum  L.  WILD  RADISH.  JOINTED  OR  WHITE 
CHARLOCK.  (I.  F.  f.  1707.)  Biennial  or  annual  from  a  slender  root,  3-7.5  dm. 
high,  sparsely  pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  lyrate-pin- 
natifid,  1-2  dm.  long,  with  a  large  terminal  lobe  and  4-6  pairs  of  successively 
smaller  lateral  ones,  all  crenate  or  dentate;  upper  leaves  small,  oblong;  flowers 
1-2  cm.  broad,  yellow,  fading  to  white,  purplish-veined;  pedicels  6-16  mm.  long 


CRUCIFERAE.  45 1 

in  fruit;  pods  2.5-4  cm.  long,  6- 10- seeded,  nearly  cylindric  when  fresh,  constricted 
between  the  seeds  when  dry,  tipped  with  a  conic  beak  1-2  cm.  long.  In  fields  and 
waste  places,  Penn.  to  Ont.  and  N.  B.  Introduced  also  in  Br.  Col.  Nat.  from 
Europe.  Summer. 

2.  Raphanus  sativus  L.  GARDEN  RADISH.  (I.  F.  f.  1708.)  Similar  to  the 
last,  but  flowers  pink  or  white.  Root  deep,  fusiform  or  napiform,  fleshy.  Pods 
fleshy,  2-3-seeded,  not  longitudinally  grooved,  often  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the 
long  conic  beak.  Cultivated  and  occasionally  spontaneous  for  a  year  or  two  in 
gardens  or  fields,  rarely  in  waste  places.  Natives  of  Asia.  June-Oct. 

16.  BARBAREA  R.  Br. 

Erect  glabrous  biennial  or  perennial  branching  herbs,  with  angled  stems,  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  and  racemose  yellow  flowers.  Stamens  6.  Silique  elongated, 
linear,  4-angled.  Valves  keeled  or  ribbed.  Style  short.  Seeds  in  I  row  in  each 
cell,  flat,  oblong,  marginless;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Name  from  St.  Barbara.] 
About  6  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  zones. 

Pods  obtusely  4-angled,  slender- pedicelled ;  leaf- segments  1-4  pairs. 

Pods  divergent  or  ascending.  j.  B.  Barbarea. 

Pods  erect,  appressed.  2.  B.  strict  a. 

Pods  sharply  4-angled,  stout-pedicelled;  leaf-segments  4-8  pairs.  3.  B.  praecox. 

1.  Barbarea  Barbarea  (L.)  MacM.     YELLOW  ROCKET  OR  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1709.)    Tufted;  stems  3-6  dm.  high.    Lower  leaves  petioled,  5-13  cm.  long,  pinnat- 
ifid;  terminal  division  much  larger  than  the    1-4  pairs  of  lateral   ones,  all  oval  or 
obovate  ;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad  ;  pods  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  about  2.5    cm.  long,  obscurely  4-angled;  pedicels  about  4   mm. 
long.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  L:ib.  to'Va.  and  locally  in  the  interior.     Also  on 
the  Pacific  coast.     Nat.  from  Europe.     April-June.    \B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.J 

2.  Barbarea    stricta    Andrz.      ERECT-FRUITED    WINTER    CRESS.      (I.  F.  f. 
1710.)     Similar  to  the   preceding.     Lateral   segments  of  the  leaves  comparatively 
larger  ;  pods  obtusely  or  obscurely  4-angled.  about   2.5   cm.   long,  erect   and  ap- 
pressed against  the  rachis  of  the  raceme  on  erect  or  ascending  slender  pedicels.    In 
fields,  and  waste  places,  Quebec  to  Minn.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.   and  Neb.     Nat. 
from  Europe.     April-June. 

3.  Barbarea  praecox  ( J.  E.  Smith)  R.  Br.     EARLY  WINTER  OR  BELLE  ISLE 
CRESS.    (I.  F.  f.  1711.)   Closely  resembles  the  last  species.     Divisions  of  the  leaves 
more  numerous;  pods  sharply  4-sided,  slightly  compressed,  3-8  cm.  long,  on  stout 
pedicels.     In  waste  places,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.    Adventive  from  Europe.    April-June. 

17.  IODANTHUS  T.&G. 

A  glabrous  erect  perennial  herb,  with  dentate  leaves  auricled  at  the  base,  or  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  lyrate-pinnatifid,  and  violet  or  white  flowers  in  panicled  ra- 
cemes. Sepals  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  the  inner  ones  slightly  gibbous  at  the 
bas*.  Petals  long-clawed.  Sty le  stout;  stigma  subca-pitate.  Silique  linear-cylindric, 
somewhat  constricted  between  the  seeds.  Seeds  oblong,  rounded,  in  I  row  in  each 
cell.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek,  violet. colored  flower.]  A  monotypic  genus 
of  S.  N.  Am. 

i.  lodanthus  pinnat Indus  (Michx.)  Steud.  PURPLE  OR  FALSE  ROCKET. 
(I.  F.  f.  1712.)  Stem  slender,  3-10  dm.  high.  Lower  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  (oc- 
casionally cordate),  0.5-2  dm.  long,  dentate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  which 
is  clasping  and  auriculate  at  the  base,  the  lower  part  of  the  blade  often  pinnatifid 
into  2-6  pairs  of  small  segments;  stem-leaves  similar  or  merely  dentate,  narrower, 
sometimes  ovate  lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  sessile;  flowers  numerous,  6-8  mm. 
broad;  pedicels  spreading,  2-4  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  linear,  4-6  mm.  long,  I  mm. 
wide,  spreading  or  ascending;  style  2  mm.  long.  On  river  banks,  W.  Penn.  to 
Minn.,  Tenn.,  Kans.,  La.  and  Tex.  May-June. 

18.  RORIPA  Scop.      [NASTURTIUM  R.  Br.] 

Branching  herbs,  with  simple  or  pinnate  lobed  dissected  or  rarely  entire  leaves. 
Sept's  rpreading.  Stamens  1-6.  Pods  short  or  elongated,  terete  or  nearly  so. 
Stipe  none.  Valves  generally  I -nerved.  Style  short  or  slender.  Stigma  2-lobed 


45 2  FLORA. 

or  nearly  entire.  Seeds  turgid,  minute,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  (very  rarely  in  i 
row).  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  25  species,  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  there  are  about  5  other  North 
American  species,  natives  of  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  the  continent.  The 
white-flowered  species  perhaps  represent  different  generic  types. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Flowers  and  pods  distinctly  pedicelled. 

Plants  perennial  by  creeping  or  subterranean  branches. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided;  style  very  short;  naturalized  European  species. 

i.  R.  sylvestris. 
Leaves  pinnatifid  ;  style  slender;  native  western  species. 

Pedicels  and  pods  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  2.  R.  sinuata. 

Pedicels  and  pods  scurfy-puberulent.  3.  R.  calycina. 

Plants  annual  or  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots. 
Pods  2-10  mm.  long,  straight. 

Fruiting  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long  ;  stem  diffuse. 

Pods  linear  to  oblong,  6-10  mm.  long.  4.  R.  obtusa. 

Pods  subglobose,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter.        5.  R.  sphaerocarpa, 
Fruiting  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  stem  erect. 

Stem  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  pods  linear  or  linear-oblong. 

6.  R.  palustris. 

Stem  hispid-pubescent;  pods  globose  or  oval.    7.  R.  hispida. 
Pods  8-14  mm.  long,  strongly  curved  upward.  8.   R.  curvisiliqua. 

Flowers  and  pods  very  nearly  sessile.  9.  R.  sessiliflora. 

Flowers  white. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided  ;  pods  linear.  10.  R.  Nasturtium. 

Leaves  simple  or  the  lower  pinnatifid  ;  pods  oblong  or  globose. 

Terrestrial,  tall ;  leaves  crenate,  or  the  lower  lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

ii.  R.  Armoracia. 
Aquatic;  immersed  leaves  finely  dissected.  12.  R.  Americana. 

1.  Roripa  sylvestris  (L.)  Bess.     CREEPING  YELLOW  WATER-CRESS.    (I.  F.  f- 
1713.)     Perennial,   glabrous;  stems  creeping,   branches  ascending.      Leaves  phr 
natery  divided  or  deeply  pinnatifid,  petioled,  7-13  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  broad,  the 
divisions  obovate,  or  oblong,  toothed  or  lobed;  pedicels  slender,  about  6  mm.  long; 
flowers  yellow,  6-io  mm.  broad;  pod  linear,  8-12  mm.  long;  style  very  short.     In 
low  grounds  and  waste  places,  Newf.  to  Mass.,  Va.  and  Mich.     Adventive  or  nat. 
from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Roripa  sinuata  (Nutt.)  A."  S.   Hitchcock.      SPREADING  YELLOW-CRESS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1714.)     Perennial,  diffuse,  glabrous,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves  ob. 
long,  lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes 
linear  or  oblong,  obtuse;  pedicels  slender,  6  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  6-8  mm. 
broad;  pods  linear-oblong,  often  curved,   8-15  mm.  long;  style  slender,  2-4  mm. 
long.     Minn,  to  S.  Dak.,  Mo.,  west  to  the  Sierra  Nevada.     June-Sept. 

3.  Roripa  calycina  (Engelm.)  Rydb.     SCURFY  YELLOW-CRESS.     Similar  to 
R.  simiata,  the  leaves  rather  more  deeply  pinnatifid;  flowers  about  one-half  the 
size,  and  pods  and  pedicels  scurfy-puberulent.     W.  Neb.,  Wyo.  and  Mont.     Has 
been  referred  to  R.  curvisiliqua.     June-Aug. 

4.  Roripa  obtusa  (Nutt.)  Britton.     BLUNT-LEAVED  YELLOW-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1715.)     Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long, 
pinnately  divided,  or  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  obtuse,  repand-toothed,  or  sometimes  en- 
tire; pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  2-3  mm.  broad  or  less;  pods  narrowly 
oblong,  or  linear,  6-10  mm.  long,  ascending;  style  i  mm.  long.     In  low  grounds, 
Mich,  to  Tex.,  west  to  the  Pacific  coast.     April-Aug. 

5.  Roripa  sphaerocarpa  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     ROUND  FRUITED  CRESS.    (I.  F.  f. 
1716.)     Glabrous,  1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,   the  lower  lyrate-pin- 
natifid  or  incised,  the  upper  sometimes  nearly  entire,  petioled  or  the  upper  sub- 
sessile;  petioles  narrowly  margined,  somewhat  clasping;  flowers  2  mm.  broad  or 
less;  petals  yellow,  about  equalling  the  sepals;  silicic  globose,  about  2  mm.  in  di- 
ameter, about  as  long  as  its  pedicel;  style  very  short.     111.  to  Kans.,  Tex.  and 
Cal.     June-July. 

6.  Roripa  palustris  (L.)  Bess.     MARSH  OR  YELLOW  WATER-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1717.)     Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  3-10  dm.  high. 
Lower  leaves  petioled,  7-17  cm.  long,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes 
repand  or  toothed ;  upper  leaves  nearly  sessile,  dentate  or  somewhat  lobed ;  pedi- 


CRUCIFERAE.  453 

eels  slender,  6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  yellow,  4-6  mm.  broad;  pods  linear,  or 
linear-oblong,  2-6  times  as  long  as  thick,  about  equalling  the  pedicels,  spreading 
or  curved;  style  I  mm.  long  or  less.  In  wet  places,  nearly  throughout  N.  Am.  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.  Apparently  nat.  from  Europe.  May-Aug. 

7.  Roripa  hispida  (Desv. )  Britton.     HISPID  YELLOW-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1718.) 
Resembling  the  preceding,  but  often  stouter,   sometimes   12  dm.  high,  the  stem, 
branches,  petioles  and  veins  of  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  hirsute.     Leaves 
lyrate-pinnatifid;  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  about  6  mm.  long,   longer  than  the 
globose  or  ovoid  pod,  which  is  1-2  times  as  long  as  thick.     In  wet  places,  N.  B.  to 
Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  N.  Mex.     Summer. 

8.  Roripa  curvisiliqua  (Hook.)  Bessey.     CURVED-FRUITED  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1719.)     Annual  or  biennial,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems   1.5-4.5  dm. 
high.     Leaves  oval  or  oblanceolate,    pinnatifid,    pinnately   lobed  or  toothed,  the 
lower  2-8  cm.   long;  flowers  light  yellow,  4  mm.  broad   in   short  racemes;  petals 
rather  longer  than  the  sepals ;  style  short;  pods  linear,  8-16  mm.  long,   less  than 
2  mm.  wide,  strongly  curved  upward;  pedicels  spreading  or  ascending,  2-4  mm. 
long.     In  moist  soil,  Mont,  to  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     Not  certainly  known  within  our 
range.     May-Aug. 

?.  Roripa  sessiliflora  (Nutt.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.  SESSILE-FLOWERED  CRESS. 
.  f.  1720.)  Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  glabrous,  2-5  dm.  high.  Leaves 
petioled,  the  lower  7-10  cm.  long,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  lobed  or 
pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  lobes;  flowers  yellow,  2  mm.  broad,  nearly  sessile;  pods 
very  slightly  pedicelled,  6-12  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  narrowly  oblong;  style 
very  short.  In  low  grounds,  Tenn.,  111.  and  Iowa  to  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
April-June. 

10.  Roripa  Nasturtium  (L.)Rusby.   WATER-CRESS.    (I.  F.  f.  1721.)   Aquatic, 
glabrous,   rooting  from  the  nodes.     Leaves   odd-pinnate,    of  3-9    segments,    the 
terminal  one  larger  than  the  lateral,  all  obtuse,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  terminal  one 
nearly  orbicular;  flowers  white,  4-5  mm.  broad;  pods  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  2  mm-  wide, 
slightly  curved  upward,  on  pedicels  of  about  their  length ;  seeds  in  2  rows.     In 
brooks  and  streams,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Ore.,  Va.  and  Neb.  and  Ariz.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     April-Nov.     \Nasturtium  ojficinale  R.  Br.] 

11.  Roripa  Armoracia  (L.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.    HORSERADISH.    (I.  F.  f.  1722.) 
Erect,   6-10  dm.   high,   from  deep  thick   roots.      Basal  leaves  on  thick  petioles 
1.5-3  dm.  long,   the  blade  oblong,   often  nearly  as  long,   crenate,   sinuate  or  even 
pinnatifid,  rough  but  glabrous;  upper  leaves  sessile,  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
crenate  or  dentate;    racemes   paniculate;    pedicels  slender,   ascending,    4-6  mm. 
long;  flowers  white,  4-8  mm.  broad;  pods  oblong  or  nearly  globose;  style  very 
short.       Escaped   from    gardens    into   moist    grounds,    especially    along    streams. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

12.  Roripa  Americana  (A.   Gray)  Britton.     LAKE  WATER-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1723.)      Aquatic,  branching,  3-6   dm.    long.      Immers-ed    leaves   5-8    cm.    long, 
pinnately  dissected  into  numerous   filiform  divisions;  emersed  leaves  oblong,  2-8 
cm.  long;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long,  slender,  spreading;  flowers  white;  style  slender, 
about  2  mm.  long;  pods  ovoid,  4  mm.  long,  i-celled.     In  lakes  and  slow  streams, 
Vt.  and  Quebec  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Ark.     Summer.        [Ar.  lacustrc  A. 
Gray.] 

19.    CARDAMINE  L. 

Erect  or  ascending  herbs,  with  scaly  or  tuberiferous  rootstocks  or  fibrous  roots, 
entire  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  racemose  or  corymbose  white  or  purple  flowers. 
Stamens  6,  rarely  4.  Siliques  elongated,  flat;  valves  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved, 
elastically  dehiscent  at  maturity.  Stipe  none.  Seeds  in  I  row  in  each  cell, 
compressed,  marginless;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek,  heart-strengthening.] 
About  75  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions. 

*  Leaves  pinnately  divided,  or  some  of  them  of  but  a  single  terminal  segment. 
Flowers  1-2  cm.  broad,  white  or  purplish.  i.   C.  pratensis. 

Flowers  2-8  mm.  broad,  white. 

Leaf-segments  numerous,  small,  the  terminal  one  4-20  mm.  wide,  narrowed,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  nearly  all  basal,  pubescent.  2.  C.  hirsuta* 

Stem  leafy  ;  leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 


454  FLORA. 

Mature  pods  erect,  0.5-1  mm.  wide. 

Flowers  4-5  mm.  wide;  plants  of  swamps,  streams,  or  wet  grounds. 
Segments  of  basal  leaves  4-25  mm.  wide;  plant  2-9  dm.  tall. 

3.  6".  Pennsylvanica. 
Segments  of  basal  leaves  1-3  mm.  wide;  plant  1-3  dm.  tall. 

4.  C.  arenicola. 
Flowers  2-3  mm.  wide;  plant  of  dry  rocky  situations. 

5.  C.  parvijiora. 
Mature  pods  divergent  or  ascendirrg,  more  than  i  mm.  wide. 

6.  C.flexuosa. 
Leaf-segments  few,  large,  the  terminal  one  2-5  cm.  wide,  deeply  cordate. 

7.  C.  Clematitis. 

**  Leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  rarely  with  i  or  2  lateral  segments. 
Dwarf,  alpine ;  leaves  nearly  entire,  long-petioled.  8.   C.  bellidifoha. 

Erect  or  decumbent ;  leaves  more  or  less  toothed  or  lobed. 

Flowers  purple  ;  stem  erect.  9.   C.  purpurea. 

Flowers  white. 

Stem  erect  from  a  tuberous  base.  10.   C.  bulbosa. 

Stem  decumbent,  stoloniferous;  roots  fibrous.  u.   C.  rot  undif alia. 

1.  Cardamine   pratensis    L.     MEADOW    BITTER-CRESS.     CUCKOO-FLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  1724.)     Glabrous,  2-5  dm.  high;  roots  fibrous.    Leaves  pinnately  divided, 
lanceolate  or  oblong  in  outline,  the   lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  divisions  3-7 
pairs  and  an  odd  one;  petals  three  times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pedicels  slender, 
8-12  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods    1.5-3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide;  style  1-2  mm.  long, 
thick.     In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  Br.  Col.  and  Minn.     Also  in 
Europe  and  northern  Asia.     April-May. 

2.  Cardamine  hirsuta  L.     HAIRY  BITTER-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1725.)     More  or 
less  pubescent;   stem   usually   little  branched,  1-2.5  dm.  tail.     Leaves  nearly  all 
basal,  2-IO  cm.  long,  pinnate,  the  terminal  segment  orbicular  or  broader  than  long, 
entire  or  few-toothed,  the  lateral  ones  2-5  pairs;  stem  leaves  few,  their  segments 
linear,  or  linear-oblong;  flowers  4  mm.   broad,  white;  pods  linear,  about  2.5  cm. 
long  and   i   mm.  wide,  erect  on  ascending  pedicels  4-8  mm.   long  when  mature; 
style  almost  none.     In  moist  places,  Penn.  to  Mich.,  Neb.  and  N.  Car.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     March-May. 

3.  Cardamine  Pennsylvanica  Muhl.     PENNSYLVANIA  BITTER-CRESS.    (I.  F. 
f.  1726.)     Glabrous  or  rarely  with  a  few  hairs;  stem  erect,  2-9  dm.  tall,  usually 
much  branched,  leafy.     Basal  leaves  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  the  terminal  segment  obo- 
vate,  oval  or  suborbicular,  the  lateral  4-8  pairs  oblong,  oval,  or  obovate;  flowers 
about  4  mm.  broad,  white;  pods  narrowly  linear,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  less  than  I  mm. 
wide,  erect  when  mature  on  ascending  or  divergent  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long;  style 
about  i  mm.  long.     In  swamps  and  wet  places,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  Mont.,  Fla.,  Tenn. 
and  Kans.     April-June. 

4.  Cardamine  arenicola   Britton.      SAND    BITTER-CRESS.     (I.  F.   f.  1727.) 
Glabrous,  usually  branched  from  the  base,  leafy,  erect,  1.5-3  dm.  high.    Segments 
of  the  leaves  numerous,  linear  or  linear  oblong,  1-3  mm.  wide,  obtusish,  entire,  or 
with  1-3  small  teeth;  flowers  about  4  mm.  broad,  white;  mature  pods  erect,  alx>ut 
2  cm.  long.  0.5-1  mm.   wide,  their   pedicels   ascending;  style  almost  wanting.     In 
moist  or  wet  sandy  soil,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Tenn.     March-April. 

t.  Cardamine  parviflora  L.  SMALL-FLOWERED  BITTER  CRESS.  (I.  F.  f. 
.)  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  ;  stem  weak,  erect  or  ascending,  very 
slender  or  almost  filiform,  0.5-4  dm.  long,  usually  leafy  up  to  the  racemes,  the 
leaves  scattered.  Segments  of  the  leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  linear,  or  the  ter- 
minal one  sometimes  orbicular,  1-4  mm.  wide;  mature  pods  2-5  cm.  long  or  less, 
rather  less  than  i  mm.  wide,  erect  on  ascending  pedicels,  4-10  mm.  long,  the  axis 
of  the  racemes  commonly  zigzag  ;  flowers  scarcely  more  than  I  mm.  broad,  white; 
style  almost  wanting.  On  rocks,  Quebec  to  W.  Ont.,  Ore.,  south  to  Mass,  and  Ga. 
Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  April-May. 

6.  Cardamine  flexuosa  With.  WOOD  BITTER-CRESS.  (I.  F.  f.  1729.)  Gla- 
brous; stem  leafy,  1.5-4  dm.  tall.  Leaf  segments  obovate,  oval,  oblong  or  linear, 
the  terminal  one  sometimes  orbicular,  narrowed  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
1-2  cm.  wide,  the  lateral  ones  usually  much  narrower;  flowers  white,  4  mm.  broad; 
pods  ascending  or  divergent,  on  spreading  or  ascending  pedicels,  1.5-3  cm-  l°n?» 
I  mm.  wide  or  rather  more;  style  minute  or  none.  In  wet  woods,  streams  and 


CRUCIFERAE.  455 

mountain  swamps,  Me.  to  Mich,  and  N.  Car.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia      May- 
Aug. 

7.  Cardamine   Clematitis   Shuttlw.     MOUNTAIN   BITTER-CRESS.     (I.   F.  f. 
1730.)     Glabrous,  dark  green;  stem  weak,  slender,  1-4  dm.  long.     Leaves  various, 
some  of  them  of  a  single  orbicular  or  reniform,  deeply  cordate  terminal  segment, 
some  of  them  with  two  additional  ovate  oblong  or  rounded  lateral  segments,  the 
uppermost  occasionally  linear-oblong  and  entire;  flowers  in  short  racemes,  white, 
6-8  mm.  wide;  pedicels  ascending,  6-12  mm.  long;  pods  ascending  or  divergent, 
2-4  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  style  2-4  mm.  long,  subulate.     In  wet  woods, 
high  mountains  of  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  Ala.     May-July. 

8.  Cardamine    bellidifolia    L.     ALPINE    CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.    1731.)     Tufted, 
glabrous,  5-13  cm.  high;  roots  fibrous.     Lower  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  obtuse, 
the  blade  8-12  mm.  long,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  petiole,  entire,  or  with  a 
few  rounded  teeth;    upper  leaves  similar,   shorter-petioled;    flowers   1-5,  white; 
petals  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods  erect,  linear,  2.5  cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide,  narrowed  at  each  end ;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long ;  style  stout,  less  than  2  mm. 
long.     Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H. ;  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me. ;  Green- 
land and  arctic  Am. ;  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts. ;  Cal.     Also  in  Europe.     July. 

9.  Cardamine   purpurea  (Torr.)   Britton.     PURPLE  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1732.) 
Glabrous,    1.5-4   dm.   high    from    tuberiferous    rootstocks.     Basal  leaves    slender- 
petioled,  2-3   cm.  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate,  thickish,  the    upper  sessile, 
dentate  or  entire;  pedicels  8-25   mm.  long;  flowers  purple,  1-2  cm.  broad;  pods 
nearly  erect,  2.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  pointed  at  each  end;  style  4  mm.  long. 
In  cold,   springy  places,   Quebec   and  arctic  Am.   to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts., 
Md.  and  Wis.     April-May. 

10.  Cardamine  bulbosa  (Schreb.)  B.S.P.     BULBOUS  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f   1733.) 
Glabrous,  erect  from  a  tuberiferous  base,  2—4.5   dm.  high-     Basal  leaves  oval,  or 
nearly  orbicular,  2-4  cm.  long,  sometimes  cordate,  angled  or  entire,  long-petioled; 
stem-leaves  sessile  or  the  lower  petioled.  oblong  or  lanceolate,  dentate  or  entire; 
pedicels  8-25  mm.  long;  flowers  white,  1-1.5  cm-  broad;  petals  three  or  four  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods  2.5  cm.  long,  erect,  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
each    end;    style    2-4    mm.   long;    stigma    prominent;    seeds    short-oval.     In    wet 
meadows  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

11.  Cardarnine  rotundifolia  Michx.     ROUND-LEAVED  OR  AMERICAN  WATER- 
CRESS.    (I.   F.  f.  1734.)     Weak,  ascending  or  decumbent,  forming  long  stolons; 
roots  fibrous.     Basal  leaves  and  stem-leaves  similar,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper 
sessile,  ovate,  oval,  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  undulate  angled  or  entire,  thin;  pedicels 
1-2.5  cm-  l°nS  *n  fruit;  flowers  white,  4-6  mm.  broad;  pods  linear,  14-16  mm. 
long,  i   mm.  wide,  pointed;  style  2  mm.  long;  stigma  minute;  seeds  oblong.     In 
cold  springs,  N.  J.  to  Ohio,  N.  Car.  and  Ky.     May-June. 

20.  DENTARIA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  scaly  or  toothed  rootstocks,  erect,  mostly  un- 
branched  stems  leafless  below,  3-divided  or  palmately  laciniate  petioled  leaves,  and 
corymbose  or  short  racemose  white  rose-colored  or  purple  flowers.  Petals  much 
longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  6.  Style  slender.  Silique  linear,  flat,  elastic - 
ally  dehiscent  from  the  base,  its  valves  nerveless  or  with  a  faint  midnerve;  stipe 
none.  Seeds  in  I  row  in  each  cell,  thick,  oval,  flattened,  wingless;  cotyledons 
thick,  accumbent.  [Greek,  tooth,  from  the  toothlike  divisions  of  the  rootstock.] 
About  15  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following, 
some  7  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Basal  leaves  and  stem-leaves  similar. 

Leaf-divisions  lanceolate  or  oblong,  lobed  or  cleft.  i.  D.  laciniata. 

Leaf-divisions  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  crenate  or  lobed. 

Stem-leaves  2,  opposite,  or  close  together ;  rootstock  continuous.' 

2.  D.  diphylla. 

Stem-leaves  2-5,  alternate  ;  rootstock  jointed.  3.  D.  maxima. 

Divisions  of  the  stem-leaves  linear  or  lanceolate ;  those  of  the  basal  leaves  ovate,  much 
broader.  4.  D.  heterophylla. 

i.  Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.  CUT-LEAVED  TOOTHWORT  OR  PEPPER-ROOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1735.)  Pubescent  or  glabrous,  scapose,  2-4  dm.  high;  rootstock  deep, 


456 


FLORA. 


to  the 


tubercled,  jointed.  Leaves  5-13  cm.  broad,  those  of  the  stem  generally  3  and  ap- 
proximate or  verticillate,  3-parted  nearly  to  the  base;  divisions  lanceolate,  linear 
or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  often  deeply  2-cleft,  all  incisely  toothed  or  lobed;  basal 
leaves  similar,  rarely  developed  at  flowering  time;  pedicels  ascending,  stout,  1.5-2 
cm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  1.4-2  cm.  broad,  white  or  pink;  pods  linear,  ascending, 
2-4  cm.  long;  style  6-8  mm.  long.  In  moist  or  rich  woods,  Quebec  to  Fla.,  Minn., 
Kans.  and  La.  April-June. 

2.  Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.  TWO-LEAVED  TOOTHWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1736.) 
Stout,  scapose,  glabrous,  2-4  dm.  high;  rootstock  continuous,  toothed.  Basal 
leaves  long-petioled,  1-1.3  dm.  broad,  ternate,  the  divisions  short -stalked,  broadly 
ovate,  dentate,  or  somewhat  lobed,  about  5  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  generally  2,  op- 
posite or  nearly  so;  pedicels  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  1.4-1.6  cm.  broad;  pods 
2.5  cm.  long  or  more.  In  rich  woods  and  meadows,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  S.  Car.  and 
Ky.  May. 

Dentaria  maxima  Nutt.     LARGE  TOOTHWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  1737.)     Similar 

ic  preceding  but  larger;  rootstock  jointed,  tubercled.  Stem-leaves  2-7  (gen- 
erally 3),  alternate,  similar  to  the  basal  ones;  flowers  pale  purple,  1.5-2  cm 
broad.  Vt.  to  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May. 

4.  Dentaria  heterophylla  Nutt.  SLENDER  TOOTHWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1738.) 
Slender,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  2.5-3.5  dm.  high;  rootstock  jointed. 
Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  ternate;  divisions  ovate,  the  terminal  one  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  inequilateral,  the  lobes  or  teeth  mucronate; 
stem-leaves  generally  2,  opposite  or  nearly  so,  ternate,  the  divisions  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate; pedicels  2.5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  light  purple,  1.6-1.8  cm.  broad;  pods 
ascending,  2.5  cm.  long.  In  woods,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  April- 
May. 

21.  LUNARIA  L. 

Pubescent  erect  herbs,  with  broad  dentate  or  denticulate  mostly  cordate  leaves, 
and  large  violet  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Lateral  sepals  saccate  at  the  base. 
Petals  obovate,  clawed.  Siliques  long-stipitate,  very  flat,  oblong  or  elliptic,  dehis- 
cent, the  papery  valves  reticulate- veined.  Style  filiform;  septum  hyaline,  trans- 
lucent, shining.  Seeds  circular  or  reniform,  very  large,  winged,  borne  on  long 
funiculi,  which  are  adnate  to  the  septum;  cotyledons  large,  accumbent.  [Latin, 
moon,  in  allusion  to  the  shining  partition  of  the  pod.]  Two  known  species,  natives 
of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Siliques  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends;  perennial.  i.   L.  rediviva. 

Siliques  elliptic,  rounded  at  both  ends  ;  annual  or  biennial.  2.   L.  annua. 

i.  Lunaria  rediviva  L.  PERENNIAL  SATIN-POD  OR  SATIN-FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f. 
1739.)  Pubescent  with  short  simple  hairs;  stem  3-12  dm.  tall.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  thin,  the  lower  long- 
petioled,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long;  flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  slender-pedicelled;  pods 
oblong,  5-8  mm.  long,  drooping,  borne  on  slender  stipes  of  about  one-half  their 
length;  seeds  reniform,  broader  than  long.  In  thickets,  Canadian  side  of  Niagara 
Falls.  Escaped  from  gardens  or  fugitive  from  Europe.  May-July. 

2  Lunaria  annua  L.  HONESTY.  (I.  F.  f.  1740.)  Resembles  the  preceding 
species  when  in  flower,  but  the  root  is  annual  or  biennial.  Siliques  elliptic  or 
broadly  oval,  3-5  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.  wide  or  rather  more,  rounded  at  both  ends;  seeds 
suborbicular,  cordate,  about  as  long  as  wide.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides 
in  southwestern  Connecticut.  Both  this  species  and  the  preceding  are  occasionally 
cultivated  for  their  remarkably  large  pods,  which  are  gathered  for  dry  bouquets, 
the  valves  falling  away  at  maturity  and  leaving  the  septum  as  a  shining  membrane. 
May -June. 

22.  SELENIA  Nutt. 

Annual  tufted  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnatisect  leaves,  and  racemose  leafy- 
bracted  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  spreading.  Petals  narrow,  erect,  with  10  hypogy- 
nous  glands  at  their  bases.  Silique  stalked,  very  flat,  oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  dehiscent ;  valves  nerveless,  thin,  finely  veined.  Style  long,  slender.  Seeds 


CRUCIFERAE.  4$7 

few,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod,  orbicular,  flat,  broadly  winged,  free  from  the 
septum.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek,  moon,  from  the  resemblance  of  this 
genus  to  Lunar ia.~\  Two  or  three  species,  natives  of  the  south- central  United  States 
and  northern  Mexico. 

i.  Selenia  aurea  Nutt.  SELENIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1741.)  Stems  simple,  numer- 
ous, 0.5-2  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  narrow,  1-2  pinnatifid  into  numer- 
ous oblong  dentate  segments;  stem-leaves  similar,  smaller;  bracts  of  the  raceme 
pinnatifid,  resembling  the  upper  leaves;  flowers  6-8  mm.  high,  numerous;  pedicels 
I-I-5  cm.  long  in  fruit,  spreading  or  ascending;  pod  1-2  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  broad; 
style  4  mm.  long,  very  slender.  In  open  places,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Tex.  March- 
April. 

23.  LEAVENWORTHIA  Torn 

Low  annual  glabrous  scapose  herbs,  with  lyrate-pinnatifid  persistent  basal 
leaves,  and  few  or  solitary  terminal  flowers.  Petals  wedge-shaped.  Siliques  flat, 
broadly  linear  or  oblong,  short-stipitate,  dehiscent  ;  valves  nerveless,  finely  retic- 
ulate-veined. Seeds  in  I  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod,  flat,  winged  or  margined; 
radicle  short,  slightly  bent  toward  the  cotyledons.  [In  honor  of  Dr.  M.  C.  Leaven- 
worth,  U.  S.  A.  ]  A  genus  of  about  4  species,  natives  of  southeastern  North  Am. 

Pods  not  constricted  between  the  seeds.  i.  L.  uniflora. 

Pods  constricted  between  the  seeds.  2.  /,.  torulosa. 

1.  Leavenworthia  uniflora  (Michx.)  Britton.    MICHAUX'S  LEAVENWORTHIA. 
(L  F.  f.  1742.)     Tufted,  7-15  cm.  high.     Basal  leaves  rosulate,  2-10  cm.  long,  the 
segments  5-17,  dentate  or  angled,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  terminal  one  somewhat  larger, 
all  narrowed  near  the  base;  stem-leaves  none,  or  1-3,  smaller;  flowers  about  6  mm. 
broad;  petals  white  or  purplish  with  a  yellow  base,  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
sepals  ;  pods  oblong  or   linear,    1-3  cm.  long,  4   mm.  wide  when   mature  ;  seeds 
winged;  style  about  I  mm.  long.     In  open,  dry  places,  S.  Ind.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 
April.     Z.  Michauxii  Torr.] 

2.  Leavenworthia  torulosa  A.  Gray.     NECKLACE  LEAVENWORTHIA.   (I.  F. 
f.  1743.)      Closely  resembles  the  preceding,  but  the   pods   are  narrower  and  con- 
stricted between  the  seeds.     Style  3-4  mm.  long  ;  seeds  sharp-margined,  barely 
winged  ;  terminal   segment  of  the  basal  leaves  decidedly  broader  than  the  lateral 
ones.     Barrens  of  Ky.  and  Tenn.     April. 

24.  PHYSARIA  A.  Gray.    (See  Appendix.) 

Low  perennial  stellate-canescent  herbs,  with  usually  simple  stems,  spatulate 
mostly  entire  leaves,  the  basal  ones  tufted,  and  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 
Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  Style  filiform.  Silicles  membranous,  stellate  pubes- 
cent, their  cavities  inflated,  subglobose,  the  septum  narrow.  Seeds  not  margined; 
cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek,  bellows,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  inflated  fruit.] 
About  4  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am. 

I.  Physaria  didymocarpa  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  DOUBLE  BLADDER-POD.  (I.  F. 
f.  1744.)  Root  long  and  deep.  Stems  slender,  0.7-3  dl".  long;  leaves  spatulate, 
the  basal  ones  obtuse,  entire,  or  few-lobed,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  blade, 
or  terminal  segment,  2-13  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  nearly  sessile,  acute  or  subacute, 
much  smaller;  flowers  1-1.3  cm.  broad;  pods  didymous,  variable,  often  I  cm.  thick 
through  the  strongly  inflated  cavities,  emarginate  at  base  and  summit,  commonly 
broader  than  high;  seeds  numerous.  In  dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Br.  Col.,  Neb., 
Colo,  and  Nev.  May-Aug. 

25.  LESQUERELLA  S.  Wats. 

Low  herbs,  with  stellate  pubescence,  simple  leaves,  and  racemose  mainly  yellow 
flowers.  Petals  entire.  Anthers  sagittate.  Pod  generally  inflated,  globose  or 
oblong;  valves  nerveless;  septum  translucent,  nerved  from  the  apex  to  the  middle. 
Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell  of  the  pod,  flattened,  marginless  or  narrow- 
margined;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Dedicated  to  Leo  Lesquereux,  1805-1889, 
Swiss  and  American  botanist.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  America,  and  mainly 
of  the  western  parts  of  the  U.  S. 


45  FLORA. 

Pods  densely  stellate-pubescent. 

Pods  oblong  to  globose,  acute,  4  mm.  long  ;  low  perennial.  i.  /,.  spathiilata. 

Pods  globose,  2  mm.  in  diameter;  tall  annual.  2.   L.  globosa. 

Pods  oval  or  globose,  4-5  mm.  long;  tall  biennial  or  perennial.       3.  L.  argentea. 
Pods  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

Annual,  sparingly  pubescent ;  stem  slender,  3-6  dm.  tall,  much  branched  ;  south- 
western. 4.  L.  gracilis. 

Perennial,  densely  stellate  ;  stem  rather  stout,  1.5-3  dm.  tall,  simple  ;  western. 

5.  L.  ovalifolia, 

Perennial,  2-15  cm.  tall  ;  stem  simple  ;  arctic.  6.  Z,.  arctica. 

1.  Lesquerella  spathulata  Rydberg.     Low  BLADDER-POD.     (I.  F.  f.  1745.) 
Perennial,  1-1.3  dm.  high;  stems  slender,  simple.     Lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or 
spatulate,  1-2.5    cm.  long,   acutish,  narrowed   into   a    petiole;    the   upper   linear; 
flowers    about   4   mm.   broad;  pedicels   6-12    mm.  long,   recurved    in    fruit;  pods 
oblong  or  nearly  globose,  finely  canescent,  about  4  mm.  long,  few-seeded,  tipped 
with  a  style  of  about  their  own  length.     Dry  hills,  Neb.  and  S.  Dak.  to  Mont,  and 
the  N.  W.  Terr.     June. 

2.  Lesquerella  globosa  (Desv.)  S.  Wats.     SHORT'S  BLADDER-POD.     (I.  F.  f. 
1746.)      Slender,   sparingly    branched,    1.5-5    dm.   high-     Basal    leaves    obovate, 
2-4   cm.   long,  obtuse;    stem-leaves   narrower,  linear  or   oblong,  smaller,  sessile; 
petals  4-6  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,   spreading,  8-10  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pod 
nearly  globular,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous  when  mature;  seeds  I  or  2  in  each 
cavity;  style  slender,  4  mm.  long.     In  open  places,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  to  Mo.     April. 

3.  Lesquerella  argentea  (Pursh)  MacM.     SILVERY  BLADDER-POD.     (I.  F.  f. 
1747.)     Tufted,  nearly  simple,  1.5-4.5   dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate, the    lower   $-&    cm>  l°ng>   blunt,  entire   or   sparingly    repand-toothed; 
petals  6  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  1.5-2.5   cm.  long  in  fruit,  spreading  or  re- 
curved; pod  slightly   stipitate,  stellate- pubescent,  globose  to  oval,  4-5  mm.  long; 
style  about  equalling  the  pod.     On  plains,  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Kans.,  Dak.  and  Ariz. 
May-June.     [£.  Lvdoviciana  S.  Wats.] 

4.  Lesquerella  gracilis  (Hook.)  S.  Wats.     SLENDER  BLADDER-POD.     (I.  F.  f. 
1748.)     Weak;  stem  slender,  2.5-6  dm.  high,  freely  branching,  sparsely  stellate- 
pubescent.     Leaves   linear  or  oblanceolate,    1.5-5   cm-   l°ng>  their  margins  often 
undulate;  petals  about  6  mm.  long;  pedicels  spreading,  sometimes  2.5  cm.  long  in 
fruit,  ascending  or  upwardly  curved;  pod  globose,  glabrous,  4  mm.  in  diameter, 
stipitate;  style  4  mm.  long.     Prairies,  Neb.  to  Tex.     March-May. 

5.  Lesquerella  ovalifolia  Rydberg.    OVAL-LEAVED  BLADDER-POD.    (I.  F,  f. 
1749.)     Basal  leaves  tufted,  broadly  oval  to  nearly  orbicular,    entire,  pale.   2-5 
cm.    long,    narrowed    into    petioles;    stem-leaves    distant,    linear-oblanceolate   or 
narrowly  spatulate;  fruiting  pedicels  comparatively  stout,  ascending,  1-2  cm.  long; 
pods  very  short-stipitate,  subglobose,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous;  style  about 
6  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Kans. 

6.  Lesquerella  arctica  (DC.)  S.  Wats.      ARCTIC  BLADDER-POD.     (I.  F.  f. 
1750.)     Tufted;  stem  nearly  or  quite  simple,  2-15  cm.  tall.     Leaves  oblanceolate, 
spatulate,  or  oblong,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  obtuse,  entire,  the  basal  ones  narrowed 
into  broad  petioles,  the  upper  sessile;  petals  about  4  mm.  long;  pods  oval  or  sub- 
globose,  4-6  mm.  high;  septum  perforated;  style  2  mm.  long  or  less.      Greenland 
and  arctic  Am.     Summer. 

Lesquerella  arctica  Purshii  S.  Wats.  Taller,  sometimes  1.5  dm.  high  ;  septum  of 
the  sparsely  stellate-pubescent  pod  unperforated.  Anticosti. 

26.     HUTCHfNSIA  R.  Br. 

Low  mostly  diffuse  herbs,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  forked  hairs,  our  species 
annual,  the  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  the  axis  elongating  in  fruit. 
Stamens  6.  Style  wanting  or  very  short.  Silicles  oval,  compressed  at  right 
angles  to  the  partition,  the  valves  with  a  strong  midvein.  Seeds  numerous; 
cotyledons  incumbent  or  accumbent.  [Name  in  honor  of  Miss  Hutchins,  of 
Bantry,  Ireland,  an  eminent  botanist.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  only  the  following  known  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Hutchinsia  procumbens  (L.)  Desv.  PROSTRATE  HUTCHINSIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
1751.)  Tufted-  branching  near  the  base,  the  branches  slender,  5-15  cm.  long 


CRUC1FEKAE.  459 

Lower  leaves  short -petioled,  pinnatifid,  lobed,  dentate  or  sometimes  entire,  1-2.5 
cm.  long;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  flowers  about  I  mm.  broad; 
pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading,  6 12  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  elliptic  or 
oval,  irostly  obtuse  or  emarginate,  3-4  mm.  long.  In  moist  ground,  often  in 
saline  situations,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Pacific  States. 
Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and  Australia.  June-Aug. 

27.     BURSA  Weber.    [CAPSELLA   Medic.] 

Annual  or  winter-annual  erect  herbs,  pubescent  with  forked  hairs,  the  basal 
leaves  tufted.  Flowers  racemose,  small,  white.  Silicles  cuneate,  obccrdate  or 
triangular,  compressed  at  right  angles  with  the  septum,  their  valves  boat-si. aptd, 
keeled.  Style  short.  Seeds  numerous,  marginless  ;  cotyledons  accun,lfi,t. 
[Middle  Latin,  purse,  from  the  shape  of  the  pod.]  About  4  species,  natives  oi  the 
northern  hemisphere.  In  addition  to  the  following,  another  occurs  in  western 
N.  Am. 

1.  Bursa  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Britton.     SHEPHERD'S  PURSE.     (I.  F.  f.  1752.) 
Branching,  1.5-5  dm.  high   from   a  deep  root,  pubescent  below,  mainly   glabious 
above.     Basal  leaves  lobed,  pinnatifid,  or  rarely  entire,  5-15  cm.  long;  btem-leaves 
few,  lanceolate,  auricled;    flowers  about  2  mm.  long;    pedicels  1-1.5  cm.  long  in 
fruit;  pods  triangular,  cuneate  at  the  base,  truncate  or  emarginate.  4-8  mm.  long; 
seeds  10  or  12  in  each  cell.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  very  common.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     Jan. -Dec. 

38.  CAMELINA   Crantz. 

Erect  annual  herbs,  with  entire  tcothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  yellow- 
ish flowers.  Silicles  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  slightly  flattened;  valves  very  con- 
vex, I -nerved.  Seeds  oblong,  maiginless,  in  2  rcws.  Stigma  entire;  style  slender. 
Cotyledons  incumbent.  [Greek,  lew  flax.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  Europe 
and  Asia. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  pod  6-8  mm.  long.  I.   C.  sativa. 

Pubescent,  at  least  below  ;  pod  4-6  mm.  long.  2.   C.  microcai  pa. 

T.  Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.  GOLD-OF-PLEASURE.  FALSE  FLAX. 
(I.  F.  f.  1753.)  Glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  3-6  dm.  high.  Lowest  leaves  petioled, 
5-8  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  acutish;  upper  leaves  sessile,  smaller,  clasping  by  a 
sagittate  base,  mostly  entire;  pedicels  slender,  spreading  or  ascending,  1-2  cm. 
long  in  fruit;  flowers  numerous,  about  6  mm.  long;  pod  obovoid  or  pyriform,  mar- 
gined, slightly  flattened,  6-8  mm.  long;  style  slender,  3  mm.  long.  In  fields  and 
waste  places,  frequent  or  occasional  throughout  our  area.  Adventive  or  nat.  from 
Europe.  June-July. 

2.  Camelina   microcarpa    Andrz.      SMALL-FRUITED  FALSE-FLAX.     (I.  F.  f. 
I753a>)     Stem  pubescent,  at  least  below.     Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  auricled,  or 
the  lower  narrowed  at  the  base;   fruiting  racemes  much  elongated,  often  3  dm. 
long  or  more;  pedicels  relatively   somewhat  shorter  than  those  of  C.  sativa;  pod 
rather  more  flattened,  4-6  mm.  long,  strongly  margined.     In  waste  places,  R.  I. 
to  W.  Va.,  Idaho,  Br.  Col.  and  Kans.      Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     May- July. 

29.  NESLIA    Desv. 

Annual  erect  branching  herbs,  hispid  with  branched  hairs,  with  entire  leaves, 
and  small  yellow  racemose  flowers.  Silicles  small,  globose,  wingless,  reticulated, 
indehiscent.  I -celled,  I -seeded  or  rarely  2-seeded.  Style  filiform.  Seeds  horizon- 
tal; cotyledons  incumbent.  [Dedicated  to  J.  A.  N.  De  Nesle,  a  French  botanist.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Neslia  paniculata  (L.)  Desv.  BALL  MUSTARD.  (I.  F.  f.  1754.)  Slender, 
rather  densely  rough-hispid,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sagittate-clasping 
at  the  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  4-16  mm.  wide;  racemes  elongated;  flowers  yellow, 
nearly  2  mm.  broad;  pedicels  filiform,  ascending.  6-io  mm.  long  in  fruit;  silicles 
about  2  mm.  in  diameter.  In  waste  places,  Ont. ,  Manitoba  and  Br.  Col.,  and  in 
ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports.  Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.  May-Sept. 


FLORA. 

Rapfstrum  rugbsum  (L.)  All.,  a  plant  with  2-jointed  indehiscent  pods,  erect  on 
appressed  pedicels,  in  long  racemes,  has  been  found  as  a  waif  at  Easton,  Penn.,  and 
plentifully  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.  It  is  nearly  related  to  Raphanus. 

30    DRABA    L. 

Low  tufted  mostly  stellate-pubescent  herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  mainly 
racemose  flowers.  Silicles  elliptic,  oblong  or  linear,  flat,  few  to  many-seeded. 
Stigma  nearly  entire.  Seeds  wingless,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod,  numer- 
ous; valves  dehiscent,  nerveless;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek  name  for  some 
plant  of  this  family.]  Species  about  150,  mainly  natives  of  temperate  and  arctic 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Flowers  white  or  whitish. 

Petals  deeply  2-cleft.  I.  D.  verna. 

Petals  entire,  toothed,  or  emarginate. 

Flowering  stems  scapose,  leafy  only  below. 
Plants  annual,  not  arctic. 

Leaves  entire,  obovate  or  oblong.  2.  Z>.  Caroliniana. 

Leaves  dentate,  cuneate  to  spatulate.  3.  D.  cuneifolta. 

Low  arctic  perennials. 

Leaves  pilose-ciliate  or  glabrous.  4.  D.  Fladnizensis. 

Leaves  stellate  canescent.  5.  D.  ntva/ts. 

Flowering  stems  leafy  throughout  up  to  the  inflorescence. 

Leaves  entire  or  sparingly  dentate.  6.   D.  incana. 

Leaves  sharply  dentate.  7.  D.  ramosissima. 

Flowers  yellow  ;   (white  in  No.  8);   stems  leafy. 

Pods  oblong,  2-4  mm.  long.  8.  D.  brachycarpa. 

Pods  linear  or  lanceolate,  6-14  mm.  long. 

Annual ;  pods  6-8  mm.  long  ;  pedicels  divaricately  spreading. 

9.  D.  nemorosa. 

Perennial ;  pods  8-14  mm.  long;  pedicels  erect.  10.  D.  aurea. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  stems  scapose.  n.  D.  alpina. 

1.  Draba  verna  L.     VERNAL  WHITLOW-GRASS.      (I.  F.  f.   1755.)     Annual, 
the  leafless  scapes  numerous,  2-13  cm.  high,  arising  from  a  tuft  of  basal  leaves, 
which  are  oblong  or  spatulate-oblanceolate,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng»  acutish  and  pubescent 
with  stellate  hairs;  flowers  3-4  mm.  broad;  pedicels  1-2.5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pods 
oblong,  glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  obtuse,  shorter  than  their  pedicels; 
style  minute;  seeds  numerous.     In  fields,  common  except  in  the  extreme  north. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     Feb. -May. 

2.  Draba  Caroliniana  Walt.     CAROLINA  WHITLOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1756.) 
Annual;  scapes  2-13   cm.    high   from  a  short  leafy  stem.     Leaves  tufted,  obovate, 
8 -20  mm.    long,  obtuse,  entire  or  rarely  with  3  or  4  teeth,  pubescent  with  stellate 
hairs;  scapes  nearly  glabrous  ;  flowers   3-4  mm.  broad  ;  petals  entire,  sometimes 
wanting  in  the  later  flowers;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  linear,  8-12  mm. 
long,  nearly  2  mm.  broad,  glabrous;  style  none.     In  sandy  fields,  Mass,  to  Ont., 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     March-June. 

Draba  Caroliniana  micrlntha  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  Differs  from  the  type  in  the  ap- 
pressed-hispid  pods.  Petals  often  wanting.  Prairies,  111.  to  Tex.,  N.  Mex.  and  Wash. 

3.  Draba  cuneifolia  Nutt.    WEDGE  LEAVED  WHITLOW-GRASS.   (I.  F.  f.  1757.) 
Annual,   stellate -pubescent,    1-2   dm.    high,   branching  and   leafy  below.     Leaves 
obovate,  cuneate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  obtuse,  dentate  toward  the 
apex  ;  flowers  4  mm.  broad  ;  petals  emarginate,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the 
calyx;  pedicels  ascending  or  spreading,  4-8  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  linear-oblong, 
ob'use,  8-10  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,    minutely   hairy;  style  none.     In  fields,  Ky. 
to  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Cal.     Feb. -April. 

4.  Draba  Fladnizensis  Wulf.     WHITE  ARCTIC  WHITLOW-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f. 
1758.)     Tufted.     Leaves   oblanceolate,    basal,    rosulate,    acutish,   entire,    stellate- 
ca  icscent  or  with   some  simple  hairs,  ciliate  or  rarely  nearly  glabrous,  8-16  mm. 
long;  flowers  whitish;  scapes  glabrous;  pedicels  ascending,  2-4  mm.  long  in  fruit; 
pods  oblong,  glabrous,  4-6  mm.   long,    nearly  2  mm.  wide;  style  almost  wanting. 
Gaspe,  Quebec,  and  through   arctic  America,  south  in  the   Rocky  Mts.    to  Colo. 
Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 


CR  UCIFERA  £.  46 1 

5.  Draba  nivalis  Lilj.     YELLOW  ARCTIC  WHITLOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1759.) 
Perennial  by  a  short  caudex;  scapes  tufted,   pubescent,   slender,   2-10  cm.  high, 
sometimes  bearing  a  small  sessile  leaf.       Basal   leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
4-14  mm.  long,  entire,  acutish  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole, 
steliate-canescent;  flowers  about  4  mm.  broad;  calyx  pubescent;  style  short;  pods 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  glabrous  or  but  little  pubescent,  on 
ascending  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long.     Lab.  through  arctic  America  to  Alaska,  south 
in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.,  and  in  the  Sierra   Nevada  to  Nev.     Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  Draba  incana  L.     HOARY  OR  TWISTED  WHITLOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1760.) 
Perennial  or  biennial,  leafy,  stellate-pubescent,  i-5~3  ^m-  high.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
oblanceolate  or  ovate,  8-25  mm.  long,  acutish  or  obtuse,  dentate  or  nearly  entire; 
flowers  2-3  mm.  broad;  petals  notched,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  pods  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  acute,  twisted  when  ripe,  on  short  pedicels,  densely  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous;    style    minute.     In    rocky   places,  Vt.,  Quebec    to    arctic  America,  Br. 
Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 

Draba  inc&na  ardbisans  (Michx.)  S.  Wats.  Stem  branched  below,  bearing  tufts  of 
spatulate  narrow  leaves:  pods  glabrous,  twisted;  style  i  mm.  long.  Me.,  Vt.,  -\nd  N.  Y.  to 
Lab.,  west  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn,  and  Manitoba. 

7.  Draba  ramosissima  Desv.     BRANCHING  WHITLOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  1761.) 
Erect,   much  branched  below,  1.5-3.5  dm.   high'  stellate-pubescent,  the  branches 
bearing    tufts   of  leaves,   the   inflorescence  corymbose-paniculate,       Lower   leaves 
spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  acute,  dentate  with  spreading  teeth;  upper 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate,   similarly  dentate;  fkwers  white,  4-6  mm.  broad;  petals 
entire  or  erose,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  sepals;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  pods  oblong  or  lanceolate,  hairy,  6-8  mm.  long,  twisted;  style  slender,  2-4 
mm.  long.     Mountains  of  Va.,  Ky..  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     April- May. 

8.  Draba   brachycarpa  Nutt.     SHORT-FRUITED  WHITLOW-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1762.)     Annual,    tufted,   4-13  cm.    high,   loosely   stellate-pubescent,   leafy.     Basal 
leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  8-12  mm.    long,  obtuse,  sparingly  dentate  or  entire;  stem- 
leaves  smaller,   sessile,  oblong,    entire;    pedicels  2-4  mm.  long  in  fruit;    flowers 
white,  2  mm.  broad;  petals  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting; 
pods  oblong,    acute,  2-4  mm.  long,  I    mm.  broad  ;  style  minute.     Dry  hills  and 
fields,  Va.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Ga.  and  La.     March-May. 

9.  Draba  nemcrosa  L.    WOOD  \VHITLOW-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  1763  )    Annual, 
loosely  stellate-pubescent,  1.5-3  cm.  high,  branching  telow,  leafy.    Leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  or  lanceolate,    obtuse,    sessile,  dentate,  the  kwer  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng»  I~I-5  cm- 
wide,  the  upper  smaller;  flowers   yellow,  fading  to  whitish,  2  mm.  broad;  petals 
notched,  slightly  exceeding    the  calyx  ;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit,  glabrous,  6-20 
mm.  long;  pods  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous,  oblong,  obtuse,  6-8  mm.  long;  style 
none.     W.  Ont.,  Mich,  and  Minn,   to    Ore.,  arctic  Am.    and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

10.  Draba  aurea  Vahl.     GOLDEN  WHITLOW-GRASS.    (I.  F.  f.  1764.)     Peren- 
nial, pubescent  with  stellate  and  simple  hairs;  stem  1.5-2.5  dm.  high,  leafy.    Basal 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  slightly  dentate  or  entire,  often 
ciliate  at  the  base  ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute;  pods  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 8-12  mm.  long  ;  flowers  yellow,   4  mm.  broad  ;  petals  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx  ;  pods  acute,  pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous,  at  length  slightly 
twisted,  8-14  mm.  long,  on  erect  pedicels;  style  I  mm.  long.    Mignon  Island,  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,   to  Greenland  ;  arctic  Am.  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  south  to  Ariz. 
Summer. 

n.  Draba  alpina  L.  ALPINE  WHITLOW-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  1765.)  Perennial 
by  a  branched  caudex,  densely  tufted;  scapes  pubescent,  1-15  cm.  high.  Leaves 
basal,  entire  or  few-toothed,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  ciliate,  or  villous-pubescent,  s6metimes  with  some  stellate  hairs,  4-12  mm. 
long,  sessile  or  short-petioled  ;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  calyx  pubescent  or 
villous;  style  I  mm.  long  or  less;  pod  oval  or  ovate,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  5-8 
mm.  long;  pedicels  2-10  mm.  long.  Hudson  Bay  to  Br.  Col.  and  Alaska.  Also 
in  northern  Europe  and  Asia,  Summer. 


FLORA. 

31.  SOPHIA   Adans. 

Herbs  (some  exotic  species  shrubby),  canescent  or  pubescent  with  short  forked 
hairs,  with  slender  stems,  2-pinnatifid  or  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  small  yellow 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  early  deciduous.  Style  very  short.  Siliques 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  the  valves  i-nerved.  Seeds  small,  oblong,  wingless;  coty- 
ledons incumbent.  [Name  in  allusion  to  reputed  medicinal  properties.]  About  15 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  the  Canary  Islands,  and  the  Andes 
of  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

Pods  narrowly  linear,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  i  mm.  wide,  curved  upward  ;  pedicels  ascending. 

i.  S.  Sophia, 
Pods  linear-oblong,  5-14  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  straight  or  nearly  so. 

Densely  and  finely  canescent;  pedicels  horizontal;  pods  ascending.  2.  S.pinnata, 
Glabrate  or  somewhat  canescent. 

Pedicels  and  pods  horizontal.  3.  S.  ntillefolia. 

Pedicels  ascending  or  erect ;  pods  almost  erect. 
Pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  pods. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate  in  outline;  terminal  segment  of  the  pin- 
nae not  very  broad;  style  evident  but  short.  4.  S.  intermedia. 
Lower  leaves  obovate  in  outline;   terminal  segment  of  the  pinnae  much 

broader  than  the  others;  style  obsolete.  5.  S.  brachycarpa. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  pods.  6.  S.  Hai  twegiana. 

1.  Sophia  Sophia   (L.)Britton.     PALIXWEED.     HERB-SOPHIA.    (I.  F.  f.  1766.) 
Minutely  hoary-canescent;  stem  usually  much  branched,  3-7.5   dm.  tall.     Leaves 
2-3-pinnatifii  into  narrowly  linear  or  linear-oblong  segments;  flowers  numerous, 
about  6  mm.   long  ;    pedicels    ascending,    slender,  12-16   mm.   long,    glabrous   or 
nearly  so;  seeds  in   i  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod.     In  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Ont., 
N.  Y.,  111.  and  Neb.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June- Aug.     \Sisyrnbrium  Sop/iia  L.j 

2.  Sophia   piinata   (Walt.)   Britton.      TANSY-MUSTARD.      (I.   F.    f.    1767.) 
Densely  canescent  ;    stem  26  dm.  tall,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves  5-10  cm. 
long,  oblong  in  outline,  2  pinnatifid  into  numerous  small  obtuse  segments;  pedicels 
slender,  spreading  nearly  or  quite  at  right  angles  to  the  axis,  10-14  mm-  l°ng< 
usually  longer  than  the  pods;  flowers  2-3  mm.  broad;  pods  ascending,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide;  style  minute;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each 
cell.    In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla   and  Tex.    May-July.    [Sisytnbrium  canescens  Nutt.j 

3  Sophia  millefoha  Rydberg.  SOUTHERN  TANSY-MUSTARD.  Gener- 
ally taller  and  less  leafy  than  the  preceding,  with  broader  leaves,  oval  in  outline, 
less  dissected,  very  thin;  whole  plant  almost  perfectly  glabrous;  pedicels  15-20 
mm.  Ion  r;  pods  club-shaped,  less  than  I  cm.  long;  style  short;  seeds  in  2  rows. 
\_Sisymbriiim  myriophyllum  Meisner,  not  DC.]  Ky.  to  Tex.  May-June. 

4.  Sophia  intermedia   Rydb.     WESTERN  TANSY-MUSTARD.     (I.  F.  f.  1768.) 
Resembles  S.pinnata,  but  is  greener,  nearly  glabrous,  or  the  pubescence  mixed  with 
short  glandular  hairs.     Leaves  pinnately  divided,  and  the  pinnae   I   2-pinnatifid 
into  linear-oblong  entire  or  toothed  segments;  fruiting  pedicels  widely  ascending, 
1-2  cm.  long,  usually  longer  than  the  pods;  pods  8-14  mm.   long,  about  2  mm. 
thick,  almost  erect,  seeds  in   I  row.     In  dry  soil,  N.  Y.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br. 
Col.,    Tenn.,    Kans.,    Tex.   and   Cal.     Has   been    mistaken   for    S.  pinna t a   and 
S.  incisa.     May-Aug. 

5.  Sophia  brachycarpa   (Richards.)  Rydb.     NORTHERN   TANSY-MUSTARD. 
In  general  habit  and  form  of  the  leaves  closely  resembling  S.  Sophia,  but  the  leaf 
segments  are  shorter,  broader  and  more  obtuse;  pods  short,  clavate.  5  8  mm.  long, 
with  an  obsolete  style  \Sisymbriiim  brachycarpon  Richardson].     Gmada   (Pursh 
and  Presque  Isle,  Mich.  (Hough  ton),  to  Assiniboia  and   Arkansas.      May-July. 

6.  Saphia    Hartwegiana   (Fourn.)  Greene.     HARTWEG'S  TANSY-MUSTARD. 
(I.   F.  f.    1769.)     Minutely  canescent  or  puberulent;  stem  3-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  5-7  pinnae,  which  are  pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  segments  and 
lobes;  fruiting  pedicels  erect  appressed,  3-8  mm.   long,  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  pods:  pods  erect  or  nearly  so,  linear,  8-10  mm.  long,  about  I  mm.  thick;  seeds 
in  i  row.     In  dry  soil,  Minn,  to  the  N,  W,  Terr.,  Ore.,  Utah,  Mex.  and  Cal. 
May-July. 


CR  UCIFERA  E.  463 

32.  STENOPHRAGMA  Celak. 

Herbs  with  the  aspect  of  some  species  of  Arabis,  pubescent  with  forked  hairs, 
with  slender  stems,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Style  very 
short;  stigma  2-lobed.  Siliques  narrowly  linear,  dehiscent,  the  valves  rounded, 
nerveless.  Seeds  in  I  row  in  each  cell  in  the  following  species,  in  some  European 
species  in  2  rows;  cotyledons  incumbent.  [Greek,  narrow  septum.]  About  10 
species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia,  the  following  are  annual  weed. 

i.  Stenophragma T.  aliana(L.)  Celak.  MOUSE--EAR CRESS.  (I.  F.  f.  1770.) 
Stem  erect,  2-40  cm.  high,  freely  branching,  pubescent,  especially  below.  Basal 
leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  entire 
or  slightly  toothed;  stem-leaves  smaller,  sessile,  often  entire;'  pedicels  slender, 
spreading  or  ascending,  4-8  mm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  white,  about  3  mm.  long; 
petals  about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals;  pods  8-20  mm.  long,  acute,  often 
curved  upward,  glabrous.  In  sandy  fields  and  rocky  places,  Mass,  and  S.  Ont.  to 
Minn.,  Ga.  and  Mo.  Nat.  from  Europe.  April-May.  [Arabis  Thaliana  L.J 

33.  ARABIS  L. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  white  or  purple  flowers.  Siliques  linear, 
elongated,  flat;  valves  smooth,  keeled  or  ribbed,  mostly  I -nerved,  not  elastically 
dehiscent.  Seeds  in  I  or  2  rows  in  each  cell,  flattened,  winged;  cotyledons  accum- 
bent.  [Name  from  Arabia.]  About  80  species,  mainly  natives  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  26  others  occur  in  the  northern 
and  western  parts  of  the  continent. 

Seeds  in  i  row,  or  in  2  incomplete  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  pod. 
Basal  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  pods  ascending. 

Seeds  about  2  mm.  broad,  orbicular,  wing-margined  ;  stem-leaves  pinnatifid. 

1.  A,   Virginica. 
Seeds  minute,  oblong,  wingless  ;  stem-leaves  entire,  or  dentate. 

2.  A.  lyrata. 
Leaves  small,  mostly  entire ;  pods  drooping  ;  seeds  oblong,  wingless ;  arctic. 

3.  A.  arenicola. 
Basal  leaves  merely  dentate  or  lyrate. 

Seeds  minute,  oblong,  wingless.  4.  A.  dentata. 

Seeds  larger,  oblong,  winged  or  margined. 

Pods  curved  upward,  nearly  2  mm.  broad.  5.  A.  alpina. 

Pods  nearly  erect,  i  mm.  broad. 

Flowers  white,  8  mm.  broad  ;  pods  not  appressed  ;  style  i  mm.  long. 

6.   A.  patens, 
Flowers  white  or  greenish-white,  4-6  mm.  broad  ;  pods  appressed  ;  style 

none.  7.  A.  hirsuta. 

Pods  recurved-spreading. 

Plant  glabrous  throughout.  8.  A.  laevigata. 

Leaves  and  lower  part  of  stem  hairy.  9.  A.  Canadensis. 

Seeds  in  2  distinct  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  pod. 

Pods  spreading  or  ascending ;  seeds  winged.  10.  A.  brachycarpa. 

Pods  erect,  appressed  ;  seeds  wingless  or  narrowly  winged.          n.  A.  glabra. 
Pods  reflexed  ;  seeds  winged.  12.  A.  Holboellii. 

1.  Arabis  Virginica  (L.)  Trelease.     VIRGINIA  ROCK-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1771.) 

Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse,  glabrate;  stems  ascending,  1.5-3  dm.  high.  Leaves 
oblong,  narrow,  deeply  pinnatifid,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,  sometimes  reduced  to  lobed  or  entire  bracts;  pedicels  4  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  flowers  very  small,  white;  pods  linear,  ascending,  1.5—2.5  cm.  long,  about 
2  mm.  broad ;  seeds  nearly  as  broad  as  the  pod.  In  open  places,  Va.  and  Ky.  to 
Kans.,  Fla.  Tex.  and  Lower  Cal.  March-May.  [A.  Ludoviciana  Meyer.] 

2.  Arabis  lyrata  L.     LYRE-LEAVED  ROCK-CRESS.     (1.  F.  f.  1772.)     Tufted, 
perennial  or  biennial,  erect,  1-3  dm.  high,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  below.     Basal 
leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  2-5  cm.  long,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate;  stem-leaves  spatu- 
late  or  linear,  1-2.5  cm-  l°n§5  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long  in  flower;  flowers  white,  6-8 
mm.  broad;  petals   much  exceeding  the  calyx;  pods   1.5-3   cm-   'onS»  linear,  less 
thin  2  mm.  broad,  their  valves  firm,  nerved;  style   I  mm.  long;  seeds  0.5    mm. 
long.     Rocky  and  sandy  places,  Ont,  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  Manitoba  and  Mo.     April- 
Sept, 


464  FLORA, 

Arabis  lyrata  occidentilis  S.  Wats.  Valves  of  the  pod  thin,  faintly  nerved  ;  stigma 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so.  Lake  Erie  ;  Br.  Col.  to  Alaska. 

3.  Arabis  arenicola  (Richards. )  Gelert.     ARCTIC  ROCK  CRESS.    (I.  F.  f.  1773.) 
Perennial,  pubescent  below,  or  glabrous;  stems  diffuse  or  ascending,  0.7-1.5  dm. 
long.     Leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  nearly  entire,  8-16  mm.  long,  the  lower  petioled; 
flowers  purplish  or  white,  about  6  mm.  broad;  style  very  short;  pods  linear,  flat, 
at  length  drooping,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  rather  more  than  I  mm.  wide,  the  valves 
very  faintly  nerved;  seeds  in  2  incomplete  rows  in  each  cell;  cotyledons  imper- 
fectly accumbent.      Greenland  and  Lab.   to  Hudson  Bay  and  the  N.   W.   Terr. 
Summer.      [A.  humijusa  S.  Wats.] 

4.  Arabis  dentata  T.  &  G.    TOOTHED  ROCK-CRESS.    (I.  F.  f.  1774.)   Slender, 
3-6  dm.  high,  finely  rough -pubescent.    Basal  leaves  with  margined  petioles,  obovate, 
dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  obtuse  ;  stem -leaves  sessile,  clasping  by  an  auricled  base, 
dentate  ;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish  white,  2-4  mm.  broad,  the  petals 
hardly  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  pods  narrowly  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  spreading  ;  style 
almost  none.     W.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Tenn.,  Mo.  and  Kans.     April -June. 

5.  Arabis  alpina  L.     ALPINE  ROCK  CRESS.     (I.  F.   f.   1775.)    Densely  and 
finely  pubescent,  1-3  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  obovate  or  spatulate, 
obtuse,  dentate,  on  margined  petioles  ;   stem-leaves  ovate,  sessile,  clasping  by  an 
auricled  base,  dentate;  flowers  white,  4-6  mm.  broad;  petals  much  exceeding  the 
calyx;  pedicels  8  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  2-4  cm.  long,  curved  upward,  narrowly 
linear,  2  mm.  broad.     Quebec  to  Lab.  and  Alaska.     Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  Arabis  patens  Sulliv.     SPREADING  ROCK-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1776.)     Erect, 
3-6  dm.  high,  pubescent  at  least  below.      Basal  leaves  dentate,  2-8  cm.  long,  on 
margined  petioles  ;  stem-leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acutish, 
sessile,  dentate  or  nearly  entire,  partly  clasping;  pedicels  12-16  mm.  long  in  fruit; 
pods  2-4  cm.  long,  I  mm.  broad,  not  appressed.     E.  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Ala.  and  Mo. 
Summer. 

7.  Arabis  hirsuta  (L.)  Scop.     HAIRY  ROCK-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1777.)      Stem 
erect,  3-6   dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  with  margined  petioles,  obovate  or  spatulate, 
obtuse,  dentate  or  repand,  2-5  cm.  long  ;  stem-leaves  sessile,  clasping,  lanceolate 
or  oblong  ;  pedicels  nearly  erect,    6-12  mm.  long  in  fruit  ;  pods  narrowly  linear, 
erect,  2-5  cm.  long,  about  I   mm.  wide;  seeds  I -rowed,  or  when  young  obscurely 
2-rowed,  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular.     In  rocky  places,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  Ga.,  Ariz, 
and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Sept. 

8.  Arabis  laevigata  (Muhl.)     POIR.     SMOOTH  ROCK  CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1778.) 
Glaucous,    glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  petioled,   spatulate  or  obovate, 
sharply  dentate,  5-8  cm.  long  ;  stem-leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear, 
acute,  clasping  by  an  auricled  or  sagittate  base  ;  pedicels  8-10  mm.  long  in  fruit  ; 
petals  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods  7-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  re- 
curved-spreading  ;  seeds  broadly  winged;  style   almost   none.     In  rocky  woods, 
Quebec  to  Minn.,  Kans.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

Arabis  laevfgita  laciniata  T.  &  G.  Stem-leaves  deeply  and  narrowly  laciniate-toothed 
Ky. 

Arabis  laevigkta  Biirkii  Porter.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  elongated,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed,  not  auricled  at  the  base;  flowers  one-half  the  size  of  the  type;  petals 
equalling  the  sepals.  Penn.  to  N.  Car. 

9.  Arabis  Canadensis  L.     SICKLE-POD.     (I.  F.  f.    1779.)      Stem  3-9  dm. 
high,  pubescent  below.     Basal  leaves  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  dentate  or  lyrately 
lobed,  7-16  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire,  pubescent  ;  pedicels  spreading  or  recurved  and 
8-12  mm.  long  in  fruit  ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  pods  5-9  cm.  long, 
3  mm.  broad,  scythe-shaped,  pendulous  ;  style  almost   none.      In  woods,  Ont.  to 
N.  H.,  Ga.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

10.  Arabis  brachycarpa  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     PURPLE  ROCK-CRESS.     (I.  ¥.  f. 
1780.)     Glaucous,  generally  purplish,  glabrous  except  at  the  base,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Basil   leaves   stellate-pubescent,    obovate   or   spatulate,    2-8    cm.    long,    dentate, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole;  stem-leaves  sessile,   auricled,  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear, 
entire  or  with  a  few  teeth;  pedicels  6-io  mm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  white  or  pink, 
8  mm.  broad;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods  narrowly  linear,  nearly 


CRUCIFERAE. 

straight,  2-8  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  spreading  or  ascending.    Quebec  to  Manitoba, 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  111.  and  Minn.     June-July.  [A.  confinisS.  Wats.] 

11.  Arabis  glaara  (L.)  Bernh.     TOWER  MUSTARD.     (I.  F.  f.   1781.)     Gla- 
brous, glaucous  above,  pubescent  at  the  base,  6-12  dm.  high.      Basal  leaves  pet- 
ioied,  0.5-2.5    dm.   long,   oblanceolate  or   oblong,    dentate  or  sometimes    lyrate, 
hairy;  stem-leaves  sessile,  with  a  sagittate  base,    glabrous,  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acutish;  pedicels  4-12  mm.   long,  erect;    flowers  yellowish-white,  4  mm.   broad; 
petals  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx;  pods  narrowly  linear,  5-8  cm.  long,  i  mm. 
wide,  erect  and  appressed;  style  none.     In  fields  and  rocky  places,  Quebec  to  S. 
N.  Y.,  Penn.,  west  to  the  Pacific  Coast.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Aug. 

12.  Arabis  Holboellii  Hornem.     HOLBOELL'S  ROCK-CRESS.     (I.  F.  f.  1782.) 
Erect,  2-6  dm.   high.     Lower  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  tufted,  petioled, 
1-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed;  stem-leaves  sessile,  erect,  clasp- 
ing; pedicels  reflexed  or  the  upper  ascending,   6-10  mm.   long  in  fruit;  flowers 
purple  or  whitish,  6-8  mm.  long;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods  linear, 
2-5  cm.  long,  slightly  more  than  I  mm.  wide,  reflexed;  style  very  short  or  none. 
Manitoba  and  Arctic  Am.  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     Summer. 

34.  ERYSIMUM    L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  hoary,  with  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  mostly  yellow.  Siliques  elongated,  linear,  4-angled  or  rarely  terete; 
valves  strongly  keeled  by  a  prominent  midvein.  Stigma  lobed.  Seeds  oblong,  in 
I  row  in  each  cell,  marginless  or  narrowly  margined  at  the  top;  cotyledons  incum- 
bent. [Greek,  name  of  a  garden  plant,  meaning,  perhaps,  blister-drawing.] 
About  85  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  In  addition  to  the  follow- 
ing, 2  others  are  found  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  one  on  the  Californian  coast. 

Flowers  4-8  mm.  high. 

Pedicels  slender,  spreading  ;  pods  very  narrow,  1-2.5  cm.  long. 

1.  E.  cheiranthoides, 
Pedicels  stout,  short ;  pods  1.5-5  cm-  l°ng- 

Pods  2-5  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  thick  ;  plant  green,  appressed-pubescent. 

2.  E.  inconspicuum, 
Pods  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick  ;  plant  pale,  appressed-canescent. 

3.  E.  syrticolum. 
Flowers  16-25  mm-  high,  conspicuous. 

Stem-leaves  linear,  grayish  strigose  ;  pods  widely  spreading.     4.  E.  asperum. 
Stem-leaves  lanceolate,  green  ;  pods  less  spreading.  5.  E.  Arkansanum. 

1.  Erysimum    cheiranthoides   L.      WORM-SEED  OR   TREACLE   MUSTARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  1783.)     Minutely  rough -pubescent,  2-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
ob.long-lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  entire  or  slightly  dentate,  tapering  into  a  short 
petiole  or  the  upper  sessile;  pedicels  spreading  or  somewhat  ascending,  6-8  mm. 
long  in  fruit;  flowers  about  5  mm.  high;  pods  linear,  obtusely  4-angled,  glabrous, 
1-2.5  cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  broad,  nearly  erect  on  spreading  pedicels;  style 
I   mm.  long.     Along    streams    and    in   fields,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Tenn.     Also   in 
northern  Europe.     June-Aug. 

2.  Erysimum  inconspicuum  (S.  Wats.)  MacM.     SMALL  ERYSIMUM.     (I.  F.  f. 
1784.)     Roughish  puberulent;  stem  3-6  dm.  tall.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear, 
2-8   cm.  long,  obtuse,  entire   or  dentate,  the  upper  sessile,  the    lower  slender- 
petioled;  flowers   about  8   mm.  high;  pedicels   stout,  about  4  mm.  long  in  fruit, 
ascending;  pods  narrowly  linear,  minutely  rough-puberulent,  ascending  or  erect; 
style  very  stout,  1-2  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Ont.  and  Minn,  to  Manitoba,  Alaska, 
Kans.,  Colo,  and  Nev.     July-Aug.     [£.  parviflorum  Nutt.,  not  Pers.] 

3.  Erysimum   syrti:olum   Sheldon.      SAND   ERYSIMUM.      (I.  F.    f.    1785.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  pale  and  finely  appressed-canescent,  the  stems  3-8 
dm.  tall.     Leaves  firm,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  early  falling  away; 
stigma  conspicuously  2-lobed;  style  less  than  2  mm.  long;  pods  linear,  erect  or 
nearly  so  on  ascending  pedicels;  seeds  oblong,  I  mm.  long.     On  dry  sandy  banks, 
Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.     July-Aug. 

4.  Erysimum   asperum   DC.     WESTERN   WALL-FLOWER.     (I.    F.  f.    1786.) 
Rough -pubescent  or  hoary,  2-5  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 
late, tapering  into.a  petiole,  dentate  or  sometimes  entire ;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  nearly 


466  FLORA . 

so,  entire  or  rarely  toothed;  flowers  orange-yellow,  I2-2G  mm.  high  and  nearly  as 
broad;  pedicels  stout,  spreading,  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  linear,  rough,  5-8  cm. 
long,  nearly  2  mm.  wide,  4-sided;  style  short,  thick.  Dry  plains,  Ark.  to  Minn., 
Cal.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.  May-July. 

5.  Erysimum  Arkansanum  Nutt.  YELLOW  PHLOX.  Taller  and  greener 
than  the  preceding,  6-10  dm.  high,  with  a  more  leafy  and  branched  stem,  slightly 
strigose  with  branched  hairs;  flowers  20-25  mm-  high  I  P°d  linear,  tapering  at  the 
summit,  atiout  I  dm.  long.  Open  places,  Ohio  and  111.  to  Tex.  May-June. 

35.   ALYSSUM    L. 

Low  stellate  pubescent  herbs,  with  small  racemose  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers. 
Petals  entire.  Filaments  often  dilated  and  toothed  or  appendaged.  Silicic  ovate, 
oblong  or  orbicular,  compressed,  its  valves  nerveless,  the  septum  thin.  Stigma 
nearly  entire.  Seeds  1-8  in  each  cell,  wingless;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek, 
curing  madness.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Alyssum  alyssoides  (L.)  Gouan.  YELLOW  OR  SMALL  ALYSSUM.  (I.  F. 
f.  1787.)  Densely  stellate-pubescent,  tufted,  0.7-2.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  spatulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse,  entire,  0.6-3  cm.  long;  flowers 
2  mm.  broad  ;  pedicels  4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  orbicular,  3  mm.  in  diameter, 
margined,  minutely  pubescent,  notched,  tipped  with  the  minute  style;  sepals  per- 
sisting around  the  base  of  the  pod;  seeds  2  in  each  cell.  In  fields,  Ont.  to  N.  H., 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Iowa,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.  Also  in  the  Far  West 
Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.  Summer.  [A.  calycinum  L.] 

36.  KONIGA  Adans. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  pubescent  or  canescent  with  forked  hairs,  with  entire 
leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals  obovate,  entire.  Fila- 
ments slender,  not  toothed,  but  with  two  small  glands  at  the  base.  Silicic  com- 
pressed, oval  or  orbicular.  Seeds  I  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Name 
in  honor  of  Charles  Konig,  a  curator  of  the  British  Museum.]  About  4  species, 
natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

i.  Koniga  maritima  (L.)  R.  Br.  SWEET  ALYSSUM.  SEASIDE  KONIGA. 
(I.  F.  f.  1788.)  Procumbent  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high,  minutely  pubescent. 
Stem-leaves  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  1-5  cm.  long  ;  basal  leaves  oblan- 
ceolate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole;  flowers  fragrant,  about  4  mm.  broad;  pedicels  6- 
8  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  glabrous,  pointed,  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx  deciduous;  sta- 
mens not  appendaged.  In  waste  places,  occasional.  Escaped  from  gardens. 
Adventive  from  Europe.  Summer.  \Alyssum  maritimum  Z.] 

37.   BERTEROA  DC. 

Herbs,  pubescent  or  canescent  with  forked  hairs,  the  leaves  mostly  narrow  and 
entire,  and  the  flowers  white  or  yellow  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals  2-cleft.  Fila- 
ments 2-toothed  at  the  base.  Silicles  oblong  or  subglobose,  little  compressed.  Seeds 
several  in  each  cell;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [In  honor  of  C.  G.  Bertero,  a  botanist 
of  Piedmont,  1739-1831.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Berteroa  incana  (L.)  DC.  HOARY  ALYSSUM.  (I.  F.  f.  1789.)  Erect  or 
ascending,  3-6  dm.  high,  hoary-pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  1-4  cm. 
long,  obtuse,  entire  or  slightly  undulate;  flowers  white,  2-3  mm.  broad;  pedicels 
4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pod  pubescent,  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long;  cells  several-seeded; 
style  2-3  mm.  long.  In  waste  places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  J.,  and  Mo. 
Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.  Racemes  elongating,  the  flowers  and  pods  very 
numerous.  June-Sept.  \Alysswn  incamim  L.] 

38.  HE'SPERIS  L. 

Erect  perennial  or  biennial  herbs,  pubescent  with  forked  hairs,  with  simple 
leaves  and  large  racemose  purple  or  white  flowers.  Stigma  with  2  erect  lobes. 
Siliques  elongated,  nearly  cylindric,  the  valves  keeled,  dehiscent.  I -nerved. 
Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell,  globose,  wingless;  cotyledons  incumbent.  [Name 
from  Hesperus,  evening,  when  the  flowers  are  most  fragrant.]  About  20  species, 
natives  of  Europe  and  Asia, 


ZAPPARIDACEAE,  467 

1.  Hesperis  matronalis  L.  DAME'S  ROCKET  OR  DAME'S  VIOLET.  (I.  F.  f. 
1790.)  Erect,  6-9  dm.  high,  pubescent.  Lower  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  tapering 
into  a  petiole,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate  with  minute  teeth,  pubes- 
cent on  both  sides;  upper  leaves  smaller,  sessile  or  short-petioled;  flowers  1.5-2.5 
cm.  broad  ;  blade  of  the  petals  spreading  ;  pods  5-10  cm.  long,  spreading  or 
ascending,  contracted  between  the  seeds  when  ripe.  In  fields  and  along  roadsides, 
Me.  to  Penn.  and  Iowa.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  May-  Aug. 

39.  CONRINGIA    Link. 

An  erect  glabrous  annual  herb,  with  elliptic  or  ovate  entire  leaves,  sessile  and 
cordate  at  the  base,  and  middle-sized  yellowish  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 
Sepals  and  petals  narrow,  Style  2-lobed  or  entire.  Siliques  elongated-linear, 
angled,  the  valves  firm,  1-3 -nerved.  Seeds  in  I  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  margin- 
less;  cotyledons  incumbent.  [In  honor  of  Hermann  Conring,  1606-1681,  Professor 
at  Helmstadt] 

i.  Conringia  orientalis  (L.)  Dumort.  HARE'S -EAR.  TREACLE  MUSTARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  lygoa.)  Stem  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  light  green,  obtuse.  5-13  cm.  long; 
racemes  elongating  in  fruit;  pedicels  8-16  mm.  long;  petals  about  1.2  cm.  long, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  pods  7-13  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
4-angled,  spreading.  In  waste  places,  Mich,  and  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  and 
from  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Family   3.     CAPPARIDACEAE    Lindl. 

Caper  Faintly. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (rarely  trees),  with  alternate  or  very  rarely  opposite 
leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular,  mostly  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  4-8. 
Petals  4  (rarely  none).  Receptacle  elongated  or  short.  Stamens  6-00  f 
not  tetradynamous,  inserted  on  the  receptacle  ;  anthers  oblong.  Style 
generally  short,  ovules  oo ,  on  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
berry.  Seeds  mainly  reniform  in  our  species  ;  endosperm  none  ;  embryo 
generally  coiled.  About  35  genera  and  400  species,  mostly  of  warm 
regions. 

Pod  long-stipitate  on  its  pedicel. 

Pod  linear-elongated  ;  petals  generally  clawed. 

Petals  entire.  I.  Cleome. 

Petals  laciniate.  2.  Cristatella. 

Pod  short,  rhomboid  ;  petals  sessile.  3.  Cleomella. 

Pod  nearly  or  quite  sessile  on  its  pedicel.  4.  Polanisia. 

i.  CLEOME  L. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs.  Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  or  simple.  Flowers 
mostly  racemose.  Calyx  4-divided  or  of  4  sepals,  often  persistent.  Petals  4,  cru- 
ciate, nearly  equal,  entire,  more  or  less  clawed.  Receptacle  short,  slightly  pro- 
longed above  the  petal-bases.  Stamens  6  (rarely  4),  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Ovary  stalked,  with  a  gland  at  its  base.  Capsule  elongated,  many-seeded. 
[Derivation  uncertain.]  About  75  species,  mainly  natives  of  tropical  regions, 
especially  American  and  African.  In  addition  to  the  following,  4  others  occur  in 
the  western  part  of  the  United  States. 

Leaves  3-foliolate ;  flowers  pink,  or  white.  i.  C.  serrulata. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  s-y-foliolate. 

Flowers  pink,  or  white.  2.  C.  spinosa. 

Flowers  yellow.  3.  C.  Intea. 

i.  Cleome  serrulata  Pursh.  PINK  CLEOME.  (I.  F.  f.  1791.)  Erect,  gla- 
brous, 6-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  3-foliolate,  the  lower  slender-petioled,  the  upper 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  entire  or  distantly  serru- 
late, 2-8  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear;  pedicels  spreading  or  recurved,  1-2 
cm.  long  in  fruit;  stipe  of  the  pod  about  equalling  the  pedicel;  petals  oblong, 
slightly  clawed,  K>-I2  mm-  long,  obtuse;  pods  linear,  acute,  2-5  cm,  long. 


468  FLORA. 

Prairies,  111.  to  Minn.,  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.    Nat. 
xfrora  the  west  in  its  eastern  range.     July-Sept.     [C  integrifolia  T.  £  G.] 
\\1'2.  Cleome  spiiidsa  L.     SPIDER-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  1792.)     Erect,  6-12  dm. 

Vhigh,  clammy-pubescent.  Leaves  5-7-foliolate,  the  lower  iong-petioled,  1-2  dm. 
in  diameter,  the  upper  passing  into  the  simple  bracts  of  the  raceme;  petioles  spiny 
at  the  base;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate;  flowers  long-pedicelled,  purple  or 
whitish,  2-3  cm.  broad;  petals  obovate,  long-clawed;  stipe  of  the  linear  glabrous 

rat  length  5-15  cm.  long;  stamens  often  long-exserted.     In  waste  places,  S, 
Y.  to  Fla.,  III.  and  La.     Adventive  from  tropical  America.     Summer. 
3.  Cleome  lutea  Hook.     YELLOW  CLEOME.     (I.  F.  f.  1793.)     Erect,  glabrous, 
4-10  dm.  high.     Leaves  5-foliolate,  slender-petioled,  or  the  upper  3-foliolate  and 
nearly  sessile;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  short-stalked  or  sessile, 
1-5  cm.  long;  bracts  linear-oblong,  mucronate;  pedicels  slender,  10-12  mm.  long; 
flowe- r«  yellow;  petals  about  I  cm.  long;  pod  linear,  3-8  cm.  long,  acute,  borne  on 
a  stipe  becoming  longer  than  the  pedicel.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Wash,  and  Ariz. 
June  Sept. 

2.  CRISTATELLA  Nutt. 

Annual  viscid  glandular-pubescent  herbs,  with  digitately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  terminal  bracted  racemes.  Sepals  spreading, 
slightly  united  at  the  base.  Petals  4,  laciniate  or  fimbriate  at  the  summit,  borne 
on  long  slender  claws,  the  two  lower  smaller  than  the  two  upper.  Receptacle 
short,  with  a  short  petaloid  nectary  between  the  ovary  and  the  upper  sepal.  Sta- 
mens 6-14;  filaments  slender,  declined.  Ovary  stalked,  also  declined.  Capsule 
linear,  nearly  terete,  many-seeded.  [Diminutive  of  cristattts,  crested.]  Two 
species,  natives  of  the  south-central  U.  S. 

i.  Cristatella  Jamesii  T.  &  G.  JAMES'  CRISTATELLA.  (I.  F.  f.  1794.) 
Erect,  1.5-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  slender-petioled;  leaflets  nearly  sessile,  linear  or 
linear-oblong,  entire,  obtuse,  8-25  mm.  long;  flowers  slender-pedicelled;  bracts 
mostly  3-foliolate;  claws  of  the  larger  petals  3-5  mm.  long;  pod  much  longer  than 
its  stipe  and  somewhat  longer  than  the  pedicel.  In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  La.  and  Tex. 
June-Dec. 

3.  CLEOMELLA  DC. 

Annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  small  yellow  flowers  and  3  foliolate  leaves.  Calyx 
of  4  sepals.  Petals  4,  sessile,  not  clawed.  Receptacle  short,  glandless.  Stamens 
6,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Ovary  short,  long-stalked.  Capsule  short,  rhom- 
boid or  trapezoid,  often  broader  than  long,  4-io-seeded.  [Diminutive  of  Cleome.] 
About  8  species,  natives  of  southwestern  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

i.  Cleomella  angustifolia  Torr.  NORTHERN  CLEOMELLA.  (I.  F.  f.  1795.) 
Branching  above,  3-5  dm.  high.  Leaflets  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  ;  bracts 
linear,  simple  ;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad  ;  pedicels  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng  *n  fruit  ;  P°d 
rhomboid,  46  mm.  broad,  pointed,  raised  on  a  slender  stipe  4-8  mm.  long,  its 
valves  almost  conic;  placentae  persistent  after  the  valves  fall  away,  each  bearing 
about  3  seeds.  Prairies,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.  Summer. 

4.  POLANISIA  Raf. 

Annual  herbs,  mainly  glandular-pubescent,  with  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers, 
and  palmately  compound  or  rarely  simple  leaves.  Sepals  4,  lanceolate,  deciduous. 
Petals  slender  or  clawed.  Receptacle  depressed,  bearing  a  gland  at  the  base  of 
the  ovaiy.  Stamens  8-oc  ,  unequal.  Pod  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  elongated,  cylin- 
dric  or  compressed,  its  valves  dehiscent  from  the  summit.  Seeds  rugose  or  reticu- 
lated. [Greek,  very  unequal,  referring  to  the  stamens.]  About  14  species,  of 
temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Stamens  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  petals;  flowers  4-6  mm.  long. 

i.  P,  graveolens. 
Stamens  much  exceeding  the  petals;  flowers  8-T2  mm.  long.  2.  P.  trachysperma. 

i.  Polanisia  graveolens  Raf.  CLAMMY-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1796.)  Viscid, 
1-4.5  dm.  high-  Leaves  3  fol'olate,  slender-petioled;  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
1-2.5  cm.  long;  sepals  purplish,  slightly  unequal;  petals  cuneate,  emarginate  or 
obcordate  ;  stamens  9-12,  purplish,  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  petals; 


RESEDA  CEA  E—  SA  AKA  CEN1A  LES.  469 

style  about  2  mm.  long;  pod  lanceolate-oblong,  slightly  compressed,  3-4  cm.  long, 
t>  8  mm.  wide,  slightly  stipitate,  rough,  reticulated;  seeds  rough.  Sandy  and 
gravelly  shores,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  Kans.  and  Colo. 
Summer. 

2.  Polanisia  trachysperma  T.  &  G.  LARGE-FLOWERED  CLAMMY-WEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  1797.)  Similar  to  the  last,  but  flowers  twice  the  size;  style  4-6  mm.  long; 
stamens  much  exserted;  filaments  purple,  conspicuous;  pod  slightly  larger,  nearly 
or  quite  sessile.  Prairies,  Iowa  to  Tex.,  Br.  Col.,  Nev.  and  Ariz.  Summer. 

Family  4.     RESEDACEAE  S.  F.  Gray. 
Mignonette  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  woody,  with  alternate  or  fascicled  leaves,  gland-like 
stipules  and  racemose  or  spicate,  bracted  flowers.  Flowers  unsymmetri- 
cal.  Calyx  4~7-parted,  inequilateral.  Petals  generally  4-7,  hypogynous. 
Disk  fleshy,  hypogynous,  i -sided.  Stamens  3-40;  filaments  generally 
unequal.  Ovary  i,  compound,  of  3-6  carpels;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas 
3-6  ;  ovules  °o  .  Fruit  capsular  in  all  but  i  genus.  Seeds  reniform,  with- 
out endosperm  ;  cotyledons  incumbent.  Six  genera  and  about  65  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  RESEDA  L. 

Herbs,  with  small  spicate  or  narrowly  racemose  flowers.  Petals  4-7,  toothed 
or  cleft.  Disk  cup-shaped,  glandular.  Stamens  8-30,  inserted  on  one  side  of  the 
flower  and  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  disk.  Capsule  3-6-lobed,  horned,  opening 
at  the  top.  [Ancient  Latin  name.]  About  55  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

Leaves  entire ;  upper  petals  lobed,  the  lower  entire.  I.  R.  Luteola. 
Leaves  lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

Petals  greenish-yellow,  3  or  4  of  them  divided.  2.  R.  lutea. 

Petals  white,  all  of  them  cleft  or  divided.  3.  R.  alba. 

1.  Reseda  Luteola  L.     DYER'S  ROCKET.     YELLOW-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  1798.) 
Glabrous,   erect,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves   lanceolate  or  linear,   entire,  obtuse,  ses- 
sile or  the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  2-4  mm.  broad, 
in  long  narrow  spikes;  sepals  4;  petals  4  or  5,  very  unequal;  capsule  globose,  4-6 
mm.  in  diameter,  with  3  or  4  apical  teeth  and  6-8  lateral  ridges.     In  waste  places, 
N.  Y.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Reseda  lutea  L.     YELLOW  CUT-LEAVED  MIGNONETTE.     (I.  F.  .f.   1799.) 
Ascending  or  decumbent.     Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate  or  oblong  in  out- 
line, deeply  lobed  or  divided;  sometimes  pinnatifid,  their  segments  linear  or  ob- 
long, obtuse;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  4-6  mm.  broad;  pedicels  about  4  mm.  long 
in  fruit;  petals  6  or  5,  all  but  the  lowest  irregularly  cleft;  capsule  oblong,  about 
8   mm.  long,  3—4  mm.  wide,  with  3  or  rarely  4   short  teeth.     In  waste  places, 
Mass,   to  N.  J.   and  Mich.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Adventive  from 
Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Reseda  alba  L.     WHITE  CUT-LEAVED  MIGNONETTE.     (I.  F.  f.   1800.) 
Erect,  somewhat  glaucous,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  pinnate  or  deeply  pinnatifid, 
the  segments  9-12,  linear  or  lanceolate,  obtusish,  8-25  mm.  long;  flowers  nearly 
or  quite  white,  4-6  mm.  broad,  in  dense  spike-like  racemes;  petals  6  or  5,  3-cleft 
at  the  summit;    capsule  ovoid-oblong,   usually  4-toothed,    10-12   mm.   long.     In 
waste  places,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  in  ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports  and  in  Br. 
Col.     Adventive  from  S.  Europe.     July-Aug. 

Order  17.  SARRACENIALES. 

Insectivorous  plants  secreting  a  viscid  liquid,  with  basal  leaves  and  per- 
fect scapose  flowers.  Corolla  choripetalous.  Sepals  mostly  distinct. 
Stamens  usually  hypogynous.  Ovary  compound,  superior. 

Ovary  3-5-celled ;  leaves  hollow.  Fam.  i.  Sarraceniaceae. 

Ovary  i-celled  ;  leaves  circinate  in  unfolding,  the  blade  flat.       Fam.  2.  Droseraceae. 


47°  FLORA. 

Family  i.  SARRACENIACEAE  La  Pyl. 

Pitcher-Plant  Family. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  tubular  or  pitcher-shaped  leaves,  and  large  scapose 
nodding  flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5,  hypogynous,  imbricated,  persistent. 
Petals  5,  imbricated,  hypogynous,  deciduous  or  none.  Stamens  oo; 
anthers  versatile.  Ovary  i,  3-5 -eel led  ;  ovules  oo,  in  many  rows.  Cap- 
sule 3-5-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent ;  style  terminal,  peltate,  lobed.  or 
in  one  genus  simple.  Seeds  small,  the  testa  reticulated  ;  embryo  small  ; 
endosperm  fleshy.  Three  genera  and  about  10  species,  all  natives  of 
America. 

i.  SARRACENIA  L. 

Leaves  hollow,  with  a  lateral  wing  and  a  terminal  lid  or  lamina.  Sepals  5, 
with  3  or  4  bracts  at  the  base.  Petals  ovate  or  oblong.  Ovary  5-celled.  Style 
dilated  into  a  peltate  umbrella-like  structure  with  5  rays  which  terminate  under  its 
angles  in  hooked  stigmas.  Capsule  5-celled,  granular,  rugose.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous.  [Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Jean  Antoine  Sarracin,  a  botanist  of  Quebec.] 
About  8  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

Leaves  pitcher-shaped,  curved  ;  flower  purple  or  greenish  (rarely  yellow). 

i.  S.  purpurea. 
Leaves  tubular-trumpet-shaped  ;  flower  yellow.  2.  S.  flava. 

1.  Sarracenia  purpurea  L.   PITCHER-PLANT.    SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f. 
1801.)     Glabrous,  except  the  inner  side  of  the  lamina  and  inner  surface  of  the 
pitchers,  which  are  clothed  with  reflexed  hairs.     Leaves  tufted,  ascending,  1-3  dm. 
long,  inflated,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  broadly  winged,  persistent;  scapes  3-6  dm. 
high,  bearing  a  nodding  nearly  globose  flower  5  cm.  in  diameter  or  more;  petals 
obovate,  narrowed  in  the  middle,  incurved  over  the  style.     In  peat-bogs,  Lab.  to 
the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.,  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Minn.     May— June. 

Sarracenia  purpurea  heterophylla  (Eaton)  Torr.  Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  slightly  or 
not  at  all  purple-veined,  light  green  or  yellowish.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  J. 

2.  Sarracenia  flava  L.     TRUMPETS.     TRUMPET-LEAF.    (I.  F.  f.  1802.)    Gla- 
brous throughout.     Leaves  trumpet-shaped,  3—9  dm.   long,  2-5   cm.  wide  at  the 
orifice,  narrowly  winged,  prominently  ribbed,  the  lid  2-10  cm.  wide,  erect,  con- 
tracted at  the  base;  scape  3-6  dm.  high,  slender;  flower  5-8  cm.  broad;  petals 
oblanceolate  or  obovate,  drooping,  slightly  contracted  at  the  middle.     In  bogs,  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  La.     April. 

Family  2.  DROSERACEAE  S.  F.  Gray. 
Sundew  Family. 

Perennial  or  biennial  glandular-pubescent  herbs,  exuding  a  viscid  se- 
cretion, mostly  with  basal  leaves,  circinate  in  the  bud,  and  fugacious  per- 
fect flowers,  racemose  in  our  species.  Calyx  persistent,  4-8-parted  or 
the  sepals  distinct  and  imbricated.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  convolute, 
marcescent,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  4-20;  fila- 
ments subulate  or  filiform ;  anthers  usually  versatile.  Disk  none. 
Ovary  free,  or  its  base  adnate  to  the  calyx,  i-3-celled ;  styles  1-5,  simple, 
2-cleft  or  multind  ;  ovules  numerous.  Capsule  i-5-celled,  loculicidally 
dehiscent.  Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  straight,  cylindric.  Six  genera 
and  about  125  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

i.  DR6SERA  L. 

Bog  herbs,  with  leaves  clothed  with  glandular  hairs  which  secrete  a  fluid  that 
entraps  insects,  and  scapose  racemose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  short,  free  from  the 
ovary,  deeply  4-8-parted  (commonly  5-parted).  Petals  usually  5,  spatulate. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals:  anthers  short,  extrorse.  Ovary  i-celled;  styles 
2-5,  usually  3,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base,  often  2-parted  so  as  to  appear  twice 


RO  SALES.  47* 

as  many,  or  fimbriate.  Capsule  3  valved  (rarely  5-valved),  many-seeded,  generally 

stipitate  in  the  calyx.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  dew.]     About  no  species,  most 

abundant  in  Australia.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southeastern 
States. 

Blaue  of  the  leaf  orbicular,  or  wider  than  long;  petals  white.  1.  D.  rotundijolia. 

Blade  of  the  leaf  linear,  or  longer  than  wide. 

Leaves  linear  or  spatulate  with  a  distinct  petiole;  petals  white. 
Blade  of  the  leaf  spatulate. 

Blade  2-3  times  as  long  as  wide.  2.  D.  intermedia, 

Blade  6-8  times  as  long  as  wide.  3.  D.  longifolia. 

Blade  linear,  10-15  times  as  long  as  wide.  4.  D.  linearis. 

Leaves  filiform,  much  elongated,  with  no  distinct  petiole;  petals  purple. 

5.  D. 


1.  Drosera    rotund  folia    L.      ROUND-LEAVED    SUNDEW  OR    DEW-PLANT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1803.)     Scape  glabrous,    1-2.5  dm.   high-     Leaves  orbicular  or  broader, 
spreading,   the  blade   6-12    mm.   long,   abruptly  narrowed    into  a  flat   pubescent 
petiole;  raceme   I  -sided;    pedicels  2-4  mm.   long;    flowers  white,   about   4  mm. 
broad;  petals  oblong;  seeds  fusiform,   pointed  at  both  ends,   the  testa  loose.     In 
bogs  or  wet  sand,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Fla.  and  Ala.,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Cal. 
July-Aug. 

2.  Drosera  intermedia  Hayne.    SPATULATE-LEAVED  SUNDEW.    (I.  F.  f.  1804.) 
Rootstock   elongated  ;    scape    glabrous,   0.7-2    dm.    high.     Blades   of  the   leaves 
ascending,  spatulate,  obtuse,  6-14  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  gradually  narrowed 
into  a  glabrous  petiole;  raceme  i-sided;  pedicels  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  white; 
seeds  oblong,  the  testa  close,   roughened.     In  bogs,  N.  B.  to  Sask.,  Fla.  and  La. 
Also  in  the  W.  I.  and  Europe.     July-Aug. 

3.  Drosera  loigifjlia  L.      OBLONG-  LEAVED  SUNDEW    (I.  F.  f.  1805.)    Simi- 
lar to  the  preced;ng,  but   the    leaf-blade    erect,  longer  (1.5-3   cm-  l°ngi  3~4  mm- 
wide),  elongated-spatulate  ;  pedicels  1-6  mm.  long;  flowers  white.  4-5  mm.  broad; 
seeds  oblong,  obtuse  at   bjth   ends,   the   testa   loose.     In  bogs,  Newf.  and   arctic 
America  to  Br.  Col.,  Ont.  and  Cal.    Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.      Summer. 

4.  Drosera   linearis    Goldie.     SLENDER-LEAVED   SUNDEW.     (\.  F.  f.   1806.) 
Scape  low  but  sometimes  exceeding  the  leaves,  glabrous      Petioles  erect,  glabrous, 
5-10  cm.    long  ;  blade   linear,  2-8   cm.   long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  obtuse  ;  flowers 
few,  or  solitary,  white;  seeds  oblong,  the  testa  close,  smooth  and  somewhat  shin- 
ing.    In  bogs,  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron,  west  to  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mts. 

S-  Drosera  filiformis  Raf.  THREAD-LEAVED  SUNDEW.  (I.  F.  f.  1807.)  Scape 
glabrous,  2-5  dm.  high.  Early  leaves  lanceolate,  the  apex  glandular;  later  leaves 
filiform,  glandular-pubescent,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  woolly  with 
brown  hairs  at  the  base;  racemes  i-sided,  10-30  flowered;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long; 
flowers  purple,  8-25  mm.  broad;  petals  obovate;  seeds  fusiform,  the  testa  minutely 
punctate.  In  wet  sand,  E.  Mass,  to  Fla.  July-Sept. 


Order  18.    ROSALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  the  flowers  usually  petaliferous  and  the  petals 
distinct.  Stamens  mostly  perigynous  or  epigynous.  Sepals  mainly 
united  or  confluent  with  the  concave  receptacle.  Carpels  one  or  more, 
distinct  or  sometimes  united  into  a  compound  ovary. 

*  Small  aquatic  fleshy  herbs,  with  a  spathe-like  involucre,  and  a  2-3-celled  capsule  : 

pfirianth  none.  Fam.     i.   Podostemaceae. 

*  Land  or  rarely  swamp  plants  without  an  involucre. 

t  Endosperm  present,  usually  copious  and  fleshv  ;  leaves  mostly  without  stipules. 
Herbs. 

Carpels  as  many  as  the  calyx-segments;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many. 

Plants  succulent ;  carpels  distinct  or  united  at  the  base,  in  ours  dehiscent  length- 

wise-  Fam.     2.   Crassulaceae. 

Plants  not  succulent;  carpels  united  to  the  middle,  circumscissile. 

Fam.    3.  Penthoraceaq 


4/2  FLORA. 

Carpels  fewer  than  the  calyx-segments. 

Staminodia  present;  carpels  3  or  4,  wholly  united  into  a  one-celled  ovary. 

Fam.    4.   Parnassiaceae. 
Staminodia  none;  carpels  mostly  2,  their  upper  part  at  least  distinct. 

Fam.    5.  Saxifragaceac. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  opposite.        .  Fam.    6.  Hydrangeaceae. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  a  2-celled,  thin-walled  capsule;  its  base  adnate  to  the  calyx. 

Fam.    7.  Iteaceae. 

Fruit  a  i  celled  berry.  Fam.    8.   Grossulariaceae. 

Fruit  a  2-celled  woody  or  hard  capsule.  Fam.    9.  Hamamelidaceae. 

\  f  Endosperm  none,  or  very  little  (copious  in  Opulaster,  shrub  of  the  Rosa- 

ceae);  leaves  mostly  with  stipules. 
\  Trees  with  broad  leaves  and  small  monoecious  densely  capitate  flowers. 

Fam.  10.  Platanaceae. 
\  \  Flowers  perfect,  or  if  dicecious  or  monoecious  not  densely  capitate. 

a.  Flowers  regular. 

Pistils  usually  several  or  numerous;  if  one  only  (as  in  Cerocarpus  and  sometimes  in 
species  of  Alchemilla  and  Sanguisorbcti  it  becomes  a  dry  i-seeded  achene. 
Carpels  distinct,  rarely  adnate  to  the  calyx,  ripening  into  follicles  or  achenes. 

Fam.  ii.  Rosaceae. 

Carpels  united,  enclosed  by  the  calyx-tube  and  adnate  to  it,  the  fruit  a  pome. 

Fam.  12.  Pomaceae. 
Pistil  only  i.» 

Ovary  2-ovuled;  fruit  a  drupe;  leaves  simple.  Fam.  13.  Drupaceae. 

Ovary  several-ovu led;  fruit  a  legume ;  leaves  2-3-pinnate. 

Petals  valvate  in  the  bud.  Fam.  14.  Mimosaceae. 

(Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud:  Gleditsia  and  Gymnocladus  in  the  Caesalpiniaceae.) 
b.  Flowers  irregular  (nearly  or  quite  regular  in  Gleditsia  and  Gymnocladus, 

trees  of  the  Caesalpiniaceae). 

Fruit   a   legume;   upper   petal    enclosed  by   the  lateral   ones  in  the  bud;    leaves  com- 
pound, mostly  stipulate.  Fam.  15.   Caesalpiniaceae. 
Fruit  spiny,  indehiscent;  leaves  simple,  estipulate.                   Fam.  16.   Krameriaceae. 
Fruit  a  legume  or  loment ;  upper  petal  enclosing  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud;  leaves 
compound  (sometimes  i-foliolate),  stipulate.                          Fam.  17.  Papilionaceae. 

Family  i.   PODOSTEMACEAE  Lindl. 
River-weed  Family 

Small  aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  usually  poorly  differentiated  from  the 
stem,  the  whole  structure  commonly  resembling  the  thallus  of  an  alga  or 
hepatic,  the  small  usually  perfect  flowers  devoid  of  any  perianth  and  sub- 
tended by  a  spathe-like  involucre,  or  in  some  genera  with  a  3~5-cleft 
membranous  calyx.  Stamens  hypogynous,  only  2  in  the  following  genus, 
numerous  in  some  others;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  de- 
hiscent. Ovary  2-3-celled  ;  ovules,  usually  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anat- 
ropous  ;  styles  2  or  3,  short.  Capsules  2-3-celled,  ribbed.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, minute,  without  endosperm  ;  embryo  straight.  About  21  genera 
and  175  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics. 

x.  PODOSTEMON  Michx. 

Flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  in  the  spathe-like  involucre.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  2,  their  filaments  united  to  near  the  summit;  anthers  2,  oblong  or  oval. 
Staminodia  2,  filiform.  Ovary  ovoid,  2-celled  ;  stigmas  2,  short,  subulate.  Cap- 
sule ovoid,  6-io-ribbed,  2-valved.  [Greek,  stalked-stamens.]  About  12  species 
of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

i.  Podostemon  Ceratophyllum  Michx.  RIVER-WEED.  THREAD- FOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  i8c8.)  Plant  dark  green,  rather  stiff,  firmly  attached  to  stones  in  running 
water,  densely  tufted,  2-25  cm.  long,  the  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base,  commonly 
split  above  into  almost  filiform  segments.  Flowers  less  than  2  mm.  broad,  at  length 
bursting  from  the  spathes  ;  capsule  oblong-oval,  rather  more  than  2  mm.  long,  ob- 
tuse, borne  on  a  stipe  of  about  its  own  length,  8-ribbed.  In  shallow  streams,  Mass. 
toN.  Y.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Ky.  July-Sept. 


CRA  SS  ULA  CEAE.  473 

Family  2.  CRASSULACEAE  DC. 
Orpine  Family. 

Herbs,  or  somewh  shrubby  plants,  mostly  fleshy  or  succulent,  with 
cymose  or  rarely  solitary  regular  or  symmetrical  flowers.  Stipules  none. 
Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  ovary  or  ovaries,  4~5-cleft  or4~5-parted  in 
our  species.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  calyx-lobes,  distinct,  or 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  usually  persistent,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens 
of  the  same  number  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  anthers  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Receptacle  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  each  carpel.  Car- 
pels equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  distinct,  or  united  below;  styles  sub- 
ulate or  filiform  ;  ovules  numerous,  arranged  in  2  rows  along  the  ventral 
suture.  Follicles  i -celled,  dehiscent  along  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds 
minute;  endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  terete;  cotyledons  short,  obtuse. 
About  15  genera  and  500  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals  ;  minute  herbs.  i.    Tillaea. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals ;  succulent  herbs. 

Flowers  4-5-parted.  2.  Sedum. 

Flowers  6-2o-parted.  3.  Sempervivum. 

i.  TILLAEA  L. 

Minute  aquatic  or  mud-loving  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  very 
small  flowers.  Calyx  3-5 -parted.  Petals  3-5,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base. 
Carpels  3-5,  distinct.  Styles  short,  subulate.  Ovules  usually  few.  [Named 
after  Michael  Angelo  Tilli,  1653-1740,  an  Italian  botanist.]  About  20  species  of 
wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  about  4  others  occur  in  the  western 
States. 

i.  Tillaea  aquatica  L.  PIGMY-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  1809.)  Stem  1-8  cm.  high, 
glabrous.  Leaves  linear- oblong,  entire,  connate  at  the  base,  4-6  mm.  long; 
flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  I  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes, 
petals,  stamens  and  carpels  4,  rarely  3;  petals  greenish,  about  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx-lobes;  follicles  ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  8-io-seeded.  Muddy 
banks  of  streams,  N.  S.  to  Mass,  and  Md.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Sept. 

2.  SEDUM  L. 

Fleshy  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  mainly  with  alternate,  often  imbricated  leaves, 
and  perfect  or  dioecious  flowers  in  terminal  often  1-sided  cymes.  Calyx  4-5 -lobed. 
Petals  4-5,  distinct.  Stamens  perigynous,  the  alternate  ones  usually  attached  to 
the  petals.  Carpels  4-5,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base;  styles  usually  short; 
ovules  oo  .  [Latin,  to  sit,  from  the  lowly  habit  of  these  plants.]  About  150 
species,  mostly  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
Besides  the  following,  about  20  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Cyme  regular,  compound,  the  flowers  not  secund ;  leaves  broad,  flat. 

Flowers  dioecious,  mostly  4-parted.  i.  S.  roseum. 

Flowers  perfect,  5-parted. 

Petals  purple  ;  plant  somewhat  glaucous  ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

2.  S.  Telephium. 
Petals  pink  ;  plant  very  glaucous  ;  petals  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

3.  S.  telephioides. 
Flowers  secund  along  the  branches  of  the  cyme. 

Petals  yellow. 

Leaves  short,  thick,  ovate,  densely  imbricated.  4.  S.  acre. 

Leaves  linear  or  terete,  scattered  on  the  stems. 

Annual ;  petals  little  longer  than  the  sepals.  5.  S.  Torreyi. 

Perennial ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Plant  0.7-1.5  dm.  high;  native,  western.  6.  S.  stenopetalum. 

Plant  2-3  dm.  high,  introduced  in  a  few  places.        7.  S.  reflexiim. 
Petals  purple  or  white. 

Leaves  terete  ;  petals  purple,  pink,  or  white.  8.  3".  pulchelltim. 

Leaves  flat,  spatulate  or  obovate  ;  petals  white. 

Lower  leaves  verticillate  in  3*3.  9.  S.  ternatum. 

Leaves  all  alternate.  10.  S.  Aevii. 


474  ./^0AVJ. 

i.  Sedum  roseum  (L.)  Scop.  ROSEROOT.  ROSEWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  i8io.> 
Perennial,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  1-3  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  oval 
or  obovate,  dentate  or  entire,  1-2.5  cm<  l°ng>  *ne  lower  ones  smaller;  cyme  dense, 
1-5  cm.  broad;  flowers  yellowish-green  or  purplish,  5-8  mm.  broad;  sepals  oblong, 
narrower  and  shorter  than  the  petals;  follicles  about  4  mm.  long,  their  tips  spread- 
ing. In  rocky  places,  Lab.  and  arctic  Am.  to  Me.,  E.  Penn.  and  on  the  southern 
Alleghanies.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  south  to  Colo.,  and  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
May-July. 

3.  Sedum  Telephium  L.  ORPINE.  LIVE-FOREVER.  (I.  F.  f.  1811.)  Peren- 
nial ;  steins  stout,  tufted,  glabrous  and  slightly  glaucous,  3-5  dm.  high.  Leaves 
alternate,  ovate  to  obovate,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long,  coarsely  dentate,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  larger;  cyme  dense,  compound,  5-8  cm.  broad;  flowers  5-8  mm. 
broad;  petals  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  sepals;  follicles  about  4  mm. 
long,  tipped  with  a  short  style.  In  fields  and  along  roadsides,  Quebec  to  Ont.,  Md. 
and  Mich.  Nat.  from  Europe.  Blooms  sparingly,  but  spreads  freely  by  its  joints. 
June-Sept. 

3.  Sedum  telephioides  Michx.    AMERICAN  ORPINE.    (I.  F.  f.  1812.)     Similar 
to    the    preceding,    but    more    slender,    seldom  over  2.5   dm.   high,   glaucous   and 
purplish.     Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate  or  entire,  2-5  cm.  long, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  cyme  dense,  5-10  cm.  broad;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad;  petals 
pale  pink,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  sepals  ;    follicles  about  4  mm.  long, 
tipped  with  a  slender  style.     On  dry  rocks,  S.  Penn.  to  W.  N.  Y.,  S.  Ind.,  N.  Car. 
and  Ga.     Aug.-Sept. 

4.  Sedum   acre   L.     WALL-PEPPER.      MOSSY    STONECROP.     (I.   F.   f.    1813.) 
Perennial,  densely  tufted,  matted,  glabrous;  sterile  branches  prostrate,  the  flowering 
ones  2-8  cm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  alternate,  ovate,  thick,  imbricated,  yellowish 
green,  entire,  about  3   mm.  long  ;    cyme  2-3-forked,  its  branches  1-2.5  cm-  l°n&  5 
flowers  sessile,  about  8  mm.  broad  ;    petals  yellow,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  3  or  4 
times  as  long  as  the  ovate  sepals  ;  follicles  spreading,  3-4  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a 
slender  style.     On  rocks  and  along  roadsides,   N.  B.  to  Ont.,   N.  V.  and   Penn. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

5.  Sedum  Torreyi  Don.     TORREY'S  STONECROP.     (I.  F.  f.  1814.)     Annual, 
low,    tufted,   glabrous,   5-8   cm.    high.     Leaves    alternate,    linear-oblong,   teretish, 
sessile,  entire,  4-8  mm.  long;  cyme  2-5-forked,  its  branches  1-5  cm.  long;  flowers 
sessile  or  very  short-pedicelled,   about   7   mm.  broad  ;    petals   yellow,   lanceolate, 
acute ;    follicles  divergent,   tipped  with  the   short  subulate  style.      In  dry,  open 
places,  Mo.,  Kans.  and  Ark.  to  Tex.     May. 

6.  Sedum  stenopetalum  Pursh.      NARROW-PETALED  STONECROP.     (I.  F.  f. 
1815.)     Perennial,  tufted,   glabrous  ;   flowering  branches  8-18  cm.  high.      Leaves 
alternate,  crowded  but  scarcely  imbricated,  except  on  the  sterile  shoots,   sessile, 
linear,  6-16  mm.  long,  entire  ;    cyme  3~7-forked,  compact  ;    flowers  mostly  short- 
pedicelled,  8-10  mm.  broad;   petals  narrowly  lanceolate,  very  acute,  yellow  ;    fol- 
licles about  4  mm.  long,  the  subulate  style-tip  at  length  somewhat  divergent.     In 
dry,  rocky  places,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Dak.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Utah,  Ore.  and  Br. 
Col.     May-June. 

7.  Sedum    reflexum   L.      CROOKED   YELLOW    OR    REFLEXED    STONECROP. 
DWARF  HOUSELEEK.     (I.  F.  f.  1816.)     Perennial  by  a  creeping  stem  producing 
numerous  short  barren  shoots  ;   flowering  branches  erect ;   leaves  alternate,  sessile, 
imbricated  on  the  sterile  shoots,  terete,  somewhat  spurred  at  the  base,  6-18  mm. 
long  ;  cyme  4  8-forked,  its  branches  recurved  in  flower  ;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad  ; 
petals  linear,  yellow,  two  to  three  times  as  long  as  the  short  ovate  sepals  ;  follicles 
about  3  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  slender  somewhat  divergent  style.     E.  Mass,  and 
W.  N.  Y.,  escaped  from  gardens.     Native  of  Europe.     Summer. 

8.  Sedum  pulchellum  Michx.     WIDOW'S  CROSS.     (I.  F.  f.  1817.)     Glabrous, 
ascending  or  trailing,  branched,  1-3  dm.  long.     Leaves  crowded,  terete  or  linear, 
sessile,  obtuse,  slightly  auriculate  at  the  base,  6-25  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide  ; 
cyme  4-7-forked,   its  branches  spreading  or  recurved  in  flower  ;    flowers  sessile, 
close  together,  8-12  mm.  broad  ;    petals  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the   lanceolate  obtusish  sepals  ;    follicles  4-6  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a 
slender  style.     On  rocks,  Va.  to  Ga..  Ind.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May -July. 

9.  Sedum  ternatum  Michx.     WILD  STONECROP.    (I.  F.  f.  1818.)    Perennial, 


PEN  7  'HORA  CEA  £^-PA  RNA  SSI  A  CEA  E.  475 

glabrous,  tufted  ;  stems  creeping,  flowering  branches,  0.7-2  dm.  high.  Lower 
leaves  and  those  of  sterile  shoots  flat,  obovate,  entire,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  sometimes 
2  cm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base  or  narrowed  into  a  petiole, 
verticillate  in  3*5  ;  upper  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  alternate,  sessile  ;  cyme 
2-4-forked,  its  branches  spreading  or  recurved  in  flower  ;  flowers  rather  distant, 
often  leafy -bracted,  about  I  cm.  broad;  petals  linear  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  twice 
the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  sepals  ;  follicles  5  mm.  long,  tipped  with  the 
slender  style.  On  rocks,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Ga.,  Ind.  and  Tenn.  Also  escaped 
from  gardens  to  roadsides  in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.  April-June. 

10.  Sedum  Nevii  A.  Gray.  NEVIUS'  STONECROP.  (I.  F.  f.  1819.)  Tufted, 
glabrous;  stems  spreading  or  decumbent,  flowering  branches  ascending,  8-13  cm. 
high.  Leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  densely  imbricated,  spatulate  or  obovate,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  mostly  sessile,  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire,  6- 12  mm. 
long;  leaves  of  the  flowering  branches  spatulate  or  linear-oblong,  alternate;  cyme 
about  3-forked;  flowers  close  together,  6-8  mm.  broad;  petals  linear,  acuminate, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  follicles  about  4  mm.  long,  divergent,  tipped  with  the  short 
style.  On  rocks,  Va.  to  Ala.  May-June. 

3.  SEMPERVIVUM    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  the  succulent  leaves  imbricated  on  the  short  sterile  shoots  and 
scattered  on  the  erect  flowering  stems,  with  compound  cymes  of  showy  flowers. 
Flowers  6-2O-parted.  Petals  distinct,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Styles  filiform;  ovules  oo  .  Follicles  many- 
seeded.  [Latin,  always  living.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Sempervivum  tectorum  L.  HOUSELEEK.  (I.  F.  f.  1820.)  Flowering 
stems  about  3  dm.  high,  the  barren  sh<x>ts  forming  lateral  nearly  globular  tufts. 
Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  the  lower  2.5-4  cni;  long,  thick,  short-pointed,  bordered  by  a 
line  of  stiff  short  hairs;  cyme  large,  dense;  flowers  sometimes  2.5  cm.  broad,  pink, 
sessile  along  its  branches;  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  ob- 
tuse ciliate  sepals.  Essex  Co.,  Mass.;  Somerset  Co.,  N.  J.  Native  of  continental 
Europe.  Summer. 

Family  3.     PENTHORACEAE    Rydb. 

Erect  perennial  scarcely  succulent  herbs,  with  alternate  sessile  serrate 
thin  leaves,  and  greenish  perfect  flowers  in  forked  ser:^.l  cymes.  Calyx 
5-parted.  Petals  usually  wanting,  if  present  5.  Stamens  10,  hypogy- 
nous  ;  filaments  filiform.  Carpels  5,  united  to  the  middle,  ovules  oo . 
Capsule  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-beaked,  the  lobes  tipped  with  divergent 
styles,  many-seeded.  Only  the  following  genus. 

I.  PENTHORUM    L. 

[Greek,  five,  from  the  symmetrical  flower.]  About  3  species,  natives  of  eastern 
N.  Am.,  Japan  and  China. 

i.  Penthorum  sedoides  L.  DITCH  OR  VIRGINIA  STONECROP.  (I.  F.  i.  1821.) 
Glabrous,  erect;  stem  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  elliptic, 
acuminate  at  each  end,  finely  serrate,  5-10  cm.  long;  cymes  2- 3- forked;  flowers 
short-pedicelled,  about  4  mm.  broad;  sepals  triangular-ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
flattish  capsule;  petals  often  or  generally  wanting.  In  ditches  and  swamps,  N.  B. 
to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

Family  4.     PARNASSIACEAE  Dumort. 
Grass-of -Parnassus  Family. 

Glabrous  bog  herbs  with  a  rosette  of  basal  leaves  and  generally  one  or 
a  few  alternate  stem-leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  flowers.  Flowers  per- 
fect. Calyx  generally  5-lobed  to  near  the  base,  free  from  or  adnate  to 
the  ovary.  Petals  5.  Fertile  stamens  5  ;  staminodia  (imperfect  stamens) 
in  clusters  at  the  base  of  each  petal.  Ovary  i -celled  with  4  parietal 


FLORA. 

placentae ;  style  one ;  stigmas  4.     Seeds  numerous.    Seed-coat  winged. 
Only  the  following  genus. 

i.  PARNASS1A  L 

[From  the  Greek  mount  ;  the  plant  called  Grass  of -Parnassus  by  Dioscorides.] 
About  12  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones.  Besides  the 
following,  another  occurs  in  northwestern  America. 

Petals  sessile;  leaves  ovate,  oval,  orbicular  or  cordate. 
Staminodia  3-5  at  the  base  of  each  petal. 

Flower  2-4  cm.  broad  ;  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes. 

Staminodia  not  longer  than  the  stamens,  stout.  i.  p.  CaroJtmana. 

Staminodia  longer  than  the  stamens,  slender.  2.  P.  grandifolia. 

Flower 8-10  mm.  broad;  petals  equalling  the  calyx-lobes.  3.  P.  Kotzebuei. 
Staminodia  5-15  at  the  base  of  each  petal,  slender. 

Flower  8-10  mm.  broad  ;  leaves  narrowed  at  base.  4.  P.  parviflora. 

Flower  25  mm.  broad  ;  leaves  cordate  at  base.  5.  P.  pa  lust  r  is. 

Petals  clawed  ;  leaves  reniform  ;  staminodia  3  at  each  petal.  6.  P.  asanfolia. 

1.  Parnassia  Caroliniana  Michx.    CAROLINA  GRASS  OF- PARNASSUS.     (I.  F. 
f.  1852.)     Scape  2-3  dm.  high,  with  a  nearly  sessile  ovate  clamping  leaf  below  the 
middle.     Basal   leaves   long-petioled,  ovate,  oval  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  rounded  or 
sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  or  decurrent  into  the  petiole,  2-5  cm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;   petals   broadly  oval,  white,  greenish-veined;  stamino- 
dia generally  3  in  each  set;   capsule  8-10  mm.  long.    In  swamps  and  low  meadows, 
N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  N.  Car.  and  Iowa.     June-Sept. 

2.  Parnassia  grandiiolia  DC.    LARGE-LEAVED  GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS.   (I.  F. 
f.  1853.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  scape  bearing  an  ovate  clasping  leaf  at  the 
middle  or   below.     Basal  leaves  often  larger  and  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  petals 
white;  staminodia  3-5  in  each  set,  slender  or  almost  filiiorm,  exceeding  the  anther- 
bearing  stamens.     In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

3.  Parnassia   Kotzebuei    C.    &    S.       KOTZEBUE'S    GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1854.. y    Scape  slender,  7-15  cm.  high,  leafless,  or  sometimes  with  a  sin- 
gle sessile  oval  leaf  near  the  base.     Basal  leaves  short-petioled,  membranous,  ovate 
or  oval,  narrowed  or  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  6-24  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes 
oblong;  petals  white,  3~5-veined,  sessile;  staminodia  3-5  at  the  base  of  each  petal. 
Quebec,  Lab.,  arctic  Am.  to  Alaska  and  in  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.     Summer. 

4.  Parnassia    parviflora    DC.       SMALL-FLOWERED    GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1856.)     Scape  1-3  dm.  high,  slender,  usually  bearing  a  clasping  oval  leaf 
at  the  middle.     Basal  leaves  petioled,  oval  or  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  cor- 
date,  12-25   mm>   l°n&>    sepals  equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  elliptic 
sessile  petals;  staminodia  5-7  at  the  base  of  each  petal.     In  wet  places,  Quebec  to 
Lab.  and  the  Pacific  Coast,  south  to  Mich,  and  Utah.     July-Sept. 

5.  Parnassia  palustris  L.      MARSH  OR  NORTHERN  GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1855.)     Scape  slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  bearing  a  clasping  ovate  leaf  below 
the  middle,  or  rarely  leafless.     Basal  leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  usually  cordate  at  the  base,  18-35  mm-  l°ng;  catyx  i~4  shorter  than  the 
elliptic  few-veined  sessile  petals;  staminodia  9-15  at  the  base  or  each  petal.     In 
wet  places,  Newt,  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Mich,  and  Wyo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
July-Sept. 

6.  Parnassia    asarifolia  Vent.       KIDNEY-LEAVED     GRASS  OF-PARNASSUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1857.)     Scape  2.5-5  dm.  high,  bearing  a  clasping  nearly  orbicular  leaf  at 
about  the  middle.   Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  rounded,  kidney-shaped,  often  5  -8  cm. 
wide;  flower  25-35  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  oval,  much  shorter  than  the  strongly 
veined  elliptic  petals;  staminodia  3  in  each  set,   slender,  about  the  length  of  the 
stamens.     In  wet  places,  mountains  of  Va.,  Tenn.,  Ga.,  and  N.  Car.     July-Oct. 

Family  5.     SAXIFRAGACEAE  Dumort.* 

Saxifrage  Family. 

Herbs.     Flowers  perfect  or    polygamo-dicecious.     Calyx  5-lobed  or 
5-parted   (Yarel         i2-lobed  or  parted),  free,   or  adnate  to  the  ovary, 

*  Revised  by  Dr.  P.  A.  RYDBERG. 


SA  X1FRA  GA  CEA  E.  477 

usually  persistent.  Petals  usually  4  or  5,  rarely  none.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  apetalous  species  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  perigynous  or  epigynous ;  filaments 
distinct.  Disk  generally  present.  Carpels  usually  2,  distinct  or  united, 
but  upper  portion  free,  mostly  fewer  than  the  stamens.  Seeds  commonly 
numerous ;  endosperm  generally  copious,  fleshy  ;  embryo  small,  terete. 
About  70  genera  and  600  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Large  herbs;  leaves  3-ternate;  flowers  polygamous.  I.  Astilbe, 
Leaves  simple,  cleft,  lobed  or  3-foliolate;  flowers  perfect. 
Placentae  axial. 

Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so;  stamens  10.  2.  Saxifraga. 
Ovary  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube. 
Stamens  5,  in  our  species. 

Petals  deciduous.  3.   Therofon. 

Petals  persistent.  4.  Sullivantia. 

Stamens  10.  2.  Saxijraga. 

Placentae  almost  basal.  5-   Tiarella 
Placentae  parietal. 

Petals  present  (in  our  species) ;  terrestrial  plants. 

Petals  entire.  6.  Heuchera. 

Petals  lobed  or  pinnatifid.  7.  Mitel  la. 

Petals  none;  small  aquatic  plants.  8.  Chrysosplenium. 

i.  ASTILBE  Hamilt. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  small  spicate  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx 
campanulate,  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5  (in  our  species),  linear-spatulate,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  8-IO;  filaments  elongated.  Ovary  superior  or 
nearly  so,  2-3-celled,  deeply  2-3-lobed  at  the  apex;  styles  2-3;  ovules  oo.  Capsule 
2-3-lobed,  separating  into  2  or  3  follicle-like  carpels,  each  usually  few-seeded. 
Seeds  small,  the  testa  loose,  tapering  at  each  end.  [Greek  without  brightness.] 
About  7  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  eastern  Asia  and  the  Himalayas. 

i.  Astilbe  biternata  (Vent.)  Britton.  FALSE  GOAT'S  BEARD.  ASTILBE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1822.)  Erect,  1-2  m.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaves  petioled, 
often  6  dm.  broad;  leaflets  thin,  stalked,  ovate,  the  lateral  ones  usually  oblique, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  incised,  5-12  cm.  long;  panicles  often  3  dm.  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  about  4  mm.  broad,  yellowish  white;  petals  of  the 
staminate  flowers  spatulate,  those  of  the  perfect  ones  much  smaller  or  none  ; 
stamens  10;  follicles  2,  acute,  glabrous,  about  3  mm.  long.  In  woods,  mountains 
of  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  Plant  with  the  aspect  of  Aruncus.  June. 

2.  SAXIFRAGA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  free,  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5 -lobed.  Petals  5,  perigynous. 
Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals;  anthers  didymous.  Ovary  superior  or  partly 
inferior,  usually  2-celled,  2-lobed  at  the  summit;  styles  short;  ovules  oo,  on  axial 
placentae.  Capsule  2-beaked,  many -seeded.  Seeds  small,  the  testa  smooth  or 
roughened.  [Greek,  stone-breaking,  from  reputed  medicinal  qualities.]  About 
210  species,  nearly  all  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following, 
about  50  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

*  Stems  prostrate;  leaves  rounded,  opposite;  petals  purple. 

i.  S.  oppositifolla. 

*  *  Stems  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  alternate;  petals  white  or  yellow. 
Flowers  yellow;  leaves  entire. 

Stems  several-flowered;  leaves  linear.  2.  S.  autumnalis. 

Stems  i-flowered;  leaves  oblong.  3.  6".  Hirculus. 

Flowers  white:  leaves  3~7-lobed,  mostly  wider  than  long. 

Stems  10-25  cm-  tah";  flower  commonly  solitary,  nodding.       4.   S.  cernua. 
Stems  weak,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  1-5,  erect.  5.  S,  rtvularis. 

*  *  *  Stems  scapose,  naked  or  bracted,  the  leaves  clustered  at  the  base. 

t  Leaves  stiff,  oblong  or  oblanceolate  ;  petals  yellow  or  yellowish. 


47%  FLORA. 

Leaves  sharply  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  6.  S.  tncuspidata. 

Leaves  with  white  denticulate  margins.  7.  S.  Aizoon. 

f  t  Leaves  deeply  3-5-cleft ;  petals  white.          8.  S.  caespitosa. 
f  t  t  Leaves  soft,  obovate  or  oval  with  narrowed  or  spatula».e  base. 
Flowers  regular;  petals  all  nearly  alike. 

Plants  large,  3-10  dm.  tall,  growing  in  wet  places. 

Leaves  merely  denticulate  or  repand;  follicles  ovoid.         9.  S.  Pennsylvamca. 
Leaves  coarsely  and  sharply  dentate;  follicles  lanceolate. 

10.  S.  micranthidifolia. 

Plants  low,  5-45  cm.  tall,  growing  in  dry  or  rocky  places. 
Petals  sessile,  not  clawed. 

Flowers  in  cymose  or  at  length  panicled  clusters,      u.  S.  Virginiensis. 
Flowers  capitate;  arctic  and  alpine  species.  12.  S.mvalis. 

Petals  narrowed  into  a  claw. 

Flowers  few,  most  or  all  of  them  replaced  by  tufts  of  leaves. 

13.  S.  comosa. 
Inflorescence  loose,  cymose-paniculate. 

Follicles  erect,  united  to  near  their  summits;  styles  short. 

14.  S.  stellar  is. 
Follicles  divergent,  united  only  at  base;  styles  filiform. 

15.  S.  Grayana. 
Flowers  irregular,  3  petals  large,  2  smaller.                                      16.  S.  Michauxn. 

1 1 1 1  Leaves  soft,  orbicular,  cordate,  dentate  all  around. 

17.  S.  Geum. 

1.  Saxifraga  oppositifolia  L.     PURPLE  OR  MOUNTAIN  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f. 

1823.)  Tufted,  stems  densely  leafy,  5-25  cm.  long.  Leaves  sessile,  persistent, 
keeled,  fleshy,  obtuse,  punctate  with  1-3  pores,  2-5  mm.  long,  the  margins  ciliate; 
flowers  solitary,  peduncled  or  nearly  sessile,  8-12  mm.  bread;  calyx-lobes  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  obovate  purple  petals;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary  and  cap- 
sule; follicles  abruptly  short-pointed;  seeds  rugose.  On  wet  rocks.  Vt.,  Anticosti, 
and  Newf.  to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Wyo.  and  Ore.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  Summer. 

2.  Saxifraga  autumnalis  L.     YELLOW  MOUNTAIN   SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
1824.)    Tufted,  glabrous;  stems  5-15  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  mucronate- 
tipped,  sessile,  8-18  mm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  the  margins  often  sparingly  ciliate; 
flowers  corymbose,  8   14  mm.  broad;  petals  oblong,  sometimes  spotted  with  orange, 
exceeding  the  ovate- oblong  calyx-lobes;  carpels  abruptly  acuminate;  base  of  the 
capsule   adnate  to  the  calyx;  seeds  minutely  rugose.     On  wet  rocks,  Newf.  and 
Lab.  to   Vt.,  western    N.    Y.,   arctic   Am.    and  Mich.     Also  in  alpine  and  arctic 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer.      [S.  aizoides  L.] 

3.  Saxifraga  Hirculus  L.     YELLOW  MARSH  SAXIFRAGE.     (1.  F.  f.   1825.) 
Erect,    10-25    cm-    high-      Leaves    1-4  cm.   long,    the   lower  petioled,    the   upper 
sessile;    flower  terminal,    with   scarlet   spots;    calyx-lobes  obtuse,   reflexed;    petals 
obovate  or  oblong,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  free  from  the 
calyx  or  nearly  so,  about  8  mm.  long,  its  beaks  at  length  diverging.      In  bogs,  Lab. 
and  arctic  America.     Also  in  northern  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

4.  Saxifraga   cernua   L.     NODDING    OR   DROOPING   BULBOUS    SAXIFRAGE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1826.)     Stem  weak,  ascending,  pubescent  but  scarcely  glutinous,  1-3  dm. 
long.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,    broadly   reniform,   palmately  5-7-lobed, 
usually  less  than  25  mm.  wide;  upper  leaves  smaller,  sessile.  3-lobed  or  entire  and 
bract-like,  often  bearing  bulblets  in  their  axils;  flowers  1-3,  terminal,  8-10  mm. 
broad;  petals  obovate.  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  ovate  calyx-lobes.     Newf.,  Lab. 
and  arctic  America  to  Alaska.     Also    in    arctic    and    alpine    Europe   and    Asia. 
Summer. 

5.  Saxifraga    rivularis   L.     ALPINE   BROOK    SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f.    1827.) 
Tufted,  matted,  2-7  cm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  slender  petioled,  reniform, 
3~5-lobed,  seldom  more  than  6mm.  wide;  petioles  dilated  at  the  base;  upper  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  sessile;  flowers  1-5,  terminal,  white,  6-10  mm.  broad;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  petals;  base  of  the  cap- 
sule adnate   to  the  calyx.     White   Mts.,  Lab.,  arctic  Am.  and  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  Saxifraga   tricuspidata  Retz.     THREE-TOOTHED  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
1828.)     Tufted;   flowering    stems  5-20   cm.  high,  the    leaves   oblong    or   oblong. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  479 

spatulate,  parchment-like,  8  14  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  the  mar- 
gins ciliate;  flowers  corymbose,  8-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  coriaceous,  much 
shorter  than  the  petals;  lower  part  of  capsule  adnate  to  the  calyx.  In  rocky 
places,  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  Lake  Superior  and  in  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mts.  Also  in  arctic  Europe.  Summer. 

7.  Saxifraga  Aizdon  Jacq.     LIVELONG  SAXIFRAGE.    (I.  F.  f.  1829.)    Leaves 
in  a  rosette;  plant  spreading  by  offsets.      Leaves  8-24  mm.  long,  spatulate,  thick, 
obtuse;  scape  viscid-pubescent,  1-2.5   dm.   high;  flowers  corymbose,  about  6  mm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate-oblong,   obtuse,    viscid,  shorter  than    the  obovate,    often 
spotted  petals;  base  of  capsule  adnate  to  the  calyx.     On  dry  rocks,  Vt. ;  Quebec  to 
Lab.,  Lake  Superior  and  Manitoba.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

8.  Saxifraga  caespitosa  L.     TUFTED  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  1830.)     Tufted; 
leaves  spatulate  or  fan-shaped,  6-18  mm.  long,  glabrous;   flowering  stem  5-20  cm. 
high,  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  above,  linear-bracted  or  with  several  3-lobed  leaves; 
flowers  1-8,  corymbos-e,  8-14  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  <3b- 
tusish,  much  shorter  than  the  petals;  base  of  the  capsule  adnate  to  the  calyx.     On 
rocks,  Quebec,    Lab.  and  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Ore.    and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Siberia.     Summer. 

9.  Saxifraga  Pennsylvanica  L.     PENNSYLVANIA  OR   SWAMP  SAXIFRAGE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1831.)     Scape  stout,  terete,  viscid-pubescent.     Leaves  oval  to  oblanceolate, 
10-25  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  broad 
petiole;  cymes  in  an  elongated  panicle;  flowers  greenish,  regular,  3-5  mm.  broad; 
calyx-tube  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtusish,  reflexed,  one-hall 
shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  petals;  filaments  subulate  or  filiform.     In  swamps 
and  on  wet  banks,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Va.,  Iowa  and  Mo.     May. 

10.  Saxifraga  micranthidifolia    (Haw.)  B.  S.  P.      LETTUCE   SAXIFRAGE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1832.)     Scape  slender,  viscid.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oval,  sometimes  3 
dm.  long,  obtuse,  tapering  downward  into  a  long  margined  petiole;  panicle  loose, 
elongated;  flowers  white,  regular,  4-6  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  reflexed,   slightly 
shorter  than  the  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  petals;  calyx-tube  free  from  the  ovary;  fila- 
ments club-shaped.     In  cold  brooks,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.     May-June. 

11.  Saxifraga  Virginiensis  Michx.     EARLY  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.   F.  f.   1833.) 
Scape  viscid-pubescent,  1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  narrowed  into  a 
margined   petiole,    dentate   or   crenate,    2-7   cm.    long   or   longer;    flowers  white, 
regular,  4-6  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  erect,  triangular-ovate,  much  shorter  than  the 
obtuse  petals;  ovary  nearly  free  from  the  calyx;  carpels  nearly  separate.     In  dry 
or  rocky  woodlands,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.      March  May. 

12.  Saxifraga  nivalis  L.     CLUSTERED  ALPINE  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  1834.) 
Resembling  the  preceding,  but  seldom  over  15  cm.  high.     Scape  viscid,  naked,  or 
bracted  at  the  base  of  the  capitate  inflorescence;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  narrowed 
into  a  margined  petiole,  thicker;  flowers  white,  6-10  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse,   about  one-half  the  length  of  the  petals;    ovary   hall-inferior; 
follicles  deep  purple,  divergent.     Lab.  and  arctic  Am.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Ariz.     Also  in  Europe  and  Siberia.     Summer. 

13.  Saxifraga  comosa  (Poir.)  Britton.    FOLIOSE  SAXIFRAGE   (I.  F.  f.  1835.) 
Scape    slightly    viscid,    5-15    cm.    high.       Leaves    oblanceolate,    cuneate,     den- 
tate and  mostly  obtuse,  8-18  mm.  long;  flowers  white,  regular;  calyx  nearly  free 
from  the  ovary,  its  lobes  reflexed.  much   shorter  than  the  sagittate  petals.     Me. ; 
Lab.  and  arctic  America;  Mt.  Evans,  Colo.      Also  in  Asia  and  Europe.     Summer. 

14.  Saxifraga  stellaris  L.     STAR  OR  STARRY  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  1836.) 
Scape  bracted  at  the  inflorescence,  1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  oblanceolate  or 
obovate,  sharply  dentate,  tapering  into  a  broad  petiole,  1-5  cm.  long;  flowers  about 
I  cm.  broad;  petals  white,  yellow- spotted  at  the  base;  calyx  nearly  free  from  the 
ovary,  its  lobes  reflexed,  lanceolate,  obtusish,   about  one-half  the  length  of  the  ob- 
long   petals  ;  capsule  4-6  mm.   long.      In  rocky  places,   reported  from   Lab.   and 
Greenland.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

15.  Saxifraga  Gray  ana  Britton.    GRAY'S  SAXIFRAGE.    (I.  F.  f.  1837.)   Glan- 
dular-pilose, scapose  from  a  corm-like  rootstock  ;  scape  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall.     Basal 
leaves  oblong  to  nearly  orbicular,    2-12  cm.    long,  crenate-dentate,    narrowed  into 
margined  petioles,  mostly  shorter  than  the  blade  ;  flowers  white,  8-10  mm.  broad; 
calvx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its   segments  ovate-oblong,  reflexed,  obtuse;  petals 


480  FLORA. 

ovate,  obtuse,  2-spotted;  filaments  club-shaped;  follicles  oblong,  4-6  mm.  long.    In 
rocky  situations,  mountains  of  Va.  and  N.  Car.     June-July. 

1 6.  Saxifraga  Michauxii  Britton.     MICHAUX'S  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  1838.) 
Erect,   viscid  pubescent,   15-50  cm.   high.      Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
7-17  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole,  coarsely  dentate;  scape  leafy - 
bracted  above;  inflorescence  paniculate;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad,  irregular;  petals 
clawed,  white,  the  3  larger  ones  sagittate  or  truncate  and  usually  with  a  pair  of 
yellowish  spots  at  the  base,  tne  other  2  spatulate  and  unspotted;  calyx -tube  free 
from  the  ovary,  its  lobes  reflexed;  follicles  lanceolate,  about  5  mm.  long.     In  dry 
rocky  places,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  Ga.     May -Sept.      [S.  leucanthemifolia  Michx.J 

17.  Saxifraga  Geum   L.      KIDNEY-LEAVED  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.   F.  f.    1839.) 
Glandular-pubescent,   scapose  ;    scape  7-25   cm.   high.     Leaves  clustered    at    the 
base,    1-2.5   cm-  wide;  petioles  stout,  densely  pubescent,  2-6  cm.   long;  inflores- 
cence paniculate  ;   bracts   small,   linear  ;    flowers  4-6   mm.    broad  ;   petals   whi'.e, 
oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  with  a  yellow  spot  at  the  base  and  several  smaller  purplish 
spots  at  the  middle;   calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  reflexed;   capsule  oblong.     Newf. 
and  in  Europe.     June-July. 

3.  THEROFON  Raf.     [BOYKINIA  Nutt.J 

Glandular  pubescent  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  orbicular  or 
reniform  leaves,  and  small  white  perfect  flowers  in  panicles.  Calyx-tube  top- 
shaped  or  subglobose,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5.  deciduous, 
inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Filaments  short.  Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  3-celled); 
styles  2,  rarely  3.  Capsule  2-celled,  the  beaks  of  the  carpels  divergent.  Seeds 
numerous,  the  testa  shining,  minutely  punctate.  [Greek,  beast-killing  ;  an  old 
name  of  aconite.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

I.  Therofon  aconitifolium  (Nutt.)  Mill-p.  ACONITE  SAXIFRAGE.  (I.  F. 
f.  1840.)  Stem  3-6  dm.  high.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  long- petioled,  reni- 
form-orbicular,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  palmately  5-7-lobed,  sharply  in- 
cised-serrate;  upper  leaves  short-petioled;  cymes  panicled;  pedicels  and  calyx 
viscid;  flowers  white,  about  4  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  erect;  petals 
oblanceolate;  capsule  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  only  its  divergent  beaks  free.  In 
woods,  southwestern  Va.  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Ga.  July. 

4.     SULLIVANTIA  T.   &  G. 

Slender  perennial  herbs,  with  mainly  basal  long-petioled  reniform-orbicular 
crenate  or  slightly  lobed  leaves,  and  small  white  cymose-paniculate  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes  erect. 
Petals  5,  spatulate,  marcescent.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx-lobes. 
Filaments  short.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-beaked,  ripening  into  a  2-beaked  capsule. 
Styles  2.  Ovules  oo  .  Seeds  winged.  [In  honor  of  William  Starling  Sullivant, 
1803-1873,  American  botanist.]  Three  known  species,  of  North  America. 

i.  Sullivantia  Sullivantii  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.  SULLIVANTIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
1841.)  Stem  scapose,  nearly  leafless,  reclined,  slightly  glandular-pubescent,  15- 
35  cm.  long.  Leaves  long-petioled,  2-7  cm.  wide,  reniform,  sparingly  pubescent 
or  glabrous;  panicle  ample,  sometimes  leafy-bracted,  glandular;  pedicels  recurved 
in  fruit;  flowers  about  4  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acutish;  petals  entire, 
exceeding  the  stamens.  On  cliffs,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.  June. 

5.     TIARELLA    L. 

Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  the  leaves  mainly  basal,  long-petioled,  lobed  or  3- 
foliolate,  small  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,  and  white  pedicelled  racemose  or 
paniculate  flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  base  of 
the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  clawed.  Stamens  10;  filaments  elongated. 
Ovary  i-celled;  styles  2;  ovules  oo  .  Capsule  membranous,  i -celled,  2-valved,  the 
valves  usually  unequal.  Seeds  usually  few,  smooth,  not  winged.  [Diminutive  of 
tiara,  from  the  form  of  capsule.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Japan  and  the 
Himalayas.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

i  Tiarella  cordifoliaL.  COOLWORT.  FALSE  MITREWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  1842.) 
Scape  15-30  cm.  high,  slender,  pubescent;  plant  producing  runners  later  in  the 


SA  XIFRA  GA  CEA  E.  48 1 

season.  Leaves  long  petioled,  broadly  cordate,  3~7-lobed,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the 
apex,  5-10  cm.  long,  crenate  or  dentate  all  around,  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs 
above,  glabrate  or  downy  along  the  veins  beneath;  inflorescence  racemose,  glandu- 
lar-puberulent;  flowers  white,  about  6  mm.  broad;  petals  oblong,  entire  or  slightly 
dentate,  clawed,  somewhat  exceeding  the  white  calyx-lobes;  capsule  reflexed,  about 
6  mm.  long,  its  valves  very  unequal.  In  rich,  moist  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and 
Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ind.  April-May. 

6.  HEUCHERA   L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  or  ascending  perennial  herbs,  with  mainly  basal  long-petioled  ovate  or 
orbicular  leaves,  and  small,  paniculate  or  racemose,  white  green  or  purple  flowers, 
on  naked  or  leafy-bracted  scapes.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  often  oblique,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-lobed.  Petals  small,  spatulate,  often  shorter  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  entire,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  inserted  with 
the  petals.  Ovary  i-celled;  styles  2,  slender.  Ovules  oo  .  Capsule  2-valved,  2- 
beaked.  Seeds  minutely  hispid  or  muricate.  [Named  for  Johann  Heinrich  von 
Heucher,  1677-1747,  a  German  botanist.]  About  34  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 
and  Mex.  Besides  the  following,  about  20  others  occur  in  western  and  southern 
N.  Am. 

Stem  with  1-3  leaves  (seldom  4  or  5). 

Stamens  slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  petals ;  calyx  in  flower  5-8  mm.  long,  deci- 
dedly turbinate  at  the  base.  i.  H.  pubescens. 
Stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  calyx  in  flower  campanulate  or  slightly 
turbinate. 

Stem  and  petioles  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

Calyx  5-7  mm.  long,  cylindric-campanulate.  2.  H.  roseola. 

Calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  open-campanulate.  3.  H.  Curlisii. 

Stem  and  petioles  villous;  calyx  in  flower  about  2  mm.  5.  H.  crinita. 

Stem  strictly  scapose. 

Flowers  small  ;  calyx  in  flower  2-5  mm.  long,  only  slightly  oblique. 
Petioles  and  scape  hiisute  or  villous,  seldom  glabrate. 

Lobing  of  the  leaves  rather  deep ;  lobes  acute ;  calyx  in  flower  about  a  Bam. 
Leaves  cordate  ;  lobes  and  teeth  triangular.  4.  H.  villosa. 

Leaves  mostly  reniform ;  lobes  broadly  ovate;  teeth  rounded,  mucro- 

nate.  5.  H.  crinita. 

Lobing  of  the  leaves  shallow  ;  lobes  obtuse  :  teeth  rounded,  mucronate. 
Calyx  in  flower  about  2  mm.  long,  petals  white.       6.  H.  parviflora. 
Calyx  in  flower  4-5  mm.;  petals  greenish  or  purplish. 

7.  H.  hirsuticaulis. 
Petioles  glabrous  or  puberulent  ;  scape  rarely  slightly  hirsute. 

Petals  spatulate,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes.        8.   H.  Americana. 
Petals  oblanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes.       9.  H.  lancipetala. 
Flowers  large;  calyx  in  flower  6-10  mm.  long,  decidedly  oblique. 

Leaves  sinuately  lobed,  crenate  with  very  shallow  and  broad  mucronate  teeth. 

jo.   H.  longiflora. 
Leaves  more  deeply  lobed;  teeth  broadly  ovate.  n.  H.  hispida. 

1.  Heuchera  pubescens  Pursh.    DOWNY  HEUCHERA.    (I.  F.  f.  1846.)   Stems 
rather  stout,  3-9  dm.   high,   densely  glandular-pubescent,    at  least  above.     Basal 
leaves   slender-petioled,    broadly    cordate,    5-10  cm.    wide,   5-7  lobed,    the   lobes 
rounded  or  acute,  crenate  or  dentate;  panicle  loose;  calyx  minutely  glandular,  its 
lobes  usually   unequal  ;  petals  broadly   spatulate,  purplish,  slightly  exceeding  the 
calyx-lobes.     In  rich  woods,  mountains  of  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  IS'.  Car.     May-June. 

2.  Heuchera  roseola  Rydb.    PINK  HEUCHERA.     Stem  5-6  dm.  high,  gland- 
ular-puberulent,   or  glabrate  below.     Basal  leaves   round-cordate,  4-6  cm.  wide, 
5-7-lobed  with  rounded  lobes,  crenate  with  mucronate  teeth,  minutely  hispid  above, 
hirsute  on  the  veins   beneath   and  ciliate  on  the  margin;  stem-leaves  small,  broadly 
ovate,  with  sharp  acuminate  teeth;  panicle   loose,  simple  ;  calyx  glandular  puber- 
ulent, its   lobes  oblong,  obtuse,   slightly  unequal;  petals  light  pink,   oblanceolate, 
about  £  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.      In  woods,  York  Furnace,  Penn.     May. 

3  Heuchera  Curtisii  T.  &  G.  CURTIS'  HEUCHERA.  Stem  5-10  dm.  high, 
glabrous  below,  puberulent  above.  Basal  leaves  round-cordate  or  reniform,  38 


482  FLORA. 

cm.  broad,  rounded -lobed  and  crenate,  glabrous  or  slightly  hispidulous  above,  cili- 
ate  on  the  margins  ;  stem-leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  sharply  toothed  with 
acuminate  teeth;  panicle  lax,  open,  with  divergent  branches;  calyx  puberulent,  its 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse  ;  petals  purple,  puberulent,  spatulate,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
calyx- lobes.  Rich  woods  of  Va.  and  N.  Car.  June. 

Heuchera  Curtisii  crenata  Rydb.  Stem  more  leafy,  with  3-5  rounded  cordate  or 
orbicular,  crenate  leaves  ;  panicle  narrower  and  petals  minute.  Va.  to  N.  Car.  Type 
from  Peaks  of  Otter,  Va, 

4.  Heuchera  villosa  Michx.    HAIRY  HEUCHERA.    (I.  F.  f.  1844.)    Stem  erect, 
2-6  dm.  high,  leafless,  or  bearing  a  few  small  bracts,  generally  villous-pubescent  with 
brownish  hairs,  as  are  also  the  long  petioles  and  the  veins  on  the  lower  surfaces  oi 
the  leaves.      Basal  leaves  7-12  cm.  wide,  orbicular  or  sometimes  longer  than  broad; 
flowering  calyx  campanulate,  regular;  petals  linear- spatulate,  white  or  nearly  so, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  much  exserted.     In  rocky  places, 
Va.  and  VV.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     June-Sept.     Called  also  American  Sanicle. 

5.  Heuchera  crinita  Rydb.      LARGE  HAIRY   HEUCHERA.      Stem  5-7  dm. 
high,  stout,  bearing  some  bracts  or  often  1-3  leaves,  villous,  as  well  as  the  petioles, 
with   brownish   hairs.     Basal  leaves  rounded,   reniform,    10-22   cm.   in  diameter, 
glabrous  or  slightly  hispidulous  above,  more  or  less  hairy  beneath,  especially  on 
the  veins;  flowering   calyx  campanulate,   almost   regular,   strigose-villous;    petals 
spatulate,  pinkish,   slightly  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  about  twice  as 
long.     In  the  form  of  the  leaves  it  is  intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  the 
next,  but  it  is  much  larger  than  either.     In  rocky  places,  from  Ky.  and  111.  to  Va. 
Type  from  Ky. 

6.  Heuchera  parviflora  Bartl.     RUGEL'S  HEUCHERA.     (I.  F.  f.  1843.)     Stems 
slender,  1.5-6  dm.  long,   weak,  glandular-hirsute  or  villous,  leafless,  often  bearing 
a  few  bracts.      Basal  leaves  with  long  slender  glandular- villous  petioles,  broadly 
reniform,  5-13  cm.  wide,  with  7- 9 broad  lobes;  inflorescence  very  loosely  paniculate; 
flowering  calyx  regular,  campanulate;  petals  linear- spatulate,  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx -lobes;  stamens  somewhat  exserted.      Shaded  cliffs,  Mo.  and  111.  to  western 
N.  Car.     July-Sept.     The  name  //.  Ritgclii  Shutthv.,  of  1847,  must  give  place  to 
the  older  //.  parm flora  Bartl.,  of  1839. 

7.  Heuchera  hirsuticaulis  (Wheelock)  Rydb.     HIRSUTE  HEUCHERA.     Stem 
stout,   5-6    dm.   high,    leaflets    long-hirsute.     Leaves    reniform,   5-10    cm.    broad, 
glabrate   or    sometimes    hirsute    above,    hirsute  on    the   veins   beneath;    flowering 
calyx  campanulate,    glandular-puberulent,   somewhat   oblique  ;     petals    spatulate, 
greenish  or  purplish,   generally  shorter  than   the  oblong  obtuse  calyx  segments; 
stamens  fully  twice  as  long.      Rocky  banks,  Mo.,  111.  and  Ind.     May-June.      [/T^ 
hispida  hirsuticaulis  Wheelock.] 

8.  Heuchera  Americana  L.     ALUM-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  1845.)     Stem  6-9  dm. 
high,   leafless,   more  or  less  glandular-hirsute.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,   7-10 
cm.   wide,   with   7-9  rounded  crenate-dentate  lobes,   the  older  ones  glabrous,  or 
with  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper  surface;  flowering  calyx  broadly  campanulate, 
nearly  regular,  3-5  mm.  long  ;   petals  small,  greenish  ;   stamens  much  exserted  ; 
anthers  orange.     In  dry  or  rocky  woods,  Ont.   to  Conn.,   Minn.,   Ala.   and  La. 
May-Aug. 

9.  Heuchera  lancipetala  Rydb.     LONG-PETALED  ALUM-ROOT.     Stem  stout, 
about  6  dm.   high,  naked,   sparingly  glandular-hirsute.     Leaves  round -reniform, 
resembling  those  of  the  preceding,  rather  firm,  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  margins 
and  the  veins  beneath;  panicle  narrower  and  more  simple  than  in  the  preceding; 
flowering  calyx  open  campanulate,  but  decidedly  turbinate  at  the    base,  nearly 
regular;  petals  whitish  or  pinkish;  stamens  about  twice  as  long.     Type  from  Ky. 

10.  Heuchera  longiflora  Rydb.     LONG-FLOWERED  HEUCHERA.     Stem  about 
5    dm.    high,    glandular-puberulent    above,    naked   or  with    a    few    small    bracts. 
Leaves  firm,  glabrous,  except  the  ciliate  margins,  reniform,  5-8  cm.  in  diameter; 
flowering  calyx  deeply  campanulate,  oblique,  gibbous  at  the  base  on  the  shorter 
side,  glandular-puberulent,  its  lobes  oblong,  very  obtuse;  petals  spatulate  with  a 
slender  claw,  yellow  at  the  base,  purple-tipped,  about  equalling  the  calyx-segments; 
stamens  and  style  included.     Hills  bordering  Mudlick  Bath,  Ky.      May. 


SA  XIFRA  GA  CEA  E.  48  3 

ix.  Heuchera  hispida  Pursh.  ROUGH  HEUCHERA.  (I.  F.  f.  1847.)  Stem 
6-12  dm.  tall,  hirsutely-pubescent,  glandular- puberulent,  usually  leafless.  Leaves 
4-7  cm.  wide,  with  long  petioles,  broadly  ovate-orbicular,  5-9  lobed  ;  panicle 
narrow;  flowering  calyx  deeply  campanulate,  very  oblique,  its  lobes  unequal;  pet- 
als spatulate,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  slightly  exserted.  In 
woods,  Va.  to  VV.  Ont.,  Kans.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.  May-June. 

Heuchera  hispida  Richardsonii  (R-  Br.)  Rydb.  Very  sparingly  hairy  ;  leaves  smaller, 
about  4  cm.  in  diameter ;  flowering  calyx  longer,  fully  10  mm.  long ;  stamens  scarcely  at 
all  exserted.  Manitoba,  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col. 

7.  MITELLA  L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  long  petioled  ovate  to  reniform  basal  leaves,  naked 
or  2-leaved  scapes,  and  small  white  or  greenish  flowers  in  elongated  spiciform 
racemes.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  its  limb  5 -lobed.  Petals 
5,  3-cleft  or  pinnatifid.  Stamens  10  (sometimes  5);  filaments  short.  Ovary  glo- 
bose, I -celled;  styles  2,  short;  ovules  oo  .  Capsule  i-celied,  2-valved  at  the  apex, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  smooth,  shining.  [Diminutive  of  mi/ra,  a  cap,  from  the 
form  of  the  young  pod.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  E.  Asia.  Be- 
sides the  following,  about  7  others  occur  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Basal  leaves  ovate,  cordate;  scape  with  2  opposite  leaves.  i.  M.  dtphylla. 

Basal  leaves  reniform;  scape  naked  or  i-leaved  near  the  base.  2.   M.  nuda. 

i.  Mitella  diphylla  L.  TWO-LEAVED  BISHOP'S  CAP,  OR  MITREWORT.  (I. 
F.  f.  1848.)  Scape  2.5-4.5  dm.  high,  pubescent,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves 
near  its  middle.  Basal  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  3-5-lobed,  dentate,  .scabrous 
and  with  scattered  hairs  on  both  sides,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  leaves  of  the  scape  sim- 
ilar, usually  smaller;  raceme  0.7-2  dm.  long;  calyx-lobes  and  petals  white;  cap- 
sule flattish,  broad,  dehiscent  above.  In  rich  woods,  Quebec  to  Minn.,  N.  H.,  N. 
Car.  and  Mo.  April-May. 

2  Mitella  nuda  L.  STOLONIFEROUS  OR  NAKED  BISHOP'S  CAP  OR  MI- 
TREWORT. (I.  F.  f.  1849.)  Usually  stoloniferous;  scape  erect,  slender,  pubescent, 
7-15  cm.  high.  Basal  leaves  crenate  or  doubly  crenate,  2-4  cm.  wide,  pubescent 
with  scattered  hairs;  stem-leaves  usually  none;  flowers  pedicelled,  greenish,  about 
4  mm.  broad.  In  cold  woods  and  peat-bogs,  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
N.  Eng.,  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Mont.  Also  in  Asia.  April-June. 

8      CHRYSOSPLENIUM     L. 

Low  somewhat  succulent  mainly  semi  aquatic  herbs,  with  petioled  crenate  leaves 
with  no  stipules.  Flowers  minute,  greenish,  perfect.  Calyx-tube  urn-shaped  or 
obconic,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4-5-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10 
(rarely  4  or  5),  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  disk;  filaments  short.  Ovary  i-celled, 
flattish,  2- lobed;  styles  2,  short,  recurved;  ovules  oo  .  Capsule  membranous,  short, 
inversely  cordate  or  2-lobed,  2-valved  above.  Seed-coat  muricate  or  pilose.  [Greek, 
golden  spleen,  from  some  reputed  medicinal  quality.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone  and  southern  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in 
northwestern  America. 

Lower  leaves  opposite:  flowers  mostly  solitary.  i.   C.  Americanum. 

Leaves  all  alternate  ;  flowers  corymbose.  2.   C.  lowensis. 

1.  Chrysospleniurn  Americanum  Schwein.    GOLDEN   SAXIFRAGE.     WATER 
CARPET.     (I.    F.  f.    1850.)     Stems  decumbent,   forked    above,    glabrous  or  very 
nearly  so,  7-20  cm.  long.     Lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate,  broad- 
ly ovate,  orbicular   or  somewhat  reniform,  obtuse   or  trur.cate  at  the  base,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  4-20  mm.  wide;    flowers  sessile,  axillary,  about  2  mm.  broad;    calyx- 
lobes  commonly  4,  yellowish,  or  purplish  within;    stamens  commonly  8;    anthers 
orange-red.     In  wet,  shaded  places,  N.  S.  to  the  Sask.  region,  south  to  Ga.,  and  to 
Ohio  and  Minn.     March-June. 

2.  Chrysosplenium    lowensis   Rydb.     IOWA  GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE.     (I.  F. 
f.  1851.)     Flowering  stems,    1-7   cm.   high,  branched    above.      Leaves    reniform, 
thin,  shining  above,  pale  beneath,  4-10  mm.   wide,  or  crenate  with  5-7  rather 
broad  lobes  ;   upper  stem-leaves   larger   than   the  lower  ;    calyx  lobes  commonly 


4^4  FLORA. 

4,  orange-yellow  within;  stamens  usually  8,  rarely  4-6.  Decorah,  Iowa.  May- 
June.  It  has  been  confused  with  C.  alternifoliwn  L.  with  dull  punctate  leaves 
with  truncate  lobes  and  C.  telrandrum  PVies,  with  thick  3-5-lobed  leaves  and  4 
stamens. 

Family  6.     HYDRANGEACEAE   Dumort. 
Hydrangea  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  simple  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers 
perfect  or  the  exterior  ones  of  the  clusters  sterile  and  conspicuous.  Petals 
and  sepals  generally  5.  Stamens  twice  as  many  or  numerous,  epigynous. 
Carpels  2-10,  wholly  united  or  the  apex  free,  the  lower  half  at  least  en- 
closed by  and  adnate  to  the  calyx.  Seeds  numerous  ;  endosperm  gen- 
erally copious  ;  embryo  small.  About  16  genera  and  80  species,  of  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 

Stamens  8-10;  exterior  flowers  of  the  corymb  usually  neutral.  i.  Hydrangea. 
Stamens  20  40 ;  all  flowers  perfect. 

Vines;  style  i ;  petals  small.  2.  Decumaria. 

Shrubs;  styles  3-5;  petals  large.  3.  Philadelphus. 

1.  HYDRANGEA  L. 

Shrubs,  or  some  Asiatic  species  small  trees,  with  opposite  simple  petioled  leaves 
and  terminal  corymbose  flowers.  Exterior  flowers  of  the  corymb  often  apetalous, 
slender-pedicelled,  sterile,  but  with  enlarged  and  very  conspicuous  calyx-lobes;  fer- 
tile flowers  small.  Calyx-tube  hemispheric  or  obconic,  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  disk.  Filaments  filiform.  Ovary  2-  (seldom  3-4-)  celled; 
styles  2-4,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base;  ovules oo  .  Capsule  membranous,  usually 
2-celled,  ribbed,  many-seeded,  dehiscent  at  the  bases  of  the  styles.  [Greek,  water- 
vessel,  from  the  shape  of  the  capsule.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  eastern  N. 
Am.,  Asia  and  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southeastern 
States. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  beneath.  i.  H.  arborscens. 

Leaves  grayish-tomentose  beneath.  2.  H.  cinerea. 

1.  Hydrangea  arborescens  L.     WILD   HYDRANGEA.      (I.  F.  f.  1858.)    A 
shrub,  1-3  m.    high.     Petioles  3-10  cm.   long;  leaves  ovate,  thin,  7-15  cm.  long, 
acute  or  often  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  cordate  or  rarely  broadly  cuneate 
at  the    base,    sharply    dentate,   green    both    sides,    sometimes  pubescent  beneath; 
cymes  5-13  cm.   broad;  marginal  sterile  flowers  usually  few  or  none,  but  some- 
times numerous.     On    rocky  stream  or  river  banks,  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to 
Iowa,  Fla.  and  Mo.     June-July. 

Hydrangea  arborescens  Kanawhkna  Millsp.  Leaves  pale  or  somewhat  glaucous  be- 
neath. W.  Va. 

2.  Hydrangea  cinerea  Small.     GRAY  HYDRANGEA.     ((I.   F.  f.    1859.)    A 
shrub  2-3  m.  high.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  7-15  cm.  long,  green  and  nearly  glabrous  above; 
marginal  flowers,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  sterile  and  conspicuous.     Has  been 
confused  with  H.  radiata.     Mo.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.     June-July. 

2.  DECUMARIA  L. 

Woody  climbing  vines,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  terminal  corymbose 
flowers.  Stipules  none.  Calyx -tube  top-shaped,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb 
7-io-toothed.  Petals  7-10,  narrow.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  disk  ;  filaments 
subulate.  Ovary  5-io-celled,  io-i5-rib6ed,  its  apex  conic;  style  thick;  stigma 
capitate,  5-io-lobed  ;  ovules  oo  .  Capsule  fragile,  ribbed,  opening  between  the 
ribs.  Seeds  numerous,  the  testa  membranouc,  reticulated,  produced  into  a  club- 
shaped  appendage.  [Latin,  decent,  ten;  the  parts  being  often  in  ID'S.]  A  mono- 
typic  genus  of  southeastern  N.  Am. 

I.  Decumaria  barbara  L.  DECUMARIA.  (I.  F.  f.  1860.)  Climbing  by 
aerial  rootlets.  Petioles  1-3  cm.  long  ;  leaves  ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  entire  or 


ITEACEAE.  485 

repand-denticulate,  glabrous  and  shining  above  ;  corymbs  5-8  cm.  broad;  flowers 
white,  fragrant,  6-8  mm.  broad;  calyx-teeth  deciduous;  capsule  top-shaped,  4-6 
mm.  high,  tipped  with  the  conic  persistent  style.  In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
May-June. 

3.  PHILADELPHIA  L. 

Shrubs,  with  petioled  simple  deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  large,  terminal  or 
axillary,  corymbose,  racemose  or  solitary,  white  or  cream-colored.  Calyx-tube 
top-shaped,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5,  convolute,  rounded  or 
obovate.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  disk.  Ovary  3-5-celled;  styles  filiform,  dis- 
tinct, or  united  at  the  base;  ovules  oo  .  Capsule  top-shaped,  3-5-celled,  at  length 
loculicidally  dehiscent  by  3-5  valves,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  the  testa 
membranous,  produced  at  each  end.  [Named  after  King  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.] 
About  15  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Mex.,  Asia  and  Europe.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, about  5  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Flowers  inodorous,  solitary  or  few. 

Calyx-lobes  about  equalling  the  tube,  acute.  i.  P.  inodorus. 

Calyx-lobes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  acuminate.  2.  P.  grandiflorus. 

Flowers  racemose,  numerous,  fragrant.  3.  P.  coronarius. 

1.  Philadelphus  inodorus  L.     SCENTLESS  SYRINGA.      (I.  F.  f.    1861.)    A 
shrub,  2-3  m.  high,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-12  cm.  long, 
strongly  3-nerved,  serrate  with  small  distant  teeth,  or  entire;  flowers  about  3  cm. 
broad.     In  thickets,  Va.  to  Ala.  and  Ga.     Escaped   from   cultivation    in    Penn. 
May. 

2.  Philadelphus  grandiflorus  Willd.     LARGE-FLOWERED  SYRINGA.     (I.  F.  f. 
1862.)     A  shrub,  2-3  m.  high,  resembling  the  preceding.     Leaves  broadly  ovate 
or  oval,  more  or  less  pubescent,  especially  beneath,  7-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  dentate,  3-nerved;  flowers  4- 
5  cm.  broad.     In  low  grounds,  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Fla.     April-May. 

3.  Philadelphus  coronarius  L.     GARDEN  SYRINGA.     MOCK  ORANGE.     (I. 
F.  f.  1863.)    A  shrub  0.5-3  m.  high.     Leaves  short-petioled,  oval,  elliptic  or  ovate- 
elliptic,  5-10  cm.  long,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  denticulate  with  distant  teeth,  3-nerved;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  broad,  creamy 
white;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  longer  than  the  tube.      Escaped  from  gardens  in 
Va.  and  Ohio,  and  sparingly  in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.     Native  of  Europe. 
May-June 

Family  7.     ITEACEAE    Agardh. 
Virginia  Willoiu  Family. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules  and 
racemose  flowers.  Calyx  5-lobed,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals 
5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  disk.  Carpels  2,  united  to  or  near  the  apex. 
Capsule  membranaceous,  2-celled,  mostly  superior,  only  the  base  enclosed 
in  the  calyx.  Seeds  several  with  a  copious  endosperm. 

t.     ITEA  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  petioled  deciduous  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  obconic  or  campanulate.  Petals  linear,  their  apices  inflexed.  Stigma 
2-grooved  in  our  species;  ovules  few  or  numerous.  Capsule  oblong  or  narrowly 
conic,  2-valved.  Seeds  narrow,  flattish,  the  testa  produced  at  each  end.  [Greek 
for  willow,  which  its  leaves  resemble.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  the  eastern  U. 
S.  and  Asia.  The  following  is  the  only  one  known  to  occur  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Itea  Virginica  L.  ITEA.  VIRGINIA  WILLOW.  (I.  F.  f.  1864.)  A  shrub 
10-25  cm.  high,  the  twigs  and  inflorescence  finally  pubescent.  Leaves  short-peti- 
oled, narrowly  oval,  oblanceolate  or  rarely  obovate,  3-7  cm.  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate,  glabrous,  or  with  a  few 
hairs  along  the  veins  beneath;  racemes  terminal,  dense,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers 


FLORA. 

short- pedicelled;  petals  linear,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  about  5  mm.  long;  cap- 
sule 4-6  mm.  long,  pubescent,  narrow.  In  wet  places,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.,  and 
eastern  Penn.  to  Fla.,  western  N.  Car.  and  La.  May-June. 

Family  8.     GROSSULARIACEAE    Dumort. 
Gooseberry  Family. 

Shrubs,  with  often  fascicled  usually  lobed  petioted  leaves,  and  race° 
mose  or  subsolitary  axillary  or  lateral  flowers,  the,  pedicels  bracteolate. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  fco  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5^1obed,  often  colored. 
Petals  4  or  $',  inserted  o^n  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  scale-like,  often 
included.  Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  i-celled  ;  styles 
2,  distinct  or  united.  Berry  globose  or  ovoid,  pulpy,  the  calyx  persistent 
on  its  summit.  Seeds  obscurely  angled,  their  outer  coat  gelatinous,  the 
inner  crustaceous.  Only  the  following  genus,  having  the  characters  of 
the  family. 

i.     RIBES   L. 

About  60  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  the  Andes  of  S.  Am. 
besides  the  following  some  40  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  plicate  in  vernation. 

Racemes  i-4-flowered;  stems  generally  with  subaxillary  spines  {Gooseberries}. 

Calyx-lobes  oblong,  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  berry  often  spiny  or  bristly  ;  stamens 
not  exserted. 

Calyx-tube  ovoid-campanulate,  green  ;  berry  spiny,     i.  R.   Cynosbati. 
Calyx-tube  tubular;  berry  bristly  or  glabrous. 

Flowers  purplish  ;  spines  slender;  plant  very  hairy. 

2.  R.  Huronense. 
Flowers  whitish;  spines  stout;  plant  slightly  pubescent. 

3.  R.  setosum. 
Calyx-lobes  equalling  or  exceeding  the  tube ;  berry  glabrous. 

Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube  and  ovary;  peduncles  short. 
Stamens  scarcely  exceeding  the  oblong  calyx-lobes. 

Spines  stout,  usually  3  together;  raceme  usually  i-flowered. 

4.  R.  Uva-crispa. 
Spines  small,  slender  or  none;  raceme  2-flowered. 

5.  R.  oxyacanthoides. 
Stamens  somewhat  exceeding  the  linear  calyx-lobes. 

6.  R.  rotundifolium. 
Calyx-lobes  much   longer  than   the  tube    and    ovary;    peduncle   slender; 

stamens  long-exserted. 

Spines  slender;  bark  purplish.  7.  R.  gracile. 

Spines  stout;  bark  light  gray.  8.   R.  Missouriensis. 

Racemes  many-flowered;'  stem  with   spines  and  bristles,  calyx  saucer-shaped,  glan- 
dular-bristly. 9.  R,  lacustre. 
Racemes  many-flowered;  stem  unarmed;  calyx  campanulate  to  tubular.    (Currants.) 
Calyx-tube  campanulate. 

Berry  glandular-bristly,  red.  10.  R.  fcrostratum. 

Berry  glabrous. 

Calyx-tube  open-campanulate. 

Raceme  erect  or  ascending;  berry  black.       JJ^^J?-  Hudsotiianum. 
Raceme  pendulous;  berry  red.  12.  R.  rubrunt. 

Calyx-tube  cylindric-campanulate;  berry  black.    13.  R.  floridum.  """ 
Calyx-tube  tubular,  glandular;  berry  red,  more  or  less  glandular. 

14.  R.  cereum, 
Leaves  convolute  in  bud;  stem  unarmed;  calyx-tube  tubular,  bright  yellow. 

15.  R.  aureum. 

i.  Ribes  Cynosbati  L.  WILD  GOOSEBERRY.  DOGBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1865.) 
Infra-axillary  spines  slender,  solitary  or  sometimes  2-3  together,  erect  or  spread- 
ine,  6-10  mm.  long,  or  often  wanting.  Prickles  few  and  weak  or  none;  petioles 
12-35  mm-  l°ng<  slender,  generally  pubescent;  leaf-blade  nearly  orbicular,  3-5  cm. 
broad,  somewhat  pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
deeply  3-5 -lobed,  the  lobes  crenate-dentate  or  incised;  peduncles  and  pedicels 


GROSSULARIACEAE. 

slender;  ucrry  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  with  subulate  prickles.     In  rocky  woods, 
N.  B.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Manitoba  and  Mo.     April-June. 

2.  Ribes  Huronense   Rydb.      LAKE   HURON   GOOSEBERRY.     Infra-stipular 
spines  slender,  solitary,  8-10  mm.  long,  ascending;  prickles  few  and  weak;  stem 
finely   pubescent;    petioles    slender,    1-2    cm.   long,    very    pubescent;    leaf-blade 
rounded,  obtuse  at  the  base,  deeply  5-lobed,  incised,  densely  and  rather  coarsely 
pubescent;  peduncles  slender  but  short,  about  15  mm.  long,  generally  3-flowered; 
calyx  very  pubescent;  petals  broadly  cune-ate,  white;  styles  distinct  to  the  middle; 
berry  bristly  or  weakly  spiny.     Intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  the  fol- 
lowing, but  more  pubescent  than  either,     Type  from  Lake  Huron  [R.  Cynosbati 
y  Hook]. 

3.  Ribes  setosum  Lindl.     BRISTLY   GOOSEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.    1866.)     Infra- 
axillary  spines   1-3   together,  slender  or  rather  stout,   5-10  mm.  long,  spreading. 
Bristles  usually  numerous  and  stout;  leaves  slender-petioled,  more  or  less  finely 
pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  1-3  cm.  in  width,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  3-5- 
lobed,   the    lobes    incised-dentate;    flowers    1-4,   6-10  mm.   long;    fruit   sparingly 
bristly,  or  often  glabrous,  dark  blue,  very  sour.     On  lake  shores  and  in  thickets, 
Manitoba  to  Mont.,  Neb.  and  Wyo.     May. 

4.  Ribes  Uva-crispa  L.     GARDEN   GOOSEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.    1870.)     Spines 
stout,  spreading  or  reflexed,  usually  3  together.     Prickles  scattered  or  none;  leaves 
short-petioled,  orbicular  or  broader,  pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  seldom  over 
2.5   cm.  wide,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse  and  crenate-dentate;  peduncles  short, 
i-2-flowered,  usually  pubescent;  flowers  green,  about  6  mm.  long.     Along  road- 
sides in  N.  J.  and  N.  Y.,  escaped  from  gardens.     Native  of  Europe  and   Asia. 
May. 

5.  Ribes   oxyacanthoides  L.     HAWTHORN  OR  NORTHERN  GOOSEBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1868.)     Spines    generally    solitary,   light    colored,  4-10   mm.  long,  often 
short.     Prickles    commonly  wanting;    leaves    petioled;    petioles    and  lower   leaf- 
surfaces   commonly   pubescent;  flowers   greenish-purple  or  white,  6-8  mm.  long; 
berry  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  reddish  purple  when  ripe.     In  wet  woods  and  low 
grounds,  Lab.  and  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  J.  and  Neb.     May-July. 

6.  Ribes   rotundifolium   Michx.     EASTERN   WILD  GOOSEBERRY.      (I.  F.  f. 
1869.)     Closely  resembling  the  preceding,  the  spines  comn.only  shorter,  or  often 
altogether  wanting,   and   the   prickles   none.     Leaves  similar,   but  more  shining 
beneath  when  young;    flowers  greenish-purple,  6-8  mm.  long;    stamens  exserted 
for  about  £  their  length;  berry  usually  not  more  than  8  mm.  in  diameter.     In  rocky 
woods,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  Car.     May-July. 

7.  Ribes  gracile  Michx.     SLENDER  GOOSEBERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  1867.)    Branches 
slender  and  generally  purplish.      Spines  slender,  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together,  purp- 
lish, 6-10  mm.  long  or  more.      Prickles  none;  leaves  slender-petioled,  somewhat 
pubescent  when  young,  orbicular,  2-30.5  cm.  wide,  truncate  or  obtuse  at  the  base, 
3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  rather  blunt,  dentate  ;  pedicels  very  slender,    1-2   cm.  long; 
flowers  white,    drooping,    IO-I2   mm.  long:  calyx-tube  narrow,  very  short;  berry 
reddish  purple,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  111.  and  Kans.  to 
La.  and  Tex.     May. 

8.  Ribes    Missouriensis   Nutt.     MISSOURI    GOOSEBERRY.     Branches   stout, 
gray  or  whitish  with  shreddy  bark;  spines  usually  3   together,    stout,   8-15  mm. 
long;  bristles  numerous  on  the  young  shoots,    rather  stout,   usually  none  on  the 
older  stems  and  their  branches;  leaves  with  stouter  petioles,  pubescent  especially 
when  young,  2-6  cm.  in  diameter;  flowers  white,  10—15  mm.   long;  fruit  purple, 
10-15  mm-  in  diameter.     It  has  been  confused  with  the  preceding.     River  banks 
and  plain  thickets,  from  111.  and  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Black  Hills  of  S.  Dak.,  and  Kan«, 
March-May. 

9.  Ribes  lacustre(Pers.)Poir.    SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  1871.)    Sin 
slender,   weak,    generally  clustered.     Branches  usually   densely   bi'stly;  pe  iol 
slender,    pubescent ;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  thin,   pubescent  along    he  veiifc  t 
neath,  deeply  5~7-lobed,  3-5  cm.  wide,  the   lobes  acutish,  incised-de  -iate;  flo'.ve. 
green;  pedicels  slender,  bracted  at  the  base,  about  4  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  shor 
broad,  spreading;  stamens  very  short,  n  >t  exserted;  berry  about  4  mm.,  in  dian 
eter,  reddish,   covered   with  weak  bristles.      In   swamps  and  wet 

Mass.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  Br.  Col.  and  Wash.     May  June. 


488  FLORA. 

10.  Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.    FETID  CURRANT.    (I.  F.  f.  1872.)     Branches 
decumbent  or   spreading.     Petioles  slender,  3-7  cm.  long,  the  dilated  base  some- 
times ciliate;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  sharply  and  deeply  5~7-lobed,  3-7  cm.  wide, 
usually  somewhat  pubescent  along  the   veins  beneath,  the  lobes   acute  or  acutish, 
dentate-serrate  ;   flowers   racemose,  about  5  mm.  broad  ;  pedicels  4-5   mm.   long, 
glandular,  bracted  at  the  base;  stamens  short,  not  exserted.     In  cold  wet  places, 
Lab.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,   south   to  N.  Car.,  Mich,  and  Colo.     Plant 
wkh  a  disagreeable  odor.      May-June. 

11.  Ribes    Hudsonianum  Richards.     NORTHERN  BLACK  CURRANT.     (I.  F. 
f.  1873.)     Branches   erect.      Petioles    slender,  3-10  cm.  long;  leaves  broader  than 
long,    3-10  cm.    wide,    more  or  less  pubescent  and  resinous-dotted  beneath,  3-5- 
lobed,  the  lobes   obtuse  or  acutish,  coarsely  dentate;  pedicels  4  mm.    long  or  less; 
flowers  white,  4-6  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  oval,  obtuse;  stamens  short,  not  exserted; 
bracts  setaceous,  deciduous;  fruit  black,  glabrous,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     Hudson 
Bay  and  western  Ont.  to  N.  W.  Terr.     May-June. 

Ribes  nlgrum  L.,  the  Black  Currant  of  the  gardens,  with  similar  leaves,  but  loosely 
flowered  drooping  racemes,  is  beginning  to  escape  from  cultivation. 

12.  Ribes  rubrum  L.     RED   CURRANT.     (I.  F.   f.  1875.)     Petioles  slender, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  38  cm.  long;  leaves  pubescent  beneath,  at  least 
when  young,  orbicular  or  broader,  cordate  at  the  base,  3~5-lobed,  the  lobes  acutish, 
sharply  dentate  ;    pedicels   longer  than  the  ovate  bractlets  ;    flowers  greenish  or 
purplish,   about  4   mm.   broad;    calyx  flat-campanulate;  stamens  short;    fruit  4-8 
mm.  in  diameter.      In  cold  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  northern  N.  Eng  ,  N.  J.,  Ind. 
and  Minn.,  and  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.     Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.      May-June. 

13.  Ribes  floridum  L'Her.    WILD  BLACKCURRANT.    (I.  F.  f.  1874.)   Branches 
erect.     Petioles  slender;   leaves  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous  above,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent and   resinous- dotted   beneath,    3-8   cm.    wide,    sharply  3~5-lobed,    the   lobes 
dentate-serrate,  acutish;  bractlets  linear,  much  exceeding  the  pedicels,  or  shorter; 
flowers  greenish  -white,  8-10  mm.  long;   calyx-lobes  short,  broad,  obtuse;  stamens 
not  exserted;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  woods,   N.   S.  to 
Va.,  Manitoba,  and  Neb.     April-May. 

14.  Ribes  cereum  Dougl.     WHITE-FLOWERED  CURRANT.     SQUAW  CURRANT. 
(I.  F.  f.  1876. )    Petioles  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  6-20  mm.  long;  leaves  reni- 
form-orbicular,  cordate  at  the  base,  1-4  cm.  wide,  sparingly  glandular  pubescent,  or 
glabrate  on  both  sides,  3~5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse,  crenate  or  crenulate;  racemes 
short,  pubescent,  pendulous;  bractlets  persistent;  flowers  sessile  or  short-pedicelled, 
pink  or  greenish-white;  petals  minute,  nearly  orbicular;  stamens  short;  fruit  insipid, 
about  6  mm.  in  diameter.      Dry  hills,  from  S.  Dak.  and  Neb.,  to  Br.  Col.,  Ariz, 
and  Cal.     May-June. 

15.  Ribes  aureutn  Pursh.     GOLDEN,  BUFFALO  OR  MISSOURI  CURRANT.     (I. 
F.  f.  1877.)     Petioles   slender,  pubescent,  at  least  when  young;  leaves  pubescent 
and  ciliate,  or  at  length  glabrous  and  shining,  often  broader  than  long,  thick,  3- 
lobed  or  sometimes   5-lobed,  broadly   cuneate  or  truncate   at  the  base,  the  lobe? 
obtuse;    racemes   leafy-bracted,    few-flowered;    flowers   spicy-scented,  12-25   mm- 
long;  calyx-tube  cylindric,  glabrous,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  oval  spreading  lobes; 
stamens  slightly  exserted;    fruit  black,  glabrous,  6-16  mm.  in  diameter.     Along 
streams,  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  Cal.,  Ore.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     April-May. 

Ribes  aureum  chrysoc6ccum  Rydb.  Fruit  yellow  when  mature,  more  acid.  West- 
ern Neb.  to  Mont. 

Family  9.     HAMAMELIDACEAE    Lindl. 
Witch  Hazel  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  simple  leaves,  and  perfect  or 
polygamous  flowers,  variously  clustered.  Perianth  often  imperfect,  or 
sometimes  none.  Calyx-tube,  when  present,  more  or  less  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  truncate  or  q-lobed.  Petals,  when  present,  4-00 ,  perigy- 


If A,M A  ME  LID  A  CEA  E. 

nous.  Stamens  4-00,  perigynous;  filaments  distinct.  Disk  circular  or 
none.  Ovary  compound,  of  2  carpels  united  below,  2-celled;  styles  2, 
subulate,  erect  or  recurved;  ovules  i-=o .  Fruit  a  2-celled  2-beaked 
woody  or  cartilaginous  capsule,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  Seeds  i-sev- 
eral,  anatropous  ;  embryo  large;  endosperm  scanty.  About  15  genera 
and  35  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Asia  and  South  Africa. 

Ovules  i  in  each  cavity;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous;  shrubs  or  small  trees;  fruit  not 
spiny. 

Flowers  white,  in  catkin-like  spikes;  petals  none.  i.  Fothergilla. 

Flowers  yellow,  in  axillary  clusters;  petals  long.  2.  Hamamelis. 

Ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  flowers  monoecious;  large  trees  ;  fruit  globular,  spiny. 

3.  Liquidambar. 

i.  FOTHERGILLA   Murr. 

Shrubs,  the  foliage  somewhat  stellate-pubescent.  Leaves  alternate,  obovate. 
Flowers  in  catkin-like  bracted  terminal  spikes,  appearing  a  little  before  the  leaves. 
Calyx  campanulate,  slightly  5-7-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24,  inserted 
on  the  edge  of  the  calyx;  anthers  subglobose.  Ovary  2-celled;  styles  slender. 
Capsule  cartilaginous,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Seeds  bony,  pendulous.  [Named  for 
Dr.  John  Fothcrgill,  1712-1780,  an  English  naturalist.]  Two  or  three  species  of 
eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Fothergilla  Carolina  (L.)  Britton.  FOTHERGILLA.  (I.  F.  f.  1878.)  A 
shrub,  6-15  dm.  high,  the  young  twigs  densely  stellate-pubescent.  Leaves  short- 
petioled,  5-8  cm.  long,  obovate  or  broadly  oval,  obtuse  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
usually  inequilateral,  coarsely  dentate-crenate  above  the  middle,  or  entire;  spikes 
erect,  3-5  cm.  long;  bracts  densely  pubescent,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  lobed; 
stamens  white  or  pinkish,  4-8  mm.  long;  capsule  very  pubescent.  In  wet  grounds, 
Va.  to  Ga.  April. 

2.  HAMAMELIS  L. 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  clustered  lateral  yellow  bracted  flowers,  ap- 
pearing in  late  summer  or  autumn.  Calyx  4-parted,  persistent,  adnate  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Petals  4,  elongated,  linear,  persistent,  or  in  the  staminate 
flowers  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4,  alternating  with  4  scale-like  staminodia; 
filaments  very  short;  anthers  dehiscent  by  a  valve.  Ovary  2-celled;  styles  2,  short; 
ovules  i  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Capsule  woody,  at  length  2-valved  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seed  oblong,  its  testa  shining.  [Greek,  with  the  apple,  flower  and  fruit  be- 
ing borne  together.]  Three  known  species,  one  native  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the 
others  of  Japan. 

i.  Hamamelis  Virginiana  L.  WITCH-HAZEL  (I.  F.  f.  1879.)  A  shrub, 
or  rarely  a  small  tree.  Leaves  short-petioled,  obovate  or  broadly  oval,  somewhat 
cordate  and  inequilateial  at  the  base,  stellate-pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  5-12 
cm.  long,  thick,  repand-dentate;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  nearly  sessile;  petals 
about  i  mm.  wide,  12-18  mm.  long;  capsule  maturing  the  next  season,  6-8  mm. 
high,  at  length  bursting  elastically;  seeds  large,  bony.  In  low  woods,  N.  B.  and 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  Aug. -Dec. 

3.   LIQUIDAMBAR  L. 

Large  trees  with  resinous  sap,  simple  alternate  lobed  petioled  leaves,  and  small 
monoecious  flowers  in  heads,  the  staminate  clusters  racemose,  the  pistillate  ones 
usually  solitary.  Calyx  and  corolla  of  the  staminate  flowers  none;  stamens  numer- 
ous ;  filaments  short;  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Calyces  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  confluent;  petals  none;  anthers  rudimentary,  borne  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx; 
ovary  partly  inferior,  2-celled;  ovules  several  or  numerous;  styles  2.  Capsules  2- 
beaked,  2-valved  at  the  summit,  dry,  hard,  forming  a  dense  spinose  globular  head. 
[Name  Latin  Arabic  referring  to  the  fragrant  sap.] 

i.  Liquidambar  Styraciflua  L.  SWEET  GUM.  STAR-LEAVED  OR  RED 
GUM.  BILSTED.  ALLIGATOR-TREE.  (I.  F.  f.  1880. )  A  forest  tree,  maximum 
height  about  45  m. ;  bark  very  rough,  branches  usually  winged  with  corky  ridges. 
Leaves  broader  than  long,  7-20  cm.  wide,  subcordate  at  base,  deeply  3-7-lobed, 


FLORA. 

often  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  the  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acuie, 
sharply  and  finely  serrate;  sterile  flower-clusters  erect,  of  numerous  small  heads, 
greenish;  fertile  heads  long-peduncled,  at  length  drooping,  borne  near  the  base  of 
the  sterile;  head  of  fruit  about  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  the  fertile  seeds  few,  with  nu- 
merous minute  sterile  ones.  In  low  woods,  Conn,  and  southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla., 
111.,  Mo.  and  Mex.  April-May. 

Family  10.     PLATAN  ACE  AE  Lindl. 
Plane-tree  Family. 

Large  trees,  with  alternate  petioled  palmately  lobed  and  veined  leaves, 
the  hollowed  petiole  bases  enclosing  the  buds  for  the  following  season, 
and  small  green  monoecious  flowers  in  dense  globular  heads.  Recep- 
tacle somewhat  fleshy.  Calyx  of  3-8  externally  pubescent  minute  sepal?. 
Corolla  of  as  many  thin  glabrous  petals.  Staminate  flowers  with  stamens 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them  ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  ob- 
long or  linear,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  2-8  distinct 
pistils;  ovary  linear,  i-celled;  style  elongated  ;  stigma  lateral.  Ripened 
head  of  fruit  composed  of  very  numerous  narrowly  obpyramidal  nutlets 
which  are  densely  pubescent  below  with  long  nearly  erect  hairs.  Seed 
pendulous ;  endosperm  thin ;  cotyledons  linear.  Only  the  following 
genus,  comprising  some  7  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.  PLATANUS  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Name  ancient.]  Besides  the  following  species,  2 
others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S.  and  I  or  2  in  Mex. 

I.  Platanus  occidentals  L.  BUTTON-WOOD.  BUTTON-BALL.  PLANE-TREE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1881.)  A  large  tree;  maximum  height  about  40  m. ;  outer  bark  freely 
peeling  off  in  thin  plates,  uncovering  the  bright  white  inner  layers.  Leaves 
orbicular,  or  wider  than  long,  10-25  cm.  wide,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
3_tj_lobed,  densely  floccose  pubescent  with  whitish  branched  hairs  when  young, 
becoming  nearly  glabrous  when  old,  the  lobes  sharply  serrate,  or  rarely  entire  ; 
stipules  with  broad  spreading  toothed  borders,  conspicuous  on  young  shoots;  fruit- 
ing heads  2  cm.  in  diameter,  usually  solitary,  hanging  on  a  long  peduncle,  persist- 
ent through  the  winter.  Along  streams  and  in  wet  woods,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  Minn., 
Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  May. 

Family  n.     ROSACEAE  *  B.  Juss. 

Rose  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  (in  some  exotic  genera 
opposite)  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  or  rarely  polygamo-dioecious 
flowers.  Stipules  commonly  present,  sometimes  large.  Calyx  free  from 
or  adnate  to  the  ovary, /5-lobed  (rarely  54-9-] obed),  often  bracteolate. 
Disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the 
calyx-lobes,  distinct,  or  none.  Stamens  usually  numerous,  distinct ; 
anthers  small,  2-celled.  Carpels  i-oo ,  distinct,  or  adnate  to  the  calyx. 
Ovary  I -celled  or  rarely  imperfectly  2-celled  ;  style  terminal  or  lateral. 
Ovules  i,  2,  or  several,  anatropous.  Fruit  mostly  follicles  or  achenes  ; 
endosperm  none,  or  rarely  copious.  About  65  genera  and  1200  speciess 
of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

I.  Fruit  not  enclosed  in  a  hollow  receptacle,  the  so-called  calyx. 

Pistils  few,  seldom  more  than  5,  ripening  into  2-4-seeded  follicles. 

Follicles  dehiscent  along  both  sutures;  seeds  shining.  i.   Opulaster. 

Follicles  dehiscent  along  one  suture  ;  seeds  dull. 
Pistils  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes. 

Flowers  perfect ;  leaves  simple  ;  shrubs.  2.  Spiraea. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  leaves  2-3-pinnate ;  tall  herbs.       3.  Aruncus. 

*  Revised  by  Dr.  P.  A.  RYDBERG.  .. 


KOSACEAE.  491 

Pistils  opposite  the  calyx-lobes ;  petals  white. 

Follicles  united  at  the  base  ;  petals  obova      }r  oblong  ;  leaves  pinnate. 

4.  Sorbaria. 
Follicles  free;  petals  strap-shaped  ;  leaves  trifoliolate. 

5.  Portcranthus. 
Pistils  numerous  or  rarely  few,  ripening  into  i-2-seeded  drupelets  or  achenes. 

Pistils  ripening  into  drupelets  crowded  on  the  receptacle. 

Drupelets  very  pulpy.  6.  Rubus. 

Drupelets  nearly  dry,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  7.  Dalibarda. 

Pistils  ripening  into  achenes. 
Style  deciduous. 

Style  nearly  basal ;    ovules  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  orthotropous ; 

leaves  pinnate.  8.  Drymocallis. 

Style  lateral;  ovules  ascending  and  amphitropous. 
Achenes  hairy  ;  low  shrubs. 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  style  club-shaped  ;  flowers  yellow. 

9.  DasipJiora. 
Leaves  trifoliolate  ;  style  filiform;  flowers  white. 

10.  Sibbaldiopsis. 
Achenes  glabrous ;  herbs. 

Achenes  10-15;  stamens  5;  leaves  trifoliolate. 

11.  Sibbaldia. 
Achenes  numerous;  stamens  about  20. 

Receptacle  much  enlarged  and  red  in  fruit ;  leaves  trifolio- 
late. 

Receptacle  pulpy,  edible;  petals  white. 

12.  Fragaria. 
Receptacle  not  pulpy  ;  petals  yellow. 

13.  Duchesnea. 
Receptacle   in    fruit   some\\hat  enlarged,  spongy  ;    leaves 

pinnate;  petals  red.  14.   Comarum. 

Receptacle  not  enlarged  in  fruit;  leaves  interruptedly  pin- 
nate ;  petals  yellow.  15.  Argentina. 
Style  terminal  or  nearly  so. 

Pistils  numerous;  ovules  pendulous  and  anatropous. 

16.  Potentilla. 

Pistils  2-6;  ovules  basal,  erect.  17.    Waldsteinia. 

Style  persistent  on  the  achene. 
Pistils  numerous;  herbs. 

Calyx-lobes  and  petals  5;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate. 
Style  jointed  above,  the  upper  portion  deciduous. 

1 8.   Geum. 

Style  not  jointed.  19.  Steversia. 

Calyx  lobes  and  petals  8  or  9;  leaves  simple;  styles  plumose 

20.  Dryas. 
Pistil  solitary;  achene  with  a  long  plumose  style;  shrubs. 

21.  Cercocarpus. 
Pistils  5-15;  fruit   resembling  a  follicle,  but  indehiscent  and  i-seeded  ; 

0  style  not  plumose;  herbs.  22.    Ulmaria, 

2.  Fruit,  1-4  achenes,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  dry  receptacle;  herbs. 

Calyx  with  4  or  5  bractlets;  petals  none.  23.  Alch'emilla. 

Calyx  not  bracteolate. 

Calyx  bearing  hooked  prickles;  petals  5.  24.  A^rimonia. 

Calyx  not  prickly;  petals  none.  25.  Sanguisorba. 

3.  Fruit,   numerous  achenes,    enclosed   in   the   fleshy  receptacle;   shrubs  with   pinnate 

leaves.  26.  Rosa. 

i.  OPULASTER    Medic. 

Branching  shrubs,  with  petioled  simple  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and  white  flow- 
ers in  terminal  corymbs.  Calyx  campanulate,  5. lobed.  Petals  5,  rounded,  in- 
serted in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  Stamens  20-40,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Pistils 
1-5,  short-stipitate,  when  5  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes.  Stigma  terminal,  capi- 
tate. Pods  1-5,  inflated,  2-4-seeded.  Seeds  ovoid  or  globose,  crustaceous,  shin- 
ing; endosperm  copious.  [Greek,  a  wild  Opulus,  or  cranberry-tree.]  Species 
about  8,  3  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  4  of  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  Pacific  Coast,  I  in  Mant- 
churia. 

Follicles  mostly  5,  glabrous.  I.  O.  opnlffolius. 

Follicles  2-4,  finely  pubescent.  2.  O.  intermedius. 


,    J       -  -1    7 

492  FLORA. 


1.  Opulaster  opulifolius(L.)  Kuntze.     EASTERN  NINEBARK.    (I.  F.  f.  1882.) 
A  shrub,  1-3  m.    high,   with    recurved  branches,  glabrous  twigs  and  foliage,  the 
bark  peeling  off  in  thin  strips.     Stipules  caducous;  leaves  ovate-orbicular,  generally 
acutely  3-lobed,   cordate,  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate   at  the  base,  3-5  cm.  long, 
crenate-dentate;  pedicels  slender,  10-16  mm.  long;  flowers  white  or  purplish;  ca- 
lyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  follicles  5,  glabrous,  shining,   8-10  mm.  long,  acute, 
obliquely  subulate-tipped,  twice  as   long  as  the  calyx.     River-banks  and  in  rocky 
places,  Quebec  to  Ky.  and  Ga.     June.    {Spiraea  opuli folia  L.] 

2.  Opulaster  intermedius  Rydb.    PRAIRIE  NINEBARK.     Like  the  preceding, 
but  generally  lower,  1-1.5  m.  high;  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  with  rounded  lobes, 
2-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenate;  pedicels  and  calyx  finely 
pubescent;  ovaries  3  or  4,  rarely  2,  pubescent,  united  below,  follicles  6-7  mm.  long, 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  a  subulate  style.     River  banks  from  111. 
and  Mo.  to  Colo,  and  S.  Dak. 

2.  SPIRAEA  L. 

Shrubs.  Flowers  racemose,  cymose,  corymbose  or  paniculate,  white  or  pink, 
perfect.  Calyx  persistent,  its  tube  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4-5,  inserted  on  the  calyx, 
short-clawed.  Stamens  20-60,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx;  filaments  filiform. 
Disk  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube.  Pistils  commonly  5  (rarely  1-8),  superior,  alter- 
nate with  the  calyx-lobes.  Stigmas  capitate  or  discoid;  ovules  2-00  .  Follicles 
usually  5,  not  inflated.  Seeds  linear,  pendulous,  the  testa  dull.  [Greek,  twisting, 
the  pods  twisted  in  some  species.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  the  north  temper- 
ate zone.  Besides  the  following,  about  5  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 
Flowers  in  dense  terminal  panicles. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout.  i.  S.  salicifolia. 

Twigs  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  woolly-pubescent.  2.  S.  tomentosa. 

Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  thick,  serrate.  3.  S.  corymbosa. 

Leaves  oblong,  thin,  nearly  entire.  4.  S.  Virginian  a. 

1.  Spiraea  salicifolia  L.     WILLOW- LEAVED  OR  AMERICAN  MEADOW-SWEET. 
QUAKER  LADY.    (I.  F.  f.  1883.)     An  erect  shrub,  6-12  dm.  high.    Leaves  petioled, 
oblanceolate,  obovate,  lanceolate  or  oval,   sharply   serrate,  especially   above  the 
middle,  3-5  cm.  long,  8-24  mm.  wide,  or  on   young  shoots  much   larger,  mainly 
cuneate  at  the  base,  pale  beneath;  flowers  white  or  pinkish-tinged,  4-6  mm.  broad; 
follicles  glabrous.     In  swamps  or  moist  ground,  Newf.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  Ga.  and 
Mo.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

2.  Spiraea   tomentosa    L.     HARDHACK.     STEEPLE-BUSH.     (I.  F.  f.    1884.) 
Erect,    shrubby,  usually    simple,   the    stems    floccose -pubescent.     Leaves    short- 
petioled,  ovate   or   oval,  3-5    cm.  long,  12-25  mm-  wide,   unequally    serrate,   gla- 
brous and  dark-green  above,  woolly-pubescent  with  whitish  hairs  beneath;  flowers 
pink  or  purple,  rarely  white,  about  4  mm.  broad;  follicles  pubescent.     In  swamps 
and  low  grounds,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Ga.  and  Kans.     July -Sept. 

3.  Spiraea  corymbosa  Raf.    CORYMBED  SPIRAEA.    (I.  F.  f.  1885.)    A  shrub, 
3-10  dm.-high,  nearly  glabrous  throughout.     Leaves  petioled,  rounded  or  slightly 
cordate  at  the  base,  serrate,  especially  above  the  middle,  green  above,  paler  and 
sometimes  minutely  pubescent  beneath,  4-7  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide;  flowers  white, 
about  4  mm.  broad;  follicles  glabrous.     On  banks  or  in  rocky  places,  mountains 
of  Ga.  to  N.  J.,  Ky.     May -June. 

4.  Spiraea  Virginiana  Britton.    VIRGINIA  SPIRAEA.     (I.  F.  f.  1886.)     A  gla- 
brous much-branched  shrub,  the  branches  forming  wands  3-12  dm.  long.     Leaves 
pt-tioled,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the   base,  4-5  cm.  long,  10-16  mm.  wide,  green 
above,  pale  or  slightly  glaucous  beneath,  entire,  or  with  a  few  low  teeth  above  the 
middle;  flowers  white,  about  6  mm.  wide;  pedicels  and  calyx   glaucous;  follicles 
glabrous.     On  rocks,  W.  Va.,  to  the  mountains  of  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     June. 

Spiraea  Jap6nica  L.  f.,  with  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  cut-toothed  leaves,  the 
branches  and  corymbose  inflorescence  finely  pubescent,  occurs  as  an  escape  from  cultiva- 
tion in  E.  Penn. 

3.     ARUNCUS  Adans. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  large  2-3-pinnate  leaves,  stipules  minute  or  wanting, 
and  very  numerous  white  dioecious  flowers  in  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  mostly 


EOS ACE A  E.  493 

5-lobed.  Petals  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the 
calyx  ;  filaments  filiform.  Pistils  usually  3,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes. 
Follicles  glabrous,  at  length  reflexed,  usually  2-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  not 
shining.  Two  known  species,  the  following  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  the 
other  Japanese. 

i.  Aruncus  Aruncus  (L.1)  Karst.  GOAT'S-BEARD.  (I.  F.  f.  1887.)  Glabrous 
throughout,  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched,  1-2  m.  high.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
the  lower  3  dm.  long  or  more;  leaflets  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oval,  thin,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate,  sharply  doubly  serrate  or  incised, 
3-7  cm.  long;  inflorescence  compound,  branches  spike-like,  elongated;  flowers 
2-4  mm.  wide;  follicles  short.  In  rich  woods,  Perm,  to  Iowa,  Ga.  and  Mo.  Also 
from  Ore.  to  Alaska,  and  in  Eur.  and  Asia.  May-July.  \Spiraea  Aruncus  L. 

4.    SORBARIA  A.  Br. 

Shrubs  with  stipules,  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  terminal  panicles. 
Calyx  openly  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  obovate  or  oblong.  Stamens  20- 
40;  pistils  mostly  5,  united  at  the  base.  Carpels  not  inflated.  Seeds  several,  pen- 
duluus,  with  endosperm.  About  4  Asiatic  closely  related  species. 

i.  Sorbaria  sorbifolia  (L.)  A.  Br.  MOUNTAIN-ASH  SPIRAEA.  Large  shrub, 
pubescent  when  young,  glabrate  in  age.  Leaflets  13-21,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  dark  green.  Native  of  Siberia,  often  cultivated  L-T 
ornament  and  escaped  in  the  Middle  States.  June-Sept. 

5      PORTERANTHUS  Britton.    [GILLENIA  Moench.] 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  nearly  sessile  stipulate  3-foliolate  or  3-parted 
leaves,  and  white  or  pinkish  perfect  flowers  in  loose  terminal  panicles.  Calyx 
cylindric,  persistent,  narrowed  at  the  throat,  lO-nerved,  5 -toothed,  the  teeth  im- 
bricated, slightly  glandular.  Petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  convolute  in 
the  bud,  somewhat  unequal,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  10-20,  included; 
filaments  short;  anthers  large.  Carpels  5,  villous-pubescent,  opposite  the  calyx- 
lobes.  Ovules  ascending;  style  filiform.  Follicles  5,  2-4-seeded.  Seeds  with 
endosperm.  [In  honor  of  Thomas  Conrad  Porter,  Professor  in  Lafayette  College.] 
Only  the  following  species. 

Leaflets  serrate;  stipules  subulate,  mainly  entire.  i.  P.  trifoliatus, 

Leaflets  incised;  stipules  broad,  foliaceous,  incised.  2.  P.  stipulatus. 

1.  Porteranthus   trifoliatus  (L.)   Britton.      INDIAN  PHYSIC.      BOWMAN'S- 
ROOT.     (I.   F.   f.    1888.)     Herbaceous  from   a    perennial    root,    erect,    branching, 
6-12  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  short-stalked,  oval,  ovate, 
lanceolate  or  slightly  obovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-7  cm. 
long,  irregularly  serrate;  upper  leaves  often  3-lobed,  or  sometimes  merely  serrate; 
pedicels  slender  ;  petals  white  or  pinkish,  10-12  mm.  long;  pods  pubescent,  subu- 
late-tipped, little  exceeding  the  calyx.     Woodlands,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Ga.   and  Mo. 
May-July. 

2.  Porteranthus  stipulatus  (Muhl.)  Britton.     AMERICAN  IPECAC.     (I.  F.  f. 
1889.)     Resembling  the  preceding  species,  but  generally  more  pubescent.    Stipules 
foliaceous,  broad,  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  8-25  mm.  long,  sharply  incised-ser- 
rate;  leaflets  commonly  narrower  than  those  of  the  preceding,  incised-serrate,  or 
those  of  the  lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  pods  less  pubescent  or  sometimes  quite 
glabrous.     In  woods,  western  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Ala.,  La.  and  the 
Ind.  Terr.     June-July. 

6.  RUBUS  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs  or  trailing  vines,  often  prickly,  with  alternate  simple 
lobed  or  3-7-foliolate  leaves,  the  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  terminal 
or  axillary,  solitary,  racemose  or  panicled,  white,  pink  or  purple,  perfect  or  some- 
times dicecious.  Calyx  persistent,  not  bracted,  deeply  5 -parted,  its  tube  short  and 
broad.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo .  usually  numerous,  inserted  on  the 
calyx,  distinct.  Carpels  oo  ,  rarely  few.  inserted  on  a  convex  or  elongated  recep- 
tacle, ripening  into  drupelets  and  forming  an  aggregate  fruit.  Ovules  2,  one  abor- 
tive, Style  nearly  terminal,  slender,  Seed  pendulous.  [The  ancient  name  of  the 


494  FLORA. 

brabble,  from  ruber,  red.]  About  250  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution, 
most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others 
occui  in  N.  Am.  beyond  our  area.  The  stems  of  many  species  are  biennial. 

A.  Leaves  simple,  crenate  or  palmately  lotoed. 

Stubby,  6-15  dm.  high,  branched;  flowers  corymbose. 
Flowers  numerous,  red-purple. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  broadly  triangular,  dentate.  i.  R.  odoratus. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  lanceolate,  incised -dentate.  2.  R.  Columbianus. 

Flowers  few,  white;  western.  3.  R.  parviflonis. 

Herbaceous,  8-25  cm.  high,  simple;  flowers  solitary,  white.  4.  R.  Chamaemorus. 

B.    Leaves  3-7-foliolate. 
i.  Fruit  falling  away  from  the  dry  receptacle.     RASPBERRIES. 

Herbaceous,  usually  unarmed,  i-3-flowered ;  leaves  not  white  beneath. 

Petals  pink,  spreading.  5.  ft.  arcticns. 

Petals  white,  erect.  6.  R.  Americanus. 
Shrubby;  many-flowered;  leaves  white- pubescent  beneath. 

Stjms  bristly,  not  glaucous;  fruit  light  red.  7.  R,  strigosus. 

St°ms  prickly,  slightly  glaucous ;  fruit  dark  red.  8.  R.  neglectus. 

Stems  prickly,  very  glaucous;  fruit  purple-black.  9.  R.  occidentalism 

2.  Fruit  persistent  on  the  fleshy  receptacle.     BLACKBERRIES  and  DEWBERRIES. 

*  greet,  recurved  or  ascending  ;  fruit  black. 

Leaflets  laciniate  or  deeply  incised.  10.  R,  laciniatus* 

Leaflets  serrate  or  slightly  incised. 

Leaves  white-woolly  beneath.  n.  R.  cuneifolius. 

Leaves  not  white- woolly  beneath. 

Inflorescence  distinctly  glandular. 

Fruit  broadly  oval  or  nearly  spherical,  very  pulpy. 

12.  R.  nigrobaccus. 

Fruit  narrowly  oblong  or  thimble-shaped.  13.   A'.  Allegheniensis. 

Inflorescence  and  leaves  decidedly  villous,  scarcely  glandular. 

'    Terminal  leaflet  one-half  longer  than  the  lateral  ones,  oblong  or  oblong- 
ovate.  14.  R.  ostryifolius. 
Terminal  leaflet  slightly  larger  than  the  lateral  ones,  obovate  or  rhombic- 

obovate.  15.  R.frondosus. 

Inflorescence  slightly  villous. 

Plant  low,  almost  herbaceous,  weakly  prickly.         16.  R.  Randii. 
Plants  tall  and  shrubby. 

Plant  strongly  prickly.  17.   R.  argutus. 

Plant  unarmed  or  with  a  few  weak  prickles.    18.  R.  Canadensi 

*  *  Trailing  or  decumbent. 

f  Stem  prickly  (no.  19  also  bristly) ;  fruit  black. 
Leaves  thick,  coriaceous,  persistent. 

Flowers  corymbose;  stem  very  bristly;  leaves,  except  those  of  the  flowering 

branchlets,  5-foliolate.  19.  R,  rubrisetus. 

Flowers  1-3;  stem  scarcely  bristly;  leaves  mostly  3-foliolate. 

20.  R.  trivialis. 
Leaves  thin,  deciduous. 

Inflorescence  usually  many-flowered. 

Flowers  generally  over  3  cm.  in  diameter;  inflorescence  generally  glan- 
dular;  terminal  leaflet  of  sterile  shoots  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base. 
Leaflets  simply  serrate.  21.  R.  invisus. 

Leaflets  sharply  doubly  serrate.  22.   R.  roribaccus, 

Flowers  generally  less  than  3  cm.  in  diameter;  inflorescence  not  glan- 
dular; terminal  leaflet  of  the  sterile  shoots  cuneate  or  obtuse  at  the  base. 
Terminal  leaflet  one-half  longer  than  the  lateral  ones,  oblong  or 

oblong-ovate,  acute.  14.  R.  ostryifolius, 

Terminal  leaflet  only  slightly  longer  than  the  lateral  ones,  ovate, 

acuminate.  23.  R.  procumbens. 

Inflorescence  usually  i-2-flowered. 

Leaflets  cuneate  at  the  base;  glabrous. 

Leaflets  sharply  serrate  with  triangular  teeth. 

24.  fi.  subunt/lorus. 

Leaflets  crenate  serrate  with  ovate  teeth.         25.  R.  Ensleni. 
Leaflets  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath. 

26,  R,  Baileyanus, 


ROSACEAE.  495 

f  t  Stem  bristly  or  weakly  prickly;  fruit  red  or,  when  ripe,  alruusc  black. 

Leaflets  thick;  inflorescence  stout,  strongly  bristly  or  weakly  prickly. 

27.   K.  nigricans. 
Leaflets  thin  ;  inflorescence  sparingly  and  weakly  bristly. 

Some  of  the  leaves  quinate;  leaflets  of  the  flowering  shoots  oblan- 

ceolate  or  narrowly  cuneate.  28.  R.  setosus. 

All  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  of  the  flowering  shoots  broadly  obovate. 

29.  A*,  hispidus. 
t  t  t  Stem  unarmed;  fruit  red.  6.  A\  Americanns. 

1.  Rubus  odoratus  L.     PURPLE-FLOWERING  RASPBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1890.) 
Erect,  branched,  shrubby,  glandular-pubescent  and  somewhat  bristly,  not  prickly, 
1-1.5  m.   high.     Stipules  small,  lanceolate,   acuminate;    leaves  simple,   petioled, 
sometimes  nearly  3  dm.  broad,  3 -5 -lobed,  cordate  at  the  base,  pubescent,  the  lobes 
acuminate,  finely  serrate;  flowers  3-5  cm.  broad;  bracts  membranous;  calyx-lobes 
tipped  with  a  slender   appendage  ;   fruit  red  when   ripe,   depressed-hemispheric, 
scarcely  edible.     In  rocky  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.     A  form 
with  white  flowers  has  been  found  at  Pine  Hill,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.     June- Aug. 

2.  Rubus  Columbianus  (Millsp. )  Rydb.     MAPLE- LEAVED  RASPBERRY.    Erect, 
shrubby,    glandular-pubescent,    rarely   bristly.     Leaves   simple,    slender-petioled, 
5-y-lobed  to  near  the  middle,   cordate  at  the  base;  lobes  lanceolate,   acuminate, 
doubly  and  sharply  dentate;  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  2-3  cm.  broad; 
calyx-lobes   ovate,  with  almost  subulate   tips;    fruit   red,  small,  depressed,  of  a 
very  musky   taste.     Mountains  of  W.  Va.     July.      [./?.  odoratus  var.  Colnmbianus 
Millsp.] 

3.  Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.      SALMON-BERRY.      WHITE-FLOWERING  RASP- 
BERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  1891.)     Similar  to  R.  odoratus  but  usually  less  glandular  and 
scarcely  bristly.     Leaves  petioled,  simple,  cordate  at  the  base,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute  or  obtusish,  rarely  acuminate,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate;  flowers  few, 
corymbose,  white,  terminal,  3-5  cm.  broad;  calyx  lobes  tipped  with  a  long,  slender 
appendage  ;   fruit   depressed  hemispheric,    scarcely   edible,    red    when    ripe.      In 
woods,   Mich.,  Minn,  and  western  Ont.   to  Alaska,   Cal.,    Utah  and  Colo.     May- 
July. 

4.  Rubus   Chamaemorus   L.      CLOUDBERRY.      KXOTBERRY.      MOUNTAIN 
BRAMBLE.     MOUNTAIN    RASPBERRY.     (I.    F.    f.    1892.)      Herbaceous;    rootstock 
creeping;    branches   erect,    4-25   cm.    high,    finely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
scaly  below;  leaves  orbicular  or  broader,  5-9  lobed,  cordate  or  reniform  at  the 
base,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  3—7  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  usually  short,  broad,   den- 
tate; flowers  dioecious,  solitary,  terminal,  white,  12-25  mm-  broad;  sepals  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  petals,  sometimes  toothed  toward  the  apex;  fruit  red  at  first,   yel- 
low  when  ripe,   composed  of  few  drupelets,   edible  and  pleasant.     In  peat-bogs 
and  swamps,  Me.  and  N.  H.  to  Arctic  Am.,  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.     Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     June -July. 

5.  Rubus  arcticus  L.     ARCTIC  RASPBERRY  OR  BRAMBLE.     (I.  F.  f.  1893.) 
Stems  erect,    herbaceous,    7-25   cm.  high,   unarmed,   finely  pubescent,   sometimes 
leafless  below.     Leaves   3-foliolate   (rarely    5 -foliolate ) ;  leaflets    sessile   or  short- 
stalked,  rhombic-ovate  or  obovate,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  or  slightly  lobed, 
18-25    mm.    long;  flowers    solitary,    or  occasionally  2,   slender-peduncled,    pink, 
12-25  mm-  broad,  sometimes  dioecious;  sepals  acute,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
obovate  petals;  fruit  light  red,  of  several  or  numerous  drupelets,  edible,  fragrant. 
In  peat-bogs  and  damp  woods,  Quebec  to  Manitoba  and  Br.  Col.,   and  throughout 
Arctic  Am.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  Rubus  Americanus   (Pers.)   Britton.      DWARF   RASPBERRY.      (I.    F.    f. 
1897.)     Stem   trailing   or  ascending,    unarmed,    annual,    herbaceous,    or  slightly 
woody,  15-45  cm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent.     Leaves  petioled,  3-foliolate,  rarely 
5-foliolate;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,   glabrous  or  nearly  so,   acute,    the  lateral  ones 
mostly    rounded,    the    terminal   one   cuneate    at    the   base,    all    sharply    serrate ; 
peduncles  slender,    1-3  flowered,   glandular-pubescent;    flowers   8-12  mm.  broad; 
petals    5-7,    white,    spatulate-oblong,    erect,    rather   longer   than     the   acuminate 
r -flexed   sepals;    fruit   red-purple,    about    12    mm.    long.     In   swamps,   Newf.    to 
Mmitoba,  N.  J.  and  Neb,     Intermediate  between  Blackberries  and  Raspberries- 
May-July, 


FLORA. 

7.  Rubus    strigosus    Michx.      WILD  RED  RASPBERRY.      (I.    F.   f.    1894.) 
Stems  shrubby,  biennial,  branched,  5-20  dm.  high,  usually  densely  clothed  with 
veak  glandular  bristles,   or  the  older  stems  with  small  hooked  prickles.     Leaves 
pinnately  3-5-foliolate;    leaflets   ovate    or  ovate-oblong,    acuminate,   sharply  and 
;rregularly  serrate  or  slightly  lobed,   rounded  at  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long;  inflores- 
cence racemose  or  paniculate,   loose;    pedicels  slender,   curving  in  fruit;    flowers 
8-12  mm.  broad;  petals  white,  ascending,  about  equalling  the  spreading  acuminate 
sepals;  fruit  elongated-hemispheric,    light  red,   white  in  a    cultivated   form.     In 
dry  or  rocky  situations,  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Manitoba,  Br.    Col.,  N.   Car.,   and  N. 
Mex.     May- July. 

8.  Rubus   neglectus  Peck.      PURPLE  WILD  RASPBERRY.      (I.  F.  f.  1895.) 
Intermediate  between  the  preceding   species   and  the  next.     Stems  recurved  and 
rooting  at  the  tip,  glaucous,  sparingly  bristly  and  prickly;  leaflets  ovate,   sharply 
and    irregularly    incised-serrate,    2-8  cm.   long;  inflorescence   corymbose,   rather 
compact;  pedicels  erect  or  ascending  even   in  fruit;    flowers    8-10  mm.    broad; 
petals  white,  erect;  fruit  nearly  hemispheric,  dark-red  or  purple  (yellowish   in  a 
cultivated  form).     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.     June-July.     Fruit  ripe 
July-Aug. 

9.  Rubus  occidentalis  L.     BLACK  RASPBERRY.     THIMBLE-BERRY.     BLACK- 
CAP.     (I.  F.  f.  1896.)     Very  glaucous;  stems  cane-like,  recurved,  often  rooting  at 
the   tip,    sometimes   3-4  m.    long,  sparingly  armed  with   hooked  prickles,   rarely 
slightly  glandular-bristly  above.     Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  5-foliolate); 
leaflets  ovate,    acuminate,    coarsely   incised-serrate;  flowers   as   in  the  preceding 
species;  inflorescence  corymbose,  compact,   usually  only  terminal;  pedicels  short, 
ascending  or  erect  in  fruit;    fruit  purple-black,   depressed-hemispheric.     Quebec 
and  Out.,  to  Ga.  and  Kans.     May-June. 

10.  Rubus  laciniatua  Wilkl.     CUT-LEAVED   BLACKBERRY.     Stem  ascending, 
2-3  m.   high,    pale  green  or  purplish,   angled,  with  stout  flat  recurved  prickles; 
the  young  shoots  villous.     Leaves  pcdately  3-5-foliolate;  leaflets  often  again  pin- 
nately 3 -5-foliolate,  laciniate  or  deeply  incised  and  serrate,  villous  beneath;  inflo- 
rescence cymose-paniculate;  flowers  2—3  cm.  wide  ;  petals  white,  obovate-cuneate, 
often  lobed  at  the  apex;  sepals  more  or  less  foliaceous  and  lobed;  fruit  large,  black, 
hemispheric.     Escaped  from  cultivation  in  S.  N.  Y.  and  Penn. ;  also  in  Ore.  and 
Wash.     Supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Europe.     June -Aug. 

11.  Rubus   cuneifolius   Pursh.     SAND    BLACKBERRY.     KNEE-HIGH  BLACK- 
BERRY.   (I.  F.  f.  1901.)     Shrubby,    3-10  dm.  high,   much  branched,   armed  with 
stout  straight  or  recurved  prickles.     Leaves  3-5-foliolate  ;  leaflets  thick,    rugose 
above,  2-5  cm.  long,  obovate  or  rarely  oval,  obtuse,   dentate,  especially  above  the 
middle,  the  terminal  one  cuneate;  peduncles  mainly  terminal,  2-5 -flowered;  flcw- 
ers  white  or  pinkish,    nearly  2.5   cm.    broad;  petals  exceeding  the  sepals;  fruit 
brownish-black,  often  2.5  cm.  long,  delicious.     In  sandy  soil,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and 
La.     May-July. 

12.  Rubus  nigrobaccus  Bailey.     HIGH  BUSH  BLACKBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1898.) 
Shrubby,  branched,   glandular-pubescent  ;  stems  erect  or  recurved,  1-3  m.  long, 
armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles.     Leaves  3-5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  the 
terminal  one  stalked  ;  inflorescence  mainly  terminal,  racemose-paniculate;  bracts 
small;  flowers  18-25  mm.  broad;  petals  white,  obovate,  much  exceeding  the  sepals; 
fruit  black,  pulpy,  12-25  mm-  l°nR-     I11  dry  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.,  mostly 
at  low  altitudes.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  July-Aug.     A  form  with  small  white  fruit 
occurs  in  Michigan.      [R.  villosus  Gray  and  of  111.  Fl. ;  not  Ait.] 

R.  nigrobaccus  satfvus  Bailey  is  a  form  with  short  flower  clusters  and  fewer  and  larger 
drupelets. 

13.  Rubus    Allegheniensis  Porter.      MOUNTAIN  BLACKBERRY.      (I.    F.    f. 
1899.)     Glandular,  resembling  the  preceding  species.     Stems  rather  more  slender, 
red  or  purple,  very  prickly,  erect  or  ascending,  6-25  dm.  high.     Leaflets  usually 
narrower,  ovate-lanceolate;  fruit  16-28  mm.  long,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  much  less 
pulpy  and  of  a  peculiar  flavor;    racemes   sometimes  very  long,    and  pubescent; 
drupelets  oblong  when  dry.     In  dry  soil.  Ont.  and  northern  N.   Y.  to  Penn,  and 
Va.,  mostly  at  high  altitudes.     Ma v -July. 


ROSACEAE.  497 

14.  Rubus  ostryifolius  Rydb.      COAST    BLACKBERRY.      Ascending  or  de- 
pressed, 6-12  dm.  high.     Stems  brownish  purple;  prickles   stout,  broad,  flat  at  the 
base,  recurved;  younger  parts  finely  villous;  leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  oblong  or 
oblong-ovate,    rather  simply  serrate,   finely  villous   below,   slightly  pubescent   or 
glabrate    above  ;    corymb   small,    1-5 -flowered,    villous  pubescent    and    somewhat 
prickly;    flowers    1-2  cm.  in  diameter;    sepals   ovate,  with  a  short   subulate  tip; 
fruit  hemispherical,  black,  rather  dry,  less  than   I   cm.   high.       Near  the  seashc  re 
from  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.     Type  from  Atlantic  Highlands,  N.  J.     May-Aug.    In  habit 
intermediate  between  a  blackberry  and  a  dewberry. 

15.  Rubus  frondosus  Bigel.     LEAFY-BRACTED  BLACKBERRY.      Erect,  about 
I  m.   high,  decidedly  villous,  especially  when  young.      Stems  stout,  angled,  with 
rather  stout,  straight  prickles;  leaves  mostly  3-foliolate,  especially  on  the  flowering 
branches,  leaflets  shor't-obovate,  doubly  and  sharply  serrate;  terminal  one  generally 
short- petioled;    inflorescence    dense,    generally    leafy-bracted    and    subtended   by 
unifoliolate  leaves;  flowers  about  3  cm.   broad;  petals  broadly  obovate.     N.  Eng. 
to  Ohio  and  Va.      \_R.  villosus  var.  frondosus  Torr.  ] 

16.  Rubus  Randii  (Bailey)  Rydb.     RAND'S  BLACKBERRY.      Low  and  diffuse, 
almost  glabrous,  3-5  dm.  high,  .vith  very  few   and  weak  prickles,  not  rarely  un- 
armed and  only  slightly  shrubby.      Leaves  very  thin,  those  of  the   sterile   shoots 
5-foliolate,  those  of  the  flowering  stems  mostly  3-foliolate,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  long- 
acuminate,    sharply  and  doubly   serrate,  the   terminal   one   slender-petioled;    in- 
florescence elongated,  many-flowered,  bristly  but  not  glandular;  flowers  15-25  mm. 
broad;  fruit  hemispheric,  small,  less  than    I  cm.  long.     Me.  to  Lake  Superior  and 
Va.     June-Aug.      \_R.  villosus  var.  Randii  Bailey.] 

17.  Rubus  argutus  Link.     TALL   BLACKBERRY.     Resembling  the  last,    but 
stems  tall,  1-2  m.    high,    stout,  angled,  purple,  with    strong  and  slightly  recurved 
prickles;    inflorescence  corymbose,   many-flowered,    short;  leaves  ot  the  flowering 
branches  often  small  and  the  uppermost  unifoliolate;  flowers  2-3  cm.  bread;  petals 
oval  or  narrowly  obovate;    fruit  hemispheric,    alout   I   cm.   high.      It   has  been 
confused  with  R.  frondosns,  but  is  glabrate,   its  sterile   shoots  have  larger,  long- 
acuminate  leaflets,  and  the  petals  are  narrower.      Piince  Edward  Island  to  Ga., 
Ala.  and  Penn.     May-July. 

18.  Rubus  Canadensis  L.     MILLSPAUGH'S  ELACKBFRRY.     (I.  F.  f.    1900.) 
Ascending,  wand-like,  entirely  unarmed,  or  with  a  few  weak  prickles,  glabious  or 
the  younger  shoots  scurfy-pubescent;  stems  15-35  o'm.  long.     Leaves  long  petioled, 
pedately  5-folioiate,  or  some  3-foliolate;   leaflets  tval,  thin,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
long- acuminate  or  acute,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  tase,  often  15  cm.  long  and 
5  cm.  wide,  sharply  but  not  very  deeply  serrate;   stalk  of  the  terminal  leafet  4-10 
cm.  long;  inflorescence  loosely  racemose;    pedicels  slender,  ascending;  fruit  black, 
very  pulpy,  15-25  mm.  long.     In  thickets   and  rich  woods,  mountains  of  N.  Eng., 
the  Adirondacks,  and  in  the  higher  southern  Alleghanies.     Jui.e-Aug.      \_R.MiUs- 
paughii  Britt.] 

19.  Rubus  rubrisetus  Rydb.     RED-BRISTLED  DPAVBERRY.     Stems  6-12  dm. 
long,  trailing,  weakly  prickly  and   densely  clothed  with   red  or  purplish  bristles. 
Leaves  5-foliolate,  or  some  of  the  flowering    1  ranches  3-foliolate,  thick,  evergreen, 
glabrous  and  shining;  leaflets  all   petiolate,   obovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate, 
dentate    with    broad   teeth  ;    inflorescence    corymbose,   3-7-flowcred,  prickly   and 
bristly;    flowers  15-25  mm.   wide;    sepals    ovate,    with  a  short  subulate   tip.     In 
the  Mississippi  Valley  from  Mo.  to  La.      Feb.  -June.     Type  from  New  Orleans. 

20.  Rubus  trivialis  Michx.     SOUTHERN  DEWBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1904.)     Stem 
trailing  or  procumbent,  I  m.  long  or  more,  beset  with  stout  hooked  prickles,  and 
sometimes  slightly  bristly.    Branches  erect,  3-15  cm.  high,  prickly;   leaves  petioled, 
3-foliolate  (rarely  5-foliolate);  leaflets  oval  or  sometimes  ovate  lanceolate,  coriaceous, 
evergreen,   glabrous    or  very  nearly  so,    acute  or  oltusish  at  the  apex,    serrate- 
dentate;  peduncles  terminal,  prickly,    1-3  flowered;   flowers  often  25  mm.  broad, 
white;  petals  much  exceeding  the  reflexed  sepals;   fruit  black,  often  25  mm.  long, 
well  flavored.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla..  west  to  Tex.     March-May. 

21.  Rubus  invisus  Bailey.     ITHACA  DEWBERRY.     Stems   stout   and   partly 
ascending,  terete,  armed  with  straight,   slightly  reflexed  prickles.     Leaves  of  the 
sterile  shoots  5-foliolate,  those  of  the  flowering  shoots  generally  3-foliolate,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  especially  those  of  the 


498  FLOKA.    + 

sterile  shoots;  corymbs  few -flowered,  with  rather  elongated  pedicels;  sep«,is  with 
long  tips;  fruit  globular-oblong.  N.  Y.  to  Ala.  and  Kans.  June-July.  [R,  Cana- 
densis  var.  invisus  Bailey.] 

22.  Rubus  roribaccus  (Bailey)  Rydb.     LUCRETIA  BLACKBERRY.     Stem  very 
stout,  terete,  with  weak  straight  prickles.    Young  shoots  and  inflorescence  decidedly 
villous-glandular;  leaves  as  those  of  the  preceding,   but  less  acuminate,  sharply 
doubly  serrate,   thinner  and  greener;  inflorescence  many-flowered,  leafy -bracted; 
flowers  large,  3-5  cm.  in  diameter;  petals  generally  broadly  obovate  ;  sepals  nearly 
always  foliaceous  with  a  lanceolate  base;  fruit  oblong-globose.      Va.,  W.  Va.  and 
Perm.     May-July.     [7v.  Canadcnsls  var.  roribaccus  Bailey.] 

23.  Rubus  pro-u.nbens  Muhl.     Low  RUNNING  BLACKBERRY.     DEWBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1906.)     Trailing,  shrubby;  stem  armed  with  scattered  prickles  or  nearly 
naked.     Branches    erect   or    ascending,    1-3   dm.    long,    more  or    less    pubescent, 
sometimes  slightly  glandular;  leaves  petioled,  3-7-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  oval  or 
thin,  obovate,  acute  or  sometimes  obtusish  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sharply  dentate-serrate,  usually  sparingly  pubescent;  white,   about  25  mm. 
broad;  fruit  black,  delicious,  often  25  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Newf.  and  Out.  to 
Lake  Superior,  Va.,   La.   and  the  Ind.  Terr.     April -May.     Fruit  ripe  June-July. 
[R.Canadensis  T.  &  G.,  not  L. ] 

24.  Rubus  subuniflorus  Rydb.     ONE-FLOWERED  DEWBERRY.     Like  the  pre- 
ceding,  but  soon   glabrate  throughout;   branches    very   slender;  flowers  3-4   cm. 
broad,   mostly  solitary,  on   long  axillary  peduncles    in  fruit  fully  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  prickles  very  weak;  fruit  small,    hemispheric,   i    cm.  long  or  less,  of  few 
large  grains.     In  habit  intermediate   between  the  preceding  and  the   following, 
but  the  flowers  larger  than  in  either.       Sandy  or   dry  soil,    near  the   coast  from 
Me.    to  S.  Car.     May-July;  fruit  July-Sept.      [R.  villosus  Ait.  1789;  not  Thunb. 

1784-] 

25.  Rubus  Ensleni  Tratt.     ENSLEN'S  DEWBERRY.    Slender,  trailing,  glabrous 
throughout,  sparingly  armed  with  reflexed  prickles.     Leaves  small,  2-4  cm.  long, 
obovate-cuneate  or  the  terminal  one  rhombic-cuneate,  entire  at  the  base,  crenate- 
dentate  or  crenate -serrate  above,  acute;   flowers  small,  about  15  mm.  broad;  sepals 
narrowly  ovate,    mucronate;  fruit   small,  of  few   drupelets.     Woods  in  the  South 
from  Kans.  (?)  to  Miss,  and  Ala.     March-April. 

26.  Rubus  Baileyanus  Britton.     BAILEY'S  BLACKBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.   1905.) 
Stem    trailing   or  ascending,    sparingly  prickly,    1-2  m.   long.     Leaflets    broadly 
ovate  or  oval,  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  lower  surfa.ce,   mostly  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  acute  or  obtuse,   the  uppermost  leaves  almost  invariably  unifoliolate  ; 
flowers  few,  rather  large,  2-3  cm.  broad;  fruit  small.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets, 
Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  Va.     May-June. 

27.  Rubus  nigricans  Rydb.     PECK'S  DEWBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1903.)     Decum- 
bent, with  stout  bristles.     Shoots  suberect,  often  3  dm.  high,  the  sterile  ones  very 
bristly,  with  stout  reflexed  bristles  or  slender  prickles;  leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  and 
the  lower  ones  of  the  fertile  5-foliolate;  leaflets  petioled  or  the  lower  subsessile,  obo- 
vate or  oval,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green;  inflorescence  racemose,  leafy- 
bntcted;  flowers  about   15   mm.  broad;  sepals  lanceolate;  fruit  hemispheric,  about 
i   cm.,   at  first  red,  but  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe.      Open  grounds,  Newf.  to 
Mich.,  south  to  Penn.      \R.  hispidus  var.  suberectus  Peck;  not  R,  suberectiis  An- 
ders.; R.  setosus  of  111.  Fl.,  in  part.] 

28.  Rubus   setosus   Bigel.      BRISTLY    BLACKBERRY.      Similar  to  the  next 
following   species   but  stouter;    stems    ascending   or  decumbent,    the   older   parts 
densely  clothed  with  slender  slightly  reflexed  bristles.     Lower  leaflets  generally  5, 
3  in  those  of  the  flowering  branches,  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute  or  short-acuminate 
sometimes  5   cm.   long,    short-stalked  or  sessile;  flowers   12-18  mm.  broad,    race 
mose;  fruit  small,  sour.      E.  Mass.     July- Aug. 

29.  Rubus  hispidus  L.     HISPID  OR  RUNNING  SWAMP  BLACKBERRY.    (I.  F.  f. 
1902. )     Stems  slender,   slightly  woody,  creeping,   more  or  less  densely  beset  with 
weak  bristles.     Branches  erect  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  long,  naked;  leaves  petioled, 
3-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate,   obtuse,   thick,    persistent,  narrowed  at  the  base,  1-4 
cm.  long,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle;  peduncles  terminal  or  axillary,  nearly 
or  quite    leafless;  flowers  corymbose,   white,  10-14  mm.   broad;  petals  exceeding 
the  sepals;  fruit  red,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  sour,  usually  less  than  I   cm.  long, 


ROSACEAE.  499 

composed  of  few  drupelets.     In  swamps  or  low  grounds,  rarely  in  dry  soil,  N.  S. 
to  Out.,  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Kans.     June -July. 

7.     DALIBARDA  L. 

A  low  tufted  perenii  al  downy- pubescent  herb,  with  simple  long-petioled  ovate- 
orbicular  cordate  and  crenate  leaves,  and  scape-like  peduncles  bearing  I  or  2  white 
flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-6-parted,  its  divisions  somewhat  unequal,  the  3  larger 
ones  commonly  toothed.  Petals  5,  sessile,  soon  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous. 
Pistils  5-10;  style  terminal.  Drupelets  5-10,  nearly  dry,  enclosed  at  length  in 
the  connivent  calyx-segments.  [Named  in  honor  of  Thos.  Fran.  Dalibard,  a 
French  botanist  of  the  eighteenth  century.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  northeastern 
North  America. 

i.  Dalibarda  repens  L.  DALIBARDA.  (I.  F.  f.  1907.)  Plant  commonly 
bearing  cleistogamous  flowers.  Stems  slender,  unarmed,  much  tufted,  several 
inches  long  ;  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  2-5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  crenations 
low,  obtuse  or  sometimes  mucronulate;  stipules  setaceous;  flowers  8-iomm.  broad; 
peduncles  slender,  4-12  cm.  long;  drupelets  oblong,  pointed,  slightly  curved, 
minutely  roughened.  In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  south  to  southern  N.  J.,  Ohio 
and  Mich.  June-Sept. 

8.  DRYMOCALLIS    Fourr. 

Perennial,  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid,  erect  herbs  with  pinnate  leaves. 
Flowers  irregularly  cymose;  calyx  5-bracteate;  sepals 5;  petals  5,  obovate,  elliptic 
or  orbicular,  not  emarginate,  yellow  or  white.  Stamens  20-30,  in  five  festoons  on 
the  much  thickened  margins  of  the  pentagonal  disk  around  the  receptacle;  anthers 
flattened.  Receptacle  hemispheric  with  numerous  pistils;  style  nearly  basal  and 
generally  thickened  near  the  middle;  seed  attached  near  the  base  of  the  style,  as- 
cending, orthotropous.  A  genus  of  18  or  20  species  of  the  north  temperate  zone; 
of  these  13  are  found  in  America. 

i.  Drymocallis  arguta  (Pursh)  Rydb.  TALL,  OR  GLANDULAR  CINQUE- 
FOIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1913.)  Erect,  stout,  glandular  and  villous-pubes-cent,  3-10  dm. 
high.  Basal  leaves  pinnately  7-ii-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  oval  or  rhomboid,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  the  terminal  one  cuneate,  the  others  rounded  at  the  base  and  com- 
monly oblique,  all  sharply  incised-serrate  ;  stem-leaves  short-petioled  Or  sessile, 
with  fewer  leaflets;  flowers  white,  densely  cymose,  10-18  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals;  stamens  25-30.  [Potentil/a  arguta 
Pursh.]  On  dry  or  rocky  hills,  N.  B.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  south  to  Tenn.  and  Kans. 
June-July. 

9.     DASIPHORA  Raf. 

Shrubs  with  scarious  sheathing  stipules  and  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  or 
in  small  cymes;  bractlets,  sepals  and  petals 5.  Petals  orbicular,  not  emarginate,  in 
ours  yellow.  Stamens  about  25,  in  5  festoons  on  a  disk  as  in  Drymocallis  ;  style 
lateral,  club-shaped,  thick  and  glandular  above;  stigma  four-lobed.  Achenes  nu- 
merous, densely  covered  with  long  straight  hairs;  seed  ascending  and  amphitro- 
pous.  A  genus  of  8  or  9  species,  all  Asiatic,  but  the  following  also  natives  of  North 
America  and  Western  Europe. 

T.  Dasiphora  fruticosa  (L.)  Rydb.  SHRUBBY  CINQUEFOIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1932.) 
Shrubby,  much  branched;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  1.5-12  dm.  high,  the 
bark  shreddy.  Leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  entire,  acute  or  acutish  at  each  end,  1-2  cm. 
long,  silky-pubescent,  the  margins  revolute;  flowers  bright  yellow.  1.5-3  cm.  broad; 
calyx-lobes  ovate;  bractlets  oblong.  \Potentillafruticosa  L.]  In  swamps  or  moist 
rocky  places.  Lab.  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-Sept. 

Dasiphora  fruticosa  tenuifblia  (Willd.)  Rydb.  Leaflets  linear-oblong,  more  revolute; 
shrub  lower  and  more  hairy.  On  high  mountains  among  exposed  rocks.  Range  of  the 
species. 

10.  SIBBALDIOPSIS  Rydb. 

A  low  undershrub,  with  trifoliolate  subcoriaceous  leaves  and  white  cymose 
flowers,  Bractlets-  and  sepals  5.  Petals  5,  obovate  or  broadly  oval,  not  emargi. 


500  FLORA. 

nate.     Style  lateral,  filiform;   achenes  turgid,  villous;  seed  ascending  and  amphit- 
ropous;  otherwise  as  in  Potentilla.     A  mcnotypic  genus. 

i.  Sibbaldiopsis  tridentata  (Soland.)  Rydb.  THREE-TOOTHED  CINQUEFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  1933.)  Caudex  woody,  creeping;  branches  of  the  year  erect,  3-30  cm. 
high,  pubescent.  Stipules  lanceolate,  entire;  leaflets  cuneate,  3-toothed  or  some- 
times 2-5 -toothed  at  the  truncate  apex,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale  and 
minutely  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  1-6,  in  a  terminal  cyme,  about  i  cm.  broad; 
bractlets  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes;  stamens  abcut  20. 
[Potenti/Ia  tridentata  Soland.]  In  rocky  places,  especially  on  mountains,  Green- 
land to  N.  J.,  on  the  southern  Alleghanies,  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  west  to 
the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.  June-Aug. 

ii.    SIBBALDIA  L. 

Depressed  alpine  or  arctic  plants,  with  alternate  mainly  3-foliolate  stipulate 
leaves,  and  cymose  flowers.  Calyx  slightly  concave,  5-lobed,  5-bracteolate,  per- 
sistent. Petals  5.  oblong  or  spatulate,  much  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes,  yellow. 
Stamens  5,  opposite  the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  villous-pubescent 
disk.  Carpels  5-10,  on  short  pubescent  stipes;  style  lateral,  filiform.  Aduncs 
5-10,  glabrous.  [Named  in  honor  of  Robt.  Sibbald,  a  Scotch  naturalist.]  About 
5  species,  natives  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.  Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.  SIBBALDIA.  (1.  F.  f.  1938.)  Densely  tufted; 
stem  decumbent  or  creeping,  less  than  i  dm.  long.  Stipules  membranous,  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  adnate;  leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  cuneate,  3-5-toothed  at 
the  apex,  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs  on  both  sides,  resembling  in  outline  those 
of  Sibbaldiopsis  tridentata;  flowers  yellow,  3-5  mm.  broad,  numerous;  petals 
spatulate,  very  small;  calyx-lobes  oblong-ovate,  acute,  longer  and  broader  than 
the  bractlets.  White  Mts.;  Mt.  Albert,  Quebec;  Lab.,  Greenland  to  Alaska, 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Utah  and  Colo.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

12.  FRAGARIA  L. 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs  pic  pagating  by  runners,  with  basal  tufted  peticlcd 
3-foliolate  leaves,  and  sheathing  membranous  stipules.  Flowers  white,  corymbc.se 
or  racemose  on  erect  scapes,  polygamo-dicecious,  the  pedicels  often  recurved. 
Calyx  persistent,  its  tube  obconic  or  turbinate,  5-bracteolate,  deeply  5-lobed. 
Petals  5,  obovate,  short-clawed.  Stamens  oo  ;  filaments  slender.  Carpels  oo  ,  in- 
serted on  a  glabrous  convex  or  elongated  receptacle,  which  becomes  fleshy  or  pulpy 
in  fruit;  styles  lateral.  Achenes  oo  ,  minute,  dry,  crustaceous.  Seed  ascending 
and  amphitropous.  [Latin,  fragum,  strawberry,  signifying  fragrance.]  About  25 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  the  Andes  of  S.  Am.  Besides  the 
following,  15  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Achenes  imbedded  in  pits  on  the  fruit. 

Hairs  of  the  scape  and  petioles  mostly  divaricate;  leaflets  generally  petiolate. 

Leaflets  broadly  oval  or  obovate  ;  fruit  globose  or  ovoid.        i.  F.  Virginiana. 
Leaflets  oblong  or  narrowly  obovats :  fruit  oblong-conic.       2.  F.  Canadensis. 
Hairs  of  the  scape  and  petioles  appressed  ;  leaflets  subsessile.       3.  F.  'Jerrae-noiae. 
Achenes  borne  on  the  surface  of  the  fruit  ;  leaflets  subsessile. 

Stout  ;  leaflets  thickish  ;  plant  naturalized ;  fruit  ovoid  to  hemispheric. 

4.  F.  vesca. 
Slender;  leaflets  thin;  native  plant;  fruit  ovoid  to  conic.  5.  F.  Americana. 

i.  Fra?aria  Vtreiniana  Duchesne.  VIRGINIA  OR  SCARLET  STRAWBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  If)o8.)  R.vther  stout,  tufted,  dark  green,  villous-pubescent.  Leaflets 
thick,  obtuse,  dentate -serrate,  the  terminal  one  generally  cuneate,  the  lateral  in- 
equilateral at  the  base;  scape  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves;  hairs  of  the 
pedicels  mostly  appressed;  calyx-lobes,  at  least  of  the  sterile  flowers,  erect  at  ma- 
turity. In  dry  soil,  Prince  Edward  Island  to  Minn.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  Ga.  April-June. 

Fragaria  Virginiana  Graykna  (Vilm.)  Rydb.  Plant  coarse  and  hairy  ;  hairs  of  pedi- 
cels divaricate.  Ohio  to  Kans.  \F.  Virginian  a  Illinoensis  Gray.] 

Fragaria  Virginiana  austr&lis  Rydb.  Smaller  and  more  hairy,  3-8  cm.  high  ;  leaflets 
only  2-4  cm.  long,  almost  sessile  j  sepals  broad,  acuminate,  Va,  to  Nt  C»  and  La, 


ROSACEAE.  $01 

2.  Fragaria  Canadensis  Michx.     NORTHERN  WILD  STRAWBERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1909.)     Petioles  slender,  loosely  villous.     Leaves  thin  but  firm  ;  leaflets  oblong  or 
the  middle  one  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse,  rather  few-toothed,  2-4  cm.   long,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  above,  even  when  young,  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent  be- 
neath; flowers  few,  slender-pedicelled,  10-15  mm.  broad;   fruit  12-16  mm.  long. 
In  fields  and  meadows,  Newf.  to  Mich.,  south  to  the  Catskills.     May-July. 

3.  Fragaria  Terrae-novae  Rydb.     NEWFOUNDLAND  STRAWBERRY.     Leaves 
thin,  glabrate  above,  slightly  silky  beneath;  leaflets  2-5  cm.  long,  obovate,  serrate, 
the  lateral  ones  slightly  oblique  at  the  base;  scape  slender,  silky  strigose  at  first, 
glabrate  in  age,  few  flowered;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter;  petals  often  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  fruit  hemispheric,  about  I  cm.  broad.     Newf.  and  Lab. 
to  Me.  and  Ont. 

4.  Fragaria  vesca  L.     EUROPEAN  WOOD   STRAWBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.   1910.) 
Stout,  tufted,  dark  green,  silky.     Leaflets  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  dentate, 
rather  thin,  the  terminal  one  cuneate,  the  others  inequilateral  at  the  base;  scape 
commonly  exceeding  the  leaves  so  that  the  fruit  is  borne  above  them,  sometimes 
3  dm.  high,  its  hairs  mostly  spreading;  calyx-lobes  remaining  spreading  or  some- 
times reflexed.     In  fields  and  along  roadsides.     Nat.  from  Europe  in  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  States.     April-June. 

5.  Fragaria  Americana  (Porter)  Britton.     AMERICAN  WOOD  STRAWBERRY. 
(I.   F.   f.    1911.)     Slender,    light   green,   silky-pubescent   or   glabrate,    producing 
runners    more   freely   than    any   of  the    preceding  species.     Leaflets   very   thin, 
ovate  or  oval,   sharply  incised- dentate,  the  terminal  one  commonly  cuneate,  the 
others  inequilateral  at  the  base,  pubescent  with  silvery  appressed  hairs  beneath; 
calyx-lobes  reflexed  in  fruit;  fruit  often  with  a  short  neck.     In  rocky  woods,  Newf. 
to  Va.  and  N.  Mex.    ,May-june. 

13.  DUCHESNEA   J.  E.  Smith. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  leafy  runners,  3-foliolate  long-petioled  leaves  and 
axillary  slender-peduncled  yellow  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  5-bracteolate, 
the  bractlets  larger  than  the  calyx-segments  and  alternating  with  them,  dentate  or 
incised.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  numerous,  borne  on  a 
hemispheric  receptacle  which  greatly  enlarges  but  does  not  become  pulpy  in  fruit. 
Achenes  superficial  on  the  receptacle.  [In  honor  of  A.  N.  Duchesne,  French 
botanist.]  Two  species,  natives  of  southern  Asia. 

i.  Duchesnea  Indica  (Andr.)  Focke.  YELLOW  OR  INDIAN  STRAWBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1912.)  Silky -pubescent,  tufted  and  forming  leafy  runners,  dark  green. 
Leaflets  rhombic  obovate,  rather  thin,  crenate  or  dentate,  obtuse  at  the  apex; 
peduncles  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  bractlets 
of  the  calyx  dentate  or  incised,  exceeding  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  acuminate  spread- 
ing calyx-lobes.  In  waste  places,  southern  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Ga. 
Naturalized  or  adventive  from  India.  April-July. 

14.     COMARUM  L. 

A  stout  dark  green  nearly  glabrous  herb,  with  alternate  pinnate  large-stipuled 
leaves,  the  large  purple  flowers  cymose  or  solitary,  terminal  or  also  axillary. 
Calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  5-bracteolate,  the  bractlets  narrow.  Petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  acute,  purple.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  large  pubescent 
disk.  Pistils  numerous,  inserted  on  the  pubescent  receptacle  which  becomes 
spongy  in  fruit.  Style  lateral.  Achenes  glabrous,  I -seeded.  Seed  pendulous. 
[Greek  name  of  the  Arbutus,  from  the  similar  fruits.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the 
north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Comarum  palustre  L.  PURPLE  OR  MARSH  CINQUEFOIL.  PURPLE 
MARSHLOCKS.  COWBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1937.)  Decumbent  at  the  base.  Leaves 
pinnate,  the  lower  long-petioled,  5-7-foliolate;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-8  cm. 
long ;  stipules  membranous,  sometimes  adnate  to  the  petiole  for  half  its  length ; 
upper  leaves  nearly  sessile,  3-5-foliolate;  flowers  showy,  i  cm,  broad,  in  fruit. 
2  cm. ;  calyx-lobes  purple  within,  ovate,  acuminate,  much  exceeding  the  ovate- 


502  FLORA. 

lanceolate  petals;  bractlets  much  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes.  In  swamps  and 
peat-bogs,  Greenland  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Mont.,  northern  Cal.  and  Iowa.  Also 
in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  June -Aug. 

15.  ARGENTINA    Lam. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves  and  long  runners.  Flowers 
yellow,  solitary  on  long  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the  basal  leaves;  petals  broadly 
oval  or  almost  orbicular,  not  emarginate;  stamens  20-25;  style  filiform,  lateral, 
tardily  deciduous;  mature  achenes  with  a  thick,  corky  pericarp;  seed  ascending, 
amphitropous;  otherwise  as  in  Potentilla.  A  genus  consisting  of  three  species, 
one  from  New  Zealand  and  the  following. 

Achenes  thick,  generally  grooved  at  the  upper  end;  leaves  1-2  dm.  long;   leaflets 
sharply  serrate.  i.  A.  Anserina. 

Achenes  lenticular ;  leaves  3-5  cm.  long ;  leaflets  with  rounded  teeth. 

2.  A.  Egedii. 

1.  Argentina    Anserina    (L.)    Rydb.     SILVER- WEED.     WILD    OR    GOOSE- 
TANSY.     (I.  F.  f.  1934.)     Herbaceous;  runners  3-10  dm.  long.     Stipules  membra- 
nous; leaflets  1-3  cm.  long,  oblong,  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  gener- 
ally smaller,  nearly  glabrous  above,  white  and  silky-pubescent  beneath;  peduncles 
about  equalling  the  leaves ;  flower  yellow,  10-25  mm-  broad ;  petals  exceeding  the  ovate 
acute  calyx-lobes  and  oval  bractlets ;  receptacle  villous;  achenes  glabrous  [Poten- 
tilla Anserina  L.].     On  shores  and  salt  meadows,  N.  J.  to  Greenland,  west  to  Cal. 
and  Alaska,  south   in   the   Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.     Also   in   Europe   and   Asia. 
May-Sept. 

Argentina  Anserina  grandis  (Torr.  &  Gray)  Rydb.  Leaves  often  3-4  dm.  long, 
erect;  leaflets  oblong,  4-7  cm.  long.  In  grassy  places,  from  Greenland  and  Newf.  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Mont,  and  Cal. 

2.  Argentina   Egedii    (Wormsk.)   Rydb.      EGEDI'S    SILVER-WEED.      Much 
smaller  than  the  preceding;  leaflets  5-15,  glabrous  above,  sometimes  white-tomen- 
tose  beneath,  but  never  silky,   broadly  obovate  or  suborbicular,  5-10  mm.  long; 
pedicels   1-3   cm.  long.     [Potentilla  Egedii  (Wormsk.)  T.  &  G.]     Greenland  to 
Alaska,  south  to  Mass,  and  Ore.,  along  the  coast.     Also  in  Iceland. 

16.  POTENTILLA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  digitately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  and  cymose  or  solitary,  yellow  white  or  purple  perfect  flowers.  Calyx 
persistent,  its  tube  concave  or  hemispheric,  5-bracteolate  (rarely  4-bracteolate), 
5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed).  Petals  5  or  rarely  4,  mostly  obovate  or  orbicular,  usually 
emarginate.  Stamens  20-30,  seldom  5  or  10;  filaments  slender  ;  anthers  small. 
Carpels  usually  in  3  series,  numerous,  inserted  on  a  dry,  usually  pubescent  recep- 
tacle; style  terminal,  deciduous.  Seed  pendulous  and  anatropous.  [Diminutive 
oipotens,  powerful,  from  the  medicinal  properties  of  some  species.]  About  150 
species,  nearly  all  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following 
about  30  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am.  All  species  of  our  range  have  yellow 
flowers  and  glabrous  achenes. 

I.  Flowers  cymose  ;  erect  or  ascending  herbs. 

Leaves  digitately  3-7-foliolate;  leaflets  dentate  or  incised. 
.   Leaflets  5-7. 

Leaves  white- pubescent  beneath.  i.  P.  argentea. 

Leaves  green  beneath. 

Plant  7-20  cm.  high;  leaflets  obovate,  12-16  mm.  long;  arctic. 

2.   P.  maculata. 
Plants  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  2-8  cm.  long;  introduced  species. 

Leaflets  obovate  ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad.  3.  P.  intermedia. 

Leaflets  oblanceolate:  flowers  12-70  mm.  broad.   4.  P.  sulphurga. 
Leaflets  3  (or  apparently  5  in  no.  n). 

Styles  filiform  ;  plants  arctic  or  alpine. 

Leaves  white-pubescent  beneath.  5.  P.  nivea. 

Leaves  green  beneath,  often  villous. 
Flowers  10-14  mm.  broad. 


ROSACEAE.  503 

Teeth  of  the  leaflets  acute;  bractlets  oblong. 

6.  P.  emarginata. 

Teeth  of  the  leaflets  obtuse;  bractlets  oval.    7.  P.  nana. 
Flowers  only  6  mm.  broad.  8.  P.  Robbinsiana* 

Styles  glandular-thickened  below. 

Plants  stout,  erect,  rough-pubescent. 

Stamens  about  20.  9.  P.  Monspeliensis. 

Stamens  5-8;  prairie  species.  10.  P.  pentandra. 

Plant  slender,  often  diffuse,  villous  or  glabrate.       n.  P.  leucocarpa. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-n-foliolate. 

Leaves  villous,  or  softly  pubescent,  rarely  glabrate. 

All  the  leaves  7-1  i-foliolate;  inflorescence  cymose.         12.  P.  paradoxa. 
Upper  leaves  3-foliolate  ;  inflorescence  falsely  racemose. 

13.  P.  Nicolletii. 
Leaves  white-tomentose  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  mostly  regularly  pinnate ;  pubescence  silky  and  tomentose. 

14.  P.  Hippiana. 
Leaves  mostly  interruptedly  pinnate;  pubescence  simply  tomentose. 

15.  P.  effusa. 
Leaves  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath ;  leaflets  pinnatifid. 

Styles  thickened  at  the  base. 

Pubescence  silvery-white.  16.  P.  bipinnatifida. 

Pubescence  not  silvery-white. 

Plants  erect ;  leaves  7-i5-foliolate. 

Plant  dark  green;  leaves  scarcely  paler  beneath. 

17.  P.  atrovirens. 
Plant  not  dark  green  ;  leaves  decidedly  paler  beneath. 

1 8.  P,  Pennsylvania. 

Plant  ascending  or  decumbent;    leaves   5-7-foliolate;    leaflets  ap- 
proximate or  almost  digitate.  19.  P.  litoralis. 

Styles  not  thickened;  plant  low,  spreading;  leaves  5-9-foliolate. 

20.  P.  multifida. 

1.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary;  creeping  or  ascending  plants. 
Leaflets  5,  rarely  3 ;  petals  and  sepals  5. 

Stem  long-assurgent ;  first  flower  from  the  axil  of  the  second  stem-leaf  or  some 

subsequent  leaf.  21.  P.  Canadensis. 

Plant  low,  less  than  i  dm.  high;  first  flower  from  the  axil  of  the  first  stem-leaf. 

22.  P.  p  until  a. 
Leaflets  3,  rarely  5  ;  petals  and  sepals  4,  rarely  5.  23.  P.  procumbens. 

1.  Potentilla  argentea   L.     SILVERY   OR    HOARY  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
1914.)     Stems  ascending,  tufted,  branched,  slightly  woody  at  the  base,  1-5  dm. 
long,  white  woolly-pubescent.    Leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  petioled,  digitately  5- 
foliolate;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  green  and  glabrous  above,  white-pubescent 
beneath,  laciniate  or  incised   and  with  revolute  margins;  flowers  4-8  mm.  broad; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  acutish,  a  little  shorter  than  the  obovate  retuse  petals;  stamens 
about  20;    style   filiform.     In   dry  soil,    N.  S.  and  Out.  to  Dak.,  south  to  D.   C. 
and  Kans.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Sept. 

Potentilla  collina  Wibel,   of  Europe,   collected  at  Winona,  Minn.,  and  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  differs  in  its  more  prostrate  habit,  broader,  not  revolute  leaflets,  and  larger  calyx. 

2.  Potentilla  maculata  Pourr.     NORTHERN  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  1915.) 
Rootstock  prostrate;  stems  ascending,  simple,  pubescent,  7-20  dm.  high.     Basal 
leaves  slender  petioled,  digitately  5-foliolate  (rarely  3-foliolate);  leaflets  obovate,  gla- 
brous above,   pubescent  along  the  margins  and  on  the  veins  beneath,  green  both 
sides,  deeply  toothed  ;  flowers  few,  terminal,   loosely  cymose;  petals  obovate,  ob- 
cordate,  cuneate,  orange-spotted  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  ovate  acutish  calyx- 
lobes;  stamens  about  20;  style  filiform.     Lab.  and  Greenland  to  James  Bay.    Also 
in  Europe.     Summer.      [P.  rubens  Rydb.,  not  Vill.] 

3.  Potentilla  intermedia  L.     DOWNY  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  1916.)     Peren- 
nial; stem  3-8  dm.  high,  leafy,  much  branched,  finely  pubescent  with  long  hairs. 
Leaves  green  and  finely  hirsute  on  both  sides,  somewhat  tomentose  beneath,  all  but 
the  uppermost  5-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong,  the  teeth  rather  obtuse;  flow- 
ers numerous,  cymose,  leafy-bracted ;  petals  obcordate,  equalling  the  triangular- 
ovate  acute  sepals  and  oblong  bractlets;  stamens  about  20;  style  short.     Mass.,  N. 


504  FLORA. 

Y.  and  N.  J.     Adventive  from  Europe.     Resembles  P.  Monspeliensis,  differing  in 
its  5-foliolate  leaves,  and  perennial  root. 

Potentilla  inclinata  Vill,  a  European  species,  has  been  collected  by  J.  Fowler  in  On- 
tario,    It  resembles  the  last,  but  the  leaves  are  grayish  and  slightly  silky  beneath. 

4.  Potentilla   sulphurea   Lam.      ROUGH-FRUITED  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.    F.    f. 
1917.)     Erect,    rather  stout,   branched   above,   villous-pubescent,    4-7    dm.    high. 
Stipules  ovate-lanceolate,    the    lower  foliaceous    and    laciniate  ;  leaves   digitately 
5-7-foliolate,    all    but   the  uppermost  petioled  ;    leaflets    oblanceolate   or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  green  both  sides,  sparingly  pubescent,  deeply  toothed,  with  triangular 
divergent  teeth;  flowers  light  yellow,  numerous,  about  2  cm.  broad;  stamens  about 
20;  style  slender,  terminal;   carpels  rugose.     This  has  been  confused  with  P.  recta 
L.,  which  is  also  cultivated  and  sometimes  escapes  from  gardens.     The  latter  has 
smaller,  dark  yellow  petals.     In  waste  places,  Ont.,  N.   Y.,  Va.  and  Mich.      Ad- 
ventive from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

5.  Potentilla  nivea  L.     SNOWY  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  1918.)    Stems  1-2  dm. 
high,  woody  at  the  base,   silky-villous;  leaves  3-foliolate  (very  rarely  5-foliolate), 
the  lower  petioled;    leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,   usually  deeply  crenate,  densely 
white-pubescent  beneath,  green  and  loosely  villous  above,  2—3  cm.  long,  the  termi- 
nal one  generally  cuneate;  flowers  1-5,  12-15  mm.   broad;  sepals  silky,   lanceo- 
late, acute,  shorter  than  the  broadly  obovate  emarginate  petals,  longer  than  the 
bractlets;  stamens  about  20.     Lab.,  Greenland  and  arctic  Am.  to  Br.  Col.,  south 
in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Utah  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

6.  Potentilla   emarginata   Pursh.     ARCTIC  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.   F.  f.   1919.) 
Stems  villous-pubascent,  tufted,  about  I  dm.  high.    Leaves  3-foliclate;  leaflets  obo- 
vate, 4-12  mm  long,  coarsely  serrate  toward  the  apex  with  acute  teeth,  the  terminal 
one  of  which  is  generally  the  largest,  villous  on  both  sides;   flower  solitary,  rarely 
2,  10-14  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  pilose,  equalling  the  oblong  bractlets, 
shorter  than  the  obcordate  petals;  stamens  about  20.     Lab.,  Greenland  and  arctic 
Am.  to  Alaska.     Also  in  Siberia  and  Spitzbergen.     Summer. 

7.  Potentilla  nana  Willd.     Low  CINQUEFOIL.      (I.    F.    f.    19-0.)     Villous- 
pubescent;  stems   2-5  cm.  high,  tufted,   generally  i-flowered.     Leaves  3-foliolate; 
leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular,  toothed,  the  teeth  short,  rounded,  the  terminal 
one  often  the  smallest;  petals  broadly  obcordate,  exceeding  the  ovate  acute  sepals 
and  the  oval  obtuse  bractlets.     Lab.,  Hudson  Bay  and  arctic  Am.  to  Alaska,  and 
the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains.     Also  in  Siberia.      Summer. 

8.  Potentilla  Robbinsiana  Oakes.     ROBBINS'  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  1921.) 
Depressed,  2-4  cm.  high,  tufted  from  a  woody  base,  villous-pubescent.   Basal  leaves 
petioled,  3-foliolate,  those  of  the  flowering  stem  sessile,  small  and  3-lobed;  leaflets 
obovate,  villous,  4-8  mm.  long,  deeply  3-7 -toothed  above,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at 
the  base,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  flowers  solitary,  terminal,  5-6  mm.  broad;  sepals  and 
bractlets  nearly  equal,  obtuse,  slightly  shorter  than  the  obcordate  petals.     White 
Mountains.     Summer. 

9.  Potentilla    Monspeliensis    L.      ROUGH    CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.    1922.) 
Erect,   annual  or  biennial,  hirsutely  rough -pubescent,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  3- 
foliolate,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so;  leaflets 
obovate,  green  both  sides,  obtuse,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs,  3-5  cm.  long; 
flowers  densely  cymose  and  leafy-bracted,  about  I  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
acute,  pubescent,  slightly  longer  than  the  obovate  retuse  petals;  stamens  15-20; 
style  glandular-thickened  below.     In  dry  soil,  Lab.  to  S.  Car.,  Alaska,  Kans.  and 
Ariz.     Also  in  Mexico  and  Asia.     June-Sept. 

Potentilla  Monspeliensis  Norv^gica  (L.)  Rydb.,  with  oblong  leaflets  and  fine  pubes- 
cence, a  native  of  Europe  and  Western  Asia  is  introduced  in  the  Eastern  States. 

10.  Potentilla  pentandra  Engelm.     FIVE-STAMENED  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
1923.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,   erect,  hirsute,   3-7   dm.  high,  much  branched 
above.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  slender-petioled,  3-foliolate,  with  the  lower  pair  of 
leaflets  parted  nearly  to  the  base,  so  as  to  appear  5-foliolate;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  incised -dentate,  more  or  less  pubescent,  3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a 
more  or  less   flat-topped  cyme,  pale  yellow,  less  than  5  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  acute,  much  exceeding  the  small  spatulate  petals;  stamens  5-8;  style  thick- 
ened below.     Prairies,  Manitoba  to  Kans.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     June-Sept. 


ROSAChAE.  505 

n.  Potentilla  leucocarpa  Rydb.  DIFFUSE  CINQUEFOIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1924.) 
Decumbent  or  ascending,  annual,  usually  diffusely  branched,  4-8  dm.  high,  softly 
villous-pubescent,  or  glabrate.  Leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  petioled,  3-foliolate; 
leaflets  oblong,  cuneate,  thin,  flaccid,  pubescent,  deeply  serrate,  2-4  cm.  long; 
flowers  loosely  cymose,  3-4  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  exceeding  the 
obovate  petals;  stamens  about  10;  style  slightly  thickened  below.  In  damp  soil, 
111.  to  Minn.,  N.  Mex.,  Cal.  and  Wash.  May-Sept. 

Potentilla  riv^lis  Nutt.,  a  western  species  which  may  reach  our  limits,  is  distin- 
guished from  this  by  its  usually  pinnately  5-foliolate  lower  leaves,  viscid  pubescence, 
stricter  erect  habit,  and  more  numerous  stamens.  It  has  been  collected  at  the  stockyards 
of  Chicago. 

12  .Potentilla  paradoxa  Nutt.  BUSHY  CINQUEFOIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1925.) 
Softly  pubescent,  animal  or  biennial,  rather  stout,  bushy,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves 
all  but  the  uppermost  petioled,  pinnately  7-ii-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate  or  oval, 
obtuse,  15-25  mm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  crenate,  the  upper  ones  commonly 
confluent  or  decurrent  on  the  rachis;  flowers  terminal,  loosely  cymose,  leafy  - 
bracted,  7  mm.  broad;  petals  obovate,  cuneate,  about  equalling  the  ovate  calyx- 
lobes;  stamens  about  20;  style  terminal,  thickened  below.  Shores  and  river  banks, 
N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Ore.  and  N.  Mex.  Also  in  Mex.  and  Mantchuria.  June-Sept. 

13.  Potentilla    Nicolletii    (S.  Wats.)   Sheldon.      NICOLLET'S    CINQUEFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  1926.)     Similar  to  P.  paradoxa,  but  more  spreading  and  more  branched; 
lower  leaves  only  pinnate,  with  few  leaflets;  upper  leaves  3-foliolate;  teeth  of  the 
leaflets  acute;  inflorescence  elongated,  falsely  racemose;  stamens  10-15.     N.  Dak., 
Iowa  and  Mo. 

14.  Potentilla  Hippiana  Lehm.      WOOLLY  CINQUEFOIL.      (I.   F.  f.   1927.) 
Perennial,  3-5  dm.  high,  densely  floccose  as  well  as  silky.     Lower  and  basal  leaves 
petioled,  pinnately  5-ii-foliolate;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  2-5  cm. 
long,  deeply  toothed,  very  white  beneath,  the  lower  ones  smaller  than  the  upper; 
flowers  loosely  cymose,  7—10  mm.  broad;  petals  obovate,  retuse,  a  little  exceeding 
the  lanceolate  acute  calyx-lobes;  stamens  about  20.     Dry  soil,  Minn,  and  Assin.  to 
Br.  Col.,  Neb.  and  N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

T5.  Potentilla  effusa  Dougl.  BRANCHED  CINQUEFOIL.  (I.  F.  f.  1928.) 
Closely  related  to  P.  Plippiana.  Plant  2-4  dm  high,  diffusely  branched  above  ; 
leaves  sometimes  interruptedly  pinnate,  toir.ei.tose-cai.escent,  but  not  silky;  leaf- 
lets 5-11,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad,  loosely  cymose;  bract- 
lets  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acute  calyx-lobes;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  about  20.  Prairies,  Minn,  (according  to,  Upham) 
to  Mont,  and  Colo.  Summer. 

1 6.  Potentilla    bipinratifida  Dougl.      CUT-LEAVED  CINQUEFOIL.      Stems 
erect  or  ascending,  simple,    white  silky-villous,  3-5  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  pin- 
nately 7-9-foliolate;   stem -leaves  subsessile  and  often  subdigitate;  leaflets  approxi- 
mate, obovate  in  outline,   pectinately  divided  into  linear  obtuse  segments,  silvery 
white;  flowers  densely   cymose;  sepals  ovate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  bractlets 
and  about  equalling  the  obovate-cuneate,  truncate  petals.     Prairies,  Hudson  Bay 
to  Sask.,  Alb.  and  Colo.     [P.  Pennsylvanica  bipinnatifida  T.  &  G.] 

17.  Potentilla  atrovirens   Rydb.     DARK-GREEN  CINQUEFOIL.     Stem  stout, 
2-3  dm.  high,  branched,  with  erect  branches,  dark  green,  densely  pilose.     Leaves 
similar  to  those  of  P.  Pennsylvanica.  but  dark  green,  densely  pilose  and  strongly 
veined;    cyme  many-flowered,  narrow,  with  erect  branches  ;  bractlets  and  sepals 
ovate,   subequal.   exceeding  the  cuneate-obovate    bright  yellow  petals.     Prairies, 
Minn.,  S.  Dak.  and  Wyo. 

1 8.  Potentilla  Pennsylvanica  L.     PRAIRIE  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  1929.) 
Stem  4-8  dm.  high,  tomentose.     Leaves  pinnately  5-1 5-foliolate,  grayish-tomentose 
beneath,  glabrous  above  ;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  cleft  halfway  to  the  mid- 
rib into  oblong  lobes,  margins   scarcely  revolute  ;    cymes  dense;  petals  yellow, 
obovate,   truncate   or  slightly  emarginate,   about   equalling   the   ovate    triangular 
acute  sepals  and  the  lanceolate  bractlets  ;    style  thickened  below.     On   prairies, 
Hudson  Bay  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  N.  Mex.     Summer. 

Potentilla  Pennsylvanica  strigosa  Pursh.  Stem  usually  lower  ;  pubescent  with  long 
villous  hairs;  leaflets  with  deep  narrow  divisions,  margins  revolute.  Manitoba  and  the 
N.  W.  Terr,  to  Kans.  and  N.  Mex.  Also  in  Siberia. 


506  FLORA. 

19.  Potentilla  littoralis  Rydb.     COAST  CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  1930.)    Per 
ennial,  tufted  ;   stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  2-4  dm.  high,   appressed-silky  or 
glabrate.      Leaflets   oblanceolate   or  obovate,  incised-pinnatifid  into  oblong  obtuse 
segments,   grayish -pubescent  beneath,   green  and  glabrate  above,   1-6  cm.   long  ; 
flowers  yellow,    cymose,   8-10   mm.  broad  ;    petals  obovate,  equalling  or  slightly 
exceeding   the  ovate   acute  veined   sepals  and  the   lanceolate  bractlets ;    stamens 
20-25  5    style  thickened  below.     Coast   of  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Q)uebec  and  IS.  H. 
June-July. 

20.  Potentilla  multifida  L.     CUT-LEAVED  CINQUEFOIL.      (I.   F.  f.   1931.) 
Perennial  ;   stems  several  or  many  from  the  caudex,  low,  ascending  or  spreading, 
appressed-silky.       Leaves    pinnately    5-9-foliolate,     grayish-tomentose    beneath, 
glabrate  above  ;    leaflets  finely  divided  to  near  the   midrib  into  linear  acuie  seg- 
ments, with  more  or  less  revolute  margins  ;    petals  a  little  exceeding  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  acute  sepals  ;   style  short,  riot  thickened  at  the  base.     Hudson  Bay  and 
the  N.  W.  Terr.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

21.  Potentilla  Canadensis  L.     FIVE-FINGER.     (I.  F.  f.  1935.)  Stem  slender, 
at  first  erect,  later  decumbent  or  prostrate,  4-6  dm.  long,  silky-villous;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  digitately  5-foliolate  (rarely  3-4-foliolate);    leaflets  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
2-4  cm.  long,  incisely  serrate,  at  least  above;  flowers  10-12  mm.  broad;  petals  5, 
broadly   oval,   slightly  longer   than   the    acute  calyx-lobes    and   linear-lanceolate 
bractlets.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  and  Quebec  to  Ga.,  Minn,  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     April- 
Aug.     Called  also  Wild  Strawberry. 

Potentilla  Canadensis  simplex  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  Stem  elongated,  5-10  dm.  long, 
the  pubescence  more  appressed;  leaves  larger,  more  glabrate  and  green;  leaflets  often 
5-6  cm.  long. 

Potentilla  r^ptans  L.,  a  European  species,  collected  on  ballast  at  Camden,  N.  J., 
differs  in  its  more  closely  creeping  habit,  smaller  leaves,  and  very  broad  elliptic  bractlets. 

22.  Potentilla  pumila  Poir.     DWARF  FIVE-FINGER.     (I.  F.  f.  i935a.)     Low 
perennial  herb,  seldom  more  than  a  few  inches  high;  flowering  stems  at  first  very 
short  and  upright,   later  in  the  season  producing  some  slender  prostrate  runners; 
whole  plant  densely  silky-strigose;   basal  leaves  digitately  5-foliolate,  on  slender 
petioles;  stem-leaves  few  and  often  only  3-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate,  sharply  serrate, 
usually  about  2  cm.  long;  otherwise  as  the   preceding.     In  poor  soil,   N.    Eng.  to 
Penn. 

23.  Potentilla  procumbens   Sibth.     WOOD    CINQUEFOIL.     (I.  F.   f.    1936.) 
Diffusely  branched,  trailing  or  ascending,  very  slender,  somewhat  pubescent,  1-6 
dm.    long.       Leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate,    sharply  dentate  above;  peduncles 
usually  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  6-8   mm.  broad;  petals  obovate,  emar- 
ginate,  or  rounded,  exceeding  the  acute  calyx-lobes  and  bractlets.     Lab.  (accord- 
ing to  Hooker).     Common  in  Europe.      Summer.      [P.  nemoralis  Nestl.] 

17.    WALDSTEINIA  Willd. 

Perennial  herbs  with  the  aspect  of  Strawberries,  with  alternate  mainly 
basal  long-petioled  3-5-foliolate  or  lobed  leaves,  membranous  stipules,  and 
yellow  corymbose  flowers  on  bracted  scapes.  Calyx  persistent,  the  tube  top- 
shaped,  minutely  5-bracteolate  or  bractless  at  the  summit,  5 -lobed.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  cc ,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  filaments  rigid,  persistent. 
Carpels  2-6,  inserted  on  a  short  villous  receptacle  ;  style  nearly  terminal, 
deciduous,  filiform.  Achenes  2-6,  obliquely  ob.jvoid,  pubescent.  Seed  erect. 
[Named  in  honor  of  Franz  Adam  von  Waldstein-Wartenburg,  1759-1823,  a 
German  botanist.]  Five  known  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  Ga. 

Petals  obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  i.    W.  fragarioides. 

Petals  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  elliptic,  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

2.    W.  parviflora. 

I.  Waldsteinia  fragarioides  (Michx.)  Tratt.  BARREN  OR  DRY  STRAWBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1939.)  Pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous;  rootstock  creeping,  rather  stout. 
Leaves  tufted,  long-petioled,  3-foliolate  (rarely  5-foliolate);  leaflets  obovate,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  dentate  or  crenate  and  sometimes 


R OS 'ACE 'A  E.  5O7 

incised,  3-5  cm.  long  ;  flowers  yellow,  6-10  mm.  broad  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute.  Woods  and  shaded  hillsides,  N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mich., 
Ind.,  and  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Ga.  May -June. 

2.  Waldsteinia  parviflora  Small.  SOUTHERN  DRY  STRAWBERRY.  (I.  F.  f. 
1939  a.)  Villous-hirsute,  or  glabrous  in  age.  Leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  broadly 
rhomboidal,  4-7  cm.  long,  coarsely  and  irregularly  crenate  or  lobed;  tube  of  the 
calyx  broadly  turbinate,  the  segments  triangular-lanceolate,  or  lanceolate-acumi- 
nate. In  woods  and  shaded  soil,  Va.  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Ga.  March-May. 

18.  GEUM  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate,  or  deeply  pinnatifid,  stipulate  leaves.  Flow- 
ers cymose-corymbose  or  solitary.  Calyx  persistent,  its  tube  obconic  or  hemi- 
spheric, usually  5-bracteolate,  5 -lobed.  Petals  5,  orbicular,  oblong  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  emarginate.  Stamens  oo  ,  inserted  on  a  disk  at  the  base  of  the  calyx  ; 
filaments  filiform.  Carpels  oo  ,  aggregated  on  a  short  receptacle.  Style  filiform, 
terminal,  jointed,  the  lower  portion  persistent,  sometimes  plumose  in  fruit.  Seed 
erect,  its  testa  membranous.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  40  species,  most 
abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following  about  3  others  occur 
in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Calyx-lobes  strongly  reflexed;  style  not  plumose,  sometimes  hispid  at  the  base. 
Flowers  yellow,  4  mm.  broad  ;  head  of  fruit  stalked;  calyx  bractless. 

i.  G.  vernum. 

Flowers  6-20  mm.  broad;  head  of  fruit  sessile;  calyx  bracteolate. 
Petals  white,  or  very  nearly  so,  obovate. 

Plant  softly-pubescent  or  glabrate;  receptacle  bristly.  2.   G.  Canadense. 
Plant  rough-pubescent ;  receptacle  glabrous  or  downy. 

3.  G.  Virgimanum. 
Petals  cream-yellow,  narrowly  oblong,  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals. 

4.  G.  flavum. 
Petals  yellow,  broadly  obovate  or  orbicular. 

Segments  or  lobes  of  upper  stem-leaves  broadly  rhombic- obovate;    petals 

4-6  mm.  long. 

Basal    leaves    simple,    or     pinnately    3~7-foliolate;    plant    pubescent, 
divaricately  branched;  petals  about  equalling  the  sepals. 

5.  G.  urbamtm, 
Basal  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  plant  hispid  ;  petals  exceeding  the 

sepals.  6.  G.  macrophyllmn. 

Segments  or  lobes  of  upper  stem  leaves  oblanceolate ;  petals  6-8  mm.  long. 

j.   G.  strictum. 

Calyx-lobes  erect  or  spreading ;  style  plumose  below  ;  flowers  purple,  nodding. 

8.   G.  rivale. 

1.  Geum  vernum  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.     SPRING  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f.  1943.)     Erect 
or  ascending,  slender,  simple  or  nearly  so,   2-6  dm.   high.     Basal  leaves  tufted, 
petioled,  with  a  single  orbicular- reniform  dentate  3~5-lobed  leaflet,  or  pinnate  with 
3—7  obovate  or  oval  more  or  less  dentate  and  lobed  ones  ;  stem-leaves  few,  sessile 
or  short-petioled,  pinnate   or  pinnatifid  ;    flowers  few,   erect ;    calyx-lobes  ovate, 
acute,   reflexed;  petals  spreading;  style  glabrous,  about  4  mm.   long;  receptacle 
glabrous.     Shaded  places,  Ont.  to  W.  Va.,  Tenn  ,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Nat.  in  N.  J. 
and  S.  N.  Y.     April-June. 

2.  Geum  Canadense  Jacq.    WHITE  AVENS.  (I.  F.  f.  1944.)   Erect,  branched 
above,  2-7  dm.  high.     Stipules  small,  dentate;  basal  leaves  petioled,  3-foliolate  or 
pinnately  divided,  their  segments  3-5,  the  terminal  one  broadly  ovate  or  obovate, 
the  lateral  ones  narrower,  all   dentate   and   more  or  less  lobed,  sometimes   with 
smaller  ones  borne  on  the  petiole;  stem-leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile,  3~5-lobed 
or  divided;  peduncles  slender;  petals  obovate,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  sepals; 
head  of  fruit  8-12  mm.   long;  style  6-8   mm.    long.     In  shaded    places,   N.  S.   to 
Ga.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  Mo.     June-Aug. 

3.  Geum  Virginianum  L.     ROUGH  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f.  1945.)     Resembling  the 
preceding  species  but  much  stouter,  the  stem  and  petioles  bristly-pubescent,  the 
stout  short  peduncles  pubescent  with  reflexed  hairs.     Basal  leaves  becoming  very 
large,  the  terminal  leaflet  sometimes  15  cm.  wide;  sepals  exceeding  the  spreading 
revolute  creamy- white  petals;  head  of  fruit  very  dense,  12-16  mm.  in  diameter; 


508  FLORA. 

style  8-10  mm.  long.     Low  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Penn.  and  southward  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  west  to  Minn,  and  to  Kans.     Blooms  earlier  than  G.  Canadense.    May -July. 

4.  Geum  flavum  (Porter)  Bicknell.     CREAM-COLORED  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f.  1946.) 
Stem  bristly-hairy  below,  erect,  4-10  dm.  tall.     Stipules  large,  often  2.5  cm.  long, 
foliaceous,  dentate  or  lobed.     Basal  leaves   mostly   pinnately  divided,  sometimes 
only  lobed;  lower  stem-leaves  usually  also  pinnately  divided,  the  terminal  segment 
often  elongated;  upper  stem-leaves  sometimes  entire;  peduncles  slender;  head  of 
fruit  about  I  cm.  in  diameter;  receptacle  bristly-villous;   style  6-8  mm.  long.     In 
woods,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  E.  Tenn.     June-Aug. 

5.  Geum  urbanum  L.     EUROPEAN  YELLOW  AVENS.   .Stem  3-6  dm.  high, 
finely  pubescent,  divaricately  branched.     Basal  leaves  simple,  reniform  and  3 -lobed 
or  pinnately  3-7-foliolate,  with  rhomboid-cuneate  leaflets,  very  rarely  with  smaller 
ones  interposed;  stem-leaves  mostly  3 -foliolate,  with  rhombic  leaflets  or  the  upper- 
most simple;  head  of  fruit  12-15   mm.  in   diameter;  receptacle  pubescent;  style 
5-7    mm.    long,    purplish.      Introduced    from    Europe    and   established    at   Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

6.  Geum    macrophyllum  Willd.     LARGE  LEAVED  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f.   1947.) 
Stout,  erect,  bristly-pubescent,  3-10    dm.  high.     Stipules  broad,  foliaceous;  basal 
leaves  petioled,  lyrate- pinnate,  the    terminal  segment  much   the  largest,  reniform, 
orbicular  or  cordate,  dentate,  3-7 -lobed;  lateral  leaflets  3-6,  oval  or  obovate,  with 
smaller  ones  interspersed  or  borne  on  the  petiole;  stem-leaves  short-petioled  or  ses- 
sile; flowers  several,  short-peduncled;  receptacle  nearly  glabrous;  style  6-8  mm. 
long;  upper  internode  pubescent   below.     In  low  grounds,   N.  S.    to  Alaska,  Br. 
Col.,  N.  Y.  and  Ore.     May- July. 

7.  Geum   strictum    Ait.       YELLOW    AVENS.     (I.   F.  f.   1948.)     Pubescent, 
branched  above,  6-15  dm.  high.      Stipules  broad,   foliaceous;  basal  leaves  lyrate- 
pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  obovate,   cuneate,  dentate  or  lobed,  with  a  few  smaller  ones 
interspersed,  the  terminal  one    largest,  broadly  ovate  or  cuneate,  or  rarely  orbic- 
ular or  reniform;   stem  leaves    sessile  or  short-petioled,  with  3-5  ovate  or  oblong 
acute  segments  ;  receptacle  dow  ny-pubescent;  style6-iomm.  long,  the  upper  inter- 
node  hispid.     In  swamps  or  low   grounds,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mo.  and 
Ariz.-    Also  in  Asia.     June-Aug.      A  hybrid  with  G.  Canadense  has  been  found  in 
eastern  Penn. 

8.  Geum   rivale  L.     PURPLE    OR   WATER  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f.  1940.)     Erect, 
simple  or  nearly  so,   pubescent,  3-  10  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  lyrately  and  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,  petioled,  the  later  al  segments  generally  few  and   small,  the   ter- 
minal 1-3,  much  larger,  all  sharply  and  irregularly  lobed  and  dentate;  stem-leaves 
distant,  short-petioled  or  sessile,    simple,  or  3-foliolate  ;  flowers  few,   20-25  mrn- 
broad;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,    abruptly  narrowed  into  a  claw;  head  of  fruit 
stalked  in  the  calyx;  style  6-8  mm.   long.     In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  Newf.  to 
Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mo.  and  Colo.      Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-July. 

19     SIEVERSIA    R.  Br. 

Generally  low  perennial  herbs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  mostly  clustered  at 
the  base.  Flowers  in  cymes,  or  solitary,  yellow  or  purplish.  Calyx  obconic  or 
hemispheric,  5-lobed  and  generally  5-bracteolate.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous  ; 
filaments  filiform.  Carpels  many,  on  a  short  hemispheric  receptacle.  Style 
terminal,  persistent,  filiform,  not  jointed,  pubescent  or  plumose,  generally  elongating 
in  fruit.  Seeds  erect,  basal.  [Named  in  honor  of  Sievers].  About  15  species 
of  temperate,  alpine  or  arctic  regions;  besides  the  following  five  or  six  others 
occur  in  western  and  arctic  North  America. 

Leaflets  1-9  ;   terminal  one  of  the  basal  leaves  orbicular-reniform  ;   style  plumose  below  ; 
flowers  yellow.  i.  S.  Peckii. 

Leaflets  numerous,  cuneate  ;  style  plumose  throughout ;  flowers  light  purple. 

2.  S.  ciliata. 

i.  Sieversia  Peckii  (Pursh)  Rydb.  YELLOW  MOUNTAIN  AVENS.  (I.  F  f. 
1941.)  Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs,  or  glabrate  ;  stem  1-6  dm.  high,  erect, 
simple,  i-8-flowered  at  the  summit.  Basal  leaves  petioled,  lyrately  pinnate,  the 
terminal  segment  very  large,  reniform-orbicular,  sharply  and  irregularly  dentate  and 
slightly  3-5 -lobed,  7-15  cm.  broad;  lateral  leaflets  small,  few  or  none;  flowers 


ROSACEAE.  509 

>cnow,  1 2- 20  mm.  broad;  bractlets  much  shorter  than  the  erect  lanceolate  calyx- 
lobes  ;  petals  obovate  or  orbicular,  often  slightly  emarginate,  spreading  ;  ttyle 
plumose  below,  naked  above,  12-16  mm.  long,  not  jointed.  White  Mountains  of 
N.  H.;  Mt.  Kineo,  Me.  July- Aug.  \Geum  Peckii  Pursh.]  S-  radiata  (Michx.) 
Greene,  of  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  with  which  this  has  been  confused,  is  stouter  and 
more  hairy  and  has  broadly  and  deeply  obcordate  petals. 

2.  Sieversia  ciliata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  LONG-PLUMED  PURPLE  AVENS.  (I.  F.  f. 
1942.)  Softly  pubescent,  scapose  ;  scape  1-4.5  dm-  nigh>  simple,  3-8  flowered  at 
the  summit.  Basal  leaves  petioled,  interruptedly  pinnate  with  many  small  leaflets 
interspersed  among  the  obovate  or  oval  laciniate  numerous  larger  ones  ;  leaves  of 
the  scape  2  opposite  small  sessile  pairs,  the  elongated  peduncles  commonly  bearing 
another  similar  pair  ;  flowers  12-18  mm.  broad  ;  style  3-5  cm.  long.  In  dry  or 
rocky  soil,  Lab.  and  northern  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Y.,  Br.  Col.,  Mo.  and  Ariz.  \Geum 
ciliatum  Pursh.]  May-July. 

20.  DRYAS  L. 

Low  tufted  herbaceous  shrubs,  with  simple  petioled  stipulate  leaves,  white - 
canescent  beneath,  and  white  or  yellow,  perfect  solitary  flowers  on  slender  scapes. 
Calyx  persistent,  not  bracted,  its  tube  concave,  glandular-hirsute,  8  Q-lobed.  Pet- 
als 8  or  9,  obovate.  larger  than  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  oo  ,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx;  filaments  subulate.  Carpels  oo  ,  sessile,  inserted  on  the  dry 
receptacle;  style  terminal,  persistent,  elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit.  Seed  as- 
cending, its  .testa  membranous.  [Name  Latin,  a  wood-nymph.]  Three  species, 
natives  of  the  cold-temperate  and  arctic  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Flowers  white;  sepals  linear-lanceolate. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  coarsely  crenate.  i.  D.  octopetala. 

Leaves  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  subcordate,  entire  or  nearly  so. 

2.   D.  mtegrifolia. 
Flowers  yellow;  sepals  ovate  ;  leaves  crenate.  3.  D.  Drummondti. 

1.  Dryas  octopetala  L.    WHITE  MOUNTAIN  AVENS.    (I.  F.  f.  1949.)    Stems 
prostrate,  branched,  7-15  cm.  long.     Stipules  linear,  adnate  to  the  petiole;  leaves 
green  and  glabrous  above,   generally  obtuse  at  each  end,  1-2.5  cm-   l°ng  '•>  scape 
terminal,  erect,  3-12  cm.  long,  pubescent;  petals  spreading;  sepals  glandular-pubes- 
cent,  persistent ;    style  about  2.5  cm.   long,   plumose    and  conspicuous    in   fruit. 
Lab.,    Greenland  and   arctic   Am.,    south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.   to  Utah  and  Colo. 
Also  in  arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

2.  Dryas  integrifolia  Vahl.     ENTIRE-LEAVED  MOUNTAIN  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1950.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  leaves  are  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse and  often  subcordate  at  the  base,  obtusish  at  the  apex,  entire  or  with  I   or  2 
teeth    near   the    base,   the  margins   strongly  revolute  ;    flowers   generally  slightly 
smaller.      "White   Hills   of  N.  H.,"   according   to  Pursh;  Anticosti,    Lab.,  west 
through  arctic  Am.  to  Alaska,  and  in  Greenland.     June-Aug. 

3.  Dryas  Drummondii  Richards.    DRUMMOND'S  MOUNTAIN  AVENS.     (I.  F.  f. 
1951.)  Similar  to  D.  octopelala,  the  leaves  crenate -dentate,  but  generally  narrowed 
at  the  base.     Scape  floccose-pubescent,  often  taller;  petals  generally  erect;  sepals 
ovate,  acutish,  black  glandular-pubescent.     On  gravel,  Gaspe,  Quebec;  Anticosti 
and  Lab.,  throughout  arctic  America  and  south  to  Mont.     June-Aug. 

21.  CERCOCARPUS  H.  B.  K. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  simple  petioled  coriaceous  stipulate 
straight-veined  leaves,  and  short-pedicelled  or  sessile,  axillary  or  terminal,  perfect 
flowers.  Calyx  narrowly  tubular,  persistent,  contracted  at  the  throat,  5-lobed. 
Petals  none.  Stamens.  15-25,  inserted  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx; 
filaments  very  short.  Ovary  I,  terete,  slender,  included  in  the  calyx-tube,  ripening 
into  a  villous  achene;  style  filiform,  villous,  persistent,  plumose  and  elongated  in 
fruit;  stigma  obtuse;  ovule  nearly  erect.  Seed  linear,  its  testa  membranous. 
[Greek,  tailed-fruit.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am.  and  Mexico. 

i.  Cercocarpus  parvifolius  H.  &  A.  SMALL-LEAVED  CERCOCARPUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1952.)  A  low  branching  shrub.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  coriaceous, 


5IO  FLORA. 

obtuse,  short-petioled,  dentate,  silky-pubescent  or  canescent  below,  1.5-3  cm-  l°ng» 
6-15  mm.  broad;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  short- peduncled,  recurved, 
about  6  mm.  broad;  style  becoming  5-10  cm.  long  and  very  plumose  in  fruit.  In 
dry  or  rocky  soil,  S.  Dak.  and  W.  Kans.  to  northern  Mex.,  west  to  Cal.  April- 
June. 

22.     ULMARIA  Hill. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  pinnately  divided  stipulate  leaves, 
and  small  perfect  flowers  in  large  cymose  panicles.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5, 
clawed.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  flat  or  slightly  concave  receptacle; 
filaments  narrowed  at  the  base.  Pistils  about  10  (5-15),  distinct;  ovary  2-ovuled. 
Ripe  carpels  resembling  follicles  but  indehiscent,  I -seeded.  Seed  pendulous. 
[Named  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  leaf- segments  to  those  of  Utmus.] 
About  9  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Lateral  leaflets  palmately  3~5-lobed  ;  flowers  pink  or  purple.  i.    U.  rubra. 

Lateral  leaflets  merely  serrate,  or  slightly  lobed;  flowers  yellowish  white.  2.    U.Ulmaria. 

1.  Ulmaria  rubra  Hill.     QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE.     (I.  F.  f.  1953.)    Glabrous; 
stem  branched,  6-25   dm.   tall.     Leaves  large,    the  lower  sometimes   I   m.    long, 
pinnately  3-7-foliolate,  commonly  with  smaller  leaf- segments  interposed  or  borne 
on  the  petiole;  the  lobes  acute,  unequally  serrate  or  incised;  terminal  leaflet  larger, 
7-9-parted;  flowers  fragrant,  about  8  mm.  broad;  fruit  glabrous.     In  moist  grounds 
and  on  prairies.  Penn.  to  111.,  Mich.,  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Iowa.     Escaped  from  gardens 
farther  east.     June-July.      \Spiraea  lobata  Gronov.] 

2.  Ulmaria  Ulmaria  (L.)  Barnhart.      MEADOW-SWEET  OR  MEADOW-QUEEN. 
HONEY-SWEET.     (I.   F.  f.    1954.)      Stem  6-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves   pinnately  3-9- 
foliolate,  densely  and  finely  white-downy  beneath,  green  above,  or  in  some  forms 
green  on  both  sides;    lateral  leaflets  sessile,  opposite,   ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  the  terminal  one  larger  and  deeply  3-5 -lobed,  the  lobes  acute 
and  serrate.     Escaped  from  gardens,   Quebec  to   Mass.     Native   of  Europe  and 
Asia.     June-Aug.     [Spiraea  Ulmaria  L.] 

23.   ALCHEMILLA  L. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  lobed  or  digitately  compound  leaves,  adnate  stipules,  and 
small  perfect  greenish  corymbose  or  capitate  flowers.  Calyx  persistent,  cup-shaped, 
contracted  at  the  throat,  4~5-lobed,  4-5-bracteolate.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4; 
filaments  short.  Carpels  1-4;  style  basal  or  lateral,  slender.  Achenes  1-4,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx-tube.  Seed  ascending,  its  testa  membranous.  [Name  from  its 
fancied  value  in  alchemy.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  and  of 
western  America  from  Br.  Col.  to  Chile. 

Annual  ;  flowers  in  sessile  axillary  clusters  ;  leaves  small.  i.  A.  arvensis. 

Perennial ;  flowers  in  compound  terminal  corymbs  ;  leaves  large.  2.  A.  vulgaris. 

1.  Alchemilla    arvensis  (L.)  Scop.       PARSLEY- PIERT,   OR   FIELD   LADY'S 
MANTLE.     ARGENTILL.     (I.  F.  f.    1955.)     Annual,  softly  pubescent,  the  branches 
usually  slender,   ascending,   2-15   cm.   high.       Stipules   toothed  or  rarely  entire; 
leaves  very  short-petioled,  pubescent,  fan-shaped,  4-10  mm.  long,  deeply  3-parted, 
the  lobes  cuneate,  2-4-cleft;  flowers  2-3  mm.  broad,   in  sessile  axillary  clusters 
partly  enclosed  by  the  stipules.     In  dry  fields,  D.  C.,  Va.,  Tenn.,  N.  Car.,  and  in 
N.  S.     Also  on  the  Pacific  coast.     Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     April-Sept. 

2.  Alchemilla  vulgaris  L.      LADY'S  MANTLE.     DEW-CUP.     (I.  F.  f.  1956.) 
Perennial  from    a  woody  rootstock.      Stipules  mostly  toothed;    leaves  orbicular- 
reniform,   5-9-lobed,   pubescent,   the    lower  slender-petioled,   the  upper  sessile  or 
nearly    so;    lobes   broad,    not   deep,    serrate;    flowers  about  4  mm.    broad,  very 
numerous  in  peduncled  often  leafy  corymbs.     In  grassy   places  near  the  coast, 
N.  S.,  Cape  Breton,  Lab.  and  Greenland.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

Alchemilla  alplna  L.,  reported  by  Pursh  from  the  White  and  the  Green  Mountains, 
a  native  of  alpine  and  northern  Europe  and  Asia,  is  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by 
its  5  oblong  silky  entire  leaflets. 


;"  ROSACEAE.  511 

24.    AGRIMONIA  L.* 

tcfCi.  -*al  erect  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  odd- pinnate,  with  smaller 
leaf- segments  interposed  between  the  larger  ones,  and  conspicuous  stipules. 
Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  yellow,  in  narrow  racemes.  Calyx-tube  often 
grooved,  uncinate- bristly  above,  the  5  lobes  connivent.  Petals  5,  small.  Stamens 
5-15,  slender.  Carpels  2,  included;  style  terminal;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  ovules 
pendulous.  Fruit  dry,  mostly  reflexed  ;  achenes  1-2,  oblong.  Seed  suspended, 
its  testa  membranous.  [Ancient  Latin  name.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone  and  the  Andes  of  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  the  Southern  States. 

Racemes  and  leaves  beneath  with  loose  spreading  hairs  or  glabrous. 

Roots  not  tuberous;  fruit  large,  turbinate,  with  numerous  radiating  bristles. 

1.  A.  hirsnta. . 
Roots  tuberous;  fruit  very  small,  hemispheric,  with  few  ascending  or  erect  bristles. 

2.  A.  striata. 
Racemes  and  leaves  beneath  closely  and  softly  pubescent. 

Roots  tuberous;  stems  pubescent;  leaves  not  glandular-dotted  beneath. 
Small,  often  simple,  with  elongated  terminal  raceme;  leaflets  3-5. 

3.  A.  putnila. 
Larger,  paniculate-branched  ;  leaflets  5-11.                                 4.  A.  mollis. 

Roots  not  tuberous;  stems  hirsute;  leaves  glandular-dotted  beneath. 

Leaflets  mostly  7-9;  fruit  large,  the  bristles  connivent.  5.  A.  Bnttoniana. 

Leaflets  mostly  11-17;  ^ruit  small,  the  bristles  radiate.  6.  A.  parviflora. 

1.  Agrimonia  hirsuta  (Muhl.)  Bicknell.     TALL  HAIRY  AGRIMONY.     (I.  F.  f. 
1957.)     Tall,  3-18  dm.  high,   minutely   glandular,   villous.     Leaflets  thin,  bright 
green,  mostly   7,  spreading,   elliptic   to   broadly  oblong,  or  the  odd  one  obovate, 
acute,  base  often  subcordate,  coarsely  serrate,  the  margins  and  nerves  beneath  cili- 
ate,  the  lower  surface  rarely  pubescent;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad,  the  buds  ovoid, 
acute;  fruit  reflexed,  6  mm.  long,  short-turbinate.     Woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to 
Minn.,  N.  Car.,  Kans.  and  Cal.     June- Aug. 

2.  Agrimonia    striata    Michx.      WOODLAND    AGRIMONY.      (I.  F.  f.    1958.) 
Mostly  about  6  dm.  high,  minutely  glandular;  racemes  filiform,  loosely  flowered. 
Leaflets  thin,  commonly  5,  mostly  oblong  or  obovate-oblong  and  obtuse,  crenate  or 
dentate,  scarcely  ciliate;  flowers  4-5  mm.  broad,  the  buds  subglobose,  truncate  or 
nearly  so;  fruit  4  mm.  high  or  less,  spreading  or  nodding,  hemispheric,  the  furrows 
shallow  or  obsolete.     In  dry  woods,  Conn,  to  Va.,  Kans.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

3.  Agrimonia  pumila  Muhl.     SMALL-FRUITED  AGRIMONY.     (I.  F.  f.   1959.) 
Small  and  slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  simple,  or  with  a  few  branches 
above.     Stem   villous   with    spreading    hairs   below,    appressed -pubescent   above; 
leaves  often  crowded  toward  the  base  of  the  stem,  frequently  3-foliolate;  leaflets 
small,  elliptic  to  obovate  or  cuneate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  often  pale  beneath; 
flowers  small;  fruit  4  mm.  long  or  less,  minutely  glandular,  hemispheric  to  turbi- 
rate;  disk  flat;  bristles  few,  ascending  or  erect.     In  dry  soil,  Penn.  and  Md.  to 
Fla.,  Ky.  and  La.     Aug. 

4.  Agrimonia  mollis  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     SOFT  AGRIMONY.     (I.  F.  f.  1960.) 
Virgately   branched,    4-18  dm.    tall.       Stem    pubescent,   or  villous    below,    finely 
pubescent  above.     Leaves  thickish,  dull  green,  veiny,  pale  and  velvety-pubescent 
beneath;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  crenate 
to  dentate  ;   flowers  6-8  mm.  broad,  the  buds  subglobose,  obtuse;  fruit  4  mm.  long 
or  more,  oblong  to  broadly  turbinate,  the  ascending  slender  bristles  nearly  in  a 
single  row.     Dry  woods  and  thickets,  Conn,  to  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Kans.    July-Oct. 

5.  Agrimonia  Brittoniana  Bicknell.     BRITTON'S  AGRIMONY.    (I.  F.'f.  1961.) 
Robust,   6   12  dm.    tall,   virgately   branched.      Stem   hirsute-pubescent  with  short 
spreading  brownish  hairs,  sub  appressed  above  ;    leaflets  elliptic  to  rhomboid-lance- 
olate, deeply  and  closely  serrate,  dull  green,  thickish,  rugose,  their  margins  finely- 
scabrous-ciliolate  ;   racemes  long,  erect  or  ascending  ;   flowers  crowded,  6-io  mm. 
wide;   fruit  6-8  mm.  long,  long-turbinate,  deeply  grooved;   bristles  often  purplish, 
short,  crowded,  inflexed  and  connivent  over  the  sepals.     Along  thickets  and  road- 
sides, Quebec  to  northern  N.  Y.  and  W.  Va.     Also  in  the  Rocky  Mts.     June-Sept. 

*  Text  contributed  by  MR.  EUGENE  P.  BICKNELL. 


512  FLORA. 

6.  Agrimonia  parviflora  Soland.  MANY-FLOWERED  AGRIMONY.  (I.  F.  f. 
1962.)  Virgately  branched,  6-12  dm.  high,  with  long  racemes.  Stem  densely 
hirsute  with  coarse  brownish  hairs,  villous  above;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  rather  thin,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath, 
especially  on  the  veins,  very  glandular  ;  flowers  very  numerous,  6-10  mm.  broad  ; 
the  buds  rounded-truncate  ;  fruit  small,  glandular,  dilated-turbinate  ;  bristles 
reflexed,  spreading  and  erect.  In  moist  or  dry  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Kans.?  Ga«, 
and  Miss.  July  -Oct. 

25.  SANGUISORBA  L. 

Erect,  mostly  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  with  alternate 
odd-pinnate  stipulate  leaves  and  small  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious  flowers  in 
dense  terminal  peduncled  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  constricted  at  the 
throat,  persistent,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
4-00  ,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  filaments  filiform,  elongated,  exserted  ; 
anthers  short;  carpels  1-3,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube.  Style  filiform,  terminal. 
Achene  usually  I,  enclosed  in  the  dry  angled  calyx.  Seed  pendulous.  [Latin, 
blood-staunching,  from  its  supposed  properties.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone.  In  addition  to  the  following,  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the 
western  parts  of  North  America. 

Flowers  capitate,  greenish;  stamens  numerous;  leaflets  12-20  mm.,  long. 

i.  S.  Sanguisorba. 
Flowers  spicate,  white;  stamens  4;  leaflets  25-75  mm.  long.  2.  S.  Canadensis, 

1.  Sanguisorba   Sanguisorba  (L.)   Britton.     SALAD  BURNET.      (I.    F.   f. 
1963.)      Glabrous  or  pubescent,   erect,   slender,   perennial,  branched,    2.5-5    dm. 
high.     Stipules  usually  small,  laciniate;  leaflets  7-19,  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  deeply 
incised,  short-stalked  or  sessile;  flowers  6-12  mm.  long,  the  lower  ones  staminate, 
the  upper  perfect;   stigma  tufted,  purple;   calyx- lobes  ovate,  acute  or  acutish;  fruit 
2-4  mm.  long.    In  dry  or  rocky  soil  and  in  ballast,  southern  Ont,  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 
to  Md.     Naturalized  from  Europe  and  native  also  of  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Sanguisorba   Canadensis   L.      AMERICAN   GREAT   BURNET.      [I.  F.  f. 
1964.]     Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  toward  the  base,  erect,   branched  above, 
3-18  dm.  high,  the  branches  erect.     Stipules  often  foliaceous  and  dentate  ;  basal 
leaves  long-petioled,  sometimes  6  dm.  long;  leaflets  7-15,  ovate,  oblong  or  oval, 
serrate  with  acute  teeth,  stalked  ;  flowers  perfect,  bracteolate  at  the  base;  filaments 
long-exserted,  white  ;  achene  enclosed  in    the  4-angled  calyx.     In  swamps   and 
low  meadows,  Newf.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Ga.     July-Oct. 

26.  ROSA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  generally  with  subterranean  rootstocks.  Stems  com- 
monly prickly.  Leaves  alternate,  odd-pinnate.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole,. 
Flowers  corymbose  or  solitary,  red,  pink  or  white  (in  our  species).  Calyx-tube 
cup-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  constricted  at  the  throat,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit,  5- 
(rarely  4-)  lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated,  spreading,  deciduous  or  persistent.  Petals 
5  (rarely  4),  spreading.  Stamens  oo  ,  inserted  on  the  hollow  annular  disk.  Carpels 
oo  ,  sessile  at  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  ovaries  commonly  pubescent ;  styles  distinct 
or  united.  Achenes  numerous,  enclosed  in  the  berry-like  fruiting  calyx-tube. 
Seed  pendulous.  [The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  rose.  ] 

A  large  genus,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  about  6 
Others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

*  Styles  cohering  in  a  column  :  leaflets  mostly  3 ;  stem  climbing,      i.  R.  setigera. 
*  *  Styles  all  distinct ;  leaflets  5-1 1. 

Sepals  persistent,  erect  on  the  fruit,  or  spreading. 
Infrastipular  spines  generally  none. 

Sterns  unarmed  or  nearly  so ;  sepals  erect  on  the  fruit.  2.  R.  blanda* 

Stems  armed  with  numerous  prickles. 


.ROSACEAE.  5*3 

Leaflets  3-9,  often  resinous,  obtuse  at  base;  flowers  solitary;   sepals  erect. 
Fruit  globose  or  nearly  so,  12-15  mm.  in  diameter.     3.   R.  Sayt. 
Fruit  ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  8-10  mm.  broad  and  15-18  mm.  long-. 

4.  R.  Engelmamii. 

Leaflets  7-11,  not  resinous,  narrowed  at  base;  flowers  corymbed  ;    sepals 
spreading.  5-  K-  Arkansana. 

Infrastipular  spines  commonly  present ;  stems  prickly.  6.    R.  Woodsii. 

Sepals  deciduous,  spreading. 

Leaflets  finely  serrate;  spines  stout,  recurved.  7.  R.  Carolina. 

Leaflets  coarsely  serrate. 

Infrastipular  spines  nearly  straight  ;  native  bushy  species. 
Stems  with  scattered  prickles  or  naked. 

Leaflets  7-9,  shining  aboVe  ;  flowers  corymbose;  spines  stout. 

8.  R.  lucida. 

Leaflets  5-7;  flowers  solitary  or  few  ;  spines  slender.  9.   R.  humilis. 
Stems  very  densely  prickly;  flowers  usually  solitary.         10.  R.  nitida. 
Infrastipular  spines  stout,  hooked  ;  introduced  wand-like  or  climbing  species. 
Leaflets  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  serrate.  n.    R.  canina. 

Leaflets  very  glandular  beneath,  doubly  serrate.  12.  R.  rubiginosa. 

1.  Rosa  setigera  Michx.    PRAIRIE  ROSE.    CLIMBING  ROSE.    MICHIGAN  ROSE. 
(I.  F.  f.  1965.)     Stems  several  meters  long,  armed  with  scattered  curved  prickles, 
not   bristly.     Petioles,    twigs    and    peduncles  oiten  glandular-pubescent;  stipules 
very  narrow;  leaflets  mostly  ovate,  acute  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the 
base,  3-7  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate;  flowers  corymbose,  about  6  cm.  broad;  sepals 
ovate,    acute,    at  length    reflexed  and  deciduous,    glandular;  petals  rose-color  or 
white:  fruit  globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  more  or  less  glandular.     In  thickets 
and  on  prairies,  Ont.  to  Wis.,  Kans.,  W.  Va.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Escaped  from  cul- 
tivation in  N.  J.  and  Va.     June-July. 

2.  Rosa   blanda   Ait.     SMOOTH  OR  MEADOW  ROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  1966.)     Erect, 
6-12  dm.  high,   entirely  unarmed  or   with  a  few   straight  slender  prickles.     Leaf- 
lets 5-7,  short-stalked,  usually  pale   beneath,  oval  or  obovate,  commonly  narrowed 
at  the  base    2-4  cm.  long,  simply  and  sharply  serrate;  flowers  pink,  sometimes  7 
cm.  bro.id,  corymbose  or  solitary;  sepals   lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  hispid  pu- 
bescent; fruit  globose  or  pyriform,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter. 
In  moist,  rocky  places,  Newf.  to  Vt.,  N.  J.,  Ont.  and  111.     June-July. 

3.  Rosa  Sayi  Schwein.      PRICKLY    ROSE.      (I.   F.   f.   1967.)      Bushy,  3-10 
dm.  high,  the  stems  and  often  the  branches  densely  armed  with  straight  prickles. 
Stipules  mostly  broad;  leaflets  5-9  (rarely  3),  oval  or  oval -lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  often  more  or  less  resinous- 
pubescent,  35  cm.  long;  flowers  usually  solitary,  6-7  cm.  broad;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  sometimes  dilated  above,  entire  or  few  toothed,  hispid  or  glabrous. 
Anticosti  to  Minn.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Colo.     June-July. 

4.  Rosa  Engelmanni  Wats.     ENGELMANN'S  ROSE.     Like  the  preceding  but 
low,  2-5  dm.  high,  very  slender  and  with  few  branches;  leaflets  very  thin,  pale 
beneath ;  fruit  small,  elongated,  with  an  evident  neck  and  more  or  less  conical  at 
the  base.     In  open  woods  from  Mich,  to  S.  Dak.,  Colo,  and  Tex. 

5.  Rosa  Arkansana    Porter.     ARKANSAS    ROSE.      (I.   F.  f.    1968.)     Erect, 
36  dm.  high.    Stems  densely  prickly  with  slender  bristles;  stipules  rather  narrow; 
leaflets  7-11,  oval  or  obovate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrovvpd  at 
the  base,  seldom  over  2.5  cm.  long,  simply  and  sharply  serrate,  glabrous,  or  finely 
puberulent  beneath;  flowers  corymbose  or  rarely  solitary,  about  5  cm.  broad;  sepals 
lanceolate,   acuminate,   sparingly  glandular-hispid  or   glabrous;    fruit  globose  or 
nearly  so,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous.     Prairies,  Minn,  and  Iowa  to  Mont., 
Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     June-July. 

6.  Rosa  Woodsii  Lindl.     WOODS'  ROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  1969.)    Low,  bushy,  3-10 
dm.  high,  armed  with  slender  mostly  straight  spines,  or  unarmed  above.     Stipules 
rather  broad,  entire;  leaflets  5-9,  oval  or  obovate,  short-stalked  or  sessile,  obtusish 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base.  10-18  mm.  long,  simply  and  sharply 
serrate,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath;    flowers  3-5  cm.  broad;  sepals  erect  on  the 
fruit;  fruit  globose  or  globose-ovoid,  8-10  mm.   in  diameter,  glabrous,  sometimes 
glaucous.     Prairies,  Minn,  to  Mo.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  N.  Mex.     June-July. 

7.  Rosa  Carolina  L.     SWAMI«  ROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  1970.)     Bushy,  3-25  dm.  high, 


514  FLORA. 

with  stout  commonly  recurved  prickles  or  sometimes  unarmed;  leaflets  5-9  (usually 
7),  oval,  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate  or  even  obovate,  3-7  cm.. long,  acute  or  acutish, 
pale  or  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  corymbose  or  rarely  solitary,  5-7  cm.  broad; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  dilated  above,  hispid-pubescent,  spreading, 
deciduous;  fruit  globose  or  depressed-globose,  about  8  mm.  high,  glandular-hispid. 
In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Miss.  June-Aug. 

8.  Rosa  lucida  Ehrh.     GLOSSY  ROSE.     Like  R.  humilis  but  larger,  1-2  m. 
high;  leaflets  mostly  7,  2-4  cm.  long,  thick,  shining  above;   stipules  broad,  often 
glandular-toothed;  prickles  rather  stout  and  flat,  straight  or  slightly  curved;  fruit 
about  I  dm.  high.     N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ont.  and  Newf.  [R.  humilis  lucida  Best]. 

9.  Rosa  humilis  Marsh.     Low  OR  PASTURE  ROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  1971.)    Bushy, 
I— 10  dm.  high,  usually  armed  with  slender  straight  infrastipular  spines,  and  more 
or  less  prickly.      Stipules  narrow,  entire;    leaflets  usually  5  (sometimes  7),  rather 
thin,  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  somewhat  shining,  12-25  mm-  l°ng>  mostly  acute  at 
each  end,  short-stalked  or  sessile,  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  usually 
few  or  solitary,  5-7  cm.  broad;  pedicels  and  calyx  usually  glandular;  sepals  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  or  dilated  above,  commonly  lobed;  fruit  globose  or  depressed- 
globose,  glandular-hispid,  about  8  mm.  high.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  Me.  and  Ont. 
to  Wis.,  Ga.,  Kans.  and  La.     May-July. 

Rosa  humilis  vil!6sa  Best.  Low,  very  prickly;  leaflets  thickish,  villous-pubescent 
beneath.  N.  J.  and  N.  Y. 

10.  Rosa  nitida  Willd.     NORTHEASTERN   ROSE.     (I.  F.  f.    1972.)    Bushy, 
seldom  over  6  dm.  high,  the  stems  and  branches  densely  covered  with   slender 
straight  prickles  nearly  as  long  as  the  slender  infrastipular  spines.     Stipules  usu- 
ally broad;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong  or  oval,  generally  acute  at  each  end,  the  terminal 
one  sometimes  slightly  obovate  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  all  sharply  serrate,  shining 
above,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  12-30  mm.  long;  flowers  3-6  cm.  broad;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  hispid  or  glandular;  fruit  glandular-hispid,  globose, 
about  8  mm.  high.     In  low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Newf.     June-July. 

11.  Rosa  canina  L.     DOG  ROSE.     CANKER  ROSE.     WILD  BRIER.     (I.  F.  f. 
1973.)     Branches  erect  or  straggling,   sometimes  3.5  m.   long,   armed  with  short 
hooked  spines,   not  bristly  but  sometimes  glandular.     Stipules  broad,  glandular; 
leaflets  5-7,   ovate  or  oval,    rather  thick,   generally  obtuse  at  each  end.  usually 
simply  and  sharply  serrate,  2-4  cm.  long;  flower-s  solitary  or  few,  pink  varying  to 
white;  sepals  much  lobed,  lanceolate,    reflexed,  deciduous;  fruit   long-ovoid,    1-2 
cm.  long,   usually    glabrous.     In  waste   places,    N.   S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.,   Tenn.   and 
Kans.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-July. 

12.  Rosa  rubiginosa  L.     SWEETBRIER.     (I.  F.  f.  1974.)     Slender,    1-2  m. 
high,  or  forming  longer  wands,  armed  with  stout  recurved  spines.     Stipules  rather 
broad;  leaflets  5-7,  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding,  but  generally  doubly  serrate 
and  densely  glandular-pubescent  and  resinous  beneath,   very   aromatic ;    flowers 
pink  varying  to  white;  sepals  lanceolate,  usually  much  lobed,  spreading,  decidu- 
ous, glandular-hispid;  fruit  oval  or  ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long.     In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to 
Ont.,  Kans.,  Tenn.  and  Va.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-July. 

Rosa  cinnambmea  L.,  the  Cinnamon  Rose,  with  small  double  reddish  flovers,  and 
lea»*s  downy-pubescent  beneath,  is  occasionally  found  along  roadsides  in  the  Middle 
and  Eastern  States. 

Family   12.     POMACEAE   L. 

Apple  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  the  small  deciduous  stipules 
free  from  the  petiole.  Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Calyx  superior,  mostly 
5-toothed  or  5-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals  mostly  5, 
usually  clawed.  Stamens  numerous  or  rarely  few,  distinct ;  anthers 
small,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  composed  of 
1-5  wholly  or  partly  united  carpels;  ovules  1-2  (rarely  several)  in  each 
carpel,  anatropous,  ascending;  styles  1-5;  stigma  small.  Fruit  a  more 


POMACEAE.  515 

or  less  fleshy  pome,  consisting  of  the  thickened  calyx-tube  enclosing  the 
bony  papery  or  leathery  carpels.  Endosperm  none ;  cotyledons  fleshy. 
About  20  genera  and  225  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Ripe  carpels  papery  or  leathery. 

Leaves  pinnate.  I.  Sorbus. 

Leaves  simple,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed. 

Cavities  of  the  ovary  (carpels)  as  many  as  the  styles. 

Flesh  of  the  pome  with  grit-cells.  2.  Pyrus. 

Flesh  of  the  pome  without  grit-cells. 

Cymes  simple  ;  trees.  3.  Malus. 

Cymes  compound  ;  shrubs.  4.  Aronia. 

Cavities  of  the  ovary  becoming  twice  as  many  as. the  styles.        5.  Amelanchier. 
Ripe  carpels  bony. 

Ovule  i  in  each  carpel,  or  if  2,  dissimilar.  6.  Crataegus. 

Ovules  2  in  each  carpel,  alike.  7.  Cotoneaster 

I.  SORBUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  leaflets,  deciduous  stipules,  and 
white  flowers,  in  compound  cymes.  Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  5-lobed,  not  bracteo- 
late.  Petals  5,  spreading,  short  clawed.  Stamens  oo .  Ovary  inferior;  styles 
usually  3,  distinct;  stigma  truncate;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  small  red 
berry  like  pome.  [The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Pear  or  Service-tree.]  About  7 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaflets  glabrous  above. 

Leaflets  long-acuminate;  fruit  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  I.  S.  Americana, 

Leaflets  obtuse  or  short-pointed;  fruit  about  8  mm.  in  diameter. 

2.  S.  scopulina. 

Leaflets  pubescent  on  both  sides.  3.  S.  Aucuparia. 

1.  Sorbus    Americana  Marsh.     AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH.     DOGBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1975.)     A  small  tree,  with  smooth  bark.     Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  11-17, 
lanceolate,  long -acuminate,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent,  bright  green  above,  gen- 
erally paler  beneath,  3-10  cm.  long;  cymes  dense,  7-15  cm.  broad;  flowers 4-6  mm. 
broad.     In  moist  ground,  Newf.,  Manitoba,  N.  Car.  and  Mich.     May-June. 

2.  Sorbus  scopulina   Greene.     LARGE-FRUITED  MOUNTAIN  ASH.     (I.  F.  f. 
1976.)     Resembles  the  preceding.     Leaflets   7-15,    proportionately .  broader   and 
shorter,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  short  pointed  at  the  apex,  glabrous  and 
dark  green  above,  pale  and  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  especially  along 
the  veins,  seldom  over   7  cm.  long;   flowers  6-7  mm.  broad;  calyx  and  pedicels 
generally  pubescent;  cymes  5-10  cm.  broad.     In   moist  ground,  Lab.  to  Alberta, 
northern  N.  Eng.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah.    June- 
July.     [Pyrus  sauibucifolia  A.  Gray,  not  C.  &  S.  | 

3.  Sorbus   Aucuparia   L.     EUROPEAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH.     Leaves  pubescent 
on  both  sides,   especially  when   young,  the   calyx   and   pedicels   usually  woolly. 
Escaped  from  cultivation,  N.  S.  to  N.  H.     Native  of  Europe. 

2.  PYRUS  L. 

Trees,  or  some  species  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  large,  white  or 
pink,  in  simple  cymes.  Calyx  urn -shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute.  Petals  5, 
rounded,  short-clawed.  Stamens  usually  numerous;  styles  mostly  5,  distinct,  or 
united  only  at  the  very  base;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  carpels  cartilaginous  or 
leathery.  Fruit  a  pome,  usually  pear-shaped,  its  flesh  abounding  in  grit-cells. 
[Latin  name  of  the  Pear.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Pyrus  communis  L.  PEAR.  CHOKE  PEAR.  (I.  F.  f.  1977.)  A  tree, 
sometimes  20  m.  high;  branches  usually  thorny.  Leaves  ovate,  elliptic  or  obo- 
vate,  finely  serrulate  or  entire,  petioled,  3-8  cm.  long,  downy  and  ciliate  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  apex  acute  or  acuminate;  petioles 
sometimes  as  long  as  the  blades  or  longer;  cymes  few-several-flowered,  borne  at 
the  eivls  of  short  twigs  of  the  preceding  year;  pedicels  1.5-5  cm.  long;  flowers 
wh^-,  -  5  cm.  broad ;  calyx-lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  styles  distinct  to  the 


5i6 


FLORA. 


base.     In  thickets  and  woods,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.,  escaped  from  cultivation. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     April-May. 

3.  MALUS  Hill. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and  pink  or  white  flowers  in 
simple  terminal  cymes.  Calyx-tube  urn-shaped  or  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Petals 
5,  rounded,  clawed.  Styles  2-5  (usually  5),  united  at  the  base;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity  ;  carpels  papery  or  leathery.  Fruit  a  pome,  usually  depressed-globose, 
mostly  hollowed  at  the  base.  [Greek,  apple.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  northwestern  Am. 
Leaves  glabrous,  at  least  when  mature. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  oval,  narrowed  at  the  base.  i.  M.  angustifolia. 

Leaves  ovate,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base.  2.  M.  coronaria. 

Leaves  persistently  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath. 

Leaves  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base ;  pome  2-4  cm.  in  diameter. 

Pedicels  slender,  2-4  cm.  long.  3.  M.  loensis. 

Pedicels  stout,  1-2.5  cm-  l°n&-  4-  M.  Soulardi. 

Leaves  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  pome  5-10  cm.  in  diameter. 

5.  M,  Mains. 

I.  Malus  angustifolia  (Ait.)  Michx.  NARROW- LEAVED  CRAB  APPLE.  (I.  F.  f. 
1978.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  thick,  shining  and 
dark  green  above,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  dentate  or  often  en- 
tire, 2-5  cm.  long;  cymes  tew-flow-ered;  pedicels  2-4  cm.  long,  slender;  flowers 
pink,  fragrant,  mostly  less  than  2.5  cm.  broad;  pome  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter. 
In  thickets,  N.  J.  to  III.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  La.  March-May. 

2.  Malus  coronaria  (L.)  Mill.  AMERICAN  CRAB  APPLE.  (I.  F.  f.  1979.) 
A  small  tree.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate  to  trangular-ovate,  sparingly  pubescent  be- 
neath when  young,  sharply  serrate  and  often  somewhat  lobed,  ovate,  acute  or 
acutish  at  the  apex,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  rose -colored,  very  fragrant,  2-5  cm. 
broad  ;  pedicels  1-4  cm.  long,  glabrous;  calyx  slightly  pubescent ;  pome  fleshy, 
globose  or  depressed,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter,  greenish- yellow,  fragrant,  acid.  In 
thickets,  Ont.  to  Mich,  and  S.  Car.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept. 

3  M  Uus  loarisis  (Wood)  Britton.  WESTERN  CRAB  APPLE.  (I.  F.  f.  1980.) 
A  small  tree,  much  resembling  Malus  coronaria.  Leaves  firm,  white-pubescent 
beneath,  at  length  glabrous  above,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
ovate,  oval  or  oblong,  dentate,  crenate  or  with  a  few  rounded  lobes,  2-5  cm.  long, 
or  on  young  shoots  much  larger  ;  petioles,  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent.  Minn., 
Wis.  and  III.  to  Neb.,  Ky.,  La.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  April-May. 

4.  Malus  Soulardi  (Bailey)  Britton.     SOULARD  CRAB  APPLE.    (I.  F.  f.  1981.) 
A  small  tree,  resembling  the  two  preceding.      Leaves  ovate,  elliptic  or  obovate, 
mostly  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  apex,  rugose  and  densely  tomentose  beneath,  irregu- 
larly crenate -dentate  or  sometimes  few-lobed;   petioles  2.5  cm.  or  less,   tomentose; 
flowers  smaller  than  those  of  M.  coronaria,  the  cymes  dense;  pedicels  stout,  white- 
tomentose;  pome  2.5-6  cm.  in  diameter.      Minn,  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

5.  Malus  Malus  (L.)  Britton.     APPLE.     (I.  F.  f.  1982.)     A  large  tree  with 
spreading  branches.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  and  often  woolly  beneath  ;  pedicels  gener- 
ally tomentose,  2-5  cm.   long  ;  flowers  pink,  or  white,  3-8  cm.  broad  ;  calyx  to- 
mentose.    In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Ga.    Introduced 
from  Europe  and  escaped  from  cultivation.     April-May. 

4.  ARONIA  Medic. 

Low  shrubs,  with  simple  petioled  finely  serrate  leaves,  the  upper  side  of  the 
midrib  glandular,  the  narrow  stipules  early  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  white  or 
pink,  in  compound  cymes.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  5 -lobed.  Petals  5,  concave, 
spreading.  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  3-5,  united  at  the  base.  Ovary  woolly. 
Pome  small,  globose,  oval,  or  somewhat  top-shaped,  its  carpels  rather  leathery. 
[Name  modified  from  Aria,  the  Beam-tree  of  Europe.]  Only  the  following  species: 
Cyme  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  woolly. 

Fruit  short-pyriform,  bright  red.  i.  A.  arbnti folia. 

Fruit  oval  to  globose,  purple-black.  2.  A.  atropurpurea. 

Cymes  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  fruit  black  or  purplish.  3.  A.  nigra. 


1 

POM  ACE  AE.  $17 

1.  Aronia  arbutifolia(L.)  Medic.  RED  CHOKE-BERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1983.)  Leaves 
oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  some- 
what cuneate  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.   long,   glabrous  above,   densely  tomentose  be- 
neath; flowers  white  or   purplish-tinged,   8-12    mm.   broad  ;    calyx  and  pedicels 
tomentose;  pome  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  short-pyriform,  and  bright  red  when  ma- 
ture, long-persistent.     In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.     March-May. 

2.  Aronia    atropurpurea    Britton.  PURPLE-FRUITED  CHOKEBERRY. 
A  shrub,  sometimes  4  m.  high,  usually  taller  than  the  other  species.     Calyx,  pedi- 
cels and  lower  leaf-surfaces  tomentose;  flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  ; 
fruit  oval  to  globose,  purple-black,  6-10  mm.  high.     In  wet  soil,  N.   S.   to  Fla. 
April-June.     Type  from  Arlington,  Staten  Island. 

3.  Aronia  nigra  (Willd.)  Britton.     BLACK   CHOKEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.    1984.) 
Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  short-petioled,  crenulate,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces  ;  calyx  and  pedicels  nearly  glabrous;  fruit 
globose  or  oval,  nearly  black,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  early  deciduous.     In  swamps 
or  low  woods,  or  sometimes  in  drier  soil,  N.  S.  to  Ont. ,  Fla.  and  Mich.     March- 
June. 

5.  AMELANCHIER  Medic.     (See  Appendix.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  petioled  leaves,  unarmed  branches,  and  racemose 
or  rarely  solitary  white  flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow,  reflexed,  persistent.  Petals  5:  Stamens  oo  ,  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  calyx;  filaments  subulate;  styles  2-5,  connate,  pubescent  at  the 
base.  Ovary  inferior,  its  cavities  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles  ;  ovule  I 
in  each  cavity,  erect.  Pome  small,  berry-like,  4-10- celled.  Testa  of  the  seed 
cartilaginous.  [The  Savoy  name  of  the  Medlar.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the 
north  ^temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  3  others  occur  in  western 
N.  Am.  and  I  in  Mex. 

Flowers  several  or  numerous  in  the  racemes;  pome  globose. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  trees  and  shrubs;  leaves  usually  serrate  nearly  all  around. 

Leaves  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex  ;  top  of  the  ovary  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous  when  mature;  base  cordate 
or  rounded.  i.  A.  Canadensis. 

Leaves  oblong,  oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  rarely  subcordate  at  base,  densely 
white- woolly  beneath,  at  least  when  young.  2.  A.  Botryapium. 

Leaves  rounded,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex;  top  of  the  ovary  woolly. 
Low  shrub  of  rocky  places,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  petals  4-8  mm.  long. 

3.  A.  spicata. 

Tree  or  small  shrub;  petals  10-16  mm.  long.  4.  A.  rotundifolia. 

Glabrous  western  shrub;  leaves  dentate  above  the  middle  only.     5.  A.  alnifolia. 
Flowers  only  1-4  in  the  clusters;  pome  oblong  or  obovoid.  6.  A,  oligocarpa. 

T.  Amelanchier  Canadensis  (L.)  Medic.  JUNE-BERRY.  SERVICE-BERRY. 
MAY-CHERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  1985  )  A  tree,  sometimes  reaching  the  height  of  20  m. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sharply  and  finely  serrate,  soon  entirely  glabrous,  2—10  cm. 
long;  racemes  spreading  or  drooping  ;  pedicels  long,  slender;  bracts  silky,  pur- 
plish, deciduous  ;  petals  linear,  linear-spatulate,  or  linear-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long, 
3-4  times  the  length  of  the  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  calyx  ;  pome  red  or  purple, 
sweet,  about  6  mm.  high.  In  dry  woodlands,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Fla.  and  La.  March- 
May.  Fruit  ripe  June-July. 

2.  Amelanchier   Botryapium    (L.  f )   DC.     SHAD-BUSH.      SWAMP   SUGAR- 
PEAR.     (I.  F.  f.  1986.)     A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  10  m.  high,  the  foliage 
and  inflorescence  densely  white-woolly  when  young,  often  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 
when  old.     Leaves  acute  at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate  nearly  all  around ; 
racemes  short,  rather  dense;  pedicels  short,  seldom  over  2.5  cm.  long;  petals  spatu- 
late  or  linear-spatulate,  6-14  mm.  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  calyx 
usually  densely  white- woolly;  pome  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.     In  swamps  and  moist 
soil,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  La.     April-May. 

3.  Amelanchier  spicata  (Lam.)  Dec.     Low  JUNE-BERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  1987.) 
Stems  3-6  dm.  high  from  a  long  root  creeping  among  rocks.     Leaves  elliptic  or 
oval,  2-4  cm.  long,  rounded  at  both  ends,  or  sometimes  subacute  at  the  apex,  some- 
times subcordate  at  the  base,  serrulate  or  dentate-serrate,  or  sometimes  entire  be- 
low the  middle,  dark  green  and  quite  glabrous  when  mature,  woolly  when  young  ; 


FLORA: 

racemes  4-10- flowered;  pedicels  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng  in  fruit  ;  calyx-lobes  nearly  tri- 
angular;  pome  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.       May. 

4.  Amelanchier  rotundifolia  (Michx.)  Roem.     ROUND-LEAVED  JUNE-BERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1988.)     A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  broadly  oval,  ovate  or  nearly 
orbicular,  2-8  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  both  ends,  or  rarely  subacute,  often 
cordate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  large  teeth,  or  entire  near  the  base,  glabrous  from 
the  time  of  unfolding  or  more  or  less  woolly  when  very  young  ;  pedicels  2-4  cm. 
long  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  petals  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,   1-1.6  cm. 
long;  pome  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  N.  Y. 
and  Mich.     May. 

5.  Amelanchier  alnifolia  Nutt.     NORTHWESTERN  JUNE  OR  SERVICE-BERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1989.)     A  shrub,  tomentose-pubescent  when  young,  at  length  glabrate  and 
somewhat  glaucous.     Leaves  thick,  broadly  elliptic  or  almost  orbicular,  very  ob- 
tuse and  often  truncate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  coarsely 
dentate  above  the  middle,   1-5   cm.  long;  racemes  short,   rather  dense;  pedice  s 
short;  petals  oblanceolate,  cuneate.  6-18  mm.   long,   2-4  times  the  length  of  the 
calyx;  pome  purple,  with  a  bloom,  68  mm.  high,  sweet.     Dry  soil,  western  Ont. 
to  Br.  Col.,  Mich.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     April. 

6.  Amelanchier  oligocarpa  (Michx.)  Roem.     OBLONG-FRUITED  JUNE-BERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  1990.)     A  shrub,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  except  the  early  deciduous 
bracts,  which   are  sometimes  tomentose.     Leaves  thin,   narrowly  oval  or  oblong, 
generally  about  3  times  as  long  as  broad,  narrowed  at  each  end,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate,  2-8  cm.  long;  racemes   i-4-flowered;  pedicels  slender;  petals  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  pome  pear-shaped, 
purple,  with  a  bloom,  6-8  mm.   long.     In  cold  swamps  or  wet  rocky  places,  Lab. 
to  Ont.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     May. 

6.  CRATAEGUS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  usually  spiny,  with  petioled  leaves  and  white  or  pink 
corymbose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  cup- shaped  or  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  carpels, 
its  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  rounded,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens 
oo  ,  usually  numerous  ;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  inferior,  or  its  summit  free, 
l-5-celled;  styles  1-5,  separate;  ovule  I  in  each  carpel,  or  if  2,  dissimilar.  Pome 
rather  small,  drupe-like,  containing  1-5  bony  carpels,  each  i-seeded  or  rarely 
2-seeded.  Seed  erect,  flattish.  [Greek,  strong,  from  the  toughness  of  the  wood.] 
About  75  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  Mexico  and  the  Andes. 
Besides  the  following,  8  or  10  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

*  Corymbs  many-flowered. 

i.  Leaves  obovate,  spatulate,  oblanceolate  or  flabellate. 
Foliage,  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  sharply  serrate. 

Spines  long,  slender;  leaves  shining.  I.   C.  Crus-galli. 

Spines  short,  stout;  leaves  dull.  2.  C.  brevispina. 

Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  crenate. 

Leaves  narrowly  spatulate  ;  flowers  8  mm.  wide.  3.   C.  spathulata. 

Leaves  obovate;  flowers  15  mm.  wide.  4.  C.  Brownti. 

Lower  leaf-surfaces,  pedicels  and  calyx  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  when  young. 
Leaves  short-petioled;  fruit  smarl. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  very  obtuse.  5.   C.  berberifolia. 

Leaves  obovate-oval,  acutish.  6.   C.  prunifolia. 

Leaves  obovate,  acutish,  dull.  7.   C.  collina. 

Leaves  slender-petioled ;  fruit  large. 

Leaves  obovate,  dull,  irregularly  serrate.  8.   C.  punctata. 

Leaves  flabellate,  shining,  incised-serrate.  9.  C.flabellata. 

a.  Leaves  ovate,  oval,  orbicular-obovate  or  nearly  orbicular. 
a.  Foliage,  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  mainly  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  lobed;  fruit  4-6  mm.  high.  10.   C.  cordata. 

Leaves  irregularly  serrate ;  fruit  10-12  mm.  high,  glaucous. 

ii.   C.  Eggerti. 
Leaves  narrowed  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base. 

Leaves  deeply  cleft ;  styles  1-3.  12.   C.  Oxyacantha. 

Leaves  serrate  or  incised  ;  styles  mostly  5. 

Fruit  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.  13.  C.  virtdis. 


POMACEAE.  5J9 

Fruit  10-12  mm.  in  diameter,  glaucous  or  pruinose. 
Leaves  firm,  shining. 

Fruit  globose  ;  western.  14.   C.  nitida. 

Fruit  pyriform  ;  eastern.  15.    C.  Porteri. 

Leaves  thin,  dull.  16.   C.  pruinosa. 

surfaces  or  teeth  of  the  leaves,  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent  or  glandular. 
Leaves  deeply  pinnately  incised  ;  fruit  4-6  mm.  long.  17.   C.  apiifolia. 

Leaves  serrate  or  lobed ;  fruit  6-25  mm.  long. 
Leaves  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves,  or  most  of  them,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base. 

1 8.   C.  coccinea. 

Leaves,  or  most  of  them,  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Fruit  8-14  mm.  in  diameter. 

Fruit  globose  to  oval;  leaves  firm  in  texture. 

Bractlets  and  calyx  very  glandular.        19.   C.  rotundifolia. 
Bractlets  and  calyx  pubescent.  20.   C.  occidentals. 

Fruit  pyriform  ;  leaves  thin.  21.   C.  tenui folia. 

Fruit  only  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  22.  C.  macracantha. 

Leaves  pubescent,  especially  along  the  veins  beneath. 

Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  mostly  truncate  or  cordate  at  base.     Fruit  1.5- 

2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  red.  23.   C.  mollis. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  mostly  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Fruit  globose  or  depressed -globose. 

Veins  not  prominent  on  the  lower  leaf-surfaces. 

24.   C.  Biltmoreana. 

Veins  very  straight  and  prominent.  25.   C.  campestris. 

Fruit  oval  to  oblong. 

Fruit  dull  red,  over  i  cm.  long.  26.   C.  tomentosa. 

Fruit  bright  red,  i  cm.  long  or  less.  27.   C.  Chapmani. 

Fruit  pyriform.  28.   C.  pyriformis. 

*  *  Corymbs  I-7-flowered. 

Calyx-lobes  not  incised  ;  petioles  and  leaf-serrations  very  glandular. 

29.  C.flava. 

Calyx-lobes  deeply  incised ;  petioles  and  leaf-serrations  little  or  not  at  all  glandular. 
Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  obtuse.  30.   C.  uniJJordt 

Leaves  oval,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends.  31.  C.  Vailiae. 

1.  Crataegus    Crus-galli     L.     COCKSPUR    THORN.     NEWCASTLE    THORN. 
(I.  F.  f.  1991.)    A  shrub  or  small  tree,  the  branches  spreading.    Thorns  numerous, 
slender,  5—10  cm.  long;  leaves  coriaceous,    shining  above,  obovate  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  sharply 
serrate;  flowers  about  12  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes    linear-lanceolate;  styles  usually 
1-3;  fruit  globose  or  slightly  pear-shaped,  about   12   mm.  long.     In  thickets,  Que- 
bec to  Manitoba,  N.  H.,  Fla.  and  Tex.      May-June. 

2.  Crataegus   brevispina  (Dougl.)    Farwell.     DOUGLAS   THORN.     A  small 
tree.     Foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.      Leaves    obovate,  unequally  serrate  or  some- 
what lobed,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the    base,  4-8  cm.  long,  the  petiole  about  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  blade  ;  thorns  1.5-3  cm-  l°ngl  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  rarely  glandular;  fruit  globose,  purple-black,  1-1.5  cm-  *n 
diameter.     Mich,  to  Br.  Col.,  Colo,  and  Ore.      May- June.     [C.  Douglasii  Lindl.] 

3.  Crataegus  spathulata   Michx.     SMALL-FRUITED   HAW.     (I.  F.  f.  1992.) 
A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Spines  2-5    cm.  long;  leaves  fascicled,  coriaceous,  shining 
above,  rather  dull  beneath,  spatulate,  obtuse   and  crenate  or  with  2—3  lobes  at  the 
summit,  entire  and  cuneate  at   base,  almost  sessile,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  about  8 
mm.   broad  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  ;  styles  commonly  5  ;  fruit   red,  globose,  4  6  mm. 
Vmg.     In  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

4.  Crataegus    Brownii   Britton.      ADDISON   BROWN'S   THORN.      Glabrcus 
throughout.     Leaves  obovate  or   oval -obovate,   obtuse,   or   obtusish  at  the    apex, 
cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base,  irregularly  crenate,   with   distinctly  rounded  teeth, 
slender-petioled,   4-6  cm.    long  :  pedicels   slender;  bracts    linear,  very  glandular; 
flowers  about    1.5  cm.  broad  ;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate.     Va.  and  W.  Va. 
May.     Type  from  Buchanan.  Va. 

5.  Crataegus  berberifolia   T.  &  G.     BARBERRY-LEAVED  THORN.     Similar 
to    C.    Crus-galli,  but  the  young    leaves,    pedicels  and   calyx  densely   pubescent. 
Thorns  slender,  2-5  cm.  long;  mature  leaves  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs,  rather 


52O  FLORA, 

dull,  oblanceolate  to  broadly  obovate,  4-8  cm.  long;  fruit  oval,  about  I  cm.  long. 
Mo.  to  La.     April-May. 

6.  Crataegus  prunifolia  (Mursh,)  Pers.     PLUM-LEAVED  THORN.     Similar  to 
broad-leaved  forms  of  C.  Crus-galli,  the  leaves  oval  to  obovate,    acutish,  serrate 
nearly  to  the  base;  5-7  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when 
young;  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent;  flowers  and  globose  pome  about  I  cm.  broad. 
Mo.      Perhaps  not  the  original  Mespilits  prunifolia  Marsh. 

7.  Crataegus  collina  Chapm.     ROUND-FRUITED  THORN.     A  small  tree,  the 
young  foliage  and  the  inflorescence  pubescent.     Leaves  obovate,  mostly  acute,  finely 
serrate,  tapering  into  the  short  petiole;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  styles  5;  fruit 
hard,  globular,  about  i  cm.  in  diameter.     Va.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.     April-May. 

8.  Crataegus   punctata  Jacq.     LARGE-FRUITED   THORN.     (I.   F.  f.  1993.) 
A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  horizontal,  thorny  branches.     Thorns   2-5  cm.  long, 
often  branched  ;  leaves   slender- petioled,   obovate,   obtuse  or    short  pointed  at  the 
apex  and  irregularly  serrate   or  serrulate,   cuneate   at  the  base,   nearly  glabrous 
above,  pubescent  or  at  length   glabrous  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long,  rarely  lobed,  veins 
straight,    conspicuous';  flowers   1-2  cm.    broad  ;  calyx- lobes  linear,  entire  ;  styles 
mostly  3  ;    fruit   globose  or  oval,   red  or  yellow,    1.5-2.5  cm.   in  diameter.      In 
thickets,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  N.  H.,  Ga.,  west  to  Iowa.     May. 

Crataegus  punctata  canescens  Britton.     Lower  leaf-surfaces,  petioles,  peduncles  and 
pedicels  densely  whitish-tomentose.     Vt.  to  Ont.,  Penn.  and  Ohio. 

9.  Crataegus    flabellata    (Spach)   Rydb.      FAN-LEAVED   THORN.      Leaves 
flabellate,  broadest  above  the  middle,  cuneate  at  the  base,  thin  and  usually  with  a 
few   scattered  hairs  beneath  when  young,  sharply  and  irregularly  incised  serrate, 
glabrous,  firm  and  shining  above  when  old,  6-IO  cm.  long,  sler.der-petioled;  thorns 
5  cm.  long  or  more;  fruit  globose,  1-1.5  cm>  ^n  diameter.     Quebec  to  Me.,  R.  L, 
the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Mont. 

10.  Crataegus  cordata  (Mill.)  Ait.     WASHINGTON  THORN.     (I.  F.  f.  1994.) 
A  tree,   5-15   m.    high.     Spines  slender,    2-5  cm.  long  ;  leaves  slender-petioled, 
broadly  ovate,  generally  sharply  3-y-lobed  and  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,   truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad  ; 
styles    5;    fruit   bright   red,    depressed-globose,   4-6   mm.   high.     In   woods   and 
thickets,  Va.  to  Ga.,  111.  and  Tenn. ;  escaped  from  cultivation  in  southern  N.  J. 
and  Penn.     March-May. 

11.  Crataegus  Eg^erti  Britton.     EGGERT'S  THORN.     Foliage  sparingly  pu- 
bescent when  young,  glabrous  when  mature.     Thorns  3-6  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate- 
orbicular,   dull    green  above,   pale   beneath,    sharply  and  irregularly    serrate,  or 
somewhat  lobed,  mostly  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  acute  or  acutish  at  the 
apex,  slender-petioled,  5-12  cm.  long,  and  about  as  wide;  flowers  2-2.5  cm.  broad; 
bracts  large,  very  glandular;  fruit   subglobose,  large,   sometimes  nearly  2  cm.  in 
diameter,  glaucous.     In  dry  soil,  Iowa  to  Mo.  and  Kans.     April-May. 

12.  Crataegus  Oxyacantha  L.     HAWTHORN.     WHITE    OR   MAY  THORN. 
(I.  F.  f.  1995.)     A  shrub  or  tree.    Thorns  stout,  numerous;  leaves  slender-petioled, 
glabrous  on  both  sides  or  pubescent  when  young,  sharply  3-7- lobed,  broadly  ovate 
or  slightly  obovate,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  1-1.5  cm- 
broad,  white  or  pink;  calyx-lobes  ovate;  styles  1-3;  fruit  globose  or  globose  ovoid, 
about  6  mm.  high.     Along  roadsides  and  in  thickets,  sparingly  escaped  from  cul- 
tivation.    May-June. 

13.  Crataegus  viridis  L.     SOUTHERN  THORN.     (I.   F.  f.    1996.)     A  small 
tree,  often  without  spines.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  some- 
what obovate,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  sharply  ser- 
rate and  usually  somewhat  lobed,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers 
1-1.5  cm<  broad;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  styles  commonly  5;  fruit  globose  or  oval, 
about  6  mm.  high,  persistent  into  the  winter,  6-8-seeded.     Mo.  and  Kans.  to  La., 
Tex.,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.     March-April. 

14.  Crataegus  nitida   Engelm.     SHINING  THORN.     Similar  to  C.    viridis, 
but  often  a  larger  tree,  the  leaves  thicker,  larger,  ovate  to  oval,  and  more  shining 
above.     Flowers  about  2  cm.  broad;  fruit  globose,  I  cm.   in  diameter,  or  a  little 
more,  4-5-seeded,  glaucous.     111.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     May.    [C.  viridis  nitida  Engelm.] 

15.  Crataegus  Porteri  Britton.     PORTER'S  THORN.     A  shrub,  wholly  gla- 


POMACEAE.  $21 

brous.  Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  6-10 
cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  sharply  irregularly  serrate  and  slightly  lobed,  the  slender 
petiole  about  one  third  the  length  of  the 'blade;  pedicels  slender;  fruit  pyriform, 
about  1.4  cm.  long  and  I  cm.  in  diameter,  pruinose.  Calyx-lobes  entire.  Tan- 
nersville,  Penn.,  July  4,  1896. 

16.  Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.)  Beadle.     PRUINOSE  THORN.     A  shrub  or 
small  tree.     Spines  long  and  slender.     Leaves  ovate,   acute,   incised-serrate  and 
somewhat  lobed,  thin,  slender  petioled,  6-8  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  fruit 
globose,  pruinose,  about  10  mm.  in  diameter.     Va.  to  N.  Car.  and  Mo.      [Mespilus 
pruinosa  Wendl.] 

17.  Crataegus  apiifolia  (Marsh.)  Michx.   PARSLEY  HAW.    PARSLEY-LEAVED 
THORN.     (I.  F.  f.  1997.)     A  shrub   or   small   tree.     Spines  stout,   2-5  cm.  long; 
leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  pubescent  on 
both  sides  at  least  when  young,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  1-3  cm. 
long,  thin,  pinnately  and  deeply  5-7-cleft,  the  lobes  sharply  serrate;  flowers  8-12 
mm.  broad  ;  calyx-lobes  linear,   glandular  ;  styles  1-3  ;  fruit  red,  oval,  4-6  mm. 
long.     In  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     March-April. 

18.  Crataegus  coccinea  L.     SCARLET  THORN  OR  HAW.     RED  HAW.     (I. 
F.  f.   1998.)     A  shrub  or   sometimes  a  small  tree.     Spines  stout,  3-5  cm.    long; 
leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
mostly  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  thin,  or  becoming  firm,  sharply  incised 
and  serrate,  the  teeth   glandular-tipped  ;  pedicels,  bractlets  and  calyx  somewhat 
glandular-pubescent  ;  flowers  1.5-3  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  styles  3-5; 
fruit  red,  globose  or  oval,  10-16  mm.  in  diameter,  rarely  hairy.     Thickets,  Newf. 
to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

19.  Crataegus  rotundifolia  (Ehrh.)  Borck.    GLANDULAR  THORN.     (I.  F.  f. 
1999.)     A  shrub,  similar  to  the   preceding,   the  spines  slender.     Leaves  mostly 
smaller,  slender-petioled,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  oval,  ovate,  obovate,  or  some 
of  them  nearly  orbicular,  incised-serrate  with    gland-tipped  teeth,  or  sometimes 
lobed, 'acute,   most  of  them  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base;  bractlets  and  calyx- 
lobes  very  glandular;  flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  fruit  globose  to  oval,  red,  8-16 
mm.  long.     Conn,  to  Ind.,  Fla.  and  Ala.     April-June. 

20.  Crataegus  occidentalis  Britton.     RIVER-BANK  THORN.    Pedicels,  calyx 
and  lower  leaf-surfaces  pubescent.     Thorns  stout,  3  cm.  long  or  more.     Leaves 
oval  or  slightly  olxrvate,   irregularly  serrate  and  sometimes  slightly  lobed,  mostly 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  and  narrowed  or  subcuneate  at  the  base,  4-7  cm.  long,  3  or  4 
cm.  wide,  slender-petioled;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  fruit  oval-globose,  about 
i  cm.  long.     River  banks,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Wyo.  and  Mont. 

21.  Crataegus  tenuifolia  Britton.     THIN-LEAVED  THORN.      A  shrub,  the 
thorns'  slender,  slightly  curved,  5-6  cm.  long.     Leaves  very  thin,  even  when  ma- 
ture, ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  or  some  of  them  sub- 
truncate  at  the  base,  incised-serrate  and  lobed,  with  short  hairs  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, 6-10  cm.  long,  the  very  slender  petiole  half  the  length  of  the  blade  or  longer; 
pedicels  slender;  fruit  pyriform,  over   I   cm.  long,  8-9  mm.  thick,  the  calyx-lobes 
glandular-serrate.     S.  W.  Va.     Type  from  South  Fork  of  the  Holston  River,  June 
15,  1892. 

22.  Crataegus  macracantha  Lodd.    LONG-SPINED  THORN.    (I.  F.  f.  2000.) 
A  shrub  or  small  tree,  the  bright  brown  thorns  5-13  cm.  long.     Leaves  dull,  3-9 
cm.  long,  usually  with  a  few   hairs  on  the  prominent  veins  beneath,  sharply  and 
often  doubly  serrate  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base;  ped- 
icels often  pubescent ;  calyx  and  bractlets    glandular;    flowers  numerous,   12-16 
mm.  broad  ;   fruit  globose  or  oval,   6-8  mm.  in  diameter.     Quebec  to  Dak.,  Va. 
and  Mo.     May-June. 

23.  Crataegus  mollis  (T.  &  G.)  Scheele.     RED-FRUITED  THORN.     (I.  F.  f. 
2001.)     A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  generally  broadly  ovate,  truncate  at  the 
base,  sometimes  13  cm.  long,  incised  and  sharply  serrate  with  gland-tipped  teeth, 
roughish  .above,  pubescent  beneath,  especially  when  young  ;  twigs,  petioles  and 
calyx  densely  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  usually  incised  and  glandular;  flowers  1.5-2.5 
cm.  broad;  fruit  bright  red,   2-3  cm.  in  diameter,   hairy.     Thickets,  Quebec  to 
Mich.,  Neb.,  Kans.,  Penn.,  La.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

24.  Crataegus    Biltmoreana   Beadle.      BILTMORE   THORN.      Lower  leaf- 


522  t-LORA. 

surfaces,  especially  along  the  veins,  calyx  and  pedicels  pubescent.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  or  nearly  orbicular,  narrowed,  or  some  of  them  somewhat  truncate  at  the  base, 
sharply  and  unequally  serrate,  subacute,  6-10  cm.  long  ;  petioles  23  cm.  long, 
mostly  a  little  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  young  fruit  very  pubescent;  mature  fruit 
subglobose,  green  to  yellow,  I  cm.  or  rather  more  in  diameter,  green.  Pa.  to 
N.  Car..  AkJ  and  Mo.  May. 

25.  Crataegus  campestris  Britton.     Mature  leaves  firm,  densely  and  finely 
pubescent  and  prominently  straight-veined  beneath,  dull  and  with   short  scattered 
hairs  above,  6-9  cm.  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  sharply  and  somewhat  irregularly 
serrate.     Thorns  stout,  4-6  cm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  pubescent  ;  fruit  globose, 
1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  pubescent  when  young.     Mo.  and  Kans. 

26.  Crataegus  tomentosa  L.     PEAR-THORN.     PEAR  HAW.     (I.  F.  f.  2002.) 
A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Spines  stout,  2-6  cm.  long;  leaves  petioled,  broadly  oval 
or  ovate-oval,   acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate   at  the  base, 
sharply  dentate  or  somewhat  lobed,  not  glandular,  slightly  scabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent, especially  along  the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long;  twigs,  petioles  and  calyx 
tomentose-pubescent;  flowers  about  12  mm.  broad  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  usually 
incised;  styles  3-5;  fruit  dull  red,   oval  to  oval  pyriform,  over  I   cm.   long.     In 
thickets,  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Mich,  and  Mo.      May-June. 

27.  Crataegus  Chapmani  (Beadle)  Ashe.      CHAPMAN'S  THORN.     A  small 
tree,  similar  to  C.  tomentosa,  but  the  leaves  smaller  and  thicker  in  texture;  flowers 
about  1.5  cm.  wide;  fruit  smaller,  short-oval,  I  cm.  high  or  lcss>  bright  red.     Va. 
to  Ga.  and  Mo.     May-June. 

28.  Crataegus   pyriformis   Britton.     PEAR-FRUITED   THORN.     Twigs  light 
gray.     Leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate-oval,    dull,   6-8  cm.   long,  when  mature 
glabrous  above,   pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins  beneath,  rather  finely  serrate 
nearly  all  around,  not  lobed,  the  blade  decurrent  into  the  petiole;  pedicels  slender; 
fruit  pyriform,  about  I  cm.  long.     Monteer,  Mo.,  B.  F.  Bush,  1899. 

29.  Crataegus  flava  Ait.    SUMMER  OR  YELLOW  HAW.    (I.  F.  f.  2003.)   A  tree, 
with  maximum  height  of  about  7  m.,  usually  very  thorny.     Leaves  obovate,  petioled, 
irregularly  glandular-dentate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  and  often  entire  at 
the  base,  1-4  cm.  long,  pubescent  on  both  sides  or  at  length  glabrate;  pedicels  and 
calyx  pubescent;   flowers  1-2  cm.  broad;  styles  commonly  5;  fruit  globose  01  some- 
what pyriform,  1-1.5  cm'  *n  diameter.     In  sandy  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.,   Mo.   and 
Tex.     April-May. 

30.  Crataegus  uniflora  Muench.     DWARF  THORN.    (I.  F.  f.  2004.)    A  shrub, 
or  sometimes  a  small  tree.     Spines  numerous,   slender,  2-5  cm.  long;  leaves  obo- 
vate, coriaceous,  nearly  sessile,  obtuse  and  crenate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  and  entire 
at  the  base,  1-4  cm.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  glabrate  and  at  length  shining 
above;  twigs,  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  calyx-loles 
lanceolate,  deeply  incised,  glandular;  styles  commonly  5;  fruit  globose  or  pyriform. 
1-1.6  cm.  in  diameter,  yellow.     In  sandy  soil,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Fia.,  W.  Va.,  Mo.   and 
La.     April-May. 

31.  Crataegus  Vailiae  Britton.     VAIL'S  HAW.     (I.  F.  f.  2005.)     A  shrub, 
the  branches  stout,  light  gray;  thorns  slender.     Leaves  oval,  2-8  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  bxit  becoming  glabrate  and  slightly  shining  above, 
sharply  serrate,  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed;  stipules  narrow,  glandular;  corymbs 
2-6-flowered;  pedicels  and  calyx  densely   pubescent;  calyx-lobes    lanceolate,    8— 
12  mm.  long,  deeply  incised,  glandular,  reflexed  in  fruit;  pome  globose,  yellowish 
green,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.     In  thickets,  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  Mo.     May -June. 

7.  COTONEASTER  Medic. 

Shrubs,  with  stipulate  coriaceous  leaves,  and  small  white  cymose  or  rarely  soli- 
tary flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals 
5,  scarcely  clawed.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  2-5-celled  or  of  2-5  carpels, 
separate  at  the  summit;  styles  2-5;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  or  carpel,  alike,  erect. 
Pome  ovoid,  globose  or  top-shaped,  the  carpels  bony  when  mature.  [Name  neo- 
Latin,  Quince-star  or  Star-quince.]  About  co  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Cotoneaster  Pyracantha  (L.)  Spach.  EVERGREEN  OR  FIRE  THORN. 
PYRACANTH.  (I.  F.  f.  2006.)  A  shrub.  Spines  slender,  1-2.5  cm-  long;  leaves 
evergreen,  glabrous,  oval  or  slightly  oblanceolate,  crenulate,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 


DRUPACEAE.  523 

usually  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  cymes  many-flowered; 
pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  ovate;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  styles 
5;  fruit  scarlet,  depressed-globose,  about  4  mm.  high,  bitter.  In  thickets,  escaped 
from  cultivation,  S.  Penn.  to  Ala.  and  Tenn.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  May. 

Family  13.     DRUPACEAE  DC. 
Plum  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  the  bark  exuding  gum,  the  foliage,  bark  and  seeds 
containing  prussic  acid,  bitter.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  serrate,  the 
small  stipules  early  deciduous,  the  teeth  and  petiole  often  glandular. 
Flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  inferior,  deciduous,  free  from  the 
ovary,  5-lobed.  Disk  annular.  Calyx-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals 
5,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals. 
Pistil  i  in  our  genera;  ovary  i -celled,  2-ovuled  ;  style  simple;  stigma 
mostly  small  and  capitate.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seed  i,  suspended;  endosperm 
none;  cotyledons  fleshy.  About  6  genera  and  no  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed, most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Drupe  glabrous.  i.  Pr units. 

Drupe  velvety.  2.  Amygdalus. 

i.  PRUNUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  with  edible  fruits,  the  white  or  pink  flowers  variously 
clustered,  the  leaves  conduplicate  or  convolute  in  vernation.  Petals  spreading. 
Stamens  15-20,  distinct  ;  filaments  filiform.  Style  terminal  ;  stigma  peltate  or 
truncate.  Exocarp  of  the  drupe  fleshy,  the  endocarp  bony,  smooth  or  a  little  rough- 
ened, globose  or  oval,  or  oblong  and  compressed.  [Ancient  Latin  name  of  the 
Plum-tree.]  About  90  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  tropical  Amer- 
ica and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  some  12  others  occur  in  southern  and  western 
N.  A. 

*  Flowers  in  lateral  scaly  umbels  or  fascicles,  expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves, 
f  Inflorescence  umbellate,  the  clusters  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  convolute  in  vernation;  fruit  mostly  large;  pit  more  or  less  flattened. 
Umbels  several-flowered. 

Leaves  abruptly  acuminate  :  drupe  red  or  yellow. 

Calyx-lobes  entire,  pubescent  within  ;  fruit  globose,     i.  P.  Americana. 
Calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate;  fruit  subglobose  or  oval. 
Calyx-lobes  glabrous  within;  leaves  oval  or  obovate. 

2.  P.  nigra. 
Calyx-lobes  pubescent  on  both  sides;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

3.  P.  hortulana. 
Leaves  acute,  gradually  acuminate,  or  obtusish  ;  drupe  red  or  purple. 

Leaves  glabrous  when  mature. 

Fruit  red,  with  little  bloom  or  none. 

Leaves  lanceolate  ;  drupe  thin-skinned.  4,   P.  angustifolia. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  drupe  thick-skinned  :    western 

shrub.  5.   p.  Watsoni. 

Fruit  dark  purple,  with  a  bloom  ;  leaves  ovate.      6.  P.  Alleghaniensis. 
Leaves  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  lower  surface,  when  mature. 
Drupe  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  coast  plants. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  ;  stone  pointed  at  both  ends. 

7.  P.  maritima. 
Leaves  orbicular,  very  obtuse  ;  stone  pointed  at  base. 

8.  P.  Gravesii. 
Drupe  0.6-1  cm.  in  diameter  ;  prairie  plant.           9.  P.  gracilis. 

Umbels  only  1-2  flowered.  10.   P.  spinosa. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation  ;  fruit  mostly  small  ;  pit  mostly  globose. 
Flowers  6-12  mm.  broad  ;  low  shrubs. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  ;  northern.  u.  P.  pumila. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  slightly  obovate. 

Petioles  8-20  mm.  long ;  drupe  8-10  mm.  in  diameter  ;  eastern. 

12.  P.  cuneata. 
Petioles  4-6  mm.  long;  fruit  12-16  mm.  in  diameter  ;  western. 

13.  P.  Besseyi. 


524  FLORA. 

Flowers  15-30  mm.  broad  ;  trees. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  pedicels  short  ;  fruit  sour.  14.  p.  Cerasus. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  veins;  pedicels  long;  fruit  sweet. 

15.  P.  Avium. 
1 1  Inflorescence  more  or  less  corymbose  :  leaves  shining. 

1 6.  P.  Pennsylvania^, 
*  *  Flowers  corymbose,  terminating  twigs  of  the  season.       17.  P.  Mahaleb. 

*  *  *  Flowers  racemed,  terminating  branches  of  the  season. 

Fruit  red  to  purple,  astringent  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval.  18.  P.  Virginiana. 

Fruit  purple  or  purplish-black,  sweet  or  bitter. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate  ;  shrub  or  small  tree.  19.  P,  demissa. 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate  to  ovate  ;  large  tree.  20.  P.  serotina. 

1.  Prunus  Americana  Marsh.  WILD  YELLOW  OR  RED  PLUM.    d.  F.  f.  2007.) 
A  shrub  or  small  tree;  branches  more  or  less  thorny;  bark  thick.     Leaves  ovate  or 
obovate,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  when  mature,  usually  pubescent  when  young, 
sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  slender-petioled;  petioles 
usually  glandless;  flowers 'white,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long;  drupe 
1.8-2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  skin  tough,  bloom  little  or  none, t the  stone  somewhat 
flattened,  its  ventral  edge  acute  or  margined,  the  dorsal  faintly  grooved.     N.  Y.  to 
Mont.,  Fla.  and  Colo.     April-May.     Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Prunus   nigra  Ait.     CANADA  PLUM.     HORSE  PLUM.     (I.  F.  f.  2008.)    A 
tree,  6-10  m.   high  ;  bark  thin.     Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  long- acuminate, 
pubescent  when  young,  crenulate- serrate  ;  petioles  stout,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  bearing 
I  or  2  red  glands  near  the  blade  ;  flowers  2.5-3  cm-  broad;  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long, 
glabrous;  calyx-lobes   glandular-serrate;  drupe  oval,   2.5-3  cm.  long,  orange-red, 
thick-skinned,  bloom  little  or  none,  the  flesh  adherent  to  the  oval  compressed  stone, 
which   is  sharply  ridged  on   the  ventral  edge,  somewhat  grooved  on  the  dorsal. 
Newf.  to  Man.,  Mass,  and  Wis.     May.     Fruit  Aug.     Petals  pink  in  age. 

3.  Prunus  hortulana  Bailey.     WILD  GOOSE  PLUM.    (I.  F.  f.  2009.)  A  small 
tree,  similar  to  the  two  preceding;  branches  spreading  ;  bark  thin.     Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate   to   ovate,    long-acuminate,  closely  glandular- serrate,  10-15    cm-    l°ng; 
petioles  not  2. 5  cm.  long,  usually  bearing  two  glands  near  the  blade;  pedicels  1-2 
cm,  long  ;  calyx-lobes   glandular-serrate;  drupe   subglobose  or    short-oval,  bright 
red,  thin-skinned,  bloom  little  or  none,  stone  swollen,  roughish,  not  margined.     111. 
to  Tenn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

Prunus  hortul^na  Mineri  Bailey.  Leaves  dull,  thick,  irregularly  coarsely  serrulate, 
conspicuously  veiny  beneath  ;  stone  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  varying  to  oblanceolate.  111. 
to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

4.  Prunus  angustifolia  Michx.     CHICK  AS  AW  PLUM.     HOG  PLUM.     (I.  F.  f. 
2010.)     A  small  tree,  the  branches   somewhat  thorny.     Leaves  acute,   serrulate, 
often  rounded  at  the  base,  7-13  cm.  long;  flowers  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding, 
in  lateral  umbels,  expanding  before  the  leaves;  drupe  red,  globose,  12-18  mm.  in 
diameter,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  its  stone  ovoid,   hardly  flattened,  both  edges 
rounded,  one  of  them  slightly  grooved.     In  dry  soil,   N.  J.   to  Fla.,  west  to  the 
Rocky  Mts.      April.     Fruit  ripe  May-July. 

5.  Prunus  Watsoni   Sargent.     WATSON'S   PLUM.     SAND  PLUM.     (I.    F.    f. 
2011.)     A  shrub,  2-3.5  m-  high'  somewhat  spiny.     Leaves  firm,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,   finely  crenulate-serrulate,  2-5  cm.  long,   shining  above,  the  peti- 
oles about  i  cm.  long;  flowers  10-12  mm.  broad;  pedicels  8-12  mm.  long,  red, 
glabrous;  fruit  globose  or  somewhat  elongated,  about  18  mm.  in  diameter,  orange- 
red,  without  a  bloom,  the  flesh  yellow ;  stone  oval,  pitted,  mostly  rounded  on  both 
margins,  abruptly  flattened  at  the  summit.     Sandy  soil,  Neb.  to  Ark.    April-May. 

6.  Prunus  Alleghaniensis  Porter.     PORTER'S  PLUM.     (I.    F.   f.  2012.)     A 
low,  straggling  shrub  or  small  tree;  seldom  thorny.     Leaves  acute  or  acuminate, 
finely  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young;  flowers  about  14  mm. 
broad;  drupe  globose-ovoid,  about  i  cm.  in  greatest  diameter,  with  a  conspicuous 
bloom;  pulp  pleasantly  acid;  stone  slightly  flattened,   a    shallow  groove  on  one 
margin,  a  slight  expansion  on  the  other.     E.  Conn.;   Huntingdon  Co.,  across  the 
Allegheny  Mts.  to  Clearfield  Co.,  Pa.     April. 

7.  Prunus  raaritima  Wang.     BEACH  PLUM.      (I.  F.    f.    2013.)    A   much- 
branched  shrub,  0.3-2  m.  high,  not  thorny.     Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  finely 


DKUPACEAE.  525 

and  sharply  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath  even  when  old ;  flow- 
ers white,  numerous,  in  lateral  umbels,  expanding  before  the  leaves,  10-16  mm. 
broad  ;  petals  obovate;  drupe  globose,  purple,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  sweet, 
covered  with  a  bloom;  stone  little  flattened,  acute  on  one  margin,  slightly  grooved 
on  the  other.  On  seabeaches  and  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Va.  to  N.  B. 
April-May.  Fruit  ripe  in  Sept.  or  Oct. 

8.  Primus  Gravesii  Small.     GRAVES'  BEACH  PLUM.     (I.  P\  f.  2014.)    A  low 
shrub,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  1.3  m.,  not  thorny,  the  twigs  of  the 
season  mostly  puberulent.     Leaves  orbicular,  oval-orbicular,  or  slightly  obovate, 
1.6-3  cm-  l°ng-  rounded,  retuse  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  nerves  beneath  ;  flowers  about  12  mm.  broad,  soli- 
tary or  2-3  together  in  lateral   umbels,  expanding  with  the  leaves;  petals  subor- 
bicular;  drupj   globose,  10  16  mm.   in  diameter,   nearly  black,  with  a  light  blue 
bloom;  stone   nearly  as  thick  as  wide,  pointed  only  at  the  base.     On  a  gravellv 
ridge,  Groton,  Conn.     May-June.      Fruit  ripe  in  Sept. 

9.  Prunus  gracilis  Engelm.  &  Gray.     Low  PLUM.    (I.  F.  f.  2015.)   A  shrub, 
3-12  dm.  high,  the  foliage  and  young  twigs  densely  soft-pubescent.     Leaves  short- 
petioled,  ovate- lanceolate  or  oval,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends,   sharply  serrate, 
glabrate  on  the  upper  surface  at  maturity;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad,  in  lateral  um- 
bels, appearing  before  the  leaves;  pedicels  slender,  pubescent;  drupe  oval-globose, 
8-io  mm.  in  diameter;  stone  little  flattened,   nearly  orbicular.     In  sandy  or  dry 
soil,  Tenn.  to  Kans.  and  Tex. 

10.  Prunus   spiaosa   L.      SLOE.      BLACKTHORN.      BUCKTHORN.     (I.  F.    f. 
2016.)     A  shrub  with  thorny  branches,   0.6-5  m-   high-     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  serrate,  nearly  glabrous  when  mature;  flowers  white,  8-12  mm. 
broad,   appearing  before  the  leaves,  the  lateral   clusters  only   i-2-flowered;   drupe 
ovoid-globose,  nearly  black  with  a  bloom,  about  12  mm.  in  diameter  ;   stone  little 
flattened,  acute  on  one  edge.     Along  roadsides,    etc.,    Penn.    and  N.  J.   to  Mass. 
Nat.  or  adv.  from  Europe.     April-May.      {Prunus  spinosa  insitttia  A.  Gray.] 

n.  Prunus  pumila  L.  SAND  CHERRY.  DWARF  CHERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2017.) 
Much  branched  from  the  base,  sometimes  bushy,  0.2-2  m.  high.  Leaves  mostly 
ob'.anceolate  or  spatulate,  acute  or  a  mtish,  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrate,  especially 
toward  the  apex,  usually  pale  beneath  and  deep  green  above,  glabrous  or  very 
nearly  so  on  both  sides  when  mature;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad,  appearing  with  the 
leaves  in  sessile  lateral  umbels  ;  drupe  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  dark  red  or  nearly 
black  when  mature  without  bloom;  flesh  thin,  acid.  On  sandy  or  gravelly  shores, 
N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  N.  J.  and  Mich.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  in  August. 

12  Prunus  cuneata  Raf.  APPALACHIAN  CHERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2018.)  An 
erect  shrub,  3-12  dm.  high,  the  branches  light-colored.  Leaves  oval,  oblong  or 
obovate,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  wedge-shaped  at  the 
base,  serrate  with  rather  appressed  teeth,  rather  thin,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  in  um- 
bels, appearing  with  the  leaves,  about  I  cm.  broad;  drupe  globose,  8-10  mm.  in 
diameter.  In  wet  soil,  or  among  rocks,  N.  H.  to  Minn. ,  N.  Car.  and  Wis. 

13.  Prunus  Besseyi  Bailey.     WESTERN   SAND  CHERRY.     BESSEY'S  CHERRY. 
(I.    F.   f.   2019.)     A  shrub,    3-12  dm.   high,    the  branches  spreading  or  prostrate. 
Leaves  elliptic,   oblong  or  oval,   the  teeth    appressed,   the  apex  and  base  mostly 
acute;  flowers  in  sessile  umbels,  expanding  with  the  leaves,  8-10  mm.  broad;  fruit 
12-16  mm.  in  diameter,  on  stout  pedicels;  bitterish  and  astringent,   black,  mottled 
or  yellowish.     Prairies,  Manitoba  and  Minn,  to  Kans.  and  Utah.     April-May. 

14.  Prunus  Cerasus  L.     SOUR  CHERRY.     EGRIOT.     (I.  F.  f.  2020.)    A  tree. 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  variously  dentate,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  very  resinous  when  young;   flowers  white,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad, 
in  sessile,   lateral,   very  scaly  umbels,  expanding  with  the  leaves  or  before  them; 
pedicels  little  over  3  cm.  long  in  flower;  drupe  globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter  (larger 
in  cultivation),  black  or  red,   sour,   without   bloom;  stone  globose.     In  woods  and 
thickets,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  N.  Y.  and  Per.n.,  escaped  from  cultivation.     Native 
of  Europe.     April-May.     Fruit  June-July. 

15.  Prunus  Avium  L.    WILD  OR  CRAB  CHERRY.     MAZARD.    GEAN.    SWEET 
CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2021.)     A  large  tree.     Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  slightly  obovate, 
abruptly  short-acuminate,  irregularly  serrate    pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  or 
over  the  entire  lower  surface  when  young  ;  fLwers  whit? .  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  in 


526  FLORA. 

scaly  lateral  umbels,  expanding  with  the  leaves;  pedicels  slender,  2.5-6  cm.  long 
in  flower;  drupe  globose,  black  or  dark  red,  sweet.  In  thickets  and  woodlands, 
escaped  from  cultivation,  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  Va.  Native  of  Europe.  April-May. 

16.  Prunus  Pennsylvania  L.   f.     WILD  RED  CHERRY.     PIN  OR   PIGEON 
CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  20.2.)    A  small  tree.     Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, mainly  rounded  at  the  base,  glabrous,  serrulate,  rather  slender- petioled;  flowers 
in  lateral,  peduncled  or  sessile  leafless  clusters,  unfolding  with  the  leaves;  pedicels 
slender,  glabrous,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  drupe  globose,  red,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  with- 
out bloom,  its  flesh  thin  and  sour,   its  stone  globular.     In  rocky  woods,   and  clear- 
ings, Newf.  to  Ga.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     April-June.     Fruit  ripe  in  August. 

17.  Prunus  Mahaleb  L.     MAHALEB.     PERFUMED  CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2023.) 
A  small  tree  or  shrub.     Bark  pale,  smooth;   leaves  petioled,  ovate,  abruptly  acute 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,   glabrous,   denticulate,  fra- 
grant; flowers  about  I  cm.  broad,  in  corymbs  borne  on  short  branches  of  the  sea- 
son, unfolding  with  the  leaves;  drupe  reddish-black,  globose  or  globose-ovoid,  about 
8  mm.    long,    the  flesh  thin,    the  stone  slightly  flattened.     Roadsides  and  waste 
places,  Conn,   to  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  E.  Penn.   and  Kans.     Adv.   from  Europe.     April- 
May.      Fruit  ripe  July. 

18.  Prunus  Virginiana  L.     CHOKE  CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2024.)     A  shrub,  or 
rarely  a  small  tree,  with  gray  bark.     Leaves  thin,  obovateor  broadly  oval,  abruptly 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent   along    the    veins   beneath,    serrulate  with  slender  teeth;   flowers  8-10  mm. 
broad,  in  mainly  loosely-flowered  racemes,  terminating  leafy  branches  of  the  sea- 
son; petals  suborbicular;  drupe  red    to   nearly  black,  rarely  yellow,  globose,  8- 
IO  mm.   in  diameter,   very  astringent;  stone  globular.     Along  river  banks  and  in 
rocky  situations,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Br.  Col.,  Ga.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Colo.     April - 
May.     Fruit  ripe  in  July  or  August. 

19.  Prunus   demissa  (Nutt.)   Walp.     WESTERN   WILD   CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2025.)     A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding,  thicker, 
acute  or  often  obtusish  at  the  apex,  and  with  shorter  teeth;  flowers  8-io  mm.  broad; 
racemes  generally  dense,  terminating  leafy  branches  ;  drupe  dark  purple  or  black, 
sweet  or  but  slightly   astringent,   globose,  6-8   mm.  in  diameter;  stone   globular. 
Prairies  and  dry  soil,  Dak.  to  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     May-July. 

20.  Prunus   serotina   Ehrh.      WILD   BLACK    CHERRY.     CABINET  OR  RUM 
CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2026.)     A  large  tree,  with  maximum  height  of  about  30  m.,  the 
bark  rough  and  black.     Leaves  thick,  oval,  oval-lanceolate  or  ovate,   acuminate 
or  acute,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,   serrate  with  appressed 
callous  teeth  ;  flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  two  preceding,  the  racemes  elongated, 
spreading   or   drooping  ;  pstals  obovate  ;  drupe  globose,   8-IO  mm.  in  diameter; 
dark  purple  or  black,  sweet  but   slightly  astringent.     In  woods  or  open  places, 
S.  Ont.  to  Fla.,  Dak.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May.     Fruit  ripe  Aug.-Sept. 

Prunus  sertftina  Smkllii  Bntton.  Leaves  firm,  coriaceous,  coarsely  serrate,  pale 
beneath;  racemes  thick,  divergent,  rather  few-flowered  ;  calyx  and  filaments  pubescent. 
Summit  of  White  Top  Mountain,  Va. 

2.  AMYGDALUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  lanceolate  serrulate  short-petioled  leaves,  and  pink 
or  white  flowers  solitary  or  clustered  at  the  nodes  of  the  twigs  of  the  preceding 
season.  Petals  spreading.  Stamens  20-30,  distinct,  the  filaments  filiform.  Style 
and  stigma  as  in  Primus.  Exocarp  of  the  fruit  mostly  fleshy,  velvety  in  the  fol- 
lowing species  ;  endocarp  (stone)  bony,  deeply  pitted  or  nearly  smooth,  oval  or 
oblong,  pointed,  more  or  less  compressed.  [Name  said  to  be  Syrian.]  About  5 
species,  natives  of  Asia. 

r.  Amygdalus  Persica  L.  PEACH.  (I.  F.  f.  2027.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  7-14  cm.  long,  glabrous,  long-acuminate,  usually 
narrowed  at  the  base,  finely  serrate  ;  petioles  2-6  mm.  long;  flowers  pink,  1-5  cm. 
broad,  scaly-bracted  ;  drupe  subglohose,  grooved,  softly  velvety,  3-8  cm.  in  diam- 
eter. Escaped  from  cultivation,  S.  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  April-May. 


MIMOSA  CEA  E.  5  2  / 

Family  14.     MIMOSACEAE  Reichenb. 

Mimosa  family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  commonly  2-3-pinnate 
leaves,  the  stipules  various,  and  small  regular  mostly  perfect  flowers  in 
heads,  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  3-6-toothed  or  3-6-lobed,  the  teeth  or 
lobes  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  as  many  distinct  or  united 
petals,  also  valvate.  Stamens  distinct,  or  monadelphous.  Ovary  i-celled  ; 
style  simple.  Fruit  a  legume.  Seeds  without  endosperm  ;  cotyledons 
fleshy.  About  30  genera  and  1350  species,  mostly  tropical. 
Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10.  i.  Acacia. 

Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many. 
Petals  separate.;  pod  smooth. 

Pod  separating  into  2  valves.  2.  Acuan. 

Pod  leathery,  indehiscent.  3.  Prosopis. 

Petals  united  to  about  the  middle  ;  pod  spiny.  4.  Morongia. 

1.  ACACIA  Adans. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  the  ultimate  leaflets  usually  small  and 
numerous,  or  the  leaves  in  many  exotic  species  modified  into  flat  simple  phyllodes. 
Flowers  small,  in  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate,  usually  4-5 -toothed,  or  of 
4  or  5  distinct  sepals.  Petals  mostly  4  or  5  or  wanting.  Stamens  exserted;  fila- 
ments filiform;  pollen-grains  cohering  in  2's-6's.  Pod  linear,  oblong  or  oval,  flat 
or  swollen,  often  constricted  between  the  seeds.  [Greek,  point,  or  thorn,  many  spe- 
cies being  thorny.]  About  450  species,  chiefly  in  subtropical  regions.  Besides 
the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Acacia  filicoides  (Cav.)  Trelease.  PRAIRIE  ACACIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2028.) 
A  thornless  shrub.  Pinnae  of  the  leaves  2-15  pairs,  oblong  in  outline,  2-5  cm. 
long;  leaflets  10-15  Pairs>  oblong  or  linear-obiong,  about  4  mm.  long,  less  than  2 
mm.  wide,  slightly  inequilateral,  I -veined;  heads  globose,  many-flowered,  axillary, 
slender-peduncled,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter;  sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so;  filaments  yel- 
low; pod  linear,  acute,  stipitate,  mostly  stright.  2-5  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  wide, 
flat,  its  valves  thin,  reticulated,  impressed  between  the  seeds.  Prairies  Mo.  and 
Kans.  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.  May -July. 

2.  ACUAN  Medic.     [DESMANTHUS  Willd.] 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  greenish  or 
whitish  small  regular  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  heads  or  spikes.  Flowers  per- 
fect, sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  staminate,  neutral  or  apetalous.  Calyx  cam- 
panulate, its  teeth  short.  Petals  valvate,  distinct,  or  slightly  united  or  coherent 
below.  Stamens-ioor  5,  distinct,  mainly  exserted;  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  nea'rly 
sessile;  ovules  oo  .  Pod  linear,  straight  or  curved,  acute,  flat,  several- seeded, 
2-valved.  the  valves  coriaceous  or  membranous.  About  10  species,  natives  of  warm 
and  tropical  America,  one  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  the  Old  World. 
Pods  few,  linear,  erect,  straight.  i.  A.  lepfoloba. 

Pods  numerous  in  globose  heads,  oblong,  curved.  2.  A.  lllinoensis. 

i.  Acuan  leptoloba  (T.  &  G.)  Kuntze.  PRAIRIE  MIMOSA.  (I.  F.  f.  2029.) 
Stems  ascending,  rough-angled,  6-9  dm.  long.  Leaves  short- petioled.  bipinnate; 
pinnae  5-10  pairs,  sessile  ;  leaflets  10-24  pairs,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
inequilateral,  rounded  at  the  base,  usually  glabrous.  3-4  mm.  long,  I  mm.  wide  or 
less;  peduncles  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  few-flowered;  stamens  (always?)  5;  pods  3-8,  nar- 
rowly linear,  acuminate,  about  3  times  the  length  of  the  peduncle,  6 -8- seeded. 
Prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.  Summer. 

2  Acuan  lllinoensis  (Michx.)  Kuntze.  ILLINOIS  MIMOSA.  (I.  F.  f.  2030.) 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  angled,  3-9  dm.  high.  Foliage  resembling  that  of 
the  preceding,  but  the  pinnae  and  obtusish  leaflets  are  sometimes  more  numerous  ; 
pHuncles  2-8  cm.  long;  pods  numerous,  densely  capitate,  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
strongly  curved,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  acute,  slightly  impressed  between  the  2-5  seeds. 
Prairies  and  river-banks,  Ind,  to  Ky.,  Fla.,  S.  Dak.  and  Tex.  May-Sept. 


528  FLORA. 

3.  PROSOPIS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  often  with  spines  in  the  axils,  with  2-pinnate  leaves  and  small 
spicate  or  capitate  flowers.  Calyx  with  5  short  teeth.  Petals  5,  valvate,  distinct, 
or  connate  below.  Stamens  10,  distinct;  filaments  long.  Ovary  often  stalked, 
many-ovuled;  style  slenderer  filiform;  stigma  very  small.  Pod  linear,  compressed, 
leathery,  indehiscent,  the  mesocarp  spongy  or  dry.  Seeds  flattened.  [Ancient 
name  for  some  very  different  plant.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropi- 
cal regions.  Besides  the  following,  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

I.  Prosopis  glandulosa  Torr.  PRAIRIE  MESQUITE.  (I.  F.  f.  20323.)  A 
shrub,  the  axils  usually  with  a  pair  of  sharp  spines.  Leaves  petioled,  with  2 
spreading  short-stalked  pinnae,  each  of  numerous  sessile  pinnules;  pinnules  linear 
or  linear-oblong,  entire,  mostly  mucronulate,  firm,  veiny,  1-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide  ;  spikes  axillary,  peduncled,  densely  many-flowered,  5—13  cm.  long;  calyx 
campanulate  ;  petals  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  ovary  villous;  pods  linear, 
stipitate,  1-2  dm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  constricted  between  the  seeds.  Kans. 
to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.  April-June. 

A.  MORONGIA  Britton.    [SCHRANKIA  Willd., not  Medic.] 

Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  mainly  prostrate  or  procumbent,  armed  with  re- 
curved prickles.  Leaves  bipinnate,  usually  sensitive;  leaflets  numerous,  small; 
stipules  setaceous.  Flowers  regular,  small,  4-5 -parted,  pink  or  purple,  perfect  or 
polygamous,  in  axillary  peduncled  heads  or  spikes.  Stamens  usually  8-12,  dis- 
tinct or  united  at  the  base;  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  nearly  sessile;  ovules  oo  . 
Pod  linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  spiny  all  over,  at  length  4-valved,  several-seeded. 
[Named  in  honor  of  the  late  Rev.  Thos.  Morong,  a  contributor  to  this  work.] 
About  10  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America,  I  in  tropical  Africa. 

Leaflets  elliptic,  strongly  veined.  i.  M.  uncinata* 

Leaflets  linear-oblong,  scarcely  veined.  2.  M.  angustata. 

1.  Morongia  uncinata  (Willd.)  Britton.     SENSITIVE-BRIER.     (I.  F.  f.  2031.) 
Decumbent,    6-12    dm.    long.     Stem,    branches,    petioles    and   peduncles  thickly 
armed   with   hqoked   prickles    1-2   mm.   long;  stem  grooved   and  angled;  leaves 
petioled;  pinnse  4-8  pairs,  distant;  leaflets  8-15  pairs,   obliquely  elliptic,  thick, 
obtusish  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  inequilateral  and  rounded  at  the  base,  slightly 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  4-8  mm.   long;  heads  globose,  very  dense,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in 
diameter;  flowers  pink;  pods  terete,  very  densely  spiny,  about  5  cm.   long.     In 
dry  soil,  Va.  to  111.,  S.  Dak.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

2.  Morongia  angustata  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     NARROW-LEAVED  SENSITIVE- 
BRIER.     (I.    F.   f.    2032.)     Similar   to    the  preceding  species.      Pinnae  3-6    pairs; 
leaflets  numerous,  thin,   acutish  or  obtuse,  not  mucronate  or  but  very  slightly  so, 
not  at  all  reticulated,   3-6  mm.   long;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  heads 
densely  flowered,  1-1.6  cm.  in  diameter;  flowers  pink;  pods  linear,  sparingly  or 
densely  spiny,  5-13  cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  Tex.     [Mimosa 
microphylla  Dry  and.  ?]. 

Family  15.     CAESALPINIACEAE  Kl.  &  Garcke. 
Senna  Family, 

Trees,  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  mostly 
stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  clustered  and  perfect,  sometimes 
monoecious,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  nearly  regular,  or«  irregular. 
Calyx  mostly  of  5  sepals  or  5-toothed.  Petals  usually  5,  imbricated,  and 
the  upper  (unpaired)  one  enclosed  by  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens 10  or  fewer  in  our  genera,  the  filaments  distinct,  or  more  or  less 
united.  Ovary  i-celled.  i-many-ovuled.  Fruit  a  legume,  mostly  de- 
hiscent into  2  valves.  Seeds  with  or  without  endosperm.  About  90 
genera  and  1000  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  simple;   corolla   irregular,   apparently  papilionaceous,  but  the 
lateral  petals  enclosing  the  upper  one.  i.  Cercis, 


CAESALPINIA  CEAE.  5  29 

Herbs   (all  our  species);  flowers  perfect;  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate;  corolla  nearly 
regular. 

Leaves  pinnate,  not  punctate.  2.  Cassia. 

Leaves  bipinnate,  glandular-punctate.  3.  Hoffmanseggia 
Trees ;  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ;  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

Receptacle  short;  stamens  3-5;  pod  flat.  4.  Gleditsta. 

Receptacle  elongated;  stamens  10;  pod  oblong,  woody.  5.  Gymnocladus. 

..  CERCIS  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  broad  leaves,  and  pink  flowers  in  short  lateral  fas- 
cicles borne  on  the  twigs  of  preced.ing  season.  Calyx  somewhat  oblique,  broadly 
campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular;  petals  5;  standard  enclosed  by  the 
wings  in  the  bud;  keel  larger  than  the  wings.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  declined; 
anthers  all  alike,  versatile,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  short-stipitate;  ovules 
oo  .  Pod  linear-oblong  or  oblong,  flat,  margined  along  the  upper  suture,  2-valvde 
at  maturity,  the  valves  thin,  reticulate-veined.  [Ancient  name  of  the  Old  World 
Judas-tree].  About  5  species,  natives  of  N.  A.,  Europe  and  temperate  Asia. 

i.  Cercis  Canadensis  L.  RED-BUD.  AMERICAN  JUDAS-TREE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2033.)  A  tree,  with  greatest  height  of  about  18  m.,  or  often  shrubby.  Stipules 
membranous,  small,  caducous  ;  leaves  petioled,  cordate-orbicular,  blunt-pointed, 
rather  thick,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,  5-15  cm.  broad; 
flowers  several  together  in  sessile  umbellate  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves; 
pedicels  slender,  8-25  mm.  long;  corolla  pink-purple,  about  8  mm.  long;  pod  short- 
stalked  in  the  calyx,  linear-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous,  5-8  cm.  long, 
several-seeded.  In  rich  soil,  S.  Out.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  April. 

2.  CASSIA  L. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  in  tropical  regions  trees,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  and 
mainly  (in  all  our  species)  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  generally 
longer  than  the  tube.  Corolla  nearly  regular;  petals  5,  spreading,  nearly  equal, 
imbricated,  clawed.  Stamens  usually  10,  sometimes  5,  often  unequal  and  some  of 
them  imperfect;  anthers  all  alike,  or  those  of  the  lower  stamens  larger,  opening  by 
2  pores  at  the  summit.  Ovules  oo  .  Pod  often  curved.  Seeds  numerous.  [Ancient 
name.}  About  275  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  about  20  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 
Leaflets  linear  to  oblong,  numerous,  6-20  mm.  long  ;  plants  1.5-6.5  dm.  high. 

Flowers  4-8  mm.  broad,  short-pedicelled  ;  anthers  5.  i.  C.  nictitans. 

Flowers  2. 5-4  cm.  broad,  slender- pedicelled  ;  anthers  10.  2.  C.  Chamaecrista. 

Leaflets  ovate,  oblong  or  obovate,  2-5  cm.  long  ;  plants  3-15  dm.  high. 

Leaflets  6  or  4,  broadly  obovate.  3.   C.  Tora. 

Leaflets  8-18,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Perennial ;  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse.  4.    C.  Marylandica. 

'Annual;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate.          5.   C.  occidentalism 

1.  Cassia  nictitans   L.     SENSITIVE  PEA.     WILD  SENSITIVE-PLANT.     (I.  F. 
f.  2034.)     Annual,   more  or  less  pubescent,    1.5-4  dm.   high.     Stipules  subulate- 
linear,  persistent;  leaves  petioled,  sensitive,  bearing  a  small  gland  near  the  base  of 
the  petiole;  leaflets  12-44,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
and  oblique  at  the  base,  6-16  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide ;  flowers  2-3  together  in  the 
axils;    calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate;    stamens  5,  all  perfect;  pod  linear,  2.5-4 
cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  Ga.,  Ind.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 

2.  Cassia  Chamaecrista  L.     PARTRIDGE  PEA.     LARGE-FLOWERED  SENSI- 
TIVE PEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2035.)     Annual,  widely  branched.     Stipules  subulate-linear, 
persistent  ;  leaves  petioled,  with  a  sessile  gland  on  the  petiole,  sensitive;  flowers 
2-4  together  in  the  axils,  showy,  some  of  the  petals  often  purple-spotted  ;  leaflets 
20-30,  linear-oblong  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  oblique  at  the  base, 
8 -20  mm.   long,  3-4  mm.  wide;  calyx-lobes  long-acuminate;  stamens  10,  all  per- 
fect; pod  linear,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  3-6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide.    In  dry  soil, 
Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

Cassia  Chamaecrista  robiista  Pollard.  Taller;  stems  stouter,  densely  pubescent; 
flowers  larger.  Ky.  to  Ala.  and  Miss. 

3.  Cassia   Tora   L.     Low  SENNA.     (I.  F.  f.  2036.)     Annual,    glabrous,  4-6 
dm.  high.     Stipules  linear-subulate,  at  length  deciduous;  leaves  petioled,  the  gland 


530  FLORA. 

borne  between  or  above  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  thin,  obovate, 
obtuse  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  1—2.5  cm.  broad,  few,  in 
short  axillary  racemes;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  stamens  10,  the  anthers  of  the 
upper  3  imperfect;  pod  linear,  very  slender,  strongly  curved,  1-1.5  dm.  l°ng>  about 
3  mm.  wide.  Along  rivers,  S.  Tenn.  tolnd.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Mex.,  and  throughout 
tropical  America  and  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old  World.  July-Get. 

4.  Cassia  Marylandica   L.     WILD  OR  AMERICAN  SENNA.     (I.  F.  f.  2037.) 
Perennial,  glabrous  or  pubescent  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  0.9-2.4  in.  high,  little 
branched.     Stipules  subulate  linear,    caducous  ;  leaves  petioled,  the  gland   borne 
near  the  base  of  the  petiole;  leaflets  12-20,  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  mucronate,  rounded  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  14-18  mm.  broad, 
numerous  in  axillary  racemes;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  stamens  10,  the  upper  3 
imperfect;  pod  linear,  pubescent  or  becoming  glabrous,  7-10  cm.  long,  6  mm.  wide, 
curved.      In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  Mich.,  Neb.  and  La.     July-Aug. 

5.  Cassia  occidentalis  L.     COFFEE  SENNA.    (I.  F.  f.  2038.)   Glabrous,  much 
branched,  1.3—2  m.  high.     Stipules  caducous  ;  gland  borne  near  the  base  of  the 
petiole;  leaflets  8-12,  rounded   at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide;  flowers 
14-18   mm.   broad,  in  short  axillary  racemes;  stamens  10,  the  upper  3  imperfect; 
calyx-lobes  oblong,   obtuse  ;  pod    linear,    glabrous,  1-1.5   dm.   l°ng>  about  6  mm. 
wide,  somewhat  curved,  its  margins  thickened.    In  waste  places,  Va.  to  Ind.,  Kans., 
Fla.  and  Mex.,  and  throughout  tropical  Am.     Also  in  the  Old  World.     July-Aug. 

3.  HOFFMANSEGGIA   Cav. 

Herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  glandular-punctate  bipinnate  leaves,  small  stipules, 
and  yellow  flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 
Petals  5,  oval  or  oblong,  imbricated.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  slightly  declined;  fila- 
ments often  glandular  at  the  base;  anthers  all  alike,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
nearly  sessile;  ovules  oo  .  Pod  flat,  linear,  oblong  or  ovate,  curved  or  straight, 
2-valved,  several-seeded.  [In  honor  of  Joh.  Centurius,  Graf  Hoffmansegge,  a 
writer  on  Portuguese  botany.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  western  Am.  and  S. 
Africa.  Besides  the  following,  some  9  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

Leaflets  black- puntate  ;  pod  obliquely  oblong.  i.  H.Jamesii. 

Leaflets  not  punctate  ;  pod  linear-oblong.  2.  H.  Falcaria. 

1.  Hoffmanseggia  Jamesii   T.    &  G.     JAMES'  HOFFMANSEGGIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
2039.)      Herbaceous,  finely  pubescent,  branching  from  a  deep  woody  root;  stems 
1.5—3  dm.  high.     Stipules  subulate  ;  leaves  petioled,  bipinnate;  pinnae  5-7;  leaf- 
lets 9-19,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  inequilateral,  3-6  mm.  long;  racemes 
elongated;  flowers  yellow,  distant,  deflexed,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  upper  petal  spotted 
with  red;  pod  flat,  black-punctate,  about  2. 5  cm.  long  and  i  cm.  wide,  2-3-seeded, 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style.    Prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.   June-July. 

2.  Hoffmanseggia    Falcaria     Cav.      SICKLE-FRUITED     HOFFMANSEGGIA. 
(I.   F.  f.   2040.)     Herbaceous,  puberulent,  the  glands  of  the  peduncles  and  petioles 
stalked;  stems  3  dm.  high  or  less.     Stipules  ovate  ;  leaves  slender-petioled,  bipin- 
nate ;  pinnae  7-11  ;   leaflets  12-21,  oblong,   obtuse,    3-6  mm.  long  ;  racemes  few- 
several-flowered;  pod  flat,  curved  or  nearly  straight,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  about  6  mm. 
wide,   blunt,    8-12- seeded,   the  fruiting    pedicels   recurved.     Kans.  (according  to 
Fisher)  to  Tex.  and  Cal.     Also  in  Central  and  South  America.     April-June. 

4.  GLEDITSIA  L. 

Large  trees,  with  evenly  once  or  twice  pinnate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  small 
greenish  polygamous  flowers  in  axillary  spicate  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate,3-5- 
cleft.  Petals  3-5,  equal,  sessile,  inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens 
6  10,  distinct;  anthers  all  alike,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  rudimentary  or 
none  in  the  staminate  flowers,  in  the  fertile  ones  nearly  sessile.  Ovules  2-00  .  Pod 
linear  or  oval,  coriaceous,  tardily  dehiscent.  [In  honor  of  J.  T.  Gleditsch,  1714- 
1786,  German  botanist,  the  name  often  spelled  Gleditschia.]  About  6  species, 
natives  of  eastern  N.  A.  and  Asia. 

Pod  linear-oblong,  elongated,  many-seeded.  i.   G7.  triacanthos. 

?Qd  obliquely  oval,  short,  i-seeded,  3,  G, 


KRA  MERIA  CEA  E.  531 

r~  I.  Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.  HONEY  OR  SWEET  LOCUST.  THREE-THORNED 
ACACIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2041.)  A  large  tree,  with  rough  bark,  usually  armed  with 
stout  branching  or  simple  thorns.  Leaves  petioled,  i-2-pinnate;  leaflets  short- 
stalked,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  inequilateral  at  the  base, 
often  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  crenulate,  1.5-3  cm.  long;  racemes  droop- 
ing, dense,  7-13  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish,  about  4  mm.  broad;  pod  3-5  dm. 
long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide,  stalked,  shining,  twisted,  pulpy  within.  In  woods,  W.  N.  Y. 
and  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  Ga.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  Nat.  and  extensively  planted  further 
east.  May-July. 

2.  Gleditsia  aquatica  Marsh.  WATER  OR  SWAMP  LOCUST.  (I.  F.  f.  2042.) 
A  tree,  with  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.  Foliage  similar  to  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding, but  the  leaflets  thicker,  darker  green,  usually  larger,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
lanceolate  in  outline,  the  margins  more  crenulate;  racemes  drooping,  elongated; 
pod  glabrous,  narrowed  at  each  end,  slender-stalked,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  1.8-2.5  cm< 
wide,  not  pulpy  within.  In  swamps,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  S.  Car.,  Fla.  and  La.  July. 

5.  GYMNOCLADUS    Lam. 

Trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  and  showy  white  dioecious  or  polygamous  flow- 
ers in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow,  nearly  equal. 
Petals  5  (rarely  4^,  oblong  or  oval,  nearly  equal,  imbricated,  inserted  at  the  top  of 
the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  shorter  than  the  petals  and  inserted  with 
them;  filaments  pubescent;  anthers  all  alike,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  rudi- 
mentary, or  none  in  the  staminate  flowers,  sessile  and  many-ovuled  in  the  pistil- 
late and  polygamous  ones;  style  straight.  Pod  oblong,  thick,  large,  coriaceous, 
flat,  pulpy  between  the  seeds,  2-valved.  [Greek,  naked-branch.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  eastern  N.  A. 

i.  Gymnocladus  dioica  (L.)  Koch.  KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2043.)  A  large  forest  tree,  with  rough  bark.  Leaves  large,  petioled;  pinnas 
5-9;  leaflets  7-15  (or  the  lowest  pair  of  pinnae  of  but  a  single  leaflet),  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath,  ciliate,  2-8  cm.  long;  racemes  many-flowered,  elongated;  flowers  slender- 
pedicelled,  16-18  mm.  long;  pod  1.2-2.5  dm.  l°ng»  about  5  cm.  wide,  the  valves 
thick  and  coriaceous.  Rich  woods,  S.  Ont.  to  Penn.,  Tenn.,  S.  Dak.  and  the  Ind. 
Terr.  May-June. 

Family  16.     KRAMERIACEAE    Dumort. 
Krameria  Family. 

Pubescent  herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  or  digitately 
3-foliolate  leaves,  and  purple  or  purplish,  irregular  perfect  flowers. 
Peduncles  2-bracted  at  or  above  the  middle.  Stipules  wanting.  Sepals 
4  or  5,  usually  large,  the  outer  one  commonly  wider  than  the  others. 
Petals  usually  5,  smaller  than  the  sepals,  the  3  upper  ones  long-clawed, 
often  united  by  their  claws,  or  the  middle  one  of  the  3  wanting,  the  2 
lower  ones  reduced  to  suborbicular  fleshy  glands.  Stamens  3  or  4, 
monadelphous,  at  least  at  the  base ;  anther-sacs  opening  by  a  terminal 
pore.  Ovary  i -celled,  or  partly  2-celled  ;  ovules  2,  collateral,  anatropous, 
pendulous;  style  slender,  acute  or  truncate.  Fruit  spiny,  indehiscent, 
i  -seeded.  Seed  without  endosperm  ;  cotyledons  fleshy.  Only  one  genus, 
with  about  15  species,  distributed  from  the  southern  U.  S.  to  Chile. 

i.  KRAMERIA  Loefl. 

[In  honor  of  Johann  Georg  Heinrich  Kramer,  an  Austrian  physician  of  the 
last  century.] 

i.  Krameria  secundiflora  DC.  LINEAR- LEAVED  KRAMERIA.  (L  F.  f. 
2044.)  A  perennial  herb  from  a  thick  woody  root,  the  stems  often  3  dm.  long  or 
more.  Leaves  linear,  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  sessile,  simple,  entire, 
about  2.5  cm.  long,  acute,  tipped  with  a  minute  prickle;  peduncles  solitary,  axil- 
lary, I -flowered,  sometimes  secund,  bearing  2  leaf-like  bracts  just  below  the 


532  FLORA. 

flower;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  the  sepals  purple  within,  pubescent  without; 
claws  of  the  3  upper  petals  united;  stamens  4;  fruit  globose,  pubescent,  very  spiny, 
about  1.2  cm.  in  diameter.  Fla.  to  Kans.,  N,  Mex.  and  Mex.  April-June. 

Family  17.     PAPILIONACEAE   L. 
Pea  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  trees,  with  alternate  mostly  compound  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  irregular  (papilionaceous)  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamo- 
dio2cious  flowers,  mainly  in  spikes,  heads,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx 
4-5-toothed,  or  4-5-cleft,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Petals  more  or  less 
united,  or  separate,  perigynous  or  hypogynous,  usually  consisting  of  a 
broad  upper  one  (standard,  banner),  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  two 
front  ones  more  or  less  united  (forming  the  keel) ;  the  standard  encloses 
the  wings  in  the  bud.  Stamens  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  sometimes 
separate,  10  in  most  of  the  genera,  sometimes  9,  rarely  5.  Pistil  simple, 
superior;  ovary  mainly  i -celled,  sometimes  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the 
sutures,  or  several-celled  by  cross-partitions ;  style  simple  ;  ovules  i-many, 
anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  legume,  i-many-seeded,  dehiscent 
into  2  valves,  or  indehiscent,  in  one  tribe  a  loment.  Seeds  mostly  with- 
out endosperm  ;  cotyledons  thick.  About  320  genera  and  5000  species, 
most  abundant  in  temperate  and  warm  regions. 

*  The  10  stamens  distinct. 

Leaves  pinnate.  Tribe  i.  SOPHOREAE. 

Leaves  digitate  (in  ours  3-foliolate),  or  simple.  Tribe  2.  PODALYRIEAE. 

*  *  The  stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 
Herbs,  shrubs,  woody  vines  or  trees,  the  leaves  not  tendril-bearing. 
Pod  not  a  loment,  2-valved  or  indehiscent. 

Foliage  not  glandular-dotted  (except  in  Glycyrrhiza,  which  has  many-seeded 
pods). 

Stamens  monadelphous ;  anthers  of  2  kinds.  Tribe  3.  GENISTEAE. 

Stamens  diadelphous  (except  in  Ononis) ;  anthers  all  alike. 
Leaves,  in  our  species,  3-foliolate,  rarely  i-foliolate. 

Leaflets  denticulate.  Tribe  4.  TRIKOLIEAE. 

Leaflets  entire.  Tribe  5.  LOTKAE. 

Leaves  pinnately  several-many-foliolate  (3-foliolate  in  Orophacd),  very 

rarely  i-foliolate.  Tribe  7.  GALEGEAE. 

Foliage  glandular-dotted  ;  pod  indehiscent,  i-2-seeded  ;  herbs. 

Tribe  6.  PSORALEAE. 

Pod  a  loment ;  herbs.  Tribe  8.  HEDYSAREAE. 

Herbaceous  vines,  or  herbs ;  leaves  evenly  pinnate,  with  tendrils. 

Tribe  9.  VICIEAE. 

Vines,  ours  herbaceous,  or  erect  herbs ;   leaves  odd-pinnate,  mostly  3-foliolate,  without 
tendrils.  Tribe  10.  PHASEOLEAE. 

Tribe  i.    SOPHOREAE. 

Our  species  herbs ;  flowers  racemed.  i.  Sophora. 

Trees  ;  flowers  panicled.  2.  Cladrastis. 

Tribe  2.    PODALYRIEAE. 

Ovary  sessile,  or  nearly  so;  pod  flat  in  our  species.  3.   Thermopsis. 

Ovary  distinctly  stipitate;  pod  inflated.  4.  Baptisia. 

Tribe  3.    GENISTEAE. 

Herbs,  with  simple  or  5-n-foliolate  leaves. 

Leaves  simple:  pod  inflated.  e.  Crofataria. 

Leaves  5-1  i-foliolate ;  pod  flattened.  6.  Lupinus. 

Shrubs,  with  i-3-foliolate  leaves. 

Calyx  divided  into  2  lips;  leaves  very  prickly.  7.   Ulex. 

Calyx  cleft  into  2  lips  to  about  the  middle. 

Calyx-teeth  long.  g.  Genista. 

Calyx-teeth  short,  9.  Cytisus, 


PAPILIONACEAE.  533 

Tribe  4.    TRIFOLIEAE. 

Flowers  spiked,  or  capitate;  pods  curved,  or  coiled.  10.  Mcdicago* 

Flowers  in  long  racemes;  pods  coriaceous.  u.  Melilotus. 

Flowers  capitate  or  umbelledj  pods  straight,  membranous.  12.   Trifolium* 

Tribe  5.     LOTEAE. 

A.  single  genus  in  our  area.  13.  Lotus. 

Tribe  6.     PSORALEAE. 

Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  or  pinnately  3-foliolate.  14.  Psoralea. 

Leaves  pinnately  5-many-foliolate. 

Stamens  10  or  9,  monadelphous,  at  least  at  the  base. 

Corolla  of  only  i  petal  (the  standard).  15.  Amorpha. 

Corolla  of  5  petals,  the  wings  and  keel  united  to  the  filament-tube. 

1 6.  Par os  el  a. 
Stamens  only  5,  monadelphous.  17.  Kuhnistera. 

Tribe  7.    GALEGEAE. 

Standard  very  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular. 
Herbs;  leaves  odd-pinnate. 

Pod  4-angled  in  our  species.  18.  Indigofera. 

Pod  flat.  19.   Cracca. 

High-climbing  woody  vines.  20.  Bradleya. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  21.  Robinia. 

Herbs ;  leaves  evenly  pinnate.  22.  Sesban* 

Standard  narrow;  our  species  all  herbs. 

Pod  not  prickly;  foliage  not  glandular-punctate. 
Keel  of  the  corolla  blunt. 

Leaves  pinnate,  rarely  i-foliolate. 

Pod  not  flattened,  swollen,  or  one  or  both  sutures  intruded. 
Pod  not  much  swollen,  fleshy,  leathery  or  papery. 

23.  Astragalus. 

Pod  much  inflated,  membranous.  24.  Phaca. 

Pod  flat,  both  sutures  prominent  externally.  25.  Homalobus. 

Leaves  3-foliolate.  26.  Orophaca. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  acute.  27.  Aragallus. 

Pod  prickly;  foliage  glandular-punctate.  28.  Glycyrrhiza. 

Tribe  8.    HEDYSAREAE. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

Flowers  purplish,  umbellate.  29.   Coronilla. 

Flowers  purple  or  white,  racemose  30.  Hedysarum. 

Flowers  yellow,  small.  31.  JEschynomene. 

Leaves  4-  foliolate  or  2-foliolate.  33.  Zornia. 
Leaves  3-foliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet  stalked. 

Flowers  yellow.  32.  Stylosanthes. 

Flowers  purple,  blue  or  white. 

Pod  of  several  joints;  leaflets  stipellate.  34.  Meibomia. 

Pod  of  i  or  2  joints;  leaflets  not  stipellate.  35.  Lespedcza* 

Tribe  9.    VICIEAE. 

Style  slender,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  summit.  36.    Vicia. 

Style  flattened,  bearded  along  the  inner  side.  37.  Lathyrus. 

Tribe  10.    PHASEOLEAE. 

Style  bearded  along  the  inner  side;  rachis  not  thickened  at  the  insertion  of  the  flowers  ; 

keel  of  corolla  not  curved  nor  coiled.  39.  Cliton'a. 

Style  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  below;  keel  of  corolla  not  curved  nor  coiled. 
Standard  spurred  at  the  base.  38.  Bradburya. 

Standard  not  spurred. 

Flowers  blue,  purple,  purplish,  or  white. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-7.  41.  Apios. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  rarely  i-foliolate. 

Calyx  tubular,  not  bracteolate.  40.  Falcata. 

Calyx  short,  bracteolate.  42.  Galactia. 

Flowers  yellow.  43.  Dolicholus. 

Style  bearded  along  the  inner  side;  rachis  thickened  at  the  insertion  of  the  flowers. 
Keel  of  the  corolla  spirally  coiled ;  flowers  racemed.  '  44.  Phaseolus. 

Keel  strongly  incurved;  flowers  purple,  capitate.  45.  Strophostyles. 

Keel  short,  slightly  incurved;  flowers  yellowish,  capitate.  46.   Vigna. 


534  FLORA. 

I.  SOPHORA  L. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  white,  yellow  or  violet,  in  terminal  racemes  01 
panicles.  Calyx  generally  cainpAiiulate,  its  teeth  short.  Standard  obovate  01 
orbicular;  wings  obliquely  oblong;  keel  oblong,  nearly  straight.  Stamens  all  di=- 
tinct  or  very  nearly  so;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  short-stalked;  style  incurved. 
Pod  stalked,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  terete,  constricted  between  the  seeds,  mainly  in- 
dehiscent.  [Name  Arabic,  yellow.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  warm  andtropi, 
cal  regions.  Besides  the  following,  about  5  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  Sophora  sericea  Nutt.  SILKY  SOPHORA.  (I.  F.  f.  2045.)  Herbaceous, 
woody  at  the  base,  silky  or  silvery  pubescent,  15-30  cm.  high.  Stipules  subulate, 
deciduous;  leaves  short- petioled;  leaflets  7-25,  short-stalked,  obovate  or  elliptic, 
obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  6-13  mm.  long; 
raceme  peduncled,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  about  16  mm.  long,  nearly  sessile; 
poi  dry,  coriaceous,  3-5  cm.  long,  about  4  mm.  thick,  finely  pubescent,  few- 
seeded.  Prairies,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.  April-June. 

2.  CLADRASTIS  Raf. 

Trees,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  no  stipules  nor  stipels.  Flowers  showy,  white, 
fragrant,  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx-teeth  5,  short,  broad.  Standard  orbicular, 
obovate,  reflexed;  wings  oblong;  keel  incurved,  obtuse,  its  petals  distinct.  Sta- 
mens 10,  all  distinct;  filaments  slender;  anthers  all  alike,  versatile.  Ovary  sessile 
or  nearly  so  ;  ovules  few  ;  style  incurved  ;  pod  linear  or  lanceolate,  short-stalked, 
flat,  at  length  2-valved,  few-seeded.  [Greek,  brittle-branch.]  Two  known 
species,  the  following  and  one  in  Mantchuria. 

I.  Cladrastis  lutea  (Michx.)  Koch.  AMERICAN  OR  KENTUCKY  YELLOW- 
WOOD.  (I.  F.  f.  2046.)  A  smooth-barked  tree.  Foliage  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 
petioled;  leaflets  5-11,  ovate,  oval  or  obovate.  stalked,  4-8  mm.  long,  pointed  or 
blunt-acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  the  terminal  one  cuneate  at  the  base;  pani- 
cles many-flowered,  drooping,  2-5  dm.  long  ;  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long  ;  calyx  tubu- 
lar-campanulate;  corolla  about  2  mm  long;  pod  short-stalked,  glabrous,  4-8  mm. 
long,  8-iomm.  wide.  In  rich  soil,  Ky.,  Mo.,  Term,  and  N.  Car.  June. 

3.  THERMOPSIS   R.  Br. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  sheathing  scales  at  the  base,  alternate  3-foliolate  leaves, 
and  large  yellow  or  purple  flowers  in  racemes.  Stipules  usually  foliaceous.  Calyx 
campanulate  or  short-turbinate,  its  lobes  equal  and  separate,  or  the  two  upper  ones 
united.  Standard  nearly  orbicular,  equalling  the  oblong  wings  and  about  equal- 
ling the  keel.  Stamens  10,  incurved,  separate.  Ovary  sessile  or  short-stipitate; 
ovules  oo  ;  style  slightly  incurved  ;  stigma  terminal,  small  ;  pod  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  ti  it  (in  our  species),  linear  or  oblong,  straight  or  curved.  [Greek,  Lupine- 
like.]  About  15  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  5  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Leaflets  2.5-5  cm.  long;  panicle  elongated,  usually  long-peduncled;  eastern. 

i.    T.  mollis. 
Leaflets  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng  ;  panicle  short,  short-peduncled ;  western.         2.    7\  rhombifolia. 

1.  Thermopsis  mollis   (Michx.)  M.   A.  Curtis.     ALLEGHANY  THERMOPSIS. 
(I.  F.  £2047.)     Erect,  6-9  dm.   high,   finely  appressed-pubescent.     Leaves  peti- 
oled; leaflets  oval,  rhombic-elliptic  or  obovate,  entire,  nearly  sessile;  stipules  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  petiole;  racemes  mainly  terminal;  pedicels  4-12  mm. 
long,   bracted  at  the  base;   flowers  yellow,   about  2  cm.   long;  pod  short-stalked, 
linear,  slightly  curved,  about  10  cm.  long.     Va.,  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  in  the  moun- 
tains.    July-Aug. 

2.  Thermopsis  rhombifolia  (Nutt.)  Richards.   PRAIRIE  THERMOPSIS.   (I.  F.  f. 
2048.)     Erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  appressed  silky-pubescent.     Leaves  petioled;  leaflets 
oval  or  obovate  or  rhombic-elliptic,  obtuse,  sessile;  stipules  broad;  racemes  rather 
dense,  few- flowered;   pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,  bracted;  flowers  yellow,  about  2  cm. 
long;   pod  linear,  recurved-spreading,  several- seeded,  stalked,  7-10  cm.  long.      In 
sandy  soil,  on  prairies,   Kans.,  Neb.,   S.  Dak.  and  Manitoba,  west  to  the  Rocky 
Mts.     June -July 


PA  PI  LION  A  CEA  E.  535 

4.  BAPTISIA  Vent. 

Verennial  herbs,  with  sheathing  basal  scales,  3-foliolate  or  sometimes  simple 
perfoliate  leaves,  and  yellow,  white  or  blue  flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx  campanu- 
late,  obtuse  at  base,  or  slightly  turbinate,  the  teeth  equal  and  separate,  or  the  two 
upper  ones  united.  Corolla  and  stamens  as  in  Therniopsis.  Ovary  stipitate  ;  pod 
stalked,  tipped  with  the  subulate  style,  inflated,  the  valves  often  coriaceous. 
[Greek,  dyeing.]  About  1 6  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

Flowers  blue  ;  plant  glabrous.  i.  B.  australis. 
Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  turning  black  in  drying. 

Racemes  numerous,  terminal ;  plant  glabrous.  2.  B.  tinctoria. 

Racemes  few,  lateral  ;  plant  more  or  less  pubescent.  3.  B.  villosa. 
Flowers  white  or  cream  color. 

Very  pubescent.  4.  B.  bracteata. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaflets  oblong  or  lanceolate,  green  in  drying.  5.  B,  alba. 

Leaflets  obovate-cuneate,  black  in  drying.  6.  B.  leucantha. 

1.  Baptisia  australis   (L.)   R.  Br.     BLUE  WILD  OR  BLUE  FALSE  INDIGO. 
(I.  F.  f.  2049.)     Stout,  1-3  mm.   high.     Leaves  short-petioled  ;  leaflets  oblanceo- 
late  or  oval,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  the  base,  entire,  2-6  cm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
stipules  lanceolate,  equalling  the  petioles,  or  longer,  persistent;  racemes  terminal, 
erect,    loosely  flowered,  elongated  ;  bracts  narrow,    caducous;  pedicels  3-5   mm. 
long;  flowers  2—2.5  cm-    l°ng>   P°d  oblong,   stalked,  2—3  cm.   long.     In  rich  soil. 
W.  Penn.  to  Kans.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     June -Aug.     A  hybrid  of  this  with  B.  bracteata 
has  been  observed  by  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock  in  Kans. 

2.  Baptisia    tinctoria  (L.)  R.   Br.     WILD    INDIGO.     YELLOW    OR   INDIGO 
BROOM.     HORSEFLY-WEED.     (I.   F.  f.  2050.)     Erect,   succulent,   6-12   dm.  high. 
Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  obovateor  oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
obtuse,  cuneate  at  the  base,  entire;  stipules  minute,  caducous  ;  racemes  few-flow- 
ered; bracts  minute,    deciduous  ;  pedicels   2-4  mm.   long;  flowers  about  12  mm. 
long;  pods  ovoid  or  nearly  globose.  5-10  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  S.  Ont., 
Minn.,  Fla.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

3.  Baptisia  villosa  (Walt.)   Nutt.     HAIRY  WILD   INDIGO.     (I.  F.  f.  2051.) 
Erect,  6-12  dm.    high.     Leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile;  leaflets  oblong,  oval  or 
obovate,  obtusish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  en- 
tire; stipules  lanceolate  or  subulate,  longer  than  the  petioles;  racemes  sometimes 
2.5  dm.  long,  many-flowered;  pedicels  5-8  cm.  long;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  long; 
bracts   caducous  or  deciduous;  pods  oblong-ovoid,    about  4  cm.    long,   finely  ap- 
pressed -pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  Ark.     June-July. 

4.  Baptisia  bracteata  Ell.     LARGE  BRACTED  WILD  INDIGO.     (I.  F.  f.  2052.) 
Bushy-branched.     Leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  spatu- 
late,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  4-8  cm.  long,  thick,  reticulate-veined ;  stip- 
ules lanceolate   or  ovate,   persistent  ;  racemes  usually  few,  mainly  lateral,  some- 
times 3  dm.    long,   reclining,   many-flowered;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  long,  showy; 
pedicels  slender,  1-3  cm.  long,  spreading,  somewhat  secund  ;  bracts  large,  persis- 
tent; pods  ovoid,  2-5  cm.  long,  pubescent,  tipped  with  a  long,  at  length  deciduous, 
style.     Prairies,  111.,  Mich,  and  Minn,  to  La.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

5.  Baptisia  alba  (L  )  R.  Br.     WHITE  WILD  INDIGO.     (I.  F.  f.  2053.)     Di- 
vergently branching,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled  ;  petioles  5-20  mm.   long; 
leaflets   narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  2-4  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide, 
rather  thin;  stipules  and  bracts  minute,  subulate,  deciduous;  racemes  erect,  15-25 
cm.   long,   lateral,    long-peduncled  ;  pedicels  6-20  mm.  long;  flowers  12-14  mm- 

-long;  pod  linear-oblong,  about  4  cm.  long,  7  mm.  thick,  abruptly  tipped  with  an 
almost  filiform  deciduous  style.  In  dry  soil,  Mo.  to  S.  Ind.,  La.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla. 
May-June. 

6.  Baptisia  leucantha  T.  &  G.  LARGE  WHITE  WILD  INDIGO.  (I.  F.  f.  2054.) 
Succulent,  6-12  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  2-5 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  very  obtuse,  rounded  and  sometimes  slightly  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base;  stipules  lanceolate  or  linear,  decid- 
uous; racemes  lateral,  sometimes  3  dm.  long,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  1.5-2  cm. 
long;  pedicels  3-5  mm.  long;  pod  ellipsoid,  long-stalked  in  the  calyx,  about  2  cm. 
long.     In  rich  soil,  Lake  Erie  to  Minn.,  Ky.,  N.  Car.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-July. 


536  FLORA. 

5.     CROTALARIA  L. 

Herbs,  sometimes  slightly  woody,  with  simple  (or  in  some  tropical  species  3-7. 
foliolate)  leaves  and  racemose  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  5-toothed,  slightly  2-lipped; 
standard  orbicular  or  ovate,  often  cordate  ;  wings  oblong  or  obovate;  keel  curved. 
Stamens  monadelphous,  their  sheath  deeply  cleft;  anthers  of  2  forms,  alternating 
with  each  other,  the  one  small,  versatile,  the  other  larger;  style  more  or  less 
curved;  pod  oblong  or  globose,  inflated,  many-seeded,  the  seeds  loose  at  matur- 
ity. [Greek,  a  rattle.]  About  250  species,  mainly  of  tropical  regions.  Besides 
the  following  some  7  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Stem  and  branches  erect  or  ascending  ;  leaves,  at  least  the  upper,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

i.  C.  sagittalis. 
Stems  prostrate,  from  a  deep  root  ;  leaves  broadly  oval.  2.   C.  rotundifolia, 

1.  Crotalaria  sagittalis   L.     RATTLE-BOX.     (I.   F.   f.    2055.)    Annual,    or 
perennial  (?),  villous-pubescent,    rarely  over  3  dm.   high.     Leaves  simple,  oval, 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  2-6  cm.  long,  stipules  per- 
sistent and  united,  decurrent  on  the  stem,  sagittate  above,  or  the  lower  wanting  ; 
peduncles  2-10  cm.  long,  2-4-flowered;  pedicels  3-6  mm.  long;  flowers  8-12  mm. 
long,  the  corolla  about  equalling  the  calyx  ;  pod  oblong,   glabrous,  nearly  sessile, 
2.5   cm.    long,    8-10  mm.   in  thickness,  much  inflated,  nearly  black  at  maturity; 
seeds  shining.     In  dry,  open  places,  northern  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  S.  Dak.,  Ark.  and 
Mex.     June-Sept. 

2.  Crotalaria  rotundifolia  (Walt.)  Poir.     PROSTRATE  RATTLE-BOX.    (I.  F.  f. 
2056.)     Perennial   by   a  deep  root,. the  slender  branches  usually  prostrate.     Pu- 
bescence mostly  dense,  brownish,  appressed;  leaves  broadly  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse, 
paler  beneath,    14  cm.   long;  petioles  2-4  mm.   long;  upper  stipules   sagittate; 
peduncles  lateral,  5-15  cm.  long,  slender,  2-6  flowered;  flowers  12-15  mm.  long; 
corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  pod  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.     Mostly  in  dry 
soil,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     May-Aug. 

6.  LUPINUS  L. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  digjtately-compound  7-i5-foliolate  (rarely  simple  or 
3-5-foliolate)  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx 
deeply  toothed  and  2-lipped.  Standard  orbicular  or  ovate,  its- margins  reflexed  ; 
wings  oblong  or  obovate;  keel  incurved,  sometimes  beaked.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous, their  sheath  not  cleft;  anthers  of  two  forms  as  in  Crotalaria.  Ovary  sessile; 
style  incurved  ;  pot  flattened,  generally  constricted  between  the  seeds,  the  valves 
coriaceous.  [Latin  name  of  some  pulse,  from  lupus,  wolf.]  Over  100  species, 
mainly  natives  of  temperate  and  warm  regions.  About  70  occur  in  N.  Am., 
mainly  on  the  western  side  of  the  continent. 

Perennial  ;  flowers  14-18  mm.  long  ;  leaflets  oblanceolate. 

Corolla  blue,  pink  or  white,  the  standard  not  spotted.  i.  /,.  perennis. 

Corolla  blue,  with  a  conspicuous  dark  spot  on  the  standard.  2.  Z,.  Plattensis. 

Perennial  :  flowers  8-12  mm.  long  ;  leaflets  oblong-linear.  3.  L.  argenteus. 

Annual ;  leaflets  mainly  oblong  ;  pod  2-seeded.  4.  L.  pusilhis. 

1.  Lupinus  perennis  L.     WILD  LUPINE.     (I.  F.  f.    2057.)     Erect,  more  or 
less  pubescent,   3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  slender-petioled,   5-8  cm.  broad,  leaflets 
7-11  (commonly  about  8),  sessile  or  nearly  so,  obtuse  and  mucronate,  2-4  cm.  long, 
appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  raceme  terminal,    peduncled.    15-25    cm.   long, 
loosely  flowered;  flowers  12-15  mm.  long;  pod  linear-oblong,   pubescent,   4  cm. 
long,  usually  4-5 -seeded,  the  valves  coiling  at  dehiscence;  style  subulate.     In  dry, 
sandy  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Mo.  and  La.     May-June. 

Lupinus  perennis  occidentilis  S.  Wats.  Villous-pubescent  all  over.  Mich,  arid 
Wis. 

2.  Lupinus    Plattensis   S.    Wats.     NEBRASKA  LUPINE.      (I.    F.    f.    2058.) 
Resembles    the    preceding,   3-5    dm.   high,    villous   or   appressed-pubescent,    the 
living  plant  with  a  glaucous  appearance  ;  leaflets  7-10,  oblanceolate,  spatulate  or 
narrowly  oval,   1.5-4  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide;  raceme  terminal,  1-2  dm.  long, 
loosely  flowered;  corolla  12-15  mm.  long.     Plains,  Neb.,  Wyo.  and  Dak.     June- 
July. 


PA  PIL  ION  A  CEA  E.  537 

3.  Lupinus  argenteus  Pursh.     SILVERY  LUPINE.     (I.  F.  f.  2059.)     Rather 
shrubby,  bushy-branched,  3-6  dm.   high,  densely  silky-pubescent  with  appressed 
hairs.     Petioles   equalling   or   the   lower  exceeding  the   leaves;  stipules   minute, 
subulate;  leaflets  sessile,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long;  racemes  terminal, 
rather  dense,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  purple,  7-10  mm.  4ong;  pod  silky-pubescent, 
about  2.5  cm.  long,  mostly  3-5-seeded.     Prairies,  W.  Neb.  and  S.  Dak.  to  Mont., 
N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.     July-Aug. 

4.  Lupinus  pusillus  Pursh.     Low  LUPINE.     (I.  F.  f.  2060.)     Annual,  villous- 
pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high,  from  a  deep  root,  much  branched  near  the  base.     Leaves 
petioled,  2-5  cm.  wide;  leaflets  5-7  (commonly  5),  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  with  long  scattered  hairs  beneath;  racemes  short  - 
peduncled  or  sessile,  3-8  cm.   long,  densely  few-flowered;  pedicels  2-5  cm.  long; 
flowers  blue,  5-7  mm.   long;  pod  oblong,   very  pubescent,  12-18  mm.   long;  style 
subulate.     Dry  plains,  Kans.  to  S.  Dak.,  west  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  south  to  Ariz, 
and  N.  Mex.     March-July. 

7.  ULEX  L. 

Shrubs,  with  stiff  spine-like  branches,  simple,  linear  stiff,  very  prickly  leaves, 
and  large  yellow  solitary  or  racemed  flowers.  Calyx  membranous,  mostly  yellow, 
divided  nearly  to  its  base  into  2  concave  lips;  upper  lip  mostly  2-toothed,  and  lower 
3-toothed  ;  teeth  short ;  standard  ovate  ;  wings  and  keel  oblong,  obtuse  ;  anthers 
alternately  longer  and  shorter,  the  shorter  versatile  ;  ovary  sessile,  several-many  - 
ovuled  ;  style  somewhat  incurved,  smooth  ;  pod  ovoid,  oblong  or  linear  ;  seeds 
strophiolate.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  eastern 
Europe. 

i.  Ulex  Europaeus  L.  FURZE.  GORSE.  WHIN.  (I.  F.  f.  2061.)  Much 
branched,  3  dm. -2  m.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Branchlets  very  leafy; 
leaves  4-15  mm.  long,  the  lowest  sometimes  lanceolate  and  foliaceous;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils,  12-15  mm.  long,  the  twigs  appearing  like  racemes;  pedicels 
short,  bracted  at  the  base;  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals,  minutely  2-brac- 
teolate;  pod  few-seeded,  compressed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  waste 
places,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Va.  Also  on  Vancouver  Island.  Fugitive  from  Europe. 
May-July. 

8.  GENISTA  L. 

Low  shrubs,  mainly  with  i-foliolate  leaves,  and  clustered  yellow  flowers. 
Calyx  2-lipped;  teeth  long  ;  standard  oval  or  ovate;  wings  oblong  ;  keel  oblong, 
deflexed,  the  claws  of  its  petals  adnate  to  the  uncleft  sheath  of  the  stamens;  anthers 
alternately  long  and  short ;  ovary  sessile,  several-ovuled  ;  style  incurved  at  the 
apex  ;  pod  various,  flat  in  our  species,  several-seeded ;  seeds  not  strophiolate. 
[Celtic,  gen,  a  small  bush.]  About  80  species,  natives  of  Europe,  N.  Africa  and 
W.  Asia. 

i.  Genista  tinctoria  L.  DYEWEED  OR  GREENWEED.  WOAD- WAXEN.  BASE 
BROOM.  (I.  F.  f.  2062.)  Sterile  shoots  decumbent,  the  flowering  ones  erect,  stiff, 
3-6  dm.  high,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  i-foliolate,  sessile,  lanceolate  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs,  acute,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire,  shining;  stipules  none;  racemes  terminal,  3-5  cm.  long,  lew -flowered; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  yellow,  nearly  sessile,  about  I  cm.  long  ; 
calyx  bracteolate  at  the  base,  its  3  lower  teeth  narrower  than  the  2  upper;  pod 
about  2.5  cm.  long,  glabrous.  On  dry  hills,  Me.,  Mass,  and  eastern  N.  Y.  Nat- 
uralized from  Europe.  Summer. 

9.  CYT1SUS  L. 

Shrubs,  with  3-foliolate  or  i-foliolate  leaves,  and  showy,  clustered  flowers, 
mainly  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  teeth  short;  standard  ovate  or 
orbicular;  wings  oblong  or  obovate  ;  keel  straight  or  curved  ;  anthers  alternately 
larger  and  smaller  ;  ovary  sessile,  many-ovuled  ;  style  incurved  ;  pod  flat,  oblong 
or  linear,  several-seeded;  seeds  strophiolate.  [From  Cythrus,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 
About  45  species,  natives  of  Europe,  western  Asia  and  northern  Africa. 

I.  Cytisus  scoparius  (L.)  Link.  BROOM.  (I.  F.  f.  2063.)  Stiff,  wiry, 
J-i-5  m.  high,  nearly  glabrous.  Branches  elongated,  straight,  angled;  lower 


leaves  petioled,  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets  obovate,  acute,  or  mucronate-tipped,  5-15  mm. 
long,  entire;  upper  leaves  sessile,  often  I  foliolate;  stipules  none  ;  flowers  bright 
yellow,  nearly  2.5  cm.  long,  in  elongated  leafy  racemes;  pedicels  solitary  or  2-3 
together,  5-15  mm.  long;  pod  flat,  glabrous  on  the  sides,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
3-5  cm.  long;  style  slender,  at  length  spirally  curved.  In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to 
Va.  Adv.  or  naturalized  from  Europe.  Summer. 

10.  MEDICAGO  L. 

Herbs,  with  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  small  yellow  or  violet  flowers  in  axillary 
heads  or  racemes.  Leaflets  commonly  dentate,  the  veins  terminating  in  the  teeth. 
Calyx-teeth  short,  nearly  equal;  standard  obovate  or  oblong;  wings  oblong  ;  keel 
obtuse;  stamens  diadelphous,  the  i  opposite  the  standard  separate  from  the  other  9; 
anthers  all  alike  ;  ovary  i-several-ovuled;  st}  le  subulate  ;  pod  curved  or  spirally 
twisted,  reticulated  or  spiny,  indehiscent,  i-few-seeded.  [Greek,  Medike,  from 
Medea,  whence  the  Medic,  or  Lucerne,  was  derived.]  About  50  species,  natives 
of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Perennial;  flowers  violet,  conspicuous.  i.  M.  sativa. 
Annual;  flowers  bright  yellow,  small. 

Pod  i-seeded,  curved,  not  spiny.  2.  M.  lupulina. 
Pod  several-seeded,  spiny  on  the  edges,  spirally  twisted. 

Pod  loosely  coiled,  not  furrowed  on  the  edge.  3.  M.  denticulata. 

Pod  densely  coiled,  its  edge  furrowed.  4.  M.  Arabica. 

1.  Medicago  sativa  L.     PURPLE  MEDIC.  ALFALFA.     LUCERNE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2064.)     Decumbent  or  ascending,  3-5  dm.  high,  the  young  shoots  and  leaves  with 
some  scattered  hairs.     Leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  4-25  mm.  long,  dentate, 
obtuse,  truncate  or  emarginate  and  often  mucronate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the 
base;  stipules  entire;  peduncles  1-5  cm.  long,  bearing  a  short  raceme;  petals  about 
5  mm.  long;  pod  pubescent,  twisted  into  2  or  3  spires.     In  fields  and  waste  places, 
N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to   Minn.,  Va.    and  Kans.     Much  cultivated  for  fodder  in  the 
Southern  and  Western  States.     Introduced  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Medicago  lupulina  L.    BLACK  OR  HOP  MEDIC.  BLACKSEED  HOP  CLOVER, 
NONESUCH.    (I.  F.  f.  2065.)     Pubescent,  the  branches  decumbent  and  spreading, 
often  3-6  dm.    long;  leaflets  obovate,   oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  sometimes  10-15 
mm.   long,    denticulate  or  crenulate,    obtuse,   mucronate   or  emarginate;   stipules 
ovate  or  lanceolate,    dentate;    peduncles  3-8  cm.  long;  head  oblong  or  cylindnc, 
dense,  4-20  mm.  long  ;   flowers  about  2  mm.  long;  pods  black  when  ripe,  curved, 
strongly  veined.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  common  nearly  throughout  our  area. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     March-Dec. 

3.  Medicago  denticulata  Willd.    TOOTHED  MEDIC.  (I.  F.  f.  2066.)  Branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  appressed  hairs.     Leaflets  obovate, 
rounded,  emarginate  or  obcordate,  cuneate,  crenulate,  1-2  cm.  long;  stipules  den- 
tate; flowers  few,  in  small,  peduncled  heads;  pod  spirally  twisted,  the  2  or  3  coils 
flat  and  rather  loose,  reticulated  with  elevated  veins,  the  edges  armed  with  i  or  2 
rows  of  curved  prickles.     In  waste  places  and  in  ballast,  N.  S.  to  Penn.     Also  in 
the  Southern  and  Western  States  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Fugitive  or  adventive 
from  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Medicago  Arabica  All.     SPOTTED  MEDIC.     (I.  F.  f.  2067.)     Resembling 
the  preceding  species,  but  generally  stouter.     Leaflets  often  nearly  2.5  cm.  long, 
and  with  a  dark  spot  or  spots  near  the   centre;  pod   globose,  of  3  or  4  compactly 
wound  coils,  reticulate-veined  on  the  sides,  the  edge  thicker  and  furrowed  between 
the  marginal  rows  of  curved  prickles.     In  waste  places  and  ballast.     N.  B.   to 
Penn.     Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

ii.    MELILOTUS  Juss. 

Herbs,  with  3-foliolate  leaves,  dentate  leaflets,  their  veins  commonly  ending  in 
the  teeth,  and  small  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  slender  racemes.  Calyx-teeth  short, 
nearly  equal;  standard  obovate  or  oblong;  keel  obtuse;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate. 
few-ovuled ;  style  filiform  ;  pod  ovoid  or  globose,  straight,  indehiscent  or  finally 
2-valved  ;  seeds  solitary  or  few.  [Greek,  Honey-lotus.]  About  20  species,  na- 
tives of  Europe,  Africa  and  Asia. 


PA  PIL  ION  A  CEA  E.  5  39 

Flowers  white ;  standard  a  little  longer  than  the  wings.  i.  M.  alba. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  standard  about  equalling  the  wings.  2.  M.  officinalis. 

1.  Melilotus  alba  Desv.     WHITE  MELILOT.     WHITE  SWEET-CLOVER.   (I   F. 
f.  2068.)     Erect  or  ascending,  1-3   m.   high.     Leaves  rather  distant;  leaflets  ob- 
long or  slightly  oblanceolate,  serrate,  narrowed   at  the  base,  truncate,  emarginate 
or  rounded  at  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long;  stipules  subulate ;  racemes  slender,  5-10  cm. 
long,   often   i -sided;  pedicels  2   mm.  long  or  less;  pod  ovoid,  slightly  reticulated, 
glabrous,  2-3.5  cm-  l°n&-     ^n  waste  places,  frequent  throughout  our  area  and  in  the 
Southern  States.     Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.     Leaves  fragrant  in  drying,  as 
in  other  species  of  the  genus.     June-Nov. 

2.  Melilotus  officinalis   (L.)  Lam.     YELLOW   MELILOT.     YELLOW  SWEET- 
CLOVER.       (I.   F.  f.   2069.)     Resembling   the    preceding    species.       Leaflets    ob- 
long, oblanceolate  or  oval,  serrate,  the  apex  rounded,  not  truncate;  pod  about  4 
mm.  long,  with  irregularly  reticulated  veins,  often  slightly  pubescent  with  appressed 
hairs.     In  waste  places,  frequent  throughout  our  area  and  in  the  Southern  States. 
Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.     Summer,  blooming  later  than  M.  alba. 

Melilotus  Indica  (L.)  All.,  introduced  on  ballast  about  the  seaports,  and  an  exceed- 
ingly abundant  weed  in  the  Far  West,  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  this  by  its  much 
smaller  yellow  flowers. 

Ononis  repens  L.,  an  herb  of  the  tribe  TRIFOLIEAE,  with  axillary  flowers,  forming 
terminal  leafy  racemes,  has  been  found  as  a  waif  in  central  New  York.  The  genus  is 
distinguished  from  others  of  the  tribe  by  its  monadelphous  stamens. 

12.    TRIFOLIUM  L. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  3-foliolate  (occasionally  4-il-foliolate)  denticulate  leaves, 
the  flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Calyx-teeth 
nearly  equal.  Petals  commonly  persistent,  their  claws  adnate  to  the  stamen-tube. 
Stamens  diadelphous,  or  the  tenth  one  separate  for  only  a  portion  of  its  length. 
Ovary  few-ovuled.  Pod  often  included  in  the  calyx,  membranous,  indehiscent  or 
tardily  dehiscent  by  i  suture,  i-6-seeded.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  3  leaflets.] 
About  250  species,  most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, about  50  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  states. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Head  12-18  mm.  long  ;  stipules  linear  ;  leaflets  all  sessile.          i.    T.  aureum. 
Head  8-12  mm.  long,  nearly  globose ;  stipules  ovate ;  terminal  leaflet  stalked. 

Head  2o-4o-flowered  ;  standard  conspicuously  striate.         2.    T.  procumbens. 
Head  3~2o-flowered  ;  standard  scarcely  striate.  3.    7'.  dubium. 

Flowers  red,  purple,  pink  or  white. 

Head  or  spike  much  longer  than  thick  ;  calyx  silky,  its  teeth  plumose. 

Corolla  crimson,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx-teeth.      4.    7'.  incarnaf'um. 
Corolla  whitish,  shorter  than  the  calyx-teeth.  5.    T.  arvense. 

Head  globose,  oval  or  ovoid  ;  calyx  nearly  glabrous. 

Flowers  sessile,  or  very  nearly  so  ;  heads  dense,  ovoid,  oval  or  globose. 
Heads  sessile,  or  nearly  so.  6.   7'.  pratense. 

Heads  always  distinctly  peduncled. 

Calyx-teeth  pubescent.  7.    T.  medium. 

Plant  glabrous  throughout.  8.    T.  Beckwithii. 

Flowers  pedicelled  ;  heads  umbel-like,  globose. 

Heads  2.5  cm.  in  diameter  or  more;  peduncles  2-8  cm.  long. 

Prostrate  ;  pubescent ;  perennial.  9.    7'.  Virginicum. 

Ascending  ;  pubescent;  annual  or  biennial.  10.    T.  reflexnm. 

Stonoliferous  ;  glabrous  ;  perennial.  n.    T.  stolontferum. 

Heads  12-18  mm.  in  diameter;  lower  peduncles  5-20  cm.  long. 
Ascending  or  procumbent :  flowers  pink,  pinkish  or  purple. 

Ascending  ;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  pink  or  nearly  white  co- 
rolla. 12.    T.  hybridum. 
Procumbent  ;  tufted  ;  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  purple  corolla. 

13.    7'.  Carolinianum. 
Creeping  ;  flowers  white  or  pinkish.  14.    7'.  repens. 

i.  Trifplium  aureum  Poll.  YELLOW  OR  HOP-CLOVER.  (I.  F.  f.  2070.)  Gla- 
brous or  slightly  pubescent,  annual,  1.5-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  petioled;  stipules 
acuminate,  7-15  mm.  long,  adnate  to  the  petiole  for  about  one-half  their  length; 
leaflets  all  from -the  same  point,  obovate  or  oblong,  finely  denticulate,  narrowed  at 


540  FLORA. 

the  base,  rounded,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  12-18  mm.  long;  peduncles 
1-5  cm.  long;  "head  oblong,  or  oval,  densely  many -flowered;  flowers  4-6  mm.  long, 
at  length  reflexed;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  standard  slightly  emarginate,' 
exceeding  the  pod,  conspicuously  striate,  and  brown,  especially  when  dry.  Along 
roadsides  and  in  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Va.,  Ont.  and  Iowa.  Nat.  from  Europe. 
May-Sept.  \T.  agrarium  L.,  in  part.]  This  species  and  the  two  following  are 
sometimes  referred  to  the  genus  Chrysaspis  Desv. 

2.  Trifolium    procumbens  L.     Low,    OR  SMALLER  HOP-CLOVER  OR  HOP- 
TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  2071.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  lower,  more  spreading 
and  more  pubescent.     Leaflets  obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  rounded,  truncate  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  finely  denticulate,    7-15  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  nearly 
sessile,    the  terminal    stalked  ;    stipules  ovate,   adnate   to  the  lower   part   of  the 
petiole,  about  4  mm.  long;  peduncles  5- 25  mm.  long ;  heads  20-40- flowered ;  flowers 
at  length  reflexed,  about  4  mm.  long;  standard  dilated,  not  folded,  exceeding  the 
pod,  brown  when  dry.      In    fields    and    along  roadsides,    frequent  or  occasional 
throughout  our  area  and  in  the  Southern  States.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May- Sept. 

3.  Trifolium  dubium  Sibth.     LEAST  HOP-CLOVER  OR  HOP-TREFOIL.     (1.  F. 
f.  2072.)    Straggling  or  ascending,  nearly  glabrous;  stems  5  cm. -5  dm.  long,  branch- 
ing.   Leaflets  obovate,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  or  even  obcordate,  denticu- 
late, cuneate  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  nearly  sessile,  the  terminal  stalked;  stip- 
ules ovate  or  lanceolate,  adnate  to  the   lower  part  of  the  petiole ;  peduncles  5-25 
mm.  long;  heads  nearly  globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter;  flowers  about  3  mm.  long, 
turning  brown,  at  length  reflexed;  standard  exceeding  and  folded  over  the  pod.     In 
fields  and  waste  places,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and    in  the   Southern  States.     Also  in  Br. 
Col.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Summer.     Said  to  be  the  true  Shamrock. 

4.  Trifolium  incarnatum   L.     CRIMSON,    OR    ITALIAN    CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2073.)     Annual,    softly  pubescent,    little  branched,  2-9  dm.   high.     Leaves  long- 
petioled;  stipules  broad,  membranous,  dentate,  7-25  mm.  wide;  leaflets  nearly  ses- 
sile, obovate  or  obcordate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  denticulate,  12-25  mm- 
long;  heads  terminal,  oblong  or  ovoid,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  flowers  sessile,  7-12  mm. 
long;  calyx  hairy,   calyx-lobes  plumose.     In  fields,  waste  places  and  ballast,  Me. 
to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Introduced  from  Europe.     Summer. 

5.  Trifolium   arvense   L.     RABBIT-FOOT,    OLD-FIELD   OR    STONE  CLOVER. 
(I.  F.  f.  2074.)     Annual,   erect,    silky-pubescent,    1.5-5   dm.  high-     Leaves  short- 
petioled;  stipules  narrow,   5-10  mm.   long,   subulate-tipped,   entire  or  nearly  so ; 
leaflets  linear  or  oblanceolate,  denticulate  above,  obtuse  and  often  emarginate,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  12-25  mm.  long;  heads  terminal,  peduncled,  oblong 
or  cylindric,  12-25  mm.    long,  very  dense;  calyx  very  silky.     In  fields  and  waste 
places,  common  in  most  sections  throughout  our  area  and  in  the  Southern  States. 
Nat.  frOm  Europe.     May-Sept. 

6.  Trifolium   pratense   L.    RED,    PURPLE  OR  MEADOW  CLOVER.    (I.  F.  f. 
2075.)      Perennial,   pubescent,     1.5-6  dm.    high.     Leaves  long-petioled  ;  stipules 
ovate,   strongly  veined,   subulate-tipped,    12-20  mm.    long;  leaflets  short- stalked, 
oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  narrowed  at  base,  hardly  cuneate,  obtuse  and  sometimes 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  often  dark-spotted  near  the  middle,  finely  denticulate,  I- 
3.5   cm.  long;  heads   globose  or  ovoid,   rarely  slightly  peduncled,  about  2.5  cm. 
long;  flowers  red  (rarely  white),  about  12  mm.  long,  remaining  erect  in  fruit;  calyx 
sparingly  hairy,  its  subulate  teeth  shorter  than  the  corolla.    In  fields  and  meadows, 
throughout  our  area  and  in  the  Southern  States.     Nat.  from  Europe.     April-Nov. 

7.  Trif>lium  medium  L.     ZIG-ZAG  CLOVER.     Cow- OR  MARL-GRASS.    (I.  F. 
£2076.)    Resembling  the  preceding.    Stem  sometimes  conspicuously  zigzag.    Stip- 
ules lanceolate;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong,  not  spotted,  frequently  entire  except 
for  the  projecting  tips  of  the  veins;  corolla  12-14  nim.  long?  bright  purple;  calyx- 
tube  nearly  glabrous,   the  teeth  slightly  pubescent.     In  fields  and  waste  places, 
Salem,  Mass.     Reported  from  N.  S.  and  Quebec  to  N.  Y.     Adventive  or  nat.  from 
Europe.     Summer. 

8.  Trifolium    Beckwithii   Brewer.    BECKWITH'S   CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2077.) 
Perennial;  stems  rather  stout,  straight,  1.5  5  dm.  high.    Basal  leaves  long-petiolcd; 
stipules  narrow,  acute,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less  ;  leaflets  oblong,  or  somewhat  oblan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long;  heads  long-peduncled,  globose;  flowers 
purple  or  purplish,  12-16  mm.  long,  very  short-pedicelled,  the  lower  at  length  re- 


PA  PI  LION  A  CEA  E.  5  4 1 

flexed;  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate,  the  longer  nearly  equalling  the  tube;  pod  2-6- 
seeded.     Eastern  S.  Dak.  to  Mont,  and  Cal.     May-June. 

9.  Trifolium  Virginicum  Small.     PROSTRATE  MOUNTAIN  CLOVER.     (I.  F. 
f.  2078.)      Perennial  by  a  long   root,  diffusely  branched  at   the    base.     Leaflets 
linear,  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  cuspidate,  ser- 
rate-dentate, glabrous  above,   more  or  less  silky  beneath,   conspicuously  veined; 
flowers  whitish,  crowded,  the  slender  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long;  standard  emarginate- 
mucronate,  striate;  calyx  silky,  the  teeth  long,  subulate.     W.  Va.     June. 

10.  Trifolium  reflexum  L.     BUFFALO  CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2079.)     Annual  or 
biennial,    2-5  dm.   high.     Leaves  long  petioled;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acum- 
inate,  foliaceous,   few-toothed  or  entire,    17-25  mm.  long;  leaflets  short-stalked, 
oval  or  obovate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  denticulate, 
12-25   mm.   long;  heads  dense;  flowers   11-13   mm-  l°ng>  on   slender  pedicels,  at 
length  7-11  mm.   long  and  reflexed;  standard  red;  wings  and  keel  nearly  white; 
calyx-teeth  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  pods  3-6-seeded.     In  meadows,  Ont., 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Iowa,  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April- Aug. 

u.  Trifolium  stoloniferum  Muhl.  RUNNING  BUFFALO  CLOVER.  (I.  F.  f. 
2080.)  Branching,  1.5-3  dm.  l°ng>  forming  lunners  at  the  base.  Leaves  long- 
petioled;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  membranous,  often  2.5  cm.  long;  leaflets 
short-stalked,  obovate  or  obcordate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  denticulate,  2-3  cm.  long; 
heads  nearly  2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  flowers  white,  purplish-tinged,  8-14  mm.  long; 
pedicels  7-9  mm.  long,  at  length  reflexed;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  longer  than  the 
tube;  pod  commonly  2-seeded.  Prairies  and  dry  woods,  Ohio  to  Neb.,  Ky.  and 
Mo.  Introduced  into  S.  Dak.  May-Aug. 

12.  Trifolium  hybridum  L.   ALSIKE  OR  ALSATIAN  CLOVER.    (I.  F.  f.  2081.) 
Perennial,  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Leaves  long-petioled  ;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  membranous,  12—25  mm.  long;  leaflets  short-stalked, 
obovate,  sometimes  emarginate  but  not  obcordate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
serrulate,  12-25  mm-  'ong  '•>  heads  long-peduncled ;  flowers   pink  or  nearly  white, 
7-9  mm.  long;  pedicels   2-5   mm.    long,  reflexed  when  old;  corolla  3-4  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  equalling  the  tube;  pod  2-4-seeded. 
In  meadows  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Idaho,  Ga.  and  Kans.     May-Oct. 

13.  Trifolium   Carolinianum  Michx.     CAROLINA  CLOVER.     (I.  Y.  f.  2082.) 
Perennial,    pubescent,   much  branched,   7-20  cm.  high.     Leaves  slender-petioled; 
stipules  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  4-8  mm.  long,  acute,  few-toothed  to- 
ward the  apex,  or  entire;  leaflets  short- stalked,  obovate,  emarginate  or  obcordate, 
cuneate   at  the  base,   denticulate,  4-15   mm.  long;  peduncles  elongated  ;  flowers 
purplish,    4-7  mm.   long  ;  standard  apiculate;  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long,  reflexed  in 
fruit;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx-tee'h  subulate,  longer  than  the 
tube;  pod  about  4-seeded.     In  waste  places  about  Phila.,  and  in  fields  and  open 
places,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     March-Oct. 

14.  Trifolium   repens   L.      WHITE,    DUTCH    OR    HONEYSUCKLE   CLOVER. 
(I.  F.  f.  2083.)     Perennial,   glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  the  branches 
often  rooting   at  the  nodes,  1-3  dm.   long.     Leaves  long-petioled;  stipules  ovate- 
lanceolate,   membranous,   acute,   4-12  mm.   long;    leaflets  short-stalked,  obovate, 
emarginate  or  obcordate,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  denticulate,  8—20  mm.  long; 
heads  long  peduncled;  flowers  7-12  mm.  long;  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long,  finally  re- 
flexed  ;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  acuminate,  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  tube  ;  pod  about  4-seeded.     In  fields  and  waste  ground,  common 
throughout  our  area  and  in  the  Southern  States.     Also  in  the  Northwest.     May- 
Dec. 

13.  LOTUS  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  i-3-foliolate,  simple  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  solitary  or 
clustered  reddish  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  free 
from  the  stamen-tube;  standard  ovate  or  orbicular;  wings  oblong  or  obovate;  keel 
incurved,  obtuse  or  beaked.  Stamens  diadelphous  (I  and  9).  Ovary  sessile,  I— 
several-ovuled.  Pod  linear  or  oblong,  2-valved,  I -several-seeded.  [The  Greek 
name  of  several  different  plants.]  About  120  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Be- 
sides the  following,  some  40  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Corolla  yellow  :   flowers  umbelled.  i.  L.  corniculatus. 

Corolla  rose  color  ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  2.  L.  Americanus. 


542  FLORA. 

1.  Lotus  corniculatus  L.     BIRD'S-FOOT  TREFOIL.     GROUND  HONEYSUCKLE. 
BLOOM-FELL     (I.  F.  f.  2084.)     Perennial,  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate.    Stems 
decumbent  or  ascending,  7  cm. -6  dm.  long;  leaves  3-foliolate,  short-petioled ;  leaf- 
lets obovate,   oblanceolate  or  oblong,  7-17  mm.   long;  stipules  similar  to  the  leaf- 
lets, often  as  large;  peduncles  sometimes   10-13  cm-  l°ng>  3-12-flowered;  calyx- 
lobes  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube,  or  shorter;  corolla  bright  yellow,  12-20  mm.  long, 
or  the  standard  reddish;  pods  linear,  spreading,   several-seeded.     In  waste  places 
and  on  ballast,  N.  B.  and  about  the  seaports  of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States.    Ad- 
ventive  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

2.  Lotus  Americanus  (Nutt.)  Bisch.     PRAIRIE  BIRD'S-FOOT  TREFOIL.  (I.  F. 
f.  2085.)     Annual,  erect,  2.5-5  dm.  high-     Leaves  3-foliolate,  or  the  upper  some- 
times i-foliolate,  sessile  or  the  lower  on  petioles  about  3  mm.  long;  stipules  minute 
or  none;  middle  leaflet  longer-stalked  than  the  lateral  ones,  oblong,    the  lateral 
lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  base,  12-17  mm-    long;  peduncles  leafy-bracted  at  the 
summit,  2-2.5   cm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  about  5  mm.  long,  the  standard  darker- 
veined;  keel  acute;  calyx-lobes  linear,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  tube;  pods 
linear,   straight,   acute,   glabrous,   4~7-seeded,  deflexed  at  maturity.     In  dry  soil, 
Minn,  and  S.  Dak.  to  Mo.,  Ark.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Sonora.     Summer. 

14.  PSORALEA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  dark  glands  or  pellucid  dots,  i-5-foliolate  leaves,  and 
purple,  blue,  pink  or  white  flowers,  mainly  in  spikes  or  racemes  ;  stipules  broad; 
calyx-lobes  equal  or  the  lower  longest,  or  the  two  upper  ones  sometimes  united; 
standard  ovate  or  orbicular,  clawed;  wings  oblong  or  falcate;  keel  incurved,  obtuse; 
stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous;  ovary  i-ovuled;  pod  ovoid,  short,  inde- 
hiscent,  i-seeded.  [Greek,  scurfy,  from  the  glandular  dots,  whence  the  name 
Scurfy-pea.]  About  no  species,  of  wide  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  follow- 
ing, about  20  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate  (leaflets  all  from  the  same  point). 
Plants  leafy-stemmed. 

Flowers  small,  4-9  mm.  long. 
Pods  subglobose. 

Leaflets  narrowly  oblong.  i.  P.  lanceolata, 

Leaflets,  except  those  of  basal  leaves,  filiform-linear. 

2.  P.  micrantha. 
Pods  ovoid,  or  ovate. 

Pods  with  a  short,  mostly  abrupt  beak. 

Flowers  few,  scattered  in  slender  elongated  racemes. 

3.  P.  tenuiflora. 
Flowers  numerous  clustered  or  crowded  in  racemes. 

Leaflets  oblong-obovate.  4.  P.  obtusiloba. 

Leaflets  oblong.  5.  P.  floribunda. 

Pods  with  slender  sharp  or  elongated  beak. 

Leaflets  linear  ;  flowers  in  loose  elongated  racemes. 

6.  P.  linearifolia. 
Leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  oblong,  oblanceolate  or  obovate  ;  flowers 

spiked. 

Leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate  ;  pubescence  gray. 

7.  P.  collina. 
Leaflets  linear-lanceolate  to  obovate  ;  pubescence  silvery. 

Leaflets  linear  to  oblanceolate;  calyx  inflated  in  fruit. 

8.  P.  digitata. 
Leaflets  oblong  to  obovate  ;  calyx  not  inflated  in  fruit. 

9.  P.  argopJiylla. 
Flowers  large,  13-17  mm.  long,  densely  spicate.                       10.  P.  cuspidata. 

Plants  acaulescent,  or  nearly  so,  low,  spreading;  roots  tuberous. 

Leaflets  oblong-cuneate.  n.  P.  esculenta. 

Leaflets  linear-oblong.  12.  P.  hypogaea. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate  (the  terminal  leaflet  stalked). 

Racemes  short,  on  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves.  13.  P.  stipulate*. 

Racemes  spicate,  elongated,  much  exceeding  the  leaves. 

Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  pods  4  mm.  long,  nearly  orbicular. 

14.  P.  pedunculata. 
Leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  pods  9-11  mm.  long,  obliquely  ovoid. 

15.  P.  Onobrychis. 


PA  r I  LION  A  CEAE.  543 

j.  Psoralea  lanceolata  Pursh.  LANCE-LEAVED  PSORALEA.  (I.  F.  f.  2086.) 
Nearly  glabrous,  much  branched,  light  green,  3-6  dm.  high.  Root  not  tuberous; 
stipules  linear.  6-9  mm.  long,  early  deciduous;  leaflets  3,  sessile,  sometimes  with 
a  few  scattered  hairs,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at 
the  base,  17-30  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender;  spikes  dense,  short,  9-13  mm.  thick, 
6- 10  flowered,  bracts  membranous,  caducous;  flowers  bluish  white,  6mm.  long; 
corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  pod  about  4  mm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent 
or  glabrous,  punctate;  seed  globose,  brown.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  S.  Dak.,  the  N. 
W.  Terr.,  Ariz.,  Wash,  and  Br.  Col.  June-July. 

2.  Psoralea   micrantha  A.  Gray.     SMALL-FLOWERED  PSORALEA.     (I.  F.  f. 
2087.)     Assurgent,   3   dm.   high   or  more;  stems  glabrous,   with  scattered   brown 
glands,  and  often  with  scales  at  the  base.     Stipules  setaceous;   leaves  crowded; 
leaflets  3,  linear  or  filiform-linear,  1-5  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  oblong  or  cuneate- 
oblong;  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves;  flowers  about  4  mm.  long,  white 
or  bluish,  in  small  heads  or  scattered  in  short  spikes;  bracts  minute;  calyx  some- 
what pubescent,  glandular,  the  lobes  about  equal;  pod  over  6  cm.  long,  glabrous, 
brownish  with  raised  darker  glands  and  a  slender  beak.    Neb.  to  Ariz.    June-Aug. 

3.  Psoralea  te.iuifldrj.  Pursh.      FEW-FLOWERED  PSORALEA.    (I.  F.  f.  2088.) 
Erect,  finely  appressed-canescent,    especially  when  young,    6-12  dm.  high.     Root 
not  tuberous;  leaves  short-petioled,  3-5-foliolate;  stipules  subulate,  2-4  mm.  long; 
leaflets  short-stalked,    entire,   oval,    oblong  or  elliptic,  1—2   cm.    long,  obtuse  and 
mucronuiate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base;  peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves;  racemes  6-14  flowered;  bracts   scale-like,  persistent;  flowers  purplish. 
4  mm.  long;  corolla  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pod  ovate,  glabrous,  punc- 
tate, 4-6  mm.   long;  seed  ovoid,  brown.     Prairies,  111.   to  S.  Dak.,  Tex.,  Sonora, 
Colo,  and  Mont.     May-Get. 

4.  Psoralea    obtusiloba  T.    &  G.     BLACK-DOTTED  PSORALEA.     (I.   F.   f. 
2089.)     Erect,  3-6  dm.  high;  stems  canescent  with  appressed  silky  white  hairs. 
Stipules  small,  setaceous;  petioles  much  shorter  than  the  leaflets;  leaves  3-folio- 
late,  or  the  basal  often  4-5 -foliolate ;  leaflets  5-35  mm.  long,  oblong-obovate,  retuse 
or  mucronuiate,  glabrous  above,  minutely  canescent  beneath;  bracts  small,  ovate, 
cuspidate;  calyx  canescent  with  white  silky  hairs;  pod  ovate,  about  9  mm.  long  ; 
seed  compressed,  obliquely  ovoid.     Kans.  (?),  Tex.  to  Ariz,  and  Mex. 

5.  Psoralea  floribunda  Nutt.     MANY-FLOWERED  PSORALEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2090.) 
Stem  3-12  dm.  high,  branching,  canescent,  not  glandular.     Petioles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  leaflets;  stipules  3-7  mm.  long,  subulate;  leaves  3-5-  (sometimes  7-)  folio- 
late;  leaflets  1-4  cm.  long,  oblong,  rugose,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs 
above,  canescent  with  appressed  white  hairs  beneath  ;  peduncles  5-18  cm.   long  ; 
spikes  oblong  or  cylindric,  the  flowers  about  9  mm.  long,  at  length  interrupted  and 
appearing  as  if  whorled;  bracts  2-3  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  hirsute;  calyx  canescent, 
the  lobes  triangular,  acute;  pod  ovoid,  glabrous,  light  brown,  covered  with  darker 
glands,  its  beak  short,  stout;  seed  5  mm.  long,  compressed.     111.  to  Mont.,  Tex., 
Ariz,  and  Mex.     May-Get. 

6.  Psoralea  linearifolia  T.  &  G.     NARROW-LEAVED  PSORALEA.     (I.  F.  f. 
2091.)     Erect,  3-6  dm.   high.     Stipules  3-7  mm.  long,   lanceolate  or  setaceous; 
leaves   sessile    or   short-petioled,    1-3 -foliolate;  leaflets    11-31    mm.    long,   linear, 
rugose,  glabrous  or  with  a  few. appressed  hairs;  peduncles  2.5-22  cm.  long;  flowers 
blue,    loosely  scattered,  1-4  together  on  slender  pedicels,   4-9  mm.    long;  bracts 

2  mm.  long,  ovate,  acuminate;  mature  calyx  4  mm.  long,   glandular,  slightly  pu- 
bescent; pod  9  mm.  long,  narrowly  ovoid  or  oblong,  glandular,  with  a  short  stout 
straightish  beak;  seed  flat,  oblique,  brown.     Prairies,  Neb.  to  Tex.     May -Aug. 

7.  Psoralea  collma  Rydberg.     NEBRASKA  PSORALEA     (I.  F.  f.  2092.)    Some- 
whaf  grayish-pubescent,  3-6  dm.   high.     Stipules  narrow,  2-9  mm.   long  ;  leaves 

3  foliolate,   or  sometimes  5 -foliolate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  mucronate, 
mostly  glabrous  above;  bracts  pointed,  3-4  mm.  long;  peduncles  1.5-10  cm.  long; 
flowers  about  6  mm.  long;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  ovate 
pod,  the  lower  one  a  little  longer  than  the  others;  pod  5-6  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a 
flat  straight  beak  about  3  mm.  long.      Hillsides,  W.  Neb.     July -Aug. 

8  Psoralea  digitata  Nutt.  DIGITATE  PSORALEA.  (I.  F.  f.  2093.)  Canes- 
ce'it  with  appressed  hairs.  3-6  dm.  high.  Petioles  shorter  than  or  sometimes  a 
little  exceeding  the  leaves;  stipules  linear,  3-4  mm.  long;  peduncles  often  3-5 


544  FLORA. 

times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  leaflets  5,  or  of  the  upper  leaves  3,  short-stalked,  ob- 
long-linear or  oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse  or  mucronulate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base;  inflorescence  spicate,  interrupted,  the  blue 
flowers  short- pedicelled  or  sessile  in  clusters  of  3-5;  corolla  9-11  mm.  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  broad  mucronate  bracts;  calyx  lobes  acute;  pod  ovoid,  flattish,  pubes- 
cent. Plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Kans.  and  Tex.  June-July. 

9.  Pspralea  argophyiia  Pursh.     SILVER-LEAF  PSORALEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2094.) 
Densely  silvery  pubescent  with  white  appressed  hairs.     Stem  often  zigzag,  3-9  dm. 
high;  stipules  narrowly  linear,   6-9  mm.   long;  leaflets   3-5.   short- stalked,    oval, 
oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  acutish,  1.5-3  cm.   long;  peduncles  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves;  inflorescence  spicate,  interrupted,  the  blue  flowers  sessile,  about 
9  mm.  long,  in  clusters  of  2-4;  bracts  lanceolate,  slightly  longer  than  the  corolla, 
persistent;   calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  pod  ovate,  straight-beaked.     Wis.  and  Minn,  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Kans.  and  N.  Mex.     June- Aug. 

10.  Psoralea  cuspidata   Pursh.       LARGE-BRACTED  PSORALEA.       (I.    F.   f. 
2095.)     Finely  appressed-pubescent,   at  least  above,  3-9  dm.  high,  from  a  deep 
tuberous  thickened  root.     Petioles  3.5-5    cm.    long;    stipules   linear,    acuminate, 
13-17  mm.  long;  leaflets  5>  short-stalked,  broadly  oblanceolate  or  oval,  obtuse  and 
commonly  mucronate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  2.5—5  cm- 
long;  spikes  oblong,   3.5-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  longer   than  the  petioles;  bracts 
lanceolate,   long-cuspidate,   equalling  or  exceeding  the  bluish  corolla;  pod  oval, 
membranous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.     Plains,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak.,  Kans.,  Colo, 
and  Tex.     May-June. 

u.  Psoralea  esculenta  Pursh.  POMME  BLANCHE.  PRAIRIE  APPLE  OR 
TURNIP.  (I.  F.  f.  2096.)  Rather  stout,  erect  from  a  large  farinaceous  root  or 
cluster  of  roots,  1—5  dm.  high,  densely  villous  pubescent  with  whitish  hairs.  Lower 
petioles  2-4  times  longer  than  the  leaves;  stipules  lanceolate,  17-25  mm.  long; 
leaflets  5,  short- stalked,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng  '•>  peduncles 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  petioles;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  3.5-8  cm.  long;  bracts 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  11-17  mm-  l°ng>  nearly  equalling  the  bluish  corolla; 
pod  oblong,  glabrous,  about  5  mm.  long,  slightly  wrinkled,  enclosed  in  the  calyx- 
tube.  Plains,  Manitoba  and  Dak.  to  Neb.  and  Tex.  June. 

T2.   Psoralea  hypogaea  Nutt.     SMALL  INDIAN  BREAD-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  2097.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller,  nearly  acaulescent,  the  stem  hardly  rising 
above  the  ground,  densely  pubescent  with  appressed  whitish  hairs.     Petioles  2-^ 
times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  stipules  oblong,  acutish,  about  13  mm.  long;  leaflets  5 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  2-3  cm.  long,  often  mucronate-tipped,  narrowed  at  the  base 
peduncles   1-8  cm.   long;  spikes   dense,    13-25    mm.    long;  bracts   ovate,    acute 
shorter  than  or  nearly  equalling  the  dull  blue  corolla;  pod  II  mm.   long  or  more 
somewhat  hirsute,  slender-beaked.     Plains,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex 
May-June. 

13.  Psoralea  stipulata  T.   &  G.     LARGE-STIPULED  PSORALEA.     (I.  F.   £ 
2098.)     Sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  nearly  glandless  ;  stems  3-6  dm.  long. 
Petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate,  about  13  mm.  long; 
leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptic,  2-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  ob- 
tusish   at  the  apex,   the  terminal  one  on  a  stalk  6-13  mm.  long;  racemes  dense, 
2.5  cm.   long  or  less;  flowers  purple,  9-11  mm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, deciduous.     In  rocky  places,  Ohio,  Ind.  and  Ky.     June-July. 

14.  Psoralea  pedunculata  (Mill.)  Vail.     SAMSON'S  SNAKEROOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2099.)     Erect,   3-5   dm.   high,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  rough.     Glands  small 
and  inconspicuous;  leaves  petioled,  3-foliolate  ;  petioles  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  leaflets;  stipules  subulate;  leaflets   oblong-lanceolate,    3-8   cm.    long,    entire, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  the  apex  mucronulate,  the  terminal  one  on  a  stalk  4-13  mm. 
long  ;  racemes  rather  loosely  flowered,    5-13  cm.   long  ;  bracts   ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  deciduous,  glandular;  flowers  purplish,  about 4  mm.  long  ;  pod  wrinkled 
transversely.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Ind.,  N.  Car.,  Tex.  and  Fla.     March-July. 

15.  Psoralea  Onobrychis  Nutt.     SAINFOIN   PSORALEA.     (I.   F.   f.    2100.) 
Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,    1-2   m.   high.     Glands  few  and  small;  stipules 
subulate;  petioles  about  equalling  the  3-foliolate  leaves  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate, 
5-10  cm.  long,  entire,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  acuminate  .it  the  apex,  the 
terminal  one  on  a  stalk  about  2.5  cm.  long;  racemes  numerous,  loosely  flowered, 


PAPIL10NACEAE  545 

7-15  cm.  long;  peduncles  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  purplish  ; 
pod  9-12  mm.  long,  transversely  wrinkled  and  roughened  with  points.  Along 
rivers,  Mo.  to  Ohio,  S.  Ont.,  Ky.  and  S.  Car.  June -July. 

15.   AMORPHA  L. 

Glandular-punctate  shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  small  violet  blue  or 
white  flowers,  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  or  the 
lower  ones  longer;  standard  obovate,  erect,  clawed,  folded  around  the  stamens  and 
style;  wings  and  keel  none;  stamens  monadelphous  below;  ovary  2-celled;  style 
curved;  stigma  terminal;  pod  short,  oblong,  curved,  nearly  indehiscent,  1-2- 
seeded.  [Greek,  deformed,  four  petals  being  absent.]  About  10  species,  natives 
of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Tall  shrub  ;  leaflets  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng  \  P°d  usually  2-seeded.  j.  A.  fruticosa. 
Low  shrubs  :  leaflets  9-15  mm.  long;  pod  i-seeded. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  spikes  commonly  solitary.  2.  A.  nana. 

•    Densely  canescent ;  spikes  commonly  clustered.  3.  A.  canescens. 

1.  Amorpha  fruticosa  L.    FALSE  OR  BASTARD  INDIGO.    (I.  F.  f.  2101.)  A 
shrub   1.5-6  m.   high.     Leaves  petioled,    1.5-4  dm.  long;  leaflets  11-21,  distant, 
short-stalked,  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  or  sometimes  slightly  emar- 
ginate,  entire;  racemes  dense,   7 -15  cm.    long;  flowers  6-9  mm.    long;    standard 
violet-purple,  2-3   times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  emarginate;  stamens  exserted;  pod 
glandular,   thick-stalked,   6-9  mm.    long,   acute.     Along  streams,  Ohio  to  Minn., 
Manitoba,  Fla.,  Colo,  and  Chihuahua.     Also  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  Mid- 
dle and  Eastern  States.     May-July. 

2.  Amorpha  nana  Nutt.     FRAGRANT  FALSE  INDIGO.     (I.  F,  f.  2102.)    A  low 
bushy  shrub,  seldom  more  than  3  dm.  high.     Leaves  short-petioled,  numerous,  3- 
8  cm.  long;  leaflets  13-19,  rigid,  short-stalked,  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  or  emar- 
ginate and  mucronate  at  the  apex;  flowers  fragrant;  standard  purplish,  about  4  mm. 
long;  calyx-teeth  acuminate;  pod  short.     Prairies,  Iowa  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  the 
N.  W.  Terr.     May. 

3.  Amorpha   canescens   Pursh.      LEAD-PLANT.     SHOE-STRINGS.     (I.   F.  f. 
2103.)     A  bushy,  white-canescent  shrub,    3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  numerous,   5-10  cm.    long;  leaflets  21-49,  approximate,  almost  sessile, 
oval  or  short  lanceolate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  less  pubescent  above  than 
beneath;  spikes  5-18  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate;  standard  bright  blue,  nearly 
orbicular  or  obcordate,  about  4  mm.  long;  pod  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.    Prai- 
ries, Ind.   to  Minn.,  Manitoba,  La.  and  Tex.     Named  from  its  leaden  hue,  not  ?s 
indicative  of  lead.     July -Aug. 

16.  PAROSELA  Cav.     [DALEA  Willd.,  not  P.  Br.] 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs,  with  usually  glandular-punctate  foliage,  odd-pin- 
nate  leave?,  minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  or  lateral  spikes.  Calyx  - 
teeth  nearly  equal;  standard  cordate  or  auriculate,  clawed;  wings  and  keel  mainly 
exceeding  the  standard,  adnate  by  their  claws  to  the  lower  part  of  the  stamen  tube; 
stamens  10  or  9,  monadelphous;  ovules  2  or  3 ;  style  subulate;  pod  included  in  the 
calyx,  membranous,  mostly  indehiscent  and  i-seeded.  [Anagram  of  Fsoralea.] 
About  no  species,  natives  of  America.  In  addition  to  the  following  some  42  others 
occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Spikes  elongated,  narrow,  loosely  flowered. 

Foliage  glabrous  ;  corolla  white  ;  leaflets  linear.  i.  P.  enneandra. 

Foliage  pubescent ;  corolla  purple  or  red  ;  leaflets  obovate.  2.  P.  lanata. 

Spikes  oblong  to  ovoid,  thick,  densely  flowered. 

Foliage  glabrous  ;  corolla  pink  or  white ;  leaflets  15-41.  3.  P.  Dalea. 

Foliage  pubescent ;  corolla  yellow  to  red;  leaflets  3-9. 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high  ;  calyx-teeth  acuminate.  4.  P.  aurea. 

Plant  not  over  2.5  dm.  high  ;  calyx-teeth  aristate. 

Spikes  1-3  cm.  long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx,  mucronate. 

5.  P.  nana. 
Spikes  3-9  cm.  long;  bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx,  or  longer,  acuminate. 

6.  P.Jamesii. 


546 


FLORA. 


1.  Parosela  enneandra  (Nutt.)    Britton.      SLENDER    PAROSELA.'    (I.  F.  f. 
2104.)     Erect,  3-12  dm.  high,  with  numerous  slender  ascending  branches.     Leaf- 
lets 5-11,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtusish,  2-1 1  mm.  long,    narrowed  at  the  base, 
nearly  sessile;  spikes  5-13  cm.  long;  bracts  obtuse,  nearly  orbicular,   punctate,  3 
mm.  long,  often  mucronate;  flowers  9-13   mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  beauti- 
fully plumose,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  standard  small,  cordate;  keel  exceeding  the 
wings;  stamens  9.     Iowa  to  S.  Dak.,  Colo.,  Miss,  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

2.  Parosela    lanata    (Spreng.)     Britton.      WOOLY   PAROSELA.      (I.    F.    f. 
2105.)     Decumbent,  branching,  softly  and  densely  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  long.    Leaf- 
lets 9-13,  obovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate 
at  the  base,  9-13  mm.  long,   about  4  mm.   wide  above;  spikes    short-peduncled, 
2.5-10  cm.  long;  bracts  oval  or  obovate,  long-acuminate  or  mucronate,  about  3  mm. 
long;  flowers  6  mm.  long;  calyx  teeth  subulate,  plumose;  standard  cordate,  slightly 
exceeding  the  wings  and  keel;  stamens  10.     Plains,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Utah  and  N. 
Mex.     Summer. 

3.  Parosela  Dalea  (L.)  Britton.     PINK  PAROSELA.     (I.  F.  f.  2106.)     Erect, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Leaflets  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  4-6  mm.  long  ;   spikes  oblong,   dense,  2.5-5  cm-  l°n&>  about  u  mm. 
thick,  peduncled;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  deciduous,  about  equalling 
the  calyx  ;   calyx  silky -pubescent,  its  teeth  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  plumose; 
corolla  about  4  mm.  long;  keel  about  equalling  the  wings.     Prairies,  111.  to  Minn., 
S.  Dak.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     Aug. -Sept. 

4.  Parosela  aurea  (Nutt.)  Britton.     GOLDEN   PAROSELA.     (I.  F.  f.  2107.) 
Erect,  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaflets  sessile,  obovate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base.  9-13  mm.   long;   spikes  solitary,   short-peduncled, 
ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  13-17  mm.  thick;  bracts  ovate,  mucronate, 
shorter   than  the  plumose    and  pubescent    calyx-teeth;    corolla   9-11   mm.    long; 
standard  shorter  than  the  wings  and  keel.     Plains,   S.   Dak.   and  Neb.    to   Tex. 
Summer. 

5.  Parosela  nana  (Torr.)  Heller.     Low  PAROSELA.     (I.  F.  f.  2io7a.)     Suf- 
frutescent,  silky-villous.      Stems   1-2.5   dm.  high;  leaflets  5,   rarely  3,   6-IO  mm. 
long,  obovate  to  linear-oblong,  usually  minutely  glandular  beneath;  spikes  oblong- 
ovoid,    1-3  cm.   long,    short  peduncled;  bracts  ovate,   mucronate  or  short-aristate, 
caducous;  corolla  somewhat  longer  than  the  setaceous  aristate  and  plumose  calyx- 
teeth.     Sand  hills  and  prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  Cal. 

6.  Parosela  Janesii  (Torr.)  Vail.     JAMES'  PAROSELA.     Prostrate  or  ascend- 
ing from  a  woody  base,   1-2  dm.    high.     Leaves  3-foliolate;    leaflets  7   18  mm. 
long,  obovate,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  densely  silky-pubescent; 
spikes  thick,  ovoid  to  oblong,  sessile  or  nearly  so;   calyx-teeth  plumose,  aristate; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,   long-acuminate,  usually  longer  than  the  calyx;  standard 
reddish-purple;  keel  yellowish,  exceeding  the  wings.     Kans.  and  Colo,  to  N.  Mex. 
May -June.     \Dalea  famesii  Torr.] 

17.  KUHNISTERA  Lam.   [PETALOSTEMON  Michx  ] 

Perennial  glandular-punctate  herbs,  with  long  or  deep  roots,  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
and  pink  purple  or  white  spicate  or  capitate  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal. 
Petals  with  long  slender  claws  ;  standard  oblong  or  cordate  ;  wings  and  keel-petals 
similar  to  each  other,  their  claws  adnate  to  the  sheath  of  the  stamen -tube  almost  to 
its  summit.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  sessile,  2-ovuIed  ;  stvle 
subulate.  Pod  membanous,  included  in  the  calyx,  i-2-seeded.  [Named  from  the 
resemblance  of  these  plants  to  the  genus  Kuhnia.]  About  35  species,  natives  of 
N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  very  slightly  pubescent. 
Flowers  white  ;  leaflets  3-9. 

Leaflets  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate  ;  spikes  cylindric  or  oblong. 

Calyx  villous-pubescent.  i.  K.  compacta. 

Calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Stem  little  branched;  spikes  cylindric;  leaflets  13-25  mm.  long,  thin. 

2.  A'.  Candida. 
Stem  much  branched;  spikes  oblong;  leaflets  smaller,  firm. 

3.  K.  oligophylla. 
Leaflets  narrowly  linear  to  gblanceolate;  heads  globose.    ....     4.  K~  multtjfora. 


PAPILIONACEAE.  547 

Flowers  pink  or  purple. 

Leaflets  3-5  ;  calyx  silky-pubescent. 

Bracts  glabrous;  leaflets  mucronulate.  5.  K,  purpurea. 

Bracts  silky  pubescent ;  leaflets  obtuse.  6.  K.  tenuifolia. 

Leaflets  13-31  ;  calyx  glabrous.  7-  K.foliosa. 

Foliage  silky-pubescent ;  leaflets  9-17.  8.  K.villosa. 

1.  Kuhnistera  compacta  (Spreng.)   Kuntze.     DENSE-FLOWERED  PRAIRIE- 
CLOVER.     (I.    F.   f.   2108.)     Erect,    3-8    dm.    high.     Leaflets  5-7,   short-stalked, 
oblong-lanceolate   or   linear-oblong,    13-25    mm.    long;    peduncles  elongated,  not 
bracted;  spikes  4-15  cm.  long,  about  13  mm.  thick,  the  rachis  pubescent ;  flowers 
about  4  mm.  long;  bracts  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the  calyx;  wings  and  keel-petals 
oblong;  standard  cordate;  pod  pubescent,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil,  S. 
Dak.  to  Kans.,  Colo,  and  Wyo.     July- Aug. 

2.  Kuhnistera  Candida  (Willd.)  Kuntze.     WHITE  PRAIRIE-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2109.)     Stems  3-6  dm.  high.      Leaves  petioled;   leaflets  5-9,  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late,  17-25  mm.  long,  often  mucronulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  very  short- stalked  ; 
peduncles  elongated,  bracted;  spikes  2.5-10  cm.   long,  11-13  mm-  thick;  bracts 
awn-pointed,  longer  than  the  calyx;  corolla  4-6  mm.  long;  wings  and  keel-petals 
oval;   standard  cordate;  calyx -teeth  and  pod  slightly  pubescent.     Prairies,  Ind.  to 
Minn.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  La.,  Tex.  and  Colo.     July-Aug. 

3.  Kuhnistera  oligophylla    (Torn)   Heller.      SLENDER    WHITE    PRAIRIE- 
CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2 1 10.)     Slender,  3-7  dm.  tall,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves 
short-petioled;  leaflets  about  7  (5-9),  linear,  linear-oblong  or  somewhat  oblanceo- 
late,  firm,  2-4  mm.  wide,  mostly  less  than  2  cm.  long,  or  those  of  the  lower  leaves 
larger;  spikes  oblong  or  short  cylindric,  blunt,  less  densely  flowered  than  those  of 
the  preceding;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equalling  the  calyx,  or  longer,  early 
deciduous;  calyx-teeth  usually  pubescent.     Plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Wyo.,  Tex.,  Ariz, 
and  Mex.     June-Sept. 

4.  Kuhnistera  muitiflora  (Nutt.)  Heller.     ROUND-HEADED  PRAIRIE-CLOVER. 
(I.  F.  f.  21  n.)     Erect,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  short  petioled;  leaflets  3-9,  linear 
or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- 
stalked,  9-13  mm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  wide,  peduncles  elongated;  heads  globose,  9-13 
mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  subulate, shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  slightly  pubes- 
cent;   corolla   about  4  mm.   long;    wings  and  keel-petals  ovate,  oval  or  slightly 
cordate.     Plains,  Kans.  to  Tex.     Summer. 

5.  Kuhnistera  purpurea  (Vent.)  MacM.     VIOLET  PRAIRIE-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2 1 12.)     Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,   4-9  dm.   high.     Leaves   short-petioled; 
leaflets  3-5,  narrowly  linear,  6-19  mm.   long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  very   short- 
stalked;  spikes  peduncled,  oblong  or  cylindric,  1.3-5  cm-  l°ng>  about  I  cm.  thick; 
bracts  obovate,  mucronate,  nearly  glabrous,  equalling  the  silky-pubescent«calyx,  or 
shorter;  corolla   about  4  mm.  long;  standard  cordate;  wings  and  keel-petals  ob- 
long.    Prairies,  Ind.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Tex.  and  Colo.     July-Aug. 

6.  Kuhnistera    tenuifolia    (A.    Gray)    Kuntze.      SILKY    PRAIRIE-CLOVER. 
(I.  F.  f.  2113.)     More  or  less  pubescent,  erect,  branching,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves 
short-petioled;  leaflets  3-5,  linear,  somewhat  involute,  dotted  with  sessile  glands, 
6-25    mm.    long,    very    short-stalked   or   sessile;    peduncles   terminal,    elongated, 
bracted;  spikes  oblong  or  cylindric,  1.2-4  cm-  l°ng?  about  II  mm.  thick,  the  rachis 
pubescent;  flowers  rose-purple,   about  5  mm.   long;  bracts  ovate,   aristate,   silky- 
pubescent,  slightly  exceeding  the  very  silky-pubescent  calyx;  standard  nearly  or- 
bicular, cordate,  cucullate.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  and  Ark.  to  N.  Mex.     July-Aug. 

7.  Kuhnistera  foliosa  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.     LEAFY  PRAIRIE-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2114.)     Erect,  branching,  or  sometimes  simple,  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves 
numerous,    petioled;  leaflets   13-31,  close  together,  short-stalked,  linear-oblong  or 
slightly   oblanceolate,  9-15   mm.   long,  acute  or  obtuse,  mucronate   at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  spikes  terminal,  long-ovoid  or  cylindric,  2.5-5   cm-   l°ng» 
11-13    mm-   thick,    densely   flowered;    peduncles    short;    bracts    lanceolate,    awn- 
pointed,  longer  than  the  calyx;  flowers  rose  purple,  about  4  mm.  long;  standard 
broad,   nearly  orbicular;    wings  and  keel-petals  oval;   calyx-teeth  finely  ciliate. 
Along  rivers,  111.  and  Ky.     July— Aug. 

8    Kuhnistera  villosa  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.     HAIRY  PRAIRIE-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2115.)     Ascending  or  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  short-petioled  or  nearly 


548  FLORA. 

sessile;  leaflets  9-17,  approximate,  linear-oblong  or  slightly  oblanceolate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  6-n  mm.  long;  spikes  terminal,  short-peduncled,  cylindric,  2.5-8  cm. 
long,  11-13  mm.  thick,  dense;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  exceeding  the  densely 
villous  calyx;  corolla  rose-purple  or  rarely  white;  standard  oblong;  wings  and 
keel-petals  oblong-obovate.  Prairies,  Wis.  to  Sask.,  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  Mont.  Aug. 

18.  INDIGOFERA  L. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  often  canescent  with  hairs  affixed  by  the  middle,  with 
odd-pinnate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  pink  or  purple  spicate  or  racemose  flowers. 
Calyx-teeth  oblique,  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  longer;  standard  ovate  or  orbicular, 
sessile  or  clawed ;  wings  oblong;  keel  erect,  somewhat  gibbous,  or  spurred;  stamens 
mainly  monadelphous;  ovary  i-oo-ovuled;  style  slender;  pod  linear,  4-angled  (in 
our  species),  septate  between  the  seeds.  [Name  from  the  yield  of  indigo  by  some 
species.]  About  250  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  In  addition 
to  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Indigofera  leptosepala  Nutt.  WILD  OR  WESTERN  INDIGO-PLANT.  (I.  F. 
f.  2116.)  Perennial,  decumbent,  cinereous-pubescent,  slender,  1.5-6  dm.  long. 
Leaves  short-petioled;  leaflets  5-9,  oblanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  6-25  mm.  long, 
obtuse  and  often  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  short- 
stalked  ;  spikes  peduncled,  loosely  few-flowered  ;  flowers  about  6  mm.  long  ; 
calyx-teeth-subulate,  equal;  pods  linear,  acute,  sessile,  17-25  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick, 
reflexed  at  maturity.  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.,  east  to  Fla.  May-Nov. 

19.  CRACCA  L.     [TEPHROSIA  Pers.] 

Herbs,  sometimes  slightly  shrubby,  with  odd-pinnate  not  punctate  leaves,  and 
purple  red  or  white  flowers  in  racemes  or  short  clusters.  Stipules  small;  leaflets 
entire;  calyx  teeth  usually  nearly  equal  ;  petals  all  clawed;  .standard  orbicular  or 
broadly  ovate;  wings  obliquely  obovate  or  oblong;  keel  curved;  stamens  mona- 
delphous or  diadelphous  ;  ovules  several  or  many;  pod  linear,  flat,  2-valved,  sev- 
eral-seeded. [Latin,  vetch.]  About  120  species,  mainly  natives  of  warm  and 
tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  n  species  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 
Raceme  terminal,  dense,  nearly  sessile,  many-flowered.  i.  C.  Virginiana. 

Peduncles  lateral  and  terminal,  elongated,  few-flowered. 

Villous  ;  flowers  in  an  interrupted  spike  or  raceme.  2.   C.  spicata. 

Pubescent ;  peduncles  few-flowered  near  the  summit.  3.   C.  hispidula. 

1.  Cracca  Virginiana  L.     CAT-GUT.     GOAT'S  RUE.     (I.  F.  f.  2117.)    Vil- 
lous or  silky  with  whitish  hairs,  3-6  dm.  high.     Roots  long,  fibrous,  tough;  leaves 
short-petioled;  leaflets  7-25,  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  the  terminal  one  oblanceolate, 
narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  rounded,  mucronate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
18-25   mm.   long  ;    flowers  yellowish-purple,  13-19  mm.  long  ;  pedicels  4-9  mm. 
long;  pod  linear,  densely  pubescent,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng-     ^n  dry  sandy  soil,   Me.   to 
Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Mex.     June-July. 

Cracca  Virgini&na  holoserfcea  (Nutt.)  Vail.  Densely  woolly-pubescent ;  leaflets 
acutish.  111.  to  Wis.,  La.  and  Ark. 

2.  Cracca   spicata  (Walt.)    Kuntze       LOOSELY-FLOWERED    GOAT'S    RUE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2118.)     Villous-pubescent  with  long  brown  hairs,  decumbent  or  straggling, 
much  branched,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  few  and  distant,  short-petioled;  leaflets  9- 
15,  short-stalked,  oval,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse  and  mucronate, 
18-30  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  1-2.5  ^m>  l°ng;  inflorescence  very  loose,  5-12 
cm.  long;  flowers  purplish,  12-17  mm-  l°ng;  P°d  linear,  finely  pubescent,  about  5 
cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Del.  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Miss.     June-Aug. 

3.  Cracca  hispidula  (Michx.)  Kuntze.    FEW-FLOWERED  GOAT'S  RUE.     (I.  F. 
f.  2119.)     More  or  less  pubescent,   procumbent    or   straggling,    much  branched, 
slender,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  5-19,  short  stalked,  oval,  oblong, 
oblanceolate  or  obovate;  peduncles  slender,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  red-purple,  few, 
about  12  mm.  long;  pod  linear,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  minutely  pubescent.     Dry  sandy 
soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ala.     May-Aug. 

20.  BRADLEYA  Adans. 

High-climbing  woody  vines,  with  odd  pinnate  leaves,  and  showy  blue  or  pur- 
plish flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  2  upper 


PAPILIONACEAE.  549 

teeth  slightly  snorter  than  the  3  lower;  standard  large,  reflexed,  clawed,  with  2 
small  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  wings  oblong,  falcate,  auriculate  at  the 
base;  keel  incurved,  obtuse;  stamens  diadelphous;  ovary  stalked;  ovules  oo  ;  pod 
elongated,  torulose,  2-valved,  coriaceous.  [Named  for  Richard  Bradley,  1675- 
1732  Professor  at  Cambridge.]  Five  known  species,  the  following  of  southeastern 
N.  Am.,  the  others  Asiatic. 

Racemes  4-10  cm.  long;  calyx-segments  shorter  than  the  tube.  i.  B.frutescens. 

Racemes  20-30  cm.  long;  calyx-segments  as  long  as  the  tube,  or  the  lower  one  longer. 

2.  B.  macrostachys. 

1.  Bradleya  frutescens  (L.)Britton.    AMERICAN  WISTARIA.    (I.  F.  f.  2120.) 
A  slender  vine  becoming  10  m.  long      Leaves  1-2  dm.  long;  leaflets  9-15,  oblong 
to  ovate  or  lanceolate,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  base;  racemes  ovoid  or  oblong,  4-10  cm.  long,  with  lanu- 
ginous  rachis  and  pedicels;  calyx  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs,  5-6  mm.  long; 
corolla  15-18  mm.  long.     In  low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.     April-June.      [Kraunhia 
frutescens  Greene.] 

2.  Bradleya  macrostachys  (T.  &  G.)  Small.     LONG-CLUSTERED  WISTARIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2i2Oa.)     A  stout  vine  with  stems  often  becoming  2-3  cm.  thick  and  8  m. 
long.     Leaves  2-3  dm.   long;    leaflets   usually  9,   oval,   oval-ovate   to   elliptic  or 
elliptic-lanceolate,  3—7  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the 
base;  racemes  2-3  dm.  long,   narrowly  conic,  with  densely  hirsute  and  glandular 
rachis  and  pedicels;  calyx  pubescent  like  the  pedicels,  10-12  mm.  long;  corolla 
1 8-2 1    mm.    long.       In   and   about   swamps,    Ind.   to   Kans.   and   La.       Spring. 
[Kraunhia  macrostachys  Small.] 

21.  ROBINIA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  of 
showy  flowers.  Stipules  small,  often  spiny.  Petioles  slightly  dilated  at  the  base, 
enclosing  the  buds  of  the  next  year.  Calyx-teeth  short,  broad,  the  2  upper  some- 
what united.  Standard  large,  reflexed,  not  appendaged;  wings  oblong,  curved; 
keel  curved,  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous ;  anthers  uniform,  or  the  alternate  ones 
smaller.  Ovary  stalked :  ovules  oo  .  Pod  flat,  linear,  not  septate  between  the 
seeds,  margined  along  the  upper  suture,  2-valved.  [Named  in  honor  of  John  and 
Vespasian  Robin,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe,  1550-1629.] 
About  6  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Twigs,  petioles  and  pods  glabrous:  flowers  white;  a  tree.  i.  R.  Pseudacacia. 

Twigs  and  petioles  glandular;  pods  hispid  ;  flowers  pinkish  ;  a  tree.   2.  R.  viscosa. 
Twigs  and  petioles  bristly  ;  pods  hispiH  ;  flowers  pink  or  purple  ;  a  shrub. 

3.  R.  hispida. 

1.  Robinia  Pseudacacia  L.     LOCUST-TREE.     FALSE  OR  BASTARD  ACACIA. 
SILVER-CHAIN.     (I.  F.  f.  2121.)     A  large  tree  with  very  rough  bark.     Stipules 
often  spiny;  leaflets  9-19,  stalked,  ovate  or  oval,  mainly  rounded  at  the  base,  ob- 
tuse or  emarginate  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  entire,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  stipels 
small,    setaceous;    racemes   loose,   drooping;    pedicels    slender,    6-13    mm.    long; 
flowers  fragrant,  15-20  mm.  long,  the  standard  yellowish  at  base;  pod  5-10  cm. 
loag,  4-7  seeded.     Penn.  to  Ga.,  Iowa  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     Extensively  naturalized 
in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States  and  eastern  Canada.     May-June. 

2.  Robinia  viscosa  Vent.     CLAMMY  LOCUST.     (L  F.  f.  2122.)     A  small  tree 
with  rough  bark.     Stipules  short,  sometimes  spiny;  leaflets  11-25,  stalked,  obtuse 
and  mucronate,  ovate  or  oval,  nearly  glabrous,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  thicker  than  those 
of  the  preceding;  stipels  small,  subulate;  racemes  rather  dense;  pedicels  4-9  cm. 
long;  flowers  18-25  mm.  long,  not  fragrant;  pod  5-10  cm.  long,  glandular- hispid. 
s  mthwestern  Va.  to  Ga.     Occasionally  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  Middle  and 
Eastern  States  and  in  Canada.     June. 

3.  Robinia  hispida  L.     ROSE  ACACIA.     BRISTLY  OR  Moss  LOCUST.     (I.  F.  f. 
2123.)     A  much-branched  shrub,  1-2.5   m-  high.      Stipules  very  small,  or  none; 
leaflets  9-13,  stalked,  broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  mainly  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
each  end,   mucronate,   2.5-5  cm-   l°ng;  stipels    subulate  or  none;  racemes  loose; 
pedicels  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  17-30  mm.  long,  not  fragrant;  pods  linear,  bristly- 
hispid      Mountains  of  Va.  and  Tenn.  to  Ga.     May -June. 


55°  FLOJRA. 

22.  SESBAN  Adans. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  numerous,  entire,  not 
stipcilate,  or  the  stipels  minute.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  the  slender  pedicels 
with  2  deciduous  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  Calyx  campanulate,  nearly  equally 
5 -toothed.  Standard  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular;  wings  oblong,  falcate;  keel  blunt. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  i).  Ovary  mostly  stipitate,  many-ovuled;  style  gla- 
brous; stigma  small.  Pod  elongated-linear,  wingless,  compressed,  partitioned  be- 
tween the  oblong  seeds.  [Name  Arabic.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  warm  and 
tropical  regions,  only  the  following  known  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Sesban  macrocarpa  Muhl.  LONG-PODDED  SESBAN.  (I.  F.  f.  2124.)  An- 
nual,  glabrous,  1-3.5  m-  tall.  Leaflets  10-35  Pairs>  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate, 
thin,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  pale  beneath;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-5- 
flowered;  calyx-teeth  subulate;  corolla  yellowish,  purple-spotted,  the  standard 
17-21  mm.  long;  pod  15-25  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  wide,  somewhat  curved, 
drooping.  In  wet  or  moist  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.,  south  to  Central 
Am.  Collected  also  in  S.  Penn.  June-Sept. 

Colutea  arborescens  L.  A  European  shrub,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  yellow  flowers 
in  short  racemes,  and  greatly  inflated  membranous  pods,  is  reported  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion in  E.  Mass. 

23.  ASTRAGALUS  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  sometimes  woody,  mostly  with  odd-pinnate  or  sometimes  simple  leaves, 
the  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  or  rarely  umbellate  or  solitary.  Stipules  present. 
Calyx  tubular,  its  teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  clawed;  standard  erect,  ovate  or  ob- 
long; wings  oblong;  keel  obtuse,  about  equalling  the  wings.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous; anthers  all  alike.  Ovules  oo  .  Pod  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  i-2-celled, 
very  different  in  different  species  and  affording  the  best  characters  in  classification. 
[Greek  name  of  some  leguminous  plant.]  About  1000  species,  of  wide  geographic 
distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following,  at  least  175  others  occur  in  the  western 
and  southern  U.  S. 

*  Pod  2-celled. 

Pod  fleshy,  thick-walled,  indehiscent. 
Pod  glabrous,  globose  or  oval. 

Corolla  purple;  pod  pointed.  i.  A.  crassicarpus. 

Corolla  yellowish-white;  pod  obtuse.  2.  A.  Mexicanus. 

Pod  pubescent,  ovoid  or  oblong. 

Pod  ovoid,  about  12  mm.  long,  not  wrinkled.  3.  A.  Plattensis. 

Pod  oblong,  curved,  2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  wrinkled.  4.  A.  jTennessecnsis. 

Pod  dry,  leathery,  cartilaginous  or  papery,  dehiscent. 

Plant  densely  villous-pubescent  all  over.  5.  A.  mollissimus. 

Plants  glabrous  or  grayish-pubescent. 

Flowers  yellowish  ;  pod  terete,  glabrous.  6.  A.  Carolinianus. 

Flowers  purple;  pod  with  a  deep  furrow,  pubescent. 

Pod  finely  appressed-pubescent.  7.  A.  adsurgens. 

Pod  densely  villons  with  white  hairs.  8.  A.' Hypoglottis 

*  *  Pod  I-celled,  but  one  or  both  sutures  sometimes  intruded. 

Pod  triangular  or  heart-shaped  in  section,  membranous ;  flowers  mostly  yellowish-white. 
Pod  heart-shaped  in  section ;  plant  woolly-pubescent.  9.  A.  Drummondii. 

Pod  triangular  in  section  ;  plant  appressed-pubescent.  10.  A.  racemosus. 

Pod  2-grooved  on  the  upper  side;  flowers  purple.  n.  A.  bisulcatus. 

Pod  nearly  circular,  or  8-shaped,  in  section,  mostly  coriaceous. 

Leaflets  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  persistent ;  flowers  yellow. 

12.  A.  pectinatus. 

Leaflets  oblong,  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  oval  or  linear,  deciduous. 
Plants  scapose,  or  short-stemmed,  villous  or  silvery-pubescent. 

Plant  gray- villous;  flowers  yellow.  13.  A.  lotiJJorus. 

Plants  silvery-pubescent;  flowers  blue,  violet  or  purple. 

Pod  nearly  circular  in  section,  straight.  14.  A.  Missouriensis. 

Pod  8-shaped  in  section,  its  summit  curved.  15.  A.  Shortianus. 

Plants  leafy-stemmed,  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  flowers  purple. 
Pod  6-12  mm.  long,  wrinkled  ;  flowers  6  mm.  long  or  less. 

Plant  erect ;  leaflets  obtuse,  very  narrow.  16.  A.  gracilis. 

Plant  diffuse;  leaflets  emarginate,  short-linear.      17.  A.  microlobus, 
*~cd  more  than  12  mm.  long,  smooth  ;  flowers  12  mm.  long. 

Pod  not  grooved,  puberulent.  18.  A.flexuosus, 


PA  P!  LION  A  CEA  £.  5  5 1 

Pod  grooved  on  the  lower  side,  glabrous.  19.  A.  distortus. 

Pod  obovate  in  section,  membranous, "sessile  in  the  calyx  ;  flowers  purple. 
Erect  ;  raceme  elongated  ;  peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves. 

20.  A.  elegans. 
Decumbent  ;  raceme  short  ;  peduncles  only  slightly  exceeding  the  leaves. 

21.  A.  Bodini. 
Pod  flattened,  grooved  on  the  lower  side,  membranous,  stalked. 

Pod  pubescent,  slightly  grooved,  19  mm.  long  ;  flowers  white  or  purple. 

22.  A.  Robbinsii. 
Pod  pubescent,  deeply  grooved  on  lower  side,  12  mm.  long  ;  flowers  violet. 

23.  A.  alpinus. 

I  Astragalus  crassicarpus  Nutt.  GROUND  PLUM.  (I.  F.  f.  2125.)  Ap- 
pressed-pubescent;  branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.  Stipules 
ovate,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long;  leaflets  15-25,  oblong,  elliptic  or  sometimes  obovate, 
obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  violet-purple,  16-18  mm. 
long,  in  short  racemes;  pods  sessile,  thick,  short- pointed,  17-25  mm.  in  diameter. 
Prairies,  Minn,  to  Manitoba,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Iowa,  Colo,  and  Tex.  Fruit  edible, 
collected  by  prairie  dcgs  for  their  winter  store.  April-June. 

2.  Astragalus  Mexicanus  A.  DC.     LARGER  GROUND  PLUM.     (I.  F.  f.  2126.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  less  pubescent  and  with  the  hairs  somewhat  spread- 
ing.    Leaflets   17-33,  oblong  to  obovale,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  narrowed  at  the 
base;  flowers  yellowish -white,   or   purplish  at  the  tip,   18-25  mm-  l°ng>    *n  short 
racemes;  pod  sessile,   thick,  globose,   2.5-3  cm'   ^n  diameter.     Prairies,  111.  to  S. 
Dak.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     Frvit  edible.     May. 

3.  Astragalus  Plattensis  Nutt.     PLATTE  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.    f.    2127.) 
Villous-pubescent,    prostrate   or  ascending,    1.5-2.5   cm.    high  or   long.     Leaflets 
13-29,  oblong  to  obovate.  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  9-18  mm.  long;  stipules 
broad,  ovate,  pointed,  6-9  mm.  long;  flowers  yellowish-white  or  tipped  with  pur- 
ple,  about    18    mm.   long,   in  short  heads;    pod  sessile,  pointed,   smooth,   loosely 
pubescent,   nearly  straight.       Prairies,   Ind.   to  Minn.,   S.   Dak.,  Ala.   and   Tex. 
May. 

4.  Astragalus  Tennesseensis  A.  Gray.     TENNESSEE  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F. 
f.  2128.)     Villous  with  long  whitish  hairs.     Leaflets  15-31,  oblong  or  linear-ob- 
long, obtuse  or  emarginate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  12-21  mm.  long;  stipules  lan- 
ceolate, oval   or  ovate-lanceolate;  racemes  short,  several-many  flowered  ;  flowers 
about  2  cm.  long;  pod  strongly  wrinkled,  at  least  when  dry,  its  summit  curved.    On 
hillsides,  Tenn.  to  Ala.  and  Mo.     March-May'. 

5.  Astragalus  mollissimus  Torr.  '  WOOLLY  LOCO-WEED  OR  CRAZY-WEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  2129.)     Bushy,    3-6  dm.   high.     Stem  very  short;  stipules  membranous, 
ovate,  pointed,  6-1 1  mm.  long,  adnate  to  the  petiole;  leaflets  19-27,  oval,  obtuse, 
but  pointed  at  the  apex,  9-13  mm.  long;  flowers  violet-purple,  18-25  mm-  l°ng?  *n 
dense  spikes;  pod  oblong,   glabrous,   somewhat  compressed,   sessile,   10-21   mm. 
long,    about  6   mm.    thick,  furrowed  at  both  sutures,  slightly  curved  at  maturity. 
Plains,    Neb.    and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     June.     The  popular  name  of  the 
plant  is  from  its  poisonous  effects  on  cattle. 

6.  Astragalus  Carolinianus  L.     CAROLINA  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.  2130.) 
Glabrous  or  slightly   pubescent,   3-12  dm.  high.     Stipules  membranous,  broadly 
lanceolate,   acuminate,    4-9   mm.    long;  leaflets  15-31,  elliptic  or  oval,  obtuse  or 
slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  2.5-5  cm-  ^ong5  flowers  12-17 
mm.  long  in  dense  spikes;  pod  sessile,  coriaceous,  erect,  or  sometimes  slightly  fur- 
rowed  at  the  dorsal  suture,    pointed,    nearly   straight,    10-17   mm-   l°ng-     Along 
streams,  Hudson  Bay  and  Quebec  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  south  to  Vt..  W.  N.  Y.,  Ga., 
La.  and  Colo.     July-Aug. 

7.  Astralagus  adsurgens  Pall.     ASCENDING  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.  2131.) 
Minutely  cinereous-pubescent  or  glabrate,   ascending  or  decumbent,  1-2  dm.  long. 
Stipules   membranous,  ovate,    acuminate,    6-n    mm.   long;   leaflets  15-25,  oval  to 
linear  oblong,  obtuse  and  sometimes  emarginate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  16-25  mm. 
long;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  purplish,  12-17  rnm.   long,  in  dense 
short  spikes;  pod  sessile,  oblong,  pointed,  coriaceous,  erect,  cordate-triangular  in 
section,  9-13   mm.  long.     Plains.  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr..  Br.  Col.,  Kans.  and 
Colo.     Also  in  northern  Asia.     June-July. 


552  FLORA. 

8.  Astragalus   Hypoglottis  L.     PURPLE   MILK  VETCH   OR  COCK'S-HEAD. 
(I.  F.  f.  2132.)     Slender,  branched   at  the  base,  1.5-6  dm.  long.     Stipules  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  mm.   long;  leaflets  17-25,  oblong  or  elliptic,  obtusish   and 
generally  emarginate   at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  6-15  mm.  long;  flowers 
violet-purple,  12-21  mm.    long,    in  dense   heads;  pods  membranous,  sessile,  ovoid- 
oblong,  9-11  mm.  long.     Kans.  to  Minn.,  Hudson  Bay,  Nev.  and  Alaska.     Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Aug. 

9.  Astragalus  Drummondii  Dougl.     DRUMMOND'S  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2133.)     Erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  rather  stout.     Stipules  ovate,  long-acuminate,  6-n 
mm.  long;  leaflets  19-33,  oblong  or  sometimes  oblanceolate,   obtuse,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  n-21  mm.  long;  flowers  yellowish- white  or  the  keel  purplish  tinged,  17- 
19  mm.  long,  in  loose  spikes;  pod   distinctly  stipitate,   cartilaginous,  linear,  pend- 
ent, glabrous,   grooved,    about  5  cm.   long  ;  calyx  dark-pubescent  above.     Plains, 
Neb.  to  Manitoba,  Wyo.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     June-July. 

10.  Astragalus  racemosus   Pursh.      RACEMOSE  MILK  VETCH.     (I.   F.  f. 
2134.)     Stem  somewhat  zigzag,  3-6  dm.  high.     Stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  mem- 
branous, 4-6  mm.  long;  leaflets  17-21,  elliptic  or  linear-oblong,  acutish  or  mucro- 
nate,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  17-19  mm.  long,  in  loose  racemes;  pedicels  2-4  mm. 
long;  pods  linear-oblong,  imperfectly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture, 
acute  at  c.ich  end,  glabrous,  stipitate,  broadly  sulcate,  pendent,  about  2.5  cm.  long. 
Plains,  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.     June-July. 

11.  Astragalus  bisulcatus  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.     TWO-GROOVED  MILK  VETCH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2135.)     Rather  stout,  3-9  dm.  high.     Stipules  membranous,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  9—13  mm.  long;  leaflets  17-27,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the 
base,    17-25   mm.   long;  flowers   15-17  mm.   long,   in  elongated  narrow  racemes; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  pod  linear,  stipitate,  deflexed,  pointed,  glabrous 
at  maturity,  membranous,  13-21  mm.  long.     Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Mont,  and  the  N. 
W.  Terr.     June-Aug. 

12.  Astragalus  pectinatus  (Hook.)  Dougl.     NARROW-LEAVED  MILK  VETCH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2136.)     Ascending,  3-6  dm.  high,  finely  canescent  or  glabrate.     Stipules 
membranous,  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  9-11  mm.  long;  leaflets  11-21, 
narrowly  linear,  acute,  1.5-8  cm.  long;  flowers  16-25  mm.  long,  in  loose  spikes; 
standard  much  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel;  pod  nearly  terete,  sessile,  oblong, 
pointed,  glabrous,  not  furrowed,  keeled  along  the  upper  suture,  12-17  mm-  l°ng' 
Plains,  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.     June-Aug 

13  Astragalus  lotiflorus  Hook.  Low  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F.  f.  2137.) 
Silky-pubescent  with  white  hairs;  stems  -2-8  cm.  high.  Stipules  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, 3-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  7-15,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  and  sometimes  mucronu- 
late,  narrowed  at  the  base,  11-17  mm-  l°ng;  flowers  9-13  mm.  long,  in  rather 
dense  short  spikes;  peduncles  sometimes  very  short;  pod  sessile,  villous-pubescent, 
ovoid-oblong,  somewhat  inflated,  pointed,  dehiscent,  keeled  along  the  straight 
dorsal  suture.  Plains,  Manitoba  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  Colo,  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.  June- 
July. 

Astragalus  lotiflorus  Nebraskensis  Bates.  Whole  plant  densely  hirsute.  Central 
Neb. 

14.  Astragalus  Missouriensis  Nutt.  MISSOURI  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F.  f. 
2138.)  Densely  silky-canescent,  tufted,  5-13  cm.  long.  Stipules  ovate- lanceolate, 
acute,  4-9  mm.  long;  leaflets  7-21,  elliptic  or  obovate,  obtuse  but  sometimes  mu- 
cronate,  6-1 1  mm.  long;  flowers  few,  violet-purple,  11-19  mm-  l°ng  in  loose  heads 
or  short  spikes;  pod  sessile,  acute,  oblong,  pubescent,  dehiscent,  slightly  keeled 
along  the  ventral  suture,  transversely  wrinkled,  about  2.5  cm.  long.  Plains,  Neb. 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  Mex.  May-July. 

i^.  Astragalus  Shortianus  Nutt.  SHORT'S  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F.  f.  2139.) 
Silvery  canescent.  Stipules  ovate,  acutish,  about  4  mm.  long;  leaflets  9-15, 
elliptic  or  obovate,  acutish,  11-19  mm.  long;  flowers  blue  or  violet,  15-19  mm. 
long;  pod  sessile,  dehiscent  at  maturity,  lanceolate-ovoid,  puberulent,  transversely 
wrinkled,  strongly  curved  at  the  summit,  2.5-4  cm.  long.  Plains,  Neb.  and  Colo. 
to  N.  Mex.  May-July. 

16  Astragalus  gracilis  Nutt.  SLENDER  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F.  f.  2140^ 
Slender,  finely  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.  Stipules  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 


PA  PIL I  ON  A  CEAE.  553 

4-6  mm.  long;  leaflets  11-21,  narrowly  linear,  distant,  obtuse;  flowers  purple, 
6-8  mm.  long,  in  narrow  elongated  racemes;  pods  sessile,  pendent,  straight, 
ellipsoid,  appressed-pubescent  with  white  hairs,  especially  on  the  ventral  side, 
transversely  veined,  4-6  mm.  long.  Prairies,  Minn,  to  S.  Dak.,  Mo.,  Colo,  and 
Wyo.  May-June. 

17.  Astragalus  microlobus  A.     Gray.     NOTCHED-LEAVED  MILK  VETCH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2141.)     Finely  csmescent,   about  3  dm.  high.     Stipules  ovate- lanceolate, 
acute,  3-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  7-17,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  truncate  or  emarginate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,   9-15   mm.   long;  flowers  in  loose  spikes;  peduncles  often 
longer  than  the  leaves;  pod  sessile,  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  reflexed,  finely  pubescent, 
transversely  veined,  flattened  on  the  back,  keeled  along  the  ventral  suture,  4-6  mm. 
long.     Plains,  Neb.  to  Mo.  and  Colo.     Similar  to  A.  gracilis.     Summer. 

18.  Astragalus  flexudsus  (Hook.)  Dougl.     FLEXILE  MILK  VETCH.  .  (I.  F.  f. 
2142.)     Finely    pubescent,  3-5    dm.    high.      Stipules   ovate   or   ovate- lanceolate, 
4-6  mm.  long;   leaflets  9-21,  linear,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  6-12  mm.  long  ;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  ; 
flowers  purplish,  9-11  mm.  long;  pod  sessile,  cylindric,  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
dehiscent,   pointed,    16-25   mm.   long.     Plains,  Minn,   and  Neb.  to  Colo,  and  the 
N.  W.  Terr.     June-Aug. 

i<v  Astragalus  distortus  T.  &  G.  BENT  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F.  f.  2143.) 
Sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate,  diffuse  or  ascending;  steins  2-4  dm.  long.  Leaf- 
lets 11-25,  obovate  or  oval,  emarginate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  4-1 1  mm.  long;  flowers  in  loose  short  spikes;  pod  sessile,  slightly  inflated, 
linear  oblong,  coriaceous,  strongly  curved,  2.5-4  cm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  111.  to 
Iowa,  Kans.,  W.  Va.,  Miss,  and  Tex.  March-July. 

20.  Astragalus  elegans  (Hook.)  Britton.     PRETTY  MILK  VETCH;     (I.  F.  f. 
2144.)     Glabrous  or  finely  strigose,  erect  or  ascending,  2.5-5  c^m-  nigu-     Stipules 
ovate,   acute,   about  4  mm.   long;  flowers  6-8  mm.   long,    in  elongated   racemes; 
leaflets  9  17,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,    16-20  mm.   long;  pod  ellipsoid,    pendent, 
slightly  inflated,  obtuse  at  each  end,  apiculate,  black-pubescent  all  over,  5-8  mm. 
long.     Quebec,  Lab.,  the  Saskatch.  region  and  in  the  higher  and  northern  Rocky 
Mts.     June-Aug. 

21.  Astragalus  Bodini  Sheldon.     BODIN'S  MILK  VETCH.     Finely  strigose  ; 
stems  3-10 dm.  long.    Stipules  ovate,  acute;  flowers  8-10  mm.  long  in  dense  racemes; 
calyx  sparingly  black-strigose;  leaflets  11-15,  oval?  8-15  mm.  long,  acute  at  both 
ends;  pod  ellipsoid,  somewhat  flattened  on  the  dorsal  side,  finely  black-strigose, 
obtuse,  7-10  mm.   long.     River  valleys,  from  W.  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and  Colo.     June- 
Aug. 

22.  Astragalus  Robbinsii  (Oakes)  A.  Gray.    ROBBINS'  MILK  VETCH.    (I.  F. 
f.  2146.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  erect,  slender,  2.5-4.5  dm.  high.    Stipules  ovate- 
oblong,    membranous,   4-6  mm.    long;  leaflets   9-25,    oblong,   obtuse   or   slightly 
emarginate,  9-17  mm.  long;  flowers  6-1 1  mm.  long  in  loose  racemes;  pod  much 
flattened,  oblong,  short-stipitate,  rather  abruptly  pointed  at  each  end,  membranous, 
finely  blackish-pubescent,  dehiscent,  nearly  straight,  18-25  mm-  long-     In  rocky 
places,  Vt.  and  N.  II .     June-July. 

23.  Astragalus   alpmus   L.     ALPINE    MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.  2147.)    As- 
cending or  decumbent,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  slightly  pubescent,  or  glabrous.     Stipules 
ovate,  foliaceous,  4-6  mm.  long;  leaflets  13-25,  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  retuse, 
6-12  mrn.  long;  flowers  violet,  the  keel  commonly  darker,  in  short  racemes;  pe- 
duncles mostly  exceeding  the  leaves;  pod  membranous,  stipitate,  pendent,  dehis- 
cent, rather  densely  black-pubescent,  oblong,  acute,  somewhat  inflated,  about  13 
mm.  long;  calyx  dark-pubescent.      On  rocks,  N.  N.  Eng.  to  Newf.  and  Lab. ,  west 
to  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.    Also  in  northern  Europe 
and  Asia.     June. 

24.  PHACA    L. 

Perennial  Tierbs,  similar  to  Astragalus,  mostly  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  racemed 
or  spicate  purplish  or  purple  flowers.  Pod  much  inflated,  membranous  in  texture, 
strictly  I -celled,  neither  of  the  sutures  intruded.  [Greek,  Lentils.]  A  large  genus, 
mainly  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  numerous  other  species 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 


554  FLORA. 

Leaflets  7-21,  oblong,  elliptic  or  ovate  ;  flowers  white. 

Pod  stalked  ;  flowers  slender-pedicelled.  I.  P.  Americana. 

Pod  sessile  ;  flowers  short-pedicelled.  2.  P.  neglecta. 

Leaflet  only  i,  or  sometimes  3-5,  very  narrowly  linear;  flowers  pink.     3.  P.  longifolia. 

1.  Phaca  Americana  (Hook.)   Rydberg.     ARCTIC  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2148.)     Erect,  nearly  simple,  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high.     Stipules  foliaceous,  ovate- 
oblong,  4-12  mm.  long;  leaflets  7-17,  2-4  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  generally  exceeding 
the  leaves;  flowers   16-19  mm-    long,  in   loose  racemes;  pedicels  filiform,  13  mm. 
long  in  fruit;  pod  stipitate,  21-25  mm-  l°ng>  acute  at  each  end,  oblong,  dehiscent 
at  maturity,  glabrous,  shining.     In  wet  rocky  places,  Quebec  and  arctic  Am.  to 
Br.  Col.  and  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     June-July. 

2.  Phaca  neglecta  T.  &  G.     COOPER'S  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.  2149.)    Gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  3-6  dm.  high.     Stipules  ovate,  acute,  2-4  mm.  long;  leaflets 
9-21,  thin,  oblong  or  elliptic,  often  minutely  pubescent  beneath,  16-25  mm-  I011g> 
obtuse  or  emarginate,   narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers   11-15  mm'  l°ng>  in  loose 
spikes;  calyx  pubescent  with   blackish  hairs,  its   teeth  subulate  ;  pod  sessile,  the 
ventral  suture  somewhat  intruded,  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  slightly  furrowed  along 
both  sutures,  13-20  mm.  long.     On  banks  and   shores,  Quebec  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 
June-July. 

3.  Phaca  longifolia  (Pursh)  Nutt.     LONG  LEAVED  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2150.)    Erect,  slender,  finely  canescent,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.    Stipules  subulate,  rigid, 
those  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  connate;  leaflet  usually  i,  nearly  terete,  2.5-10 
cm.  long,  sometimes  3  or  5;  flowers  few,  6-n  mm.   long,  in  short  loose  racemes; 
peduncles  shorter  than   the  leaves  ;  pod  short-stalked,    spotted,    glabrous,  ovoid, 
short-pointed,  not  furrowed,  about  2.5  cm.  long.     In  sandy  soil,  Neb.  to  Kans.  and 
N.  Mex.     Leaves  persistent.     May-June. 

25.  HOMALOBUS  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  simple  or  pinnately  3-5  foliolate  leaves,  and  race- 
mose mostly  small  flowers,  the  peduncles  short  or  elongated.  Keel  of  the  corolla 
obtuse;  pod  flat,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  completely  i  celled,  few -several-seeded, 
the  sutures  both  prominent  externally.  [Greek,  regular-lobes.]  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing species,  some  30  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Plants  leafy-stemmed. 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  9-23,  thin. 

Finely  pubescent,  blackening  in  drying  ;  pod  straight.  i.  H.  tenellus. 

Canescent,  not  blackening  ;  pod  slightly  curved.  2.  H.  aboriginum. 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  3-7,  rigid,  very  narrow,  spiny.  3.  H.  montanus. 

Plant  scapose  ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  3-5-foliolate,  the  leaflets  very  narrow. 

4.  H.  caespitosus. 

1.  Homalobus   tenellus  (Pursh)  Britton.     LOOSE- FLOWERED  MILK  VETCH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2151.)     Finely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  2.5-4.5  dm.  high.    Stipules  broadly 
ovate,  3-6  mm.  long,  the  upper  ones  connate;  leaflets  oblong,  linear  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  13-21  mm.  long;  flowers  yellowish-white, 
6-9  mm.   long,  in  loose  spike-like  racemes;  pod  stalked,  straight,  oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  papery,  glabrous,  13-17  mm.  long.     Dry  soil,  S.   Dak.,  Neb.  and  Colo, 
to  Cal.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.     May-Aug. 

2.  Homalobus  aboriginum  (Richards.)  Rydberg.  INDIAN  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F. 
f.  2145.)     Finely  canescent,  2-5  dm.  high.     Stipules  ovate,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long; 
leaflets  9-13,  linear  or  oblong,  12-21  mm.  long;  flowers  9-11  mm.  long,  in  rather 
loose  racemes;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  pod  compressed,  oval  in  section, 
half-elliptic,  long-stipitate,  acute  at  each   end;  calyx  blackish-pubescent,  its  teeth 
subulate.     S.  Dak.  to  Manitoba,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Colo.      [Asiragahis  aborigi- 
num  Richards.]     May-June. 

3.  Homalobus  montanus  (Nutt.)  Britton.     PRICKLY  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2152.)     Densely  tufted,    intricately  branched,  5-25   cm.    high,    finely   canescent. 
Stipules  linear-lanceolate,   spiny-tipped,   4-11    mm.   long;    leaflets  linear,  widely 
spreading,   6-13    mm.    long;    flowers    1-4   together   in   the  axils,   nearly  sessile, 
yellowish  white  or    bluish-tinged,   4-6   mm.   long;    pod   sessile   or  short-stalked, 
1-3 -seeded,  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  coriaceous,  dehiscent,  pubescent,  6-9  mm.  long. 
In  dry,  rocky  places,  Neb.  to  N.  Mex.,  Nev.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     June-Sept. 


PA  PILIOXA  CEA  E.  555 

jj.  Homalobus  caespitosus  Nutt.  TUFTED  MILK  VETCH.  (I.  F.  f.  2153.) 
Silvery-canescent,  tufted  from  a  deep  root,  7-15  cm.  high.  Stipules  scarious,  im- 
bricated, lanceolate,  acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long;  leaves-  simple,  spatulate-linear, 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  or  some  of  them  3-5-foliolate,  with  oblong-linear  leaflets;  peduncles 
scapiform;  flowers  purple,  9-11  mm.  long,  in  short  spike-like  racemes;  pod  erect, 
sessile,  few-seeded,  oblong,  acute,  coriaceous,  slightly  curved,  pubescent,  9-11  mm. 
long;  calyx-teeth  subulate.  In  dry  rocky  soil,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr. 
May-July.  [Astragalus  caespitosus  A.  Gray  ] 

26.     OROPHACA  Britton.    (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial,  silvery  or  villous-pubescent  low  tufted  herbs,  with  branched  woody 
caudices,  deep  roots,  membranous  scarious  stipules,  sheathing  and  united  below, 
and  digitately  3-foliolate  (rarely  5-foliolate)  leaves.,  resembling  those  of  Lupines. 
Flowers  few,  capitate  or  racemose,  the  clusters  sessile  or  peduncled.  Keel  of  the 
corolla  blunt.  Pod  coriaceous,  completely  I -celled,  ovoid  or  oval,  few  seeded, 
villous,  partly  or  wholly  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  [Greek,  mountain  vetch  ]  Three 
known  species,  the  following,  and  one  in  Colo,  and  Wyo. 

Flowers  yellowish,  1-3  together  in  the  axils.  i.   O.  caespitosa. 

Flowers  blue-purple,  in  peduncled  racemes.  2.   O.  sencea. 

1.  Orophaca  caespitosa  (Nutt.)  Britton.     SESSILE-FLOWERED  MILK  VETCH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2154.)     Silvery-canescent,  5-10  cm.  high.     Stipules  imbricated,  glabrous, 
ovate-lanceolate,   6-9  mm.   long;  leaves  digitately  3-5  foliolate,    slender-petioled; 
leaflets  oblong  or  obianceolate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  13-17  mm.  long; 
flowers  13-17  mm.  long,  sessile;  pod  sessile,  ovoid,  acute  or  acuminate,   coriace- 
ous, dehiscent,  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  4-6  mm.  long.     Plains,   Kans   to  S.  Dak., 
Mont,  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     May-July.    [Astragalus  triphyllus  Pursh.) 

2.  Orophaca  sericea  (Nutt.)  Britton.     HOARY  MILK  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.  2155.) 
Villous-pubescent,  spreading  on  the  ground,    the  stems  8-10  cm.   long.     Leaves 
short-petioled,  3-foliolate;  leaflets  oblong  or  obianceolate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at 
the  base,  4—11   mm.  long;  peduncles  2-6-flowered;  flowers  about  6  mm.  long;  pod 
sessile,  ovoid-oblong,  coriaceous,  acute,  about  6  mm.  long,  partly  enclosed  by  the 
calyx.     In  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  places,  Neb.  and  Colo.     May-July. 

27.     ARAGALLUS  Neck.     [SPIESIA  Neck.] 

Herbs,  sometimes  shrubby,  and  mostly  acaulescent,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
and  racemose  or  spicate  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  clawed; 
standard  erect,  ovate  or  oblong;  wings  oblong;  keel  erect,  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  wings,  its  apex  mucronate.  acuminate  or  appendaged;  stamens  diadelphous; 
style  filiform.  Pod  sessile  or  stipitate,  2-valved,  i-celled,  or  more  or  less  2-celled 
by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral  suture.  About  120  species  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some  II  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate. 

Plants  2.5-10  cm.  high  ;  heads  few-flowered. 

Pods  membranous,  pubescent,  much  inflated,  i-celled.  i.  A.  inflatus. 
Pod  coriaceous,  ovoid,  little  inflated,  pubescent,  partly  2-celled. 

Calyx  gray-pubescent ;  leaflets  7-9,  oblong.  2.  A.  multiceps. 

Calyx  dark-pubescent ;  leaflets  7-21,  linear.  3.  A.  arcticus. 
Plants  1.5-4.5  dm.  high  ;  heads  or  spike-like  racemes  many-flowered. 
Flowers  17-19  mm.  long  ;  pods  papery. 

Calyx  black-hirsute;  pod  about  i  cm.  long.  4.  A.  campestris. 

Calyx  finely  pubescent ;  pod  15-20  mm.  long.  5.  A.  Johannensis, 
Flowers  19-30  mm.  long ;  pods  coriaceous. 

Leaflets  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  silky.  6.  A.  Lambert ii. 

Leaflets  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  densely  silky.  7.  A.  sericeus. 
Leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  verticillate. 

Pod  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  tip  spreading.  8.  A.  splendens. 

Pod  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  tip  erect.  9.  A.  Bellii. 

i.  Aragallus  inflatus  (Hook.)  A.  Nelson.  INFLATED  OXYTROPE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2156.)  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  villous  pubescent,  much  tufted,  2-10  cm.  high. 
Stipules  membranous,  imbricated,  adnate  to  the  petiole,  lanceolate,  about  4  mm. 
long;  leaflets  9-21,  linear,  4-8  mm.  long,  about  i  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or  obtusish; 


FLORA. 

peduncles  i-2-flowered,  scarcely  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  violet,  14-17  mm. 
long;  calyx  densely  dark-pubescent;  pod  i-celled,  ovoid,  short-stalked  or  sessile, 
about  18  mm.  long,  pointed;  ventral-suture  slightly  intruded.  Lab.  and  arctic 
Am.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.  Summer.  [Spiesia  inflata  (Hook.) 
Britton.  ] 

2.  Aragallus   multiceps   (Nutt.)   Heller.      TUFTED    OXYTROPE.     (I.    F.    f. 
2157.)     Nearly  acaulescent,  tufted  and  matted,  silky  canescent,  8  cm.  high  or  less. 
Stipules    membranous,    acute,    adnate  to  the  petiole;    leaflets  oblong,  6-12  mm. 
long,   2-4  mm.   wide;    scape  i-3-flowered;  flowers  purple,  nearly  2.5  cm.  long; 
calyx    slightly   pubescent,    its  teeth    short;    pod   short-stalked,    coriaceous,   about 
13   mm.   long,   acute,  enclosed  by  the  swollen  calyx.     W.  Neb..  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
Summer.      \Spifsia  multiceps  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.] 

3.  Aragallus  arcticus  (R.  Br.)  Greene.     ARCTIC  OXYTROPE.     (I.  F.f.  2158.) 
Acaulescent,    tufted,    villous-pubescent.    2-ic  cm.    high.      Stipules    membranous, 
lanceolate,    imbricated,    pubescent  ;     leaflets    linear    or   linear-oblong,     obtusish, 
4-6  mm.   long;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  2-5 -flowered;  flowers  violet  (?), 
13—21   mm.   long  ;  pod  coriaceous,  little  inflated,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  sessile, 
pubescent.     Shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.   Lawrence,   Hudson  Strait,  and  along  the 
Arctic  seacoast.     Summer.      [Spiesia  arctica  (R.  Br.)  Kuntze.] 

4.  Aragallus   campestris    (L.)   Greene.     YELLOW   OXYTROPE.      (I.    F.    f. 
2159.)     Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  much  tufted,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate, 
1-3  dm.  high.     Stipules  membranous,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  imbricated,  6-9  mm. 
long;  leaves  8—15  cm.  long;  leaflets  13-23,  linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,  rounded  at 
the  base,  sessile,  8-13  mm.  long;  peduncles  generally  exceeding  the  leaves  ;   flow- 
ers several  or  numerous  in   short  spikes,  white,  yellowish-white  or    blue;    pods 
sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  blackish-pubescent,  acuminate  with  the  subulate  style.    In 
rocky  places,  Lab.  and  Hudson  Strait.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer.     All  American 
specimens  belong  to  the  var.  ccerulea,  with  bluish  flowers.      \_Spiesia  campestris 
(L.)  Kuntze.] 

5.*  Aragallus  Johannensis  (Fernald)  Rydberg.  ST.  JOHN'S  OXYTROPE.  Like 
the  preceding,  but  larger,  1.5—3-5  ^m.  n^Sn>  sparingly  silky,  especially  the  large 
scarious  stipules;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long;  leaflets  17-27,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2-3  cm. 
long;  spike  of  about  12  rose-colored  flowers,  elongated,  especially  in  fruit;  pod 
sessile,  cylindric,  acute,  sparingly  white-silky;  dorsal  suture  less  intruded  than 
in  A.  campestris.  Gravelly  beaches  of  St.  John  and  other  rivers  of  Me.,  N.  B.  and 
Quebec.  June-July.  [Oxytropis  campestris  var.  Johannensis  Fernald.] 

6.  Aragallus  Lambertii  (Pursh)  Greene.     STEMLESS  LOCO-WEED  OR  CRAZY- 
WEED.      COLORADO  LOCO-VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.    2160.)     Sparingly   silky-pubescent, 
acaulescent  or  nearly   so.     Stipules  imbricated,  membranous,  pubescent,  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,   9-15   mm.   long;  leaves    10-23  cm-   l°ng;  leaflets   9-19, 
17-19  mm.   long;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;    flowers  purple  or  purplish, 
seldom  yellowish,  in  dense  heads;  pod  incompletely  2-celled,  sessile,  erect,  ovoid- 
cylindric,   densely  pubescent,   long-acuminate,    13-21    mm.    long,    exceeding   the 
calyx.     Plains,   Minn,   to  the  N.   W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     April- 
Aug.      [Spiesia  Lambertii  (Pursh)  Kuntze.] 

7.  Aragallus   senceus   (Nutt.)   Greene.      SILVERY   LOCO-WEED.     Densely 
silky  throughout,   stout,   acaulescent.     Stipules  membranous,  very  silky,  broadly 
ov.tie,  1-2  cm.  long;  leaflets  9-17,  15-30  mm.  long  and  5-10  mm.  wide;  peduncles 
stout;  bracts   ovate,   acuminate;    flowers   pink   purple;    pod   as   in  A.   Lambertii, 
but  larger  and  densely  silky.     W.  Neb.  to  Utah,  Ore.  and  Saskatch.     June-Aug. 
[Spiesia  Lambertii  sericea  (Nutt.)  Rydberg.] 

8.  Aragallus  splfendens  (Dougl.)  Greene.     SHOWY  OXYTROPE.      (I.  F.  f. 
2161.)     Densely  silvery  and  silky-villous,  acaulescent.     Stipules  imbricated,  mem- 
branous, villous-pubescent,  lanceolate,  acute,  9-13  mm.  long  ;    leaves  1—2.5  dm. 
long,   erect;  leaflets  numerous,    in  verticils  of  3-6,  oblong   or  oblong- lanceolate, 
acute  or  acutish,  13-21  mm.  long;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  sometimes  3  dm. 
long;  flowers  deep  purple,  about  12  mm.  long,  in  dense  spikes;  pods  ovoid,  erect, 
2-celled   or  nearly  so,    long  acuminate  with   a   spreading  or  oblique  tip,  villous- 
pubescent,    13-19  mm.  long.     Plains,   Minn,  and  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Colo,  and  N.  Mex.     June-Aug.     [Spiesia  splendens  (Dougl. )  Kuntze. ) 

9.  Aragallus  Bellii  (Britton)  Greene.     (I.  F.  f.  2162.)    Acaulescent,  loosely 


PAPILIONACEAE.  557 

villous  with  white  hairs.  Stipules  membranous,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, imbricated,  11-15  mm.  long;  leaves  7-15  cm.  long;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  subacute,  rounded  at  the  base,  6-9  mm.  long,  in  verticils  of  3  or  4; 
peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves;  inflorescence  capitate;  calyx  black-pubes- 
cent; pod  oblong,  erect-spreading,  densely  pubescent  with  black  hairs  or  some 
longer  whitish  ones  intermixed,  about  19  mm.  long,  very  nearly  or  quite  2-celled 
by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral  suture,  the  tip  erect.  Hudson  Bay.  Summer. 
[Spiesia  Bellii  Britton.] 

28.  GLYCYRRHIZA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  wiih  thick  sweet  roots,  odd  pinnate  leaves,  and  spicate  or 
capitate  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Standard  narrowly  ovate  or  oblong, 
short  clawed;  wings  oblong,  acutish;  keel  acute  or  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  wings. 
Stamens  mainly  diadelphous;  anthers  alternately  smaller  and  larger.  Pod  ses- 
sile, covered  with  prickles  or  glands,  nearly  indehiscent,  continuous  between  the 
seeds.  [Greek,  sweet-root.]  Alxnit  15  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate 
zone,  southern  S.  Am.  and  Australia.  The  following  is  the  only  N.  Am.  species. 

i.  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  Pursh.  WILD  LIQUORICE.  (I.  F.  f.  2163.)  Erect, 
3-9  dm.  high,  the  foliage  with  minute  scales  or  dots.  Stipules  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  2-3  mm.  long,  deciduous;  leaves  petioled;  leaflets  11-19.  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  entire,  very  short-stalked,  2-3.5  cm'  l°ngj  peduncles  axillary, 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  spikes  many-flowered  2.5-5  cm.  long  ;  flowers  yellowish- 
white,  13  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  slender,  longer  than  the  tube;  pod  about  13  mm. 
long,  few-seeded,  oblong.  Fort  Erie,  Ont. ;  Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba  and  Minn., 
Wash.,  Iowa,  Mo.,  Chihuahua  and  Cal.  May-Aug. 

29.  CORONILLA  L. 

Herbs,  with  odd  pinnate  leaves,  and  purple  purplish  or  yellow  flowers,  in  ped- 
uncled  heads  or  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  the  2  upper  more  or  less 
united.  Petals  clawed ;  standard  nearly  orbicular;  wings  oblong  or  obliquely  obo- 
vate;  keel  incurved,  beaked.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  I)  ;  anthers  all  alike. 
Pod  jointed.  [Diminutive  of  corona,  crown.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  Eu- 
rope, Asia  and  northecn  Africa. 

i.  Coronilla  varia  L.  CORONILLA.  AXSEED.  AXWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2164.) 
Perennial,  straggling  or  ascending,  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  sessile; 
leaflets  11-25,  °bl°ng  °r  obovate,  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the  apex.  13-19  mm. 
long;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  9-13  mm.  long,  in  dense  umbels; 
standard  pink;  wings  white  or  purple-tipped;  pod  coriaceous,  linear,  4-angled,  the 
joints  6-9  mm.  long.  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 
Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

30.  HEDYSARUM  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  axillary  pedun- 
cled  racemes.  Calyx  bracteolate,  its  teeth  nearly  equal.  Standard  ovate  or 
obcordate,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  wings  oblong,  shorter  than  the  standard  ;  keel 
longer  than  the  wings,  obtuse,  obliquely  truncate.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  i). 
Pod  flat,  linear,  its  joints  oval,  orbicular  or  quadrate.  [Greek,  sweet-broom.] 
About  60  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  northern  Africa.  Be- 
sides the  following,  another  occurs  in  northwestern  N.  Am. 

Calyx-teeth  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube.  i.  H.  Americanum. 

Calyx-teeth  subulate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube.  2.  ff.  Mackenzii. 

i.  Hedysarum  Americanum  (Michx.)  Britton.  HEDYSARUM.  (I.  F.  f. 
2165.)  Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1.5-7.5  dm.  high-  Leaves  short- petioled  ; 
stipules  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  4-17  mm.  long  ;  leaflets  n-2i,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  and  often  mucronulate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  13-20  mm. 
long;  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  violet-purple,  or  sometimes  white, 
numerous,  deflexed,  15-20  mm.  long,  in  loose  elongated  racemes  ;  pod  1.3-4  cm. 
long,  drooping,  of  3-5  oval  or  orbicular  nearly  glabrous  strongly  reticulated  joints. 
In  rocky  places,  northern  N.  Eng.  "to  Newf..  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the 
Rocky  Mts,  to  Utah  and  in  the  Black  Hills,  June -July.  [H.  bortale  Nutt.J 


558  FLORA. 

2.  Hedysarum  Mackenzii  Richards.  MACKENZIE'S  HEDYSARUM.  (I.  F.  f. 
2166.)  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  usually  minutely  pubescent;  stem  3-7.5  dm. 
high.  Leaflets  11-19;  flowers  slightly  larger,  violet-purple,  deflexed  ;  calyx-teeth 
longer  than  the  tube,  or  equalling  it;  pod  minutely  pubescent,  3-8-jointed.  Hud- 
son Bay  (according  to  Macoun);  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Alaska,  south  to  Colo.  Summer. 

31.   AESCHYNOMENE  L. 

Herbs,  or  in  tropical  regions  shrubs,  mainly  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  yel- 
low flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  more  or  less  united  into 
2  lips.  Standard  orbicular,  short-clawed  ;  wings  oblong  or  obliquely  obovate, 
about  as  long  as  the  standard  ;  keel  curved.  Stamens  diadelphous  (5  and  5) ; 
anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  stipitate  ;  ovules  2-00 .  Pod  stalked,  flat,  jointed. 
[Greek,  to  be  ashamed,  referring  to  the  sensitive  leaves.]  About  55  species,  in 
warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  i  occurs  in  the  Southern  States. 

i  Aeschynomene  Virgmica  (L.)  B.  S.  P.  SENSITIVE  JOINT  VETCH.  .(I.  F. 
f.  2167.)  Annual,  rough-pubescent  or  glabrate,  6-15  dm.  high.  Stipules  mem- 
branous, ovate,  acuminate,  4-9  mm.  long,  deciduous;  leaves  short-petioled ;  leaf- 
lets 25-55,  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  6-18  mm.  long,  some- 
what sensitive;  flowers  few,  reddish-yellow,  about  n  mm.  long;  petals  veined; 
pod  linear,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  sparingly  tuberculate  or  glabrous,  of  5-10  nearly  square 
easily  separable  joints.  River  banks,  Penn.  arid  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La. 
Aug.-Sept.  [A.  hispida  Willd.] 

32.     STYLOSANTHES  Sw. 

Perennial  herbs,  mainly  with  villous  or  viscid  pubescence,  3-foliolate  leaves, 
and  yellow  terminal  or  axillary  spicate  or  capitate  flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanu- 
late,  its  teeth  membranous,  the  4  upper  ones  more  or  less  united.  Petals  and  sta- 
mens inserted  at  or  near  the  summit  of  the  tube;  standard  orbicular;  wings  oblong; 
keel  curved,  beaked.  Stamens  monadelphous;  anthers  alternately  longer  and 
shorter.  Ovary  nearly  sessile;  ovules  2  or  3;  style  filiform.  Pod  sessile,  flattened, 
i-2-jointed,  reticulate,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  [Greek,  column  flower,  alluding 
to  the  column-like  calyx-tube.]  About  25  species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States, 

Leaves  oblong-linear  to  oblanceolate  ;  floral  bracts  entire.  i.  S.  biflora. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate  ;  floral  bracts  deeply  cleft.  2.  S.  riparta. 

1.  Stylosanthes  biflora  (L.)  B.   S.  P.     PENCIL-FLOWER.     (I.   F.  f.  2168.) 
Stems  wiry,   villous  pubescent  or  glabrate,    1.5-6  dm.   long.     Stipules  sheathing, 
linear-filiform  above;  leaves  short-petioled;  leaflets  acute  or  acutish  and  mucronate, 
12-36  mm.  long,   strongly  veined,  the  terminal  one  stalked;  flowers  few,  mainly 
terminal,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  ciliate-bracted,  6-9  mm.  long;  pod  obovate  or  subor- 
bicular,  pubescent,  about  4  mm.  long,  of  i  perfect  and  I  abortive  joint.     In  dry 
soil,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Ind.,  Kans.  and  La.     June-Sept.     \S.  elatior  Sw.] 

2.  Stylosanthes  riparia  Kearney.     DECUMBENT  PENCIL-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2i68a.)     Stems  1-3  cm.  long,  usually  with  a  tomentose  line  on  the  elongated  in- 
ternodes.     Stipules  subulate  above;  petioles  pubescent;  leaflets  elliptic  to  obovate- 
cuneate,  the  terminal  one  10-18  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  smaller;  spikes 
terminal,  about  6-flowered,  with  only  i  or  2  perfect  flowers;  calyx-tube  conspicu- 
ously veined;  vexillum  proportionately  longer  than  in  S.  bijiora;  upper  segment  of 
the  pod  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  in  S.  bijiora.     In  dry  woods,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to 
Ala.  and  Tenn.     May-Aug. 

33.     ZORNIA  Gmel. 

Herbs,  with  digitately  4-foliolate  or  2-foliolate  petioled  leaves,  the  leaflets  not 
stipellate,  the  stipules  sagittate.  Flowers  yellow  in  our  species,  small,  interrupt- 
edly spicate,  large-bracted,  sessile,  rarely  solitary,  the  spikes  peduncled.  Bracts 
2  together,  nearly  enclosing  the  flower.  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-lobed.  Standard 
nearly  orbicular,  clawed;  wings  oblique;  keel  incurved.  Stamens  monadelphous; 
anthers  alternately  longer  and  shorter.  Ovary  sessile;  ovules  several;  style  very 
s'ender.  lament  flat,  several-jointed.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Zorn,  a  German 
apothecary.]  About  n  ?pe  ies,  all  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following, 
another  occurs  in  the  Southwestern  States, 


PAPILIONACEAE.  559 

I.  Zornia  bracteata  (Walt.)  Gmel.  ZORNIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2169.)  Perennial  by 
a  long  woody  root,  glabrous  or  sparingly  Hnely  pubescent;  stems  wiry,  prostrate, 
3-6  dm.  long.  Stipules  about  6  mm.  long;  petioles  12-25  mm-  l°ng;  leaflets  4, 
oblong,  lanceolate  or  oblong-obovate,  acute  at  both  ends,  12-25  mm  l°ng>  or  those 
of  the  lower  leaves  obtuse  and  shorter;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;  spikes 
several-flowered,  much  interrupted  in  fruit,  5-10  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate  or  broadly 
oval,  acute  or  acutish;  pod  3-5-jointed,  the  joints  oval,  3-5  cm.  long,  densely 
spinulose.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  May- Aug. 

Arachis  hypogaea  L.,  the  Pea-nut  is  occasionally  seen  as  a  waif,  not  permanently 
established. 

34.     MEIBOMIA  Heist.     [DESMODIUM  Desv.] 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  with  stipellate  3-foliolate  or  in 
some  species  I-  or  5-foliolate  leaves,  and  usually  small  flowers  in  racemes  or  pani- 
cles. Calyx-tube  short,  its  teeth  more  or  less  united  into  2  lips,  the  upper  one 
2 -toothed,  the  3  lower  teeth  acute  or  attenuate.  Standard  oblong,  ovate  or  orbicu- 
lar, narrowed  or  rarely  clawed  at  the  base;  wings  obliquely  oblong;  keel  nearly 
straight,  obtuse.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  and  i);  anthers  all 
alike.  Ovules  2-00  .  Loment  flat,  several-jointed,  the  joints  mainly  coriaceous 
and  pubescent  or  muricate,  indehiscent  or  rarely  partially  dehiscent,  readily 
separable.  [Named  for  Dr.  Brandus  Meibom;  died  at  Helmstadt,  1740.]  About 
160  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  about 
20  others  occur  in  the  Southern  and  Southwestern  States. 

*  Loment  not  constricted  above,  deeply  constricted  below,  long-stalked;  leaflets  broad. 
Panicle  arising  from  the  base  of  the  plant ;  peduncle  usually  leafless,  i.  M.  nudiflora. 
Panicle  terminal ;  leaves  crowded  at  its  base.  2.  M.  grandiflora. 

leaves  scattered  along  the  stem.  3.  M.  pauciflora. 

*  *  Loment  constricted  on  both  margins,  more  deeply  below  than  above. 

t  Stems  trailing  or  reclining. 
Leaflets  orbicular  or  nearly  so. 

Leaflets  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  glabrate,  coriaceous.  4.  M.  arenicola. 

Leaflets  2.5-6  cm.  long,  thinnish,  usually  quite  pubescent.  5.  M,  Michauxii. 

Leaflets  ovate  or  oval. 

Corolla  whitish  ;  leaves  yellowish-green  ;  stipules  broadly  ovate. 

6.  M.  ochroleuca. 
Corolla  purple ;  leaves  dull  green  ;  stipules  subulate.  7.  M.  glabella. 

t  f  Stems  erect  or  ascending. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate.  8.  M.  sessilifolia. 

Leaves  petioled. 

Leaflets  narrowly  linear ;  joints  of  the  loment  usually  concave  on  the  back. 

9.  J/.  stricta. 
Leaflets  broad  (except  in  M.  paniculata  Chapmant). 

1.  Joints  of  the  loment  notably  longer  than  broad. 

Leaflets  obtuse,  rough-pubescent,  yellowish  green.         10.  M.  canescens. 
Leaflets  long-acuminate,  scabrate  above,  slightly  villous  beneath. 

ii.  M.  longifolia. 
Leaflets  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath.    12.  M.  bracteosa. 

2.  Joints  of  the  loment  little  longer  than  broad. 

(a)  Loment  distinctly  long-stalked  in  the  calyx. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so  (except  in  M.  paniculata  pn bens'). 

Leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong.  13.  M.  paniculata. 

Leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  glaucous  beneath. 

14.  M.  laevigata. 
Plants  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

Leaflets  thick,  coriaceous,  villous  and  reticulated  beneath. 

15.  M.  rhombifolia. 
velvety-pubescent  beneath. 

16.  M.  viridiflora. 
Leaflets  scarcely  coriaceous,  appressed-pubescent  or  villous  beneath. 

17.  M.  Dillenii. 

(b)  Loment  sessile  in  the  calyx  or  nearly  so. 

Loment-joints  4-7  ;  flowers  numerous,  showy. 

Leaflets  coriaceous,  strongly  reticulated  beneath. 

18.  M.  Illinoensis, 


FLORA. 

Leaflets    not    coriaceous,   scarcely    reticulated    beneath ;    loments 

numerous.  19.  M.  Canadensis. 

Loment-joints  1-3. 

Leaflets  scabrous,  2-5  cm.  long.  20.  M.  rigida. 

Leaflets  not  scabrous,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Plant  nearly  glabrous  throughout.  21.  M.  Marylandica, 

Stem  pubescent ;  leaflets  and  petioles  ciliate. 

22.  M.  obtusa. 

I  Meibomia  nudiflora  (L.)  Kuntze.  NAKED-FLOWERED  TICK-TREFOIL, 
I.  F.  f.  2170.)  Slender,  the  leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  sterile  stems: 
peduncle  leafless  or  rarely  with  I  or  2  leaves;  stipules  subulate,  deciduous;  petioles 
2.5-10  cm.  long;  leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  pale  be- 
neath, 2.5-8  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  rhomboid,  the  others  inequilateral;  panicle 
narrow,  few-flowered;  flowers  rose-purple,  6-n  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  obtuse,  the 
lowest  one  largest;  loment  2-3 -jointed,  the  joints  longer  than  wide,  straight  or  con- 
cave on  the  back,  obliquely  semi-rhomboidal,  pubescent  with  uncinate  hairs,  the 
sutures  glabrous.  In  dry  woods,  Quebec  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  La.  July-Aug. 

2.  Meibomia  grandiflora  (Walt.)  Kuntze.    POINTED-LEAVED  TICK  TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2171.)     Erect,  glabrous'  or  somewhat  pubescent,  3-15  dm.  high.    Petioles 
6-12   mm.  long;  stipules   subulate,  generally  persistent;  leaflets  ovate  acuminate, 
5-15  cm.  long,  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs;  panicle  ample;  flowers  large,  rose- 
purple;    loment  2-3-jointed;    joints   longer  than  wide,    concave  above,  obliquely 
rounded  below,  uncinate-pubescent.      In  dry  or  rocky  woods,  Quebec  to  S.  Dak., 
Fla.,  Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     June -Sept. 

3.  Meibomia  pauciflora  (Nutt. )  Kuntze.     FEW-FLOWERED  TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2172.)     Decumbent  or  ascending,  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs,  3-9  dm. 
long.     Stipules   subulate,   deciduous  ;  leaves   alternate,   distant,    petioled  ;  leaflets 
ovate,  pubescent,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  rhomboid;  racemes  simple,  few- 
flowered;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate;  corolla  white  (?),  about  6  mm.  long;  loment  i- 
4-jointed,   the   joints  concave  or  straight  on  the  back,  obliquely  rounded  below, 
uncinate-pubescent.     In  woods,    Out.?;  W.   N.   Y.   to  Fla.,  Ohio,  Ark.  and  La. 
July-Aug. 

4.  Meibomia  arenicola  Vail.     SAND  TICK  TREFOIL      (I.  F.  f.  2173.)    De- 
cumbent or  prostrate,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  slender,  3-6  dm.  long.     Stipules  sub- 
ulate,  persistent;  petioles  about  12  mm.  long;  leaflets  ovate-orbicular,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,   coriaceous,    reticulate- veined  ;  racemes  elongated,    usually    pubescent; 
flowers  purple,  4-6  mm.    long;  pedicels  slender;  loment  small,    2-4-jointed,  the 
joints  uncinate-pubescent,  less  convex  above  than  below,  3-5  mm.  long;  stipe  about 
equalling  the  calyx-lobes.     In  dry  woods,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     July-Sept. 

5.  Meibomia  Michauxii  Vail.     PROSTRATE  TICK  TREFOIL.     (I   F.  f.  2174.) 
Prostrate,  6-18  dm    long,  softly   pubescent  or  densely  villous.     Stipules  ovate  or 
triangular-ovate,  persistent,    acuminate,  somewhat  cordate,  ciliate;  leaflets  nearly 
orbicular;  panicles  loose;  flowers  purple,  6-n  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  ciliate;  lo- 
ment 2.5  cm  long  or  more,  3-5- jointed;  joints  obliquely  rhomboid  below,  slightly 
convex  above,  uncinate-pubescent;  stipe  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Dry  woods,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

6.  Meibomia  ochroleuca  (M.  A.  Curtis)  Kuntze.     CREAM  FLOWERED  TICK- 
TREFOIL.    (I.  F.  f.  2175.)    Procumbent  or  decumbent,  hirsute,  3-9  dm.  long.    Stip- 
ules persistent,  cordate;  petioles  1.3-3.5  cm-  l°ng;  leaflets  recticulate-veined  and 
somewhat  scabrous  beneath,  1.7-5  cm-  I°nR>  tne  terminal  one  rhomboid,  the  lateral 
obliquely  ovate,  smaller  or  sometimes  wanting;  racemes  simple;  loment  2-3 -jointed, 
the  joints  slightly  more  convex  below  than  above,  twisted,  oval,  pale  green,  gla- 
brous except  the  uncinate  pubescent  sutures;  stipe  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes." 
In  woodlands,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.     Aug»-Sept. 

7.  Meibomia  glabella  (Michx.)  Kuntze.     TRAILING  TICK-TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2176.)     Procumbent,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  sometimes  2.4  m.  long.     Leaf- 
lets obtuse,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  pale  beneath,  2.5-6  cm.  long, 
the  terminal  one  slightly  rhomboid;  racemes  panicled;  loment  3-5-jointed,  the  joints 
obliquely  semi-rhomboid,  less  convex  above  than  below;  stipe  about  4  mm.  long. 
In  dry  sandy  woods,  E.  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  S.  Car.     Aug. -Sept. 

8.  Meibomia  sessilifolia  (Torr.)  Kuntze.     SESSILE-LEA  VEP  TICK-TREFOIL- 


PAP1LIONACEAE.  56x 

(I.  F.  f.  2177.)  Erect,  6-12  dm.  high,  uncinate-pube scent.  Stipules  small,  de- 
ciduous; leaflets  obtuse  at  each  end,  nearly  glabrous  above,  reticulate-veined  and 
pubescent  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  4-6  mm.  long;  loment  i-3-jointed,  the 
joints  about  4  mm.  long,  obliquely  obovate,  hispid,  somewhat  twisted,  less  convex 
above  than  below;  stipe  not  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes.  In  dry  soil,  Mass.,  R.  I. 
and  Conn,  to  Mich.,  Ky.,  Ark.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

9.  Meibomia  stricta  (Purshj  Kuntze.     STIFF  TICK-TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  2178.) 
Erect,  slender,  finely  pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high.     Stipules  subulate,  deciduous; 
leaves  petioled;  leaflets  obtuse,  glabrous,  thick,  reticulate-veined,  2.5-6  cm.  long, 
about  6  mm.  wide;  flowers  2-4  mm.  long;  loment  small,  1-3 -jointed;  joints  semi- 
obovate  or  semi-rhomboid,  uncinate-pubescent,  about  4mm.  long;  stipe  about  equal- 
ling the  calyx-lobes.     Pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     July-Sept. 

10.  Meibomia  canteens  (L.)  Kuntze.     HOARY   TICK-TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2179.)     Erect,    densely   pubescent,    1-1.7    m.    high.     Stipules  ovate,    acuminate, 
somewhat  cordate,  persistent;  leaflets  ovate,  1.5-10  cm.  long,   scabrous  above,  pu- 
bescent beneath,   ciliate,   the  terminal  one  commonly  rhomboid  and  larger  than 
the  lateral  ones;  racemes  compound;  flowers  4-5   mm.  long;   loment  4-6-jointed, 
joints  longer  than  wide,  unequally  rhomboid,  9-13  mm.  long;  stipe  about  equalling 
the  upper  lobe  of  the  calyx.     In  rich  soil,   Ont.  to  Mass.,  Fla.,  Minn,  and  Tex. 
July -Sept. 

Meibomia  can&cens  hirsuta  (Hook.  )  Vail.  Stem  and  branches  more  densely 
villous-pubescent ;  leaflets  narrower.  Mo. 

11.  Meibomia  longifolia  (T.   &  G.)  Vail.      LONG-LEAVED  TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2180.)     Erect,  6  15  dm.  high,  the  angled  stems  and  panicle  minutely  pu- 
bescent.    Stipules  lanceolate-setaceous;  leaflets  5-12  cm.  long,  lanceolate-ovate  or 
ovate,    scabrate   above,    lighter,   appressed-pubescerit   or  villous  beneath;  flowers 
showy,  purple;  loment  2.5-8  cm.  long,  4-6-jointed,  the  joints  triangular-oblong  or 
lozenge- shaped,   unicinate  pubescent    throughout;    stipe  about   the  length  of   the 
calyx-lobes.     In  rich  soil  and  lew  woods,  111.  to  La.  and  Ala.     June-Sept. 

12.  Meibomia  bract e 6 sa  (Mich x.)  Kuntze.     LARGE-BRACTED  TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.   2181.)     Erect,   9-18  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below,  the  panicle 
finely    pubescent.       Stipules    lanceolate,    cuspidate,    somewhat    cordate;     leaflets 
5  20  cm.  long,  ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate;  flowers  purple,  9-11  mm.  long;  bracts 
cuspidate,   striate,  deciduous;  loment   2.5-8  cm.   long,   3~7-jointed,  the  joints  ob- 
liquely oblong,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  uncinate  pubescent;  stipe  about  the 
length  of  the  lower  calyx  lobes.     In  thickets,  Me.   to  Ont.,   Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

13.  Meibomia  paniculata  iL.)  Kuntze.     PANICLED  TICK-TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2182.)     Erect,  slender,  6-12  dm.  high.     Stipules  small,  subulate;  leaflets  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng:  racemes  compound ;  flowers 
purple,   6-9  mm.    long  ;  loment  2.5   cm.  longer  more,  4-6  jointed,  the  joints  ob- 
liquely  triangular  or   rhomboid,  minutely  uncinate-pubescent;  stipe  nearly  equal- 
ling the  lower  lobes  of  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mass.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
July-Sept. 

Meibomia  paniculata  Chapmanf  Britton.  More  slender;  leaflets  linear.  Intermediate 
form?  also  occur.  In  dry,  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Tex. 

Meibomia  panicul&ta  pubens  (T.  &  G.)  Vail.  Stems  puberulent  ;  leaflets  coriaceous 
when  old,  oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  loment- 
joints  strongly  angled  on  the  back.  In  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Tex. 

14.  Meibomia  laevigata  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.     SMOOTH  TICK-TREFOIL.    (I.  F.  f. 
2183.)     Stem  terete,  glaucous,  erect  or  ascending,  6-12  dm.  high,  glabrous;  stipules 
subulate,  deciduous;  petioles  2.5—5  cm.   long,  leaflets  ovate,  acutish,  the  terminal 
one  more  or  less. rhomboid;  racemes   compound,   slightly  pubescent;  bracts  decid- 
uous;  calyx   scabrous;    flowers  pink,    11-13   mm.   long;    loment  3-4- jointed,   the 
joints  triangular,   angled  on  the  back,    uncinate-pubescent;  stipe  4-6  mm.  long. 
In  dry  woods,  S.  N.  Y-.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

15.  Meibomia    rhombifMia  (Ell.)   Vail.      RHOMB-LEAVED    TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2184.)     Erect  or  ascending,  6-9   dm.  high  or  more,  uncinate  pubescent. 
Stipules  subulate,  taper- pointed;  leaflets  ovate,  often  mucronulate,  scabrous  above, 
villous  and  reticulated  beneath,  5-9  cm.  long,  the  terminal  rhomboid,  the  lateraJ 


5^2  FLORA. 

ones  often  wanting;  racemes  elongated,  usually  leafless;  bracts  mimue;  loment  2- 
5 -jointed,  the  joints  obliquely  semi  rhomboid,  rounded  on  the  back,  uncinate  pubes- 
cent; stipe  often  as  long  as  the  lowest  joint.  In  sandy  soil  and  pine  lands,  Va.  to 
Fla.,  Ala.  and  La.  May-Sept. 

16.  Meibomia  viridiflora  (L.)  Kuntze.      VELVET-LEAVED    TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2185.)     Erect,   downy  pubescent,   6-12   dm.    high.     Stipules    lanceolate, 
mainly  deciduous;  petioles  1-4  cm.   long;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  rough  above,  vel- 
vety-pubescent beneath,   3-9  cm.  long,  the   terminal  one  somewhat  rhomboid;  ra- 
cemes compound,   elongated,    uncinate-pubestent;  flowers  purple,  6-9  mm.  long, 
lornent  2- 4- jointed,  the  joints  semi-rhomboid,   uncinate,   about  4  mm.  long;  stipe 
about  equalling  the  lower  lobes  of  the  calyx.     Dry  woods,  E.  Perm,  and  S.  N.  Y. 
to  Fla.,  Mich.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Oct. 

17.  Meibomia  Dillenii  (Darl.)  Kuntze.     DILLEN'S  TICK-TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2186.)     Erect,   6-9  dm.    high,   pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous.     Stipules  subulate, 
mainly  deciduous;  leaflets  usually  thin,  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  3-10  cm.  long, 
sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous  above,  softly  pubescent  or  villous  beneath;  racemes 
compound,   loose;  bracts   small,   deciduous;    flowers  6-9  mm.   long;  loment  2-4- 
jointed,  the  joints  nearly  triangular,  about  6  mm.  long,  somewhat  convex  on  the 
back,   uncinate-pubescent.     Woods,   Me.  and  Out.   to  Minn.,  Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.  and 
Tex.    June-Sept. 

1 8.  Meibomia   Illinoensis  (A.    Gray)  Kuntze.     ILLINOIS   TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2187.)     Erect,  stout,  6-12  dm.   high,   uncinate-pubescent.    Stipules  ovate, 
acute,  cordate,  ciliate,  pubescent,  persistent;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
obtusish,  scabrous   above,  reticulate  veined  and  cinereous  beneath,  2. 5-9  cm.  long; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  6-9  mm.    long;  loments    1-2.5    cm    l°ng?    often 
in  pairs,   3-6-jointed,    the  joints  oval  or  orbicular,   densely  uncinate-pubescent. 
Prairies,  111.  to  S.  Dak  ,  Iowa  and  Kans.     June-Sept 

19.  Meibomia  Canadensis   (L.)  Kuntze.      CANADIAN  OR  SHOWY    TICK- 
TREFOIL.      (I.    F.   f.   2188.)     Erect,   stout,   pubescent,  6-24  dm.   high.      Stipules 
linear-lanceolate,    mostly  persistent;    lower   petioles    1-2.5    cm-    l°ng>    tne   upper 
leaves    nearly   sessile;    leaflets    cblong   or   lanceolate-oblong,    obtuse,    appres^ed- 
pubescent    beneath;    racemes    densely   panicled;    flowers    11-17    mm-    l°ng>  con- 
spicuous,  purple  or  bluish-purple;    bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,   ciliate;    calyx- 
lobes  attenuate;  loment  about  2.5  cm.  long,  3-5  jointed;  joints  triangular,  straight 
or  convex  on  back,   uncinate  pubescent.      Thickets    and    river-banks,   N.    B.    to 
Manitoba,  N.  Car.,  Mo.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     July- Sept. 

20.  Meibomia  rigida  (Ell.)  Kuntze.     RIGID  TICK-TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  2189.) 
Erect,  rather  rigid,  finely  uncinate-pubescent,  6-9  dm.   high.     Stipules  small,  lan- 
ceolate, deciduous;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  thickish,  scabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent,  especially  along  the    veins  beneath,    2.5-5   cm-   'ong>    racemes  compound; 
flowers  2-4  mm.   long,   purplish;  loment  joints  obliquely  ovate,   rounded  on  the 
back,  uncinate-pubescent,  about  3  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  Mich., 
Kans.  and  La.     July-Oct. 

21.  Meibomia  Marylandica  (L.)  Kuntze.     SMOOTH   SMALL- LEAVED  TICK 
TREFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  2190.)     Erect  or  ascending,  rarely  with  a  few  scattered  hairs, 
6-9  dm.  high.     Stipules  subulate;  leaves  crowded;  leaflets  12-25  mm.  long,  ovate 
or  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse,  glabrous,  the  lateral  often  subcordate;  racemes  pani- 
cled; corolla  purplish,  2-4  mm.  long;  loment-joints  small,  obliquely  oval  or  semi- 
orbicular.     In  dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  Fla.,  Mich,  and  La.     July-Sept. 

22.  Meibomia  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Vail.     HAIRY  SMALL-LEAVED  TICK-TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2191.)     Erect,   6-9  dm.  high,   pubescent.     Stipules  subulate,    deciduous; 
leaves  crowded;  petioles  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  leaflets;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  or 
oval,  obtuse,  somewhat  coriaceous,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  both  sides,  ciliate, 
12-25  mm.  long;  racemes  uncinate-pubescent,  flowers  2-4  mm.  long;  loment-joints 
obliquely  oval;  stipe  not  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes.     Dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  Fla., 
Mich,  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 

35.    LESPEDEZA  Michx.    (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  often  somewhat  woody,  with  pinnately  3  foliolate  leaves,  small  stipules, 
and  small  purple  or  whitish  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  heads  or  panicles. 
Flowers  often  of  2  kinds  intermixed,  tl.e  one  petaliferous  and  mainly  sterile,  the 


PA  PI  LION  A  CEA  E.  563 

other  minute,  apetalous,  abundantly  fertile.  Calyx  lobes  nearly  equal.  Standard 
in  the  petaliferous  flowers  obovate  or  oblong,  clawed;  wings  oblong;  keel  incurved. 
Stamens  more  or  less  diadelphous  (9  and  i);  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  sessile  or 
stipitate,  i-ovuled.  Pod  ovate,  oblong,  oval  or  suborbicular,  flat,  indehiscent, 
reticulated,  composed  i  >'  a  single  joint,  or  rarely  with  a  second  stalk  like  joint  at 
the  base.  [Named  ior  Lespedez,  governor  of  Florida,  patron  of  Michaux.]  A 
genus  of  about  35  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  Asia  and  Australia. 

1.  PERENNIALS;  STIPULES  AND  BKACTS  SUBULATE;  CALYX-LOBES  NARROW. 

*  Both  petaliferous  and  apetalous   flowers   present;    corolla  purple  or  purplish;    pod 

exserted. 

Peduncles  slender  and  mostly  exceeding  the  leaves. 
Petaliferous  flowers  capitate  or  spicate. 

Plants  trailing  or  diffusely  procumbent. 

Glabrous  or  appressed-pubescent.  i.  L.  repens. 

Woolly  or  downy-pubescent.  2.  L.  procumbens, 

Plants  erect,  rather  stout,  pubescent.  3.  /,.  Nuttallii. 

Petaliferous  flowers  loosely  paniculate ;  stem  erect  or  ascending. 

4.  L.  violacea. 

Flower-clusters  of  both  kinds  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Leaflets  oval,  oblong  or  orbicular. 

Foliage  densely  downy-pubescent.         .  5.  L.  Sfuvei. 

Foliage  glabrate  or  appressed-pubescent.  6.  L.frutescens. 

Leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong.  7.  L.  Virginica. 

*  *  Flowers  all  complete;    corolla  whitish  or  yellowish;    pod  included  or  scarcely 

exserted. 

Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong  or  nearly  orbicular. 

Peduncles' exceeding  the  leaves.  8.  L.  hirta. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves.  9.  L.  capitata. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong;  peduncles  elongated. 

Spikes  densely  flowered.  10.  L.  angustifolia. 

Spikes  interrupted,  loosely-flowered.  n.  L.  leptostachya. 

2.  ANNUAL;  STIPULES  OVATE;  CALYX-LOBES  BROAD.  12.  L.  striata. 

1.  Lespedeza  repens  (L. )  Bart.     CREEPING  BUSH-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2192.) 
Glabrate  or  appressed-pubescent,  tufted;  stems  slender,  1.5-6  dm.  long.     Petioles 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  stipules  about  2  mm.  long;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse 
or  retuse  at  the  apex,  6-17  mm.   long;  inflorescence  rather  loose;  corolla  violet- 
purple,  4-6  mm.   long;  pod  oval  orbicular,   acute,  finely  pubescent,   3  mm.  long. 
In  dry  or  sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Lespedeza  procumbens   Michx.      TRAILING   BUSH-CLOVER.      (I.    F.   f. 
2193.)     Woolly  or  downy-pubescent,  sometimes  ascending,  stouter  than  the  pre- 
ceding species;  stems  3-7.5  dm.  long.     Petioles  commonly  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptic,  rarely  slightly  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex, 
rounded  at   the  base,  11-25  mm.   long;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  or  the 
flowers  sometimes  all  apetalous  and  nearly  sessile;  corolla  violet-purple  or  pinkish- 
purple;  pod  oval-orbicular,  acute,  pubescent,  3  mm.   long.     In  dry  soil,  N.  H.  to 
Fla.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Lespedeza  Nuttallii  Darl.     NUTTALL'S  BUSH-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2194.) 
More  or  less  villous-pubescent,  6-9  dm.  high.     Petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
leaflets  oval,  obovate  or  suborbicular,  thickish,   obtuse  or  emarginate,  dark  green 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  villous-pubescent  beneath,  9  mm.— 4  cm.  long;  in- 
florescence capitate  or  spicate,  dense;  flowers  violet-purple,  about  6  mm.  long;  pod 
oblong  or  oval,  acuminate  or  acute  at  each  end.  very  pubescent,  5-6  mm.  long. 
Dry  soil,  southern  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Mich*,  Fla.  and  Kans.     Aug. -Sept. 

4.  Lespedeza  violacea  (L.)  Pers.     BUSH  CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2195.)     Spar- 
ingly  pubescent,  usually  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Stipules  4-6  mm.  long; 
leaflets  oval,  elliptic  or  elliptic-oblong,  thin,  obtuse  or  retuse,  rounded  at  the  base, 
13  mm. -5  cm.  long,  appressed-pubescent  beneath;  peduncles,  at  least  the  upper 
ones,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  inflorescence  loose,  paniculate ;  corolla  violet-purple, 
6  II  mm.  long;  pod  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  finely  and  sparingly  pubescent  or  gla- 


564  FLORA. 

brate,  4-6  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Kans.,  La.  and  northern 
Mex.     Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Lespedeza  Stuvei  Nutt.     STUVE'S  BUSH-CLOVER.    (I.  F.  f.  2196.)  Wand- 
like,  velvety  or  downy  pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high.     Stipules  4-6  mm.  long;  petioles 
commonly  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  leaflets  oval,  oblong  or  suborbicular,  ob- 
tuse or  retuse,  12-30  mm.  long;  flowers  in  nearly  sessile  axillary  clusters;  corolla 
violet-purple,  4-6  mm.  long;  pod  ovate-oblong  to  orbicular,  4-6  mm.  long,  downy- 
pubescent.     Dry  soil,  Conn,  to  Va.,  Mich,  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     Aug.-Sept. 

Lespedeza  Stuvei  neglecta  Britton.  Leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong-,  obtuse,  mu- 
cronulate.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  N.  Car.,  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

6.  Lespedeza  frutescens  iL.) Britton.     WAND-LIKE  BUSH-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2197.)     Finely  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate,  3-9  dm.  high.     Stipules  4-6  mm. 
long;    petioles    equalling   or   shorter    than   the  leaves;     leaflets   oval,    oblong    or 
elliptic,    obtuse,    truncate  or  retuse,    12-38  mm.   long,  glabrous  and  dark  green 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  in  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile  axil- 
lary clusters,    generally  crowded  toward  the  summit  of  the  stem;  corolla  violet- 
purple,   4-6   mm.    long;  pod  ovate-oblong,   acute,   pubescent,   about  4  mm.   long. 
Dry  soil,  Me.  to  Ont,  Mich.,  Fla.,  111.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

7.  Lespedeza  Virginica  (L.)  Britton.     SLENDER   BUSH  CLOVER.     (I.   F.  f. 
2198.)     Slender,    resembling    the    preceding.      Leaflets    linear    or    oblong-linear, 
12-38  mm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  truncate,  finely  pubescent  beneath,  or  glabrate  on 
both  surfaces;  clusters  crowded  in  the  upper  axils;  flowers  violet-purple,  4-6  mm. 
long;  pod  ovate  or  oval-orbicular,   4  mm.    long,    pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous. 
Dry  soil,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

8.  Lespedeza  hirta  (L.)  Ell.     HAIRY  BUSH-CLOVER.     (I.  F.  f.  2199.)    Erect 
or  ascending,  villous  or  silky  pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high.     Stipules  2-5  mm.  long; 
petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  leaflets  oval,  or  suborbicular,  obtuse  at  each  end, 
sometimes  emarginate,   12  mm. -5  cm.  long;  peduncles  elongated;  heads  oblong- 
cylindric,  rather  dense,  12-35  mm-  l°ng;  flowers  all  complete,  corolla  yellowish- 
white  or  the  standard  purple-spotted,  about  6  mm.   long;  pod  oval,   acute,  very 
pubescent,  about  equalling  the  calyx-lobes.     Dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Fla.,  111., 
Minn,  and  La.     Aug.-Oct. 

Lespedeza  hirta  oblongifolia  Britton.  Leaflets  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  1.8-3 
cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  glabrate  above,  appressed-pubescent  beneath  ;  peduncles  slender  ; 
spikes  looser,  2.5-3.8  cm.  long ;  calyx  very  pubescent.  Pine  barrens,  Egg  Harbor, 
N.  J.,  and  in  the  Southern  States. 

9  Lespedeza  capitata  Michx.  ROUND-HEADED  BUSH-CLOVER.  (I.  F.  f. 
2200.)  Stiff,  mainly  simple  and  wand-like,  silky  or  silvery  pubescent,  6-16  dm. 
high.  Leaves  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  oblong  or  oval,  2.5-3.8  cm.  long;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  or  the  dense  globose-oblong  heads  sessile  in  the  upper 
axils;  flowers  all  complete;  corolla  yellowish-white,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the 
standard,  6  mm.  long;  pod  ovate-oblong,  pubescent,  about  half  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes.  Dry  fields,  Ont.  and  Me.  to  Fla.,  S.  Dak.,  Kans.  and  La.  Aug.-Sept. 

Lespedeza  capit&ta  longifolia  (DC.)  T.  &  G.  Leaflets  linear-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  sometimes  i  dm.  long.  111.  and  Mo. 

10.  Lespedeza  angustifolia  (Pursh)  Ell.     NARROW- LEAVED  BUSH  CLOVER. 
(I.  F.  f.  2201.)     Erect,  appressed-pubescent,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  nearly  sessile; 
leaflets  linear  or  oblong-linear,  rarely  some  of  the  lower  ones  lance-linear,  2.5-3 
cm.   long,   obtuse,   truncate  or  acutish;    peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  leaves; 
flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding;  pod  ovate-orbicular,  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
lobes.     Dry  sandy  soil,  E.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  Mich,  and  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

11.  Lespedeza  leptostachya  Engelm.     PRAIRIE  BUSH-CLOVER.     (I.   F.   f. 
2202.)     Erect,   3-9  dm.   high,   silvery- pubescent  with  appressed  hairs.     Petioles 
shorter  than  the  leaves;    leaflets  linear,   2.5-3  cm*   l°n£>   spikes  slender,  on  ped- 
uncles equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  corolla  as  in  the  preceding;  pod  ovate, 
pubescent,  about  3  mm.  long,  nearly  equalling  the  calyx.     Prairies,  111.  to  Iowa, 
Wis.  and  Minn.     Aug.-Sept. 

12.  Lespedeza  striata  (Thunb.)  H.  &  A.     JAPAN  CLOVER.     (I.  F.  £2203.) 
Diffuse  or  ascending,   sparingly  apprested-pubescent,   1.5-3  dm.  long.     Stipules 


PA  PI  LION  A  CEA  E.  5  65 

ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  mm.  long;  petioles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
leaflets  oblong  or  oblong  obovate,  9-20  mm.  long,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base; 
flowers  1-3  together,  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils;  corolla  pink  or  purple,  about 
12  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  ovate;  pod  oval,  acute,  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes.  In 
fields,  Va.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Kans.  and  very  common  in  the  Southern  States.  Nat. 
from  eastern  Asia.  July-Aug. 

36.    VICIA  L. 

Climbing  or  trailing,  herbaceous  vines,  with  pinnate  tendril-bearing  leaves, 
half-sagittate  or  entire  stipules,  and  axillary,  mostly  racemose,  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
somewhat  oblique,  obtuse  at  the  base,  its  teeth  about  equal.  Standard  obovate  or 
oblong,  emarginate,  clawed;  wings  obliquely  oblong,  adherent  to  the  shorter  oblong 
curved  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  I),  or  monadelphous  below.  Ovules  <x>  ; 
style  very  slender,  with  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs  at  its  summit.  Pod  flat,  dehiscent, 
2  valved,  continuous  between  the  seeds.  [The  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Vetch.] 
About  120  species  of  wide  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  12 
others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Flowers  racemed  or  spicate ;  peduncles  elongated. 
Indigenous  perennials. 

Spike-like  racemes  dense,  i-sided,  i5~4O-flowered.  I.  V.  Cracca. 

Racemes  loose,  1-20- flowered. 
Flowers  1.5-2  cm.  long. 

Leaflets  elliptic,  or  ovate-oblong.  2.    V,  Americana. 

Leaflets  narrowly  linear ;  western.  3.    V.  /mean's. 

Flowers  4-10  mm.  long. 

Racemes  8-2o-flowered  ;  flowers  9-11  mm.  long.        4.    V.  Caroliniana. 
Racemes  i-6-flowered  ;  flowers  4-9  mm.  long. 

Leaflets   2-5  pairs,  linear,  or  those  of  the  lower  leaves  oval  or 

obovate.  5.    V.  micrantha. 

Leaflets  4  or  5  pairs,  all  oval,  elliptic  or  obovate. 

6.    V.  Ludoviciana. 
Introduced  annuals  ;  flowers  few,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Pod  glabrous,  3-6-seeded.  7.    V.  tetrasperma. 

Pod  pubescent,  2-seeded.  8.    V.  hirsuta. 

Flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  few,  axillary. 
Flowers  i  or  2  in  the  axils  ;  annuals. 

Leaflets  oblong,  oval  or  obovate.  9.  V.  sativa. 

Leaflets,  except  those  of  lower  leaves,  linear  or  linear-oblong. 

10.  V.  angustifolia. 
Flowers  2-6  in  a  short  nearly  sessile  raceme;  perennial.  n.  V.  Sepium. 

1.  Vicia  Cracca  L.     TUFTED   OR   Cow   VETCH.     BLUE  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2204.)     Finely  pubescent  or   sometimes   glabrate;  stems  weak,  6-12    dm.   long. 
Stipules  linear,  acute,   entire,  2-9  mm.  long;  leaves  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  18-24, 
thin,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  1.7-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  axillary,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  leaves;  racemes  2.5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  bluish-purple,  n- 
13  mm.  long,  reflexed;  claw  of  the  vexillum  about  equalling  its  blade;  pod  short- 
stalked,  glabrous,  1.8-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  5-8-seeded.     In  dry  soil,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col., 
N.  J.,  Ky.  and  Kans.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June- Aug. 

Vicia  vil!6sa  Roth,  a  European  species  found  by  Dr.  C.  D.  Fretz  in  eastern  Penn- 
sylvania, differs  from  the  above  in  having  the  claw  of  the  standard  half  the  length  of  its 
blade. 

2.  Vicia  Americana  Muhl.   AMERICAN  VETCH.    PEA  VINE.     (I.  F.  f.  2205.) 
Glabrous,  or  with  some  appressed  pubescence,  6-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  nearly  ses- 
sile; stipules  broad,  foliaceous,  triangular-ovate,    sharply-toothed,  4-11  mm.  long; 
leaflets  8-14,  elliptic,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  sometimes  emarginate  and  mucron- 
ul  ite,  rounded  at  the  base,  1.7-3.8  cm.  long;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  racemes  3-9  flowered;  flowers  bluish  purple,  17-21  mm.  long,  spreading; 
pod  short-stalked,  glabrous,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  4-7- seeded.     In  moist  ground,  N.  B. 
to  Manitoba,  Br.  Col.,  Va.,  Ky.  and  Nev.     May- Aug. 

2a.  Vicia  Oregana  (Nutt.).  OREGON  VETCH.  Leaflets  smaller  and  thicker, 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse  or  subtruncate.  Kans.  to  S.  Dak.,  Cal.  and  Br.  Col. 

3.  Vicia   linearis   (Nutt.)    Greene.      NARROW-LEAVED  AMERICAN   VETCH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2206.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  often  zigzag,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaf- 


$66  FLORA. 

lets  4-7  pairs,  narrowly  linear  to  linear  oblong,  1.8-3.5  cm-  l°ng?  rather  thick,  the 
apex  not  toothed,  mucronate;  stipules  4-9  mm.  long,  half-sagittate,  acuminate, 
their  bases  prolonged,  sometimes  dentate;  racemes  2- 6- flowered;  flowers  purple  or 
purplish,  about  18  mm.  long;  pod  about  2.5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  short-stalked.  In 
dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Br.  Col.,  S.  Dak.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.  May- Aug. 

4.  Vicia  Caroliniana  Walt.     CAROLINA  VETCH      (I.  F.  f.  2207.)     Glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  slender,  6-9  dm.  long.      Stipules   linear  or  oblong,  entire,  4-6  mm. 
long;  leaves  short-petioled;   leaflets  8-18,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  entire,  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  or  sometimes  acutish   and  mucronate,  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  leaves;  racemes  8-2O-flowered;   flowers  nearly  white,  9-11 
mm.    long,   the  keel  bluish-tipped;  pod   glabrous,    1.7-3   cm-    l°ng>  short-stalked, 
5~8-seeded.     Banks  and  cliffs,  Ont.   to  Minn.,  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Kans.     May- July. 

5.  Vicia  micrantha  Nutt.     SMALL- FLOWERED  VETCH.    (I.  F.  f.  2:08.)    Per- 
ennial (or  sometimes  annual?),  glabrous;   stems  slender,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaflets 
2-5  pairs,  narrowly  linear  to  linear-oblong,  thin,   1-4  cm.   long,   obtuse,  acutish  or 
emarginate,  or  those  of  the   lower  leaves  obovate,  oval  or  even  obcordate,  usually 
shorter;  peduncles  8-30  mm.  long,   i-2-flowered;   flowers  4-6  mm.  long,  purplish; 
pod  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  about  2.5    cm.  long.  6-12-seeded;  seeds  ccm- 
pressed.     On  prairies  and  in  thickets,  Mo.  to  Tenn.,  Ala.  and  Tex.     April- May. 

6.  Vicia  Ludoviciana  Nutt.     LOUISIANA   VETCH.    (I.  F.  f.  2209.)    Glabrous, 
or  the  young  parts  pubescent;   stem   rather  stout,  angled,  4-9  dm.  long.     Leaflets 
elliptic,  oval  or  obovate,  thin,  1.2-2  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate;  stipules  very 
narrow,  rarely  over  6   mm.  long,  linear   or    half-sagittate;  pedurcles  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  or  about  equalling   them,   i-6-flowered;  flowers  6-9  mm.  long,  bluish; 
pod  2.5   cm.   long,  or  rather   more,  glabrous,   4-6  seeded,    the  seeds  compressed. 
Kans.  (?),  Tex.  and  La.  to  Fla.     April-May. 

7.  Vicia  tetrasparmi  (L.)  Moench.      SLENDER  VETCH.     SMOOTH  OR  LENTIL 
TARE.     (I.  F.  f.  2210.)     Glabrous  or    nearly   so,  weak,  slender,    1.5-6  dm.  long. 
Stipules  linear,  long-auriculate;  leaves  short  petioled;  leaflets  6-12,  thin,  linear  or 
linear-oblong,  commonly  mucronulate,    12-17  mm.  long;  peduncles  filiform,  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-6- flowered;   flowers  pale,  blue  or  purplish,  4-6 
mm.  long;  pod  8-13  mm.  long.     In  meadows  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to 
Va.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

8.  Vicia  hirsuta  (L.)  Koch.    HAIRY  VETCH  OR  TARE.    (I.  F.  f.  2211.)   Spar- 
ingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,    much   resembling    the   preceding.     Stipules  linear, 
long-auriculate  and  sometimes  toothed;    leaves  i,early  sessile;  leaflets  12-14,  oblong 
or  linear,  obtuse,  emarginate  or  truncate,    mucrcnulate,  8-17  mm.  long,  narrowed 
at  the  base;  peduncles   slender,    mainly    shorter  than   the    leaves.   2- 6-flowered; 
flowers  pale  purplish-blue,  about  3  mm.  long;   pod  8-13  mm.  long.     In  fields  and 
waste  places,  Va.  to  Ohio,  N.  B.  and  Alberta.      Nat   from  Europe.     May- Sept. 

9.  Vicia  sativa  L.     COMMON  VETCH    OR  TARE.     PEBBLE- VETCH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2212.)     Pubescent  or  glabrate,  spreading,  3-9  dm.  long.    Stipules  broad,  generally 
sharply  toothed ;  leaves  short-petioled;    leaflets  8-14,   obovate,  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late,  obtuse,  truncate  or  retuse  and    mucronate  at  the  apex,  r.arro.wed  at  the  base, 
1.8-3  cm-  'ong;  flowers  bluish-purple,   1.8-2.5  cm-  ^orig»  calyx-teeth  about  as  long 
as  the  tube;  pod  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  4-8  cm.  long,  5-iO-seecled.    In  fields  ai.d 
waste  places,  frequent  or  occasional  throughout   our  area,  in  the  Southern  States 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Adventive  from  Evirope.      May-Aug. 

10.  Vicia  angustifolia  Roth.     SMALLER  COMMON  VETCH.     (I.  F.  f.  2213.) 
Glabrous  or  puberulent;  stem  slender,  3-6  dm.  long.      Stipules   mostly  half-sagit- 
tate, toothed  or  entire;  leaves  short-petioled,  or  nearly  sessile;   leaflets  8-16,  linear, 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  9-35  mm.  long,  mucronulate,  those  of  the  lower  leaves 
commonly  obovate,  broader  and  shorter;  flowers  i  or  2  in  the  upper  axils,  purple, 
12-17  mm-  l°ng;  calyx-teeth  as   long  as  the  tube  or  shorter;  pod   linear,  glabrous, 
2.5-5  cm.  long.    In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Fla.    Nat.  from  Europe.    April- 
July- 

11.  Vicia  Sepium   L.     BUSH  VETCH.     WILD  TARE.     (L  F.  f.  2214.)     Per- 
ennial by  stolons,   minutely  pubescent;  stem  slender,  6  9  dm.  long.    Leaves  short- 
petioled,  5-15  cm.  long;  leaflets  10-18,  ovate  or  oval,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long,  emarginate 
or  truncate  at  the  apex,   mucronulate,  thin;  stipules  half-sagittate,  i  cm.  long  or 
less;  racemes  1-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  pale  purple,  1-2  cm. 


PA  P2L  ION  A  CEA  E.  $6? 

long;  calyx-teeth  unequal,   shorter  than  the  tube;  pod  2-3    cm.   long,    glabrous. 
Near  Hamilton,  Out.     Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.     May-July. 

Ervum  Lt'ns  1..,  the  Lentil,  distinguished  from  all  our  species  of  Vicia  by  its  elon- 
gated calyx-lobes  and  oval,  i-2-seeded  pod,  is  collected  occasionally  as  a  waif. 

37.  LATHYRUS  L. 

Herbaceous  vines,  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  pinnate  mostly  tendril-bearing  leaves, 
and  racemose  or  sometimes  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  oblique  or  gibbous  at  the  base,  its 
teeth  nearly  equal  or  the  upper  ones  somewhat  shorter  than  the  lower;  corolla  nearly 
as  in  Vicia,  but  commonly  larger;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  I),  or  monadelphous 
below.  Ovary  sessile  or  stalked;  ovules  generally  numerous;  style  curved,  flattened, 
hairy  along  its  inner  side;  pod  flat,  or  sometimes  terete,  2-valved,  dehiscent,  con- 
tinuous between  the  seeds.  [Ancient  Greek  name  of  some  leguminous  plant. 
About  no  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  of  S.  Am.  Besides  the 
following,  about  25  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Leaflets  3-7  pairs  ;  flowers  purple. 

Stipules  foliaceous  ;  plant  of  the  seashore  and  the  Great  Lakes,  i.  L.  maritimus. 
Stipules  half-sagittate  or  small,  or  wanting  ;  inland  plants.  . 

Plants  climbing  or  trailing  ;  stipules  present ;  pod  sessile. 

Leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  large  ;  flowers  10-20.  2.  L.  venosus. 
Leaflets  linear,  oblong  or  oval,  smaller  ;  flowers  2-6. 

Leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong ;  stem  winged.  3.  L.  pahistris. 

Leaflets  oblong  or  oval ;  stem  wingless.  4.  L..  myrtifolius. 
Plants  mainly  erect  ;  stipules  often  wanting  ;  pod  stipitate. 

Leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong.  5.  L.  decaphyllus. 

Leaflets  linear.-  6.  L.  ornatus. 

Leaflets  3-5  pairs  ;  stipules  foliaceous  ;  flowers  yellowish-white.  7.  L.  ochroleucus. 
Leaflets  i  pair  ;  stipules  foliaceous. 

Perennial ;  introduced  ;  flowers  yellow.  8.  L.  pratensis. 

Annual ;  native  western  species  ;  flowers  purple.  9.  L.  pusillus. 

1.  Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.     BEACH  PEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2215.)     Peren- 
nial, glabrous  or  nearly  so.  slightly  glaucous;  stems  angled,   decumbent,  3-6  dm. 
long.     Stipules  ovate,  half- hastate,  acute,  2.5-5  cm-   l°ng;  leaves  nearly  sessile; 
leaflets  3-6  pairs,  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  obtusish  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex, 
mainly  narrowed  at  the  base,  somewhat  larger  than  the  stipules;  tendrils  branched ; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  6-10,  18-25  mm-  l°ng;  P°d  sessile,  linear- 
oblong,  nearly  glabrous,  veined,  4-8  cm.  long.     Beaches,  N.  J.  to  arctic  Am.,  the 
Great  Lakes,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Aug. 

2.  Lathyrus  venosus  Muhl.     VEINY  PEA.     (L  F.  f.  2216.)     Finely  pubescent 
or  glabrous,   perennial,  6-9  dm.  long.     Stems  4-angled;  stipules  lanceolate,  half- 
sagittate,  acute  or  acuminate,  8-25  mm.  long;  leaves  petioled;  leaflets  4-7  pairs, 
ovate  or  oval,  mucronulate,  often  reticulated,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  2.5-5  cm- 
long;  tendrils  branched;  peduncles  shorter  than   the  leaves;  flowers   12-16  mm. 
long;  pod  linear,  sessile,  glabrous,  veined,  4-8  cm.  long.      River  shores  and  banks, 
N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ind.,  Assiniboia,  Ga.,  La.  and  Kans.     May-July. 

3.  Lathyrus  palustris  L.     MARSH  VETCHLING.     (I.  F.  f.  2217.)     Perennial, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent;  stems  slender,  3-6  dm.   long;  stipules  half-sagit- 
tate, 1-2  cm.   long;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or 
obtusish  and  mucronate,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  tendrils  branched;  peduncles  generally 
about  equalling  the  leaves;  flowers   1-1.5  cm<  l°ng;  P°d  linear,   sessile,   slightly 
pubescent  or  glabrous,  4-6  cm.  long.     In  moist  or  wet  grounds,  Lab.   to  Alaska, 
Mass.,  N.  Y.,  S.  Dak.  and  Br.  Col.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-Aug. 

4.  Lathyrus  myrtifolius  Muhl.     MYRTLE-LEAVED  MARSH   PEA.     (I.    F.    f. 
2218.)     Perennial,  usually  glabrous;  stems  angled,  3-9  dm.  long,  weak.      Stipules 
obliquely  ovate  or  half -sagittate,    12-25   mm-   l°ng>  toothed  ;    leaflets  2-4   pairs, 
mostly  3    pairs,    oval,   oval-oblong  or  ovate,    mucronate,   narrowed  at  the  base, 
1.8-5  cm-  l°ng>  rather  thin;  tendrils  branched;  peduncles  equalling  the  leaves  or 
shorter.  3~9-flowered;  flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding;  pod  linear,  glab- 
rous,   sessile,   2.5-5  cm-  long-     In  moist  or  wet  grounds,  N.   B.  to  Manitoba,  N. 
Car.  and  Tenn.     May-July. 

Lathyrus  myrtifplius  macranthus  White.  Pubescent;  stipules  larger,  often  half  as 
large  as  the  leaflets;  flowers  2-2.5  cm-  long-  Me. 


568  FLORA. 

5.  Lathyrus  decaphy'llus  Pursh.     PRAIRIE  VETCHLING    (I.    F.   i    2219.) 
Perennial,   erect   or   ascending,   glabrous   or  finely  pubescent,   1.5-4.5  dm.   high. 
Stems  angled;  stipules  half-sagittate,  acuminate,  8-25  mm.  long;  leaflets  3-7  pairs, 
mucronulate,   narrowed  at  the  base,  thick,   reticulated,   2.5-6  cm.   long;  stipules 
often  wanting;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  long; 
pod   linear,    seeds  with   a  narrow  stalk  and  short  hilum.      Kans.  (?);  Idaho  and 
Colo,  to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.     March-July. 

6.  Lathyrus  ornatus  Nutt.     SHOWY  VETCHLING.     (I.  F.  f.  2220.)    Closely 
resembling  the  preceding,  but  generally  lower,  often  less  than  3  dm.  high.    Stipules 
lanceolate   or  linear,    4-20   mm.    long;    leaflets    narrow,    acute    and    mucronate, 
9-25  mm.  long;  tendrils  commonly  wanting;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  long;  pod  linear; 
seeds  with  abroad  stalk  and  long  hilum.     Ind.  Terr,  to  Kans.,  S.  Dak.,  Colo,  and 
Utah.     May-June. 

Lathyrus  ornatus  incunus  Smith  and  Rydb.  Plant  densely  villous-canescent.  Neb. 
and  Colo. 

7.  Lathyrus  ochroleucus   Hook.     CREAM-COLORED  VETCHLING.     (I.  F.  f. 
2221.)     Perennial,    glabrous,   slightly  glaucous;  stem  somewhat  angled,  climbing 
or  trailftig,  3-8  dm.  long;  stipules  broad,  half-ovate  and  half-cordate,  1.7-2.5  cm. 
long;  leaves  petioled;  leaflets  thin,  pale  beneath,  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  rounded  at 
the   base,  2.5-5   cm>  l°ng!  tendrils  branched;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
flowers 5-10,  15-18 mm.  long;  pod  oblong-linear,  sessile,  glabrous,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng- 
On  river  banks  and  hillsides,  N.  J.  to  Quebec  and  arctic  Am.,  Iowa,  Wyo.  and  Br. 
Col.     May -July. 

8.  Lathyrus   pratensis   L.     MEADOW   PEA.     YELLOW  VETCHLING.     (I.  F. 
f.  2222.)     Perennial,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  climbing  or  straggling,  3-9 
dm.  long.     Stems  angled  ;  stipules  lanceolate,   half-sagittate,    acuminate,   1.3-2.5 
cm.    long;  leaflets  oblong  or   linear-oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  mucronulate,  2.5-4 
cm.   long  ;  racemes  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers   6-12,    12-17   mm.    long;  pods 
linear,  glabrous,   2.5-4  cm.   long.     In  waste  places,   Me.,  N.  Y.,  Mass,  and  Out. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     June- Aug. 

9.  Lathyrus    pusillus   Ell.      Low   VETCHLING.      Annual,    glabrous;    stem 
winged,   3-6  dm.    long.     Leaflets   I   pair,  linear- lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  acute; 
stipules  sagittate,  2  cm.  long  or  more;  peduncles 'elongated,  i-3-flovvered;  flowers 
purple,  small;  pod  io-15-seeded.     S.  Car.  to  Miss.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Apr.-May. 

38.  BRADBURYA  Rat.     [CENTROSEMA  Benth.] 

Slender  vines,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves  (rarely  5-7-foliolate),  persistent 
stipules,  and  large  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  or  lobes  nearly 
equal;  standard  orbicular,  nearly  flat,  spurred  on  the  back  near  its  base;  clawed; 
wings  obovate.  curved;  keel  curved;  stamens  more  or  less  diadelphous  (q  and  i); 
style  incurved,  bearded  at  the  apex  around  the  stigma;  pod  linear,  flattened,  nearly 
sessile,  partially  septate  between  the  seeds,  2-valved,  the  valves  thick-edged,  longi- 
tudinally finely  nerved  along  their  margins.  [In  honor  of  John  Bradbury,  who 
travelled  in  America  early  in  the  century.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  America. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States. 

I.  Bradburya  Virginiana  (L.)  Kuntze.  SPURRED  BUTTERFLY-PEA.  (I.  F. 
f.  2223.)  Perennial,  finely  rough-pubescent,  6-12  dm.  long.  Stipules  linear, 
acute;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  stipellate,  rounded  at  the  base,  retic- 
ulate-veined, 2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  peduncles  about  equalling  the  petioles,  i-4-flowered; 
bracts  ovate,  acute,  finely  striate;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  long;  corolla  violet;  calyx- 
lobes  linear;  pod  10-13  cm-  l°ng»  long-acuminate,  its  margins  much  thickened. 
Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ha.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  tropical  Am.  July-Aug. 

39.  CLITORIA  L. 

Woody  vines,  or  erect  or  climbing  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (sometimes 
5~9-foliolate)  leaves,  persistent  stipules,  and  large  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  tubular. 
5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united;  standard  large,  erect,  retuse,  nar- 
rowed  at  the  base,  not  spurred;  wings  oblong,  curved;  keel  acute,  shorter  than  the 
wings;  stamens  more  or  less  monadelphous;  anthers  all  alike;  ovary  stipitate;  style 


PA  PI  LION  A  CEA  E.  $69 

elongated,  incurved,  hairy  along  the  inner  side;  pod  stalked  in  the  calyx,  linear  or 
linear-oblong,  flattened,  2-valved,  partly  septate  between  the  seeds.  About  30 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  The  following  is  the  only  one 
known  to  inhabit  N.  Am. 

i.  Clitoria  Mariana  L.  BUTTERFLY-PEA.  (I.  F.  f.  2224.)  Erect  or  ascend- 
ing, sometimes  twining,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  high.  Stipules  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acute;  leaflets  stipellate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mu- 
cronate,  2.5-5  cm-  long;  peduncles  short,  i-3-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate,  striate, 
deciduous;  flowers  about  5  cm.  long,  very  showy;  calyx  tubular,  12-17  mm-  l°ng» 
its  teeth  ovate,  acute  ;  corolla  pale  blue;  pods  acute,  about  2.5  cm.  long.  Dry 
soil,  N.  J.,  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  June-July. 

40.  FALCATA  Gmel.      [AMPHICARPA  Ell.] 

Twining  perennial  vines,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  small  white  or  violet 
flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  and  also  solitary  apetalous  fertile  flowers  in  the  lower 
axils  or  on  the  slender  creeping  branches  from  the  base.  Calyx  of  the  petaliferous 
flowers  tubular,  4-5 -toothed  ;  standard  obovate,  erect,  folded  around  the  other 
petals;  wings  oblong,  curved,  adherent  to  the  incurved  obtuse  keel;  stamens  dia- 
delphous  (9  and  i);  style  filiform,  not  bearded;  pods  from  the  upper  flowers  linear- 
oblong,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  those  from  the  lower  obovoid,  fleshy,  mainly 
i-seeded.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  curved  keel  of  the  corolla.]  About  7  species, 
natives  of  N.  Am.,  eastern  Asia  and  the  Himalayas.  Only  the  following  in  N.  Am. 

Leaves  thin  ;  bracts  small;  plant  pubescent  or  glabrate.  i.  F.  comosa. 

Leaves  firm  ;  bracts  large  ;  plant  villous-brown-pubescent.  2.  F.  Pitcheri. 

1.  Falcata  comosa  (L.)  Kuntze.     WILD  OR  HOG  PEA-NUT.     (I.  F.  f.  2225.) 
Slender,   3-24  dm.   long.     Stipules  oblong  or  ovate,  4  mm.  long,  striate;  leaflets 
broadly  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base,   2.5-8  cm.   long;  ra- 
cemes of  petaliferous  flowers  mainly  simple  ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse;  flowers  purplish 
or  white,  12-15  mm-  l°ng:  pedicels  equalling  or  exceeding  the  bracts;  pods  of  the 
petaliferous  flowers  about  2.5  cm.   long,  6  mm.  wide,   pubescent,  especially  along 
the  margins.     Moist  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Manitoba,  Neb.  and  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Falcata  Pitcheri  (T.  &  G.)  Kuntze.     PITCHER'S  HOG  PEA-NUT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2226.)     Similar    to  the  preceding,    but    generally  stouter,   villous-pubescent   with 
reflexed  brown  hairs.      Leaflets  larger  and  thicker,  sometimes  I  dm.  long;  pedicels 
mostly  shorter  than  the  nearly  orbicular  canescent  bracts;  ovary  and  pods  of  the 
petaliferous  flowers  pubescent  throughout;  subterranean  fruit  less  abundantly  pro- 
duced than  in  F.   comosa  ;  calyx  larger.      Moist  thickets,  Mass,  to  western  N.  Y., 
S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

41.  APIOS  Moench. 

Twining  perennial  vines,  with  pinnately  3-7-foliolate  leaves,  small  stipules  and 
rather  Jarge  brownish-purple  or  red  flowers,  mainly  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 
Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  2  lateral  teeth  very  small,  the  2  upper 
united  and  short,  the  lower  one  long  and  acute.  Standard  ovate  or  orbicular,  re- 
flexed.  Wings  obliquely  obovate,  adherent  to  the  elongated  incurved  at  length 
twisted  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  i).  Ovary  nearly  sessile,  ovules  oo  ; 
style  slender.  Pod  linear,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  compressed,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Rootstocks  usually  tuberous.  [Greek,  pear,  from  the  shape  of  the 
tubers.]  Five  known  species,  2  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  2  of  China  and  I  of  the 
Himalayas. 

Standard  suborbicular,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex.  i.  A.  Apios. 

Standard  produced  at  apex  into  a  thickened  appendagek  2.  A.  Priceana. 

I.  Apios  Apios  (L.)  MacM.  GROUND-NUT.  (I.  F.  f.  2227.)  Slender,  pu- 
bescent or  glabrate.  Stipu'es  subulate,  2-4  mm.  long,  deciduous;  leaves  petioled; 
leaflets  5-7  (rarely  3),  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  rounded  at  the 
base,  2.5-8  cm.  long;  racemes  often  compound;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  numerous,  odorous,  about  12  mm.  long;  rachisof  the  inflorescence  knobby; 
pod  pointed,  2. 5-10  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  wide.  In  moist  ground,  N.  B.  to  Fla., 
Ont.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  La.  Stem  with  milky  juice;  tubers  edible.  July-Sept. 


57°  FLORA, 

2.  Apios  Priceana  Robinson.  PRICE'S  GROUND-NUT.  Stem  soon  glabrous. 
Stipules  6  mm.  long.  Leaflets  39;  racemes  dense,  mostly  2  or  3  together  in  the 
axils;  standard  2.5  cm.  long;  pods  12-15  cm.  long.  Root  solitary.  Ky. 

42.  GALACTIA  P.  Br. 

Perennial  vines  (sometimes  erect  and  shrubby),  mainly  with  pinnately  3-folio- 
late  leaves,  small  and  deciduous  stipules,  and  purple  or  violet  axillary  racemose 
flowers.  Calyx  4-lobed,  bracteolate,  the  lobes  acute,  often  as  long  as  the  tube. 
Standard  orbicular  or  obovate.  Wings  narrow,  obovate,  adherent  to  the  narrow, 
nearly  straight  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so  (9  and  i).  Ovary  nearly 
sessile;  ovules  oo  ;  style  filiform,  not  bearded.  Pod  linear,  straight  or  slightly 
curved,  usually  flattened,  2-valved,  several-seeded.  Fleshy  few-seeded  pods  are 
sometimes  produced  from  subterranean  apetalous  flowers.  [Greek,  milk-yielding, 
many  of  the  species  having  milky  sap.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  warm  and 
temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in  America.  Besides  the  following  about  15 
others  occur  in  the  Southern  and  Southwestern  States. 

Nearly  glabrous  throughout;  pods  slightly  pubescent.  i.   G.  regularis. 

Finely  downy-pubescent ;  pods  very  downy.  2.   G.  volubilis. 

1.  Galactia  regularis  (L.)  B.  S.  P.     MILK  PEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2228.)    Prostrate; 
stems  matted,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaflets  elliptic  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  and  often 
emarginate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  and  generally  exceeding  the  leaves,  erect,  4-10- 
flowered;  flowers  reddish  purple,    12-17    mm.    long;  pods    2.5-4  cm.  long,  4-7- 
seeded.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Miss.     July-Aug. 

2.  Galactia    volubilis   (L.)  Britton.     DOWNY  MILK  PEA.      (I.  F.  f.  2229.) 
Similar  to  the   preceding.     Leaflets  ovate,  elliptic  or  oval,  sometimes  emarginate, 
rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long,  11-25  mm-  wide;  racemes 
rather  loose;  flowers  purplish,    about  12   mm.  long';  pod  2.5-4  cm.  long.     In  dry 
soil,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Penn.,  Ky.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     June-July. 

43.  DOLICHOLUS  Medik. 
[RHYNCHOSIA  Lour.] 

Perennial  twining  trailing  or  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  i-3-foliolate  leaves, 
and  yellow  mostly  axillary  and  racemose  flowers.  Leaflets  generally  punctate  with 
resinous  dots,  not  stipellate  ;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped;  standard  obo- 
vate or  orbicular,  spreading  or  reflexed;  wings  narrow;  keel  incurved  at  the  apex 
or  falcate;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  i);  ovary  nearly  sessile;  ovules  2,  rarely  i; 
style  filiform;  pod  flat,  oblong  or  obliquely  orbicular,  2-valved,  i-2-seeded.  [Greek, 
diminutive  of  Dolichos.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate 
regions.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some  9  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

Leaflets  3. 

Stem  twining  or  trailing. 

Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long.      i.  D.  tomentosus. 
Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  about  12  mm.  long. 

2.  D.  latifolius. 

Stem  erect,  3-7.5  dm.  high.  3.  D.  erectus. 

Leaflet  solitary,  very  broad  ;   plant  low,  erect,  8-23  cm.  high.  4.  Z).  simplicifolius 

1.  Dolicholus  tomentosus   (L.)   Vail.     TWINING   DOLICHOLUS.     (I.   F.  i, 
2230.)     Pubescent  with   spreading  hairs,    3-9  dm.    long.     Stipules  ovate,   acute, 
sometimes  wanting;  petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves;   leaflets  3,  or  the  lowest  leaves 
i-foliolate,  ovate,  orbicular  or  broader  than  long,  obtuse  but  generally  pointed,  2.5- 
5  cm.    long  ;  racemes  short-peduncled  or  sessile,   2-8-flowered  ;  flowers  6-8  mm. 
long;  calyx  deeply  4-parted,  the  upper  lobe  2-cleft;  pod  oblong,  acute,  pubescent, 
16-19  mm-  l°ng-     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.     May-July. 

2.  Dolicholus  latifolius  (Nutt.)  Vail.    PRAIRIE  DOLICHOLUS.    (I.  P\  f.  2231.) 
Softly   pubescent;  stem  angled,   sometimes    1.5   m.   long.     Stipules   lanceolate  or 
wanting;  petioles  2.5-8  cm.  long;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  rhomboid, 
or  the  end  one  orbicular.  2.5-8  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse;  racemes  elongated,  some- 
times 3  dm.  long  in  fruit,  many  flowered;  calyx  about  12  mm.  long,  deeply  parted, 


PA  PI  LION  A  CEA  E.  5/1 

the  segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx; 
pod  oblong,  acute,  very  pubescent,  about  2.5  cm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  Mo.  to  La. 
and  Tex.  May-June. 

3.  Dolicholus   erectus  (Walt.)  Vail.     ERECT  DOLICHOLUS.     (I.  F.  f.  2232.) 
Erect,  velvety-pubescent  or  tomentose,  3-8  dm.  high.      Stipules  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  petioles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  leaves  ;  leaflets  oval,  ovate  or 
slightly  obovate,  thick,    densely  tomentose,   especially  beneath,    2.5-5   cm-  ^ong> 
racemes  5-15 -flowered,    sessile  or  short-peduncled;  flowers  6-10  mm.  long;  pod 
oblong,  12-17  mm-  l°ng.     In  dry  soil,  Del.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  La.     May— Sept. 

4.  Dolicholus   simplicifolius   (Walt.)  Vail.     ROUND-LEAVED  DOLICHOLUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  2233.)     Simple,    pubescent.      Stipules   lanceolate,    acuminate  ;    petioles 
shorter  than  or  exceeding   the  leaves;  leaflet  orbicular  or  broader,  thick,  obtuse, 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  2.5-3   cm.   long  (leaflets  rarely  3,  the  lateral  ones 
ovate);  racemes  rather  densely  flowered,  peduncled;  flowers  6-10  mm.  long;  pod 
as  in  the  preceding.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     May-July. 

,44.  PHASEOLUS  L. 

Vines,  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  axillary  race- 
mose flowers.  Calyx  5 -toothed  or  5-lobed,  or  the  2  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united. 
Standard  orbicular,  recurved,  spreading  or  somewhat  contorted;  wings  mainly 
obovate;  keel  spirally  coiled,  linear  or  obovoid.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  i). 
Style  longitudinally  bearded;  stigma  oblique  or  lateral;  ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
ovules  oo  .  Pod  linear,  2-valved,  several-seeded,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style. 
Seeds  mostly  with  rounded  ends.  Rachis  thickened  at  the  bases  of  the  pedicels. 
[Ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.]  About  170  species,  of  warm  and  temperate 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  about  12  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  Phaseolus  polystachyus  (L.)  B.S.P.  WILD  BEAN  OR  BEAN  VINE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2234.)  Perennial,  finely  pubescent,  i.2-4m.  long.  Stipules  lanceolate, 
deciduous;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  5—10  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  often  slightly  cordate;  racemes 
peduncled,  1-3  dm.  long,  narrow,  loosely  flowered ;  pedicels  minutely  bracted  at  the 
base;  corolla  purple,  about  8  mm.  long;  pods  stalked,  drooping,  somewhat  curved, 
flat,  4-6  cm.  long,  4-6-seeded,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  seeds  chocolate  brown, 
6-8  mm.  long.  In  thickets,  Canada  (Torrey  and  Gray);  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Minn., 
Neb.  and  La.  July-Sept. 

45.  STROPHOSTYLES  Ell. 

Herbaceous  vines,  rarely  erect,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and 
pink-purple  or  nearly  white  flowers  capitate  at  the  ends  of  long  axillary  peduncles. 
Calyx  as  in  Phaseolus.  Standard  nearly  orbicular;  wings  mostly  obovate;  keel 
strongly  curved.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  i).  Style  longitudinally  bearded, 
bent.  Pod  linear,  usually  straight,  few-several-seeded,  tipped  by  the  persistent 
style.  Seeds  truncate  at  the  ends,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  mealy.  [Greek,  bent 
style.]  An  American  genus,  of  about  6  species. 

Leaflets  mainly  lobed,  2-5  cm.  long;  pod  5-8  cm.  long.  i.  S.  helvola. 
Leaflets  mainly  entire,  1-4  cm.  long ;  pod  2-5  cm.  long. 

Flowers  several,  about  12  mm.  long;  root  perennial.  2.  S.  umbellata. 

Flowers  few,  about  6  mm.  long  ;  root  annual.  3.  S.  panciflora. 

1.  Strophostyles  helvola  (L.)  Britton.     TRAILING  WILD  BEAN.     (I.  F.  i. 

2235.)  Prostrate  or  low-twining,  rather  rough -pubescent,  6-16  dm.  long,  rarely 
erect,  and  2.5-5  dm.  high-  Stipules  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-4  mm.  long;  leaflets 
broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  thickish;  peduncles  axillary,  exceeding  the 
petioles;  flowers  3-10,  sessile;  corolla  greenish  purple,  9-12  mm.  long;  keel 
slender,  curved;  pod  slightly  pubescent;  seeds  oblong,  pubescent.  In  sandy  soil, 
Quebec  to  Fla.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Tex.  July-Oct. 

Strophostyles  helvola  Missouriensis  (S.  Wats.)  Britton.  Climbing  in  trees  to  a 
height  of  6-10  m.  Leaflets  larger,  usually  entire;  seeds  larger.  Said  to  bloom  later. 
Mo.  and  Kans. 

2.  Strophostyles  umbellata  (Muhl.)  Britton.     PINK  WILD  BEAN.     (I.  F.  f. 
2236.)     Stems  trailing,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  retrorse  hairs,  3-15  dm.  long. 


572  FLORA. 

Stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  2-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  spar- 
ingly pubescent,  entire,  or  rarely  with  I  or  2  shallow  lobes;  peduncles  generally 
much  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  several,  pink,  fading  yellowish,  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding;  pod  straight,  little  compressed,  sparingly  pubescent;  seeds 
mealy-pubescent.  In  sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  Ind.  and  La.  July-Sept. 

3  Strophostyles  pauciflora  (Benth.)  S.  Wats.  SMALL  WILD  BEAN.  (I.  F.  f. 
2237.)  Stems  finely  retrorsely  hirsute,  low  climbing  or  trailing,  3-7  dm.  long. 
Stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  1-3  mm.  long;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, entire;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  2-6,  purplish;  pod  flat,  about 
2.5  cm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  seeds  purple,  glabrous  and  shining  at 
maturity.  Along  rivers,  Ind.  to  S.  Dak.,  Miss.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  July-Sept, 

46.  V1GNA  Savi. 

Herbaceous  vines,  or  sometimes  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipulate 
leaves,  the  leaflets  broad.  Flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  long  axillary  peduncles, 
yellowish  or  purplish,  the  rachis  of  the  head  or  raceme  knotty,  the  bracts  and 
bractlets  early  deciduous.  Calyx  5 -toothed,  or  the  2  upper  teeth  united.  Standard 
nearly  orbicular,  auricled  at  the  base;  wings  shorter  than  the  standard;  keel  about 
equalling  the  standard,  slightly  incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  I).  Ovary 
sessile;  ovules  numerous;  style  bearded  along  the  inner  side.  Pod  linear,  nearly 
terete,  2-valved.  [In  honor  of  Domenic  Vigni,  a  commentator  on  Theophrastus.l 
About  30  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following  an- 
other occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Vigna  Sinensis  (L.)  Endl.  Cow  PEA.  CHINA  BEAN.  BLACK-EYED 
BEAN.  <I.  F.  f.  2238. )  Annual;  stem  striate.  Stipules  ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  prolonged  backward,  6-20  mm.  long;  terminal  leaflet  rhombic-ovate, 
5-15  cm.  long,  often  about  as  wide,  long- stalked;  lateral  leaflets  very  obliquely 
ovate  and  inequilateral,  short- stalked;  flowers  few,  yellowish,  1.6-2  cm.  long;  pod 
fleshy,  1-2  dm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  nearly  straight.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 
Mo.  to  Tex.  and  Ga.  Native  of  Asia.  July  -Sept. 


Order  19.   GERANlALES. 

Dicotyledonous  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with  petals,  and  these 
separate  (more  or  less  united  in  Polygalaceae,  wanting  in  most  Euphorb- 
iaceae,  in  Callitrichaceae,  and  in  some  species  of  Xanthoxylum  in  Ruta- 
ceae)  ;  sepals  mostly  distinct ;  stamens  few,  rarely  more  than  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  opposite  them  when  as  many  ;  ovary  superior,  com- 
pound ;  ovules  pendulous,  the  raphe  toward  the  axis  of  the  ovary. 

Stamens  more  than  one;  land  plants. 

Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so  ;  petals  present,  usually  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Herbs,  the  leaves  not  punctate;  flowers  perfect. 
Leaves  not  pinnately  compound. 

Capsule  at  length  splitting  into  its  5  carpels ;  leaves  lobed  or  dissected. 

Fam.  i.   Geraniaceae. 
Capsule  2-s-celled,  not  splitting  into  its  carpels. 

Stamens  2-3  times  as  many  as  the  petals;  leaves  3-foliolate  in  our 

species.  Fam.  2.   Oxalidaceae. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  leaves  entire.      Fam.  3.  Linaceae. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound.  Fam.  4.  Zygophyllaceae. 

Our  species   trees   or  shrubs  with  compound   leaves,  often  punctate ;  flowers 

dioecious  or  polygamous. 

Leaves  punctate.  Fam.  5.   Rutaceae. 

Leaves  not  punctate,  the  bitter  bark  with  oil-sacs.     Fam.  6.  Simarubaceae, 

Flowers  very  irregular;  petals  3;  stamens  usually  8;  herbs.     Fam.  7.  Polygalaceae. 

Flowers  regular,   often  apetalous,  small,  monoecious;    carpels  mostly  3;    herbs  or 

low  shrubs,  mostly  with  milky  juice.  Fam.  8.  Euphorbiaceae. 

Stamen  only  i;  perianth  none;  styles  2;  small  aquatic  or  rarely  terrestrial  plants  with 

opposite  entire  leaves.  Fam.  9.   Callitrichaceae 


CERA  NIA  CEA  E.  573 

Family  i.  GERANlACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 
Geranium  Family. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  or  clus- 
tered perfect  regular  flowers.  Stipules  commonly  present.  Sepals  5 
(rarely  fewer),  mostly  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  hypogy- 
nous.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  2-3  times  as  many,  distinct, 
anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Ovary  i,  usually  5-lobed  and  3-celled  ,  ovules 
i  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  capsular.  Embryo  straight  or  curved  ; 
cotyledons  flat  or  plicate.  About  10  genera  and  450  species,  natives  of 
temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in  South  Africa. 

Anthers  10,  rarely  5  ;  carpel-tails  not  hairy  inside.  i.   Geranium. 

Anthers  5  ;  carpel  tails  bearded  inside.  2.  Er  odium. 

i.  GERANIUM  L. 

Herbs  with  stipulate,  palmately  lobed,  cleft  or  divided  leaves,  and  axillary  1-2- 
flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  regular,  5- merous.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5, 
hypogynous,  imbricated.  Stamens  10  (rarely  5),  generally  5  longer  and  5  shorter. 
Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled,  beaked  with  the  compound  style.  Ovules  2  in  each 
cavity.  Capsule  elastically  dehiscent,  the  5  cavities  i-seeded  and  long  tailed  by 
the  persistent  style-divisions  which  are  naked  on  the  inner  side.  [Greek,  a  crane, 
from  the  long  beak  of  the  fruit.]  About  170  species,  widely  distributed  in  temper- 
ate regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Perennial ;  flowers  2.5  cm.  broad  or  more.  i.   G.  maculatum. 

Annuals  or  biennials  ;  flowers  4-12  mm.  broad. 

Leaves  3-divided  ;  segments  pinnatifid,  thin.  2.   G .  Roberttanum. 

Leaves  pedately  lobed  or  dissected. 

Peduncles  i-flo\vered.  .  3.   G.  Sibiricitm. 

Peduncles  2-flowered. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  carpels  smooth.        4.   G.  columbinum. 
Peduncles  short;  carpels  rugose  or  hairy. 
Seeds  reticulated  or  pitted. 

Glandular-pubescent  with  long  white  hairs.      5.  G.  rotundifolium. 
Pubescent  with  short  hairs;  leaves  deeply  lobed. 

Flowers  pale  purple  ;  seeds  minutely  reticulated. 
Beak  short-pointed;  inflorescence  compact. 

6.  G.  Carolinianum. 
Beak  long-pointed;  infloresence  loose. 

7.  G.  Bicknellii. 
Flowers  deep  purple;  seeds  pitted.         8.   G.  dissectum. 

Seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  5  ;  carpels  hairy,  not  rugose.  9.   G.  pusillum. 

Stamens  ro ;  carpels  glabrate,  rugose.  10.  G.  molle. 

1.  Geranium   maculatum   L.     WILD  OR  SPOTTED  CRANE'S-BILL.     ALUM- 
ROOT.    (I.  F.  f.  2239.)     Pubescent  with  spreading  or  retrorse  hairs,  3-6  dm.  high. 
Basal  leaves  7.5-15  cm.  wide,  deeply  3~5-parted,  the  divisions  obovate,  cuneate, 
variously   toothed  and  cleft;  stem -leaves  2,    similar  to  the  basal  ones;  peduncles 
1-5,  elongated;  ultimate  pedicels  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  flowers  rose-purple;  sepals  awn- 
pointed,  villous,  ciliate;  petals  woolly  at  the  base;  beak  of  the  fruit  2.5-3.75  cm. 
long;  carpels  pubescent;  seed  reticulate.     In    woods,   Newf.   to  Manitoba,    Neb.. 
Ga.,  Ala.  and  Kans.     April-July. 

Geranium  prat^nse  L.,  the  meadow  geranium  of  Europe,  is  reported  as  escaped 
from  cultivation  in  Quebec  and  N.  B.  It  differs  from  the  preceding  by  its  blue-purple 
flowers  and  narrower  lobes  of  the  leaf-segments. 

2.  Geranium    Robertianum   L.     HERB   ROBERT.     RED  ROBIN.     (I.    F.    f. 
2240.)     Glandular-villous,  weak,  extensively  branching,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high,  heavy- 
scented.     Leaves  ovate  orbicular;  peduncles  slender,  2-flowered,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long; 
pedicels  divaricate,    1.25   cm.    long;   sepals  acuminate  and  awn-pointed;    flowers 
red-purple,  about  12  mm.   broad,  petals  narrow -clawed;  beak  of  the  fruit  about 


574  FLORA. 

2.5  cm.  long,  awn-pointed,  nearly  glabrous;  carpels  nearly  glabrous,  slightly 
wrinkled;  seed  smooth.  In  rocky  woods,  rarely  in  sandy  places,  N.  S.  to  Mani- 
toba, N.  J.,  Pa.  and  Mo.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  May-Oct. 

3.  Geranium  Sibiricum  L.     SIBERIAN  CRANE'S-BILL.     (I.  F.  f.  2241.)     Vil- 
lous  pubescent,    freely    branched,    3-13    dm.    high.     Leaves    deeply    3~5-parted, 
5-6  cm.  broad,  nearly  orbicular,  or  cordate  reniform,  the  divisions  oval  lanceolate, 
cleft  or  toothed;  peduncles  slender,  5-7.5  cm.   long,   2-bracted  near  the  middle; 
flowers    nearly  white,   6-8    mm.   broad;    sepals   oval,   awned;    beak  of  the  fruit 
canescent,  1.4-1.8  cm.  long,  tipped  with  a  short  prolongation;  lobes  of  the  capsule 
puberulent  or  hairy;   seed  minutely  reticulate.     Along  roadsides  in  the  northern 
part  of  N.  Y.  City;  also  found  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  in  111.     Adventive  from 
Asia.     Some  of  the  pedicels  are  rarely  2-flowered.     June-Sept. 

4.  Geranium  columbinum    L.      LONG-STALKED    CRANE'S-BILL.      (I.   F.    f. 
2242.)     Slender,  slightly  hispid  pubescent  with  whitish  appressed  hairs.     Leaves 
2.5-3.75   crn.  in  diameter,   deeply   5-g-divided  into  narrow,  variously   cleft   seg- 
ments ;  petioles  very  slender;  peduncles  slender,    longer  than  the  upper  leaves; 
pedicels  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  flowers   purple,  about  8  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  awn- 
pointed,  enlarging  in  fruit;  petals  notched;  capsule-lobes  nearly  glabrous,  keeled, 
not  rugose;  beak  1.2-2  cm.  long,  hispid;  seeds  deeply  pitted.      In  fields  and  along 
roadsides,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Md.  and   Va.     Also  in  S.  Uak.     Nat.  or  adventive  from 
Europe.     May -July. 

5.  Geranium  rotundifolium   L.     ROUND-LEAVED    CRANE'S-BILL.     (I.   F.  f. 
2243.)     Often  tufted,  1.5 -4  dm.  high,  much  branched,  softly  pubescent  with  spread- 
ing  white  purple-tipped  hairs.     Leaves  reniform-orbicular,   3-4  cm.    wide,   cleft 
about  to  the  middle  into  5-9  obtuse  broad  lobes,  which  are  3-5  toothed;   petioles 
slender;  flowers  purple,  4-6  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  or  oval,  short-pointed,  some- 
what shorter  than  the  entire  obovate  petals;  ovary  and  capsule -lobes  hairy,  not 
wrinkled;  beak  pubescent,  about  1.2  cm.  long,  tipped  by  a  short  awn.      In  waste 
places,  Mich.,  and  in  ballast  about  N    Y.     Fugitive  from  Europe.      Summer. 

6.  Geranium  Carolinianum   L.     CAROLINA   CRANE'S  BILL.     (I.  F.  f.  2244.) 
Erect,  generally  branched,  stout,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  loosely  pubescent  with  spreading 
often  glandular  gray  hairs.     Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  2.5-7.5  cm-  wide,  deeply 
cleft   into  5-9  oblong  or  obovate  cuneate  toothed  or  lobed  segments;  peduncles 
rather  short  and  stout;  flowers  in  compact  clusters,  pale  pink  or  whitish,  8-14  mm. 
broad;  sepals  ovate,  ciliate,  about  equalling  the  obovate  emarginate  petals;  ovary- 
lobes  hispid-pubescent;  persistent  filaments  not  longer  than  the  carpels;  beak  nearly 
2.5  cm.  long.     In  barren  soil,  N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  Mex.     Also 
in  Bermuda.     April-Aug. 

7.  Geranium  Bicknellii  Britton.     BICKNELL'S  CRANE'S-BILL.    (I.  F.  f.  2245.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  taller,  the  stems  usually  more  slender,  loosely  pubes- 
cent.    Leaves  somewhat  angulate,  the  segments  oblong  or  linear  oblong,  mostly 
narrower;  peduncles  slender,  the  inflorescence  loose;  sepals  lanceolate;  ovary-lobes 
pubescent;  persistent  filaments  longer  than   the  carpels;  beak  about  2.5  cm.  long, 
its  tip  4-6  mm.  long.     N.  S.  to  W.  Ont.,  Br.  Col.,  Mont,  and  S.  N.  Y.     May-Sept. 

8.  Geranium    dissectum   L.     CUT-LEAVED    CRANE'S-BILL.     (I.  F.  f.  2246.) 
Closely  related  to  the  two  preceding  species,  but  smaller  in  every  way,  more  slender, 
the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending;  leaves  seldom   more  than  3.75  cm.  wide, 
deeply  cleft  into  narrower  segments;  inflorescence  loose;  peduncles  short;  flowers 
purple,  about  6  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  awned,  equalling  or  slightly  longer  than 
the  notched  petals  ;  capsule-lobes  and  beak  pubescent.     In  waste  places  and  in 
ballast,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.    Also  in  the  Northwest.    Fugitive  from  Europe.    June-Sept. 

9.  Geranium  pusillum  Burm.  f.     SMALL-FLOWERED  CRANE'S-BILL.    (I.  F.  f. 
2247.)     Widely  branching,  slender,  pubescent  or  villous,  1-4.5  dm.  long.      Leaves 
petioled,  reniform  orbicular,  1.25-3.75  cm.  wide,  deeply  divided  into  7-9  oblong, 
or  sometimes  linear-oblong,  entire  or  3-toothed,  cuneate  lobes;  peduncles  short,  6- 
18  mm.  long;  pedicels  6-24  mm.  long;  sepals  acute,  awnless;  flowers  pale  purple, 
6-10  mm.  broad;  petals  notched;  capsule  lobes  hairy,  keeled,  not  wrinkled;  beak 
about    i  cm.  long,   canescent.     In   waste   places,  S.  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Ont., 
Neb.,  Wyo.  and  Br.  Col.     Adventive  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

10.  Geranium   molle   L.      DOVE'S- FOOT  CRANE'S-BILL.      (I.    F.    f.    2248.) 
Resembling  the  preceding  species,  but  more  villous,  the  leaves  nearly  orbicular 


OXALIDACEAE.  575 

and  not  as  deeply  cleft,  generally  only  to  just  below  the  middle,  into  7-H  obovate 
or  cuneate  lobes,  which  are  3-5-toothed  at  the  apex;  flowers  dark-purple,  6-iomm. 
broad;  sepals  obtusish,  not  awned;  capsule-lobes  distinctly  marked  with  trans- 
verse wrinkles;  beak  about  I  cm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent.  In  waste  places, 
Me.  to  Penn.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio  and  Ont.  Also  in  Wash,  and  Vancouver.  Fugitive 
from  Europe.  May -Sept. 

2.  ERODIUM   L'Her. 

Herbs,  generally  with  jointed  nodes,  opposite  or  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and 
axillary  umbellate  nearly  regular  flowers.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals,  5,  hy- 
pogynous,  imbricated,  the  2.  upper  slightly  smaller.  Glands  5.  Anther-bearing 
stamens  5,  alternating  with  as  many  sterile  filaments.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled, 
beaked  by  the  united  styles,  the  beak  terminating  in  5  stigmas;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity.  Capsule-lobes  i-seeded,  the  styles  elastically  dehiscent  and  coiled  spirally 
at  maturity,  villous-bearded  on  the  inner  side.  Seeds  not  reticulate.  [Greek,  a 
heron,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  truit  to  its  beak  and  bill.]  About  60  species, 
widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  warm  regions.  There  are  three  native  species 
in  the  southwest;  several  exotic  ones  have  been  collected  on  ballast  at  the  seaports. 

I.  Erodium  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  HEMLOCK  STORK'S-BILL  OR  HERON'S- 
H!  LL.  ALFILARIA.  (L  F.  f.  2249.)  Annual,  tufted,  villous-pubescent,  somewhat 
viscid,  1.5-3  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  7. 5-18  cm.  long,  1.25-2.5  cm. 
wide,  pinnate,  the  segments  finely  pinnatifid;  peduncles  generally  longer  than  the 
leaves,  umbellately  2- 1 2 -flowered;  flowers  purple  or  pink,  8-IO  mm.  broad;  sepals 
acute,  villous,  about  equalling  the  entire  petals;  carpels  hairy;  beak  1. 25-3. 75  cm. 
long,  its  divisions  spirally  coiled  when  ripe.  Waste  places  and  fields,  Tsr.  S.,  Ont., 
N.  J.,  N.  Eng.,  Penn.  and  Mich.,  and  very  abundant  from  Tex.  to  Ore.  Aclven- 
tive  from  Europe,  in  our  area.  A  common  weed  in  the  Old  World.  April-Sept. 

Erodium  moschatum  Willd.,  reported  from  Ont.,  Mass,  and  Me.,  has  much  broader 
serrate  or  incised  leaf-segments. 

Family  2.  OXALIDACEAE  Lindl.* 
Wood-sorrel  Family. 

Leafy-stemmed  or  acaulescent  herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  often  with 
rootstocks  or  scaly  bulbs,  the  sap  sour.  Leaves  mostly  palmately  3- 
foliolate,  in  some  exotic  species  pinnate,  or  entire  and  peltate  ;  stipules 
commonly  present  as  scarious  expansions  of  the  petiole-bases  ;  leaflets 
mostly  obcordate.  Flowers  perfect,  in  umbel-like  or  forking  cymes,  or 
sometimes  solitary;  peduncles  mostly  long.  Sepals  5,  often  unequal. 
Petals  5,  white,  pink,  purple  or  yellow.  Stamens  10-15.  Ovary  5-celled, 
5-!obed;  styles  united,  or  distinct;  ovules  2-many  in  each  cavity  ;  fruit 
a  loculicidal  globose  or  columnar  capsule,  rarely  baccate.  Embryv) 
straight,  in  fleshy  endosperm.  About  7  genera  and  280  species,  chiefly 
of  tropical  distribution. 

i.  OXALIS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial,  caulescent  or  acaulescent,  often  bulbous  herbs,  with  alter- 
nate, mostly  digitately  compound  leaves  (3-foliolate  in  our  species)  and  axillary, 
I -several -flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  regular,  often  heterogonous.  Sepals  5, 
imbricated.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  base.  5  longer  and  5  shorter, 
all  anther-bearing.  Ovary  5-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  styles  5,  sepa- 
rate, persistent,  stigmas  terminal.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  2  or 
more  in  each  cavity,  anatropous,  with  a  loose  aril-like  dehiscent  outer  coat. 
[Greek,  sour,  from  the  acid  juice.]  About  250  species,  mostly  natives  of  warm  or 
tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  the  Southern  and 
Western  States. 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  JOHN  K.  SMALL. 


576 


FLOXA. 


Acaulescent ;  flowers  white,  pink  or  rose-purple. 

Scape  i-flowered ;  flower  pink,  rarely  white  ;  capsule  subglobose.  i.  O.  Acetosella. 
Scape  several-flowered  ;  flowers  rose-purple,  or  rarely  white ;  capsule  ovoid. 

2.  O.  violacea. 
Caulescent ;  flowers  yellow. 

Cymes  umbel-like ;  pedicels  reflexed  or  deflexed  at  maturity. 
Pedicels  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs. 

Stems  or  branches  creeping ;  introduced  species.  3.   O.  corniculata. 

Stems  erect,  or  if  decumbent,  not  creeping ;  native  species. 

Stems  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs.  4.   O.  stricta. 

Stems  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  or  glabrous.  SV'Y  ••> 

Cymes  maturing  several  or  all  the  flowers  at  about  the  same  time, 

not  accompanied  by  drooping  buds. 

Leaflets,  or  most  of  them,  less  than  i  cm.  wide;  stems  copi- 
ously leafy.  5.  O.filipes. 
Leaflets,  or  most  of  them,  over  i  cm.  wide  ;  stems  sparingly 

leafy.  6.  O.  Brittoniae. 

Cymes  maturing  i  or  2  flowers  at  a  time,  these  accompanied  by 

several  drooping  buds.  7.  O.  Bushii. 

Pedicels  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs. 

Foliage,  especially  the  leaves,  bright  green. 

Styles  recurved  ;  petals  not  ciliate.  8.   O.  recurva. 

Styles  erect  ;  petals  ciliate.  •         9.   O.  Priceae. 

Foliage,  especially  the  leaves,  reddish  purple.  10.   O.  rufa. 

Cymes  dichotomous  ;  pedicels  erect  or  spreading. 

Leaflets  not  discolored,  green  or  reddish  purple;  petals  8-10  mm.  long. 
Foliage,  especially  the  leaves,  reddish  purple;  stems  often  glabrous. 

10.   O,  rufa. 
Foliage,  especially  the  leaves,  green;  stems  pubescent. 

Pedicels  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs.  6.   O.  Brittoniae. 

Pedicels  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.  n.   O.  cymosa. 

Leaflets  discolored,  the  margins  brownish  ;  petals  12-16  mm.  long. 

12.   O.  grandis. 

1.  Oxalis  Acetosella  L.     WHITE  OR  TRUE  WOOD-SORREL.     ALLELUIA.    (I. 
F.  f.  2250.)    Rootstock  scaly,  elongated.    Foliage  pubescent  with  scattered  brown- 
ish  hairs;  petioles  jointed  and  dilated  at  the  base;  leaflets  obcordate,  wider  than 
long;  scapes  5-15  cm.   high;  flowers  broadly  campanulate,  about  1.25    cm.   long; 
sepals  obtusish;  petals  veined  with  deep  pink,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  cap- 
sule   subglobose,    2-4  mm.    in    diameter,    glabrous;    seeds    ovoid,    longitudinally 
grooved.      In  cold  damp  woods,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  the  mountains  of  N.  Car.  and 
the  shore  of  Lake   Superior.     Also  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  N.  Africa.      Cleistogene 
flowers  are  borne  on  recurved  scapes  at  the  base  of  the  plant.    May-  July. 

2.  Oxalis  violacea  L.    VIOLET  WOOD-SORREL.    (I.  F.  f.  2251.)    Bulb  brown- 
ish, with  ciliate  scales.     Foliage  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  leaves  about  2.5-3  cm. 
wide;    leaflets  obcordate,    minutely  reticulated,   the  midrib   sometimes    sparingly 
hairy;  scapes   1-3  dm.   high;  pedicels  slender;  flowers    1.6-2  cm.   long,  heterog- 
onous;  sepals  obtuse;  petals  lighter  toward  the  base,  obtuse  or  truncate,  3  times  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid,  4  mm.  long;  seeds  flattened,  rugose-tuberculate. 
In  woods,  northern  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,  and  the  Rocky  Mts..  south  to  Pla.   and  N. 
Mex.     Also  apparently  the  same  plant  in  the  Andes  of  Bolivia.     May-June. 

3.  Oxalis  corniculata  L.     YELLOW  PROCUMBENT  WOOD-SORREL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2252.)     Pubescent    with  appressed    hairs   or  nearly  glabrous,  deep  green,  freely 
branching  from  the  base;  stem  2.5-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  tne  branches  diffuse,  mainly  pro- 
cumbent and  often  creeping.     Leaflets  about  8-12   mm.  wide;  petioles  dilated  at 
the  base  into  oblong  rounded  or  truncate  stipules;  peduncles  i-3-flowered;  flowers 
5-10  mm.  wide;  pedicels  strigillose,  more  or  less  reflexed;  capsule  oblong,  1-1.5  cm- 
long;   appressed-pubescent;    seeds    compressed,    transversely    ridged.     In   ballast 
about  the  Eastern  seaports,  and  frequently  growing  on  the  ground  in  greenhouses. 
Tex.  and  throughout  tropical  Am.      Recently  found  in  Ont.     Occurs  also  in  warm 
and  tropical  regions  of  the  Old  World.     Feb. -Nov. 

4.  Oxalis  stricta    L.     UPRIGHT   YELLOW    WOOD-SORREL.     (I.  F.  f.  2254.) 
Foliage  pale  green.     Stem  commonly  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, 1-3  dm.  long;  leaves  1.8-3.7  cm.   broad;  leaflets   coarsely  cellular,  sensitive, 
drooping  when  touched;  petiole-bases  narrowly  dilated;  flowers  fragrant;  peduncles 


OX  A  LI  DA  CEA  E. 

3-15  cm  long;  sepals  linear  or  lanceolate,  about  5  mm.  long,  ciliolate,  erect  or 
ascending;  petals  8-10  mm.  long,  commonly  reddish  at  the  base;  capsule  colum- 
nar, 16-30  mm.  long;  seeds  fully  I  mm.  long,  with  interrupted  transverse  ridges. 
In  woods  and  fields,  N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Colo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Intro- 
duced into  Europe  as  a  weed.  Aprii-Oct. 

5.  Oxalis  filipes  Small.     SLENDER  YELLOW  WOOD-SORREL.     (I.  F.  f.  2253.) 
Foliage  deep  green.     Stem  wiry,  usually  very  leafy,  0.5-2  dm.  high;  leaves  6-12 
mm.  wide,  not  stipulate,  or  the  stipules  very  narrow;  leaflets  with  unequal  sides ;  ped- 
uncles filiform,  2-3 -flowered;  pedicels  very  slender,  recurved  when  mature;  scpaio 
oblong- lanceolate.  3-4  mm.  long,  obtuse,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex;  petals  4-8 
mm.  long,  emarginate;  capsule  8-12  mm.  long,  gradually  narrowed,  often  curved, 
seeds    I   mm.    long,  with  continuous  ridges.     In  woods,   L.   I.   to  Va.  and  Tenn., 
south  to  Ga.     Plant  smaller  than  the  next  preceding  species.     May-Aug. 

6.  Oxalis    Brittoniae   Small,   n.  ?p.     Foliage   bright  green.     Stem  slender, 
sparingly  leafy,  1-4  dm.    tall,  often   branched;  leaves  mostly  1-2  cm.  broad;  pet- 
ioles filiform,  sparingly  villous;  leaflets  broader  than  long,  nearly  glabrous;  ped- 
uncles  about  twice  as  long  as  their  subtending  petioles;  cymes  dichotomous  or  the 
primary  branches   suppressed,  thus   more  umbel -like;  sepals   elliptic  to  narrowly 
oblong,  about  3  mm.  lon^;  corolla  light  yellow,  1-1.5  cm-  W|de;  filaments  glabrous; 
styles  glabrous;  capsules  columnar,  acuminate,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  seeds  I  mm.  long, 
sharply  ridged.     In  woods  and   fields.  N.  Y.   to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     Type  from 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.     May -July. 

7.  Oxalis  Bushii   Small.      BUSH'S    WOOD-SORREL.      Foliage  bright   green. 
Stems  erect,  0.5-2  dm.  tall,  often  simple;  leaves  few;  petioles  especially  pubescent 
near  the  base;  leaflets  with   rounded  lobes,   strigillose;  peduncles  slender,  nearly 
erect,  usually  solitary,  conspicuously  overtopping  the  leaves,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
except  near  the   base;  cymes  umbel-like;  sepals  oblong,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  obtuse; 
corolla   light  yellow,  9-12   mm.  broad  ;  filaments  much  dilated  at  the  base;  styles 
slightly  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  Penn.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     Ma}' -June. 

8.  Oxalis  recurva   Ell.     LARGE-FLOWERED  WOOD-SORREL.     (I.  F.  f.  2255.) 
Foliage  villous.     Stems  1-3  dm.   tall,  often  woody  at   the    base;  leaves    1-2    cm. 
broad;    leaflets  often  glaucescent;   petioles  filiform,   slightly  dilated   at   the  base; 
flowers  bright  yellow,  I  or  2  opening  at  a  time;  sepals  oblong,  about  4.5-6   mm. 
long,  obtuse,  nearly  erect;  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  petals  slightly  notched;  cap- 
sule  columnar,    10-15  mm.  long,   slender;  seeds    fully   i    mm.  long,  with    broken 
transverse  ridges.      In  rock}  or  sandy  places,  Mo.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ala.    April  Aug. 

9.  Oxalis    Priceae    Small.     PRICE'S    WOOD-SORREL.     Foliage   deep   green. 
Stems  early  decumbent,    1-3  dm.  long;  leaves   often    numerous;  leaflets    pale  or 
glaucescent  beneath,  ciliate;  peduncles  sometimes  slightly  longer  than  the  petioles; 
sepals  linear  or  nearly  so,  68  mm.    long,   pubescent  at  the  base  and  tip;   corolla 
deep  chrome-yellow,  1.4-2  cm.  broad;  petals  pubescent  without;  styles  copiously 
villous;  capsules  stout,  columnar,  10-15  mm-  l°ng'    C*n  rocky  hillsides  and  in  open 
woods,  Ky.     Summer  and  fall. 

10.  Oxalis  rufa  Small,  n.  sp.     RED  WOOD-SORREL.     Foliage  reddish- purple. 
Stems  early  branched  at  the  base  ard  decumbent,  1-3  dm.  long,  sometimes  glauces- 
cent; leaves    numerous,    commonly    clustered;  leaflets  sometimes    pale  along  the 
midrib;  peduncles  glabrous  or  villous,  usually  surpassing   the  leaves;    cymes  di- 
chotomous or  the  primary  branches  suppressed,  thus  umbel-like;  sepals  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate.    2-2.5   mm-   l°nR;  corolla   light  yellow,  6-10  cm.  broad;  petals 
glabrous,   sometimes  erose  at  the  apex;  capsules  gradually  narrowed.  8-12   mm. 
long,  usually  pubescent  with  glandular  hairs.      In  woods,  Mass,  to  N.  Y,,  Ga.  and 
Tenn.     Type  from  New  York  Botanical  Garden.     April-Sept. 

11.  Oxalis  cymcsa   Small.    TALL  YELLOW  WOOD-SORREL.     (L  F.  f.  2256.) 
Foliage   bright    green.     Stem    1.5-11    dm.    high,    branched    above,  often  villous; 
leaves  1.8-3  cni-  broad;    leaflets  broader  than  long,   sharply  notched;  petiole-bases 
scarcely  dilated;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long,  more  or  less  villous;  sepals  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  elliptic,  4-6  mm.  long;  corolla  bright  yellow,  8-10  mm.  broad;  petals  ob- 
tuse or  emarginate;  capsule  columnar,  10-16  mm.  long,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
summit;  seeds  almost  1.5  mm.  long,  with  nearly  continuous  ridges.    In  woods  and 
fields,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     May-Oct. 

12.  Oxalis  grandis    Small.      GREAT    YELLOW    WOOD-SORREL.     (I.  F.   f. 


578  FLORA. 

2257.)  Foliage  bright  green.  Stem  3-12  dm.  tall,  simple  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
3.5-8  cm.  broad;  leaflets  with  brown  margins  more  or  less  ciliate;  petioles  villous, 
hardly  dilated  at  the  base;  pedicels  1-1.4  long;  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  4-6  mm. 
long,  often  ciliate  at  the  apex;  corolla  deep  yellow,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  petals 
rounded  at  the  apex;  capsule  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong;  seeds  2  mm.  long,  with 
prominent  broken  transverse  ridges.  On  river  banks,  Penn.  to  111.,  N.  Car.  and 
Ala.  May-Aug. 

Family  3.     LIN  ACE  AE   Dumort. 
Flax  Family. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  perfect  regular  nearly  symmetrical  flowers. 
Stipules  mostly  small  or  none.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4,  imbricated,  persistent. 
Petals  of  the  same  number  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  imbricated, 
generally  contorted.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  alternate  with  the 
petals ;  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled. 
Ovary  i,  2-5-celled,  or  by  false  septa  4-io-celled.  Ovules  anatropous. 
Styles  2-5.  Fruit  mainly  capsular.  Seeds  1-2  in  each  cavity,  oily ;  en- 
dosperm little  or  none  ;  embryo  straight ;  cotyledons  flat.  Four  known 
genera  and  about  1 50  species  of  wide  distribution. 

I.  LlNUM    L. 

Herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  with  sessile  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers. 
Inflorescence  cymose,  racemose  or  paniculate.  Stipules  a  pair  of  glands,  or  want 
ing.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  fugacious.  Stamens  5,  sometimes  with  interspersed 
staminodia.  Ovary  4~5-celled,  or  8-io-celled  by  false  partitions,  the  real  cavities 
2-ovuled.  Capsule  5-io-valved.  [The  classical  Latin  name.]  About  90  species, 
natives  of  temperate  or  warm  regions.  In  addition  to  the  following  some  17  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

*  Flowers  blue. 

Annual ;  introduced  ;  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  i.  L.  usitatissimum. 

Perennial ;  western  ;  capsule  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  2.  L.  Lewisii. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow. 
Capsules  2-3  mm.  long. 

Leaves  and  bracts  entire. 

Stem  nearly  terete,  corymbosely  branched;  usually  only  the  lowest  leaves 
opposite. 

Leaves  thin,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  spreading.     3.  L.  Virginianum. 
Leaves  firm,  appressed-ascending. 

Capsule  depressed-globose,  2  mm.  high.          4.  L,  medium. 
Capsule  ovoid,  3  mm.  high.  5.  L.  Floridanum. 

Stem  angled,  racemosely  branched  ;  leaves  below  the  branches  mostly  all 

opposite.  6.  L.  striatum. 

Upper  leaves  and  bracts  glandular-ciliate.  7.  L.  sulcatum. 

Capsules  4-5  mm.  long.  8.  L.  rigidum. 

*  *  *  Flowers  white,  small,  long-pedicelled. 

9.  L.  catharticum. 

1.  Linum  usitatissimum  L.     FLAX.     LINSEED.     (I.  F.   f.   2258.)      Often 
tufted,  branching   above,  3-5    dm.   high;    leaves    alternate,  3-nerved,  lanceolate, 
1.25-3.75  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  inflorescence  a  terminal  cymose  leafy  panicle; 
flowers  i. 2-1. 6  cm.  broad;  pedicels  slender;  sepals  oval,  acuminate,  the  interior 
ones   ciliate   and   3-ribbed;  petals   obcuneate,  crenulate,  twice  the  length  of  the 
sepals;    capsule   ovoid-conic,  6-8   mm.  long,   indehiscent,   the   septa   not   ciliate. 
Along  roadsides,  and  in  waste  places,  fugitive  from  cultivation.     Summer. 

Linum  hiimile  Mill.,  variously  regarded  by  authors  as  a  distinct  species  or  a  variety 
or  form  of  the  Common  Flax,  may  be  distinguished  by  its  dehiscent  capsule  with  ciliate 
septa.  It  is  rarely  met  with  in  our  area  in  similar  situations.  Both  have  been  culti- 
vated since  prehistoric  times  for  their  fibre  and  oil.  Their  origin  is  unknown. 

2.  Linum  Lewisii  Pursh.     LEWIS'  WILD  FLAX.     (I.  F.  f.  2259.)     Perennial, 
3-6  dm.  high,  glaucous,  densely  tufted,   simple  up  to  the  cymose  inflorescence. 


LIN  ACE  A  E.  579 

Leaves  crowded,  oblong  or  linear,  6-40  mm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  acute  or  acutish, 
3~5-nerved;  flowers  2.5-3.75  cm.  broad;  sepals  oval,  mainly  obtuse,  one-third  or 
one-fourth  the  length  of  the  petals;  stigmas  shorter  than  the  styles;  capsule 
broadly  ovoid,  obtuse,  dehiscent,  the  septa  ciliate.  Plains,  Manitoba  to  S.  Dak., 
Kans.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  Utah  and  Alaska.  Summer. 

3  Linum  Virginianum  L.  WILD  OR  SLENDER  YELLOW  FLAX.  (I.  F.  f. 
2260.)  Perennial  by  suckers,  rather  dark  green,  corymbose-paniculate  above, 
3-6  dm.  high.  Stem  and  branches  slender,  not  stiff;  flowering  branches  ascend- 
ing  or  sometimes  weak  and  recurved;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  i-nerved, 
1.2-2.6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  acute,  or  the  lower  opposite  and  spatulate, 
obtuse;  pedicels  filiform,  the  lower  4-12  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  calyx;  flowers 
6-8  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  not  ciliate,  about  equalling  the  depressed- 
globose  lo-celled  capsule.  In  shaded  situations,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  June-Aug. 

4.  Linum  medium  (Planch.)  Britton.     STIFF  YELLOW  FLAX.     (I.  F.  f.  2261.) 
Perennial  by  suckers;  stems  erect,  striate,  stiff,  corymbosely  branched  above,  the 
branches  .erect-ascending  both  in  flower  and  in  fruit;  leaves  appressed-ascending, 
the  lowest  commonly  spatulate  and  opposite,  the  others  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  8-24  mm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  pedicels  1-6  mm.  long,  the  lower  rarely 
longer  than  the  calyx;  sepals  ovate,  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute,  about  equalling  the 
capsule.     In  dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

5.  Linum   Floridanum  (Planch.)  Trel.     FLORIDA  YELLOW  FLAX.     (I.  F.  f. 
2262.)     Perennial;  stem  stiff.  4.5-7.5  dm.  high,  corymbosely  branched  above,  the 
branches  erect-ascending,  slightly  angled.     Leaves   acute,  the  lowest  mostly  oppo- 
site, narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  the  others  linear-lanceolate,  appressed-as- 
cending, alternate,  1-2  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  fruiting  branches  erect-ascending; 
fruiting   pedicels  shorter  than  or   little  exceeding  the  calyx,  or  the  lowest  ones 
slightly  longer;  sepals  ovate,   acute  or  acuminate,   about  equalling  the  capsule; 
capsule  ovoid,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     111.  (accord- 
ing to  Trelease);  Fla.  to  La.     June-Aug. 

6.  Linum  striatum  Walt.     RIDGED  YELLOW  FLAX.     (I.  F.  f.  2263.)     Per- 
ennial, racemosely  branched,   light  green  and  somewhat  viscid.     Leaves  usually 
opposite  nearly  up  to  the  inflorescence,  oblong;  branches  of  the  panicle  short  and 
divergent;  flowers  small,  often  clustered;  capsule  subglobose,  usually  rather  longer 
than  the  sepals.     In  bogs  and  swamps,  rarely  in  drier  ground,  Ont.  to  Conn.,  Fla., 
Ky.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     Summer. 

7.  Linum    sulcatum   Riddell.      GROOVED  YELLOW    FLAX.     (I.  F.  f.  2264.) 
Annual,    3-6  dm.    high.     Stem  wing- angled  and  grooved,  at  least  above;  leaves 
alternate,   lanceolate  or  linear.    1.6-2.4  cm-   l°ng?  2~3   mm-  wide,   3 -nerved,    the 
lower   glabrous;  sepals  glandular-ciliate;  stipules   a  pair  of  small  globose  dark- 
colored  glands;  flowers  racemose  or  corymbose,  about  1.2  cm.  broad;  pedicels  2-8 
mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  longer  than  the  ovoid,  acute,  incom- 
pletely lo-celled  pod;  styles  separate  above  the  middle;  septa  of  the  capsule  ciliate. 
In  dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  Conn.,  Ga.,  Kans.  and  Texas.     Summer. 

8.  Linum   rigidum   Pursh.     LARGE-FLOWERED    YELLOW    FLAX.     (I.   F.  f. 
2265.)     Perennial (?),  1.5-4  dm.  high,  glaucous,  glabrous  or  puberulent.     Branches 
stiff,  angular;  leaves  erect,    linear  or  linear- lanceolate,  8-24  mm.  long,  1—2  mm. 
wide,  acute  or  mucronate.  the  upper  ones  glandular-serrulate  or  ciliate;  stipular 
glands  minute,  globose,  sometimes  wanting;  flowers  yellow,  1.8-3  cm.  broad;  sep- 
als lanceolate,  acute  or  awn-pointed,  glandular-serrulate;  petals  cuneate-obovate, 
twice  the  length  of  the  sepals;  styles  separate  only  at  the  summit;  capsule  ovoid, 
5-valved,  shorter  than  the  sepals.     Prairies,  S.  Dak.  to  Manitoba,  Mo.,  Tex.,  N. 
Mex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.     Summer. 

9.  Linum   catharticum  L.     DWARF  OR  CATHARTIC  FLAX.    (I.  F.  f.  2266.) 
Annual,    slender,   7.5-20  cm.  high.     Leaves  opposite,    sessile,  oval  or  somewhat 
obovate,  entire,  4-8  mm.    long;  flowers  4-6    mm.  broad,  on  long  slender  erect  or 
ascending  pedicels;    sepals  lanceolate,    acute  or  acuminate;  petals  obovate;  pod 
small,  globose.     Along  a  low  sandy  seashore,  Pictou,  N.  S.     Apparently  nat.  from 
Europe.     July-Aug. 


FLORA. 

Family  4.     ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  Lindl. 

Caltrop  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  the  branches  often 
jointed  to  the  nodes.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  stipulate,  pinnate,  or  2-3- 
foliolate,  the  leaflets  entire.  Stipules  persistent.  Flowers  perfect,  axil- 
lary, peduncled.  Sepals  usually  5,  distinct,  or  united  by  their  bases. 
Petals  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  or  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals,  or  2-3  times  as  many,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  receptacle,  the 
alternate  ones  sometimes  longer  ;  anthers  versatile,  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent ;  filaments  usually  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base  or  near  the  middle. 
Ovary  4-1 2-celled  ;  style  terminal;  stigma  usually  simple;  ovules  i-nu- 
merous  in  each  cavity,  pendulous  or  ascending.  Fruit  various,  dry  in  our 
species.  About  20  genera  and  1 50  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm 
and  tropical  regions. 

Fruit  spiny,  splitting  into  5  3-5-seeded  segments.  i.    Tribulus. 

Fruit  not  spiny,  often  tubercled,  splitting  into  10-12  i-seeded  segments.  2.  Kallstroemia. 

i.  TRI'BULUS  L. 

Herbs,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves  and  peduncled  axillary  yellow  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  the  alternate  ones  some- 
what longer.  Ovary  sessile,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  hairy,  the  hairs  erect;  style  short; 
stigma  5 -ridged;  ovules  3-5  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  5 -angled,  spiny, 
splitting  into  5  3-5-seeded  segments.  [Greek,  three-pronged,  Caltrop,  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  that  implement.]  About  12  species,  of  warm  and 
tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southwestern  States. 

i.  Tribulus  terrestris  L.  GROUND  BUR-NUT.  LAND  CALTROP.  (I.  F.  f. 
2267.)  Pubescent,  the  stem  prostrate  or  ascending,  sometimes  3dm.  long  or  more. . 
Leaves  petioled;  stipules  small;  leaflets  4-8  pairs,  oblong,  inequilateral,  opposite, 
short-stalked,  6-16  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary,  about  1.2  cm.  broad,  peduncled; 
petals  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  segments  of  the  fruit  usually  with  2  long 
spines,  2  shorter  ones,  and  a  row  of  very  short  ones  forming  a  crest  on  the  back, 
also  commonly  with  some  bristle-like  hairs.  In  ballast  and  waste  places  about  the 
Eastern  seaports,  and  111.,  Ark.,  Neb.  Fugitive  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

a.  KALLSTROEMIA  Scop.    (See  Appendix.) 

Mostly  annual  pubescent  herbs,  with  opposite  stipules,  evenly  pinnate  leaves, 
and  solitary  axillary  peduncled  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  usually  5.  Petals  the 
same  number,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals.  Ovary  sessile,  10-12  celled;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style  long, 
or  short,  10-12  grooved,  persistent;  stigma  mostly  io-12-ridged.  Fruit  10-12- 
lobed,  not  spiny,  often  tuberculed,  splitting  into  IO-I2  i-seeded  segments.  [In 
honor  of  Kallstroem.]  About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  Southern  and  Western  States. 

i.  Kallstroemia  maxima  (L.)  T.  &  G.  GREATER  CALTROP.  (I.  F.  f. 
2268.)  Branches  slender,  prostrate,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.  Leaves  short-petioled ; 
stipules  subulate;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  oval  or  oblong,  inequilateral,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  8-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  1.2-5  cm.  long  in  fruit; 
flowers  2.5  cm.  broad,  or  less;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  very  pubescent,  persistent, 
shorter  than  the  petals;  fruit  ovoid-conic,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  about  as  long 
as  the  stout  persistent  style,  the  segments  tubercled.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Ga., 
Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  in  tropical  Am.  April-Sept. 


RUTACEAE.  $8l 

Family  5.     RUTACEAE  Juss. 
Rue  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  heavy-scented  and  glandular- 
punctate  foliage,  mainly  compound  exstipulate  leaves,  and  (in  our 
species)  polygamo-dioecious  generally  cymose  flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5,  or 
none.  Petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Stamens  of  the  same 
number,  or  twice  as  many,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  receptacle  ;  anthers 
2-celled,  mostly  versatile.  Disk  annular.  Pistils  2-5,  distinct,  or  i  and 
compound  of  2-5  carpels,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Fruit  (in  our 
species)  a  capsule,  or  samara.  Seeds  oblong  or  reniform  ;  endosperm 
generally  fleshy,  sometimes  none.  About  1 10  genera  and  880  species, 
most  abundant  in  South  Africa  and  Australia. 

Pistils  2-5,  distinct;  fruit  fleshy,  capsular.  i.  Xanthoxylum. 

Pistil  i,  2-celled ;  fruit  a  samara.  2.  Ptelea. 

i.  XANTHOXYLUM    L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  odd-pinnate  leaves,  the  twigs  and  petioles  com- 
monly prickly.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  cymose.  whitish  or  greenish,  mostly 
small.  Sepals  4  or  5,  or  none.  Petals  imbricated.  Staminate  flowers  with  4  or  5 
hypogynous  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  with  2-5  distinct  pistils,  rarely  with  some 
stamens.  Carpels  2-ovuled.  Pods  2-valved,  i-2-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  black 
and  shining.  [Greek,  yellow-wood.]  About  no  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical 
regions.  In  addition  to  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

Flowers  in  small  sessile  axillary  cymes;  calyx  none.  i.  X.  Americanum. 

Flowers  in  large  terminal  compound  cymes;  calyx  present.  2.  X.   Clava-Herculis. 

1.  Xanthoxylum  Americanum  Mill.     PRICKLY  ASH.     TOOTHACHE-TREE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2269.)     A  shrub,  or  small  tree.     Leaves  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  when  old;  leaflets  5-11,  ovate,  opposite,  dark  green  above,  lighter  be- 
neath, 3-5  cm.   long,  crenulate  or  entire,  acutish;  flowers  greenish,  about  3  mm. 
broad,  borne  on  the  wood  of  the  previous  season  and  appearing  before  the  leaves; 
pistils  2-5;  capsules  black,  ellipsoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  short  stiped,  i-2-seeded. 
In  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  to  Va.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     April-May. 

2.  Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  L.     SOUTHERN  PRICKLY  ASH.     SEA  ASH. 
PEPPER -WOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  2270.)     A  small,    very  prickly  tree,    the    prickles  sup- 
ported on  cushions  of  cork  sometimes  2  dm.  broad.     Leaves   glabrous,   shining 
above,  dull  beneath;  leaflets  5-17,  obliquely  ovate,  3-7.5   cm.  long,   acute,  cren- 
ulate; flowers  greenish  white,  appearing  before  the  leaves;  pistils  2  or  3;  capsules 
about  4  mm.  long,  sessile.     Along  streams,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     June. 

2.  PTELEA  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  without  prickles,  the  bark  bitter.  Leaves  3-5-foliolate; 
flowers  greenish  white,  polygamous,  corymbose-paniculate;  calyx  4-5 -parted,  the 
lobes  imbricated;  petals  4  or  5,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  also  imbricated;  sta- 
mens 4  or  5,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  hairy  on  the  inner  side,  present 
ia  the  pistillate  flowers  but  the  anthers  abortive  or  wanting;  ovary  flattened,  2-celled 
(rarely  3-celled);  fruit  nearly  orbicular,  2-winged  (rarely  3-winged),  indehisctnt; 
cells  i-seeded;  seed  oblong -ovoid.  [Greek,  Elm.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  tl.e 
U.  S.  and  Mex. 

i.  Ptelea  trifoliata  L.  THREE-LEAVED  HOP-TREE.  SHRUBBY  TREFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2271.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  3 -foliolate,  pubescent  when  young, 
glabrate  when  old;  leaflets  5-12  cm.  long;  crenulate;  flowers  about  I  cm.  broad; 
odor  disagreeable;  sepals  i  mm.  long,  obtuse;  petals  about  6  mm.  long,  oblong; 
samara  1.6-1.8  cm.  in  diameter,  the  wing  membranous  and  reticulated,  emargin- 
ate.  In  woods,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  S.  Ont,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  June. 


FLORA. 

Family  6.  SIMARUBACEAE  DC. 
Ailanthus  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  bark,  and  mainly  alternate  and  pinnate, 
not  punctate  leaves.  Stipules  minute  or  none.  Inflorescence  axillary, 
paniculate  or  racemose.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx 
3-  5-lobed  or  divided.  Petals  3-5.  Disk  annular  or  elongated,  entire  or 
lobed.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many; 
anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  2-5,  or  single  and  2-5-lobed,  1-5  celled  ;  styles 
1-5.  Seeds  generally  solitary  in  the  cavities.  About  27  genera  and  145 
species,  natives  of  warm  or  tropical  regions. 

i.  AILANTHUS  Desf. 

Large  trees,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  terminal  panicles  of  greenisli  white 
flowers.  Calyx  short,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  imbricated;  petals  5,  spreading,  valvate; 
disk  lo-lobed;  staminate  flowers  with  10  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk; 
pistillate  flowers  with  a  deeply  2-5 -cleft  ovary,  its  lobes  flat,  cuneate,  i -celled,  and 
2-3  stamens;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity;  samaras  2-5,  linear  or  oblong,  mem- 
branous, veiny.  I -seeded  at  the  middle;  seed  compressed;  cotyledons  nearly  orbic- 
ular. [From  the  Chinese  name.]  Three  species,  natives  of  China  and  the  E.  I. 

i.  Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desf.  TREE-OF-HEAVEN.  AILANTHUS.  (I.  F.  f. 
2272.)  A  tree,  12-27  m-  high.  Leaves  3-9  dm.  long,  glabrous-;  leaflets  13-41, 
stalked,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate  or  truncate  and  often  oblique  at  the  base; 
flowers  greenish,  about  6  mm.  broad,  pedicelled,  the  staminate  ones  ill- seen  ted; 
samaras  twisted,  nearly  5  cm.  long.  Escaped  from  cultivation,  along  roadsides 
and  in  fields,  spreading  extensively  by  suckers,  and  seeding  freely  in  some  locali- 
ties, S.  Ont.  to  Mass.,  Va.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  China.  June-July. 

Family  7.     POLYGALACEAE  Reichenb. 
Milkivort  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  small  trees  in  tropical  regions.  Stipules  none. 
Pedicels  generally  2-bracted  at  the  base.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular. 
Sepals  5,  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings)  large,  colored,  the  others  smaller. 
Petals  3  (or  5),  hypogynous,  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube,  the  lower 
one  often  crested.  Stamens  generally  8,  united  in  i  or  2  sets.  Ovary 
2-celled;  style  simple ;  stigma  curved,  dilated  or  lobed ;  ovules  i  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit  mainly  capsular.  Seeds  generally  caruncled  ; 
embryo  straight.  About  10  genera  and  750  species,  widely  distributed. 

i.  POLYGALA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flowers  racemose,  spicate  or  capitate,  rarely  solitary  and 
axillary,  sometimes  also  cleistogamous  and  subterranean.  Sepals  very  unequal, 
the  two  lateral  ones  large  and  petaloid.  Petals  3,  united  into  a  tube  which  is  split 
on  the  back,  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  stamens.  Stamens  8  or  6,  monadel- 
phous  below,  or  diadelphous;  capsule  membranous,  compressed,  dehiscent  along  the 
margin.  Seeds  i  in  each  cavity,  generally  hairy.  [Greek,  much  milk.]  A  genus 
of  about  260  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  about  36  others 
occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

*  Flowers  in  corymbed  spike-like  racemes  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  yellow. 
Basal  leaves  long,  narrow,  acuminate.  i.  P.  cymosa. 

Basal  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate.  2.  P.  ramosa. 

*  *  Flowers  in  solitary  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  terminating  the  stem  and  branches. 
Basal  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate;  flowers  orange-yellow.  3.  P.  lutea. 

Basal  leaves  inconspicuous  or  wanting;  flowers  not  yellow. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  verticillate;  spikes  8-18  mm.  thick,  blunt;  flowers  purple 
to  greenish  white. 

Spikes  sessile,  or  nearly  so;  wings  deltoid.  4.   P.  cruciata. 

Spikes  peduncled  ;  wings  lanceolate-ovate.  5.  P.  brevifolia. 


POL  VGA  LA  CEA  E.  5  83 

Leaves  verticillate  and  alternate;  spikes  4-6  mm.  thick,  acute. 

Verticillate  leaves  predominating;  spikes  dense;  flowers  green  to  purplish. 

6.  P.  verticillata. 
Alternate  leaves  predominating;  spikes  loose,  long;  flowers  more  purple. 

7.  P.  ambigua. 
Leaves  all  alternate. 

Petals  united  into  a  cleft  tube,  6-8  mm.  long;  flowers  pink.      8.  P.  incarnata. 
Petals  not  conspicuously  united  into  a  tube. 
Spikes  ovoid  to  globose. 

Bracts  persistent;  flowers  rose-purple  to  white. 

Spikes  blunt;  wings  broadly  ovate.  9.  P.  virtdescens. 

Spikes  acutish  ;  wings  narrowly  ovate  or  elliptic.   10.  P.  Curtissii. 
Bracts  deciduous;  flowers  rose-purple.  n.  P.Mariana. 

Spikes  cylindric. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear,  4-12  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish  to  purplish. 

12.  P.  N ut t allii. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  2,5-5  cm-  l°ng,  flowers  white  or  greenish.  13.  P.  Senega. 
Spikes  elongated-conic;  flowers  white.  14.  P.  alba. 

*  *  *  Flowers  distinctly  racemose,  rose  or  purple. 

15.  P.  polygama. 
*  *  *  *  Flowers  1-4,  large,  axillary,  but  apparently  terminal,  rose-purple  to  white. 

16.  P.  paucifolia. 

1.  Polygala    cyraosa  Walt.     TALL    PINE-BARREN    MILKWORT.     (I.    F.    f. 
2273.)     Stem  erect,  6-9  dm.   high,  slightly  angular.     Basal  leaves  5-7.5  cm.  long, 
4-6  mm.  wide,  entire,  densely  tufted;  stem-leaves  linear-subulate,  scale-like,  I-i.6 
cm.   long;    pedicels  2-4    mm.    long;    bracts    persistent;    flowers    drying   greenish 
black;  seeds  globose,  minute,  nearly  glabrous,  caruncle  none.     In  wet  pine  bar- 
rens, Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     May-July. 

2.  Polygala  ramosa  Ell.     Low  PINE  BARREN  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2274.) 
Stems  tufted  or  single,  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Stem-leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  1.2-2 
cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  basal  leaves  much  broader  and  often  larger;  inflorescence 
7.5-15  cm.  broad;  flowers  3  mm.  long,  drying  dark  green;  pedicels  2  mm.  long 
or  less;  wings  oblong,  acuminate;  crest  minute;   seed  hairy,  twice  or  thrice  as  long 
as  the  caruncle.     In  low  pine  barrens,  Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     June-Sept. 

3.  Polygala  lutea  L.     ORANGE  MILKWORT.     WILD  BACHELOR'S  BUTTON. 
(I.  F.  f.  2275.)  Stems  tufted,  at  length  divaricately  branched,  1.5-3  dm.  high.  Stem- 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,   entire; 
spike-like    racemes   ovoid  or  oblong,   very  dense,    1.25-4    cm.  long,  1.2-1.8  cm. 
thick,  obtuse;  flowers  4-6  mm.  long;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  wings  oblong-ovate, 
abruptly  acuminate;  crest  of  the  corolla-tube  minute;  caruncle-lobes  linear,  about 
equalling  the  hairy  seed,  or  shorter.     In  pine-barren  swamps,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  Pa. 
and  La.     June-Oct. 

4.  Polygala  cruciata  L.     CROSS-LEAVED  OR  MARSH  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2276.)     Erect,  1-4  dm.  high,  at  length  freely  branching  above.     Stem  square  or 
slightly  wing-angled;  leaves  of  the  stem  and  branches  in  4*5,  or  a  few  of  them  scat- 
tered,   linear  or  oblanceolate,    1.25-4   cm.   long,   2-4  mm.    wide,    entire,    obtuse, 
mucronulate;  spike-like  racemes  oval,  8-18  mm.  thick,  sessile  or  short-peduncled; 
pedicels  slender,  3-4  mm.  long;  bracts  persistent;  wings  sessile,  somewhat  cordate, 
3-6  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  pods;  crest  of  the  corolla  minute;  seed  oblong, 
slightly    hairy,    about   equalling    the  caruncle.     In    sandy  swamps,  Me.  to  Fla., 
Minn,  and  La.     July-Sept. 

5.  Polygala  brevlfolia  Nutt.     SHORT-LEAVED   MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2277.) 
Resembling  the  preceding  species,  but  lower,  more  slender  and  weaker.     Leaves 
shorter,  often  scattered  on  the  branches  and  upper  part  of  the  stem;  spikes  smaller, 
6-10  mm.  thick,  on  slender  peduncles;  wings  obtuse  or  mucronulate.     In  sandy 
swamps,  R.  I.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     Summer. 

6.  Polygala  verticillata  L.     WHORLED  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2278.)    Slen- 
der,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  usually  branched.     Stem-leaves   linear,  6-30  mm.  long,  1-4 
mm.  wide,  acute,  entire,  punctate,   mucronulate,    mostly  in  4's  or  5*5,  with  some 
scattered  ones  on  the  stem  or  branches;  spikes  conic,  long-peduncled.  acute,  4  mm. 
thick  at  the  base,  very  dense,  8-20  mm.  long;  pedicels  about  I  mm.  long;  wings 
broadly  oval,  distinctly  clawed,  shorter  than  the  pod;  crest  of  the  corolla  manifest; 
seed  oblong,  hairy,  twice  the  length  of  the  caruncle;  bracts  deciduous.     In  dry  or 
moist  soil,  Quebec  and  Out.  to  Minn.,  Saskatch.,  Fla.,  Colo,  and  Mex.    June-Nov. 


584  FLORA. 

7.  Pplygala  ambigua  Nutt.     LOOSE-SPIKED  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2279.) 
Resembling  the  preceding  species,  but  often  taller,  1-4  dm.  high,  slender.     Lower 
stem  leaves  commonly  verticillate,  but  the  others  all  alternate;  spikes  long,  loose, 
the  lower  flowers  often  quite  distant;  peduncles  often  several  inches  long;  flowers 
rather  larger;  wings  purple  or  purplish,  nearly  circular  in  outline;  mature  capsule 
hardly  longer  than  the  wings,  which  are  appressed  to  it;  seed  hairy.     In  dry  soil, 
Me.  to  Ga.,  Mo.  and  La. 

8.  Polygala  incarnata  L.     PINK  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2280.)     Erect,  glau- 
cous, very  slender,  3-6  dm.  high;  stem-leaves  distant,  linear  or  subulate,  sessile, 
2-12  mm.  long,  rarely  wanting;  spike  dense,  2.5-3.75  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  thick; 
pedicels  I  mm.  long  or  less;  bracts  minute  or  none;  flowers  1-1.2  cm.  long;  corolla- 
tube  slender,  2-5  times  the  length  of  the  wings,  its  keel  prominently  crested;  wings 
cuspidate;  seed  hairy,  the  caruncle-lobes  enveloping  its  beaked  extremity.    In  dry 
soil,  Ont.  to  Wis.,  N.  J.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Mex.     Summer. 

9.  Polygala  viridescens  L.    FIELD  OR  PURPLE  MILKWORT.   (I.  F.f.  2281.) 
Erect,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  at  length  branching  above,  leafy.     Stem  somewhat  angled; 
stem-leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  1.6-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  mucronulate; 
heads  becoming  oval,  8-12  mm.  thick;  pedicels  about  I  mm.  long;  flowers  rose-purple, 
greenish  or  sometimes  white;  wings  sessile,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  exceeding 
the  pod;  seed  obovoid,  hairy,  about  the  length  of  the  caruncle;  crest  minute.     In 
fields  and  meadows,  N.  S.  to  N.  Car.,  Minn.,  Kans.   and  La.     June-Sept.     The 
contrast  between  the  green-flowered  and  purple-flowered  forms  is   striking  where 
the  two  grow  together.      [/*.  sanguinea  L.] 

10.  Polygala   Curtissii    A.   Gray.     CURTISS'  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2282.) 
Erect,   slender,  2-2.5  dm.  hi&n>  much  resembling  the   preceding  species  and  the 
following;   heads  globose  or  rarely  elongated,  loosely  flowered,   8-12   mm.  thick; 
wings  clawed,  nearly  erect,  twice  the  length  of  the  pod;  seed  obovoid,  very  hairy, 
apiculate;  caruncle  minute,  much  shorter  than  the  seed.    In  dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Ky. 
and  Ga.     Aug. -Sept. 

ii.  Polygala  Mariana  Mill.  MARYLANDMILKWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2283.)  Slen- 
der, 1.5-4  dm.  high,  at  length  much  branched  above;  stem- leaves  linear,  6-18 
mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  entire,  mostly  acute,  mucronulate;  heads  globose  or 
slightly  longer  than  thick,  obtuse,  6-8  mm.  wide;  pedicels  slender,  3-4  mm.  long; 
flowers  rose-purple;  wings  ovate-oblong  or  obovate,  pointed,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
slightly  longer  than  the  pod;  caruncle -lobes  embracing  the  smaller  extremity  of 
the  slightly  hairy  obovoid  seed;  corolla  minutely  crested.  In  dry  soil,  southern 
N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Ky.  and  La.  July-Sept. 

12.  Polygala  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.     NUTTALL'S   MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2284.) 
Erect,  slender,    1-2  dm.  high,  branching  above;  stem  leaves  numerous,  1-2  mm. 
wide,  entire;  spikes  about  4  mm.  thick,  6-12  mm.  long,  the   floral  axis  elongating 
as  the  fruits  fall  away  from  below;  pedicels   i    mm.  long  or  less;  bracts  subulate, 
persistent;  flowers  greenish  or  yellowish  purple,   2  mm.  long;  seed  obovoid,  very 
hairy,  longer  than  the  caruncle;  wings  oblong  to  oval,  about  equalling  the  pod; 
crest  very  small.    In  dry  sandy  soil,  Eastern  Mass,  to  N.  Car.,  Mo.  and  Ala.  Aug.- 
Sept. 

13.  Polygala  Senega  L.     SENECA  SNAKEROOT.     MOUNTAIN  FLAX.    (I.  F. 
f.  2285.)     Stems  several,    from    woody   rootstocks,  erect  or  ascending,  1.5-3  dm. 
high;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  6-8  mm.  wide,  serrulate,  the  lowest  much  smaller 
and  scale-like;  spike  short-peduncled.  dense,  acute,  2.5-5  cm-  l°n&;  flowers  3  mm. 
long,  white  or  tinged  with  green;  pedicels  less  than  I  mm.  long;  wings  orbicular- 
obovate,  concave;  crest  of  the  corolla  short,  few-lobed;  seed  hairy,  slightly  longer 
than  the  lobes  of  the  caruncle.     In  rocky  woods,  N.  B.  to  Minn,  and  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mts.,  N.  Car.  and  Ark.     May  June. 

Polygala  Senega  Iatif61ia  T.  &  G.     Stem    taller,  often  branched ;    leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate,  acute  at  the  base.    Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  Md.  and  Tenn. 

14.  Polygala  alba  Nutt.     WHITE  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2286.)     Stems  nu- 
merous,  erect   from    hard   woody  rootstocks,    slender,    1.5-4   dm.   high.     Leaves 
alternate,  narrowly   linear,   acute,   6-24  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.   wide,  their  margins 
entire    and  revolute,   the  lower  somewhat  broader  and  shorter,  clustered;  spike 
long-peduncled,  dense,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  flowers  2-3  mm.  long;  pedicels  less  than 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  $8$ 

I  mm.  long;  wings  oblong-ovate,  slightly  concave;  crest  of  the  corolla  short;  seeds 
silky,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  caruncle-lobes.  Plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Mex.  and 
Arizona.  May-July. 

15.  Polygala  poly'gama  Walt.      RACEMED    MILKWORT.     (I.   F.  f.   2287.) 
Stems   simple,    1-5   dm.    high,  from  a  deep   biennial  root.     Stem-leaves  crowded, 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  1.6-2.5  cm.   long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  en- 
tire, the  lower  smaller;  basal  leaves   spatulate;  raceme  2.5-10  cm.  long;  pedicels 
2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  rarely  white,  showy,  4-6  mm.  long;  wings  broadly  obovate ; 
crest  of  the  corolla  large,  laciniate;  stamens  8;  subterranean  branches  horizontal, 
bearing  numerous,   cleistogamous  flowers;  seeds  hairy,  longer  than  the  caruncle- 
lobes.     In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-July. 

1 6.  Polygala   paucifolia  Willd.     FRINGED  MILKWORT.     FLOWERING  WIN- 
TERGREEN.     GAY-WINGS.     (I.  F.  f.  2288.)     Glabrous,  perennial  by  slender  pros- 
trate stems.     Flowering  branches  1-2  dm.  high;  leaves  of  the  summits  of  the  stems 
clustered,  ovate  or  oblong,  2-4  cm.  long,  acute,  rough-margined,  with  petioles  4-8 
mm.  long;  those  of  the  lower  part  of  the  shoots  successively  smaller,  distant,  the 
lowest  scale-like;  flowers  1-4,  axillary  to  the  upper  leaves,  1.4-2  cm.  long,  slender- 
peduncled,  rose-purple  or  rarely  white,  showy;  wings  obovate;  crest  of  the  corolla 
beautifully  fimbriate;  seed  slightly  shorter  than  the  caruncle;  cleistogamous  sub- 
terranean flowers  few,  on  short  lateral  branches.     In  moist  rich  woods,  N.  B.  and 
Anticosti  to  Saskatch.,  Ga.  and  111.     May-July. 

Family  8.     EUPHORBIACEAE  J.  St.  HiL* 

Spurge  Family.  , 

Moncecioue'or  dioecious  herb^shrubs  or  trees,  with  acrid  often  milky 
sap.  Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or  verticillate.  Flowers  sometimes  much 
reduced  and  subtended  by  an  involucre"  which  resembles  &Q.afcpi(Eitphor- 
bia),  the  number  of  parts  in  the  floral  whorls  often  different  in  the  stam- 
inate  and  pistillate  flowers.  Ovary  usually  3-cellddfovules  i  or  2  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous;  styles  mostly  3,  simple,  divided,  or  many-cleft.  Fruit 
a  mostly  3-lotfed  capsule,  separating,  often  elastically,  into  3  2-valved 
carpels  from  a  persistent  axis.  Seeds  anatropous ;  embryo  in  fleshy  or 
oily  endosperm,  the  broad  cotyledons  almost  filling  the  seed-coats. 
About  210  genera  and  4000  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Flowers  not  in  an  involucre,  with  a  true  calyx. 
Ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 

Petals  wanting;  stamens  usually  3.  i.  Phyllanthus. 

Petals  present,  at  least  in  staminate  flowers;  stamens  5  or  6.        2.  Andrachne. 
Ovule  i  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 

Plants  clothed  with  stellate  pubescence,  or  scales. 

Ovary,  and  dehiscent  capsule  2-4-celled,  mostly  3-celled.       3.   Croton. 
Ovary,  and  capsule  i-celled,  achene-like.  4.  Crotonopsis. 

Plants  variously  pubescent,  with  simple  hairs,  these  sometimes  gland-tipped. 
Inflorescence  spicate,  racemose  or  of  axillary  clusters. 

Flowers  with  petals.  5.  Ditaxis. 

Flowers  without  petals. 

Styles  many-cleft.  6.  Acalypha. 

Styles  simple,  somewhat  united  at  the  base.  7.    Tragia. 

Inflorescence  cymose.  9.  Jatropha. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Inflorescence   racemose,   somewhat   panicled ;   pistillate   flowers  above  the 

staminate.  8.  Ricinus. 

Inflorescence  spicate;  pistillate  flowers  below  the  staminate.  10.  Stillingia. 
Flowers  in  an  involucre,  the  calyx  represented  by  a  minute  scale  at  the  base  of  the  fila- 
ment-like pedicel.  f  \\.Euphorbia. 

i.  PHYLLANTHUS  L. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees).  Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire,  often  so  arranged  as  to  appear  like  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf. 
Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  a  staminate  and  a  pistillate  one  together  in  the  axils. 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  JOHN  K.  SMALL. 


586  FLORA. 

Calyx  mostly  5-6-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Stamens  usually  3.  Ovules  2  in 
each  cavity;  styles  3,  each  2-cleft.  [Greek,  leaf-flower,  the  blossoms  in  some 
species  being  seated  on  leaf-like  flattened  branches.]  Mure  than  400 species,  natives 
of  the  tropical  and  temperate  zones  of  both  hemispheres. 

i.  Phyllanthus  Carolinensis  Walt.  CAROLINA  PHYLLANTHUS.  (I.  F.  f. 
2289.)  Annual;  glabrous.  Stem  slender,  1-5  dm.  high,  the  branches  2-ranked; 
leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  6-20  mm.  long,  obtuse;  flowers  inconspicuous,  nearly 
sessile  in  the  axils;  calyx  6-parted,  its  lobes  linear  or  oblong;  glands  of  the  pistil- 
late flower  more  or  less  united;  capsule  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  i  mm. 
long,  marked  with  lines  and  minute  black  papillae.  In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil, 
eastern  Penn.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Cent.  Am.  May-Get. 

2.  ANDRACHNE    L. 

Herbs,  or  shrubby  plants,  with  diffusely  branching  stems.  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  monoecious,  axillary,  the  staminate  often  clustered,  with  a  5-6-lobed 
calyx,  5  or  6  petals,  and 5  or  6  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  with  a  5-6-lobed 
calyx,  minute  petals,  or  these  wanting;  styles  2  cleft  or  2-parted;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity.  [From  the  Greek  for  Portulaca.]  About  10  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

i.  Andrachne  phyllanthoides  (Nutt.)  Muell.  Any.  NORTHERN  ANDRACHNE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2289a.)  A  straggling  much  branched  shrub,  3-10  dm.  tall,  with  glabrous 
lustrous  branches  and  minutely  pubescent  twigs.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  0.8- 
1.8  cm.  long,  retuse  or  obtuse,  often  mucronulate.  paler  beneath  than  above;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  6-20  cm.  long,  glabrous;  calyx-segments  oblong-obovate,  1.5-3  mm- 
long;  petals  of  two  kinds,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  narrowly  obovate  or 
oblong-obovate,  3-5-toothed,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  smaller,  broadly  obovate, 
entire;  capsule  subglobose.  On  rocky  barrens,  Mo.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.  Summer. 

3.  CROTON   L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  strong-scented,  stellate-pubescent.  Leaves  mostly  alternate, 
sometimes  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Flowers  often  spicate  or  race- 
mose. Staminate  flowers  uppermost;  calyx  4-6-parted  (usually  5  parted);  petals 
usually  present,  but  small  or  rudimentary,  alternating  with  glands;  stamens  5  or 
more.  Pistillate  flowers  below  the  staminate;  calyx  5-io-parted;  petals  usually 
wanting;  ovary  mostly  3-celled;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity;  styles  once,  twice  or  many 
times  2-cleft.  [The  Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil  plant.]  About  600  species, 
mostly  of  warm  and  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Plants  monoecious. 

Leaves  toothed  ;  staminate  calyx  4-lobed,  pistillate  5-lobed.    i.   C.  glandulosus. 
Leaves  entire  ;  staminate  calyx  3~5-lobed,  pistillate  5~i2-lobed. 

Capsules  conspicuously  clustered,  not  nodding.  2.  C.  capitatus. 

Capsules  solitary  or  never  conspicuously  clustered,  nodding. 

Foliage  whitish  ;  capsules  6-7  mm.  long.  3.  C.  Lindheimerianus. 

Foliage  silvery  ;  capsules  4-5  mm.  long.  4.   C.  monanthogynus. 

Plant  dioecious.  5.   C.  Texensts. 

1.  Croton  grlandulosus  L.     GLANDULAR  CROTON.     (I.  F.  f.  2290.)     Deep 
green,  rough  with  stellate  hairs,  and  somewhat  glandular.      Stem  2-7.5  ^m- 
corymbosely  branched;    leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  ovate,  1.2-7.5   cm- 
bearing  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  staminate  flowers  in  spikes,  with  4 
petals,  a  4  rayed  glandular  disk  and  8  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  several,  with 
rudimentary  petals;    capsule   subglobose,  about   5    mm.  in   length;    seeds  oblong, 
minutely  wrinkled.     In  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  la.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Cent. 
Am.     Also  in  the  W.  I.  and  S.  Am.     March-Dec. 

2.  Croton   capitatus   Michx.     CAPITATE   CROTON.     HOGWORT.     (I.    F.   f. 
2291.)      Silvery    green,    densely    stellate-pubescent.       Stem    usually    corymbosely 
branched  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  rarely  ovate,  often  undulate;  flowers 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  staminate  racemose,  with  a  5 -parted 
calyx,  5   petals,  and   10-14  stamens;    pistillate  flowers  several,  sessile,  with   7-12 
sepals,  no  petals;  capsule  depressed-globose.  6-7  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  gray  or 
variegated,  turtle-shaped.     In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  to  Iowa,  Ga.  and  Tex.     May- Oct. 

3  Croton  Lindheimerianus  Scheele.  LINDHEIMER'S  CROTON.  (I.  F.  f. 
2292a.)  Stems  1-4  dm.  tall,  sometimes  diffusely  branched;  leaves  rather  numer- 


E  UPHORBIA  CEA  E.  57 

ous,  the  blades  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  1.2-5  cm.  long,  green  above,  undulate;  pedi- 
cels 2-6  mm.  long,  recurving;  calyx  slightly  accrescent,  its  segments  oblong  or 
elliptic-oblong,  becoming  4  mm.  long,  slightly  keeled  in  age;  capsules  oval,  6- 
7  mm.  long,  tomentose,  truncate-obtuse  at  both  ends,  drooping;  seeds  oblong- 
elliptic,  nearly  4  mm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.  Summer. 

4.  Croton    monanthogynus    Michx.     SINGLE-FRUITED    CROTON.     d.  F.  f. 
229-!.)     Main  stem  slender,  1-2  dm.  high,  topped  by  a  3-5 -rayed  umbel  with  rays 
1-4  dm.  long,  forked  or  umbellately  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  1-3  cm. 
long;  staminate  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  erect  peduncles,  with  3-5  unequal 
calyx-segments,  the  same  number  of  petals  and  scale-like  glands,  and  3-8  stamens; 
pistillate  flowers  'mostly  solitary,  on  recurved  pedicels,  with  5  equal  calyx  seg- 
ments, no  petals,  and  5    glands;    capsule  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  4-5  mm.  l<ng; 
seeds  oval  or  orbicular,  variegated,  minutely  pitted,  shining.      In  dry  soil,  N.  Car, 
to  Ind.  and  Kans..  south  to  Fla.  and  Mex.     June-Oct. 

5.  Croton   Texensis    (Klotzsch.)   Muell.   Arg.     TEXAS   CROTON.     (I.  F.  f. 
2293.)     Stem  rather  slender,  2-6  dm.  high,  paniculately  or  ccrymbosely  branched; 
leaves  ovate  to  linear-oblong  or  almost  linear,  2-7.5  mm-  l°ng;  staminate  flowers 
racemose;  pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  stalked  clusters;  calyx  equally 
5 -parted,  the  segments  ovate;  petals  none;  glands  5,  minute;  stamens  mostly  10; 
capsule   subglobose,  5-6   mm.  in  diameter,    somewhat  muricate;  seeds  ovoid  or 
oval,  variegated,  finely   reticulated.     In   dry    soil,   S.  Dak.   to  Mo.,  Ala.   and  N. 
Mex.     June-Sept. 

4.  CROTONOPSIS  Michx. 

Annual  slender  silvery-scurfy  monoecious  herbs  with  narrow  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  uppermost  in  the  clusters,  with  an  equally  5- 
parted  calyx,  5  petals  and  5  inflexed  stamens  opposite  the  petals  enlarged  at  the 
summit.  Pistillate  flowers  with  3-5  parted  calyx,  no  petals,  5  petal-like  glands 
opposite  the  calyx-segments,  and  a  i-celled  ovary;  ovule  I.  Fruit  a  small  scaly  or 
spiny  achene-like  capsule.  Seed  longitudinally  wrinkled.  [Greek,  Croton-like.] 
Two  known  species,  natives  of  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

I.  Crotonopsis  linearis  Michx.  CROTONOPSIS.  (I.  F.  f.  2294.)  Foliage 
covered  with  peltate  somewhat  fringed  scales,  except  on  the  green  upper  surfaces 
of  the  leaves.  Stem  wiry,  1-5  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  linear-lanceolate, 
1-3  cm.  long,  entire;  staminate  flowers  with  spatulate  petals;  achene-like  capsule 
ovoid- elliptic;  seed  ovoid.  2-3  mm.  long.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Kans.,  south 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

5.  DITAXIS  Vahl. 

Monoecious  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  often  strongly  nerved. 
Flowers  often  racemed,  usually  bracted.  Staminate  flowers  often  crowded  at  the 
ends  of  the  racemes;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate;  petals  4  or  5,  alternate  with 
the  calyx-lobes  and  with  the  lobes  of  the  disk;  stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the 
petals  or  two  or  three  times  as  many,  united  into  a  column.  Pistillate  fit  wers  with 
the  calyx-lobes  imbricated  and  smaller  petals,  the  ovary  3-celled.  Capsule  3-lobed, 
depressed.  Seeds  sometimes  crested.  [Greek,  double-ranked,  in  allusion  to  the 
stamens.  ]  About  20  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes;  leaves  sessile.  i.  D.  mercurialina. 

Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  ;  leaves  short-petioled.  2.  D.  humth's. 

1.  Ditaxis  mercurialina  (Nutt.)  Coult.     TALL   DITAXIS.     (I.  F.  f.  2295.) 
Stem  strict,   silky,  1-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-5  crn. 
long,    undulate,    often    strongly    3  nerved;  staminate    flowers    with    lanceolate   or 
linear-lanceolate  acute  ciliate  calyx-segments,  and  spatulate -oblong  undulate  petals; 
pistillate    flowers  with   a  5 -parted  calyx,    the   segments    lanceolate,   spreading,  3 
times  as  long  as  those  of  the  staminate;  capsules  6-9  mm.  in  diameter,  somewhat 
silky;  seeds  globose-ovoid,  4  mm.  long,  pointed,  wrinkled.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  and 
Ark.  to  Tex.      Lower  leaves  somewhat  oblanceolate.     April— July. 

2.  Ditaxis  humilis  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Pax.     Low  DITAXIS.     (I.  F.  f.  2296.) 
Stem  much  branched,  the  branches  spreading,  1-3  dm.  long.     Leaves  ovate,  ob- 
long, obovate  or  oblanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long;  staminate  flowers  with  petals  a  little 


588  FLORA. 

longer  than  the  5  calyx-segments  and  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  disk;  pistillate 
flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx;  capsule  short-pedicelled,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  3-4- 
lobed;  seeds  oval-globose,  about  2  mm.  long,  muricate.  Plains,  Kans.  to  La.  and 
Tex.  March-Sept. 

6.   ACALYPHA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Stems  mostly  erect.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate.  Flowers  in 
spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  the  staminate  cluster  peduncled,  each  flower  in  the 
axil  of  a  minute  bractlet,  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and8-i6  stamens  united  at  their 
bases.  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract,  which  oiten  equals  or 
overtops  the  staminate,  the  calyx  3-5 -parted;  petals  wanting  in  both  kinds  oi 
flowers;  capsule  usually  of  3  2-valved  carpels,  each  i-seeded.  [Greek,  nettle.] 
About  230  species,  mostly  tropical  and  subtropical. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate  spikes  or  racemes ;  capsule  spiny. 

i.  A.  ostryaefolia. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  spike  or  raceme;  capsule  smooth. 

Plant  not  glandular;  bract  palrnately  many-lobed,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stami- 
nate spike.  2.  A,   Virginica. 
Plant  glandular;  bract  many-cleft,  shorter  than  the  spike.  3.  A.  gracilens. 

1.  Acalypha   ostryaefolia   Ridd.     HORNBEAM    THREE  SEEDED    MERCURY. 
(I.  F.  f.   2297.)     Dark  green,    minutely    pubescent.     Stem    erect,    3-8   dm.    tall. 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  6-10  cm.   long,  short-acuminate,  serrate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  the  petioles  often  as  long  as  the  blades;  bractlets  of  the  staminate  flowers 
minute,  those  of  the  pistillate  conspicuous,  lobed;  capsule  much  depressed,  3-lobed, 
3-4  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  ovoid,  2  mm.  long,  wrinkled.    N.  J.  to  Kans.,  Fla.  and 
Mex.     June-Nov. 

2.  Acalypha  Virginica  L.     VIRGINIA  THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY.     (I  F.  f. 
2298.)     Dark  green,  or  becoming  purplish.     Stem  1-6  dm.  tall;  leaves  ovate  or 
elliptic,  2-10  cm.  long,  thin,  coarsely  serrate  except  near  the  base;  pistillate  flowers 
1-3   at  the  base  of  the  staminate  peduncle;  capsule  3-lobed,  subglobose,  about  3 
mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  ovoid,  reddish,   striate.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to 
Minn.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June -Oct. 

3.  Acalypha  gracilens  A.  Gray.    SLENDER  THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY.   (I.  F. 
f.  2299.)     Pale  green.     Stem  slender,  1-8  dm.  tall,  the  branches  often  nearly  fili- 
form; leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  1-5  cm.  long,  usually  firm,  acutish,  ser- 
rate, narrowed  to  a  short  petiole;  staminate  spike  very  slender;  pistillate  flowers  I 
or  several;  capsule  subglobose,    about  3  mm.   in  diameter;  seeds  globose-ovoid, 
dark  red,  or  gray  mottled  with   red,  striate- pitted.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets, 
Mass,  to  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

7.  TRAGIA  L. 

Monoecious  herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  climbing,  usually  armed  with  stiff  sting, 
ing  hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  cordate;  flowers  in  racemes,  bracteolate, 
apetalous;  staminate  flowers  with  a  3-5 -parted  calyx  and  1-3  or  rarely  numerous 
stamens;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  3-8-lobed  calyx,  the  segments  entire  or  pinnatifid, 
and  3  styles,  often  united  to  above  the  middle;  capsule  3-lobed,  separating  into  3 
2-valved  carpels.  [From  Tragus,  the  Latin  name  of  Hieronymus  Bock,  1498- 
1553,  a  German  botanist.]  About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  regions. 

Stems  not  twining. 

Staminate  calyx  4-lobed  ;  stamens  2.  i.  T.  urens. 

Staminate  calyx  3-lobed  ;  stamens  3.  2.  T.  nepetaefolia. 

Staminate  calyx  4~s-lobed  ;  stamens  4  or  5.  3.  T.  ramosa. 

Stems  twining.  4.  T.  macrocarpa. 

i.  Tragia  urens  L.  EASTERN  TRAGIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2300.)  Dull  green,  pilose 
or  hirsute.  Stem  erect,  1-4  dm.  tall,  branched;  leaves  obovate  or  ovate  to  linear, 
entire  or  repand,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  1.5  cm.  long;  spike-like  racemes  often  i 
dm.  long;  pistillate  flowers  several  at  the  base  of  the  racemes,  with  a  5-6-lobed 
calyx;  capsule  short-pedicelled,  much  depressed,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  sparingly 
pubescent;  seeds  subglobose,  4  mm.  long,  smooth.  In  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.  May-Aug. 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  589 

2.  Tragia  nepetaefolia  Cav.     CATNEP  TRAGIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2301.)    Hispid 
with  stinging  hairs.     Stem  erect  or  reclining,  1.5-4  dm.  long;  leaves  triangular, 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  1-5  cm.  long,  dentate-serrate,  cordate,  short-petioled,  the  lower 
sometimes  orbicular;  racemes  1-4  cm.  long,  many-flowered;  pistillate  flowers  with 
a  5-lobed  calyx;  capsule  much  depressed,  6  mm.   in  diameter,  hirsute;  seeds  glo- 
bose, chestnut  brown,  smooth,  4  mm.   in  diameter.     In  sandy  soil,  Kans.  to  Mex. 
and.N.  Mex.     May-Get. 

3.  Tragia   ramosa  Torr.      BRANCHING    TRAGIA.      (I.  F.  f.  2302.)     Light 
green,  bristly  with  stinging  hairs.     Stem  usually  much  branched,  0.5-3  dm.  long; 
leaves  lanceolate,  ovate -lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,    1.2-5  cm-  l°ng>  acute 
at  the  apex,  coarsely  and   sharply  serrate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  short- 
petioled;  racemes   1-5  cm.  long;  pistillate   flowers   solitary,  with   a  5-lobed  calyx 
subtended  by  a  3 -lobed  bract;  capsule   much  depressed,   6—8  mm.    in   diameter, 
bristly;  seeds  globose.  4  mm.  in  diameter,   orange,  more  or  less  variegated.     In 
dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  Colo,  and  Ariz.     July-Aug. 

4.  Tragia   macrocarpa  -Willd.      TWINING    OR    LARGE-FRUITED    TRAGIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2303.)     Slightly  hirsute.     Stem  2.5-14  dm.  long,  twining;  leaves  ovate, 
5-12  cm.   long,  deeply  cordate,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  acuminate;  petioles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  blades;  staminate  flowers  with  a  3-lobed  calyx  and  3  stamens;  pis- 
tillate flowers  with  a  5-lobed  calyx;  capsule  depressed,   12-16  mm.  in  diameter; 
seeds   subglobose,  5  mm.  long,  smooth,  variegated.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  Ky.  to 
Mo.,  Fia.  and  Mex.     June-Sept. 

8.  Rl'ciNUS   L. 

A  tall  stout  monoecious  herb,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  with  alternate  large  peltate 
palmately  lobed  leaves,  and  numerous  small  apetalous  greenish 'flowers  in  terminal 
racemes,  the  pistillate  above  the  staminate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  3-5 -parted 
calyx,  the  segments  valvate,  and  numerous  crowded  stamens;  filaments  repeatedly 
branched.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  caducous  calyx.  Capsule  subglobose,  or  oval, 
separating  into  3  2-valved  carpels.  Endosperm  fleshy  and  oily.  [The  Latin 
name  of  the  plant.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Africa  and  Asia. 

i.  Ricinus  communis  L.  CASTOR-OIL  PLANT.  CASTOR-BEAN.  PALMA 
CHRISTI.  (I.  F.  f.  2304.)  Stem  erect,  1-5  m.  tall,  more  or  less  branched, 
becoming  tree-like  in  warm  regions.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  1-6  dm. 
broad.  6-1 1 -palmately  lobed  and  peltate,  the  lobes  toothed,  acute  or  acuminate; 
capsule  12-16  mm.  in  diameter,  usually  spiny;  seeds  shining,  smooth,  black,  vari- 
egated with  white,  or  mottled  with  gray  and  brown  markings.  In  waste  places, 
escaped  from  cultivation,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  An  imposing  ornamental  plant, 
and  also  of  medicinal  value. 

9.  JATROPHA  L. 

Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  perennial  bristly  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with 
entire,  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  the  flowers  in  cymes.  Staminate  flowers  on  the, 
upper  parts  of  the  cymes,  with  a  corolla-like  5-lobed  calyx,  5  petals  distinct  or 
united,  or  none,  the  stamens  usually  numerous  (5-30).  Pistillate  flowers  in  the 
lower  forks  of  the  cymes;  capsule  ovoid  or  subglobose,  easily  separating  into  2- 
valved  carpels.  [Greek,  healing  nutriment]  About  70  species,  widely  distrib- 
uted in  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur 
in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  Jatropha  stimulosa  Michx.  SPURGE  NETTLE.  TREAD-SOFTLY.  (I.  F.  f. 
2305.)  Perennial  by  a  stout  root,  herbaceous,  bright  green,  stinging.  Stem  erect, 
i-n  dm.  tall;  leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  6-30  cm.  broad,  truncate  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  deeply  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  calyx  of 
the  staminate  flowers  salverform.  white  or  pink,  2-4  cm.  broad;  capsule  oblong, 
12-16  mm.  long,  papillose,  wrinkled;  seeds  oblong-obovoid,  10-12  mm.  long, 
smooth,  mottled.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  March-Aug. 

10.  STILLI'NGIA  L. 

Monoecious  glabrous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves, 
of. en  with  2  glands  at  the  base,  the  flowers  bracteolate,  in  terminal  spikes,  apetal- 
0'is,  the  bractlets  2-glandular.  Stambate  (lowers  several  together  in  the  axils  of 


59°  FLORA. 

the  bractlets,  the  calyx  slightly  2-3-lobed ;  stamens  2  or  3,  exserted.  Pistillate  tlowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  bractlets;  calyx  3-lobed.  Capsule  2-lobed  or  3- 
lobed,  separating  into  2  or  3  two-valved  carpels.  [In  honor  of  Dr.  B.  Stellingfleet, 
an  English  botanist.]  About  15  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America  and  the  islands 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

i.  Stillingia  sylvatica  L.  QUEEN'S  DELIGHT.  QUEEN-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f. 
2306.)  A  bright  green  slightly  fleshy  herb.  Stem  usually  branched  from  the 
base,  3-11  dm.  tall.  Leaves  obovate,  oblong  or  elliptic,  i-io  cm.  long,  serrate 
with  appressed  teeth,  often  narrowed  at  the  2-glandular  base,  sessile;  flowers 
lemon-colored,  subtended  by  small  bracts  furnished  with  saucer-shaped  elands; 
calyx  cup-shaped;  glandular  disk  none;  capsule  depressed,  1-1.5  cm-  in  diameter, 
3-lobed;  seeds  ovoid,  6  mm.  long,  light  gray,  minutely  pitted  and  papillose,  the 
base  flattened.  In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  March-Oct. 

ii.  EUPHORBIA  L. 

Monoecious  herbs  (many  tropical  species  shrubs),  with  alternate,  opposite  or 
yerticillate  leaves.  Flowers  borne  in  ipvoKicres.  Sinuses  of  the  involucres  usually 
bearing  glands,  naked  or  appendaged^  Staminate  flowers  scattered  over  the  inner 
surface  of  the  involucre,  consisting  of  a  stamen  jointed  on  a  filament-like  pedicel, 
which  is  subtended  by  a  minute  bractlet  supposed  to  represent  a  calyx.  Pistillate 
flower  solitary,  at  the  bottom  of  the  involucre,  at  length  usually  exserted  on  a 
stalk.  Capsule  3-lobed,  separating  into  3  2-valved  carpels.  Seeds  sometimes 
caruncled,  variously  pitted,  ridged  or  wrinkled.  [Named  in  honor  of  Euphorbus, 
King  Juba's  physician.]  Species  about  700,  most  abundant  in  the  warmer  parts  of 
the  temperate  zones.  Besides  the  following,  some  95  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

*  Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like  appendages, 
f  Leaves  opposite,  inequilateral,  their  bases  more  or  less  oblique. 
\  Leaves  entire:  seeds  smooth. 

Plants  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  prostrate. 

Seeds  about  3  mm.  long.  i.  E,  polygonifolia. 

Seeds  1-2  mm.  long. 

Leaves   usually  more   than  twice  as  long  as  Broad;    seeds  nearly  terete, 

1,5  mm.  long.  4.   E.  Geyeri. 

Leaves  usually  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad;  seeds   obtusely  4-angled, 

,i  mm.  long.  5.  E.  serpens. 

Plants  with  an  erect  or  ascending  stem,  branched  above,  the  branches  ascending. 
Seeds  nearly  terete,  2  mm.  long;  leaves  usually  flat  and  straight. 

2.  E.  peialoidea. 
Seeds  4-angled,  1.5  mm.  long;  leaves  often  involute  and  curved. 

3.  E.  Ntittallii. 
\  J  Leaves  entire;  seeds  variously  roughened. 

Plants  glabrous.  13.  E.  Fendleri. 

Plants  canescent.  14.  E.  lata. 

\  \   \  Leaves  serrate  or  dentate;  plants  prostrate  or  spreading. 
Herbage  glabrous. 

Seeds  faintly  transversely  ridged  and  pitted. 

Leaves  of  main  branches  mostly  less  than  i  cm.  long;  seeds  gray. 

6.   E.  serpyllifolia. 

Leaves  of  main  branches  over  i  cm.  long;  seeds  brown.  7.   E.  albicaulis. 
Seeds  strongly  transversely  ridged,  not  pitted.  8.  E.  glyptosperma. 

Herbage  pubescent  or  puberulent. 
Seeds  gray  or  white. 

Leaves  toothed  at  the  apex;  involucres  campanulate;  seeds  pitted. 

12.  E.  sttctospora. 
Leaves  toothed  nearly  to  the  base;  involucres  turbinate ;  seeds  transversely 

wrinkled.  9.  E.  hirsuta. 

Seeds  brown  or  black. 

Involucres  not  split.  10.  E.  maculata. 

Involucres  split  on  one  side.  n.  E.  humistratd. 

\  %  \  \  Leaves  serrate  or -dentate;  plant  erect  or  ascending.  15.  E.  nutanst 

f  f  Leaves  opposite,  equilateral,  their  bases  not  oblique. 

1 6.  E.  hexagondt 
f  f  f  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  stem,  except  a  whorl  subtending  the  umbel. 


E  UP  HO  RBI  A  CEA  E.  5  9 l 

Bracts  and  leaves  of  the  umbel  small  and  green;  seeds  ovoid,  smooth,  sparingly  pitted. 
Pale  green  ;  leaves  all  whoried  or  opposite.  17-  &.  Marylandica. 

Deep  green;  leaves  below  the  ui.ibel  alternate.  18.  E*  corolla  t  a. 

Bracts  and  leaves  of  the  umbel  large,  white-margined:  seeds  ovoid-globose,  reticulate- 
tuberculate.  19-  E-  marginata. 

*  *  Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petai-like  appendages, 
f  Leaves  mostly  opposite;  herbage  glabrous. 

Plants  slender;  stems  or  branches  forked. 

Annual;  stem  branched  at  the  base;  leaves,  or  some  of  them,  oblique  at  the  base. 

i.  E.  polygonijolia. 
Perennial;  stems  several  from  a  stout  root;  leaves  not  oblique  at  the  base. 

22.  E.  Ipecacitanliae. 
Plants  stout;  stem  usually  simple  below,  topped  by  an  umbel.  24.  E.  Latliyris. 

\  f  Leaves  mostly  opposite;  herbage  pubescent. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  seeds  narrowly  ovoid,  not  prominently  tuberculate. 

20.  E.  cuphospenna, 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  seeds  broadly  ovoid,  prominently  tuberculate. 

21.  E.  dent  at  a. 

\  \  \  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

Stem  not  topped  by  an  umbel.  23.  E.  heterophylla. 

Stems  topped  by  a  several-rayed  umbel. 

Leaves  serrulate;  glands  of  the  involucre  oblong,  oval  or  orbicular. 
Seeds  smooth  or  faintly  reticulated. 

Glands  stalked;  warts  on  the  capsules  elongated;  seeds  faintly  reticulated. 

26    E.  obtusata. 
Glands  sessile;  warts  on  the  capsules  depressed;  seeds  smooth. 

27.  E.  platyphylla. 

(Seeds  strongly  and  prominently  reticulated. 
Glands  nearly  sessile;  capsules  warty. 

Upper  leaves    merely  sessile;    upper  bracts   of   the    umbel    manifestly 

longer  than  broad.  28.   E.  Arkansana. 

Upper    leaves    with    small    basal  lobes;  upper    bracts    of    the   umbel 
about  as  broad  as  long  or  broader.  29.  E.Missonriensis. 

Glands  stalked;  capsules  smooth.  30.  E.  Helioscopia. 

Leaves  entire;  glands  of  the  involucres  crescent-shaped  or  reniform- 
Annual  or  biennial;  seeds  pitted. 

Capsules  with  2-crested  lobes.        >  31.  E.  Peplus. 

Capsules  with  rounded  lobes.  32.   E.  commutata. 

Perennial. 

Glands  reniform  or  oblong,  without  horns.  25.  E.    Darlingtonii. 

Glands  crerc^nt  shaped,  with  horns. 

Seeds  smooth;  glands  with  long  slender  horns. 

Stem- leaves  4-12  mm.  broad;  capsules  smooth. 

Bracts  subtending  the  umbel  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate. 

33.   E.  Esula. 

Bracts  ovate,  oval  or  obovate.  34.   E.  Incida. 

Stem-leaves  0.5-3  mm.  wide;  capsules  with  granular  lobes. 

35.  E.  Cvparissias. 
Seeds  pitted;  glands  with  short  rather  blunt  horns.  36.  E.  robusta. 

1.  Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L.     SEASIDE  OR  KNOTWEED  SPURGE.     (I.  F. 
f.  2307.)     Pale  green,  glabrous.      Branches  radiately  spreading,  prostrate,  forked, 
5-20  cm.   long;  leaves  opposite,  oblong,   linear-oblong  or  linear- lanceolate,  6-20 
mm.  long,  fleshy,  obtuse,  often  mucronulate,  entire;  involucres  turbinate-campan- 
ulate,  less  than  2  mm.  long,  with  4  columnar  nearly  naked  glands  shorter  than  the 
lobes;  capsule  globose-ovoid,  3-4  mm.  long,  minutely  wrinkled;  seeds  ovoid,  some- 
what flattened,  ash-colored,  very  minutely  pitted  and  spotted.     In  sand  along  the 
Atlantic  coast,  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.     July-Sept. 

2.  Euphorbia  petaloidea    Engelm.     WHITE-FLOWERED   SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2308.)     Pale  green,  glabrous.    Stem  erect,  branched  above,  1.5-6  dm.  high;  leaves 
opposite,  linear,  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  1-2.5  cm-    l°ng>  obtuse,   usually  flat, 
straight,  entire;  involucres  oblong  campanulate,  2  mm,  long,  bearing  4  wineglass- 
sh  iped  glands  about  as  long  as  the  lobes,  each  subtended  by  a  white  ovate  or  orbic- 
ular appendage,  capsule  globose-reniform,  2  mm.  long;  seeds  oblong. ovoid,  nearly 
•jish-colorcd,  minutely  pitted,  nearly  terete,     Iowa  to  Wyo.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 


592  FLORA. 

3.  Euphorbia  Nuttallii  (Engelm.)  Small.     PRAIRIE  SPURGE.  (I.  F.  f.  2309.) 
Bright   green,   glabrous.     Stem   slender,  erect   or  ascending,  1-6  dm.  high,   the 
branches  wiry;  leaves  mostly  linear  and  mucronulate  or  truncate  at  the  apex,  often 
involute,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  curved;  involucres  campanulate, 
less  than  2  mm.  long,  long-peduncled,  bearing  4  saucer-shaped  glands  subtended 
by  white  oblong  or  ovate  appendages;  seeds  ovoid,  1.5  mm.  long,   gray,   4-angled. 
Prairies,  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.     June-Sept. 

4.  Euphorbia  Geyeri  Engelm.  &  Gray.     GEYER'S  SPURGE.    (I.  F.  f.  2310.) 
Olive-green,    glabrous.    Branches  prostrate,  radiately   spreading,  wiry,   5-40  cm. 
long;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  4-12  mm.  long,  obtuse,  usually  mucronulate,  entire 
or  nearly  so,  oblique,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base;   involucres  campanulate, 
about   I   mm.  high,  with    4  wineglass  shaped    glands  shorter  than  the  lobes,  and 
inconspicuous  white  or  red  appendages;  capsule    globose-reniform,  about  2  mm. 
long;   seeds  narrowly  ovoid,  ash-colored,  nearly  terete.     In  sandy  soil  Minn,  to 
111.,  S.  Dak.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

5.  Euphorbia  serpens  H.B.K.    ROUND-LEAVED  SPREADING  SPURGE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2311.)    Pale  green,  glabrous,  sometimes  glaucescent.     Branches  slenderer  filiform, 
prostrate,  5-30  cm.  long;   leaves  orbicular,  orbicular-ovate  or  oval,  2-6  mm.  long, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  entire,  often  slightly  revolute,  the  base  oblique,  rounded  or 
subcordate;  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  nearly  I  mm.  high,  bearing  4  sessile 
saucer-shaped  glands  shorter  than  the  lobes,  and  minute  irregular  appendages ;  cap- 
sule nodding,  depressed-globose,  2  mm.  in  diameter;   seeds  oblong-ovoid,  smooth, 
obtusely  4-angled,  light  gray.    111.  to  Iowa  and  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Mex.    March-Oct. 

6.  Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  Pers.     THYME-LEAVED  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2312.) 
Deep  green,  or  becoming  reddish,  glabrous.     Branches  slender,  prostrate,  1-3  dm. 
long;  leaves  oblong  to  oval,  3-15  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  retuse,  serrulate  to  below  the 
middle,  the  base  oblique,   mostly  truncate  or  obtuse;   involucres  solitary  in   the 
axils,  sometimes  clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
bearing  4  disk-like  glands  and  narrow  lobed  appendages;   capsule  2  mm.  broad; 
seeds  ovoid,  4-angled,  the  faces  transversely  wrinkled  and  pitted.   In  dry  soil,  Wis. 
to  Cal.,  south  to  Mex.     May-Sept. 

7.  Euphorbia  albicaulis  Rydb.     WHITE-STEMMED  SPURGE.     Pale  green  or 
yellowish.     Branches   procumbent,  1-3  dm.  long,  glabrous,  shining;   leaves  linear 
or  slightly  broadened  upward,    1-1.5   cm-  l°n&>  nearly  entire  or  toothed  at   the 
apex;  involucres  turbinate,  about  i  mm.  high;  appendages  minute,  rather  broad, 
white,    truncate  or  crenulate;    capsule  about  2  mm.  long,  smooth,   acute-angled; 
seeds  light  brown,  oblong,   1.3-1.5  mm.  long,  acutely  4-angled,   shallowly  trans- 
versely wrinkled.     In  sandy  soil,  Neb.  and  Mont.     June-Sept. 

8.  Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.     RIDGE-SEEDED  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2313.)     Pale  green,  glabrous.     Branches  spreading  or  prostrate,  5-40  cm.  long; 
leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  rarely  ovate,  2-12  mm.  long,  more  or  less  falcate, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  inequilateral,  serrulate,  very  oblique  and  obtuse  or  subcordate 
at  the  base;  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  campanulate,  I  mm.  long,  with  4  dark 
ribs  and  4  saucer-shaped  glands,  their  appendages  narrow;  capsule  depressed-glo- 
bose, less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  oblong,  ash-colored,  transversely  wrinkled. 
In  sandy  soil,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Conn.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     June-Oct. 

9.  Euphorbia  hirsuta  (Torr.)  Wiegand.     HAIRY  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  23i4a.) 
Bright  green,  more  or  less  hirsute.    Branches  prostrate  or  decumbent,  5-25  cm.  long, 
zigzag;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  8-16  mm.  long,  acutish,  serrulate  nearly  to  the  oblique 
base,  pale    beneath;    involucres     funnelform,     I   mm.   high,    glabrous,    bearing  4 
stalked  saucer-shaped  dark  brown  glands,  and  white  appendages;  capsule  about  2 
mm.  in  diameter,   broader  than  long,  glabrous,  its  angles  obtuse;    seed  4-angled, 
black  beneath  a  white  coating,  its  faces  slightly  wrinkled.     In  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.  and  Perm.     June-Sept. 

10.  Euphorbia  maculata  L.     MILK  PURSLANE.     SPOTTED  OR   BLOTCHED 
SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2314.)     Dark  green,  puberulent  or  pilose.     Branches  slender, 
radiately  prostrate,  5-40  cm.  long,  often  dark  red;  leaves  usually  blotched,  oblong 
or  ovate-oblong,  4-16  mm.  long,  obtuse,  more  or  less  serrate,  the  base  oblique,  sub- 
cordate;  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils.  2  mm.  long,  with  4  cup-shaped  glands,  the 
appendages  narrow,  white  or  red;  capsule  ovoid-globose,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter, 
pubescent;  seeds  ovoid-oblong,  obtusely  angled,  minutely  pitted   and  transversely 


EUPHOKBIACEAE.  593 

wrinkled.     Throughout  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.    Apparently  introduced 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mts.     June -Nov. 

11.  Euphorbia  humistrata  Engelm.     HAIRY  SPREADING  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2315.)     Light  green,    puberulent  or  sparingly  pilose.     Branches  radiately  pros- 
trate, 1—3  dm.  long;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or obovate -oblong,  or  sometimes  narrower, 
4-15  mm.  long,  serrulate,  at  least  above  the  middle,  oblique,  obtuse  or  subcordate 
at  the  base;  involucres  in  lateral  clusters,  split  on  one  side,  2  mm.  long,  faintly 
i  erved,  with  4  disk-like  glands,  and  narrow   irregular  red  or  white  appendages; 
capsule  depressed-globose,  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter,  its  3  lobes  keeled ;  seeds 
oblong,  papillose,  obscurely  transversely  wrinkled.     Quebec  to  N.  Y.,  Kans.  and 
Miss.     Aug. -Oct. 

12.  Euphorbia  stictospora   Engelm.     NARROW-SEEDED  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2316.)     Yellowish    green,    pilose.     Branches    radiating,    5-30    cm.    long;  leaves 
oblong  to  suborbicular,  4-6  mm.  long,  obtuse,  dentate-serrate  at  the  apex,  the  bases 
truncate  or  subcordate;  involucres  clustered,  campanulate,  I    mm.    high,  with  4 
cup-shaped   glands,    and   inconspicuous  appendages;    capsule   ovoid,  1-2  mm.  in 
diameter;  seeds   narrowly   ovoid,    pointed,    pitted,   gray   or  ash-colored,   sharply 
4-angled.     S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Mex.     June- Oct. 

13.  Euphorbia   Fendleri   T.  &  G.     FENDLER'S   SPURGE.     (I.    F.  f.    2317.) 
Pale  green,  glabrous.      Branches  wiry,  1-2  dm.  long,  brittle;  leaves   suborbicular, 
oval  or  elliptic,  3-8  mm.  long,  obtuse,  entire,  the  base  oblique,   obtuse  or  subcor- 
date; involucres  campanulate.  2-5  mm.  high,  with  4  or  5  saucer-shaped  oval  glands 
and  irregular  appendages;  capsule  deflexed,  3  mm.  in  diameter,  sharply  3-lobed; 
seeds  ovoid,  wrinkled.     Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Ariz.     April-Oct. 

14.  Euphorbia   lata  Engelm.      HOARY  SPURGE.      (I.   F.   f.    2318.)     Pale 
green,  canescent.    Base  somewhat  woody;  branches  5-10  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  5-10  mm.  long,  revolute,  abruptly  narrowed,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base;  involucres  solitary  in  the  axih,  I  mm.  long,  bearing  5  disk  like  glands  and 
narrow  appendages;  capsule  subglobose,  2  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  oblong,  acutish 
at  both  ends,  4-angled,  the  faces  inconspicuously  transversely  wrinkled.     Kans.  to 
Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

15.  Euphorbia  rmtans  Lag.     LARGE  OR  UPRIGHT  SPOTTED  SPURGE.  (I.  F. 
f.  2319.)     Deep  green.     Stem  2-6  dm.  high,  th«  branches  mostly  spreading;  leaves 
opposite,  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,   varying   to   ovate   or   obovate,    often   falcate, 
oblique,  3 -nerved,  unequally   serrate,  often  with  a  red  blotch  and    red  margins; 
involucres  narrowly  obovoid,  I  mm.  long,  bearing  4  glands  subtended  by  orbicular 
orreniform  white  or  red  appendages;  capsule  glabrous,  2  mm.  in   diameter;   seeds 
oblong  ovoid,   4-angled,   with  broken  transverse  ridges.     In  fields  and   thickets, 
throughout  eastern  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north,  extending  west  to  the  Rocky 
Mts.     May-Oct. 

1 6.  Euphorbia  hexagona  Nutt.     ANGLED   SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2320.)    Yel- 
lowish green.     Stem  striate  angled,  1-5  dm.  tall,   the  branches  ascending,  often 
almost  filiform;  leaves  opposite,  linear,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  equilateral;  involucres 
solitary   in   the   axils,   often   clustered,   2-3  mm.   long,  ciliate,  pubescent,  with    5 
glands  subtended   by  triangular-ovate  whitish  or  green  appendages;  capsule   gla- 
brous, 4mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  terete,  papillose.     Iowa  to 
Mont.,  Tex.  and  Colo.     Also  at  Wilmington,  Del.     June-Oct. 

17.  Euphorbia    Marylandica    Greene.      MARYLAND  SPURGE.      Perennial, 
glabrous,   pale  green,  glaucescent.       Stems  tricbotomous  near  the   base,    thence 
bushy,  3-4  dm.  tall,  the  branches  dichotomous ;  leaves  linear  to   linear-lanceolate, 
2-3.5  cm-  l°ng'  acute,  opposite   above   the  whorl  of  3  at  the  first  fork;  involucres 
hemispheric,  nearly  2  mm.  high;  appendages  white,  suborbicular  to  reniform.    On 
sand  hills,  Anne  Arundel  Co.,  Md.     Summer. 

18.  Euphorbia  corollata  L.     BLOOMING  OR  FLOWERING  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2321.)     Perennial  by  a  long  stout  rootstock.     Stem  erect,  2. 5-9  dm.  tall,  umbel- 
lately  branched  above;    leaves    linear,  oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long, 
entire,  short  petioled  or  sessile,  the  lower  scattered,  those  subtending  the  umbel  ver- 
ticillate;  bracts  ovate  to  linear,  green;  involucres  mostly  terminal,  less  than  2  mm. 
long,  bearing  4  or  5  yellowish  green  oblong  glands  subtended  by  white  petal-like 
cuneate  or  orbicular-cuneate  appendages;  capsule  erect,  subglobose,  2-4  mm.  in 


594  FLORA. 

djameter;    seeds  ovoid,  smooth,  sparingly  pitted.     In  dry  soil,  Mass,  and  Ont.  to 
Minn,  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-Oct. 

19.  Euphorbia   mar^inata   Pursh.     WHITE-MARGINED   SPURGE.     (I.    F.  f. 
2322.)     Bright  green.     Stem   2.5-9  dm.  tall,  usually  pilose,  topped  by  a  mostly 
3-rayed  umbel;  leaves,   except  the  whorl  subtending  the  umbel,  scattered,  ovate  to 
obovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  entire;  bracts  large,  white-margined;  involucres  campanu- 
late,  often  clustered,  4  mm.  long,  bearing  3  glands  subtei.ded  by  white  reniform 
appendages;  capsule  depressed  globose,  6  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  ovoid- globose, 
terete,  dark  ash-colored,  reticulate-tuberculate.     In  dry  soil.    Minn,   to  Colo,  and 
Tex.     Introduced  into  waste  places  in  the  Central  and  Atlantic  States.     May-Oct. 

20.  Euphorbia  cuphospsrma  (Engelm.)  Boiss.     WARTY  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2323.)     Dull  green.     Stem  2-4  dm.  high;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  linear,  ob- 
long,  or  linear-lanceolate,    2-8  cm.  long,   entire,   undulate,  or  denticulate;  invo- 
lucres crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  nearly  4  mm. 
long,  bearing  about  4  unappendaged  glands;   capsule  5   mm.  in  diameter;   seeds 
narrowly  ovoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  irregularly  4-angled,  ridged  and' slightly  tuber- 
culate.     S.  Dak.  to  Colo,  and  Mex.     Aug. -Sept. 

21.  Euphorbia  dentata  Michx.     TOOTHED   SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2324.)     Dull 
green.     Stem   2-4  dm.  high,  the  branches   mostly  ascending;  leaves  opposite,  or 
the  lower  alternate,  ovate  to  nearly  linear   or   orbicular- oblong,   1-8  cm.  long, 
coarsely  dentate,  the  nerves  prominent  beneath;  involucres  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  oblong  campanulate,  about  3  mm.  long,  3~5-lobed,  bearing  1-4 
yellowish  glands;    capsule   4-5   mm.    in  diameter;  seeds  ovoid  or  ovoid- globose, 
ash-colored,  irregularly   tuberculate,  inconspicuously  4-angled.     In    dry  or   moist 
soil,  Penn.  to  S.  Dak.,  Tenn.,  La.  and  Mex.     July- Oct. 

22.  Euphorbia  Ipecacuanhae  L.    WILD  IPECAC.    IPECAC  SPURGE.    (I.  F.  f. 
2325.)  Root  deep.   Stems  several  or  many,  slender,  1—2.5  dm.  l°ng?  leaves  green  or 
red,  wonderfully  variable  in  shape  from  linear  to  orbicular,  1—7  cm.  long,  mostly 
opposite,    entire,  short-petioled;  involucres  axillary,  mostly  hemispheric,  nearly  2 
mm.   long,   slender-peduncled,    bearing    5    transversely   elliptic   or   oblong    green 
glands;  capsule  3  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  light  gray,  oblong-ovoid  or  ovoid,  pitted, 
obscurely  4-sided.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Also 
in  southern  Ind.     An  emetic.     Majs-Oct. 

23.  Euphorbia  heterophylla  L.  VARIOUS-LEAVED  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2326.) 
Bright  green.     Stem  3—9   dm.  tall,  with  the  branches  ascending,   or   the  lower 
spreading,  leafy  at  the  ends;  leaves  alternate,  very  variable,  linear  to  orbicular, 
entire,  undulate,  sinuate  or  dentate,  the  uppermost  often  fiddle-shaped  and  blotched 
with  red;  involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches,  3  mm.  long;  lobes  5,  ovate 
or  oblong,  laciniate,  the  sinuses  bearing  I  or  several  sessile  glands;  capsule  gla- 
brous or  minutely  pubescent,  6  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  oblong-ovoid,  tranversely 
wrinkled  and  tuberculate.     111.  to  M ->nt. ,  Fla.  and  Trop.  Am.     April-Nov. 

24.  Euphorbia  Lathyris  L.     CAPER  OR  MYRTLE   SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2327.) 
Glaucous.     Stem  2-10  dm.  tall,  mostly  simple  below,  umbellately  branched  above; 
leaves   numerous,  the  lower  scattered,  linear,  reflexed,  those  subtending  the  umbel 
verticillate,  the   upper   lanceolate   or   linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  subcordate 
at  the  base;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  truncate  or  subcordate;  involucres  5 
mm.  long,  bearing  4  crescent-shaped  glands  prolonged  into  short  horns;  capsule 
subglobose,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  oblong-ovoid,  terete,  usually  wrinkled. 
In  waste  places,  Conn,  to  N.  Car.     Also  in  Cal.    Native  of  Europe.    May-Aug. 

25.  Euphorbia   Darlingtonii   A.  Gray.     DARLINGTON  's  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2328.)     Dark  green,  often  minutely  pubescent.     Stem  stout,  4-15  dm.  tall,  topped 
by  a  5-8-rayed  umbel,  branched  above;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  3.5-10  cm. 
long,  mostly  obtuse,  sessi  le,  often  undulate,  those  of  the  stem  scattered,  those  sub- 
tending  the  umbels  verticillate;  bracts  ovate  or  nearly  reniform;   involucres  cam- 
panulate,   nearly    4  mm.    long,   bearing    5   reniform    crenulate    glands;  capsule 
depressed-globose,  minutely  warty;  seeds  ovoid-globose.     N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  to 
N.  Car.     May- Sept. 

26.  Euphorbia   obtusata  Pursh.     BLUNT-LEAVED  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2329.) 
Yellowish   green.     Stem  3-6  dm.   high,    topped    by  a    3-rayed    umbel;  branches 
simple  or  forked;  leaves  scattered,  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse,  serrulate  to  below  the 
midd'ej   involucres  I  mm.   long,    bearing  4  stalked  glands;    capsule  subglobose, 


E  UPHOKBIA  CEAE.  595 

nearly  4mm.  in  diameter,  with  elongated  warts ;  seeds  oblong,  or  orbicular-oblong, 
dark  brown,  faintly  reticulated.  In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Iowa,  S.  Car.  and  Tex. 
March- July. 

27.  Euphorbia   platyph^lla  L.     BROAD-LEAVED  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2330.) 
Bright  green.     Stems   1-5  dm.  high,  often    reddish,  topped  by  a  usually  5 -rayed 
umbel;  leaves  scattered,  oblong  or  spatulate-oblong,  2-3  cm.  long,  acute,  serrulate, 
slightly  auricled;  bracts  triangular-ovate  or  reniform,  mucronate;  involucres  cam- 
panulate,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  bearing  4  glands;  capsule  subglobose,  about  4  mm. 
in   diameter,  with   depressed    warts;   seeds   oblong  or  nearly  orbicular,    smooth, 
brown.     Along  the  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  the  Great  Lakes.     Nat. 
from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

28.  Euphorbia   Arkansana   Engelm.      ARKANSAS   SPURGE.      Olive   green. 
Stem  slender,  2-5  dm.  tall,  with  few  spreading  branches  above,  topped  by  an  umbel 
with  3    copiously  dichotomous   rays  2-3  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  cuneate  or  spatu- 
late,  1-3  cm.  long,  rather  acute,  serrulate  above  the  middle;  bracts  ovate  to  tri- 
angular ovate,  0.5-2  cm.  long,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  mucronate  at  the 
apex;  involucres  abouv   I    mm.   high,   with   transversely  elliptic   glands  less  than 

1  mm.  wide,  the  lobes  usually    ciliate;    capsules   2.5-3  mm.  wide,  warty;    seeds 
ovoid,  closely  reticulated,  brown.    Dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Colo.,  Ala.  andMex.    May -Aug. 

29.  Euphorbia    Missouriensis     (Norton)     Small.      RETICULATE  -  SEEDED 
SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2331.)     Olive  green.     Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  topped  by  a  com- 
pound 3-rayed  umbel;  leaves  scattered,  spatulate,  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng:  obtuse,  serrate  to 
below  the  middle,  the  upper  slightly  auricled  at  the  base ;  bracts  oblong  or  ovate, 
inequilateral,    acute,    serrate;  involucres   less    than  2   mm.    long,   with    4   oblong 
glands,  the  lobes  glabrous;  capsule  3-3.5  mm.  in  diameter,  with  elongated  warts; 
seeds  ovoid,  purplish  brown,  distinctly  reticulated.    [E.  Arkansana  var.  Missouri, 
ensis  Norton.     E.   dictyosperma  111.  Fl.,  not  F.  &  M.]      Minn,  to  Wash.,  south  to 
Kans.  and  N.  Mex.     May- Aug. 

30.  Euphorbia    Helioscopia    L.     SUN    SPURGE.     WARTWEED.     (I.    F.    f. 
2332.)     Bright  green.     Stem  1-3  dm.  tall,  often  branched  from  the  base,  topped 
like  the  branches  by  a  more  or  less  compound  3 -5 -rayed  umbel;  leaves  scattered, 
spatulate,  obovate,  oblong,  or  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  1-12  cm.  long,  obtuse  or 
retuse,   serrulate,  short-petioled ;  bracts  oblong  or  ovate,   serrulate,   inequilateral; 
involucres  oblong-campanulate,  2.5  mm.  long,  usually  with  4  oblong  stalked  glands; 
capsule   globose-ovoid,  or  somewhat  depressed,  4   mm.  in  diameter,   smooth,  the 
lobes  rounded;  seeds  ovoid,  nearly  3  mm.  long,  reddish  brown,  strongly  reticulate. 
In  waste  places  in  the  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and   along   the   Great  Lakes, 
extending  south  to  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Oct. 

31.  Euphorbia  Peplus  L.     PETTY  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2333.)     Olive  green. 
Stem  1-3  dm.  high,  topped  by  a  3~5-rayed  umbel;  stem-leaves  scattered,  oblong  or 
obovate,    1-3  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  slender-petioled;  bracts  opposite, 
ovate   or  triangular-ovate,  apiculate,   sessile;    involucres    campanulate.   less   than 

2  mm.  long,  bearing  4  crescent-shaped  glands  prolonged  into  slender  horns;  cap- 
sule  globose-ovoid,   2-3    mm.  in   diameter,  slightly    nodding,   smooth,    the    lobes 
2-keeled;  seeds  oblong  or   oblong-ovoid,  whitish,  nearly  terete,  marked  with   1-4 
series   of  pits.     In  waste   places,  western  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Adv.  from 
Europe.     June-Sept. 

32.  Euphorbia    commutata    Engelm.     TINTED    SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2334  ) 
Yellowish  green,  often  tinged  with  red.     Stem  usually  decumbent,  1-4  dm.  long, 
topped  by  a   3-rayed    umbel;    branches  forked  or  umbellately  branched;  leaves 
scattered,   spatulate   to   ovate,  1.2-3.5    cm-  l°ng»  obtuse   or    mucronulate,  entire, 
slender-petioled;    bracts  ovate-reniforni;  involucres   campanulate,  2.5   mm.   long, 
bearing  3  or  4  crescent-shaped  glands  prolonged  into  slender  horns;  capsule  globose- 
ovoid,  3  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous,  the  lobes  rounded;  seeds  oblong,  terete,  irreg- 
ularly pitted.     On  hillsides,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Mo.     March-July. 

33.  Euphorbia    Esula   L.     LEAFY   SPURGE.     FAITOUR'S   GRASS.     (I.  F.  f. 
2335.)     Bright  green.     Stems  often  clustered,  mostly  erect,  2-6  dm.  tall,  topped 
by    a   many-rayed   umbel;  leaves  few,  all  scattered,  linear  or  oblong,  1.4-4  cm- 
long,  4  12  mm.  broad,  entire,  those  subtending  the  umbel  lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 
late;  bracts    subreniform,    mucronate;  involucres  campanulate,  2.5-3  mm.  long, 


596 


FLORA. 


bearing  4  crescent- shaped  glands;  capsule  nodding,  smooth;  seeds  oblong,  terete, 
smooth.     In  waste  places,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.  and  Mich.    Nat.  from  Europe.     Summer. 

34.  Euphorbia  lucida   L.     SHINING  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2336.)     Deep  green. 
Stems    stout,  usually   clustered,    2-5    dm.   high,  usually  very   leafy,  topped  by  a 
4-7-rayed  umbel;  branches  simple  or  forked;  leaves  alternate,  linear  or   linear- 
oblong,  1.2-10  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  broad,  entire,  mostly  apiculate,  those  subtend- 
ing the  umbel  ovate,  oval  or  obovate;  bracts    reniform;    involucres   campanulate, 
3  mm.  long,  bearing  4  yellowish  oblong  crescent-shaped,  2-horned  glands;  capsu1^ 
globose-ovoid,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  nodding,  smooth,  finely  wrinkled;  seeds  oblong, 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  nearly  terete,  whitish,  smooth.     In  fields  along  the  Susquehanna 
River,   southern  N.  Y.   and  northern  Penn.     Nat.  from  Europe.     \E.  Nicaeensis 
111.  Fl.]     July-Sept. 

35.  Euphorbia  Cyparissias  L.     CYPRESS  SPURGE.     (I.  F.  f.  2337.)     Bright 
green.     Stems  clustered  in  large  patches,  3  dm.  high,  or  less,  the  branches  topped 
by    many-rayed    umbels;    leaves    linear,    or    almost  filiform,    1.2—2.5   cni-    'ong' 
0.5-3  mm.   broad;  involucres  turbinate-campanulate,    2  mm.  long,   with  4  unap- 
pendaged  crescent-shaped  glands;  capsule  subglobose,  3  mm.  in    diameter,   granu- 
lar on  the  rounded  lobes;  seeds  oblong,  2  mm.  long,  smooth.     Escaped  from  gar- 
dens to  waste  places,  N.  E.  to  Kans.    Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

36.  Euphorbia  robusta  (Engelm.)  Small.    ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  SPURGE.    (I.  F. 
f.  2338.)     Glaucous.     Stems   clustered,  1-3.5    dm.  ta^>  topped    by  a   3~5-rayed 
umbel;  leaves  scattered,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  1-1.8  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  apicu- 
late, entire,   sessile;  bracts  opposite,   triangular-ovate  or  subreniform;  involucres 
campanulate,  3  mm.  long,  bearing  4  somewhat  crescent-shaped  unappendaged  buff 
crenulate  glands;  capsule  globose-ovoid,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  rounded;  seeds 
oblong  or  obo  void -oblong,  terete,  2.3-2.5  mm.  long,  gray,  minutely  pitted.    S.  Dak., 
Mont,  and  Wyo.  to  Neb.  and  Ark.     May -Oct. 

Family  9.  CALLITRICHACEAE  Lindl.* 
W^ater-starwort  Family. 

Herbaceous  aquatic  or  rarely  terrestrial  plants,  with  slender  or  capil- 
lary stems,  opposite  exstipulate  entire  spatulate  or  linear  leaves,  and 
minute  perfect  or  monoecious  axillary  flowers.  Perianth  none.  Bracts 
2,  sac-like,  or  none.  Stamen  i  ;  filament  elongated,  filiform  ;  anthers  cor- 
date, 2-celled,  opening  by  lateral  slits.  Pistil  i  ;  ovary  4-celled  ;  ovules  i 
in  each  cavity ;  styles  2,  filiform,  papillose  nearly  the  whole  length. 
Fruit  compressed,  lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  winged  or  keeled  on  the 
margins,  separating  at  maturity  into  4  flattish  i-seeded  carpels.  Seed 
anatropous,  pendulous;  endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  straight  or  nearly  so, 
almost  as  long  as  the  endosperm.  Consists  of  the  following  genus  : 

i.     CALLITRICHE    L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Greek,  beautiful  hair,  from  the  hair-like  stems.] 
About  20  species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  about  7  others  occur 
in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Fruit  short-peduncled  ;  bracts  wanting ;  terrestrial.  i.   C.  Austini. 
Fruit  sessile ;  aquatic,  or  some  forms  growing  in  mud. 
Bracts  present. 

Fruit  oval,  flat  on  the  face,  longer  than  the  styles.  2.  C.  falustrts. 

Fruit  obovate,  plano-convex,  shorter  than  the  styles.  3.   C.  heterophylla. 

Bracts  none;  leaves  all  linear,  submersed.  4.   C.  bifida. 

i.  Callitriche  Austini  Engelm.  TERRESTRIAL  WATER-STARWORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
2339')  Tufted,  the  branches  spreading  on  the  ground  or  ascending,  1-5  cm.  long. 
Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  3  nerved,  3-4  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  obtuse, 
tapering  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  destitute  of  stellate  scales;  fruit  about 
0.5  mm.  long  and  nearly  i  mm.  broad,  deeply  notched  at  both  ends,  its  lobes  with 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG, 


SAP1NDALES.  597 

a  narrow  marginal  wing  or  raised  border,  with  a  deep  groove  between  them;  styles 
persistent,  not  longer  than  the  fruit,  spreading  or  reflexed.  In  damp,  shaded 
places,  Conn,  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Mo.,  Tenn.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  July-Sept. 

2.  Callitriche  palustris  L.     VERNAL  WATER-STARWORT.     WATER  FENNEL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2340.)     Aquatic   or  growing    in   the   mud;    stems  5-25  cm.  long.     Sub- 
merged leaves  linear,  I -nerved,  retuse  or  bifid  at  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long;  emersed 
or  floating  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a 
margined  petiole,  dotted  with  stellate  scales;  aquatic  forms  occur  with  the  leaves 
all  linear;  fruit  2-bracted,  1-2  mm.  long,  about  one-half  as  broad,  slightly  notched 
at  the  apex,  winged  only  toward  the.   apex,  or  all  around,   separated  by  a  deep 
groove      Mostly  in  cold  or  running  water,  apparently  occurring  nearly  throughout 
the  U.  S.  and  Canada.     Also  in  S.  Am.,  Eur.  and  Asia.    July-Sept.    (C.  verna  L.) 

3.  Callitriche  heterophylla  Pursh.     LARGER  WATER-STARWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2341.)     Similar  to  the  preceding.     Fruit  smaller,  usually  slightly  less  than  I  mm. 
long,  and  about  the  same  breadth,  broadly  notched  at  the  apex,  thick,  almost  ven- 
tricose  at  the  base;  lobes  obtusely  angled  with  a   small  intervening  groove,  wing- 
less, or  with  a  narrow  wing  or  raised  border  on  the  margins.     In  ponds  and  slow 
streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  N.  W.  Terr.,  Colo,  and  La.     July-Sept. 

4.  Callitriche  bifida(L.)  Morong.     AUTUMNAL  OR  NORTHERN  WATER-STAR- 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2342.)     Submerged.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  clasping 
at  the  base,  retuse  or  bifid  at  the  apex,  i-nerved,  1-1.6  cm.  long,  without  stellate 
scales;  fruit  sessile,  or  rarely  minutely  pedunculate,  orbicular  or  slightly  narrower 
than  long;  1-2  mm.  in  diameter,  its  lobes  separated  by  a  deep  groove  and  broadly 
winged  on  the  margins;  styles  as  long  as  the  fruit,  or  shorter,  soon  deciduous.     In 
flowing  water,  Quebec  to  Manitoba  and  Ore.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.    Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept.     (C.  antumnalis  L.) 


Order  20.    SAPINDALES. 

Mostly  trees  or  shrubs  (Limnanthaceae  and  Balsaminaceae  herbs). 
Petals  usually  present  and  separate.  Sepals  mostly  distinct.  Stamens 
rarely  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  when  as  many  or  fewer, 
opposite  them.  Ovary  superior,  compound.  Ovules  pendulous,  with 
the  raphe  away  from  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  or  erect  or  ascending. 

a.  Flowers  regular,  or  nearly  so  (except  in  Hippocastanaceae,  which  are  trees  or 

shrubs  with  digitately  compound  leaves. 

Petals  none  (or  3  in  Empetrum) ;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  leaves  evergreen. 
Stamens  mostly  3;  low  heath-like  shrubs.  Fam.    i.  Empetraceae. 

Stamens  4-7 ;  our  species  an  herb  with  broad  leaves  and  spiked  flowers. 

Fam.    2.  Buxaceae. 
Petals  present;  leaves  deciduous,  except  in  Cyrillaceae  and  some  Ilicaceae. 

Low  annual  herbs,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves,  the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 

petals.  Fam.    3.  Limnanthaceae. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbaceous  vines. 

Ovary  i-celled  (in  ours);  fruit  a  small  drupe.  Fam.    4.  Anacardiaceae. 

Ovary  2-several-celled. 

Leaves  simple,  pinnately  veined.  , 

Seeds  not  arilled. 

Fruit  dry;  flowers  racemed,  perfect.     Fam.    5.  Cyrillaceae. 
Fruit  a  small  drupe;  flowers  not  racemed,  mostly  polygamo-dioe- 

cious;  ovules  pendulous.  Fam.    6.  Ilicaceae. 

Seeds  arilled;  ovules  erect;  capsule  fleshy.   Fam.    7.   Celastraceae. 
Leaves  simple  and  palmately  veined,  or  compound. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  a  bladdery  3-lobed  capsule.          Fam.    8.  Staphyleaceae. 
Fruit  of  2  winged  samaras.  Fam.    9.  Aceraceae. 

Fruit  a  leathery  capsule;  flowers  irregular;  leaves  digitately  com- 
pound. Fam.  10.  Hippocastanaceae* 
Leaves  alternate  ;  fruit  various.                    Fam.  n.  Sapindaceae. 

b.  Flowers  very  irregular,    the  posterior  sepal  large,  saccate;  succulent   herbs,  the 

capsule  elastically  dehiscent.  Fam.  12.  Balsaminaceae. 


598 


FLORA. 


Family  i.  EMPETRACEAE  Dumort. 
Crowberry  Family . 

Low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  small  harrow  nearly  sessile  exstipulate 
leaves  jointed  to  short  pulvini,  channeled  on  the  lower  side  by  the  revo- 
lute  margins,  and  small  dioecious,  monoecious,  or  rarely  polygamous 
flowers.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  of  2  or  3  petals,  or  none.  Staminate 
flowers  with  2-4  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers  2-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent,  sometimes  with  a  rudimentary  pistil.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  a  2-several-celled  sessile  ovary,  the  single  style  cleft  into  as 
many  stigma-bearing  segments  as  there  are  ovary-cavities ;  ovules  I 
in  each  cavity,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  containing 
2-several  i-seeded  nutlets.  Embryo  straight,  terete,  in  copious  endo- 
sperm. Three  known  genera,  the  following,  and  the  monotypic  Cerattola 
of  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

Flowers  axillary;  petals  3.  i.  Em  pet  rum. 

Flowers  in  terminal  heads;  petals  none.  2.  Corema. 

1.  EMPETRUM  L. 

Depressed  or  spreading  herbaceous  shrubs,  the  branches  usually  densely  leafy, 
the  leaves  linear-oblong.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils. 
Sepals  and  petals  mostly  3.  Staminate  flowers  with  3  stamens,  the  anthers  introrse. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  globose  6-9-celled  ovary,  and  a  short  thick  style  with 
6-9-toothed  segments.  Drupe  black,  or  red,  containing  6-9  nutlets.  [Greek,  on 
rocks,  referring  to  the  growth  of  these  plants  in  rocky  places.]  Two  known  species, 
the  following,  and  C.  rubrum  of  southern  S.  Am. 

i.  Empetrum  nigrum  L.  BLACK  CROWBERRY.  HEATHBERRY.  (I.  F.  f. 
2343.)  Glabrous,  or  the  young  shoots  pubescent,  the  branches  diffusely  spreading, 
5-25  cm.  long.  Leaves  dark  green,  thick,  obtuse,  4-7  mm.  long,  about  I  mm. 
wide,  the  revolute  margins  roughish;  flowers  very  small,  purplish;  stamens  exserted; 
drupe  black  (red  in  an  arctic  form),  4^6  mm.  in  diameter.  In  rocky  places,  Green- 
land to  Alaska,  Me.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

2.  COREMA  Don. 

Low,  much-branched  shrubs,  with  narrowly  linear  leaves  crowded  on  the 
branches,  and  small  dioecious  or  polygamous  flowers  in  terminal  heads.  Corolla 
none.  Staminate  flowers  with  3  or  sometimes  4  long-exserted  stamens,  occasionally 
with  a  rudimentary  or  perfect  pistil.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  2-5 -celled  (mostly 
3-celled)  ovary  and  a  slender  2-5 -cleft  style,  the  stigmatic  branches  very  slender, 
sometimes  toothed.  Drupe  globose,  usually  with  3  nutlets.  [Greek,  a  broom,  in 
allusion  to  the  bushy  habit.]  Two  species,  the  following  of  the  eastern  U.  S.,  the 
other  of  southwestern  Europe,  the  Azores  and  Canaries. 

i.  Corema  Conradii  Torr.  CONRAD'S  BROOM  CROWBERRY.  (I  F.  f.  2344.) 
Much  branched,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  the  young  twigs  puberulent  and  densely  leafy, 
the  branches  minutely  scarred  by  the  persistent  pulvini.  Leaves  4-6  mm.  long, 
rather  less  than  I  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  glabrous  when  mature;  flowers  numerous 
in  the  terminal  sessile  heads,  the  pistillate  ones  almost  concealed  by  the  upper 
leaves,  the  staminate  conspicuous  by  the  exserted  purple  stamens;  drupes  nearly 
dry,  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter.  In  rocky  or  sandy  soil,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  mostly 
near  the  coast,  but  occurring  in  one  station  on  theShawangunk  Mountains  inUlste/ 
Co.,  N.  Y.  April -May. 

Family  2.     BUXACEAE  Dumort. 
Box  Family. 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  trees,  shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  simple 
mostly  evergreen  leaves,  the  sap  not  milky.  Flowers  regular,  bracted. 
Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  with  4-7  distinct  stamens,  the  anthers 
2-celled  ;  sometimes  with  a  rudimentary  pistil.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a 


LIMNANTHACEAE.  599 

2-4-celled  (mostly  3-celled)  ovary,  with  2  or  i  anatropous  ovules  in  each 
cavity  ;  styles  as  many  as  the  ovary -cavities,  simple.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
drupe,  its  carpels  i -2-seeded.  Embryo  straight;  endosperm  fleshy,  or 
almost  wanting.  About  6  genera  and  30  species,  only  the  following  and 
the  Californian  Simniondsia  native  in  N.  Am. 

i.  PACHYSANDRA  Michx. 

Monoecious  perennial  herbs,  with  matted  rootstocks,  the  stems  procumbent  or 
ascending,  leafy  above.  Leaves  alternate,  estipulate,  petioled,  persistent,  broad, 
3-nerved.  Flowers  spicate,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  in  the  same  spike.  Stam- 
inate  flowe'rs  with  4  sepals;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals;  filaments  thick,  long- 
exserted.  Pistillate  flowers  with  4  sepals  or  more;  ovary  3-celled,  the  cavities  with 
a  partition  at  the  base  ;  styles  3,  spreading;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  of  3 
2-seeded  carpels.  [Greek,  thick  stamen.]  Two  species,  the  following  of  south- 
eastern N.  Am.,  the  other  Japanese. 

i.  Pachy sandra  procumbens  Michx.  ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAIN  SPURGE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2345.)  Somewhat  pubescent;  stems  3  dm.  long  or  less.  Leaves  ovate, 
oval,  or  obovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  coarsely  dentate  or  some  of  them  entire,  cuneateor 
abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole;  spikes  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  scales, 
5-7.5  cm.  long,  the  staminate  flowers  forming  most  of  the  spike,  the  pistillate  few 
toward  its  base;  filaments  white,  8-10  mm.  long.  In  woods,  W.  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
La.  Flowers  fragrant.  April-May. 

Family  3.     LIMNANTHACEAE  Lindl. 
False  Mermaid  Family. 

Annual  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  estipulate  pinnately  divided 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  axillary,  long-ped uncled.  Sepals  2-5, 
valvate,  persistent.  Petals  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  alternating 
with  as  many  small  glands,  the  nearly  perigynous  stamens  distinct.  Fila- 
ments filiform  ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Car- 
pels as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them,  i-ovuled,  nearly  distinct, 
the  single  slender  style  arising  from  the  centre,  cleft  above  into  as  many 
stigmas  as  there  are  carpels  ;  ovule  ascending.  Fruit  very  deeply  2-5- 
lobed,  the  carpels  indehiscent.  Embryo  straight ;  endosperm  none ; 
cotyledons  thick.  Two  North  American  genera,  the  following,  and  Lim- 
nanthes,  of  the  Pacific  States,  with  5  or  6  species. 

i.   FLOERKEA  Willd. 

A  diffuse  glabrous  herb,  with  small  white  solitary  flowers.  Sepals  2  or  3. 
Petals  2  or  3,  oblong,  entire.  Stamens  4-6.  Ovary  2-3-Iobed-  nearly  to  the  base, 
2-3-celled;  stigmas  2  or  3.  Mature  carpels  1-3,  indehiscent,  fleshy.  Seed  erect. 
[In  honor  of  H.  G.  Floerke,  1790  1835,  a  German  botanist.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Floerkea  proserpinacoides  Willd.  FALSE  MERMAID.  (I.  F.  f.  2346.) 
Slender,  1-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  thin,  slender- petioled,  1.25-7.5  cm.  long,  the  seg- 
ments 5  or  3,  distant,  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  entire  or  cleft;  peduncles 
slender;  flowers  about  3  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  at  length  much  exceeding 
the  fruit;  stamens  about  equalling  the  petals;  ripe  carpels  nearly  globular,  about 
3  mm.  in  diameter,  tuberculate  above.  In  marshes  and  along  rivers,  Quebec  to 
Ont.,  Ore.,  Penn.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Utah  and  Cal.  April-June. 

Family  4.     ANACARDIACEAE  Lindl. 
Sumac  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  resinous  or  milky  sap,  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite  leaves,  and  polygamo-dicecious  or  perfect,  mainly  regular  flowers. 
Calyx  3-7-cleft.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or 
rarely  none.  Disk  generally  annular.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  rarely  fewer,  or  more,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk;  fila- 


600  FLORA. 

ments  separate ;  anthers  commonly  versatile.     Ovary  in  the  staminate 
flowers  i-celled.     Ovary  in  the   pistillate  flowers   i- or  sometimes  4-5- 
celled  ;  styles  1-3;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity.    Fruit  generally  a  small  drupe. 
Seed-coat  bony  or  crustaceous;  endosperm  little   or  none;  cotyledons 
fleshy.     About  50  genera  and  400  species,  most  abundant  in  warm  or 
tropical  regions,  a  few  extending  into  the  temperate  zones. 
Styles  terminal ;  leaves  compound  in  our  species;  fruit  nearly  symmetrical,     i.   Rhus. 
Styles  lateral ;  leaves  simple  ;  fruit  gibbous.  2.   Cotinus, 

i.  RHUS  L. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  3-foliolate,  or  odd-pinnate,  estipulate.  Flowers 
small,  polygamous,  in  panicles.  Calyx  4-6-cleft  or  parted  (commonly  5-cleft),  per- 
sistent. Petals  equal,  imbricated,  spreading.  Disk  annular.  Stamens  (in  our 
species)  5.  Pistil  i,  sessile;  ovary  i-ovuled;  styles  3,  terminal.  Drupe  small,  i- 
seeded,  mostly  subglobose,  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Seed  inverted  on  a  stalk  that 
rises  from  the  base  of  the  ovary;  cotyledons  nearly  flat.  [Ancient  Greek  and  Latin 
name;  Celtic,  red.]  About  120  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions, 
most  abundant  in  South  Africa.  Besides  the  following,  about  8  others  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  parts  of  the  U.  S. 

Fruit  pubescent ;  stone  smooth. 

Leaflets  9-31;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  wing-margined.  i.  R.  copallina. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  nearly  terete. 

Foliage  and  twigs  velvety-pubescent.  2.   R.  hirta. 

Foliage  and  twigs  mostly  glabrous  and  glaucous.        3.  R.  glabra. 
Leaflets  3 ;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

Leaflets  2-8  cm.  long,  pubescent,  crenate-dentate.  4.   R.  aromatica. 

Leaflets  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  glabrate,  with  few  rounded  teeth. 

5.  R.  trilobata. 
Fruit  glabrous  ;  stone  striate. 

Leaflets  7-13,  glabrous.  6.  R.  Vernix. 

Leaflets  3,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

Vine  climbing  by  aerial  rootlets,  or  trailing,  rarely  suberect. 

7.  R.  radicans. 
Low  shrubs,  mostly  without  aerial  rootlets. 

Leaflets  very  pubescent,  crenately  lobed;  southern. 

8.  R.  Toxicodendron. 
Leaflets  sparingly  pubescent,  entire,  sinuate,  or  acutely  lobed. 

Leaflets  entire  or  acutely  lobed;  fruit  3-4  mm.  in  diameter;  northern. 

9.  R.  microcarpa. 
Leaflets  sinuate;  fruit  5-6  mm.  in  diameter;  western. 

10.   R.  Rydbergii. 

1.  Rhus  copalUna  L.     DWARF,  BLACK  OR  MOUNTAIN    SUMAC.     UPLAND 
SUMAC.     (I.  F.  f.  2347.)     A  shrub,  or  sometimes    a   small    tree.    Leaves  pinnate, 
1.5-3  dm.  l°ng>  the  petiole  and  rachis  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaflets  9-21,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,    inequilateral,  entire,   or  few-toothed  toward  the 
apex,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  often  pubescent  beneath ;   flowers 
green,  3  mm.  broad,  in  dense  terminal  panicles;  pedicels  and  calyx  finely  pubes- 
cent; diupe  compressed,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  crimson,  covered  with  short  acid  hairs. 
In  dry  soil,  Me.  and  southern  Ont.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

2.  Rhus   hirta   (L.)   Sudw.     STAGHORN   SUMAC.     (I.  F.  f.  2348.)     A   small 
tree,  or  often  shrubby.     Leaves  pinnate,  2-4  dm.  long;  leaflets   11-31,  lanceolate 
or  oblong -lanceolate,  7.5-12   cm.   long,  acuminate,  rounded   at   the  base,  sharply 
serrate,  dark  green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent 
beneath;  panicles  terminal,   dense;  flowers   green,  3  mm.    broad;  drupe  globose, 
3-4  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  N.  S.  to  Ga.,  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  Mo.  and 
Miss.     A  form  with  laciniate  leaflets  has  been  found  in  New  Hampshire.     June. 

3.  Rhus  glabra  L.     SMOOTH  UPLAND  OR  SCARLET  SUMAC.     (I.  F.  f.  2349.) 
A  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  6-60  dm.  high,  similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
but  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous.    Leaflets  11-31,  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceo- 
late. 5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate,  rounded  and  often  oblique  at  the  base,  dark  green 
*bove,  whitish  beneath,   sharply  serrate;  pedicels  sometimes  slightly  pubescent; 


A  NA  CA  RD I  A  CEA  E.  60 1 

inflorescence  and  fruit  similar  to  those  of  the  two  preceding;  drupe  covered  with 
short  reddish  acid  hairs.  In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  Miss,  and  Ariz.  This 
species  and  the  two  preceding  sometimes  have  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  flower- 
clusters  changed  into  small  leaves.  A  form  with  laciniate  leaflets  occurs  in  south- 
ern Penn.  and  Del.  June-Aug. 

Rhus  gl^bra  boreilis  Britton,  n.  var.  Inflorescence,  and  sometimes  the  foliage,  soft- 
pubescent.  Mich,  and  Minn. 

4.  Rhus  aromatica  Ait.     FRAGRANT  OR  SWEET-SCENTED  SUMAC.     (I.  F.  f. 
2350.)     A  shrub,  9-24  dm.  high,  ascending  or  diffuse.     Leaves  petioled,  5-10  cm. 
long,   aromatic;  leaflets  ovate  or  rhomboid,  2-8  cm.   long,    1.8-3.6  cm.  wide,  the 
lateral  ones    sessile,  the  terminal  short-stalked,  the  lateral  rounded  or  truncate,  the 
terminal  cuneate  at  the  base;  flowers  yellowish  green,  about  2  mm.  broad,  in  clus- 
tered spikes  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  drupe  globose,  red.     In  rocky  woods, 
Ont.  and  Vt.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  La.     March- April. 

5.  Rhus    trilobata    Nutt.     ILL- SCENTED    SUMAC.     SKUNK- BUSH.     (I.  F.   f. 
2351')     A  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  shrub,  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled, 
unpleasantly  odorous,  2.5-5  cm-  long'  leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so,  puberulent  when 
young,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  cuneate  at  the  base,  all  crenately 
few-lobed  or  toothed  or  sometimes  entire;  flowers  as  in  the  preceding  species,  and 
fruit  similar.     111.  to  S.  Dak.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     March. 

6.  Rhus  Vernix  L.     POISON  SUMAC.    POISON   ELDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2352.)    A 
shrub  or    small   tree.     Leaves   petioled,  1.5-4  dm.   long,  glabrous   or   somewhat 
puberulent;  leaflets   thin,    obovate,   oval,  or   the    lowest  ovate,    5-10   cm.    long, 
2.5-3.75  cm.  wide,  green  both  sides,  entire,  short-acuminate,  short- stalked;  rachis 
terete;  flowers  green,  about  2  mm.  broad,  in  loose  axillary  panicles  7-20  cm.  long; 
drupe    globose-oblong,  4  mm.  in   diameter,   gray.     In  swamps,  southern  Ont.  to 
R.  I.,  Fla.,  Minn.,  Mo.  and  La.     Very  poisonous.     June. 

7.  Rhus   radicans    L.     POISON    IVY.     POISON   OAK.     CLIMATH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2353.)     A  woody  vine,  climbing  by  numerous  aerial  rootlets,   the  stem  sometimes 
7-10  cm.  in  diameter.     Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  ovate  or  rhombic,  2.5-15  cm.  long, 
entire  or  sparingly  dentate  or  sinuate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  the  lateral  sessile 
or  short-stalked,   inequilateral,    the  terminal  ones   stalked;  flowers   green,  3  mm. 
broad,  in  loose  axillary  panicles  2  8  cm.  long;   fruit  similar  to  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding.    Thickets  and  along  fences,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark.     Very 
poisonous,  as  are  the  three  following  species.     May-June. 

8.  Rhus  Toxicodendron  L.     POISON  OAK.     Low,  erect,  densely  and  finely 
pubescent.     Leaflets  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  crenate  or  crenately  lobed,  often  to  the 
middle,  so  as  to  resemble  the  leaves  of  an  oak,  the  sinuses  sharp;  petals  about 
2    mm.  long;    fruit  depressed-globose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to 
Ga.  and  western  N.  Car. 

9.  Rhus  microcarpa   (Michx.)  Steud.     NORTHERN  POISON  OAK.     Low  and 
slender,  puberulent,  seldom  over  4  dm.  high,  erect,  or  the  stem  sometimes  trailing 
and  the  branches  erect.     Leaflets   lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  acuminate, 
the  middle  one  cuneate  at  the  base,  sharply  toothed,  lobed,  or  entire;  fruit  globose, 
small.     Mich.     [R.  Toxicodendron  microcarpa  Michx.] 

10.  Rhus  Rydbergii  Small.     RYDBEKG'S  POISON  OAK.     A  shrub,  less  than 
I  m.  high.     Leaflets  broadly  ovate  to  rhombic-ovate,  rather  thick,  slightly  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath,  3—10   cm.    long,    the  margins    sinuate-dentate;  petals 
ovate,  about  3  mm.  long;  fruit  5-6  mm    in  diameter.     Hillsides  and  open  woods, 
S.  Dak.  to  Br.  Col.,  Kans.  and  Ariz.     May-June. 

2.     COTINUS   Adans. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  ovate  oval  or  obovate  entire  leaves,  and  small 
polygamous  slender-pedicelled  flowers  in  large  terminal  panicles.  Calyx  5-parted, 
the  segments  imbricated,  obtuse.  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  imbricated. 
Stamens  5.  Ovary  obovoid;  styles  3,  lateral;  stigmas  very  small.  Drupe  obliquely 
oblong  or  oval,  compressed,  gibbous,  i-seeded.  Seed  nearly  as  in  Rhus.  [Greek 
name  or  the  oleaster,  or  wild  olive.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  of  south- 
eastern N.  Am.,  the  other  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


602  ;-.    .... 

I.  Cotinus  cotinoides  (Nutt.)  Britton.  WILD  OR  AMERICAN  SMOKE-TREE. 
CHITTAM-WOOD.  (I.  F.  f.  2354. )  A  small  widely-branched  tree,  with  maximum 
height  of  alxnit  12  m.  and  trunk  diameter  of  4  dm.  Leaves  oval  or  slightly 
obovate,  thin,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long,  3.5-50111. 
wide,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the  blade  slightly  decurrent -on  the  petiole;  flowers 
2  3  mm.  broad,  green;  pedicels  elongating  to  2.5-3.75  cm.  and  becoming  very 
p.umo^e  in  fruit;  drupe  reticulate  veined,  4  mm.  long.  Mo.  and  Ind.  Terr,  to 
Tenn.  and  Ala.  April-May.  Nearly  related  to  the  European  C.  Cotinus,  which 
differs  in  its  smaller  coriaceous  leaves,  more  pubescent,  mostly  rounded  and 
obtuse  at  base;  it  occasionally  escapes  from  cultivation.  [.#.  cotinoides  Nutt.] 

Family  5.     CYRILLACEAE  Lindl. 
Cyrilla  Family. 

Glabrous  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  simple  entire  alternate  estipu- 
late  leaves,  long-persistent  or  evergreen,  and  small  regular  perfect  bracted 
racemose  flowers.  Sepals  4-8  (mostly  5),  persistent.  Petals  the  same 
number  as  the  sepals,  hypogynous,  distinct,  or  slightly  united  by  their 
bases,  deciduous.  Stamens  4-10,  in  i  or  2  series,  distinct,  hypogynous  ; 
anthers  introrse,  2  celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
2-5-celled  ;  ovules  1-4  in  each  cavity,  anatropous,  pendulous;  style  short 
or  none;  stigma  very  small,  or  2-3-lobed.  Fruit  dry,  small,  1-5  seeded. 
Seeds  oblong  or  spindle-shaped  ;  endosperm  fleshy ;  embryo  central, 
cylindric.  Three  genera  and  6  known  species,  natives  of  America. 

i.  CYRILLA  Garden. 

Racemes  clustered  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  the  preceding  season.  Sepals  5,  firm, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  petals.  Petals  5,  white,  acute,  spreading.  Stamens  5, 
opposite  the  sepals,  the  filaments  subulate,  the  anthers  oval.  Ovary  ovoid,  sessile, 
mostly  2-celled,  sometimes  3-celled;  ovules  2-4  in  each  cavity;  style  short,  thick, 
2-3-lobed.  Fruit  ovoid,  2-3  seeded,  the  pericarp  spongy.  [In  honor  of  Domenico 
Cyrillo,  professor  of  medicine  at  Naples.]  Two  species,  of  southeastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Cyrilla  racemiflora  Walt.  SOUTHERN  LEATHERWOOD  OR  IRONWOOD. 
(I.  F.  £2355.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  the  bark  at  the  base  spongy.  Leaves 
oblancQolate,  obovate  or  oval,  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long, 
6-25  mm.  wide;  racemes  narrow,  5-15  cm.  long,  bearing  the  very  numerous  small 
white  flowers  nearly  to  the  base;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long,  somewhat  longer  than 
the  bracts,  or  shorter;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long.  Along  streams  and  swamps,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  in  the  West  Indies  and  S.  Am.  May-July. 

Family  6.     ILICACEAE  Lowe. 
Holly  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  watery  sap,  and  alternate  petioled  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  axillary,  small,  white,  mainly  polygamo-dicecious,  regular.  Stip- 
ules minute  and  deciduous,  or  none.  Calyx  3-6-parted,  generally  per- 
sistent. Petals  4-6  (rarely  more),  separate,  or  slightly  united  at  the  base, 
hypogynous,  deciduous,  imbricated.  Stamens  hypogynous,  as  many  as 
the  petals,  or  sometimes  more  ;  anthers  oblong,  cordate.  Disk  none. 
Ovary  i,  superior,  3-several-celled ;  stigma  discoid  or  capitate;  stvle 
short  or  none ;  ovules  i  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  small  berry-like 
drupe,  enclosing  several  nutlets.  Seed  pendulous;  endosperm  fleshy; 
embryo  straight.  Five  genera  and  about  170  species,  of  temperate  and 
tropical  regions. 

Petals  oblong  or  obovate,  slightly  united.  i.  I  Sex. 

Petals  linear,  distinct.  2.  Ilicioides, 


ILICACEAE.  603 


i.  "ILEX  L. 

Leaves  minutely  stipulate.  Flowers  cymose  or  solitary,  perfect  or  polygamous. 
Calyx  small,  4-5 -cleft  or  toothed.  Petals  4-9,  somewhat  united  at  the  base,  ob- 
long, obtuse.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Berry-like  drupe  globose,  with  4-8  bony  or  crustaceous  nutlets.  [Ancient  name 
of  the  Holly  Oak.]  About  1 60  species,  mostly  natives  of  America.  In  addition  to 
the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

Leaves,  thick,  evergreen,  persistent. 
Nutlets  ribbed. 

Leaves  spiny-toothed.  I.  /.  opaca. 

Leaves  toothed  or  entire,  not  spiny. 

Leaves  entire  or  few-toothed;  calyx-lobes  acute.  2.  7.  Cassinc. 

Leaves  coarsely  crenate;  calyx-lobes  obtuse.  3.  /.  vomitoria. 

Nutlets  not  ribbed ;  leaves  dotted  beneath. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  elliptic,  obtusish;  drupe  4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

4.  /.  glabra. 

Leaves obovate  to  oblong,  acute;  drupe  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  5.  /.  lucida. 
Leaves  thin,  deciduous. 

Nutlets  ribbed;  peduncles  i-flowered. 

Leaves  small,  obovate  or  spatulate,  crenate.  6.  /.  decidiia. 

Leaves  large,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate.  7.  /.  monticola. 

Nutlets  not  ribbed. 

Flowers  all  short-pedicelled. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong;  twigs  brown;  fruit  scarlet.  8.  /.  verticillata. 

Leaves  obovate;  twigs  gray;  fruit  orange-red.  9.   /.  Bronxensis. 

Staminate  flowers  on  long  and  slender  pedicels.  10.  /.  laevtgata. 

1.  Ilex  opaca  Ait.     AMERICAN    HOLLY.     (I.  F.  f.  2356.)    A  tree  of  slow 
growth,  sometimes  15  m.  high.     Young  twigs  sparingly  pubescent;  leaves  elliptic 
or  obovate,  5-10  cm.  long,   2.5-4  cm.  wide,  glabrous,  spiny-tipped,  rarely  nearly 
or  quite  entire;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  staminate  cymes  3-io-fiowered.    1.25-2.5 
cm.  long;  fertile  flowers  mostly  solitary;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate;  drupe   globose 
or  globose-oblong,  red,  rarely  yellow,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.     In  moist  woods,  S. 
Me.  to  Fla.,  Penn.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

2.  Ilex  Cassine  L.     DAHOON  HOLLY.     (I.  F.  f.  2357.)     A  shrub,  or  small 
tree.     Twigs  pubescent;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-obovate,    5-10  cm.   long, 
1.25-2.5   cm.  wide,  acute  at  the  base,   glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  pale  and 
usually  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  6-8  mm.  long;  staminate  cymes  several-  or 
many-flowered;    peduncles   and   pedicels   pubescent;  fertile   cymes   commonly  3- 
flowered;  calyx-lobes  ciliate;  drupes  red,  globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  low 
woods,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast,  west  to  La.     May. 

3.  Ilex  vomitoria  Ait.     CASSENA.     YAUPON.     (I.  F.  f.  2358.)     A  shrub,  or 
small  tree.     Petioles  and  young  twigs  puberulent;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic, 
1.25-3.75  cm.   long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  crenate,  glabrous,  pale 
beneath,   dark   green  above;    petioles   2-4  mm.    long;  staminate    cymes    several- 
flowered,  short-peduncled;  fertile  cymes  sessile,  i-3-flowered;  drupe  red,  4-6  mm. 
in  diameter.     In  low  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     Also  in  Bermuda.    May. 

4.  Ilex   glabra   (L.)   A.    Gray.      INKBERRY.      EVERGREEN  WINTER-BERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2359.)     A  shrub,  6-18  dm.  high.     Young  twigs  and  petioles  puberulent; 
leaves  dark  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  oblanceolate  or  elliptic,  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  1-1.8  cm.  wide,  generally  cuneate  at  the  base,  obtusish  and  few  toothed 
at  the  apex,   or  sometimes  entire;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  sterile  cymes  several- 
flowered,   slender-peduncled;  fertile   flowers  generally  solitary;  drupe  black.     In 
sandy  soil,  E.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.,  mainly  near  the  coast.     Reported  from 
N.  S.     June-July. 

5.  Ilex   lucida  (Ait.)  T.  &   G.     SHINING   INKBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2359a.)     A 
glabrous  shrub,  5   m.  high  or   less.     Leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  entire,  or  with  a 
few  small  sharp  teeth,  2-8  cm.  long,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath, 
short-petioled,  somewhat  viscid  when  young;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils   or  the 
staminate  solitary,  the  cymes  sessile;  pedicels  bractless,  short;  calyx-segments  6-95 
drupe  black;  nutlets  flat.     Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     April-May. 


604  FLORA. 

6.  Ilex,  decldua  Walt.     SWAMP  OR  MEADOW  HOLLY.     (I.  F.  f.  2360.)    A 
shrub,  or  small  tree.     Twigs  light  gray,  glabrous;  leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  8-16  mm. 
wide,  dark   green,   glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath, 
acute  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  blunt  at  the  apex  or  sometimes  emarginate;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,   obtuse;    drupe    red,    depressed-globose.    4-6   mm.    in  diameter.     In 
swamps  and  low  grounds,  D.  C.  and  Va.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May. 

7.  Ilex   monticola   A.  Gray.     LARGE-LEAVED   HOLLY.     (I.  F.  f.  2361.)    A 
shrub,  or   occasionally   forming    a    slender  erect    tree.     Leaves    5-15    cm.    long, 
1.25-6  cm.  wide,  acuminate  or  acute,  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  somewhat  pubes- 
cent beneath,  especially  along  the  veins;  petioles  8-16  mm.  long  ;  calyx  lobes  acute 
or  acutish,   ciliate,   not  hairy;  drupes  red,  globose-ovoid,  4-6  mm.   in  diameter. 
Mountain  woods,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ala.     May. 

Ilex  montfcola  m611is  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  Leaves  proportionately  broader,  2.75-3.25 
cm.  long,  2.5-5  cm-  wide,  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  short-acuminate,  densely  soft-pubescent 
beneath,  becoming  glabrate  with  age;  calyx-lobes  downy-pubescent.  In  mountain  woods, 
Penn.  to  Ga. 

8.  Ilex  verticillata    (L.)    A.    Gray.      VIRGINIA   WINTER  BERRY.      BLACK 
ALDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2362.)     A  shrub,  2-8111.  high.     Twigs  nearly  or  quite  glabrous, 
brown;   leaves  oval,   elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,    5-7.5   cm.   long,  about  2.5  cm. 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  acute  or  obtusish  at  the   base,  dark  green 
an  1  nearly  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,   sharply  serrate;   staminate  cymes 
clustered,  2-10  flowered,  the  fertile  i-3-flowered;  pedicels  2-bracted;  calyx-lobes 
obtuse,  ciliate;  drupes  bright  red  (rarely  white),  clustered  so  as  to  appear  verticil- 
late,    about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  swamps,  N.  S.  to   Fla.,  Out.,  Wis.  and  Mo. 
June-July. 

Il«x  verticill&ta  cyclophylla  Robinson.  Leaves  smaller,  broadly  oval  or  nearly  orbic- 
ular, thick.  Northern  N.  Y.  to  Penn. 

9.  Ilex  Bronxensis  Britton.     BRONX  WINTER-BERRY.    Similar  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  with  light  gray  twigs,  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  thinner  and  more 
glabrous  leaves,  and  larger  orange-red  fruit.     In  swamps,  Me.  to  Mich,  and  N.  J. 
[/.  verticillata  tenuifolia  Torr. ;  not  7.  tenuifolia  Salisb.] 

10.  Ilex   laevigata   (Pursh)  A.    Gray.     SMOOTH  WINTER-BERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2363.)     A  shrub,  much  resembling  the  preceding.     Twigs  glabrous;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  2.5-5   cm-  k>n£»  niainly  acute  or   acutish   at  each  end,  glabrous   on  both 
sides,  or  sometimes  villous  on  the  veins  beneath,  turning  yellow  in  autumn,  finely 
serrulate;    staminate    flowers    solitary    or   occasionally    2    together,    on     pedicels 
I-I.8  cm.  long;  fertile  flowers  solitary,  much  shorter-pedicelled;  calyx-lobes  acute, 
glabrous    drupes  larger  than  in  /.  verticillata,   orange-red,   ripening  earlier.     In 
swamps,  Me.  to  Penn.  and  Va.     Blooms  earlier  than  the  preceding.     May-June. 

2.  IL1CIOIDES   Dumont. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  with  slender-petioled  oblong  deciduous  leaves,  and  small 
flowers.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  none,  that  of  the  pistillate  minute, 
4_5-toothed.  Petals  4-5.  Stamens  4  or  5,  free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  ovoid-glo- 
bose. Ovary  3-5-lobed,  3-5-celled;  ovules  I  in  each  cavity;  stigmas  3-5,  sessile. 
Drupe  subglobose.  Nutlets  4  or  5.  [Greek,  resembling  holly.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Ilicioides  mucronata  (L.)  Britton.  WILD  OR  MOUNTAIN  HOLLV.  (I.  F.  f. 
2364.)  A  shrub,  2-2.5  m.  high,  with  ash-colored  bark.  Leaves  elliptic  or  obo- 
vate, 1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  acutish  or  mucronate  at  the  apex,  entire,  or  with  a  few 
small  teeth;  petioles  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  of  both  kinds  solitary,  or  the  stami- 
nate sometimes  2-4  together;  pedicels  very  slender,  often  3.75  cm.  long;  drupe 
red,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  nutlets  faintly  ribbed.  In  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Wis., 
Ind  and  Va.  May. 


CELA  S  TRA  CEAE.  605 

Family;.     CELASTRACEAE    Lindl. 
Si  off -tree  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  simple.  Stipules,  when 
present,  small  and  caducous.  Flowers  regular,  generally  perfect,  small. 
Pedicels  commonly  jointed.  Calyx  4~5-lobed  or  -parted,  persistent,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Petals  4  or  5,  spreading.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  disk. 
Disk  flat  or  lobed.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  3-5-celled  ,  style  short,  thick  ; 
stigma  entire  or  3-5-lobed  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit 
(in  our  species)  a  somewhat  fleshy  dehiscent  2-celled  pod.  Seeds  arilled  ; 
embryo  large  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  About  40  genera,  and  350  species, 
widely  distributed. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Large  erect  or  decumbent  shrubs;  fruit  3-5-lobed  ;  aril  red.  i.  Euonymus. 

Low  spreading  shrubs;  fruit  oblong  ;  aril  whitish.  2.  Pachystima. 

Leaves  alternate  ;  woody  vine.  3.  Celastrus. 

i.   EUONYMUS   L. 

Shrubs,  with  petioled  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  and  perfect  cymose  axillary 
greenish  or  purple  flowers.  Calyx  4-5 -cleft,  the  lobes  spreading  or  recurved. 
Petals  4  or  5,  inserted  beneath  the  4-5 -lobed  disk.  Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  on 
the  disk.  Ovary  3-5-celled;  style  short  or  none;  stigma  3~5-lobed.  Capsule 
3-5-celled,  3-5-lobed,  angular,  rounded  or  winged,  the  cavities  i-2-seeded,  loculi- 
cidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  enclosed  in  the  red  aril.  About  65  species,  of  the  north 
temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  Cal. 

Pods  tuberculate;  low  shrubs;  flowers  greenish  pink. 

Erect  or  ascending;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  i.  E.  Americanus. 

Decumbent,  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse.  2.  E.  obovatus. 
Pods  smooth;  high  shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Flowers  purple;  cymes  6-i5-flowered.  3.  E.  atropurpureus. 

Flowers  greenish  yellow;  cymes  3-y-rlowered.  4.  E.  Europaeus. 

1.  Euonymus   Americanus   L.     STRAWBERRY   BUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  2365.)    A 
shrub,  6-24  dm.  high,  with  4-angled  and  ash-colored  twigs,  divaricately  branch- 
ing.    Leaves  thick,   4-8  cm.  long,  1.25-2.5  cm.   wide,   nearly  sessile,  crenulate, 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath;  peduncles   1.2-2.4  mm-  long? 
very  slender,    i-3-flowered;  flowers   1-1.2  cm.  broad;  petals  separated,  the  blade 
nearly  orbicular,  erose  or  undulate,  the  claw  short;  pod  slightly  3-5 -lobed,  not 
angular,  depressed.     In  low  woods,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     June. 

2.  Euonymus   obovatus   Nutt.     RUNNING    STRAWBERRY    BUSH.      (I.  F.  f. 
2366.)     A  low  shrub,    seldom  rising  over  a  foot  from  the  ground.     Branches  4- 
angled  or  slightly  winged;  leaves  rather  thin,  mostly  acute  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
finely  crenulate  serrulate,  2.5-5  cm-  l°n&>  x-25-4  cm-  wide,  glabrous;  petioles  2-4 
mm.  long  ;  peduncles  i-4-flowered;  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  about  6 
mm.  broad;  petals  generally  5,  nearly  orbicular,  crenulate  or  erose,  with  scarcely 
any  claw;    pod   commonly  3-celled,    slightly  lobed,    depressed.      In  low  woods, 
southern  Ont.  to  Penn.,  Ind.  and  Ky.     April-May. 

3.  Euonymus   atropurpureus  Jacq.     BURNING  BUSH.     WAHOO.     (I.  F.  f. 
2367.)     A  shrub  or  small  tree,    2-8  m.  high.     Twigs  obtusely  4-angled;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  4-13  cm.   long,  2.5-8  cm.  wide,   acuminate,  puberulent, 
especially  beneath,  crenulate-serrulate,  rather  thin;  petioles  8-16  mm.  long;  ped- 
uncles slender,   2.5-5  cm-  l°ng,  bearing  a  trichotomous  cyme;  pedicels  6-12  mm. 
long;  flowers  1-1.2  cm.  broad;  petals  commonly  4,  obovate,  undulate;  pod  deeply 
3-4-lobed,  i. 2-1. 6  cm.  broad.     Ont.  to  Fla.,  Mont,  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     June. 

4.  Euonymus  Europaeus  L.     SPINDLE-TREE.    (I.  F.  f.  2368.)    A  glabrous 
shrub.  1-3  m.  high,  resembling  the  preceding.    Leaves  oblong,  to  ovate- lanceolate, 
acuminate,  crenulate;  peduncles  mostly  less  than  2.5  cm.   long,  stouter;  flowers 
about   i   cm.  broad;  petals  4  (rarely  5),  oblong  or  obovate;  pod  smooth,  deeply 
4-lobed.     Escaped  from  cultivation,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     June. 


606  FLORA. 

2.  PACHYSTIMA  Raf. 

Low  glabrous  shrubs,  with  corky  branches,  coriaceous  evergreen  leaves,  and 
small  axillary,  perfect  brownish  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  4,  broad.  Petals  4,  spread- 
ing. Stamens 4,  inserted  beneath  the  disk;  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers.  Ovary 
immersed  in  the  disk,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  erect;  style  short;  stigma 
slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  compressed,  2-celled,  at  length  loculicidally  de- 
hiscent, i-2-seeded.  Seeds  oblong  with  a  white  many-lobed  aril  at  the  base.  Two 
species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  P.  Myrsinites  occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

i.  Pachystima  Canbyi  A.  Gray.  CANBY'S  MOUNTAIN  LOVER.  (I.  F.  f. 
2369.)  A  shrub  1-3  dm.  high,  with  decumbent  rooting  branches.  Leaves  oblong, 
or  slightly  obovate,  1.2-2  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  obtuse  at  each  end,  very  short- 
petioled,  pale  green,  serrate,  the  margins  revolute;  peduncles  I— 3-flowered,  2- 
bracted  below  the  middle;  pedicels  slender  and  2-bracted  near  the  base;  calyx- 
lobes  oval,  about  equalling  the  petals;  capsule  about  8  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  in 
diameter.  On  dry  exposed  rocks,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  April-May. 

3.  CELASTRUS    L. 

Shrubs,  mainly  climbing,  with  thin  deciduous  leaves,  and  racemose  or  panic- 
ulate, small  dioecious  or  polygamous  flowers.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  inserted 
under  the  disk.  Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  5,  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the  5- 
lobed  disk.  Ovary  2-4-lobed,  2-4- celled;  style  thick;  stigma  2-4-lobed;  ovules  2 
in  each  cavity,  erect.  Capsule  2-4-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent  into  as  many 
valves.  Seeds  enclosed  in  a  scarlet  aril;  embryo  straight;  endosperm  fleshy;  coty- 
ledons flat,  coriaceous.  [Greek  name  of  some  evergreen  tree.]  About  30  known 
species,  only  I  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Celastrus  scandens  L.  SHRUBBY  OR  CLIMBING  BITTERSWEET.  WAX- 
WORK. (I.  F.  f.  2370. )  Ascending  trees  to  a  height  of  8  m.  or  more,  or  trailing. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  2.5-5  cm'  wide,  acuminate  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  crenulate;  petioles  1.2-1.8  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish,  about  4  mm. 
broad,  in  terminal  compound  racemes  5-10  cm.  in  length;  petals  crenate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  yellow,  or  orange,  1-1.2  cm.  in  diameter, 
opening  in  autumn  and  exposing  the  showy  red  aril.  In  rich  soil,  Quebec  to  N. 
Car.,  Manitoba,  Kans.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  N.  Mex.  June. 

Family  8.    STAPHYLEACEAE    DC. 

Bladder-nut  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  opposite  odd-pinnate  or  3-foliolate  stipu- 
late leaves  and  regular  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters. 
Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  usually  5.  Carpels  mostly  3.  Disk  large,  the 
stamens  inserted  at  its  base  without.  Anthers  introrse,  2-celled.  Fruit  a 
dehiscent  bladdery  capsule  in  the  following  genus,  indehiscent  in  some 
others.  Seeds  solitary  or  few  in  each  carpel ;  testa  hard ;  endosperm 
fleshy;  embryo  straight.  About  5  genera,  and  22  species,  widely  distributed. 

i.  STAPHYLEA  L. 

Shrubs,  with  axillary  drooping  racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers.  Pedicels 
jointed.  Sepals  imbricated.  Petals  the  same  number  as  the  sepals  and  about 
equalling  them.  Ovary  2-3-parted,  the  lobes  i -celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous.  Capsule  2-3-lobed,  2-3-celled.  Seeds  globose.  [Greek,  clus- 
ter.] About  6  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone;  S.  Bolanderi  A.  Gray,  in  Cal. 

i.  Staphylea  trifolia  L.  AMERICAN  BLADDER-NUT.  (I.  F.  f.  2371.)  A 
shrub,  2-4  m.  high,  with  smooth  striped  bark.  Young  leaves  and  petioles  pubescent; 
mature  foliage  glabrate;  stipules  linear,  8-12  mm.  long,  caducous;  leaflets  ovate  or 
oval.  4-7  cm.  long,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  the  lateral  ones  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  terminal  one  stalked;  stipels  subulate;  flowers  campanulate,  about  8  mm.  long; 
pedicels  slightly  longer  than  the  flowers;  capsule  alxmt  5  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.  wide, 
much  inflated,  the  3  (rarely  4)  carpels  separate  at  the  summit  and  dehiscent  along 
the  inner  side.  In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  S.  Car.  and 
Kans.  April-May. 


ACERACEAE. 


Family  9.  ACERACEAE  St.  Hil. 

Maple  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  often  saccharine  sap,  opposite  simple  and 
palmately  lobed  (rarely  entire)  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal 
cymose  or  racemose  regular  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers.  Calyx  gener- 
ally 5-  parted,  the  segments  imbricated.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  or 
none.  Disk  thick,  annular,  lobed,  sometimes  obsolete.  Stamens  4-12, 
often  8  ;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  2-lobed,  2  celled  ;  styles  2,  inserted 
between  the  lobes.  Fruit  of  2  long-winged  samaras,  joined  at  the  base 
and  i-seeded  (rarely  2-seeded).  Seeds  compressed,  ascending  ;  cotyledons 
thin,  folded.  The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  and  Dtpteronia 
Oliver,  of  central  Asia.  There  are  about  100  species  of  Maples. 

i    ACER  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

[Ancient  name  of  the  maples.]  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in 
southern  and  western  North  America. 

Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed. 

Flowers  in  dense  sessile  lateral  clusters,  unfolding  before  the  leaves. 

Petals  none;  ovary  tomentose  ;  samaras  divergent.  i.  A.  saccharinum. 

Petals  present  ;  ovary  glabrous  :  samaras  incurved. 

Leaves  pale  and  glabrous  or  but  slightly  pubescent  beneath. 

2.  A.  rubrum. 
Leaves  densely  whitish-pubescent  beneath  ;  southern. 

3.  A.  Drummondii. 
Flowers  corymbose,  unfolding  with  the  leaves. 

Flowers  long-pedicelled,  drooping;  large  trees. 

Leaves  pale  and  nearly  glabrous  beneath.  4.  A.  Saccharum. 

Leaves  green  and  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins,  beneath. 


5.  A.  nigrum. 


Flowers  short-pedicelled,  erect ;  shrub  or  small  tree.  6.  A.  glabrum. 
Flowers  racemed,  terminal,  unfolding  after  the  leaves. 

Racemes  drooping;  leaves  finely  serrate.  7.  A.  Pennsylvanicum. 

Racemes  erect ;  leaves  coarsely  serrate,  8.  A.  spicatum. 

Leaves  pinnate.  t  9.  A.  Negundo. 

1.  Acer  saccharinum  L.    SILVER  MAPLE.    SOFT  OR  WHITE  MAPLE.    (I.  F.  f. 
2372.)     A  tree  with  flaky  bark.     Leaves  I-  1.5  dm.  long,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
rather  narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  and  irregularly  dentate,  truncate  or  slightly  cor- 
date at  the  base,  green  above,  silvery  white  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath; 
flowers   greenish  or  red;  fruiting  pedicels  elongating;  samaras  at  length  5-7  cm. 
long,  the  wing  often  1.2  cm.  wide.      Along  streams,  N.  B.   to  Fla.,  S.  Ont.,   Dak., 
Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     Yields  maple  sugar  in  small  quantities.     Feb. -April. 

2.  Acer  rubrum  L.     RED,   SCARLET  OR  WATER  MAPLE.     SWAMP   MAPLE. 
(I.   F.  f.   2373.)     A  tree  with  flaky  or  smoothish  bark.     Twigs  reddish;  leaves 
7-10  cm.   long,  cordate  at  the  base,    sharply  3~5-lobed,  the  lobes  irregularly  den- 
tate, acute  or  acuminate,  green  above,  generally  whitish  beneath;  flowers  reddish 
or  yellowish;  petals  narrowly  oblong;  stamens  3-6;  fruiting  pedicels  elongating; 
samaras  1.8-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  the  wing  6-8  mm.  wide.      In  swamps  and  low  grounds, 
N.  B.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Foliage  crimson  in  autumn.     March-April. 

3.  Acer   Drummondii    H.    &   A.     DRUMMOND'S    MAPLE.     (I.  F.  f.  2374.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding.     Leaves  7-15  cm.  long,  thicker,  3-lobed,  or  sometimes 
5-lobed,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the  lobes  shorter,  broader,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate; young  twigs  and  petioles  more  or  less  tomentose;  fruiting  pedicels  2. 5-5  cm. 
long;  samaras  3.75-6.25  cm.  long,  the  wing  1-2  cm.  broad  at  middle.    In  swamps, 
southern  Mo.  to  Ga.,  Fla.  and  Tex.      Fruit  scarlet,  ripening  in  March  or  April. 

4.  Acer  Saccharum  Marsh.    SUGAR  OR  ROCK  MAPLE.     SUGAR-TREE.    (I.  F. 
f-  2375-)     A  large  tree.     Leaves  7.5-15  cm.  long,  dark  green  above,  cordate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate,  irregularly  sinuate,  the  sin- 
uses rounded;  flowers  in   sessile   corymbs,  greenish  yellow;  petals  none;  samaras 
glabrous,  slightly  diverging,  2.5-3.75  cm.  long,  the  wing  6-10  mm.  wide.     In  rich 


608  FLORA. 

woods,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Fla.   and  Tex.     Its  sap  is  the  main  source  of 
maple  sugar.     April-May.      [A-  saccharinum  L.,  not  Wang.  | 

5.  Acer   nigrum   Michx.     BLACK  SUGAR    MAPLE.     (I.  F.  f.  2376.)     Nearly 
or  quite  as  large  as  the  Sugar  Maple,  with  rough,  blackish  bark.     Leaves  similar, 
but  green  both  sides,  thicker  and  generally  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  espe- 
cially along  the  veins ;  lobes  much  broader  and  shorter,  with  few  undulations  or  fre- 
quently entire,   the  basal  sinus  often  narrow;  samaras  slightly  more  divergent. 
Ont.  and  Vt.  to  Ga.,  Minn.,  La.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

6.  Acer  glabrum  Torr.     DWARF  OR   ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  MAPLE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2  J77-)     A  shrub,  or  small  tree.     Leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  often  broader,  glabrous 
on  both   sides,  or  puberulent  when  young,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  sharply  serrate; 
flowers  yellowish  green,  in  numerous  small  sessile  corymb-like  racemes;  pedicels 
short,  glabrous;  samaras  glabrous,  shining,  1.8-3  cm-  l°ng>  little  diverging;  wing 
8-12  mm.  wide.     Borders  of  streams  and  hillsides,  western  Neb.  to  Ariz.,  Nev.  and 
Br.  Col.     May. 

7.  Acer   Pennsylvanicum  L.     STRIPED  OR   GOOSEFOOT  MAPLE.     MOOSE. 
WOOD.    (I.  F.  f.  2378.)   A  small  tree,  the  smoothish  gjeen  bark  striped  with  darker 
lines.     Leaves  often   1.5-2  dm.   long,   broadest  above  the  middle,   thin,  glabrous 
above,  sparingly  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  slightly  cordate  or  truncate  at 
at  the  base,  3-lobed  near  the  apex,  the  lobes  short  and  acuminate;  racemes  7.5-10 
cm.  long;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  6-8  mm.  broad;  petals  obovate,'  samaras  gla- 
brous, 2.5  cm.  long,  widely  divergent,  the  wing  8-10  mm.  wide.     In  rocky  woods, 
N.  S.  to  Lake  Superior,  and  along  the  mountains  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     May-June. 

8.  Acer   spicatum   Lam.     MOUNTAIN  MAPLE.    (I.  F.  f.  2379.)    A  shrub,  or 
rarely  a  small  tree,  the  bark  green,  not  striped.     Leaves  7.5-12.5  cm.  long,  gla- 
brous above,  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or 
acuminate;  racemes  compound,    rather  dense;  flowers  2-3  mm.   broad,   greenish 
yellow;  petals  linear  spatulate;  samaras   1.8-2  cm.  long,  somewhat  divergent,  the 
wing  6-8  mm.  wide.     Damp  rocky  woods,   Newf.   and  James'  Bay  to  Manitoba, 
south,  especially  along  the  mountains,  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Minn.     May-June. 

9.  Acer  Negundo  L.     Box  ELDER.     ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE.     (I.  F.  f.  2380.) 
A  tree.     Leaves    petioled,   3-5-foliolate;  leaflets   ovate  or  oval,   pubescent  when 
young,    nearly    glabrous  when'  old,    5-13  cm.   long,    2.5-7.5  cm.    wide,  dentate, 
slightly  lobed  or  sometimes  entire,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  dioecious,  droop- 
ing, very  small,  appearing  a  little  before  the  leaves;  samaras  glabrous,    slightly 
incurved,  2.5-3.75  cm.  long,  the  broad  wing  finely  veined.     Along  streams,  Vt. 
and  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  N.  Mex.     Rare  near  the  Atlantic  Coast.     April. 

Acer  Negundo  Texknum  Pax.  Branchlets  and  leaves  densely  pubescent.  Kans.  to 
Tex. 

Acer  Pseudo-Pldtanus  L.,  the  Sycamore  Maple,  with  terminal  drooping  racemes  of 
yellowish  flowers  with  very  woolly  ovaries,  and  deeply  3-5-lobed  leaves,  and  Acer  pla- 
tanoides  L.,  the  Norway  Maple,  with  terminal  corymbs  of  greenish  yellow  flowers 
appearing  with  or  before  the  sharply  s-j-lobed  leaves,  are  commonly  planted,  and  have 
occasionally  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  east. 

Family  10.     HIPPOCASTANACEAE  T.  &  G. 

Buckeye  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  digitately  3-9-folioiate  leaves, 
and  conspicuous  polygamous  irregular  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx 
5-lobed  or  5-cleft  in  the  following  genus,  the  lobes  unequal.  Petals  4-5, 
unequal,  clawed.  Disk  entire,  often  i-sided.  Stamens  5-8;  filaments 
elongated.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  slender. 
Capsule  leathery,  smooth  or  spiny,  3-celled  or  by  abortion  i-2-celled,  and 
often  only  i-seeded.  Seeds  large,  shining;  cotyledons  very  thick.  The 
family  consists  of  the  following  genus,  containing  about  15  species,  natives 
of  America  and  Asia,  and  Bilna,  of  Mexico. 


SA  FIN  DA  CEA  £.  609 

I.  AESCULUS  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.      [Ancient  name.] 
Capsule  spiny,  at  least  when  young;  stamens  exserted. 

Flowers  white,  mottled  with  yellow  and  purple ;  leaflets  abruptly  acuminate. 

i.  AE.  Hippocastanum. 
Flowers  yellow. 

A  tree;  leaflets  5-7.  2.  AE.  glabra. 

A  shrub;  leaflets  7-9.  3.  AE.  arguta. 

Capsule  glabrous;  stamens  not  exceeding  the  petals. 

Corolla  yellow,  or  purplish;  calyx  oblong;  a  tree.  4.  AE.  octandra. 

Corolla  red;  calyx  tubular ;  a  shrub.  5.  AE.  Pavia. 

1.  Aesculus  Hippocastanum  L.     HORSE-CHESTNUT.     (I.  F.  f.  2381.)     A 
large  tree,  the  buds  very  resinous.     Leaves  long-petioled,  glabrate  when  mature, 
or  with  persistent  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins   on  the  lower  surface; 
leaflets  5-7  (occasionally  only  3  on  some  leaves),  obovate,  1-2  dm.  long,  cuneate- 
narrowed  to  the    base,  irregularly  crenulate-dentate;  inflorescence    rather  dense, 
often  3  dm.  long,  the  pedicels  and  calyx  canescent;  fruit  globose.     Escaped  from 
cultivation,  N.  Eng.  to  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Native  of  Asia.     June-July. 

2.  Aesculus  glabra  Willd.     FETID    BUCKEYE.     OHIO  BUCKEYE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2382.)     Bark  rough  and  fetid.     Leaves    long-petioled;  leaflets  7.5-15  cm.   long, 
oval,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  finely  serrate;  inflorescence  loose,  pubescent,  i- 
1.5  dm.  long;  flowers  pale  yellow;  calyx  campanulate;  petals  4,  1-1.4  cm-  l°ng> 
slightly  unequal,  their  claws  about  equalling  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  curved,  ex- 
serted;  fruit  2.5-3.7  cm.  in  diameter,  prickly  when  young,  becoming  smoothish. 
Woods,  Penn.  to  Ala.,  Mich.,  Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     April-May. 

3.  Aesculus  arguta  Buckl.     SHRUBBY   OR  WESTERN  BUCKEYE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2383.)     A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  with  smooth  bark.     Twigs,  young  petioles,  leaves 
and  inflorescence  somewhat  pubescent,  becoming  glabrate;  leaflets  narrow,  7-10 
cm.   long,  about  2.5  cm.  wide,  long-acuminate,   unequally  serrate;  inflorescence 
dense,  1-1.5  dm.  l°ngl  flowers  yellow,  " the  centre  reddish;  "  calyx  broadly  cam- 
panulate, its  lobes  very  obtuse;  stamens  exserted,  curved;  petals  1-1.2  cm.  long; 
fruit  very  spiny  when  young.     Kans.  and  the  Ind.  Terr,  to  Tex.     March-April. 

4.  Aesculus  octandra  Marsh.     YELLOW,  SWEET  OR  BIG  BUCKEYE.     (I.  F. 
f.  2384.)     A  large  tree,  rarely  reduced  to  a  shrub;  bark  dark  brown,  scaly.    Leaf- 
lets 5,  rarely  7,  1-2  dm.  long,  5-7.5  cm.  wide,  oval,   more  or  less  pubescent  be- 
neath, acuminate,  the  lower  ones  oblique,  the  others  cuneate  at  the  base,  all  finely 
serrate;  inflorescence  rather  loose,   puberulent;  petals  4,  long-clawed,  connivent, 
the  2  upper  narrower  and  longer  than  the  lower.     Woods,   Penn.  to  Ga.,  Iowa 
and  Tex.     April-May. 

Aesculus  octdndra  hybrida(DC.)  Sarg.  PURPLISH  BUCKKYE.  Flowers  purplish  or 
pink;  leaflets  pubescent  beneath;  bark  light  brown.  W.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

5.  Aesculus  Pavia  L.     RED  BUCKEYE.     (I.  F.  f.  2385.)     A  shrub,   1-4  m. 
high.     Leaflets   5-7,    stalked,    oblong,    lanceolate,   or  obovate,   7.5-13  cm.   long, 
2.5-3.75  cm-  wide,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  finely  serrate, 
nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides  when  mature,  shining;  inflorescence  loose;  peduncles 
l-3-flowered;  flowers  2. 5 -4  cm.  Ions:;  calyx-lobes  short;  upper  petals  longer  than  the 
lower.     In  rich  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

Aesculus  parviflfcra  Walt.,  a  low  shrub  with  5-foliolate  puberulent  leaves  and 
long  thyrses  of  yellowish  flowers,  the  stamens  long-exserted,  has  been  found  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation  in  southeastern  Penn.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Southern  States. 

Family  ii.  SAPINDACEAE  R.  Br. 

Soapberry  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  sap,  rarely  herbaceous  vines.  Leaves 
alternate  (opposite  in  one  exotic  genus),  mostly  pinnate  or  palmate,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  regular  or  slightly  irregular. 
Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  4  or  5,  mostly  imbricated.  Petals  3-5.  Disk  fleshy. 


FLORA. 

Stamens  5-10  (rarely  fewer  or  more),  generally  inserted  on  the  disk. 
Ovary  I,  2-4-lobed  or  entire,  2-4-celled;  ovules  i  or  more  in  each  cavity. 
Fruit  various.  Seeds  globose  or  compressed  ;  embryo  mainly  convolute ; 
endosperm  none.  About  120  genera,  including  over  i  ,000  species,  widely 
distributed  in  tropical  and  warm  regions. 

Trees  or  shrubs  ;  fruit  a  berry.  I.  Sapindus. 

Herbaceous  vines ;  fruit  an  inflated  pod.  2.  Cardiospermum. 

i.  SAPINDUS  L. 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  regular,  polygamo-dioecious. 
in  racemes  or  panicles.  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Petals  of  the  same 
number,  each  with  a  scale  at  its  base.  Disk  annular,  hypogynous.  Stamens  8-10, 
inserted  on  the  disk;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  commonly  3 -lobed,  with  the  same 
number  of  cavities;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity,  ascending;  style  slender;  stigma 
2-4-lobed.  Fruit  a  globose  or  lobed  berry  with  1-3  seeds.  [Name,  Sapo  Indicus, 
Indian  soap,  from  the  soapy  quality  of  the  berries.]  About  10  species,  natives 
of  warm  and  tropical  Asia  and  America. 

i.  Sapindus  Drummondi  H.  &  A.  SOAPBERRY.  WILD  CHINA-TREE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2386.)  A  tree.  Leaves  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  1-4.5  cm- 
long;  leaflets  7-19,  inequilateral,  obliquely  lanceolate,  often  falcate,  entire,  3.5- 
10  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex  and  commonly  acute  at  the  base;  panicles 
terminal,  1-2  dm.  long,  dense;  flowers  white,  about  4  mm.  broad;  berry  globose, 
oval,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  very  saponaceous.  Kans.  to  Tex.,  La.,  Ariz,  and 
northern  Mex.  Has  been  confused  with  the  Southeastern  S.  marginatus  Willd. 

2.  CARDIOSPERMUM  L. 

Vines,  with  alternate  bipinnate  or  decompound  leaves,  and  small  axillary  ten- 
dril-bearing corymbs  of  slightly  irregular  polygamo-dioecious  flowers.  Tendrils  2 
to  each  corymb,  opposite.  Pedicels  jointed.  Sepals  4,  the  2  exterior  smaller. 
Petals  4,  2  larger  and  2  smaller.  Disk  i -sided,  undulate.  Stamens  8;  filaments 
unequal.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  short,  3-cleft;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity.  Capsule 
inflated,  3-lobed.  Seeds  arilled  at  the  base;  cotyledons  conduplicate.  [Greek, 
heart-seed.]  About  15  species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

i.  Cardiospermum  Halicacabum  L.  BALLOON  VINE.  HEART-SEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
2387.)  Slender,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  6-18  dm.  long.  Leaves  petioled, 
5-10  cm.  long;  segments  stalked,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate; peduncles  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  white,  6-8  mm.  broad; 
capsule  about  2.5  cm.  long,  globose-pyriform ;  seeds  globose,  nearly  black.  In 
waste  places,  N.  J.,  D.  C.,  Kans.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports;  occasionally 
escaping  from  gardens.  Native  of  tropical  America.  Summer. 

Family  12.   BALSAMINACEAE  Lindl. 

Jewel-weed  Family. 

Succulent,  herbs,  with  alternate  thin  simple  dentate  petioled  leaves, 
and  showy  very  irregular  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  3,  the  2  lateral  ones 
small,  green,  nerved,  the  posterior  one  large,  petaloid,  saccate,  spurred, 
Petals  5,  or  3  with  2  of  them  2-cleft  into  dissimilar  lobes.  Stamens  5, 
short ;  filaments  appendaged  by  scales  on  their  inner  side  and  more  or 
less  united  ;  anthers  coherent  or  connivent  Ovary  oblong,  5-celled  ; 
style  short,  or  none  ;  stigma  5-toothed  or  5-lobed ;  ovules  several  in  each 
cavity.  Fruit  in  the  following  genus  an  oblong  or  linear  capsule,  elasti- 
cally  dehiscent  into  5  spirally  coiled  valves,  expelling  the  oblong  ridged 
seeds.  Endosperm  none ;  embryo  nearly  straight ;  cotyledons  flat. 
Later  flowers  small,  cleistogamous,  apetalous.  About  220  species,  mostly 
natives  of  tropical  Asia.  The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  and 
the  monotypic  Asiatic  Hydrocera, 


RHA  MNA  CEA  E.  6 1 1 


I.  1MPATIENS     L. 

Characters  of  family,  as  given  above.  [Name  in  allusion  to  the  elastically 
bursting  pods.] 

Flowers  orange  or  orange-yellow,  mottled;  spur  incurved.  I.  /.  biflora. 

Flowers  pale  yellow  ;  spur  short,  spreading.  2.  /.  aurea. 

1.  Impatiens    biflora    Walt.      SPOTTED    TOUCH-ME-NOT.      SILVER-LEAF. 
(I.   F.  f.  2388.)     Annual,  glabrous,  6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  pale 
and  glaucous  beneath,  3.5-8  cm.  long,  generally  obtuse,  coarsely  toothed;  peduncles 
2-4-flowered;   bracts  linear;    flowers  horizontal,   1.8-2.4  cm.  l°ng;  saccate  sepal 
conic,   longer  than   broad,   contracted  into  a  slender  spur  of  one  half  its  length, 
which  is  2-toothed  at  the  apex.     In  moist  grounds,  N.  S.  to  Ore.,  Alaska,  Fla.  and 
Kans.     Spurs  are  occasionally  developed  on  the  2  small  exterior  sepals,  and  spur- 
less  flowers  have  been  observed.     July-Oct. 

2.  Impatiens  aurea  Muhl.     PALE  TOUCH-ME-NOT.    (I.  F.  f.  2389. )    Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  larger  and  stouter.     Flowers  pale  yellow,  sparingly  dotted 
with  reddish-brown,  or  sometimes  dotless,  2.4-3  cm-  l°ng;  saccate   sepal  dilated- 
conic,  about  as  broad  as  long,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  scarcely  incurved  notched 
spur,  less  than  one-third  its  length;  bracts  of  the  pedicels  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute, 
In  similar  situations,  Quebec  to  Ore.,  Ga.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

Order  21.     RHAMNALES. 

Shrubs,  vines,  or  small  trees,  with  nearly  always  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  regular.  Sepals  mostly  more  or  less  united.  Petals  dis- 
tinct or  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  calyx-lobes,  and 
alternate  with  them,  opposite  the  petals  when  these  are  present.  Ovary 
compound,  superior  ;  ovules  erect. 
Shrubs,  small  trees,  or  vines;  petals  4  or  5,  or  none;  fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule. 

Fam.  i.  RJiamnaceae, 
Vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  rarely  shrubs;  petals  caducous;  fruit  a  berry. 

Fam.  2.    Vitaceae. 

Family  i.    RHAMNACEAE  Dumort. 
Buckthorn  Faintly. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  often  thorny.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, stipulate,  mainly  alternate,  often  3-5-nerved.  Stipules  small,  decidu- 
ous. Inflorescence  commonly  of  cymes  or  panicles.  Flowers  small,  reg- 
ular, perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx-limb  4-5-toothed.  Petals  4-5, 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the  petals 
and  opposite  them  ;  anthers  short,  versatile.  Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  sessile, 
free  from  or  immersed  in  the  disk,  2-5-  (often  3-)  celled  ;  ovules  i  in 
each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit  often  3-celled.  Seeds  solitary  in  the 
cavities,  erect ;  endosperm  fleshy,  rarely  none;  embryo  large;  cotyledons 
flat.  About  45  genera  and  575  species,  of  temperate  and  warm  regions. 

Ovary  free  from  the  disk;  fruit  a  drupe. 

Petals  sessile,  entire;  stone  of  the  drupe  2  celled  i.  Berchemia. 

Petals  short-clawed  or  none;  stones  of  the  drupe  2—4.  2.  Rhamnus. 

Ovary  adnate  to  the  disk  at  its  base;  fruit  dry.  3.   Ceanothus, 

i.  BERCHEMIA  Neck. 

Climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  ovate  or  oblong*  pinnately. 
veined  leaves,  and  small  greenish  white  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters,  or 
rarely  solitary.  Petals  5,  sessile,  concave  or  cucullate.  Stamens  5;  filaments  fili- 
form. Disk  filling  the  calyx-tube,  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  oval,  obtuse,  com- 
pressed, its  flesh  thin  and  coriaceous,  its  stone  2-celled.  Seeds  linear- oblong; 
cotyledois  thin.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  10  species,  the  following  in  south, 
eastern  N.  Am.,  the  others  in  Asia  and  Africa. 


6l2  FLORA. 

i.  Berchemia  scandens  (Hill)  Trel.  SUPPLE-JACK.  (I.  F.  f.  2390.)  A 
glabrous  high-climbing  shrub,  with  tough  terete  branches.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng'  I-25~2-5  cm-  wide,  obtuse  or  somewhat  truncate  at  the 
base,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  their  margins  undulate;  flowers  about 
3  mm.  broad,  mainly  in  small  terminal  panicles;  petals  acute;  styles  short;  drupe 
6-8  mm.  long,  equalling  or  shorter  than  its  slender  pedicel,  its  stone  crustaceous, 
In  low  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  March-June. 

a.  RHAMNUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  pinnately  veined  and  (in  our  species)  deciduous 
leaves,  and  small  axillary  cymose  racemose  or  paniculate,  perfect  or  polygamous 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  urceolate,  its  limb  4-5  toothed.  Petals  4or  5,  mainly  emargin- 
ate  and  hooded,  or  none.  Disk  free  from  the  3-4-celled  ovary.  Style  3-4-cleft. 
Drupe  berry-like,  containing  2-4  nutlet-like  stones.  Seeds  mainly  obovoid;  endo- 
sperm fleshy.  [The  ancient  Greek  name.]  About  75  species,  of  temperate  and 
warm  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous;  nutlets  grooved. 
Petals  present;  flowers  mainly  4-merous. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate;  branches  thorny;  drupe  with  3  or  4  nutlets. 

i.  R.  cat  hart  tea. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  drupe  with  2  nutlets.  2.  R.  lanceolata. 

Petals  none;  flowers  5-merous;  drupe  with  3  nutlets.  3.  R.  alnifolia. 

Flowers  perfect;  nutlets  smooth. 


Umbels  peduncled;  leaves  acute;  calyx  campanulate.  4.  R.  Caroliniana. 

Umbels  sessile;  leaves  obtuse;  calyx  hemispheric.  5.  R.  Frangula. 

1.  Rhamnus  cathartica  L.     BUCKTHORN.     (I.  F.  f.  2391.)    A  shrub,  2-6  m. 
high.     Leaves  glabrous,   petioled,  4-8  cm.    long,  about  2.5   cm.  wide,   regularly 
crenate  or  crenulate,  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  veins,  the  upper  running  nearly  to  the 
apex;  flowers  greenish,  about  2  mm.  wide,  clustered,  unfolding  a  little  later  than 
the  leaves;  petals  very  narrow;  drupe  globose,  black,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter.    In 
dry  soil,  escaped  from  hedges,  N.  E.,  the  Middle  States  and  Ont.    Introduced  from 
Europe.     May-June. 

2.  Rhamnus   lanceolata  Pursh.     LANCE-LEAVED    BUCKTHORN.     (I.    F.   f. 
2392.)     A  tall  shrub,  with  grayish  bark.     Leaves  short-petioled,  2.5-8  cm.  long, 
1.25  2.5  cm.  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath, 
finely  serrulate;  veins  6  or  7  pairs;  flowers  2  or  3  together,  greenish,  about  3  mm. 
broad,  appearing  with  the  leaves;   pedicels   2-4  mm.  long;    drupe   black,   about 
6  mm.  in  diameter,  obovoid-globose.     In  moist  soil,  Penn.  to  Iowa,  Neb.,  Ala.  and 
Tex.     May. 

3.  Rhamnus  alnifolia  L' Her.    ALDER-LEAVED  BUCKTHORN.    DWARF  ALDER. 
(I.  F.  f.  2393.)     A  small  shrub.     Leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  5-10  cm.  long,  2.5-5  cm- 
wide,  mainly  acute  at  the  base,  irregularly  crenate-serrate;  veins  6  or  7  pairs; 
petioles  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  together,  green,  about  3  mm.  broad, 
appearing  with  the  leaves;  fruiting  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long;  drupe  globose  or  some- 
what obovoid,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  swamps,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  111., 
Neb.,  Mont,  and  Cal.     May-June. 

4.  Rhamnus   Caroliniana  Walt.     CAROLINA  BUCKTHORN.     (I.  F.  f.  2394.) 
A  tall  shrub,  or  small  tree.     Leaves  elliptic  or  broadly  oblong,  glabrous,  or  some- 
what hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  5-15  cm.  long,  2.5-6.5  cm.  wide,  obscurely  ser- 
rulate or  even  entire;  veins  6-10 pairs;  petioles  1.2-1.8  cm.  long;  flowers  5-merous, 
greenish,  about  2   mm.  broad,  in  umbels  or  solitary,  unfolding   after  the   leaves; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate;  petals  present;  drupe  globose,  sweet,  about  8  mm. 
in  diameter.     In  wet  soil,  Va.  and  Ky.  to  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

5.  Rhamnus  Frangula  L.     ALDER  BUCKTHORN.     (I.  F.  f.  2395.)    A  shrub, 
the  young  twigs  finely  and  sparsely  puberulent.     Leaves  thin,  elliptic  or  obovate, 
entire  or  very  obscurely  crenulate,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  4-7  cm.  long,  2.5- 
4  cm.  wide;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  umbels  i-6-flowered;  flowers  5-merous;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute;  fruiting  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long;  fruit  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 
In  bogs,  L.  I.  and  N.  J.     Reported  from  Ont.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-June. 


VITACEAE.  613 

3.  CEANOTHUS   L. 

Shrubs,  with  petioled  leaves  and  cymose  panicles  of  small  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx-limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  hooded,  clawed,  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  inserted 
under  the  disk.  Stamens  5;  filaments  filiform,  elongated.  Ovary  immersed  in  the 
disk  and  adnate  to  it  at  the  base,  3-lobed.  Disk  adnate  to  the  calyx.  Style  short, 
3-cleft.  Fruit  dry,  3-lobed,  separating  at  maturity  into  3  nutlets.  Seed-coat 
smooth;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons  oval  or  obovate.  [Name  used  by  Theo- 
phrastus  for  some  different  plant.  ]  About  35  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  northern  Mex. 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pubescent.  i.  C.  Americanus. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate.  2.   C,  ovatus, 

1.  Ceanothus   Americanus   L.     NEW  JERSEY  TEA.     RED-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2396.)     Stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  deep  reddish  root,  puberulent,  especially 
above.     Leaves  2.5-7.5   cm.  long,  1.25-2.5  cm.  wide,  acute  or  acuminate   at  the 
apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  serrate  all  around,  strongly  3-nerved;  pe- 
duncles elongated,  often  leafy,  bearing  dense  oblong  cymose  panicles  of  small  white 
flowers;  fruit  depressed,  about  4  mm.  high,  nearly  black.     In  dry  open  woods. 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

2.  Ceanothus  ovatus  Desf.     SMALLER  RED-ROOT.  •  (I.  F.  f.  2397.)    Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  generally  smaller  and  nearly  glabrous.     Leaves  2.5-5  cm- 
long,  6-18  mm.  wide,  mainly  obtuse  at  each  end,  but  sometimes  acute  at  the  apex, 
serrate  with  prominently  gland-tipped  teeth;  peduncles  short,  nearly  always  ter- 
minal, bearing  dense  short  cymose  panicles  of  white  flowers;  fruit  nearly  as  in 

C.  Americanus.     In  rocky  places  and  on  prairies,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Mass., 

D.  C.,  111.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

Ceanothus  ovktus  pubescens  T.  &  G.  Leaves,  petioles  and  peduncles  densely 
pubescent.  Iowa  to  Kans.  and  Tex. 

Family  2.     VITACEAE  Lindl. 
Grape  Family. 

Climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  copious  watery  sap,  'nodose  joints, 
alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  regular  greenish  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dioecious  flowers,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  cymes.  Calyx  entire  or  4-5- 
toothed.  Petals  4-5,  separate  or  coherent,  valvate,  caducous.  Filaments 
subulate,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk  or  between  its  lobes  ;  disk  some- 
times obsolete  or  wanting;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  i,  generally  immersed 
in  the  disk,  2-6-celled ;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity,  ascending,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  i-6-celled  berry  (commonly  2-celled).  Seeds  erect;  testa  bony  ; 
raphe  generally  distinct ;  endosperm  cartilaginous  ;  embryo  short.  About 
10  genera  and  450  species,  widely  distributed. 

Hypogynous  disk  present,  annular  or  cup-shaped,  lobed  or  glandular ;  leaves  not  digitately 

compound  in  our  species. 

Petals  united  into  a  cap,  falling  away  without  separating.  i.    Vitis. 

Petals  separate,  spreading. 

Foliage  not  fleshy,  flowers  mostly  5-parted.  2.  Ampelopsis. 

Foliage  fleshy;  flowers  mostly  4-parted.  3.   Cissus. 

Hypogynous  disk  obsolete  or  wanting ;  leaves  digitately  compound  in  our  species,  the 
leaflets  5-7.  4.  Parthenocissus. 

x.  VITIS  L. 

Woody  vines,  rarely  shrubby,  mostly  with  tendrils.  Leaves  simple,  usually 
palmately  lobed  or  dentate.  Stipules  mainly  small,  caducous.  Flowers  mostly 
dioecious,  or  polygamo-dicecious,  rarely  perfect.  Petals  hypogynous  or  perigynous, 
coherent  in  a  cap  and  deciduous  without  expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-4- 
celled;  style  very  short,  conic;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Berry  globose  or  ovoid, 
few-seeded,  pulpy,  edible  in  most  species.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  40 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some 
10  or  15  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 


6 14  FLORA. 

Leaves  woolly  beneath. 

Pubescence  rusty- brown;  berries  large,  musky.  I.  V.  Labrusca. 

Pubescence  at  length  whitish  ;  berries  small,  black,  not  musky. 

Berries  with  bloom  ;  branches  terete.  2.   V.  aestivalis. 

Berries  without  bloom  ;  branches  angular.  3.  V.  cinerea. 

Leaves  glabrate,  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  when  young. 

Leaves  bluish-white  glaucous  beneath.  4.  V.  bicalor. 

Leaves  not  glaucous  beneath. 

Leaves  3-y-lobed  ;  lobes  acute  or  acuminate. 

Lobes  and  sinuses  acute  ;  berries  with  bloom.  5.  V.  vulpina. 

Lobes  long-acuminate;  sinuses  rounded;  berries  without  bloom. 

6.  V.  palmata. 
Leaves  sharply  dentate,  scarcely  lobed. 

Bark  loose;  pith  interrupted  by  the  solid  nodes. 
High-climbing;  leaves  large;  berries  sour. 

Leaves  somewhat  shining  above,  the  apex  long-acuminate;  inflores- 
cence loose.  7.   V.  cordifolia. 
Leaves  dull,  the  apex  short-acuminate  or  blunt;  inflorescence  com- 
pact.                                                                           8.  V.  Bailevana. 
Low;  leaves  small;  berries  sweet.                                    9.  V.  rupestris. 
Bark  close;  pith  continuous  through  the  nodes.                 10.   F.  rotundifolia. 

1.  Vitis  Labrusca  L.     NORTHERN  Fox-  or  PLUM  GRAPE.     WILD  VINE.     (I. 
F.  f.  2398.)     Young  twigs,  forked  tendrils  and  petioles   densely  pubescent,   espe- 
cially when  young;  nodes  solid,  interrupting  the  pith.    Leaves  large,  each  opposite 
a  tendril  or  a  flower  cluster,   varying  from  merely  dentate  to  deeply  lobed  with 
rounded  sinuses;  berries  few,   brownish -purple,  about  1.8  cm.  in  diameter;  seeds 
3-6,  about  8  mm.  long  ;  raphe  narrow.     Thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Ind.,  Ga.  and  Tenn. 
May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Vitis   aestivalis  Michx.      SUMMER  GRAPE.      SMALL  GRAPE.      (I.  F.  f. 
2399.)     Twigs  and  petioles  glabrous  or  pubescent.     Leaves  as  large  as  those  of  V. 
Labrusca,  dentate,  or  3-5-lobed,  sometimes  becoming  nearly  glabrous;  tendrils  and 
flower-clusters  intermittent  (wanting  opposite  each  third  leaf);  inflorescence  gen- 
erally long  and  loose;  berries  numerous,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter,  acid;  seeds  2  or  3, 
about  6  mm.  long  ;  raphe  narrow.     In  thickets,  southern  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  southern 
Ont.,  Wis.  and  La.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Vitis  cinerea  Engelm.     DOWNY  GRAPE.     (I.  F.  f.  2400.)     Young  shorts 
and  petioles  mostly  floccose-pubescent  ;  tendrils  intermittent.     Leaves  dentate,  or 
somewhat  3-lobed,  often  longer  than  wide;  inflorescence  loose  ;  berries  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter,  pleasantly  acid,  i-2-seeded;  seeds  about  4  mm.  long,  the  raphe  narrow. 
111.  to  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 

4.  Vitis  bicolor  LeConte.     BLUE  OR  WINTER  GRAPE.     (I.  F.  f.  2401.)    Ten- 
drils intermittent;  branches  terete.     Twigs   bluish-glaucous,  the  bloom  sometimes 
disappearing  ;  internodes  long  ;  leaves  usually  3-lobed,  cordate,  sometimes  3  dm. 
long,  the  sinuses  rounded,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate  ;   inflorescence   compact ; 
berries  bluish-black  with  a  bloom,  sour,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter  ;   seeds  about  4 
mm.  long,  raphe  narrow.     Northern  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  N.  Car. 

5.  Vitis  vulpina  L.     RIVERSIDE  OR  SWEET  SCENTED  GRAPE.     (I.  F.  f.  2402.) 
Glabrous,   or  pubescent  on  the  veins  of  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves;  branches 
rounded  or  slightly  angled,  greenish;  tendrils  intermittent.     Leaves  thin,  shining, 
the  terminal  lobe  commonly  long;  stipules  4-6  mm.  long,  often  persistent  until  the 
fruit  is  formed;  berries  bluish-black,  8-io  mm.  in  diameter,  rather  sweet;  seeds 
2-4,  4  mm.  long,  the  raphe  narrow.     Along  rocky  river-banks,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba, 
Md.  and  Ark.     May-June.     Fruit  beginning  to  ripen  in  July. 

Vitis  L6ngii  Prince,  which  differs  from  V.  vulpina  in  its  floccose  pubescent  shoots 
and  lower  leaf-surfaces,  the  leaves  more  circular  in  outline,  is  reported  from  Kansas, 
and  extends  through  western  Tex.  to  N.  Mex. 

6.  Vitis   palmata  Vahl.     MISSOURI  GRAPE.     (I.  F.   f.  2403.)     Glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  or  with  slight  pubescence  on  the  veins  of  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves; 
twigs  bright  red;  bark  separating  in   large  flakes;  tendrils  intermittent,  forked. 
Leaves  dull,  darker  green  than  in  V.  vulpina,  deeply  3-5 -lobed;  stipules  3-4  mm. 
long;  inflorescence  loose;  berries  black,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  I  or  2,  about 
6  mm.  long;  raphe  indistinct.     River-banks,  111.  and  Mo.     June-July. 


VITACEAE.  615 

7.  Vitis  cordifolia  Michx.      FROST    GRAPE.     CHICKEN    GRAPE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2404.)     Twigs  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  terete  or  indistinctly  angled;  inter- 
nodes   long;  tendrils  intermittent;  stem  sometimes    3   dm.  in  diameter   or    more. 
Leaves7.5-iocm.  wide,  thin,  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed;  tendrils  forked,  intermittent; 
stipules  about  4  mm.  long;  berries  black,  shining,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  ripen- 
ing after  frost;  seeds  I  or  2,  about  4  mm.  long;  raphe narrow.    Moist  thickets  and 
along  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 

8.  Vitis    Baileyana  Munson.     BAILEY'S  GRAPE.     (I.  F.  f.  2405.)     Branches 
angled,  the  young  twigs  tomentose,   the  tendrils  intermittent;  internodes  short. 
Leaves  crenate-dentate,  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed,  as  a  rule  smaller  than  those  of 
V.  cordifolia,  the  teeth   mucronate;  berries  black,   8-10  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds 
about  4  mm.  long,  the  raphe  broad.     In  valleys,  Va.,  W.  Va.  and  N.  Car. 

9.  Vitis  rupestris -Scheele.     SAND  GRAPE.     SUGAR  GRAPE.     (I.  F.  f.  2406.) 
Bushy,  sometimes  climbing  to  a  height  of  I  or  2  metres,  glabrous  or  somewhat  floe- 
cose -pubescent  on  the  younger  parts;  tendrils  forked,  intermittent  or  often  want- 
ing.    Leaves   pale  green,   shining,  abruptly   pointed,  rarely   slightly  3-lobed,  the 
sides  often  folded  together;  stipules  4-6  mm.  long;  inflorescence  compact;  berries 
black,  with  a  bloom,  6-8  mm.  in   diameter,  2— 4-seeded;  seeds  about  4  mm.  long; 
raphe  very  slender.     Southern  Penn.  to  Mo.,  D.  C.,  Tenn.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

10.  Vitis   rotundifolia   Michx.     SOUTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.     BULLACE  GRAPE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2407.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  tendrils  simple,   intermittent,   sometimes 
few.     Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  5-7.5  cm.  wide,  dark  green,  shining;  inflorescence 
dense;  berries  few,  purple,  I-I.8  cm.  in  diameter,  without  bloom,  tough,  musky; 
seeds  several,  flat,  wrinkled,  notched  at  the  apex;  raphe  indistinct.     In  moist  soil, 
Md.  to  Kans.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     May.     Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 

2.  AMPELOPSIS  Michx. 

Climbing  woody  vines,  or  some  species  bushy,  the  coiling  tendrils  not  tipped 
by  adhering  expansions.  Leaves  simple,  dentate  or  lobed,  or  pinnately  or  pal- 
mately  compound.  Flowers  polvgamo-dioecious  or  polygamo-moncecious.  Disk 
adriate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style 
subulate.  Berry  2-4-seeded,  the  flesh  usually  thin  and  inedible.  [Greek,  Vine- 
like.]  About  15  species,  of  temperate  and  warm  regions,  the  following  in  N.  Am. 

Leaves  coarsely  serrate,  or  slightly  3-lobed.  i.  A,  cordata. 

Leaves  2-3-pinnately  compound.  2.  A.  arborea. 

1.  Ampelopsis  cordata  Michx.    SIMPLE-LEAVED  AMPELOPSIS.     (I.  F.  f.  2408. ) 
Glabrous,    or    the    young   twigs   sparingly    pubescent,    climbing,    the    branches 
nearly   terete ;    tendrils   few   or   none.     Leaves   broadly   ovate,    5-10    cm.    long, 
glabrous  or  pubescent  along  the  veins,  acuminate;  panicles  small,  loose;  disk  cup- 
shaped;  berries  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  bluish,  i-2-seeded;  seeds  about  4  mm.  long. 
Swamps  and  river-banks,  southern  Va.  to  Fla.,  111.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

2.  Ampelopsis  arborea  (L.)  Rusby.     PEPPER-VINE.     (I.  F.  f.  2409.;     Gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  bushy;  tendrils  often  wanting.     Leaves  sometimes  2  dm.   in 
length  or  more;  leaflets  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  1.25-4  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate, 
obtuse  or  slightly  cordate,  or  the  terminal  one  cuneate  at  the  base,   glabrous  or 
somewhat  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath;  panicles  short-cymose;  berries  black, 
depressed -globose,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  sometimes  pubescent;  seeds  1-3.     In 
rich  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Mex.     Also  in  Cuba.     June-July. 

Ampelopsis  heterophylla  (Thumb.)  Sieb.  &  Zucc.,  a  climbing  eastern  Asiatic  vine, 
with  deeply  palmately  3~5-lobed  leaves  and  short  peduncled  compound  cymes,  was  found 
as  a  waif  from  cultivation  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  in  1890. 

3.  Cl'sSUS  L. 

Mostly  climbing  vines  with  fleshy  foliage.  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  when 
compound  the  leaflets  commonly  separating  in  drying.  Flowers  mostly  perfect. 
Petals  usually  4,  spreading.  Disk  cup-shaped,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary, 
mostly  4-lobed.  [Greek,  ivy.]  A  large  genus,  mostly  tropical. 

I.  Cissus  incisa  (Nutt.)  Desmoul.  Usually  a  large  vine,  fleshy  throughout 
Leaves  3-foliolate  or  3-parted;  leaflets  or  segments  ovate,  cuneate  at  base,  toothed, 


6l6  FLORA. 

or  the  middle  one  lobed;  inflorescence  umbel-like,  berries  obovoid,  nearly  black, 
1-2- seeded,  on  recurved  pedicels.     Kans.  and  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 

4.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch. 

Woody  vines,  the  tendrils  often  tipped  with  adhering  expansions  (disks),  or 
sometimes  merely  coiling,  our  species  with  digitately  compound  leaves.  Flowers 
perfect,  or  polygamo-monoecious,  in  compound  cymes  or  panicles.  Petals  5, 
spreading.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short, 
thick.  Berry  1-4- seeded,  the  flesh  thin,  not  edible.  About  10  species,  natives  of 
Eastern  N.  Am.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  Tex. 

i.  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (L.)  Planch.  VIRGINIA  CREEPER.  FALSE 
GRAPE.  AMERICAN  IVY.  (1.  F.  f.  2410.)  Tendrils  usually  numerous,  and  pro- 
vided with  terminal  adhering  expansions,  the  vine  sometimes  supported  also  by 
aerial  roots;  leaflets  oval,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  coarsely  toothed,  at  least  above  the  middle,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent;  panicles  ample,  erect  or  spreading  in  fruit;  berries  blue,  about  1.2  cm. 
in  diameter,  usually  2-3-seeded;  peduncles  and  pedicels  red.  In  woods  and  thick- 
ets, Quebec  to  Manitoba,  Cuba,  Tex.  and  Mex.  July.  Fruit  ripe  in  October. 

Parthenocissus  quinquef6Iia  lacinikta  Planch.  Tendrils  mostly  without  terminal 
adhering;  disks,  the  vine  not  high-climbing  ;  leaves  more  deeply  and  sharply  toothed  ; 
fruiting  panicles  drooping.  Ohio  to  Iowa,  Kans.  and  Colo. 

Parthenocissus  tricuspidata  (Sieb.  &  Zucc.)  Planch.,  the  Ampelopsis  Veitchii  of  the 
gardeners,  a  Japanese  vine,  clinging  to  walls  by  its  very  numerous  disk-tipped  tendrils, 
has  the  leaves  sharply  3-lobed  or  sometimes  3-divided  ;  it  is  freely  planted  for  ornament. 

Order  22.   MALVALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple,  mostly  alternate  leaves.  Flowers 
regular,  usually  perfect.  Sepals  separate,  or  more  or  less  united,  valvate. 
Petals  separate,  very  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous. 
Ovary  superior,  compound,  the  placentae  united  in  its  axis.  Disk 
inconspicuous  or  none. 

Stamens  in  several  sets  ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  embryo  straight.  Fam.  i.    Tiliaceae. 

Stamens  monadelphous  ;  anthers  i-celled  ;  embryo  curved.  Fam.  2.  Malvaceae. 

Family  i.  TILlACEAE  Juss. 

Linden  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  rarely  herbs,  with  alternate  (rarely  opposite)  simple 
leaves,  mostly  small  and  deciduous  stipules,  and  generally  cymose  or 
paniculate  flowers.  Sepals  5,  rarely  3  or  4,  valvate,  deciduous.  Petals  of 
the  same  number,  or  fewer,  or  none,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  oo ,  mostly  5-io-adelphous.  Ovary  i,  sessile,  2-io-celled  ; 
ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  i-io-celled,  drupaceous  or  baccate.  Coty- 
ledons ovate  or  orbicular;  endosperm  fleshy,  rarely  wanting.  About  35 
genera  and  245  species,  widely  distributed. 

x.  TILIA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Trees,  with  serrate  cordate  mainly  inequilateral  leaves,  and  cymose  white  or 
yellowish  perfect  flowers,  the  peduncles  subtended  by  and  partly  adnate  to  broad 
membranous  bracts.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  often  with  small  scales  at  the 
base.  Stamens  oo  ;  filaments  cohering  with  the  petal-scales  or  with  each  other  m 
5  sets.  Ovary  5 -celled;  cells  2-ovuled;  style  simple;  stigma  5 -toothed.  Fruit  dry, 
drupaceous,  globose  or  ovoid,  indehiscent,  1-2 -seeded.  Seeds  ascending  ;  endo- 
sperm hard;  cotyledons  broad,  5-lobed,  corrugated.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 
About  12  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  I  in  the  mountains  of  Mex. 


MALVACEAE. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces.  x.  T.  Americana. 

Leaves  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath.  2.  T.  pubescens. 

Leaves  glabrous  above,  silvery  white  beneath.  3.  T.  heterophylla. 

1.  Tilia  Americana  L.     BASS-WOOD.     AMERICAN  LINDEN.     WHITE- WOOD. 
(I.  F.  f.  2411.)     A  forest  tree  with  spreading  branches.     Leaves  ovate,  5-13  cm. 
wide,  coriaceous,  sharply  serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  abruptly  acuminate  or  acute; 
floral  bracts  5-10  cm.  long,  strongly  veined ;  cymes  drooping,  6-20- flowered;  flowers 
1-1.4  cm.  broad,  fragrant;  petals  yellowish  white,  crenate,  slightly  longer  than  the 
pubescent  sepals;  scales  similar  to  the  petals,  but  smaller;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  8-10 
mm.  in  diameter.     In  rich  woods  and  along  river-bottoms,  N.  B.  to  Ga.,  Manitoba, 
Neb.  and  Tex.     May-June. 

2.  Tilia  pubescens  Ait.     SOUTHERN  BASS-WOOD  OR  WHITE- WOOD.     (I.  F.  f. 
2412.)     A  small  tree.     Leaves  generally  smaller  than  those  of  T.  Americana;  floral 
bracts   commonly  broader  and  shorter  ;  fruit  globose,   5-6  mm.  in  diameter.     In 
moist  woods,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.,  mostly  along  the  coast.     May-June. 

3.  Tilia  heterophyila  Vent.     WHITE  BASS-WOOD.      BEE-TREE.      (I.  F.  f. 
2413.)     A  forest  tree.     Leaves  larger  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species  (often 
1.5  t<*  7.  dm.  long),  dark  green  above,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  floral  bracts  7.5-12.5 
cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  flowers  slightly  larger  and  often  fewer  than  those 
of  T.  Ameruzx-a;  fruit  globose,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter.     In  woods  N.  Y.  to  Fla., 
Ala.,  111.,  Ky.  auJ  Tenn.     June-July. 

The  European  Lii-Jgn,  or  Lime  Tree,  Tilia  Europaea  L.,  is  planted  as  an  orna- 
mental tree  in  parks  and  ou  lawns.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  any  of  our  species  by 
the  absence  of  scales  at  the  base  of  the  petals.  Its  name,  Lin,  was  the' origin  of  the  fam- 
ily name  of  Linnaeus. 

Family  2.     MALVACEAE  Neck. 
Mallow  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (sometimes  trees  in  tropical  regions),  with  alternate 
leaves.  Stipules  small,  deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  usually  perfect, 
often  large:  Sepals  5  (rarely  3  or  4),  more  or  less  united,  usually  val- 
vate  ;  calyx  often  bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  convolute. 
Stamens  oo ,  hypogynous,  forming  a  central  column  around  the  pistil, 
united  with  the  bases  of  the  petals;  anthers  i-celled.  Ovary  several- 
celled  ;  styles  united  below,  distinct  above,  and  generally  projecting 
beyond  the  stamen-column,  mostly  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary. 
Fruit  capsular  (rarely  a  berry),  several-celled,  the  carpels  falling  away 
entire  or  else  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  reniform,  globose  or  obovoid  ; 
embryo  curved;  cotyledons  large,  plicate  or  conduplicate.  About  40 
genera  and  800  species,  widely  distributed. 

Stamen-column  anther-bearing  at  the  summit. 
Carpels  i-seeded. 
Flowers  perfect. 

Involucels  of  6-9  bractlets.  I.  Althaea. 

Involucels  of  1-3  bractlets,  or  none. 

Stigmas  linear,  on  the  inner  side  of  the  stylerbranches. 

Carpels  beakless;  petals  obcordate.     '  2.  Malva. 

Carpels  beaked;  petals  truncate.  3.   Calltrrhoe, 

Stigmas  capitate,  terminal. 

Seed  ascending.  5.  Malvastritm. 

Seed  pendulous.  6.  Sida. 

Flowers  dioecious.  4.  Napaea. 

Carpels  2-several-seeded. 

Involucels  none.  7.  Abutilon. 

Involucels  of  3  bractlets. 

Carpels  continuous.  8.  Sphaeralcea. 

Carpels  septate  between  the  seeds.  9.  Modiola. 

Stamen-column  anther-bearing  below  the  entire  or  5-toothed  summit. 

Carpels  i-seeded.  10.  Kosteletzkva* 

Carpels  several-seeded.  II.  Hibiscus.  " 


FLORA. 

I.  ALTHAEA  L. 

Tomentose  or  pilose  herbs,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves  and  solitary  or  race- 
mose  flowers.  Involucels  of  6-9  bractlets  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  5 -cleft.  Petals 
5.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  numerous,  I  ovuled  ;  style-branches  the  same  number  as 
the  ovary -cavities,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side  ;  carpels  numerous,  indehiscent, 
arranged  in  a  circle  around  the  axis.  Seed  ascending.  [Ancient  Greek,  signi- 
fying to  cure.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Althaea  officinalis  L.  MARSH-MALLOW.  (I.  F.  f.  2414.)  Perennial, 
herbaceous,  erect,  6-12  dm.  high,  densely  velvety -pubescent.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  dentate  and  generally  3-lobed,  the  lower  ones  often  cordate  ;  petioles  1-2.5 
cm.  long;  flowers  in  narrow  racemes,  pink,  2-4  cm.  broad;  bractlets  linear,  shorter 
than  the  5  ovate-lanceolate  acute  calyx- segments  ;  carpels  ir,-2O,  tomentose.  In 
salt  marshes,  coast  of  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  and  in  Penn.  Nat.  from  Europe.  Sum- 
mer. 

Althaea  cannabina  L.,  with  digitately  5-parted  leaves, has  been  found  in  waste  places 
at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Althaea  r6sea  Cav.,  the  Hollyhock,  is  occasionally  found  beyond  the  limits  of  culti- 
vation in  the  Middle  States. 


.V"  * 

8.  MALVA  L. 


C 

Pubescent  or  glabrate  herbs,  with  dentate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  axillary 
or  terminal  solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  5 -cleft.  Bractlets  of  the  invo- 
lucels  3  (rarely  none).  Petals  5.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  several  or  numerous, 
i-ovuled;  style-branches  of  the  same  number,  linear,  stigmatic  along  the  inner 
side.  Carpels  arranged  in  a  circle,  beakless,  indehiscent.  Seed  ascending.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  emollient  leaves.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 
In  addition  to  the  following,  another  is  naturalized  in  Cal. 

Leaves  with  5-9  shallow  angular  lobes. 

Petals  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx.  i.  M.  sylvestrts. 
Petals  1-2  times  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

Procumbent,  low.  2.  M.  rotun&folia. 
Erect,  tall. 

Leaf-margins  not  crisped.  3.  M.  verticillata. 

Leaf-margins  crisped,  wrinkled.  4.  M '.  crisya. 
Leaves  deeply  5~7-lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

Stem-leaves  i-3-pinnatifid;  carpels  downy.  5.  M.  mo&-hata. 

Stem-leaves  deeply  lobed;  carpels  glabrous.  6.  M.  A^ea. 

1.  Malva  sylvestris  L.     HIGH  MALLOW.     (1.  F.  f.  2415.)     Biennial,  erect 
or  ascending,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs,  or  glabrate.     Leaves  or-oicular,  or 
reniform,  3-10  cm.  wide,  with  5-9  shallow  angular  or  rounded  lobes,  crenate-den- 
tate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base;  flowers  reddish  purple,  2-4  cm.  bioad,  in  axil- 
lary clusters;  pedicels  slender;  carpels  about   10,  flat  on  the  back,  i-ugose-retic- 
ulate.     In  waste  places  and  along  roadsides,  sparingly  adventive  ftv/in  Europe  in 
the  U.  S.,  Can.  and  Mex.     Summer. 

2.  Malva  rotundifolia  L.     Low,  DWARF  OR  RUNNING  MALLUVV.    CHEESES. 
(I.  K  f.  2416.)     Annual  or  biennial,  procumbent  and  spreading;  ntems  1-3  dm. 
long.    'Leaves  orbicular-reniform,   2-8  cm.   wide,   cordate,  with  shallow  dentate- 
crenate  lobes;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  pale  blue,  8-15  mm.  broad;  calyx  - 
lobes  ovate,  acute;  carpels  about  15,  rounded  on  the  back,  pubescent.     In  waste 
places,  common  throughout  our  territory,  and  widely  distributed  a»  a  weed.     Nat. 
from  Europe.     May -Nov. 

3.  Malva  verticillata  L.     WHORLED   MALLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  2417.)    Annual, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-2  m.  high.     Leaves  nearly  orbicular  with  shallow,  angu- 
lar crenate  lobes;  flowers  white  or  whitish,  sessile,  clustered  in   the  axils,  about 
the  size  of  those  of  M.  rotundifoliq.;  carpels  rugose-reticulated.     In  waste  places, 
Vt.     Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Malva  crispa  L.     CURLED  MALLOW.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the 
margins  of  the  leaves  wrinkled  and  crisped,   crenulate.     In  waste  places,   spar- 
ingly escaped  from  gardens,  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.  and  N.  J.     Introduced  from  southern 
Europe  or  western  Asia.     Summer.     \M.  verticillata  crispa  L,| 


MALVACEAE.  619 

5.  Malva   moschata  L.     MUSK    MALLOW.     MUSK   ROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  2418.) 
Perennial,    3-6  dm.    high,   pubescent  with  long  hairs,  or  glabrate.     Basal  leaves 
orbicular,  7-10  cm.  wide,  with  broad  rounded  dentate  lobes;  stem-leaves  deeply 
divided    into    linear   or    cuneate,   pinnatifid    or   cleft    segments;  flowers  3-5  cm. 
broad,  pink  or  white,  racemosely  clustered  at  the  summits  of  the  branches;  pet- 
als obcordate  or  emarginate,   5-8  times    as    long  as  the  triangulate-ovate   acute 
calyx-lobes;  carpels  15-20,  densely  hairy,  rounded  on  the  back.      In  waste  places, 
occasional  in  the  Middle,  Southern  and  Eastern  States  and  in  Canada.     Adventive 
from  Europe.     Plant  with  a  faint  odor  of  musk.     Summer. 

6.  Malva  Alcea  L.     EUROPEAN  MALLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  2419.)    Similar  to  the 
preceding,  but  the  stem-leaves  are  only  once  5~7-parted  or  cleft,  the  lobes   den- 
tate or  incised;  pubescence  shorter  and  denser;  flowers  pink,  purplish  or  wlite; 
petals  obcordate;  carpels  glabrous,  very  finely  rugose- reticulated.    In  waste  places, 
occasionally  escaped  from  gardens.     Introduced  from  Europe.     Summer. 

3.  CALLI'RRHOE  NUU. 

Herbs  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  showy  perfect  flowers.  Bractlets  of 
of  involucels  1-3,  separate,  or  none.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  cuneate,  often 
toothed  or  fimbriate.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  oo  ,  i-ovuled  ;  style-branches  of  the 
same  number  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Carpels 
10-20,  i -seeded,  beaked,  the  beak  separated  from  the  cavity  by  a  septum.  Seed 
ascending.  [A  Greek  mythological  name.]  A  genus  of  about  7  species,  natives  o/ 
the  central  and  southern  U.  S.  and  northern  Mex. 

Bractlets  of  the  involucels  none.. 

Flowers  2-3  cm.  broad  ;  carpels  very  pubescent.  I.  C.  alceoides. 

Flowers  3-5  cm.  broad  ;  carpels  scarcely  pubescent.  2.  C.  digitata. 
Bractlets  of  the  involucels  3. 

Leaves  triangular,  crenate  ;  carpels  not  rugose.  3.  C.  triangulata. 

Leaves  orbicular,  palmatifid  ;  carpels  rugose.  4.  C.  involucrata. 

1.  Callirrhoe  alceoides  (Michx.)  A.  Gray.     LIGHT  POPPY-MALLOW.    (I.  F. 
f.  2420.)     Perennial,  2-5  dm.  high,  strigose- pubescent     Basal  leaves  triangular, 
palmately  lobed  or  incised,  5-9  cm.  long,  slender-petioled  ;  stem-leaves  palmatifid, 
the  divisions  linear  or  cuneate  ;  flowers  corymbose  or  racemose  at  the  summit,  pink 
or  white  ;  pedicels  slender  ;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acuminate;  petals  dentate  and 
somewhat   fimbriate;    carpels  rugose-reticulate  on  the  back.     In  dry  soil,  Ky.  to 
Neb.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

2.  Callirrhoe  digitata  Nutt.      FRINGED  POPPY-MALLOW.      (I.  F.  f.  2421.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding.     Divisions  of  the  stem-leaves  longer,  narrowly  linear, 
sometimes  quite  entire,  sometimes  deeply  incised;  flowers  long-peduncled,  reddish 
purple  or  lighter;  petals  fimbriate;  calyx-lobes  triangular  to  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
carpels  rugose-reticulate.     In  dry  soil,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Tex.     April-July. 

3.  Callirrhoe  triangulata   (Leavenw.)  A.  Gray.     CLUSTERED   POPPY-MAL- 
LOW.      (I.  F.   f.   2422.)       Perennial,   4-7  dm.   high,    pubescent  with  short  hairs. 
Leaves  triangular-hastate,  the  lower  long-petioled,  crenate  or  slightly  lobed,  5-8 
cm.  long,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  smaller,  3  -5 -cleft  or  divided, 
the  lobes  narrow,  dentate  or  crenate;  flowers  2—5  cm.  broad,  deep  purple,  in  termi- 
nal panicled  clusters;  involucels  of  3  linear  or  spatulate  bractlets,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  5 -lobed  calyx;  carpels  numerous,  hairy,  short-beaked.    Prairies,  Ind.  to  Minn., 
N.  C.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

4.  Callirrhoe  involucrata  (T.  &  G.)    A.  Gray.     PURPLE   POPPY-MALLOW. 
(I.   F.  f.  2423.)     Perennial,   procumbent  or  ascending,  3-6  dm.   long,  pubescent 
with  long  hispid  hairs.       Leaves  cordate-orbicular,  the  lobes  dentate  or  incised, 
those  of  the  upper  leaves  commonly  narrower  than  those  of  the  lower;  stipules  ovate, 
conspicuous;  penduncles  slender,  1- flowered;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  3.  linear, 
half  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  3-5. nerved  calyx-lobes;  flowers  red-purple, 
2-6  cm.  broad.     In  dry  soil,  Minn,  and  Iowa  to  Tfx.,  Utah,  N.  Mex.  and  northern 
Mex.     April-Aug. 

4.    NAPAEA    L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  small  white  dioecious 
flowers  in  ample  terminal  corymbose  panicles.  Involucels  none.  Calyx  5 -toothed. 


620  FLORA. 

Staminate  flowers  with  15-20  anthers  borne  at  the  summit  of  the  stamen-Column. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  8-io  styles,  stiginatic  along  their  inner  surface,  the  stamen- 
column  present  but  destitute  of  anthers.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the 
styles,  i-ovuled.  Carpels  8-10,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  axis,  beakless,  but 
minutely  tipped,  imperfectly  2-valved.  Seed  ascending.  [Greek,  a  dell.]  A  mo- 
notypic  genus  of  the  east-central  U.  S. 

I.  Napaea  dioica  L.  GLADE.  MALLOW.  (I.  F.  f.  2424.)  Simple,  or  branch- 
ing above,  1-3  m.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  broad,  long-petioled, 
orbicular,  7-ii-parted,  the  divisions  acute,  dentate  and  lobed;  upper  leaves  smaller, 
short-petio'ed,  5~9-lobed,  the  lobes  incisely  cut,  acute  or  acuminate;  staminate 
flowers  12— 18  mm.  broad,  the  pistillate  somewhat  smaller;  petals  obovate,  2-3 
times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  carpels  strongly  I -nerved,  slightly  rugose-retic- 
ulate. In  moist  grounds,  southern  Perm,  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  Minn,  and  Iowa.  July. 

5.  MALVASTRUM  A.  Gray. 

Herbs,  with  entire  cordate  or  divided  leaves,  and  solitary  or  racemose,  short- 
pedicelled  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  5-clelt.  Bractlets  of  the  involucels  small,  1-3 
or  none.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-00 ,  i-ovuled.  Style-branches  of  the  same 
number,  stigmatic  at  the  summit  only,  forming  capitate  stigmas;  carpels  inde- 
hiscent  or  imperfectly  2-valved,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity,  their 
apices  pointed  or  beaked.  Seed  ascending.  [Greek,  star  mallow.]  About  75 
species,  natives  of  America  and  S.  Africa.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about 
12  others  inhabit  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  dentate.  i.  M.  angustum. 

Leaves  pedately  3— 5  parted,  the  lobes  incised.  2.  M.  coccineum. 

1.  Malvastrum   angustum  A.  Gray.     YELLOW  FALSE  MALLOW.     (I.  F.  f. 
2425.)     Annual,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong 
lanceolate,  or  linear-oblong,  petioled,  acute,  finely  dentate,  1.5-4  cm.  long;  flowers 
yellow,  8-12  mm.  broad,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  short- 
peduncled;  bractlets    of  the    involucre  linear,    shorter   than    the  ovate-triangular 
pubescent  acute  calyx-lobes;  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx;   carpels  5,    some- 
what pubescent,  reniform,  2-valved  at  maturity.     In   dry  ground,  Tenn.  and  111. 
to  Iowa  and  Kans.     Summer. 

2.  Malvastrum  coccin:um  (Pursh.)  A.  Gray.     RED  FALSE  MALLOW.    (I.  F. 
f.  2426.)    Perennial,  1-2.5  dm.  high,  densely  and  silvery  stellate-pubescent.    Lower 
leaves  2-5  cm.  wide,  ovate-orbicular,  petioled,  pedately  3-5 -parted;  lobes  cuneate 
to  linear,  incised;   flowers  red,  12-18  mm.  broad,  in  dense  short  terminal  racemes; 
bractlets    commonly   none;  petals  much  longer  than    the    lanceolate  calyx-lobes; 
carpels  10-15,  rugose-reticulated,  indehiscent,  i-seeded  (rarely  2-seeded).     Prai- 
ries, Manitoba  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  Tex.,  Br.  Col.  and  N.  Mex.     May-Aug. 

6.  SI  DA  L. 

Herbs,  with  serrate  crenate  or  lobed  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers.  Bractlets  of 
the  involucels  none.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-00  ,  I- 
ovuled;  style-branches  of  the  same  number,  stigmatic  at  the  summit.  Carpels 
indehiscent,  or  at  length  2-valved  at  the  apex.  Seed  pendulous.  [Greek,  used 
by  Theophrastus.  ]  About  75  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America, 
Asia,  Africa  and  Australasia.  Besides  the  following,  some  17  others  occur  in  the 
southern  U.  S. 
Leaves  linear,  ovate  or  oblong,  toothed. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  flowers  4-8  mm.  broad.        i.  S.  spinosa. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong;  flowers  12-25  mm«  broad.  2.  S.  Elliottii. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed,  or  palmately  veined. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  tall;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  3.  S.  hermaphrodita. 

Densely  stellate  cunescent;  low;  flowers  axillary.  4.  S.  hederaceq. 

I.  Sida  spinosa  L.  PRICKLY  SIDA.  (I.  F.  f.  2427.)  Annual,  finely  pubes- 
cent, 3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  petioled, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  crenate-dentate;  flowers  axillary,  short-peduncled, 
yellow;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx-teeth  triangular,  acute;  carp- 
els 5,  dehiscent  at  the  apex  into  2  beaks;  stipules  linear;  petioles  of  the  larger 


MALVACEAE.  621 

leaves  with  a  small  spine-like  tubercle  at  the  base.  In  waste  places,  Me.  to  N.  J., 
Mich.,  Kans.,  Pla.  and  Tex.,  and  in  tropical  Am.  Summer. 

2.  Sida  Elliottii  T.  &  G.     ELLIOTT'S  SIDA.    (I.  F.  f.  2428.)     Perennial,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  short- pedoled,  linear  or  linear  oblong, 
2-5  cm.   long,  4-5    mm.   wide,   mostly  obtuse,    serrate-dentate;    peduncles   often 
longer  than  the  petioles;  flowers  axillary,  yellow;  calyx-teeth  broadly  ovate,  acute: 
carpels  8-io,  dehiscent  at  the  apex,  slightly  and  abruptly  pointed.     In  dry  Soil, 
southern  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Chihuahua.      Summer. 

3.  Sida  hermaphrodita  (L.)  Rusby.     VIRGINIA   MALLOW.     (I.  F.  f.  2429.) 
Perennial,  1-3  in.  high.     Leaves  petioled,  7-15  cm.  wide,  ovate-orbicular,  deeply 
3-7-lobed  or  cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate,  incised-dentate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate; flowers  white,  I  5-2.5  cm.  broad,  numerous;  pedicels,  calyx,  and  petioles  of 
the  upper   leaves  finely  pubescent;    calyx-lobes  acute;    carpels  about    10,  acute, 
dehiscent  at  the  top.     Along  rivers,  in  rocky  places,  southern  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Va. 
and  Tenn.     Summer.      \S.  Napaea  Cav.] 

4.  Sida  hederucea  Torr.    ROUND-LEAVED  SIDA.    Perennial,  low,  decumbent. 
Leaves  reniform  to  broadly  ovate,  inequilateral,  1-5  cm.  broad;  flowers  solitary  or 

•tew  in  the  axils;  peduncles  recurved  in  fruit;  petals  white  to  yellowish;  calyx 
5  angled,  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  fruit  short,  conic,  of  6-10  carpels. 
In  moist,  often  saline,  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Mex.,  Cal.,  Utah  and  Wash. 

7.  ABUTILON  Gaertn. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  trees  in  tropical  countries,  mostly  soft-pubescent, 
with  cordate  angular  or  lob^d  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  Involucels  none.  Calyx 
5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-00  ,  3-9  ovuled.  Style-branches  the  same  number 
as  the  ovary-cavities,  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  carpels  2-valved,  often  rostrate,  falling 
away  from  the  axis  at  maturity.  Seeds  reniform,  the  upper  ascending,  the  lower 
pendulous  or  horizontal.  [Name  given  by  the  celebrated  Arabian  physician  Avi- 
cenna  (Ibn  Sina),  died  1037.]  About  90  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical 
regions.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some  15  others  inhabit  the  southern  U.  S. 

I.  Abutilon  Abutilon  (L.)  Rusby.  VELVET  LEAF.  INDIAN  MALLOW. 
(I.  F.  f.  2430.)  Annual,  stout,  1-2  m.  Jiigh,  densely  velvety-pubescent.  Leaves 
long  petioled,  cordate,  ovate-orbicular,  1-3  dm.  wide,  dentate,  or  nearly  entire, 
acuminate,  the  point  blunt;  flowers  yellow,  1-2  cm.  broad;  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  petioles;  head  of  fruit  2  cm.  in  diameter  or  more;  carpels  12-15,  pubescent, 
dehiscent  at  the  apex,  each  valve  beaked  by  a  slender  awn.  In  waste  places,  fre- 
quent or  common  throughout  our  area,  except  the  extreme  north.  Nat.  or  adven- 
tive  from  southern  Asia.  Aug.-Oct. 

8.  SPHAERALCEA  St.  Hil. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Bractlets  3,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.  Cavities  of  the 
ovary  5-oo_,  2-3-ovuled.  Style-branches  the  same  number  as  the  ovary- cavities, 
stigmatic  at  the  apex;  carpels  2-valved,  not  septate  between  the  seeds,  separating 
from  the  axis  at  maturity.  Seeds  reniform.  [Greek,  globe-mallow.  |  About  30 
species,  natives  of  America  and  S.  Africa.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about 
14  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  5-7 lobed;  flowers  pink  or  white.  i.  S.  acerifolia. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  crenulate;  flowers  red.  2.  S.  cuspidata. 

1.  Sphaeralcea  acerifolia  Nutt.     MAPLE  LEAVED  GLOBE-MALLOW.    (I.  F.  f. 
2431.)     Perennial,  erect,  6-18  dm.  high,  finely  stellate-pubescent   and   scabrous. 
Leaves  palmately  5-7 -lobed  or  cleft,  cordate,  the  lobes  ovate  or  lanceolate,  dentate, 
acute;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  broad,  short  pedicelled,  clustered  in  the  upper  axils  or  in 
terminal  spike-like  racemes  ;bractlets  of  the  involucels  linear,  shorter  than  the  calyx; 
calyx-lobes   triangular,    acute;  carpels  stellate-pubescent  and  hairy,  not  beaked. 
Kankakee  Co.,  111.;  Dak.  to  Nev.  and  Br.  Col.     Summer. 

2.  Sphaeralcea  cuspidata   (A.    Gray.)   Britton.     SHARP-FRUITED    GLOBE- 
MALLOW.     (I.    F.   f.   243 ia.)     Perennial,  densely  stellate-canescent;  stems  leafy, 
3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  crenulate,  the  lower  with  petioles   as  long  as  the 
blade,    the   others   short-petioled,   the  larger   5-10  cm.  long,  sometimes  hastately 
lobed  toward  the  .base,  flowers  1-2  gmf  trvac,  clustered  in  the  axils,  short-pedi- 


622  FLORA. 

celled;    carpels  i-3-seeded,  cuspidate,  the  tip  often  deciduous,  wrinkled  on  the 
sides.     Kans.  to  Tex.,  Colo.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.     April- Aug. 

9.   MODIOLA  Moench. 

Prostrate  or  ascending  herbs,  with  palmately  cleft  or  divided  leaves,  and  small 
axillary  peduncled  red  flowers.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  3,  distinct.  Calyx  5-cleft. 
Cavities  of  the  ovary  oo  ,  2-3-ovuled.  Style-branches  stigmatic  at  the  summit;  car- 
pels 5-20,  septate  between  the  seeds,  dehiscent  into  2  valves  with  awn-pointed 
tips,  and  aristate  on  the  back.  [Latin,  from  the  likeness  of  the  fruit  to  the  small 
Roman  measure,  modiolus.~\  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Modiola  Caroliniana  (L.)  Don.  BRISTLY-FRUITED  MALLOW.  (I.  F.  f. 
2432.)  Annual  or  biennial,  more  or  less  pubescent;  stems  1.5-5  dm.  long.  Leaves 
nearly  orbicular,  1-6  cm.  wide,  petioled,  3-5 -cleft,  the  lobes  dentate  or  incised, 
or  sometimes  simply  dentate;  flowers  6-10  mm.  broad,  red;  peduncles  at  length 
elongated;  fruit  depressed-orbicular.  In  low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex. 
and  Cal.,  and  in  Cent,  and  S.  Am.  Summer. 

10.  KOSTELETZKYA  Presl. 

Perennial,  scabrous  or  pubescent  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  hastate  or  angular 
leaves,  and  showy,  axillary  or  paniculate  flowers.  Bractlets  several,  linear. 
Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Stamen  column  anther-bearing  below  for  nearly  its 
entire  length.  Ovary  5-celled,  the  cavities  i-ovuled;  style-branches  of  the  same 
number,  stigmatic  at  the  capitate  summits.  Capsule  depressed,  5  angled.  Seeds 
reniform,  ascending.  [Named  in  honor  of  V.  F.  Kosteletzky,  a  botanist  of  Bohe- 
mia.] About  6  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  America.  In  addition  to 
the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Kosteletzky  a  Virginica  (L.)  A.  Gray.  VIRGINIA  KOSTELETZKYA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2433.)  Erect,  6-12  dm.  high,  somewhat  stellate-pubescent  and  scabious. 
Leaves  ovate,  or  hastate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base.  5-13  cm.  long,  unequally 
dentate  and  often  3-lobecl  below,  acute,  not  velvety-pubescent;  flowers  pink,  3-6  cm. 
broad,  in  loose  terminal  leafy  panicles;  bractlets  8  or  9,  linear,  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate  acute  calyx-segments;  carpels  5,  hispid -pubescent.  In  salt  or  brackish 
marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  form  approaching  K.  althaeifolia  of  the  South- 
ern States  occurs  in  eastern  Md.  Aug. 

ii.  HIBISCUS  L.     (See  Appendix  ) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  in  tropical  regions  even  small  trees,  with  dentate  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  showy,  mostly  campanulate  flowers.  Bractlets  numerous,  narrow. 
Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  below  along  much 
of  its  length.  Ovary  5-celled,  the  cavities  3-several-ovuled;  style  branches  5.  stig- 
matic at  the  capitate  summit.  Capsule  5-valved.  Seeds  reniform.  [An  ancient 
name,  used  by  Dioscorides  for  the  Marsh  Mallow.]  About  180  species,  widely 
distributed.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  14  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  U.  S. 

Tall  perennial  herbs. 

Leaves  white-pubescent  beneath;  seeds  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  glabrate,  or  stellate-hairy  above;  bractlets  not'ciliate.  i.  //.  Moscheutos, 

Leaves  soft-hairy  above;  bractlets  ciliate.  2.  H.  lasiocarpus. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides ;  seeds  hairy.  3.  H.  militaris. 

Low  hairy  annual  of  waste  places.  4.  H.  Trionum. 

Tall  woody  shrub,  escaped  from  gardens.  5-  H.  Syrtacus. 

i.  Hibiscus  Moscheutos  L.  SWAMP  ROSE-MALLOW.  MALLOW  ROSE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2434.)  Erect,  1-2.5  m.  high,  forming  numerous  cane-like  stems.  Leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  7-20  cm.  long,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  lobed  at  the  middle,  palmately  veined,  dentate 
or  crenate;  flowers  1-2  dm.  broad,  pink,  or  white,  sometimes  with  a  crimson  centre, 
clustered  on  stout  pedicels  at  the  summits  of  the  stems;  peduncles  often  adnate  to 
the  petioles;  bractlets  linear,  not  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsule  ovoid, 
2-3  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent;  seeds  glabrous.  In  brackish 
marshes,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.,  and  on  lake  shores  and  in  saline  situations  locally 
in  the  interior  to  W,  Ont.  Aug-Sept, 


THEACEAE. 

2.  Hibiscus  lasiocarpus  Cav.     HAIRY-FRUITED  ROSE-MALLOW.     (I.  F.  f. 
2435.)     Resembles  the  preceding.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  dentate  or  3~7-lobed, 
mostly  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base ;  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface  white  and 
densely  stellate,  that  of  the  upper  surface  darker,  with  longer  soft  nearly  simple 
hairs;    bractlets   linear,   equalling   the   calyx   or  shorter,   ciliate;    capsule   ovoid, 
densely  and  finely  hairy;  seeds  nearly  glabrous.     In  swamps,   southern   Ind.  to 
Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug. 

3.  Hibiscus  militaris  Cav.     HALBERD-LEAVED  ROSE-MALLOW.     SWEATING- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2436.)     Erect,  1-2  m.  high,  nearly  glabrous.     Leaves  1-1.5  dm. 
long,  ovate  in  outline,   acute,   or  acuminate,   cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  the 
lower,  or  sometimes  all,  hastately  lobed,  the  margins  dentate-crenate;  flowers  pink 
with  a  darker  eye,  5-8  cm.   long;  peduncles  jointed  above  the  middle;  bractlets 
linear,  slightly   shorter  than  the  calyx,   glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs; 
fruiting  calyx  inflated;  capsule  ovoid,  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  glabrous;  seeds  silky. 
Along  rivers,  southern  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

4.  Hibiscus    Trionum    L.      BLADDER    KETMIA.       FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR. 
(I.  F.  f.  2437.)     Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.     Leaves  ovate  or  orbicular  in 
outline,    pedately   3-y-lobed   or    divided,    the    lobes    obtuse,   dentate-crenate    or 
cleft;  flowers  pale  yellow  with  a  purple  eye,  2.5-6  cm.    broad,  axillary;  petals 
tinged  with  purple  on  the  outer  edge ;  bracts  linear,  ciliate,  much  shorter  than  the 
membranous  beautifully  nerved  hispid-pubescent  5-angled  inflated  calyx;  capsule 
globose-ovoid,  hairy;  seeds  roughened  with  short  processes.     In  waste  places,  N. 
S.  to  Fla.,  S.  Dak.  and  Kans.     Adventive  from  southern  Europe.     Aug.-Sept. 

5.  Hibiscus  Syriacus  L.    SHRUBBY  ALTHAEA.    ROSE-OF-SHARON.     (I.  F.  f. 
2438.)     A  shrub  3-7  m.  high.     Leaves  short-petioled.  ovate,  5-13  cm.  long,  3-5- 
lobed  or  the  upper  merely  dentate;  flowers  axillary,  short- peduncled,  pink  or  white 
with  a  crimson  centre.  5-10  cm.  broad;  bractlets  linear;  peduncles,  bractlets  and 
calyx  stellate-pubescent;  capsule  ovoid,  nearly  2.5  cm.  long.     Escaped  from  culti- 
vation, N.  J.  to  Ga.     Introduced  from  W.  Asia.     Aug.-Sept. 

Order  23.    PARIETALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  types  trees,  the  flowers  mostly  com- 
plete, perfect  and  regular  (irregular  in  Violaceae).  Sepals  distinct,  or 
more  or  less  united,  imbricated  or  convolute.  Petals  almost  always 
present  and  distinct.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Ovary  compound, 
superior  (inferior  in  Loasaceae) ;  placentae  mostly  parietal. 

Sepals  distinct,  mostly  persistent. 
Endosperm  little  or  none. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  large  solitary  axillary  flowers. 

Fam.  i.   Theacsae. 
Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  opposite,  rarely  verticillate  leaves. 

Leaves  punctate  or  black-dotted,  estipulate.  Fam.  2.  Hvpericaceae. 

Leaves  stipulate;    minute  or  small  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs  with  axillary 
flowers.  Fam.  3.  Elatinaceae. 

Endosperm  copious. 

Flowers  regular,  but  the  2  outer  sepals  smaller;  stamens  numerous,  ovulei  or- 
thotropous.  Fam.  4.   Cistaceae. 

Flowers  irregular,  some  often  cleistogamous ;  stamens  5;  ovules  anatropous. 

Fam,  5.    Violaceae. 
Sepals  more  or  less  united  into  a  gamosepalous  calyx. 

A  fringed  crown  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx ;   our  species  vines ;  stamens  5 :  ovary 
free  from  the  calyx.  Fam.  6.  Passifloraceae. 

No  crown ;  our  species  herbs ;  stamens  numerous  ;  ovary  adnate  to  the  calyx. 

Fam.  7.  Loasaceae. 
Family  i.     THEACEAE    DC. 
Tea  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  mainly  estipulate 
leaves,  and  large,  regular,  mostly  perfect  flowers,  Sepals  5  (rarely  4-7), 
imbricated.  -Calyx  often  2-t>racted  at  the  base.  Petals  5  (rarely  4-9)! 


624  FLO  FA. 

hypogynous,  imbricated,  crenulate.  Stamens  oo  ,  numerous,  hypogynous, 
more  or  less  united  at  their  bases.  Ovary  sessile,  2-several-celled  ;  ovules 
2  or  more  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  3~5-celled  generally  woody  capsule. 
Endosperm  little  or  none  ;  embryo  large,  with  conduplicate  cotyledons. 
About  1 6  genera  and  160  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions. 

Stamens  monadelphous.  I.  Stuart ta. 

Stamens  5-adelphous.  2.   Gordonia. 

i.   STUARTIA  L. 

Shrubs,  with  deciduous  membranous  serrulate  leaves,  and  large  showy  axillary 
solitary  flowers  on  short  peduncles.  Sepals  5,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Pet- 
als of  the  same  number,  obovate.  Ovary  5 -celled;  styles  I  or  5  ;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous;  capsule  ovoid,  5 -celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Embryo 
straight.  Cotyledons  oval,  longer  than  the  inferior  radicle.  [Named  in  honor  of 
John  Stuart,  Marquis  oi  Bute.]  Six  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Japan. 

Style  i,  compound  ;  stigma  5-lobed  ;  seeds  marginless  ;  capsule  subglobose. 

i.  S.  Malachodendron. 
Styles  5,  distinct;  seeds  wing-margined ;  capsule  ovoid,  5-angled.  2.  S.  pentagyna. 

1.  Stuartia   Malachpdendron  L.     ROUND-FRUITED  STUARTIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
2439.)     A  shrub,  2-4  m.  high,  the  branches  pubescent  when  young.     Leaves  oval, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  5-8  cm.  long,  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above ; 
petioles  4-10  mm.  long;  flowers  7-10 cm.  broad,   solitary  or  occasionally  in  pairs  ; 
sepals  ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  silky-pubescent,  united  at  the  base;  petals  white, 
minutely  crenulate  ;  filaments  purple  ;  anthers  blue;  capsule  12-16  mm.  long,  pu- 
bescent.    In  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     April-May. 

2.  Stuartia  pentagyna  L'Her.    ANGLED-FRUITED  OR  MOUNTAIN  STUARTIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2440.)     A  shrub  resembling  the  preceding,     Leaves  oval,  or  ovate,  larger, 
1-1.5  °-m'  I°n8»  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  mucronate-serrulate  or  rarely  entire; 
flowers  solitary,  5-8  cm.  broad;  peduncles  6-14  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  acutish, 
hairy;   petals  cream  color,  crenulate;  capsule  acute,  nearly  2  cm.  long,  densely 
pubescent.     In  woods,  mountains  of  Ky.  and  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     June. 

2.  GORDONIA   Ellis. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  coriaceous  evergreen  leaves,  and  large  white  solitary 
axillary  flowers,  often  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches.  Sepals  5,  imbricated, 
rounded,  concave.  Petals  5,  imbricated,  obovate.  Stamens  oo  ,  5-adelphous,  each 
cluster  cohering  with  the  base  of  a  petal.  Ovary  i,  3-5  celled  ;  style  i ;  stigma  5- 
rayed.  Capsule  woody,  ovoid,  5-valved,  the  axis  persistent.  Seeds  compressed, 
with  a  short  wing;  cotyledons  ovate,  longitudinally  plaited  ;  hypocotyl  short,  su- 
perior. [Named  for  James  Gordon,  a  London  nurseryman.]  About  1 6  species, 
natives  of  E.  N.  Am.,  Mex.  and  E.  Asia. 

i.  Gordonia  Lasianthus  L.  LOBLOLLY  BAY.  TAN  BAY.  (I.  F.  f.  2441.)  A 
tree.  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblong,  acute  and  involute  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile, 
7-13  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  serrulate,  glabrous,  shining  ;  peduncles  ascending; 
flowers  3-5  cm.  broad;  sepals  orbicular,  silky,  ciliate;  petals  slightly  pubescent 
without;  capsule  ovoid  conic,  pointed,  12-16  mm.  long,  sometimes  6-valved.  In 
low  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  May-July. 

Family  2.     HYPERICACEAE  Lindl. 
St.  Johns-wort  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  small  trees  in  tropical  regions,  with  op- 
posite, or  rarely  verticillate,  simple  entire  or  rarely  glandular-ciliate  or 
dentate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  cymose-paniculate  flowers. 
Foliage  pellucid-punctate  or  black-dotted.  Flowers  regular  and  perfect. 
Sepals  5  or  4,  imbricated.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  hypogynous,  gen- 
erally oblique  or  contorted.  Stamens  co  ,  hypogynous,  often  in  sets  of  3  or 
r  ;  anthers  versatile  or  innate,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
i-7-celled,  composed  of  1-7  carpels ;  styles  as  many  as  the  carpels  ;  ovules 


HY2*ERICACEAE.  62$ 

oo  ,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity,  anatropoiis.  Fruit  mainly  capsular  with  sep- 
ticidal  dehiscence ;  seeds  mainly  straight ;  endosperm  none.  About  10 
genera  and  280  species,  mainly  of  temperate  and  warm  regions. 

Sepals  4,  in  unequal  pairs;  petals  4.  i.  Ascyrum. 
Sepals  and  petals  5. 
Petals  yellow. 

Leaves  normal,  not  reduced  to  scales.  2.  Hypericum. 

Leaves  reduced  to  minute  appressed  scales.  3.  Sarothra. 

Flowers  pink  or  greenish  purple.  4.   Triadenum. 

1.  ASCYRUM  L. 

Leafy  glabrous  low  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  otHypericum.  Flowers  bright  yel- 
low. Sepals  4,  in  2  pairs,  the  exterior  ones  broad  and  round,  the  interior  smaller 
and  narrower.  Petals  4,  oblique  or  slightly  contorted,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo  , 
distinct,  or  united  in  clusters.  Ovary  i-celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae;  styles 
2-4.  Capsule  i -celled,  2-4- valved,  dehiscent  at  the  placentae.  [Greek,  not  rough.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  W.  I.  and  Cent.  Am. 
Erect,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  clasping;  styles  3  or  4.  i.  A.  stans. 

Diffusely  branched,  1-2.5  dm.  high;  leaves  sessile;  styles  2.  2.  A.  hypericoides. 

1.  Ascyrum  stans  Michx.     ST.  PETER'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2442.)    Stems  and 
branches  2-edged  or  slightly  winged;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  oval,  or  broadly 
oblong,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  thick;   cyme  terminal,  few-flowered;  pedicels  8- 
12  mm.  long,  2-bracted  below  the  middle;  flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  outer  sepals 
8-12  mm.  long,  cordate,  the  inner  lanceolate,  6-12  mm.  long;  petals obovate,  longer 
than  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid,  about   6  mm.    long.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to 
eastern  Penn.,  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  Tex.     July- Aug. 

2.  Ascyrum  hypericoides  L.    ST.  ANDREW'S  CROSS.    (I.  F.  £2443.)     Stems 
and  branches  flattened   and  2-edged;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  sessile,  narrowed 
and  2-glandular  at  the   base,  1-4  cm.  long,  thin,  obtuse;  flowers  terminal  or  also 
axillary;  pedicels  2-6   mm.   long,   2-bracted  near  the  summit;  flowers  12-18  mm., 
broad;  outer  sepals  oval  or  ovate,  sometimes  cordate,  8-12  mm.  long,  obtuse,  the 
inner  narrower  and  mainly  shorter;  petals  oblong-linear,  about  equalling  the  outer 
sepals;  styles  2;  capsule  ovoid,  about  4    mm.  long.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to 
Fla.,  III.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Aug.     [A.  Crux-Andreae  L.] 

2.  HYPERICUM  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  punctate  or  black-dotted  leaves,  and  mostly 
cymose  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  5,  equal  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5,  mainly  oblique  or 
contorted,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  oo  ,  distinct,  or  more  or 
less  united  in  clusters,  sometimes  with  interposed  hypogynous  glands.  Ovary 
i -celled,  with  3-5  parietal  placentae  which  sometimes  project  far  into  the  cavity, 
or  3-5- celled  (rarely  6-celled);  ovules  oo  ,  generally  numerous;  styles  3-6.  Capsule 
i-5-celled  (rarely  6-celled).  [The  Greek  name.]  About  210  species,  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following,  12  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  United  States  and  British  America. 

*  Styles  5  ;  large  perennials  ;  pods  5-celled. 

Flowers  2-5  cm.  broad;  pods  1.8-2  cm.  long.  i.  H.  Ascyron. 

Flowers  1-2.5  cm.  broad;  pods  6-12  mm.  long.  2.  H.  Kalmianum. 

*  *   Styles  3  (rarely  4). 
f  Tall  leafy  shrubs ;  pods  3-celled. 

Flowers  12-16  mm.  broad  ;  pods  8-12  mm,  long.  3.  H.  prolificum. 

Flowers  8-12  mm.  broad;  pods  4-6  mm.  long.  4.  H.  densiflorum. 

\  f  Herbaceous,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base. 
\  Stamens  numerous  (15-40) ;  flowers  6-25  mm.  broad. 
Capsules  i-celled  or  incompletely  3-4-celled. 

Capsules  incompletely  3-4  celled  by  the  projecting  placentas. 

Leaves  linear,  2-4  mm.  wide.  5.  H.  galioides. 

Leaves  oblong,  6-10  mm.  wide.  6.  H.  adpressum, 

Capsules  strictly  i-celled  ;  placentae  parietal. 

Styles  united  into  a  beak,  separate  above;  stigmas  minute, 


626 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong ;  seeds  transversely  rugose. 

Nearly  simple,  erect;  pod  globose.  7.  H.  spkaerocarpunt. 

Branched,  decumbent ;  pod  3-sided.  8.  H.  dolabriforme. 

Leaves  elliptic;  seeds  minutely  pitted  and  striate.  9.  H.  elltpticum. 
Styles  separate;  stigmas  capitate  ;  cyme  naked.  10.  H.  virgatum. 

Capsules  completely  3-celled;  styles  separate. 

Leaves  linear  or  oblong;  sepals  lanceolate.  n.  //.  perforatum. 

Leaves  broadly  oblong,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate. 
Sepals  ovate. 

Petals  4-6  mm.  long.  12.  H.  maculatttm. 

Petals  15-20  mm.  long.  13.  H.  pseudomaculatum. 

Sepals  lanceolate;  petals  10-14  mm.  long.  14.  H,  graveolens. 

\  \  Stamens  few  (5-12);  flowers  1-6  mm.  broad. 
Leaves  spreading  or  ascending,  3~7-nerved. 

Cyme  leafy-bracted.  15.  //.  boreale. 

Cymes  subulate-bracted. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  s-y-nerved. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong;  capsule  2-5  mm.  long. 

Leaves  obtuse;  sepals  linear-oblong,  acutish  or  obtuse. 

16.  H.  mutihim. 
Leaves  acute,  or  only  the  lower  obtuse;  sepals  long-acuminate. 

17.  //.  gymnanthum. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  capsule  8-10  mm.  long. 

1 8.  H.  ma  jus. 
Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  3-nerved.                                        19.  H.  Canadense. 

Leaves  linear,  erect,  i-nerved.  20.  H.  Drummondii. 

1.  Hypericum  Ascyron  L.     GREAT  OR  GIANT  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2444.)     Perennial,  6-18  dm.  high,  the  branches  angled.     Leaves  sessile,  clasping, 
ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  5-13   cm.  long;    cymes  terminal,  few-flowered; 
flowers  bright  yellow;  pedicels  1-5  cm.  long;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  8-12  mm. 
long,    acute;  petals  obovate  or  oblanceolate;  styles  united  below;  stamens  nume- 
rous, united  in  5  sets;  capsule  ovoid,  5-celled.     Banks  of  streams,  Quebec  and  Vt. 
to  Manitoba,  Conn.,  N.  J.,  111.  and  Kans.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

2.  Hypericum  Kalmianum  L.     KALM'S  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2445.) 
Shrubby,  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy;   branches  4-angled ;  twigs  flattened  and  2-edged. 
Leaves  oblong-linear  or  oblanceolate,  sessile,  or  narrowed   into   a   short  petiole, 
obtuse,  2—6  cm.  long,  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath,  generally  with  smaller  ones 
clustered  in  the    axils;    cymes   terminal,  few  flowered;   pedicels  4-20  mm.  long; 
sepals  foliaceous,  oblong,  acute,  6-8  mm.  long;  stamens  very  numerous,  distinct; 
styles  5  (4-6),  united  below;  capsule  ovoid,  6  mm.  long,  5    (4-6-)  celled.    Ont.  and 
western  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Wis.  and  Mich.     Aug. 

3.  Hypericum  prolificum  L.     SHRUBBY  ST.  JOHN'S  WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2446.) 
Shrubby,  3-9  dm.  high;  branchlets  2-edged.     Leaves  linear-oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  the  base,  or  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  obtuse,  often  mucronu- 
late,  pale  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long,  with  tufts  of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils;  cymes 
terminal   and  sometimes  also  axillary;  pedicels   12   mm.   long   or   less;    stamens 
numerous,  distinct;  capsules  3-celled.     Sandy  or  rocky  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ky.  and  Ga. 
July -Sept. 

4.  Hypericum  densiflorum  Pursh.     BUSHY  OR  DENSE  FLOWERED  ST.  JOHN'S- 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2447.)    Erect,  1-2  dm.  high,  shrubby;  branchlets  2-edged.     Leaves 
crowded,  2-5  cm.   long,  with  smaller  ones  clustered  in  the  axils;  cymes  densely 
many-flowered,  mainly  terminal;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  sepals  narrow,  not  foli- 
aceous; stamens  numerous,  distinct;  capsule  3-celled.    Pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Pla., 
Tenn.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

5.  Hypericum  galioides  Lam.     BED-STRAW  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2448.)     Perennial,    somewhat  woody,  3-8  dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly  terete. 
Leaves  linear,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  with  smaller  ones  clustered  in  their 
axils,  obtusish,  thick,  spreading,  narrowed  below,  1-5  cm.  long,  involute  in  dry- 
ing; flowers  short-pedicelled,  6-io  mm.  broad;    sepals  resembling  the  uppermost 
leaves;  stamens  numerous,  distinct;  capsule  4-6  mm.  long.     In  low  grounds,  Del. 
to  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

6.  Hypericum   adpressum   Bart.     CREEPING  ST.   JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.   f. 
2449.)     Stems  nearly  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  2-edged  above.     Leaves   oblong   or 


H  YP  ERICA  CEA  E.  62  J 

lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  ascending,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in 
the  axils;  cyme  terminal,  several-flowered;  pedicels  about  2  mm.  long;  flowers 
12-18  mm.  broad;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;  stamens  numerous,  distinct;  capsule 
about  4  mm.  long.  IP  low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Ga.,  La.,  Mo.  and  Ark.  July- Aug. 

7.  Hypericum  sp  laerocarpum  Michx.     ROUND-PODDED  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  2450.)     Stems  4-angled,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  3-8  cm.  long,  often  with  smaller  ones  in  the  axils;  cymes  terminal;  flowers 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  10-16  mm.  broad;  stamens  numerous,  distinct;  capsule  i-celled, 
4-5  mm.  long;  seeds  larger  than  in  related  species,  rough-pitted.     On  rocky  banks, 
Ohio  to  Iowa,  Ala.,  Kans.  and  Ark.     July-Sept. 

8.  Hypericum  dolabriforme  Vent.     STRAGGLING  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
2451.)     Straggling,  1.5-5  dm.  high;  branchlets  slightly  angled.     Leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  1.5-4 cm.  long,  with  smaller  ones  clustered  in  the  axils;  cymes 
terminal,  leafy;  pedicels  about  I  mm.  long;  flowers  2-2.5  cm-  broad;  sepals  foliaceous, 
lanceolate   or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  oblique 
pointed  petals;  stamens  distinct;  styles  united  below;  capsule  6-8  mm.  long.     On 
dry  hills,  barrens  of  Ky.  and  Tenn.     July-Aug. 

9.  Hypericum  ellipticum  Hook.     ELLIPTIC-LEAVED  OR   PALE  ST.  JOHN'S- 
WORT.    (I.  F.  f.  2452.)    Herbaceous,  perennial;  stem  somewhat  4-angled,  2-5  dm. 
high.     Leaves  thin,  spreading,  elliptic  or  oval,  obtuse,  sessile,  narrowed  at  the  base 
or  partly  clasping,  1.5-3  cm.  long;  cymes  terminal,  few-flowered,  bracted;  flowers 
pale  yellow,  nearly  sessile,  1-1.5  cm.  broad;  sepals  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  petals:   styles  united  below;  capsule  ovoid-globose,  about  4  mm. 
long;   sepals  and  petals  sometimes  4.     In  swamps  and  along  streams,  N.   S.  to 
Manitoba,  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Minn.     July-Aug. 

10.  Hypericum  virgatum  Lam.     VIRGATE  OR  COPPER  COLORED  ST.  JOHN'S- 
WORT.     (I.    F.    f.    2453.)     Herbaceous,    3-7    dm.    high,    the  stem  and  branches 
4-angled.     Lower  leaves  ascending  or  erect,  oblong  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtusish, 
1.5-3  cm-  l°ng.  sessile;  cyme  terminal,  compound,  bracted;  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long; 
flowers  numerous,   copper-yellow,    8-12  mm.   broad;  sepals    foliaceous,    ovate   or 
lanceolate,    keeled;  styles  distinct;  stigmas  capitate;   capsule  ovoid,  4  mm.   long, 
enclosed  by  the  sepals.     In  low  grounds,  Del.  to  111.  and  Fla.     July-Sept. 

Hypericum  virg&tum  ovalifolium  Britton.     Leaves  oval  or  broadly  elliptic,  erect, 
appressed,  very  obtuse.     Pine-barrens  of  N.  J. 

11.  Hypericum  perforatum  L.     COMMON  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2454.) 
Perennial,  herbaceous,  3-7  dm.  high.      Stems  erect,  with  numerous  barren  shoots 
at  base;  leaves  sessile,  oblong  or  linear,  1-2  cm.  long,  obtuse,  more  or  less  black- 
dotted;  cymes  terminal;  flowers  bright  yellow,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  sepals  acute, 
shorter  than  the  copiously  black-dotted  petals;  stamens  united  at  their  bases  into  3 
sets;  styles    3;  capsule  ovoid,    4-6  mm.   long,    glandular.     In   fields   and  waste 
places,  common  throughout  our  area  except  the  extreme  north,  and  in  the  Southern 
States.     Na  ,  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

12.  Hypericum   maculatum  Walt.     SPOTTED   ST.   JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2455.)     Herbaceous,  perennial,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  partly  clasping,  ob- 
long or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  2-8  cm.  long,  copiously  black-dotted;  cymes  ter- 
minal,   many-flowered;    pedicels  about  2  mm.  long;   flowers  crowded.    8-14  mm. 
broad;    sepals  ovate,   acute,   shorter  than  the  conspicuously  black- dotted   petals; 
stamens  in  3  or  5  sets;   styles  3;  capsule  ovoid,  4-6  mm.  long.     In  moist  soil,   Me. 
and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

"lypericum    maculatum  subpetiolktum    Bicknell.       Leaves    short-petioled,    mostly 
narrowed  at  the  base.     Me.  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

13.  Hypericum   pseudomaculatum   Bush.    LARGE    SPOTTED    ST.   JOHN'S- 
WORT.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  flowers  much  larger,  the  petals  15-20 
mm.  long.     Mo. 

14.  Hypericum  graveolens  Buckley.    MOUNTAIN  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
2456.)     Herbaceous,  perennial.     Stem  3-9  dm.  high;  leaves  oval,  ovate  or  elliptic- 
oblong,  sessile  or  clasping,   obtuse,  2-8  cm.   long,   sparingly  black-dotted;  cymes 
terminal;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  flowers  2.5  cm.  in  breadth  or  more ;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acute,  much  shorter  than  .the  sparingly  dotted  or  dotless  petals;  stamens  united 


628  FLORA. 

in  sets;  styles  3;  capsule  ovoid,  somewhat  3-lobed,  8-12  mm.  long.     Mountains  of 
Va.,  Tenn.  and  N.  Car.     June- Sept. 

15.  Hypericum  boreale  (Britton)  Bicknell.     NORTHERN   ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  2457.)     Annual,  or   sometimes    stoloniferous,    3-45    cm.    high.      Leaves 
elliptic,  oval,  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  6-32  mm.  long,  sessile  or  slightly  clasping, 
obtuse,  mostly  3-nerved,  those  of  the  lower   part  of  the   stem   commonly  much 
smaller;  cymes  leafy -bracted;  flowers   about  5  mm.  broad;  sepals  obtuse;   capsule 
oblong,    obtuse  or   obtusish,    apiculate,    4—5    mm.    long,    purple,    cross-wrinkled, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  3-5  times  as  long  as  wide,  pale,  longitudinally  fur- 
rowed and  finely  cross-lined.     Wet  soil,  Newf.  to  Vt.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.     July- Sept. 

1 6.  Hypericum   mutilum   L.     DWARF  OR   SMALL-FLOWERED   ST.   JOHN'S- 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2458.)     Annual,    generally    tufted,   1.5-8  dm.  high.     Branchlets 
4  angled;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  sessile,  clasping,  obtuse,  8-32  mm.  long,  5 -nerved 
at  the  base;  cymes  many-flowered,  s-ubulate-bracted;  pedicels  2-12  mm.  long;  flow- 
ers  1-4  mm.  broad,  light  orange-yellow;  sepals  foliaceous,  linear,   lanceolate,  or 
oblanceolate;  stamens  5-12;  styles  3;  capsule  ovoid,  pointed.  2-4  mm.  long,  some- 
what longer  than  the  sepals.     In  low  grounds,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 
July- Sept. 

17.  Hypericum    gymnanthum    Engelm.    &    Gray.     CLASPING- LEAVED  ST. 
JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2459.)     Annual,  erect,  2-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  or 
the  lower  oval,  cordate-clasping,  often  distant,  8-20  mm.  long,  acute,  or  the  lower 
obtuse,  3-7- nerved  at  the   base;   cymes  terminal,  loose,  subulate-bracted ;  flowers 
numerous,  2-4  mm.  broad;  sepals  lanceolate,  generally  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
ovoid  capsule;    styles    3;    stamens    10-12;   capsule    about  4   mm.    long.     In  low 
grounds,  N.  J.  and  Del.  to  Minn.,  La.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

1 8.  Hypericum  majus  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     LARGER  CANADIAN  ST.  JOHN'S- 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2460.)     Annual,  erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly  upright. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,   sessile   or  somewhat  clasping,   2—6   cm. 
long,  5-7-nerved;  flowers 6   10  mm.  broad;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate;  styles  3; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  acute,  longer  than  the  sepals;    seeds  minute,  cross  lined 
and  faintly   longitudinally   striate.     In  moist  soil,  Me.  to  Mich.,  N.  J.  and  Neb. 
June-Sept. 

19.  Hypericum  Canadense  L.    CANADIAN  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2461.) 
Annual,  1.5-5  dm.  high-     Branches  angular;  leaves  linear,  1-5  cm.  long,  obtuse, 
tapering  to  the  base,  3-nerved;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad;    sepals  lanceolate,  acute  ; 
stamens  5-10;  styles  3;  capsule  narrowly  conic,  acute,  4-8  mm.  long,  longer  than 
the  sepals;  seeds  striate.     In  wet  sandy  soil,  Newf.  to  Man.,  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  Wis. 
July-Sept. 

20.  Hypericum  Drummondii  (Grev.  &  Hook.)    T.  &  G.    DRUMMOND'S  Sr. 
JOHN'S-WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2462.)     Annual,  bushy-branched,  2.5-8  dm.  high,  rigid. 
Leaves  linear-subulate,  8—25  mm.  long,  erect  or  narrowly  ascending,    i    mm.  wide, 
l-nerved;   flowers  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  leafy  branches,  4  mm.  broad; 
sepals  lance-linear,  longer  than  the  petals;  stamens  IO-2O;  styles  3;  capsule  ovoid, 
4  mm.  long,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  sepals;  seeds  large,  rugose.     In  dry  soil, 
Va.  to  Ga.,  111.,  Iowa,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

3.   SAROTHRA   L. 

A  low  annual  much-branched  herb,  the  opposite  leaves  reduced  to  subulate 
scales,  the  mostly  opposite  branches  erect-ascending,  the  very  small  yellow  flowers 
alternate,  very  short-pedicelled  or  sessile  along  them  in  the  axils  of  still  smaller 
scales.  Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5-10.  Styles  3,  separate.  Capsule 
elongated-conic,  i-celled,  much  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  minutely  striate  and 
pitted.  [Greek,  a  broom.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  E.  N.  Am. 

i.  Sarothra  gentianoides  L.  ORANGE-GRASS.  PINE-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2463.) 
Erect,  1-5  dm.  high.  Branches  filiform,  erect,  wiry;  leaves  about  2  mm.  long,  ap- 
pressed;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  2-3  mm.  long,  open  in  sunlight;  sepals  linear,  about 
equalling  the  petals  and  much  shorter  than  the  acute  purple  pod;  seeds  very  small. 
In  sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Fla..  Qnt,  Minn.,  Mo,  and  Tex.  June-Oct. 


ELAT1NACEAR.  629 

4.   TRIADENUM    Raf.      [ELODEA  Pursh.] 

Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  entire  oblong  oval  or  ovate  leaves,  and  pink  or 
greenish  purple  flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  or  also  axillary.  Calyx  of  5  equal  per- 
sistent sepals.  Petals  5,  not  contorted.  Stamens  9,  or  sometimes  more,  in  3  sets, 
the  sets  alternating  with  3  large  hypogynous  glands.  Ovary  3-celled;  styles  3. 
Capsule  oblong-conic,  much  longer  than  the  sepals.  [Greek,  three  glands.]  Two 
species,  natives  of  E.  N.  Am. 

Leaves  sessile;  flower-clusters  peduncled.  i.    T.  Virgtntcum. 

Leaves  short-petioled  ;  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile.  2.    T.  petiolatum. 

1.  Triadenum  Virginicum  (L.)  Raf.      MARSH  ST.  JOHN'S  WORT.      (I.  F.  f. 
2464.)     Nearly  simple,  3-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile  or  cordate -clamping,  ovate  or 
oblong,  2-6  cm.  long,  very  obtuse,  sometimes  emarginate,  glaucous  beneath,  black- 
dotted;  flowers  12-16  mm.  broad,  in  leafy  clusters;  sepals  acute,  shorter  than  the 
straight  petals;  stamens  9  or  more,  united  in  3  sets;  styles  3,  distinct;  capsule  ob- 
long, 8-10  mm.  long,  acute,  red-purple.    In  swamps,  Lab.  to  Fla.,  Man.,  Neb.  and 
La.    July-Sept. 

2.  Triadenum   petiolatum   (Walt.)   Britton.     LARGER  MARSH   ST.  JOHN'S- 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2465.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  often  more  branched  and 
taller;  leaves  generally  longer,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  not  clasping,  pale 
beneath;  flower-clusters  sessile  or  very  short  peduncled.     In  swamps,   N:  J.   and 
Md.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and  La.     July- Aug. 

Family  3.    ELATINACEAE  Lindl. 
Water-wort  Family. 

Low  herbs,  sometimes  woody  in  tropical  regions,  with  opposite  or 
verticillate  stipulate  leaves,  and  small  axillary  regular  perfect  flowers. 
Sepals  2-5,  imbricated.  Petals  the  same  number,  hypogynous.  Stamens 
the  same  number  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  2-5-celled ;  styles  2-5,  stig- 
matic  at  the  apex  ;  ovules  oo  ,  anatropous.  Capsule  with  septicidal  dehis- 
cence.  Placentae  central.  Seed- coat  crustaceous,  rugose  or  ribbed. 
About  25  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Flowers  2-4-merous;  glabrous  aquatic  or  creeping  herbs.  i.  Elatine. 

Flowers  mainly  5-merous;  pubescent  ascending  or  diffuse  herbs.  2.  Bergta. 

i.  ELATINE  L. 

Small  glabrous  or  glabrate  aquatic  or  creeping  herbs,  with  minute  mainly  soli- 
tary flowers.  Sepals  2-4,  persistent,  membranous,  not  ribbed.  Styles  or  stigmas 
2-4.  Pod  membranous,  globose,  2-4-valved.  Seeds  oo  ,  straight,  or  slightly  curved, 
striate  longitudinally  and  transversely.  [Greek,  fir-like,  with  reference  to  the  leaves.] 
About  9  species,  of  temperate  and  warm  regions.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
another  occurs  in  Cal. 

Petals  and  stamens  2  ;  seeds  distinctly  sculptured. 

Leaves  obovate  ;  seeds  with  9-10  longitudinal  and  20-30  transverse  striae. 

1.  E.  Americana. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oval ;  seeds  with  6-7  longitudinal  and  10-12  transverse  striae. 

2.  E.  brachysperma. 
Petals  and  stamens  mostly  3  ;  seeds  little  sculptured.                           3.   E.  triandra. 

1.  Elatine  Americana  (Pursh)  Arn.    WATER-WORT.    MUD-PURSLANE.  (I.  F. 
f.  2466.)     Tufted,  aquatic  or  terrestrial,  1-4  cm.  long.     Leaves  obtuse,  2-6  mm. 
long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less;  flowers  sessile,  minute,  rarely  opening  in  the  submerged 
forms;  sepals,  petals,   stamens  and  stigmas  2  (rarely  3  in  the  terrestrial  forms); 
capsule  globose,  nearly  I  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  0.5-1  mm.  long,  slightly  curved. 
Margins  of  ponds  and  slow  streams,  Me.  and  Ont.   to  Va.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     Also  in 
Colo,  and  Ore.     Summer. 

2.  Elatine  brachysperma  A.  Gray.    SHORT-SEEDED  WATER-WORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
2467.)     Terrestrial  or  sometimes  submerged,    spreading,    tufted,  2-5    cm.  long. 
Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  lanceolate,  narrowed   at  the  base,  4-6   mm.  long,  about 


630  FLORA. 

2  mm.  wide,  obtuse;  flowers  sessile,  minute;  capsule  nearly  as  in  the  preceding; 
seeds  short-oblong,  nearly  straight,  about  0.5  mm.  long.  Margins  of  ponds,  111. 
and  Cal.  Summer. 

3.  Elatine  triandra  Schk.  LONG  STEMMED  WATER-WORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2468.) 
Flaccid,  tufted,  immersed  or  creeping;  stems  5-10  cm.  long.  Leaves  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  very  thin,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers 
minute,  sessile;  sepals  commonly  2;  petals,  stamens  and  stigmas  3;  seeds  slightly 
curved,  about  the  size  of  those  of  E.  Americana.  Ponds,  111.,  S.  Dak.  and  Neb. 
Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

2.  BERGIA  L. 

Herbs,  or  .somewhat  shrubby  plants,  more  or  less  pubescent,  with  opposite 
leaves  and  small  lowers.  Parts  of  the  flower  in5's  (very  rarely  in  4's  or  3's).  Pod 
crustareous,  5-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  striate  longitudinally  and  transversely. 
[In  honor  of  Dr.  P.  J.  Bergius,  1723-1790,  professor  of  Natural  History  in  Stock- 
holm.] About  15  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

i.  Bergia  Texana  (Hook.)  Seub.  TEXAS  BERGIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2469.)  Pros- 
trate  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched;  stems  1.5-2.5  dm.  long.  Leaves  spatulate 
or  obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  serrate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole;  stipules  about 
2  mm.  long,  ciliate-serrulate;  flowers  short- peduncled,  about  3  mm.  broad,  solitary 
or  2 -3  together  in  the  axils;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  slightly  longer 
than  the  obtuse  petals;  capsule  globose,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  its  dehiscence  septi- 
fragal;  seeds  oblong,  striate  longitudinally  and  cross-barred.  Southern  111.  to  Tex., 
Nev.  and  Cal.  Summer. 

Family  4.  CISTACEAE  Lindl. 
Rock-rose  Family. 

Shrubs  or  low  woody  herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  solitary  racemose 
or  paniculate  flowers.  Flowers  regular,  generally  perfect.  Sepals  3-5, 
persistent,  when  5  the  2  exterior  ones  smaller,  the  3  inner  convolute. 
Petals  5  or  3,  or  wanting,  fugacious  or  persistent.  Stamens  oo ,  hypogy- 
nous.  Ovary  i,  sessile,  I -several-celled  ;  ovules  orthotropous,  stalked  ; 
stvle  simple.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  several  or  numerous  ; 
embryo  slender;  endosperm  starchy  or  fleshy.  Four  genera  and  about 
1 60  species,  all  but  i  or  2  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Petals  5,  yellow,  fugacious,  or  wanting. 

Leaves  broad,  lanceolate  or  oblong.  i.  HeliantJiemum. 

Leaves  subulate  or  scale-like,  imbricated  ;  style  long.  2.  Hudsonia. 

Petals  3,  not  yellow,  persistent;  flowers  minute;  style  none.  3.  Lechea. 

i.  HELIANTHEMUM  Pers. 

Woody  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  more  or  less  branching,  mostly  with  showy  yel- 
low flowers,  and  sometimes  (in  the  following  species)  with  other  smaller  apetalous 
ones.  Petals  in  the  larger  flowers  large,  fugacious.  Stamens  numerous.  Placenta 
or  false  septa  3.  Ovules  few  or  oo  ;  style  jointed  with  the  ovary;  stigma  capitate 
or  3-lobed.  Embryo  curved.  [Greek,  sun-flower.]  About  125  species,  of  wide 
distribution.  Besides  the  following,  about  8  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Petaliferous  flowers  solitary,  few  or  several:  apetalous  flowers  in  axillary  sessile  clusters. 
Petaliferous  flowers  5-12,  in  a  short  terminal  cymose  raceme,  their  capsules  3-4  mm. 
long,  little,  if  at  all,  overtopped  by  the  short  later  axillary  branches;  capsules  of 
the  apetalous  flowers  about  i  mm.  in  diameter.  i.  H.  majus. 

Petaliferous  flowers  solitary,  rarely  2,  their  capsules  6-8  mm.  long,  much  overtopped 
by  the  later  elongated  axillary  branches  ;  capsules  of  the  apetalous  flowers  nearly 
4  mm.  in  diameter.  2.  //.  Canadense. 

Flowers  all  cymose  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  the  petaliferous  ones  slender-pedicelled. 

3.  //.  corymbosum. 

i.  Helianthemum  majus  (L.)  B.S.P.  HOARY  FROSTWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2470.) 
Hoary-canescent,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 


CISTACEAE.  631 

1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  stellate-canescent  beneath,  darker  above,  short- petioled;  petalif- 
erous flowers  5-12  in  a  terminal  cymose  raceme,  their  corollas  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad, 
light  yellow,  their  sepals  densely  canescent,  the  outer  nearly  as  long  as  the  inner, 
their  capsules  ovoid;  apetalous  flowers  appearing  later,  minute,  clustered,  nearly 
sessile;  seeds  evenly  reticulated.  In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  N.  Car. 
and  Tex.  June-July. 

2.  Helianthemum  Canadense  (L.)  Michx.     FROST- WORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2471.) 
Puberulent  canescent,    erect,   ascending,   or   sometimes  diffuse,  0.7-6   dm.    high. 
Leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  1—3  cm.  long,  rough 
and  dark  green  above,  paler  and  canescent  beneath,  the  margins  commonly  revo- 
lute  in  drying;  petaliferous  flowers  solitary,  or  rarely  2,  bright  yellow,  2-3  cm. 
broad,  their  sepals  pilose,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  irner,  their  capsules  ovoid  or 
obovoid,  rounded  above.     In  dry  rocky  or  sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Wis.,  N.  Car. 
and  Ky.     Petaliferous  flowers  May-July. 

3.  Helianthemum  corymbosum  Michx.    PINE-BARREN  FROSTWEED.    (I.  F.  f. 
2472.)     Erect,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  densely  canescent.     Leaves  oblong,  or  the  lowest 
obovate,  2-3  cm.  long,  entire,  slightly  revolute  in  drying,  pale  beneath,  dark  green 
above,  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  nearly  naked,  fastigiate  cymes,  the  petaliferous 
1-2  cm.  broad,  on  pedicels  12-16  mm.   long^  apetalous  flowers  clustered,  nearly 
sessile;  calyx  of  both  kinds  woolly-pubescent;  outer  sepals  about  equalling  the 
inner;  capsules  of  the  larger  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad,  many-seeded;  those  of  the 
apetalous  ones  smaller,  few-seeded.     In  sandy  soil,  Va.  (?),  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  HUDSONIA  L. 

Low  diffusely  branched  shrubs,  with  small  subulate  or  scale  like,  imbricated 
leaves,  and  numerous  yellow  flowers  terminating  short  branches.  Petals  5,  obovate- 
oblong.  Stamens  oo .  Style  filiform,  continuous  with  the  ovary;  placentae  3; 
stigma  minute.  Capsule  3-valved,  included  in  the  calyx.  Seeds  few;  embryo 
slender,  spirally  curved.  [Named  for  Wm.  Hudson,  1730-1793,  an  English  bota- 
nist.] A  genus  of  3  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

Flowers  slender-pedicelled  ;  leaves  subulate.  i.  //.  ericoides. 

Flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  leaves  scale-like.  2.  //.  tomentosa. 

1.  Hudsonia  ericoides  L.    HEATH-LIKE  HUDSONIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2473.)   Bushy- 
branched,   greenish,   softly- pubescent,   1-2  dm.  high.     Leaves  subulate,  6-8  mm. 
long,   densely  imbricated  on  the  younger  branches,  more  scattered  on  the  older 
ones;  pedicels    10-16   mm.   long;    flowers   about   8    mm.  broad;    sepals    acutish; 
stamens  12-18;  capsule  oblong,  slightly  pubescent;   seeds  about  3.     In  dry  sandy 
soil,  N.  S.  to  Vt.  and  Va.     May -June. 

2.  Hudsonia  tomentosa  Nutt.      WOOLLY  HUDSONIA.     FALSE  HEATHER. 
BEACH  HEATHER.     (I.   F.   f.    2474.)     Densely  tufted   and  intricately  branched, 
hoary-pubescent,  pale,  1-2  dm.  high.     Leaves  2  mm.  long,  oval  or  oblong,  imbri- 
cated and  appressed ;  flowers  sessile,  or  on  pedicels  less  than  2  mm.  long,  slightly 
smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding;  sepals  obtuse;  stamens  9-18;  capsule  ovoid, 
glabrous,  usually  i-seeded.     Mostly  in  sands  of  the  seashore  and  in  pine-barrens, 
Va.  to  N.  H.,  N.  B.,  and  on  lake  and  river  shores  west  to  Slave  Lake  and  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods.     May-July. 

3.  LECHEA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  often  woody  at  the  base,  with  small  entire  leaves  and  minute 
panicled  greenish  or  purplish  flowers.  Sepals  5,  the  2  outer  smaller  and  narrower. 
Petals  3,  ovate  to  linear,  inconspicuous,  persistent.  Stamens  3-12.  Stigmas  3, 
nearly  sessile,  laciniate.  Capsule  3-valved,  3- celled,  or  by  obliteration  of  the  dis- 
sepiments i-celled,  about  6-seeded.  Embryo  curved  or  spiral.  [Named  for  Johan 
Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist,  died  1764.]  About  of  14  species,  n  natives  of  eastern 
N.  Am.,  i  Texan,.  I  Cuban  and  I  Mexican.  The  characteristic  basal  shoots  appear 
late  in  the  season. 

Leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  oblong  to  ovate,  not  more  than  3  times  as  long  as  broad. 
Outer  sepajs  longer  than  the  inner;  panicle  very  leafy.  i.  L.  minor. 

Outer  sepals  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  inner. 

Pod  oblong;  pedicels  slender,  2-4  mm.  long.  2.  L.  racemulosa. 

Pod  globose;  pedicels  about  i  mm.  long. 


632  FLORA. 

Erect,  villous-pubescent.  3.  L.  villosa. 

Ascending,  bushy-branched,  tomentose-canescent.          4.  L.  marititna. 
Leaves  of   the  basal   shoots   lanceolate   or  linear,   usually  more  than  3  times  as  long 
as  broad. 

Stem-leaves  narrowly  linear;  inner  sepals  i-nerved.  5.  L.  tenuifolia. 

Stem-leaves  oblong-linear;  inner  sepals  3-nerved. 
Plants  green,  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Pod  oblong  to  ovoid,  2  mm.  long;   panicle  dense;  flowers  secund,  short- 
pedicelled.  6.  L.  moniliformis. 
Pod  obovoid,  i  mm.  in  diameter  ;  panicle  loose,  the  branches  ascending  or 

spreading ;  flowers  short-pedicelled.  7.  L.  Leggettii. 

Pod  globose,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  panicle-branches  nearly  erect,  loosely 

flowered  ;  flowers  slender-pedicelled.  8.  L.  intermedia. 

Pod   oval,    about   i  mm.   in    diameter;    panicle-branches   erect-ascending, 

densely  flowered  ;  flowers  short-pedicelled.  9.  L.  juniperina. 

Plant  pale,  canescent;  pod  globose,  i  mm.  in  diameter.     10.  L.  stricta. 

1.  Lechea  minor  L.      THYME-LEAVED  PIN-WEED.     (L  F.  f.  2475.)    Pubes- 
cent with  appressed  hairs,  1.5-5  dm.      Branches  erect  or  ascending;  stem-leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  8-14  mm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  ciliate;  petioles  2  mm.  long;  leaves 
of  the  basal  shoots  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  6-10  mm.  long,  5-6  mm.  wide;  flowers 
close  together,  somewhat  secund;  outer  sepals  longer  than  the  obovoid  or  globose 
pod.     In  dry  open  grounds,  eastern  Mass,  to  Mich.,  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Lechea    racemulosa    Michx.     OBLONG-FRUITED    PIN-WEED.     (I.   F.  f. 
2476.)      Pubescent  with   appressed  hairs,    1.5-5  dm.  high.     Branches  divergent 
or  ascending;  leaves  of  the   stem  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
8-18  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  oval  or  oblong,  4-8  mm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  obtuse;  flowers  on  divergent   pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;    pod 
oblong  or  ellipsoid.     In  dry  sandy  and  rocky  soil,  E.  Mass.  (?);  L.  I.  to  Ind.,  Fla. 
and  Tenn.     July -Aug. 

3.  Lechea  villosa  Ell.     LARGE  OR  HAIRY  PIN-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2477.)   Vil- 
lous-pubescent, 3-8  dm.  high,  leafy.     Branches  ascending;  leaves  of  the  stem  ob- 
long-elliptic, obtuse,  but  pointed,  16-25  mm.   long,  6-10  mm.  wide;  leaves  of  the 
basal  shoots  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  6-8  mm.  long,  4—6  mm.  wide;  branches  of  the 
panicle  ascending,   the  ultimate  branchlets  often  recurved;  flowers  more  or  less 
secund-scorpioid,   close  together;  outer  sepals  about  equalling  the  inner;  pod  de- 
pressed-globose, I  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  soil,  Mass,  and  Vt.  to  southern  Ont., 
Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     July- Aug. 

4.  Lechea  maritima  Leggett.     BEACH  PIN-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2478.)     Densely 
tufted,  branching  from  the  base,  stout,  rigid,   1.5-3  dm.  high,  tomentose-canescent 
with  whitish  hairs;  leaves  of  the  stem  linear  or  linear-oblong,  8-20  mm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  wide;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  mainly  acute,  6-8 
mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  densely  canescent;  outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  inner; 
pod  globose,  I  mm.  in  diameter.    Sands  of  the  seashore  and  in  sandy  pine-barrens, 
Me.  to  Ga.     Also  at  the  Crawford  Notch,  White  Mts.,  N.  H. 

5.  Lechea  tenuifolia  Michx.     NARROW-LEAVED  PIN-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2479.) 
Densely  tufted;    stems  slender,  1.2-5  dm.   high?  divaricately  branched  above,  mi- 
nutely strigose-pubescent.     Branches  slender;  leaves  of  the  stem  narrowly  linear, 
or  sometimes  nearly  filiform,  4-14  mm.  long,  I  mm.  wide  or  less,  acute,  sessile,  or 
very  nearly  so;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  linear,  sessile,  6-8  mm.  long,  about  I  mm. 
wide;  pedicels   2  mm.   long;  flowers   more  or  less  secund,  bracted  by  the  upper 
leaves;  outer  sepals  equalling  or  exceeding  the  inner;  pod  globose-oval,  I  mm.  in 
diameter,    or   slightly  more.     In  dry  open  places,   eastern  Mass,    to  Wis.,  Neb., 
Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Aug. 

6  Lechea  moniliformis  Bicknell,  n.  sp.  NECKLACE-LIKE  PIN-WEED.  Simi- 
lar to  L.  Leggettii  but  with  denser  and  more  leafy  and  floriferous  panicle  of  shorter 
branches  and  longer  flowering  branchlets;  inflorescence  more  secund,  the  larger 
and  more  oblong  fruiting  calyx  purplish ;  stem  very  pliant  except  when  old,  green, 
becoming  purple  and  shining,  glabrate  below;  leaves  linear  to  oblong- linear, 
becoming  3.5  cm.  long,  often  subfalcate,  acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole  1-2  mm. 
long;  pedicels  1.5-3  mm-  l°ng>  appressed  ;  fruiting  calyx  2-2.5  mm'  l°ng  w^h 
shorter  outer  sepals,  1.5  mm.  broad  ;  capsule  often  exserted,  substipitate.  Nan- 
tucket  Island,  Mass.,  borders  of  salt  marshes  and  low  thickets. 


V 10  LACE  A  E.  633 

7.  Lechea  Leggettii  Britt.  &  Holl.     LEGGETT'S  PIN-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2480.) 
Erect,  rather  slender,  strigose-pubescent,  2-5  dm.  high.     Branches  slender;  leaves 
of  the  stem  linear  or  linear-oblong,  10-25  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  oblong -linear,  4-6  mm.  long,  I  mm.  wide,  acute; 
panicle  open;  inflorescence  somewhat  secund;  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long;  outer  sepals 
nearly  equalling  the  inner.      In  open  places,  Mass,  to  Ind.  and  N.  Car.     July-Aug. 

8.  Lechea  intermedia  Leggett.    LARGE-PODDED  PIN- WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2481.) 
Erect,  2-6  dm.   high,  sparingly  stribose-pubescent.     Branches  erect  or  nearly  so, 
short;  leaves  of  the  stem  oblong-linear.  12-28  mm.   long,   2-5  mm.  wide,  acute, 
nearly  sessile;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  oblong- linear,  shorter;   pedicels  2-4  mm. 
long;   outer  sepals  about   equalling  the  inner;    capsule    subglobose  or  depressed- 
globose,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  open  places,  Penri.  and  N.  J.  to  N.  B., 
northern  N.  Y.  and  Ont.     July-Aug. 

9.  Lechea  juniperina  Bicknell.    MAINE  PIN-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2482.)    Tufted, 
1-5  dm.  high,  finely  hoary  to  canescent.     Branches  short,  ascending  or  erect,  leafy, 
forming  a  dense  narrow  panicle;  stem-leaves  ascending  or  appressed,  glabrous,  ex- 
cept  the  midrib  and  margins,  linear-oblong  to  oblanceolate,  10-20  mm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  wide;  flowers  crowded;  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long;  fruiting  calyx  ovoid-ellipsoid, 
1.5  mm.  long;  inner  sepals  elliptic,  nerveless  or  faintly  3-nerved,  often  deep  purple, 
the  outer  shorter,  bright  green;  leaves  of  basal  shoots  oblong  or  elliptic,  4-6  mm. 
long.     Me.,  N.  H.  and  N.  S.     Aug. 

10.  Lechea  stricta  Leggett.     BUSHY  OR  PRAIRIE  PIN-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2483.) 
Erect,  3-4  dm.  high,  fastigiately  branched,  strigose-canescent,  pale,  bushy.  Branches 
ascending  or  nearly  erect;  leaves  of  the  stem  linear-oblong,  12-25  mm.  long,  1-2 
mm.  wide;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  linear-oblong,  much  smaller,  I  mm.  wide  or 
less,  acute;  pedicels  slender,  2-3  mm.  long;  outer  sepals  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  inner.     In  dry  open  places,  Wis.,  111.,  Iowa  and  Minn.     July-Aug. 

Family  5.  VIOLACEAE  DC.* 

Violet  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees,  with  basal  or  alternate,  simple,  lobed  or 
entire  stipulate  leaves  and  solitary  or  clustered,  perfect,  mostly  irregular 
flowers.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the 
lower  one  larger  or  with  a  posterior  spur.  Stamens  5  ;  anthers  erect,  con- 
niveut  or  syngenesious.  Ovary  simple,  i -celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae. 
Fruit  usually  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Seeds  anatropous.  About  1 5  genera 
and  325  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Sepals  more  or  less  auricled  at  base.  i.  Viola. 
Sepals  not  auricled  at  base. 

Petals  nearly  equal;  anthers  syngenesious.  2.  Cubelium. 

Petals  unequal;  anthers  only  connivent.  3.  Calceolaria. 

i.  VIOLA   L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Acaulescent  and  scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  the  flowers  solitary  or  rarely 
2 ;  early  flowers  petaliferous,  often  sterile,  usually  succeeded  by  apetalous  or  cleis- 
togamous  flowers  which  are  abundantly  fertile.  Petals  spreading,  the  lowermost 
one  spurred  or  saccate;  stamens  5,  the  two  inferior  ones  spurred.  Capsule  3-valved, 
elastically  dehiscent.  About  175  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

*  ACAULESCENT;  FLOWERS  SCAPOSE. 

t  PLANTS  NOT  STOLONIFEROUS. 
\  Leaves  mostly  lobed  or  parted  (except  in  one  variety  of  V.  palmata.) 

Petals  bearded  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  produced  freely. 

Plants  always  more  or  less  pubescent.  i.    V.  palmata 

Plants  comparatively  glabrous,  or  with  only  slight  pubescence. 


*  Contributed  by  Mr.  CHARLES  L.  POLLARD. 


634 


FLORA. 


Leaves  pedately  divided  into  linear  lobes. 

Eastern  coastal  plain  species;  leaves  thin.  2.    V.  Brittoniana. 

Western  prairie  species;  leaves  thick.  3,    V,  i>edatifida. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  cleft,  the  segments  variously  shaped.  ~ 

Leaf-segments  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse;  cleistogamous  flowers  on  decumbent 

peduncles.  4.    V.  Bernardi. 

Leaf-segments  mostly  ovate,  coarsely  incised;  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect 

peduncles.  5.    V.  viarum. 

Leaf-segments  often  falcate  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  on  decumbent  peduncles. 

6.    V.  falcata. 
Petals  not  bearded  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  wanting.  7.    V.  pedata. 

\\  Leaves  merely  crenate  or  dentate,  or  incised  at  base,  none  lobed. 

Leaves  ovate,  reniform  or  orbicular,  often  broader  than  long,  not  incised  at  base. 

Woodland  species;  peduncles  of  the  cleistogamous  flowers,  horizontal  or  decumbent. 
Plant  densely  hirsute  or  villous  ;  keel  petal  cuspidate.          8.    V.  cuspidaia. 
Plants  sparingly  hirsute  or  glabrous  ;  keel  petal  not  cuspidate. 

Leaves  very  thin,  cordate-ovate,  attenuate  at  apex.        9.    V.  obliqua. 
Leaves  thick,  from  ovate  to  reniform,  obtuse  or  merely  acute  at  apex. 
Petals  dark  violet-purple,  narrow,  the  upper  reflexed. 

10.    V.  papilionacea. 
Petals  light  blue,  paler  at  base,  broadly  obovate. 

n.    V.  pratincola. 

Petals  reddish-purple,  nearly  orbicular.  12.    V.  villosa. 

Meadow  or  swamp  species  ;  peduncles  cf  the  cleistogamous  flowers  erect  (often  hori- 
zontal in  V.  venustuld). 

Flowers  pale  violet-blue  ;  leaves  light  green. 

Capsule  strongly  3-angled  ;  plant  not  northern.          13.    V.  cucullata. 
Capsule  very  short,  not  angled ;  plant  far  northern.   14.    V.  septentrionalis. 
Flowers  deep  purple,  paler  at  base  ;  leaves  rather  dark  green. 

Leaves  attenuate  at  apex,  crenate-serrate.  15.    V.  venustula. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  merely  acutish  at  apex,  the  margin  crenulate. 

16.  V.  vagula. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  often  incised  at  base. 

Scapes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Petals  scarcely  emarginate ;  leaf-blades  sagittate-lanceolate. 

17.  V.  sagittata. 
Petals  usually  emarginate  ;  leaf-blades  ovate  or  deltoid-triangular. 

18.  V.  emarginata. 
Petals  not  emarginate ;  leaf-blades  oblong-triangular.       19.    V.  dentata. 

Scapes  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Introduced  European  species  ;  leaf-blades  lanceolate.        20.    V.  lancifolia. 
Native  species  ;  leaf-blades  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong. 

Plants  glabrous  and  succulent,  densely  tufted.  21.    V,  conjtigens. 

Plants  pubescent,  not  succulent,  mostly  solitary.         22.    V.  fimbriatula. 

ft  PLANTS  STOLONIFEROUS. 

Introduced  species  ;  flowers  deep  violet-purple,  sometimes  white.  23.    V.  odorata. 
Native  species;  flowers  pale  purple,  violet-blue,  yellow  or  white. 

Flowers  yellow.  24.    V.  rotundifolia. 

Flowers  pale  blue  or  lilac. 

Leaves  glabrous,  crenulate.  25.    V.  palustris. 

Leaves  hirsute-pubescent,  crenate.  26.   V.  Selkirkii. 

Flowers  white. 

Leaves  from  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular;  cleistogenes  on  deflexed  peduncles. 
Leaf-blades  cordate-ovate,  glabrate. 

Upper  and  lateral  petals  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  petioles  not  spotted. 

27.    V.  blanda. 
Upper  and  lateral  petals  three  times  as  long  as  broad;  petioles  usually 

red-spotted.  28.    V.  alsophila. 

Leaf-blades  reniform,  pubescent.  29.    V.  renifolia. 

Leaves  from  narrowly  oval  to  linear;  cleistogenes  on  erect  peduncles. 

Leaf-blades  oval  or  ovate,  sometimes  pubescent.         30.    V.  primulaefolia. 
Leaf-blades  lanceolate  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous.       31.    V.  lanceolata. 

**CAULESCENT,  LEAFY-STEMMED;    FLOWERS   AXILLARY 

Flowers  yellow. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  decurrent  at  base.  32.    V.Nuttallii. 

Leaves  hastate,  broadly  ovate  or  reniform,  not  decurrent. 


V2OLACEAE.  635 

Leaves  hastate- lanceolate  or  hastate-ovate.  33.   V.  hastata. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  reniform. 

Plant  pubescent  or  villous ;  basal  leaves  early  withering. 

34.  V.  pubescens. 
Plant  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate;  basal  leaves  usually  persistent. 

35.  V.  scabriuscula. 
Flowers  blue,  purple,  white  or  cream-colored. 

Stipules  entire.  36.    V.  Canadensts. 

Stipules  incised  or  pinnatifid. 

Perennial ;  stipules  much  smaller  than  the  blades. 

Petals  cream-colored,  the  lower  one  purple-veined.      37.    V.  striata. 
Petals  blue  or  purple,  rarely  white. 

Spur  of  corolla  shorter  than  the  petals. 

Stems  spreading;  plant  glabrous;  leaves  acutish. 

38.  V.  Labradorica. 
Stems  spreading;  plant  puberulent ;  leaves  rounded. 

39.  V.  arenaria. 
Stems  prostrate;  plant  puberulent;  leaves  orbicular,  often  mottled. 

40.  V.  multicaulis. 
Spur  of  corolla  longer  than  the  petals.                    41.    V.  rostrata. 

Annual;  stipules  nearly  as  large  as  the  blades. 

Flowers  16-25  mm.  broad ;  plant  escaped  from  cultivation. 

42.  V.  tricolor. 
Flowers  8-16  mm.  broad;  plant  native,  growing  in  dry  ground. 

43.  V.  Rafinesquti. 

1.  Viola  palmataL.     EARLY  BLUE  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2484.)    Pubescent,  or 
rarely   nearly  glabrous;  petioles   greatly  exceeding  the  blades,  the  latter  cordate- 
ovate  in  outline,  5-i3-lobed.  3-15  cm.  long  when  mature,  the  earliest  merely  cre- 
nate-dentate;  lobes  variously  shaped,  the  middle  one  commonly  broadest;  scapes 
rarely  exceeding  the  leaves;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  petals   deep 
blue,  sometimes  pale,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  capsules  8-12  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleis- 
togamous  flowers  on  horizontal  or  deflexed  peduncles.     In  woodlands,  Me.  to  Ont., 
Minn.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

Viola  palmata  dilat^ta  Ell.  Leaves  with  most  of  the  blades  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
ovate,  the  lateral  subfalcate  or  semicircular.  Range  of  the  type,  but  more  common  south- 
ward. 

Viola  palmata  sor6ria  (Willd.)  Pollard.  (I.  F.  f.  2489.)  Leaves  villous,  the  blades 
from  ovate  to  hastate-reniform,  rarely  lobed,  the  margins  crenate.  (V.  sororia  Willd.) 
Range  of  the  type. 

2.  Viola   Brittoniana  Pollard.     COAST  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2485.)     Nearly  or 
quite  glabrous;  petioles  much  exceeding  the  blades,  the  latter  pedately  divided  into 
linear  or  oblanceolate  acute  lobes;  scapes  exceeding   the   foliage,  1-2   dm.  high; 
sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate;  flowers  bright  blue,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  capsules  ob- 
long, 12  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles.    Sandy 
soil   near  the  coast,  Mass,   to  N.  Car.     May-June.      \V.  Atlantica    Britton,   not 
Pomel.] 

3.  Viola  pedatifida  Don.     PRAIRIE  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2486.)     Glabrous  or 
glabrate,  with  a  short  ascending  rootstock;  leaves  with  blades  2-8  cm.  wide,  pe- 
dately 5-g-parted   into  linear,  obtuse  lobes,  their  margins  and  midveins  ciliate; 
scapes  usually  exceeding  the  leaves;   flowers  deep  blue,  2.5  cm.  broad  or  more; 
sepals  linear  or  lanceolate;  capsules  10-12  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous 
flowers  on  short  erect  peduncles.     Prairies,   111.    to   Br.  Col.  and  Ariz.     March  - 
May.     Forms  occur  in  which  the  leaves  are  merely  slightly  lobed. 

4.  Viola  Bernard!   Greene.      BERNARD'S    VIOLET.      Pubescent  or   glabrate 
from  a  nearly  vertical  rootstock;    leaf  blades  broadly  ovate,    flabelliform,  lobed, 
or  more  often  palmately  cleft  into  5-11  variously  shaped  segments,  the  middle 
usually  the  largest,  these  again  lobed  or  incised,  all  obtuse;  scapes  equalling  or  ex- 
ceeding the  foliage;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  wide,  bright  blue;  sepals  lanceolate,  ciliate; 
petals  broadly  oval;  capsules  oval,   those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  de- 
cumbent peduncles.     Dry  woods,  111.  and  Wis.  to  Mo.     May. 

5.  Viola  viarum  Pollard,  n.  sp.     WAYSIDE  VIOLET.     Glabrous,  growing  in 
large  clumps  from  a  stout  rootstock  which  becomes  greatly  elongated  in  loose  soil; 
leaves  firm,  thick- petioled,  the  blades  rugose- veined,  broadly  ovate  or  reniform  in 


636 


FLORA. 


outline,  becoming  7-13  cm,  wide,  some  undivided,  merely  dentate  or  coarsely  ser- 
rate, mostly  cleft  or  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  5  or  7  incised  lobes,  the  base 
strongly  decurrent;  flowers  blue;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;  capsules  abundant,  those 
from  the  petaliferous  flowers  oval,  prismatic,  8-16  mm.  long,  on  erect  peduncles, 
those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  oblong,  smaller,  ascending  or  erect.  -Open 
ground  along  roads,  Mo.  to  Kans.  and  Ind.  Terr.  Type  collected  by  J.  B.  S.  Norton 
at  Valley  Park,  Mo.,  July  15,  1899. 

6.  Viola  falcata  Greene.     FALCATE-LEAVED  VIOLET.     Plants  solitary,  with 
a  long  perpendicular  rootstock,  leaves  few,   sparsely  pubescent,  the  blades  1-2.5 
cm.  long  when  mature,  broadly  deltoid  in  outline,  cleft  or  divided  into  several  seg- 
ments which  are  either  simple  or  again  lobed,  the  outer  distinctly  falcate;  flowers 
similar  to  those  of  V.  palmata  ;  capsules  from  the  apetalous  flowers  ovoid,  usually 
hypogseous,  on  slender  horizontal  peduncles.     In   dry  but  rich  woods,  N.  Car.  to 
southern  111.     May-June. 

7.  Viola  pedata  L.     BIRD'S-FOOT  VIOLET.    (I.  F.  f.  2492.)   Glabrous,  from  a 
short  vertical  rootstock;  leaves  numerous,  the  blades  nearly  orbicular  in  outline, 
1.5-5  cm-  wide,  pedately  parted  or  divided  into  5-1 1  linear,  often  toothed  lobes,  those 
of  the  earliest  leaves  broader  and  spatulate;  flowers  1.5-3.5  cm-  broad,  lilac,  blue, 
or  rarely  white,  one  or  both  of  the  upper  petals  frequently  dark  purple;  stigma 
beardless,  not  rostrate;  capsules  1-1.4  cm-  l°ng-     Dry  fields  and  hillsides,  Me.  and 
Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Fla.     April-May. 

8.  Viola   cuspidata  Greene.     CUSPIDATE  VIOLET.     Low  at  flowering  time, 
usually  densely  hirsute;  leaves  borne  well  above  the  flowering  scapes,  the  blades 
from  cordate-ovate  to  orbicular,  crenate- serrate,  rugose-veined,  cucullate;  flowers 
16-18  mm.  broad,  deep  blue;  sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse;  upper  petals  obovate,  acute, 
the  lowermost  one  truncate  and,  cuspidate ;  capsules  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers 
on  decumbent  peduncles.     Woods,  Ind.,  Wis.,  Minn,  to  Br.  Col.     April-May. 

9.  Viola  obliqua  Hill.     THIN-LEAVED  WOOD  VIOLET.     Slender,  often  soli- 
tary, from  a  horizontal  or  ascending  rootstock;  leaves  dark  green,  long  petioled, 
the  blades  cordate-ovate,  usually  attenuate  at  apex,  with  a  deep  sinus  at  base,  the 
margin  irregularly  crenate-dentate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  broad;  blade  not  at  all  cucullate, 
but   spreading  at  right  angles  to  the  petiole;  scapes  nearly  equalling  the  foliage; 
flowers  pale  blue;  capsules  oblong-oval,  6  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous 
flowers  on  filiform  deflexed  peduncles.     Rich  soil  in   shade,  N.  Y.  to  Va.     April- 
May.     \V.  affinis  LeConte.     Not  V.  obliqua  of  III.  Fl.]. 

10.  Viola  papilionacea  Pursh.     MEADOW  OR  HOODED  BLUE  VIOLET.    (I.  F. 
f.  2487.)     Usually  glabrous,  the  foliage  bright  green;  leaves  with  blades  5-13  cm. 
long,  usually  cucullate,  reniform  or  ovate,  crenate,  cordate  at  base;  scapes  exceed- 
ing the  leaves  at  flowering  time;  flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  dark  violet-purple,  the 
two  upper  petals  reflexed;  keel  petal  narrow,  this  and  the  lateral  ones  copiously 
bearded  with  yellowish- white  hairs;  capsules  oblong;  those  from  the  cleistogamous 
flowers  on  deflexed  peduncles.     \V.  obliqua  of  111.  FL,  not  of  Hill.]     Woodlands 
and  meadows,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Kan.     April-June. 

V.  papilion&cea  dom^stica  (Bicknell)  Pollard.  (I.  F.  App.  f.  248-7%.)  Plant  of  much 
stouter  habit;  blades  of  the  leaves  usually  broadly  reniform,  somewhat  decurrent  at  base, 
often  10-13  cm.  wide ;  cleistogamous  flowers  very  numerous,  mostly  subterranean.  [  V. 
domestica  Bicknell.]  Cultivated  soil  around  dwellings,  N.  Y.  to  Va.  April-May. 

11.  Viola  pratincola  Greene.    EN  TIRE-LEAVED  PRAIRIE  VIOLET.     Glabrous, 
from  a  stout  ascending  knotted  rootstock;    leaves  light  green,  the  blades  cordate- 
reniform,  crenate,  abruptly  attenuate,  becoming  6-10  cm.  broad;  scapes  mostly  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves  ;    flowers  1.5-2   cm.  wide,   light  blue,   the   petals   broad   and 
rounded,  paler  at  base,  the  lowermost   purple-veined,  the   lateral   conspicuously 
white-bearded;  capsules  from  cleistogamous  flowers  oval,  almost  entirely  subter- 
ranean.    Prairies,  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.     April-May. 

12.  Viola  villosa  Walt.     SOUTHERN  WOOD  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2488.)     Root- 
stock  short,  thick,  oblique.    Leaves  commonly  appressed  to  the  ground,  dark  green, 
often  purple-veined  above,  purplish  beneath,  silvery-hairy  or  glabrate,  the  blade 
reniform  or  orbicular,  with  a  narrow   sinus,   usually   obtuse,   crenate,   2.5-6  cm. 
wide;  scapes  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  reddish-purple,  12-16  mm.  wide;  sepals 
lanceolate,  obtuse;  spur  blunt;  capsules  6 -8  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous 


VIOLACEAE.  637 

flowers  on  horizontal  peduncles.     Dry  woods  and  hillsides,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Ga. 
and  La.     April-May. 

13.  Viola  cucullata  Ait.    MARSH  BLUE  VIOLET.    (I.  F.  App.  f.  24870.)   Gla- 
brous, the  foliage  pale  green;  leaves  thin,  from  reniform  to  broadly  ovate,  obtuse, 
cucullate,  the  margins  irregularly  cren  ate -dentate;  scapes  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
leaves;  flowers  pale  blue  or  sometimes  white,    1.5-2  cm.  wide;    capsules  oblong, 
trigonous,   those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  elongated  slender  peduncles 
usually  longer  than  the  leaves.     Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Ga.  and 
Mo.     April-June. 

14.  Viola  septentrionalis  Greene.     NORTHERN  BLUE  VIOLET.    Tufted,  low, 
the  leaves  and  petioles  sparsely  hirsute;  blades  light  green,  paler  beneath,  from 
reniform  to  suborbicular,   strongly  cucullate,  all  obtuse,  crenulate;  scapes  about 
equalling  the  foliage;  flower  pale  violet- blue.  1.5-2  cm.  wide,  the  petals  broad  and 
mostly  obcordate ;  sepals  small,  linear,  ciliate;  capsules  oval,  very  short,  those  from 
the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  slender  erect  peduncles.     Rich  woods,  Ont.  to  north- 
ern N.  Eng.     May. 

15  Viola  venustula  Greene.  SMALL  BLUE  VIOLET.  Very  small  at  flower- 
ing time,  from  a  short  oblique  rootstock;  leaves  glabrous,  rather  dark  green, 
deltoid-ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  acute  or  attenuate,  crenate-serrate,  cucullate  when 
young;  scapes  equalling  or  barely  exceeding  the  leaves;  flower  10-15  mm.  broad, 
deep  violet-blue;  petals  broad,  obtuse,  the  lateral  ones  bearded  with  white  hairs; 
capsules  small,  nearly  globose,  those  from  the  later  cleistogamous  flowers  subter- 
ranean. Wet  meadows,  Prince  Edward  Island  and  Ont.  to  northern  N.  Eng. 
May. 

1 6.  Viola  vagula   Greene.     SMALL  MOTTLED  BLUE  VIOLET.     Low,  rather 
succulent,  from  an  erect  rootstock ;   leaves  dark  green  with  some  scattered  pubes- 
cence, the  blades  2.5  cm.  broad,  deltoid-cordate,  the  margin  obscurely  crenate; 
scapes  surpassing  the  leaves;  flowers  2.5  cm.  wide;  petals  deep  violet,  white  at 
base  with  purple    veinings,   obovate,   the   lowermost  often  obcordate,   the  lateral 
densely  bearded;    sepals   oblong,   obtuse;  capsules  oblong,  those   from  the  cleis- 
togamous flowers  on  short  ascending  peduncles.     Meadows,  Ont.  and  Vt.     May. 

17.  Viola   ssgittata  Ait.     ARROW-LEAVED  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2490.)     Gla- 
brous or  with  traces  of  pubescence;    rootstock   stout,  ascending  or  erect;  leaves 
with  elongated  petioles,  the  blades  sagittate,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  usually 
acute,  obscurely  crenate- dentate  above  the  middle,  the  auricles  of  the  cordate  or 
truncate  base  commonly  ladniately  toothed  or  incised;  flowers  very  dark  purple, 
rarely  white;  capsules  8-14  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect 
peduncles.     Wet  meadows  and  marshes,  Me.  to  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

18.  Viola  emarginata  (Nutt.)  LeConte.     TRIANGLE-LEAVED  VIOLET.     (I.  F. 
App.  f.  249Oa.)     Glabrous;    leaves  with  elongated  petioles;  blades  broadly  ovate 
or  deltoid-triangular,  merely  dentate  below  the  middle,  or  sometimes  even  deeply 
cleft  or  incised,  the  base  subcordate,  somewhat  decurrent;  flowers  bright  blue  or 
purple,  the  oblong  petals  usually  distinctly  emarginate;  capsules  obscurely  angled, 
those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles.     Fields  and  hillsides,  N. 
Y.  to  Va.     April-May. 

19.  Viola  dent  at  a  Pursh.    UPLAND  VIOLET.    Robust,  from  a  stout  branching 
rootstock;   leaves  long-petioled,  dark  green,  the  blade  glabrous  or  pubescent  along 
the  veins,  at  first  cordate-oblong,  later  oblong-triangular,  7-15  cm.  long,  the  base 
subcordate,  decurrent  upon  the  petiole,  the  apex  acute  or  obtuse,  the  margins  irreg- 
ularly crenate-dentate,  ciliate,  sometimes  incised  below;   scapes  shorter  than  the 
leaves;   flowers  deep  purple,   1.5-2  cm.  wide;    capsules  obscurely  3 -angled,  those 
from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles.      Dry  rich  soil  in  hilly  regions, 
Penn.  to  Va.     May. 

20.  Viola  lancifolia  Thore.     EUROPEAN   LANCE-LEAVED  VIOLET.     Tufted, 
glabrous,  from  a  cluster  of  fibrous  roots  or  a  single  thick  root;  leaves  short-petioled, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  crenate,  2-8  cm.  long,  tapering  at  base; 
flowers  2.5-4  cm.  wide,  purple;  spur  large  and  blunt,  half  the  length  of  the  petals; 
capsules  small,  those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles.     Escaped 
from    cultivation  and   established,    Washington,    D.C.     Adventive  from   Europe. 
April -May. 

21.  Viola  Conine-ens  Greene.    MARYLAND  VIOLET.    Nearly  glabrous,  densely 


638 


FLORA. 


tufted,  from  short  knotted  rootstocks;  leaves  rather  succulent,  deep  green,  the 
blades  narrowly  ovate  or  subsagittate,  subcordateat  base,  obtuse,  crermlate;  flowers 
bright  blue;  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  petals  obovate,  densely  white-bearded;  capsules  as 
in  V.  emarginata.  Grassy  places,  Md.  to  Va.  May. 

22.  Viola  fimbriatula  J.  E  Smith.    OVATE-LEAVED  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2491.) 
Densely  pubescent  or  villous,  tufted ;  leaves  with  petioles  usually  shorter  than  the 
blades;  the  latter  ovate-lanceolate,  oval  or  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  the  base  trun- 
cate or  subcordate,  sometimes  dentate  or   incised;    flowers  blue,  8-14  mm.  wide, 
the  petals  bearded;  capsules  oval,   those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect 
peduncles.     [K  ovata  Nutt.]     Dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Mo.  and  La.     April-May. 

23.  Viola  odorata  L.     ENGLISH  OR  SWEET  VIOLET.    (I.  F.  f.  2493.)    Stolons 
rooting    at  the   nodes;    leaves   pubescent   or   glabrate,    the   blades   orbicular    or 
broadly  ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  crenate,  2-5  cm.  wide;  scapes  equalling  the  foliage; 
flowers  fragrant,  1-2  cm.  broad;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse;  petals  beardless;  capsules 
from  cleistogamous  flowers  borne  on  short  decumbent  peduncles.     Escaped  from 
gardens,  N.  S.  to  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. ;  also  in  the  South  and  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.     Adventive  from  Europe.     March-May. 

24.  Viola   rotundifolia    Michx.     ROUND-LEAVED    VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2494.) 
Stoloniferous  in  late  summer;  leaves  glabrate,  yellowish-green,  paler  beneath,  the 
petioles  somewhat  pubescent;  blades  ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate,  crenate,  1-5  cm. 
wide  at  flowering-time,  afterward  becoming  10-13  cm-  wide  and  appressed  to  the 
ground;    flowers  yellow,  8-12    mm.    broad;    sepals  linear-oblong,    obtuse;  lateral 
petals  bearded  and    marked  with   brown   veins;  capsules  ovoid,  those  from   the 
cleistogamous  flowers  racemose  on  short  deflexed  peduncles.     Woods  and  rocky 
hillsides,  Lab.  and  Out.  to  Minn.,  south  in  the  mountains  to  N.  Car. 

25.  Viola  palustris   L.     MARSH  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2495.)     Glabrous;  root- 
stock  slender,  horizontal;  blades  of  the  leaves  thin,  reniform  to  nearly  orbicular, 
2.5-4  cm.  wide,   crenulate;  scapes  exceeding  the  foliage;    flowers   pale    lilac  or 
nearly  white,  marked  with  purple  veins;  petals  8-12  mm.  long,  slightly  bearded; 
spur  short  and  blunt;  capsule  oblong,  6-8  mm.  in  length;  cleistogamous  flowers 
not  produced.     Wet  soil,  Lab.  to  Alaska  and  N.  Eng.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.    Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-July. 

26.  Viola   Selkirkii   Pursh.     SELKIRK'S    VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2496.)     Nearly 
glabrous;  rootstock  slender,  creeping.    Leaves  dark  green,  the  blades  thin,  1-5  cm. 
wide,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  deeply  cordate,  the  margins  crenate,  the  apex 
obtuse;  basal  sinus  narrow,  the  auricles  often  overlapping;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute; 
spur  5-8  mm.  long,  obtuse;  petals  beardless,   pale  violet-blue;  capsules  oblong, 
4-6  mm,  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  or  ascending  pedun- 
cles.    Moist  woods,  N.  S.  to  Mass.,  Penn.  and  Minn.     Also  in  northern    Europe 
and  Asia.     April -May. 

27.  Viola  blanda  Willd.     SWEET  WHITE  VIOLET.     (I.   F.  f.  2497.)     Gla- 
brate, somewhat  stoloniferous,  from  a  very  slender  rootstock;   blades  of  the  leaves 
thin,    light  green,  reniform  to  orbicular,  1-7  cm.  wide,  crenate,  cordate  at  base, 
with  a  shallow  sinus,   the  apex  obtuse;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;   flowers  white, 
fragrant,  6-12  mm.  broad;  petals  beardless,  the  lower  and  lateral  ones  marked 
with  purple  veins;  capsules  small,  oval;  cleistogamous  flowers  few.     Swamps  and 
wet  meadows,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.  and  N.  Car.     April-May. 

28.  Viola  alsophila  Greene.    WOODLAND  WHITE  VIOLET.    Strongly  stolonif- 
erous; leaves  somewhat   pubescent,  bright  green  above,  paler  beneath,  the  petioles 
red-spotted;  blades  from  ovate  to  orbicular,   usually  obtuse,  with  a  deep  narrow 
sinus;  scapes  mostly  shorter   than  the    leaves;  flowers  white,  scarcely  fragrant, 
1-2  cm.  broad;  petals  very  narrow,  the  two  uppermost  often  twisted;  capsules  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  V.  blanda,  but  larger.     \V.  blanda  amocna  (LeConte)  B.  S.  P.     Not 
V.  ainoena  Symons.j    Wet,  hilly  woods;  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Car.  and  111.     April-May. 

29.  Viola   renifolia  A.    Gray.     KIDNEY-LEAVED  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2498.) 
Densely  pubescent  or  even  villous,  from  a  slender  horizontal  rootstock;  leaves  with 
broad  reniform  or  orbicular  blades,  2-8  cm.  wide,  the  margins  obscurely  crenate, 
the  basal  sinus  deep;  scapes  about  equalling  the  foliage;  sepals    linear-oblong, 
acute;  flowers  8— IO  mm.  wide,  white,  the  petals  beardless  and  marked  with  brown- 
ish  veins;    capsules   oval,  8  mm.  long,   those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on 
deflexed  peduncles.     Woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  N.  Y.  and  Minn.     April-June. 


VIOLACLAE.  639 

30.  Viola  primulaefolia  L.   PRIMROSE-LEAVED  VIOLET.  (I.  F.  f.  2499.)  Gla- 
brous or  somewhat  pubescent,  producing  long  stolons  in  late  summer;  leaves  with 
oval  or  ovate-oblong  blades,  the  base  usually  decurrent  upon  the  petioles,  sometimes 
truncate  or  subcordate,  the  margins  entire  or  crenulate;  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate;  flowers  white,  8-12  mm.   wide,  the  petals  purple- veined,  scarcely  bearded; 
capsules  oval,  6-10  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  nodding  on 
short  erect  peduncles.     Moist  or  wet  ground,  N.  B.  to  Fla.  and  La.     April-June. 

31.  Viola  lanceolataL.     LANCE- LEAVED  VIOLET.    (I.  F.  f.  2500.)    Glabrous, 
the  stolons  rooting  freely  at  the  nodes.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  the 
blades  5—13  cm.  long,  decurrent  upon  the  petiole,  the  margins  obscurely  crerulate; 
scapes  usually  somewhat  shorter  than  the  leaves;   sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
flowers  white,  8-10  mm.  wide,  the  petals  beardless,  the  lower  and  lateral  ones 
with   purple  veins;  capsules  oval,  6-10  mm.  long,  those  from  the  cleistogamous 
flowers  nodding  on  short  erect  peduncles,  frequently  borne  on  the  stolons.     Wet 
meadows  and  along  streams,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

32.  Viola  Nuttallii  Pursh.     NUTTALL'S  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2501.)     Subcau- 
lescent,  later  with  ascending  tufted  leafy  stems  from  a  thick  rootstock;  leaves  firm, 
nearly  glabrous,  the  blades  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire   or   irregularly 
crenate,  tapering  below  into  margined  petioles,  the  apex  obtuse;  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate;  flowers  yellow,  1-2  cm.  wide;  petals 
beardless,  the  lower  and  lateral  ones  often  purple-veined;  stigma  bearded;  capsule 
oval,  6  mm.  long.     Prairies,  Manitoba  to  Mont.,  Kans.  and  Mo.     May. 

33.  Viola  hastata  Michx.     HALBERD-LEAVED  YELLOW  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f. 
2502.)     Stem  simple,  erect,  usually  glabrous,    1-3  dm.   high;   stem-leaves  borne 
near  the  summit,  short-petioled,  hastate  or  hastate-ovate,  2-10  cm.  long,   repand 
or   denticulate,  acute;  basal  leaves,  when  present,   larger,  more  cordate;  flowers 
yellow,    8-16  mm.  wide;  lateral  petals   bearded;  sepals   linear-lanceolate,   acute; 
spur  short;  capsule  8-10  mm.  long.     Woods,  in  hilly  regions,  Penn.  and  Ohio  to 
Ga.  and  Ala.     April-June. 

34.  Viola  pubescens  Ait.     HAIRY  YELLOW  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2503.)  Stem 
simple,  erect,  pubescent  or  villous,  1-5  dm.   high;    basal  leaves  ovate-reniform, 
long-petioled,  early  withering;  stem  leaves  borne  near  the  summit,  short-petioled, 
the  blades  ovate  or  reniform,  5-13  cm.  wide,  acute  or  abruptly  attenuate,  crenate- 
dentate;  sepals  oblong -lanceolate;  flowers  bright  yellow,  12-16  mm.  wide;  petals 
obscurely  purple- veined;  spur  short;  capsule  oblong,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  10-16 
mm.  long.     Dry  woods,  Quebec  to  S.  Dak.,  Ga.  and  Iowa.     April-May. 

35.  Viola  scabriuscula  (T.  &  G.)   Schwein.     SMOOTHISH  YELLOW  VIOLET. 
(I.  F.  f.  2504. )     Stems   clustered,   glabrate  or  glabrous,  decumbent  or  ascending, 
1-4  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  long-petioled,  more  or  less  persistent; 
stem  leaves  with  blades  from  reniform  to  cordate-ovate,  acute,  crenate,  dentate, 
2.5-6  cm.  wide;  sepals  linear-lanceolate;  flowers  pale  yellow,  10-16  mm.  broad; 
petals  purple- veined;  spur  short;  capsule  oval,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  6-IO  mm. 
long.     Moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Neb.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     April- 
May.     Blooms  earlier  than  the  preceding. 

36.  Viola  Canadensis  L.     CANADA  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2505.)     Stems  tufted, 
leafy,  0.7-4  dm.  high;  leaves  short-petioled,   glabrous,  the  blades  cordate-ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  2.5-6  cm.  long,    serrate;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire;  flowers 
pale  violet  or  white,  1-2  cm.  broad;  lateral   petals  bearded,  purple- veined;  sepals 
linear,  attenuate;  capsule  glabrous,  oval,  6-8  mm.  long.     Woods,  in  hilly  districts, 
Newf.  and  Sask.  to  N.  Car..  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.     May-July. 

37.  Viola  striata  Ait.     PALE  OR  STRIPED  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2506.)     Stems 
tufted,  glabrous,  becoming  over  6  dm.   long  in  late  summer;  leaves  numerous, 
slender-petioled,  the  blades  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  2.5-6  cm.  wide,  often  slightly 
pubescent,  the  upper  ones  acute;  stipules  large,  dentate  or  even  laciniate;  flowers 
long-peduncled,  white  or  cream-colored,  sometimes  bluish,  1-2  cm.  broad;  petals 
darker-veined,  the  lateral  ones   bearded;  capsule  ovoid,    glabrous.     Moist  woods 
and  thickets,  N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Mo.     April -May. 

38.  Viola  Labradcrica  Schrank.     AMERICAN  DOG  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2507.) 
Stems  tufted,  glabrous,  leafy;   leaves  slender-petioled,  the  blades  reniform   to  or- 
bicular, cordate,  acutish  or  obtuse,  1-4  cm.  wide;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate, 
entire  or  serrate;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  flowers  long-peduncled,  light 


640 


FLORA. 


blue  or  purple,  rarely  white,  12-16  mm.  broad;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  slender 
spur,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded;  capsule  glabrous,  4-6  mm.  long;  cleistog- 
amous  flowers  short-peduncled,  produced  late  in  the  season.  Moist  soil,  Lab.  to 
Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Ky.  March-May. 

39.  Viola   arenaria  DC.     SAND    VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2508.)      Stems  slender, 
tufted,  decumbent  or  ascending,  their  surface  and  that  of  the  long-petioled  leaves 
finely  puberulent;  blades  ovate,  usually  obtuse  at  apex,  truncate  or  subcordate  at 
base,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  the  margins  crenulate;  stipules  laciniate;  sepals  linear,  acu- 
mina.te;  flowers  violet-purple,  10-14  mm.  wide;  spur  6  mm.  long,  blunt;  capsule 
6-8  mm.  long.     Sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Sask.  and  S.  Dak.    Also  in  Europe.    May-June. 

40.  Viola  multicaulis  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     PROSTRATE  BLUE  VIOLET.    (I.  F. 
f.  2509.)   Stems  slender,  tufted,  5-20  cm.  long;  leaves  numerous,  slender-petioled, 
finely  puberulent;  blades  orbicular,  crenulate,  cordate  with  a  narrow  sinus,  often 
mottled  or  dark-veined,    2.5-4  cm.  wide;  stipules  laciniate;  peduncles  exceeding 
the  leaves;  flowers  violet- blue,   10-14  ram-  wide;  petals  bearded;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  capsule   glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long;  cleistogamous  flowers  borne  on  the 
shoots  of  late  summer.     Woods,  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Feb. -July. 

41.  Viola  rostrata  Pursh.     LONG-SPURRED  VIOLET.     (I.  F.  f.  2510.)     Stems 
numerous,  erect;  leaves  glabrous,  slender-petioled,  the  blades  cord  ate -ovate  or  the 
lower  reniform,  acuminate,  serrate,  1-4  cm.  long;  stipules  laciniate,  ciliate;  flowers 
pale  violet,   darker  veined,  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  sepals  linear-lanceolate;  petals  beard- 
less; capsule  glabrous,  8  mm.  long.     Rocky  woods,  Quebec  to  Mich.,  south  in  the 
mountains  to  Ga.     June-July. 

42.  Viola  tricolor  L.    PANSY.    HEART'S-EASE.    (I.  F.  f.  2511.)  Plant  usually 
glabrous;  stem  branched,  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high;  upper  leaves  oval-lanceolate, 
crenate-dentate,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>   the  lower  broader,  often  cordate;  stipules  large, 
foliaceous,  laciniate  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  variously  marked  with  yellow,  purple  or 
white,    1.6-2.5  cm-  broad;  petals  veined,  the  lower  one  largest;   capsule  angled, 
6  10  mm.  long.     Waste  places,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.     May-July. 

43.  Viola  Rafinesquii  Greene.     FIELD  PANSY.     (I.  F.  f.  2512.)     Stems  very 
slender,   glabrous,   7-23   cm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely 
crenate-dentate  or  entire,    smaller  than  in  the  k*t;  stipules  similar;  flowers  yel- 
lowish-white or  bluish -tinged,  10-16  mm.  wide;  petals  markedly  exceeding  the 
linear  sepals;  capsule  4-6  mm.  long.     [V.  tenella  Muhl. ;  not  Poir.]     Woods  and 
fields,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  Mich,  and  Tex.     March-May. 

2.  CUBELIUM  Raf.       [SOLEA  Sprang.] 

A  perennial  erect  leafy-stemmed  herb,  the  alternate  leaves  entire  or  obscurely 
dentate,  the  small  greenish  flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils.  Sepals  5,  equal,  not 
auricled.  Petals  nearly  equal,  erect,  imbricated,  the  lower  one  broadest  and  some- 
what gibbous  below.  Stamens  5,  syngenesious,  the  sheath  glandular  at  base; 
anthers  sessile.  Style  hooked  at  the  apex.  Capsule  somewhat  lobed,  3-valvcd. 
A  monotypic  genus  of  N.  Am. 

i.  Cubelium  concolor  (Forst.)  Raf.  GREEN  VIOLET.  (I.  F.  f.  2513.)  Plant 
3-9  dm.  high,  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  7-12  cm.  long,  acuminate, 
tapering  to  a  short  petiole;  stipules  linear,  acute;  flowers  8  mm.  long,  on  short 
recurved  peduncles;  seeds  large.  Moist  woods,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Kans. 
May-June. 

3.  CALCEOLARIA  Loefl.     [IONIDIUM  Vent.] 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  or  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  un- 
equal, not  auricled.  Petals  unequal,  the  lowermost  one  longest,  gibbous  or  saccate 
at  base,  the  upper  pair  shorter  than  the  lateral  ones.  Anthers  connivent,  on  distinct 
filaments,  the  lower  glandular  or  spurred.  Capsule  elastically  dehiscent  into  3 
valves.  About  45  chiefly  tropical  American  species. 

i.  Calceolaria  verticillata  (Ort.)  Kuntze.  NODDING  VIOLET.  (I.  F.  f.  2514.) 
Stems  clustered,  glabrate  or  somewhat  pubescent,  erect  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  high, 
from  a  woody  base;  leaves  alternate,  linear,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  often  fascicled;  stipules 
subulate:  flowers  white,  solitary,  nodding,  4-6  mm.  long.  Dry  ground,  Kans.  to 
Tex.,  Colo,  and  Mex.  April-July. 


PA  SSIFL  OR  A  CEA  E—L  OA  SA  CEAE.  64 1 


Family  6.  PASSIFLORACEAE  Dumort. 

Passion- flower  Family. 

Woody  vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  or  erect  herbs,  with  petioled 
usually  pahnately-lobed  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
persistent.  Petals  usually  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  distinct, 
or  in  some  species  united.  Stamens  5.  Throat  of  the  calyx  crowned 
with  a  double  or  triple  fringe.  Filaments  subulate  or  filiform,  mona- 
delphous,  or  separate.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  i -celled  ;  placentae 
3-5,  parietal ;  styles  1-5.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule,  usually  many-seeded. 
About  1 8  genera  and  325  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions,  most 
abundant  in  S.  Am. 

i.  PASSIFLORA  L. 

Climbing  tendril-bearing  vines,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves,  and 
large  axillary  flowers,  on  jointed,  often  bracted,  peduncles.  Calyx-tube  cup- 
shaped  or  campanulate,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  its 
throat  crowned  with  a  fringe  called  the  corona.  Petals  4  or  5  (rarely  none), 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  oblong,  stalked.  Filaments  mona- 
delphous  in  a  tube  around  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above;  anthers  narrow, 
versatile.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  Seeds  pulpy-arilled,  flat,  ovate;  endosperm 
fleshy.  [Flower  of  the  Cross,  or  Passion,  as  emblematic  of  the  crucifixion.] 
About  250  species,  mostly  of  tropical  Am.,  a  few  in  Asia  and  Australia.  Besides 
the  following,  about  7  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  States. 

Leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed;  lobes  serrate;  petals  whitish;  corona  purple,     i.  P.  incarnata. 
Leaves  obtusely  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  the  lobes  entire ;  flower  yellowish. 

2.  P.  lutea. 

1.  Passiflora  incarnata   L.     PASSION-FLOWER.      PASSION-VINE.     (I.    F.    f. 
2515.)     Stem  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  above.       Petioles  1-5  cm.  long,  with 
2  glands  near  the  summit;  leaves  nearly  orbicular  in     outline,  glabrous,  or  often 
somewhat  pubescent,  7-13  cm.  broad,  somewhat  cordate    at  the  base,  the  lobes  ovate 
or  oval,  acute  or  acutish,  finely  serrate;  flowers  solitary,    3-5  cm.  broad;  peduncles 
usually  3-bracted  just  below  the  flowers;  calyx-lobes     linear;  berry  ovoid,  nearly 
5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  yellow.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to    Mo.,   Fia.  and  the  Ind.  Terr. 
Fruit  edible,  called  Maypops.     May-July. 

2.  Passiflora  lutea  L.     YELLOW    PASSION-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  2516.)    Gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  climbing  or  trailing.      Petioles    1-3    cm.    long;   leaves    much 
broader  than  long,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  with  3  wide  obtuse  rounded  lobes, 
the  lobes  entire;  stipules  2-3  mm.  long;  peduncles  usually  in  pairs  from  the  upper 
axils;   flowers  greenish-yellow,  1-2  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes   linear;  berry  globose- 
ovoid.  10-12  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous,  deep  purple.    In  thickets,  Penn.  to  Kans., 
Fla.  and  La.     May-July. 

Family  7.   LOASACEAE  Reichenb. 

Loasa  Family. 

Herbs,  often  armed  with  hooked  stinging  or  viscid  hairs,  with  estipu- 
late  leaves,  and  regular,  perfect,  white  yellow  or  reddish  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4~5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  <x> ,  inserted  with  the 
petals ;  filaments  filiform,  commonly  arranged  in  clusters  opposite  the 
petals;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  i -celled  (rarely  2-3-celled),  with  2-3 
parietal  placentae  ;  ovules  anatropous.  Capsule  usually  i -celled,  crowned 
with  the  calyx-limb.  Seeds  mostly  numerous ;  endosperm  scanty. 
About  13  genera  and  200  species,  all  but  i  natives  of  America. 

i.  MENTZELIA.  L. 

Erect  herbs,  sometimes  woody,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  usually  showy 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  cylindric,  obconic,  c-r  club-shaped,  its  limb  generally  5-lobed. 


642  FLORA. 

Petals  5  or  10,  spreading,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  20-300. 
Styles  3,  more  or  less  united;  stigmas  small,  obtuse.  Capsule  dehiscent  at  the 
summit,  few-many-seeded.  Seeds  flat  and  sometimes  winged,  roughened,  or 
smooth.  [In  honor  of  C.  Mentzel,  a  German  botanist,  died  1701.]  About  50 
species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  vvest- 
ern  N.  Am. 

Flowers  1-2  cm.  broad,  yellow. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  petioled;  stem  very  rough  ;  calyx-lobes  6  mm.  long. 

i.  M.  oltgospermc,, 

Leaves  sessik;  stem  little  rough;  calyx-lobes  4  mm.  long.  3.  M.  albicaulis. 

Flowers  3-10  cm.  broad. 

Flowers  yellowish  white,  opening  in  the  evening. 

Flowers  3-5  cm.  broad  ;  calyx-tube  usually  bractless.  2.  M.  nuda. 

Flowers  7-10  cm.  broad  ;  calyx-tube  usually  bracted.  4.  M.  decapetala, 

Flowers  bright  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine.  5.  M.  laevicaulis. 

1.  Mentzelia  oligosperma  Nutt.    FEW-SEEDED  MENTZELIA.    (I.  F.  f.  2517.) 
Rough  and  viscid-pubescent,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  coarsely  den- 
tate or  sinuate,  2-8  cm.    long,  the  upper  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base   and 
sessile,  the  lower  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  axillary  or  somewhat  cymose, 
opening  in  sunshine;  petals  5,  oblong-cuneate,  acute,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
linear-lanceolate    calyx-lobes;     filaments     20-30,     all  '  filiform;    capsule    linear, 
12-16  mm.  long,   few-seeded;    seeds  oblong,  wingless.     Prairies,  111.  to  S.  Dak., 
Kans.,  Colo.,  La.  and  Mex.     May-July. 

2.  Mentzelia    nuda  (Pursh)  T.    &   G.     BRACTLESS  MENTZELIA.     (I.  F.  f, 
2518.)     Rough  with  minute  pubescence,  slender,  3-15  dm.  high,  the  stems  light- 
colored.     Leaves   lanceolate  or    oblong-lanceolate,    acute,    usually    sharply    and 
deeply  dentate,  or  the  upper  pinnatifid,  2-8  cm.  long;  petals   10,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  lanceolate  calyx- lobes;  calyx-tube  usually  not  bracteolate;  stamens  100 
or  more,  the  outer  ones  somewhat  petaioid;  capsule  oblong,    1.5-2.5  cm.    long, 
about  6  mm.   thick;  seeds  numerous,  wing-margined.     Plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Kans. , 
Colo,  and  Tex.     July-Aug. 

3.  Mentzelia  albicaulis  Dougl.     WHITE-STEMMED  MENTZELIA.     (I.   F.  f. 
2519.)     Stem  nearly  white,  shining,  1.5-5  dm.   high-     Leaves  mostly  lanceolate, 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  sinuate-lobed,  or  the  upper  and  lower  sometimes  entire,  rough 
with  short  stiff  hairs,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  few  together  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
or  also  axillary,  1-2   cm.   broad,    short-pedicelled  or  sessile;    calyx-lobes  linear- 
lanceolate;  capsule  linear,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  many-seeded;  seeds  angled,  tuber- 
culate,  wingless.     Neb.  to  Br.  Col.,  Cal.  and  N.  Mex.     May-July. 

4.  Mentzelia    decapetala   (Pursh)   Urban  &    Gilg.     SHOWY    MENTZELIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2520.)     Roughish-pubescent,  stout,  seldom  over  6  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval, 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  or   acuminate,  sinuate-pinnatifid,   5-15  cm.  long,  the 
upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  terminal;  petals  10,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  filaments  all  filiform,  very  numerous 
(200-300);  capsule  oblong,  3-5  cm.  long;  seeds  numerous,  margined,  not  winged. 
Plains,  Dak.  and  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

5.  Mentzelia  laevicaulis  (Dougl.)  T.  &  G.     SMOOTH-STEMMED  MENTZELIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2521.)     Stout,  6-12  dm.  high,  minutely  pubescent,  or  the  stems  at  length 
glabrate   and  whitish.      Leaves  sessile,    lanceolate   or   ovate-lanceolate,    sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-8  cm.   long;  flowers  mostly  solitary,   terminal, 
7-10  cm.  broad;  calyx -tube  bractless;  petals  5,  or  with  5  additional  narrower  inner 
ones,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  very  numerous;  capsule  oblong, 
about  2.5  cm.  long;  seeds  numerous,  winged,  minutely  tuberculate.     Plains  and 
dry  soil,  Neb.,  Mont,  and  Wyo.  to  Ore..  Utah  and  Cal.     June-July. 


Order  24.   OPUNTIALES. 

Fleshy  plants,  with  continuous  or  jointed  stems,  leafless,  or  with  small 
leaves,  generally  abundantly  spinv,  the  spines  developed  from  cushions 
of  minute  bristles  (areolae).  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  sessile,  perfect, 


CACTACEAE.  64$ 

regular,  showy.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  many-lobed. 
Petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  several  rows,  mostly  distinct.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  fili- 
form ;  anthers  small.  Ovary  i-celled ;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous, 
borne  on  several  parietal  placentae.  Style  terminal,  elongated ;  stigmas 
numerous.  Fruit  a  berry,  mostly  fleshy,  sometimes  nearly  dry.  Seeds 
smooth,  or  tubercled,  the  testa  usually  crustaceous  or  bony;  endosperm 
little,  or  copious.  Only  one  family. 

Family  i.  CACTACEAE  Lindl. 

Cactus  Family. 
About  20  genera,  and  1000  species  nearly  all  natives  of  America. 

Stems  subglobose,  oval,  ovoid  or  cylindric,  tubercled,  ribbed  or  angled;  no  proper  leaves. 
Flowers  borne  on  the  turbercles  or  ribs,  at  or  near  the  areolae. 

Flowers  borne  close  to  fully  developed  clusters  of  spines.  i.  Echinocereus. 

Flowers  borne  close  to  areolas,  from  which  the  spines  subsequently  develop. 

2.  Echinocactus. 

Flowers  borne  between  the  tubercles,  distant  from  the  aieolce.  3.  Cactus. 

Plants  jointed,  the  joints  flattened,   or  cylindric;  leaves  present,  mostly  subulate  and 
deciduous.  4.   Opuntia. 

i.  ECHINOCEREUS  Engelm. 

Stems  ovoid,  cylindric  or  oval,  ribbed,  or  tubercled.  the  ribs  or  rows  of  tubercles 
usually  straight,  vertical.  Proper  leaves  none.  Spine-bearing  areolse  on  the  ribs 
or  tubercles.  Flowers  borne  on  the  ribs  or  tubercles,  at  or  near  the  areolae,  close 
to  fully  developed  clusters  of  spines.  Calyx-tube  with  spine-bearing  areolse,  or 
scaly,  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.  [Greek  hedgehog- Cereus.]  About  45  species, 
natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  the  south- 
western U.  S. 

Flowers  greenish,  about  2.5  cm.  broad  ;  fruit  10-12  mm.  long.  i.  E.  viridiflorus* 

Flowers  rose-purple,  5-8  cm.  broad;  fruit  18-20  mm.  long.  2.  E.  caespitostts. 

1.  Echinocereus  viridiflorus  Engelm.     GREEN-FLOWERED  CEREUS.    (I.  F.  f. 
2522.)     Stem  subglobose  to  oval-cylindric,  2-20  cm.  high,    simple,  or  sparingly 
branched,  2-5  cm.  in  diameter.     Ribs  about  13;  longer  radial  spines  12-18,  with 
2-6  setaceous  upper  ones,  the  lateral  ones  reddish  brown,  the  others  white  or  rarely- 
purple;  central  spine  stout,  or  wanting,  purple  and  white;  flowers  greenish  brown 
without,  yellowish  green  within;  fruit  ellipsoid,  greenish;  seeds  tubercled.     Kans. 
to  Wyo.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Echinocereus  caespitosus  Engelm.  &  Gray.    TUFTED  CEREUS.    (I.  F.  f. 
2523.)     Stems  ovoid-globose  to  ovoid-cylindric,  usually  tufted,  2-15  cm.  high,  2-10 
cm.  in  diameter;  ribs  12  or  13;  radial  spines   20-30,   pectinate,  white,  the  lateral 
ones  the  longer,  4-8  mm.  long;  central  spines  wanting,  or  sometimes  I  or  2  short 
ones;  fruit  ovoid,   green;    seeds  tubercled,  black.     Western  Kans.  (?),  Ind    ^err. 
to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

2.  ECHINOCACTUS  Link  &  Otto. 

Stems  globose,  oblong  or  cylindric,  leafless,  tubercled.  the  tubercles  arranged 
in  straight  or  spiral  rows,  bearing  clusters  of  spines  arising  from  areolae.  Flowers 
borne  on  the  tubercles,  at  or  near  areolse  from  which  spines  are  subsequently  de- 
veloped. Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  usually  covered  with  scales,  its 
lobes  numerous,  the  outer  scale-like,  the  inner  elongated.  Petals  numerous,  sim- 
ilar to  the  inner  sepals.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  exserted;  style  columnar. 
Berry  usually  covered  with  scales  and  often  with  tufts  of  minute  bristles.  [Greek, 
hedgehog-cactus.]  About  200  described  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the 
following,  some  30  others  occur  in  the  Western  States. 

i.  Echinocactus  Simpsoni  Engelm.  SIMPSON'S  CACTUS.  HEDGEHOG- 
THISTLE.  (L  F.  f.  2524.)  Stems  globose  or  with  a  narrowed  base,  7-15  cm.  high, 


FLORA. 

7-10  cm.  in  diameter.  Tubercles  ovoid,  somewhat  4-sided  at  base,  12-16  mm 
long,  arranged  in  spirals;  central  spines  yellowish  below,  nearly  black  above,  10- 
14  mm.  long,  the  exterior  ones  slightly  shorter,  whitish;  flowers  greenish  pink, 
1.5-2  cm.  broad,  borne  to  one  side  at  the  ends  of  the  tubercles;  petals  oblong,  cre- 
nulate,  cuspidate;  berry  dry,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter,  bearing  2  or  3  scales  near  its 
summit.  Kans.  (?),  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Nev.  April- May. 

3.  CACTUS  L. 

Stems  globose  or  ovoid,  tubercled.  Tubercles  conic  or  cylindric,  woolly  and 
with  clusters  of  spines  at  the  apex.  Leaves  none.  Flowers  borne  from  areolae  at 
the  bases  of  the  tubercles.  Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  which  is  often 
hidden  between  the  tubercles.  Petals  in  several  rows.  Ovary  smooth,  ovoid;  style 
filiform.  Berry  emersed,  crowned  by  the  withering  corolla,  [Greek  name  of  some 
prickly  plant.]  About  300  described  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  Amer- 
ica. Besides  the  following,  35  or  more  occur  in  the  southwestern  States. 

Flowers  yellow  or  reddish;  central  spine  i.  i.  C.  Missouriensis. 

Floweis  purple;  central  spines  several.  2.  C.  viviparus. 

1.  Cactus   Missouriensis   (Sweet.)   Kuntze.      MISSOURI    CACTUS.     (I.F.  f. 
2525.)     Stems  globose,  2-5   cm.  high.      Tubercles   12-16  mm.  long,   arranged   in 
about  8  spiral   rows,  slightly   grooved;  spines  gray,    10-20  together,  the  stouter 
central  one  10-12  mm.  long,  or  wanting;  flowers  about  2.5   cm.  broad;  petals  ab- 
ruptly mucronate;  berry    globose,    scarlet,  6-8  mm.   in  diameter,  ripening  the  fol- 
lowing spring;    seeds  black,    globose,   pitted,   about  I  mm.  in  diameter.     Plains 
and  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Kans.,  Tex.  and  Colo.     May. 

Cactus  Missouriensis  sfmilis  (Engelm.)  Coult.  Stems  tufted;  flowers  2-5  cm.  long; 
seeds  about  2  mm.  long.  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 

2.  Cactus  viviparus  Nutt.     PURPLE  CACTUS.     (I.  F.  f.  2526.)    Stems  2-13 
cm.  high,  3-5  cm.  in  diameter.     Tubercles  terete  or  nearly  so,  slightly  grooved, 
bearing  3-8  slender  reddish-brown  spines,    1-2  cm.  long,   surrounded  by  12—25 
somewhat  shorter,  whitish   or  greenish  ones  in  a  single  row;  flowers  nearly  5  cm. 
long;  petals   lanceolate,    narrow;  sepals  fringed;  berry  ovoid,    12-18    mm.  long, 
green;  seeds  light  brown,  obovoid,  curved,  pitted,  about  1.5  mm.  long.     Prairies, 
Manitoba  to  Alberta,  Kans.  and  Colo. 

4.  OPUNTIA  Mill. 

Succulent  plants,  with  jointed  branching  stems,  the  joints  flat,  or  cylindric,  and 
small  mostly  subulate  deciduous  leaves,  the  areolae  axillary,  often  spine-bearing. 
Flowers  usually  lateral.  Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  its  lobes 
spreading.  Petals  numerous,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  very  numer- 
ous. Ovary  cylindric,  exserted;  style  cylindric,  longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma 
2-7-rayed.  Berry  pear-shaped,  often  spiny.  [Named  from  a  town  in  Greece 
where  some  species  grew.]  About  150  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the 
following,  some  50  others  occur  in  the  western  States.  . 

Joints  flattened,  oval,  oblong,  obovate  or  orbicular:  stems  prostrate  or  ascending. 
Fruit  fleshy,  juicy,  spineless  or  sparingly  spiny. 

Joints  spineless,  or  with  solitary  stout  spines.  i.  0.  Opuntia. 

Joints  spiny  (No.  2  sometimes  unarmed),  the  spines  1-15  at  each  areola. 
Spines  white,  gray  or  yellowish. 

Joints  7-13  cm.  long:  longer  spines  1-4  cm.  long.      2.   O.  humifusa. 
Joints  15-20  cm.  long;  longer  spines  2. 5-6 cm.  long.  3.   O.  torttspina. 
Spines  reddish  brown  to  black;  joints  15-20  cm.  long.     4.  O.  Camanchica. 
Fruit  dry,  with  spine-bearing  areolae. 

Joints  orbicular  or  broadly  obovate,  flat.  5.  O.  polyacantha. 

Joints  little  flattened,  ovoid,  or  subglobose.  6.  O.fragilis. 

Joints  cylindric,  or  nearly  so:  stem  erect.  7.  O.  arborescens. 

i.  Opuntia  Opuntia  (L.)  Coult.  EASTERN  PRICKLY  PEAR.  INDIAN  FIG. 
(I.  F.  f.  2527.)  Prostrate  or  ascending;  joints  obovate,  oblong,  oval  or  orbicular, 
5-13  cm.  long.  Leaves  subulate,  4-8  mm.  long,  usually  early  deciduous;  bristles 


TH  YMEL  EA  CEA  E.  64$ 

greenish  or  yellowish  brown;  spines,  when  present,  solitary,  stout,  not  deflexed, 
6-35  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  reddish  center,  5-8  cm.  hroad; 
fruit  obovoid,  edible,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  red.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  or  on  lo.ks,  E. 
Mass,  to  Penn.  and  Fla.  June-Aug.  [O.  vnlgaris  Mill.] 

2.  Opuntia   humifdsa  Raf.     WESTERN    PRICKLY    PEAR.     (I.    F.    f.    2528.) 
Prostrate,  similar  to  the  preceding;   joints  obovate,   suborbicular,  or  oval,  usually 
deep  green,  7-13  cm.   long;   leaves  subulate,   spreading,   6-10  mm.   long;  bristles 
reddish  brown;   spines  few,  mostly  near  the  margins,  1-4  together,  deflexed,  or  the 
longer  one  spreading   and    1-2.5   cai.   long;   flowers  6-10  cm.  broad;  iruit  club- 
shaped,  not  spiny,  edible,  3-5  cm.  long.     In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soii,   S.  Dak.  to 
Minn.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Summer. 

3.  Opuntia  tortispina  Engelm.     TWISTED-SPINED  CACTUS.     (I.  F.  f.  2529.) 
Stems    prostrate,    the  orbicular-obov.ite   flattened  joints   15-20  tm.  long.       Sp.nes 
3-5,  white,  angled,  the  longer  ones  3-6  cm.  long,  with  2-4  more  slender  and  shorter 
ones;  flowers  sulphur-yellow,  6-8  cm.  broad;   fruit  ovoid,  fleshy,  unarmed,  about 
5  cm.  long;  seeds  orbicular,  slightly  notched  at  the  hilum.     Plains,  Neb.  to  Tex. 

4.  Opuntia  Camanchica  ^Engelm.     COMANCHE  CACTUS.     (I.    F.    f.    2530.) 
Prostrate,  with  obovate-orbicular  flattened  joints    15-20   cm.    long.     Spines   1-3, 
flattened,  reddish  brown  to  blackish,  3-8  cm.  long,  or  with  3-6  additional  shorter 
ones,  the  upper  one  suberect,  the  others  deflexed  or  spreading;  fruit  oval,  deep  red, 
3-5  cm.  long;  seeds  angular,  margined,  deeply  notched  at  the  hilum.     W.  Kans.  (?), 
Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

5.  Opun  U  polyacantha  Haw.     MANY-SPINED   OPUNTIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2531.) 
Prostrate;  joints  obovate  to  orbicular,   tubercled,   5-15   cm.  long,  about  1.2  cm. 
thick,  the  tubercles  4  mm.  high,  densely  spiny  and  with  cushions  of  fine  bristles; 
spines  5-12,  slender,  1-5  cm.   long,  whitish;   leaves  minute;  flowers   light  yellow, 
5-8  cm.  broad;  fruit  dry,  very  prickly,  2-3  cm.   long.     Prairies  and  dry  soil,  S. 
Dak.  to  Br.  Col.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  N.  Mex.     May-June. 

6.  Opuntia  fragilis  (Nutt.)  Haw.     BRITTLE  OPUNTIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2532.)     De- 
cumbent or  prostrate;  joints  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  nearly  terete.     Leaves  small,  red- 
dish; cushions  composed  of  lew  bristles;  central  spines  1-4,  1-4  cm.  long,  gray, 
darker  at  the  apex,  surrounded  by  4  6  smaller  ones;  flowers  yellow,  smaller  than 
those  of  the  preceding;  fruit  nearly  2.5  cm.  long,  becoming  dry  at  maturity,  pro- 
vided with  cushions  of  bristles  usually  bearing  a  few  short  spines.    Prairies  and  dry 
soil,  Wis.  and  Minn,  to  S.  Dak.,  Utah,  Kans.  and  N.  Mex. 

7  Opuntia  arLoresceas  Engelm.  NORTHERN  TREE-LIKE  CACTUS.  (I.  F. 
f-  2533-)  Erect,  tree-like,  I  8  m.  high,  1-2  dm.  in  diameter  at  the  base,  verticil- 
latelv  branched.  Joints  verticillate,  mostly  in  3's  and  4's,  cylindric,  5-15  cm.  long, 
the  tubercles  1.5-2  cm.  long;  leaves  terete,  1-2  cm.  long;  spines  8-30,  terete,  in 
yellowish  sheaths,  diverging,  the  interior  ones  often  2.5  cm.  long  or  more;  flowers 
purple,  6-8  cm.  broad;  fruit  subglobose,  tuberculate,  dry,  or  nearly  so,  yellow, 
unarmed,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter.  W.  Kans.,  Colo,  to  Tex.,  N.  Mex.  and  Mex. 


Order  25.    THYMELEALES. 

Mostly  shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  leaves  and  incomplete  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior,  4-5-lobed  or  entire.  Corolla  mostly  wanting.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  or  fewer.  Ovary  i-celleo1.  Ovule  i, 
anatropous. 

Leaves  green  ;  seed  pendulous.  Fam.   i.    Thymeleaceae. 

Leaves  silvery-scurfy;  seed  erect.  Fam.  2.  Elaeagnaceae. 

Family  i.     THYMELEACEAE    Reichenb. 

Mezereon  Faintly. 

Shrubs  or  trees  (rarely  herbaceous),  with  tough  inner  bark,  and  entire 
estipulate  leaves.  Flowers  fascicled,  capitate,  racemose,  or  rarely  soli- 
tary, regular,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx-tube  cylindric  or  urn-shaped.  Petals 


646  FLORA. 

none  in  our  genera.  Stamens  borne  on  the  calyx,  often  in  two  series  v 
anthers  erect,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  i -celled, 
i-ovuled  (2-celled  and  2-ovuled  in  some  Asiatic  and  Australasian  genera) ; 
ovule  pendulous;  stigma  terminal,  mostly  capitate.  Fruit  a  berry-like 
drupe  in  our  plants.  Seed  coat  mostly  crustaceous ;  embryo  straight ; 
cotyledons  fleshy  ;  endosperm  little  or  none,  or  copious  in  some  exotic 
genera.  About  37  genera  and  425  species,  widely  distributed,  most 
abundant  in  Australia  and  South  Africa. 

Calyx-lobes  4,  large;  stamens  included;  style  very  short.  i.  Daphne. 

Calyx-limb  almost  wanting;  stamens  and  style  long,  exserted.  2.  Direct. 

i.   DAPHNE   L. 

Shr.ubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  purple  pink  or  white  flowers  in  fasci- 
cles, heads  or  racemes,  borne  in  the  following  species  at  the  leafless  nodes  of  twigs 
of  the  preceding  season.  Perianth  tubular,  its  4  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  8,  in 
2  series  on  the  perianth-tube,  included,  or  the  upper  4  slightly  exserted;  filaments 
very  short.  Disk  none.  Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  i -celled;  stigma  large,  capi- 
tate. Drupe  ovoid,  or  oblong,  the  calyx  deciduous  or  persistent.  About  40  species, 
natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Daphne  Mezereum  L.  SPURGE  LAUREL.  LADY  LAUREL.  MEZEREON. 
(I.  F.  f.  2534.)  A  shrub  3-12  dm.  high,  the  young  twigs  somewhat  pubescent. 
Leaves  thin,  deciduous,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  7-13  cm.  long,  narrowed 
into  short  petioles;  flowers  in  sessile  fascicles  of  2-5,  very  fragrant;  perianth-tube 
appressed-pubescent,  rose-purple  or  white,  12  mm.  long  or  less,  the  ovate  acute 
lobes  nearly  as  long;  drupe  red,  oval-ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long.  Escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion, Quebec  to  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  April-May. 

2.  DIRCA  L. 

Shrubs,  with  tough  fibrous  bark,  alternate  thin  short-petioled  deciduous  leaves, 
and  yellowish  flowers  in  peduncled  fascicles  of  2-4  from  scaly  buds  at  the  nodes  of 
twigs  of  the  preceding  season.  Perianth  campanulate  or  funnelform,  its  limb  un- 
dulately  obscurely  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  borne  on  the  perianth,  the  alternate  ones 
longer;  filaments  very  slender.  Disk  obsolete.  Ovary  nearly  sessile;  stigma 
small,  capitate.  Drupe  red,  oval  oblong.  [Named  from  a  fountain  in  Thebes.] 
Two  known  species,  the  following  and  D.  occidentalis  A.  Gray,  of  Cal. 

i.  Dirca  palustris  L.  LEATHER-WOOD.  MOOSE-WOOD.  (I.  ¥.  f.  2535.)  A 
shrub,  6-18  dm.  high,  the  twigs  yellowish  green,  glabrous.  Leaves  oval,  or  obo- 
vate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so,  and  5-8  cm.  long  when  mature;  bud- 
scales  3  or  4,  oval,  or  oblong,  very  pubescent  with  brown  hairs,  deciduous; 
peduncle  about  5  mm.  long;  flowers  nearly  sessile;  perianth  4-6  mm.  long;  style 
longer  than  the  stamens;  drupe  about  I  cm.  long.  In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B. 
to  Minn.,  Va.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.,  and  Fla.  (according  to  Chapman).  April-May. 

Family  2.  ELAEAGNACEAE  Lindl. 
Oleaster  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees.mostly  silvery-scaly,  or  stellate-pubescent,  with  entire 
leaves,  the  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  or  at  the  nodes  of  twigs  of  the  pre- 
ceding season,  rarely  solitary.  Lower  part  of  the  perianth  of  perfect  or 
pistillate  flowers  enclosing  the  ovary  and  persistent,  the  upper  part  4-lobed 
or  4-cleft,  deciduous  (obscurely  2-lobed  in  the  Old  World  Hippophoe} ; 
perianth  of  staminate  flowers  4-parted  (2-parted  in  Hippophoe}.  Stamens 
4  or  8,  those  of  perfect  flowers  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth  ;  fila- 
ments mostly  short;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Disk  annular,  or  lobed.  Ovary  sessile  ;  ovule  i,  anatropous ;  style  slender. 
Fruit  drupe-like,  the  perianth-base  becoming  thickened  and  enclosing 
the  achene  or  nut.  Seed  erect ;  embryo  straight ;  endosperm  little  or 
wanting.  Three  known  genera  and  about  20  species,  widely  distributed. 


MYRTALES.  64? 

Stamens  as  many  ns  the  perianth-parts;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous;  leaves  alternate. 

1.  Elaeagnus. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  perianth-parts;  flowers  dioecious:  leaves  opposite. 

2.  Lepargyraea. 

i.  ELAEAGNUS  L. 

Silver- scaly  shrubs,  some  exotic  species  trees,  with  petioled  leaves.  Flowers 
solitary  or  2-4  together  in  the  axils,  pedicelled,  not  bracted.  Perianth  tubular 
below,  constricted  over  the  top  of  the  ovary,  the  upper  part  deciduous,  the  lobes  val- 
vate.  Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth.  Ripened  perianth-base 
fleshy  or  mealy.  [Greek,  sacred  olive.]  About  20  species;  only  the  following  is 
known  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Elaeagnus  argentea  Pursh.  SILVER  BERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2536.)  Stolon- 
iferous,  sometimes  4  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  covered  with  brown  scurf,  becom- 
ing silvery.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  densely  silvery-scurfy  on 
both  sides,  short  petioled,  2-10  cm.  long;  flowers  usually  numerous,  I  to  3  in  the 
axils,  fragrant,  silvery,  1 2-1 6  mm.  long;  perianth  silvery  without,  yellowish 
within,  its  lobes  ovate,  about  2  mm.  long;  fruit  oval,  silvery,  8-12  mm.  long,  the 
stone  8-striate.  James  Bay  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Quebec,  Minn.,  S.  Dak.  and 
Utah.  May-July. 

2.  LEPARGYRA^EA  Raf.      [SHEPHERDIA  Nutt.] 

Shrubs,  brown-  or  silvery-scurfy  or  stellate-pubescent,  with  petioled  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  dioecious,  or  sometimes  polygamous,  subspicate  or  fascicled  at  the 
nodes  of  the  preceding  season,  or  axillary,  the  pistillate  few  or  sometimes  solitary. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-lobed  perianth,  bearing  an  8-lobed  disk  at  its  mouth 
which  nearly  closes  it;  style  somewhat  exserted.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4  parted 
perianth  and  8  stamens  alternating  with  as  many  lobes  ol  the  disk;  filaments  short. 
[Greek,  silvery-scaly.]  Only  the  following  species,  and  L.  rolundifolia  of  Utah. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  green  above,  silvery  beneath;   shrub  thornless.       i.  L.  Canadensis. 
Leaves  oblong,  silvery  on  both  sides;  shrub  mostly   thorny.  2.  L.  argentea. 

1.  Lepargyraea    Canadensis  (L.)    Greene.     CANADIAN    BUFFALO-BERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2537.)     A    thornless    shrub,    1-2.8   m.    high,    the   young   shoots   brown- 
scurfy.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  2-4  cm.  long,  green  and  sparingly  stellate- 
scurfy  above,  densely  silvery  stellate- scurfy  beneath;  petioles  4-6  mm.  long;  flow- 
ers yellowish;  perianth   about   4  mm.  broad;  fruit  cval,  red  or  yellowish,  4-6  mm. 
long,  the  flesh  insipid,  the  nut   smooth.     On  banks,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Me.,  N.  Y., 
Mich,  and  Utah.     April-June. 

2.  Lepargyraea    argentea    (Nutt.)    Greene.      BUFFALO-BERRY.      RABBIT- 
BERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2538.)     A  shrub,  2-6  m.  high,  the  twigs  often  terminating  in 
thorns.     Leaves  oblong,  or  sometimes    oblong-lanceolate,    2-5    cm.   long,   obtuse 
at    the    apex,  usually  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base;  densely  silvery-scurfy  on  both 
sides;  petioles  4-12  mm.  long;  flowers  fascicled  at  the  nodes;  fruit  oval,  or  ovoid, 
scarlet,  sour,  4-6  mm.  long,  edible.     Manitoba    and   Minn,    to   Saskatch.,  Kans. 
and  Nev.     April-May. 

Order  26.  MYRTALES. 

Our  species  mostly  herbs,  many  tropical  and  subtropical  ones  shrubs 
or  trees.  Leaves  simple,  often  lobed  or  dissected.  Petals  usually-present, 
distinct  (wanting  in  some  Haloragidaceae).  Calyx  gamosepalous,  mostly 
superior  or  adnate  to  the  compound  ovary.  Ovules  usually  numeror 

Land  or  marsh  plants;  or,  if  aquatic,  submerged  leaves  not  dissected. 

Calyx-tube  merely  enclosing  the  ovary,  but  free  from  it,  except  at  the  base. 

Anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Fam.  i.  Lythraceae* 

Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Fam.  2.  Melastomaccae. 

Calyx-tube  almost  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Fam.  3.   Onagraceae. 

Aquatic  or  amphibious  herbs,  the  submerged  leaves  dissected  (except  in  Htppurts,  which 
has  whorled  narrow  leaves  and  onlv  i  stamen). 


648  FLORA. 

Petioles  of  the  broad  floating  leaves  inflated;  flowers  rather  large,  white. 

Fam.  4.    Trapaceae. 

Leaves  mostly  sessile;  petioles,  if  present,  not  inflated;  flowers  small,  greenish;  seeds 
with  i  coat.  Fam.  5.  Haloragidaceae. 

Family  i.  LYTHRACEAE    Lindl. 
Loosestrife  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  often  trees  in  tropical  regions,  mostly  with  opposite 
leaves  and  perfect  flowers.  Stipules  usually  none.  Calyx  persistent, 
free  from  the  ovary,  the  limb  toothed.  Petals  as  many  as  the  primary 
calyx-teeth ;  inserted  on  the  calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
calyx.  Anthers  versatile.  Ovary  2-6-celled  or  sometimes  i-celled  ;  style 
i;  ovules  oo  ,  rarely  few,  anatropous.  Capsule  i -several-celled.  Seeds 
without  endosperm  ;  cotyledons  flat,  often  auricled  at  the  base.  About 
21  genera  and  350  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate  or  hemispheric ;  flowers  regular. 
Flowers  small,  axillary,  solitary  or  few ;  low  herbs. 

Petals  4  in  our  species;  capsule  bursting  irregularly.  i.  Ammannta. 

Petals  none;  capsule  indehiscent.  2.  Didiphs. 

Petals  4;  capsule  septicidally  dehiscent.  3.  Rotala. 

Flowers  large,  in  axillary  cymes;  large  aquatic  shrub.  4.  Decodon. 

Calyx-tube  cylindric;  flowers  regular.  5,  Ly thrum. 

Calyx-tube  tubular,  oblique;  flowers  irregular.  6.  Parsonsia. 

1.  AMMA'NNIA  L. 

Annual  glabrous  or  glabrate  herbs,  mostly  with  4-angled  stems,  opposite 
sessile  narrow  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  globose  or 
ovoid,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  often  with  small  accessory  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  Petals 
4  in  our  species,  deciduous.  Stamens  4-8,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary 
nearly  globular,  2-4-celled,  bursting  irregularly.  [Named  for  Johann  Ammann, 
1699-1741,  a  German  botanist.]  About  2  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Flowers  sessile,  solitary,  or  2-5  together. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  style  elongated.  i.  A.  coccinea. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse;  style  very  short.  2.  A.  Koehnei. 

Flowers  pedicelled,  in  axillary  cymes.  3.  A.  auriculata. 

1.  Ammannia  coccinea  Rottb.     LONG-LEAVED  AMMANNIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2539.) 
Erect,    1.5-5   dm.    high.     Leaves  obtusely  cordate-auriculate  and  dilated  at  the 
somewhat  clasping  base,  entire,  2-8  cm.  long.  2-6  mm.  wide;  flowers  1-5  in  each 
axil,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  petals  purple,  fugacious;  style  very  slender,  usually  more 
than  one-half  the  length  of  the  capsule.     In  swamps,  Ind.  and  Iowa  to  S.  Dak., 
Fla.,  Mex.  and  Brazil.     July-Sept. 

2.  Ammannia  Koehnei  Britton.     KOEHNE'S  AMMANNIA.     (I.  F.  f.   2540.) 
Erect.  1.5-5  dm.  high-     Leaves  obovate,  oblanceolate,  or  somewhat  spatulate,  the 
upper  ones  clasping  and  more  or  less  auriculate  at  the  base,  the  lower  narrowed 
and  sessile  or  tapering  into,  a  short  petiole;  flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils,  sessile; 
petals  fugacious;  stamens  very  short,  not  exserted;  style  very  short;  capsule  en- 
closed by  the  calyx.     In  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     July -Sept. 

3.  Ammannia  auriculata  Willd.     WRIGHT'S  AMMANNIA.     (I.   F.  f.  2541.) 
Erect,  5-25  cm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acutish 
at  the  apex,  auriculate  at  the  base,  1-4  cm.  long;  cymes  peduncled;  pedicels  1-3 
mm.  long;  petals  purple;  style  slender;  stamens  exserted;  capsule  partly  enclosed 
by  the  calyx.     Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Brazil.     Also  in  Asia  and  Africa.     May-June. 

2.  DIDIPLIS  Raf. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  4-angled  stems,  opposite  narrow  entire  leaves, 
and  small  axillary  solitary  green  flowers.  Calyx  hemispheric  or  campanulate, 
4-lobed,  with  no  accessory  teeth.  Stamens  2-4,  usually  4,  inserted  on  the  calyx- 


L  Y  THRA  CEA  E.  649 

tube;  filaments  very  short.  Ovary  globose,  2-celled;  style  scarcely  any;  stigma 
obscurely  2-lobed;  ovules  oo .  Capsule  2-celled.  [Greek,  twice  double.]  A 
monotypic  genus  of  east-central  N.  Am. 

i.  Didiplis  diandra  (Nutt.)  Wood.  WATER  PURSLANE.  (I.  F.  f.  2542.) 
Submersed  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  0.7-3  dm.  long.  Submersed  leaves  thin,  elon- 
gated-linear or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  broader  at  the  base, 
1-2  cm.  long;  emersed  leaves  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  about 
I  mm.  long;  capsule  about  I  mm.  in  diameter.  Minn,  and  Wis.  to  Tex.  andMex., 
N.  Car.  and  Fla.  Resembling  Callitriche  in  habit.  June-Aug. 

• 
3.  ROTALA  L. 

Low  annual  mainly  glabrous  herbs,  usually  with  opposite  leaves,  4-angled  stems, 
and  axillary  mainly  solitary  small  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate  or  globose,  4-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  short.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  globose,  4-celled.  Capsule  glo- 
bose, 4-celled,  the  valves  minutely  and  densely  striate  transversely.  [Latin,  wheel, 
from  the  whorled  leaves  of  some  species.]  About  30  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

I.  Rotala  ramosior  (L.)  Koehne.  ROTALA.  (I.  F.  f.  2543.)  Glabrous, 
5-25  cm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  blunt  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  and  sessile  at  the  base  or  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  notauricled;  flow- 
ers solitary  or  rarely  3  in  the  axils,  very  small;  petals  minute;  style  almost  none. 
In  swamps,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  111.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  Also  in  Cal.,  Ore.,  S.  Am. 
and  the  W.  Indies.  July-Sept. 

4.  DECODON  J.  F.  Gmel. 

Herbaceous  shrubs,  with  verticillate  or  opposite,  short-petioled  entire  leaves,  and 
showy  purple  trimorphous  flowers,  in  nearly  sessile  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  broadly 
campanulate,  or  hemispheric,  nerved,  5-7-toothed,  with  as  many  slender  elongated 
accessory  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  Stamens  10,  rarely  8,  alternately  longer  and  shorter, 
inserted  on  the  calyx-tube,  the  longer  exserted.  Style  filiform;  stigma  small. 
Capsule  globose,  3-5  celled,  included  in  the  calyx,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  [Greek, 
ten -toothed,  referring  to  the  calyx.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Decodon  verticillatus  (L. )  Ell.  SWAMP  LOOSESTRIFE  OR  WILLOW- 
HERB.  (I.  F.  f.  2544.)  Aquatic,  somewhat  woody,  with  angular  recurved  gla- 
brous or  slightly  pubescent  stems,  1-3  m.  long,  which  root  from  the  tip  when  they 
reach  the  water  or  mud.  Leaves  lanceolate,  5-13  cm.  long,  glabrous  above,  some- 
what pubescent  beneath,  acute  at  both  ends;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  nearly 
2.5  cm.  broad;  petals  cuneate  at  the  base;  capsule  about  5  mm.  in  diameter.  In 
swamps,  Me.  to  Fla.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ky.  and  La.  Stems  clothed  with  serenchyma 
at  the  base.  July-Sept.  \_Nesaea  vcrticillata  H.  B.  K.] 

5.  LYTHRUM  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  4-angled  stems,  entire  leaves,  and  often  dimorphous  or 
trimorphous  flowers.  Calyx  tube  8-12-ribbed,  straight,  with  4-6  primary  teeth 
and  an  equal  number  of  accessory  ones  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  4—6,  usually  obovate, 
rarely  wanting.  Stamens  8-12,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  oblong,  ses- 
sile, 2-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma  mostly  capitate;  ovules  numerous.  Capsules 
enclosed  by  the  calyx,  membranous,  2-celled,  2-valved,  or  bursting  irregularly. 
[Greek,  gore,  from  the  purple  flowers.]  About  23  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Besides  the  following,  about  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary;  stamens  not  more  numerous  than  petals. 
Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

Leaves  obtuse  ;  stamens  all  included;  annual.  i.  L.  Hyssopifolia. 

Leaves  acute;  stamens  of  short-styled  flowers  exserted;  perennial. 

2.  L.  alatunt. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  narrowed  at  the  base.  3.  L.  lineare. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base.  4.  L.  Vulneraria. 

Flowers  in  panicled  spikes,  terminal;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals. 

5.  L,  Salicaria. 

i.  Lythrum  Hyssopifolia  L.  HYSSOP  LOOSESTRIFE.  GRASS  POLY.  (I.  F. 
f.  2545.)  Glabrous,  pale  green,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  mainly  alter- 


650  FLORA. 

nate,  the  lowest  sometimes  opposite,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  8-2O  mm.  long;  flow- 
ers not  dimorphous,  pink-purple,  about  I  mm.  broad;  stamens  included;  calyx 
5-6  rnm.  long  in  fruit.  Borders  of  salt  marshes,  Me.  to  N.  J.  Also  in  Cal.  and 
S.  Am.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

2.  Lythrum   alatum  Pursh.     WING-ANGLED   LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F.  f.  2546.) 
Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green,  3-12  dm.  high,  the  stem  angled  and  often  slightly 
winged.     Leaves  sessile,   alternate  or  the  lowest  opposite,   lanceolate  or  oblong, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  deep  purple, 
6-10  mm.  broad,  dimorphous;  ovary  nearly   sessile;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long   in  iruit. 
In  low  grounds,  southern^ Ont.  to  Mass.,  Ky.,  S.  Dak.  and  Kans.     June-Aug. 

3.  Ly thrum    lineare    L.     LINEAR-LEAVED    LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.   F.  f.  2547.) 
Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  pale  green,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  1-2.5  cm- 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  nearly  all  opposite;  flowers  light  purple  or  nearly  white,  di- 
morphous, about  3  mm.  broad;  stamens  of  the  short-styled  flowers  exserted ;  ovary 

•short  stalked;  fruiting  calyx  3-4  mm.  long.     Borders  of  salt  marshes,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

4.  Lythrum    Vulneraria  Ait.      KENNEDY'S    LOOSESTRIFE.      (I.  F.  f.  2548.) 
Spreading  or  ascending,    perennial,   glabrous,  3-12  dm   long.     Leaves    short-pe- 
tioled,  or  sessile,  8-18  mm.  long,  4-8  mm.   wide,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
mostly  obtuse ;  flowers  usually  short-peduncled,   purple,  about  8  mm.   broad;  sta- 
mens of  the  short-styled  flowers  exserted;  fruiting  calyx  8-iomm.  long.    St.  Louis, 
Mo.  (according  to  Koehne);  Fla.  to  Mex.     May-Aug. 

5.  Lythrum  Salicaria  L.     SPIKED  OR  PURPLE  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F.  f.  2549.) 
Perennial,  0.5-3  m.  high.     Leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  verticillate  in  3's,  sessile, 
lanceolate,  cordate  or  clasping  at  the  base,  5-8  cm.   long;  flowers  purple,  trimor- 
phous,  12-16  mm.  broad,  in  terminal  spikes;  stamens  S-io,  alternately  longer  and 
shorter,   even  the  longer  ones  little  exserted;  ovary  short-stalked;  fruiting  calyx 
about  6  mm.  long.     In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  Ont.  and 
Del.     Said  to  be  naturalized  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

6.   PARSONSIA  P.  Br.     [CUPHEA  P.  Br.] 

Herbs  (or  shrubs  in  tropical  regions),  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves. 
Flowers  axillary,  irregular  and  unsymmetrical.  Calyx-tube  elongated,  12 -ribbed, 
gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  with  6  primary  teeth  and 
usually  as  many  accessory  ones.  Petals  6,  unequal.  Stamens  II  (sometimes  12  in 
our  species),  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  unequal;  filaments  short.  Ovary 
with  a  curved  gland  at  its  base,  unequally  2-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed. 
Capsule  oblong,  I -celled,  laterally  dehiscent.  Seeds  flattened.  [In  honor  of 
James  Parsons,  M.  D.,  a  Scotch  botanist.]  About  180  species,  natives  of  America. 
Besides  the  following  2  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  Parsonsia  petiolata  (L.)  Rusby.  BLUE  WAX-WEED.  CLAMMY  CUPHEA. 
TAR-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  -2550.)  Annual,  very  viscid-pubescent,  1.5-5  dm.  high. 
Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate  lanceolate,  scabrous,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base  and 
blunt-pointed  at  the  apex,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  short-peduncled,  purple,  6-8  mm. 
broad;  petals  ovate,  clawed;  stamens  sometimes  12;  fruiting  calyx  swollen,  about 
8  mm.  long;  capsule  dehiscent  before  the  seeds  are  ripe,  the  placenta  projecting 
through  the  lateral  orifice.  In  dry  soil,  R.  I.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Ga.  and  La.  Intro- 
duced into  S.  Ont.  July-Oct. 

Family  2.   MELASTOMACEAE  R.  Br. 

Meadow- Beauty  Family- 

Herbs  (many  shrubs  or  trees  in  tropical  regions),  with  opposite  3-9- 
nerved  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  often  showy  but  rarely  odorous  flowers. 
Stipules  none.  Calyx-tube  usually  4~5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  on  its  throat,  im- 
bricated. Stamens  twice  as  many,  or  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  often 
inclined  or  declined,  the  alternate  ones  sometimes  shorter.  Ovary 
2-several-celled  (often  4-celled) ;  style  terminal,  simple  ;  ovules  oo ,  ana- 


ON  A  GRA  CEA  E.  651 

tropous.  Capsule  included  in  the  calyx-tube,  irregularly  or  loculicidally 
dehiscent.  Seeds  mainly  small,  with  no  endosperm.  About  150  genera 
and  2500  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions,  most  abundant  in 
S.  Am.  ;  represented  in  N.  Am.  only  by  the  following  genus. 

i.  RHEXIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  often  somewhat  woody  at  the  base,  sometimes  tuber- bearing, 
with  mostly  sessile  opposite  3~5-nerved  leaves,  and  terminal  showy  cymose  or 
rarely  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  tube  urn-shaped  or  campanulate,  constricted  at  the 
neck,  its  limb  4-lobed,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  Petals  4,  obovate,  oblique. 
Stamens  8,  equal;  anthers  incurved  or  inverted  in  the  bud.  Ovary  free  from  the 
calyx,  glabrous,  4-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  truncate.  Capsule  4-celled, 
4-valved.  Placentae  4,  central.  Seeds  numerous,  coiled  or  bent,  rough.  [Greek, 
breaking,  applied  originally  to  a  different  plant.]  Ten  known  species,  of  eastern 
N.  Am. 

Stem  cylindric,  very  pubescent.  i.  R.  Mariana. 

Stem  square  or  angled,  pubescent  or  glabrous. 

Stem  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate.  2.  R.    Virginica. 

Stem  glabrous. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong;  calyx  with  a  few  hairs  above.  3.  R.  aristosa. 
Leaves  ovate,  bristly-ciliate  ;  calyx  glabrous.  4.   R.  ciliosa. 

1.  Rhexia  Mariana  L.     MARYLAND  MEADOW-BEAUTY.     (I.    F.   f.  2551.) 
Stem  rather  slender,  3-6  dm.   high.     Leaves  spreading,  short-petioled,  oblong,  or 
linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long,  pubescent  with  scattered  bristly 
hairs,  3-nerved,  the  margins  ciliate- serrulate;  flowers  loosely  cymose,  pedicelled, 
pale  purple,  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  pedicels  and  calyx-tube  glandular-pubescent; 
petals  rounded  or  short-aristate.     In  swamps,  pine-barrens  of  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Mo. 
and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

2.  Rhexia  Virginica  L.     MEADOW-BEAUTY.     DEER-GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  2552.) 
Stem  more  or  less   pubescent,  3-5    dm.   high.     Leaves    mostly  sessile,  ovate   or 
ovate-oval,  acute  or  acutish,  2-5  cm.  long,  usually  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  on 
both  surfaces,  mostly  5-nerved,  the  margins  ciliate-serrulate;  flowers  bright  purple, 
cymose,   short-pedicelled,   2.5-4  cm.    broad;  calyx  tube    and    pedicels    glandular- 
pubescent;  petals  rounded  or  slightly  retuse.     In  sandy  swamps,  Me.  to  Fla.,  111., 
Mo.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

3.  Rhexia   aristosa  Britton.      AWN-PET ALED   MEADOW. BEAUTY.      (I.  F.  f. 
2553.)     Stem  square,  4-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  erect,  obtusish  at  each  end, 
1.5-3  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide.  3  nerved,  serrate  toward  the  apex  with  appressed 
subulate  teeth,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  but  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  above; 
flowers    1-4  together,    short  pedicelled,    magenta-red,    2.5-4   cm.    broad;    petals 
rounded,  but  obtusely  pointed  and  aristate  at  the  apex;    anthers  linear,   minutely 
spurred  on  the  back.     In  sandy  swamps,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.,  Del.  and  S.  Car. 
Base  of  the  stem  coated  with  a  spongy  tissue  when  growing  in  water.     July- Aug. 

4  Rhexia  ciliosa  Michx.  CILIATE  MEADOW  BEAUTY.  (I.  F.  f.  2554.)  Stem 
square,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ascending,  short-petioled,  or  sessile,  acutish,  1-2 
cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  3  nerved,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  pubescent  with 
a  few  scattered  hairs  above;  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  violet-purple,  2.5-4  cm. 
broad;  petals  rounded,  sometimes  apiculate;  anthers  oblong,  not  spurred  on  the 
back.  In  swamps,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.  June- Aug. 

Family  3.  ONAGRACEAE  Dumort.* 
Evening-primrose  Family. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules 
or  mere  glands  in  their  places,  and  generally  perfect  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  2-6-lobed  (usually  4-lobed).  Petals  2-9 
(usually  4),  convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  none.  Stamens  usually  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovary  i-6-celled  (usually  4-celled)  ; 

*  Revised  by  Dr.  JOHN  K.  SMALL. 


FLORA. 

styles  united  ;  stigma  capitate,  discoid  or  4-lobed  ;  ovules  generally  anat- 
ropous.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  small  nut.  Endosperm  very  little  or  none. 
Forty  genera  and  about  350  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most 
abundant  in  America. 

Floral  whorls  of  4  parts  or  more. 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  opening  by  valves  or  by  a  pore. 
Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 
Seeds  naked. 

Stamens  4,  in  i  row. 

Leaves  opposite  ;  stems  creeping  or  floating. 

Flowers  sessile;  petals  none,  or  very  small ;  leaves  petioled  ;  cap- 
sules sessile,  short,  the  top  flat.  \.  Isnardia. 
Flowers  long-stalked;  petals  conspicuous;  leaves  sessile;  cap- 
sules elongated,  curved,  with  a  prominent  4-lobed  stylopo- 
dium.                                                                   2.  Ludivigiantha. 
Leaves  alternate;  stems  erect  or  ascending.           3.  Ludwigia, 
Stamens  8-12,  in  2  rows.                                                    4.  Jussiaea. 
Seeds  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs.                              5.   Chamaenerion. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

Seeds  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs.  6.  Epilobium. 

Seeds  naked  or  sometimes  tuberculate. 
Stamens  equal  in  length. 

Stigma  deeply  4-cleft,  its  segments  linear. 

Ovules  and  seeds  horizontal,  inserted  in  2  or  rarely  more  rows, 

prismatic-angled.  7.   Onagra. 

Ovules  and  seeds  ascending,  not  angled. 

Buds  erect ;  petals  yellow ;  ovules  and  seeds  in  2  rows. 

8.   Oenothera. 
Buds  drooping ;  petals  white  or  pink  ;  ovules  and  seeds  in 

i  row.  9.  Anogra. 

Stigmas  entire  or  slightly  4-toothed. 

Calyx-tube  longer  than  the  ovary;  stigma  disk-like,  entire. 

1 6.  Galpinsia. 
CaiyX-tube  shorter  than  the  ovary;    stigma  disk-like,  slightly 

4-toothed.  17.  Meriolix. 

Stamens  unequal  in  length,  the  alternate  ones  longer. 

Ovules  and  seeds  many,  clustered,  on  slender  funiculi;  capsules  usu- 
ally club-shaped. 

Flowers  yellow.  10.  Kneiffia, 

Flowers  white,  pink  or  reddish.  n.  Hartmannia. 

Ovules  or  seeds  few,  sessile,  in  i  or  2  rows. 
Plants  normally  acaulescent. 

Capsules   obtusely  or   retusely  4-angled ;    seeds   furrowed 

along  the  raphe.  12.  Pachylophus. 

Capsules  sharply  4-angled  or  winged  ;  seeds  with  a  tubercle 

at  one  end.  13.  Lavauxia. 

Plants  caulescent. 

Stems  wiry,  diffuse ;  capsules  sharply  4-angled. 

14.  Gaurella. 
Stems  stout,  not  diffuse;  capsules  4-winged. 

15.  Megapterium. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like. 

Calyx-tube  obconic;  filaments  with  scales  at  the  base  ;  ovary  4-celled. 

18.  Gaura. 
Calyx-tube  filiform;  filaments  unappendaged  ;  ovary  i-celled. 

19.  Stenosiphon. 
Floral  whorls  of  2  parts.                                                                                  20.  Circaea. 

x.  ISNARDIA  L. 

Succulent  herbs.  Stems  creeping  or  floating;  leaves  opposite,  relatively  few, 
petioled.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  not  yellow.  Calyx-segments  4,  shorter  than 
the  tube  or  slightly  longer.  Filaments  very  short.  Ovary  very  short;  styles  often 
almost  wanting.  Capsule  obovoid  or  turbinate,  straight.  [In  honor  of  Antoine 
Dante  Isnard,  a  French  botanist,  and  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  died 
1724.]  About  4  species  in  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

i.  Isnardia  palustris  L.  MARSH  PURSLANE.  (I.  F.  f.  2555.)  Stems 
branching,  1-5  dm.  long;  leaves  oval,  ovate  or  spatulate,  12-25  mm-  l°ng>  nar- 


ONAGRACEAE.  653 

rowed  into  slender  petioles;  flowers  solitary,  about  2  mm.  broad;  bractlets  at  base 
of  the  calyx  usually  none;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute;  petals  small,  reddish,  or 
often  wanting;  capsule  4-sided,  slightly  longer  than  wide,  about  3  mm.  high, 
slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  lobes.  In  muddy  ditches  and  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Man- 
itoba,  Ore.,  Fla.,  Cal.  and  Mex.  Widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World.  June-Nov. 

2.  LUDWIGIANTHA  Small. 

Fleshy  herbs.  Stems  prostrate,  creeping;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  numerous. 
Flowers  yellow,  on  slender  bracted  peduncles.  Calyx-segments  narrow,  longer 
than  the  tube.  Petals  conspicuous,  surpassing  the  calyx-segments.  Filaments 
elongated.  Ovary  relatively  long;  united  styles  filiform,  elongated.  Capsule  club- 
shaped,  curved  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  persistent  calyx-segments.  [Deriva- 
tion as  in  the  following  genus.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Ludwigian:ha  arcuata  (Walt.)  Small.  CURVED  PODDED  LUDWIGIANTHA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2556.)  Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  8 -30  cm.  long.  Leaves  oblanceolate, 
leathery,  smooth,  obtusish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  12-25  mm-  l°ng: 
flowers  axillary,  solitary,  bright  yellow,  8-12  mm.  broad;  calyx  lobes  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals;  capsule  club-shaped,  some- 
what curved,  glabrous,  8-10  mm.  long.  In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  May-July. 

3.  LUDWIGIA  L 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  usually  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  or 
terminal  flowers.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  sometimes  angled,  or  winged.  Calyx- 
lobes  generally  persistent.  Petals  usually  4-  Stamens  usually  4.  Ovary  4-5- 
celled.  Capsule  terete,  ribbed  or  winged,  septicidally  dehiscent,  or  opening  by 
an  apical  pore.  [Named  in  honor  of  C.  G.  Ludwig,  1709-1773,  Professor  of  Botany 
at  Leipsic.J  About  25  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions,  most  abun- 
dant in  N.  Am.  Besides  the  following  about  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  and 
southwestern  States. 

Flowers  inconspicuous ;  petals  none,  or  small,  yellowish  or  greenish  ;  valves  of  the  cap- 
sule separating  from  the  terminal  disk. 
Capsules  subglobose  or  top-shaped. 

Bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx  minute,  or  none ;  capsule  subglobose,  finely 
pubescent.  i.  L.  sphaerocarpa. 

Bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx  linear,  about  equalling  the  capsule;  capsule  top- 
shaped,  glabrous.  2.  L.  polycarpa. 
Capsules  cylindric  or  obpyramidal. 

Capsules  cylindric.  3.  L.  glandulosa. 

Capsules  obpyramidal. 

Capsules  as  long  as  broad,  or  broader,  the  angles  winged. 

4.  L.  alata. 
Capsules  several  times  longer  than  broad,  the  angles  obtuse. 

5.  L.  linear  is, 
Flowers  showy,  peduncled ;  petals  large,  bright  yellow ;  capsules  opening  by  an  apical 

pore. 

Plants  hirsute;  capsules  bristly  pubescent.  6.  L.  hir fella. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  capsules  glabrous.  7.  L.  alter nifolia. 

1.  Ludwigia    sphaerocarpa    Ell.      GLOBE-FRUITED    LUDWIGIA.      (I.  F.  f. 
2557.)     Stem  generally  finely  pubescent,  6-9  dm.  high,  the  lower  part  clothed 
with  serenchyma  when  growing  in  water.     Leaves  sessile,  those  of  the  stem  and 
branches  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  5-10  cm.  long,  scabrous  and   minutely 
denticulate,  those  of  the  stolons  obovate;  flowers  sessile,  greenish,  about  3  mm. 
broad;  calyx- lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute;  petals  commonly  none;  capsule  about 
4  mm.  high,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.     In  swamps,  eastern  Mass,  and 
southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.     July-Sept. 

2.  Ludwigia  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.     MANY-FRUITED  LUDWIGIA.     (I.  F. 
f.  2558.)     Stems  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves   sessile,   narrowly   lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,   5-10  cm  long,  rough-margined,  those  of  the  stolons  spat ulate; 
flowers  sessile,    about    3  mm.   broad,  greenish;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lane eola'e, 
acute,  sometimes   serrulate;  petals  minute,  greenish;   capsule  glabrous,  slightly  4- 
sicled,  about  5  mm.  high,  often  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  lobes.     Li  twamps. 
Ont,  to  Minn,  and  Mass.,  south  to  Ky.,  Neb,  and  Kans.    July-  Oct. 


654  &LQRA. 

3.  Ludwigia  glandulosa  Walt.     CYLINDRIC-FRUITED  LUDWIGIA.    (I.  F.  f. 
2559.)     Stems  glabrous,  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  sessile  or  narrowed 
into  short  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  5-10  mm.  long;  flowers 
axillary,  rarely  2  together,  greenish,  about  2  mm.  broad;  bractlets  at  base  of  calyx 
minute  or  none;  calyx  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute;  petals  none;  capsule  4-grooved, 
68  mm.    long,    glabrous,   4-5    times  as  long    as  the  calyx  lobes.       In    swamps, 
southern  111.  and  Mo.  to  Kans.,  Tex.,  east  to  Fla.  and  S.  Car.     July-Sept. 

4.  Ludwigia  alata  Ell.       WING-STEMMED    LUDWIGIA.       (I.    t.    f.   2560.) 
Steins  3-9  dm.  tall,  winged,  often  stoloniferous ;  leaves  linear-oblanceolate  to  linear 
lanceolate,  or  sometimes  nearly  linear,  2.5-10  cm.   long,  those  of  the  stolons  sub- 
orbicular  or  spatulate;  flowers  inconspicuous,  about  4  mm.  broad,  white  or  greenish ; 
calyx  glabrous,  its  segments  triangular-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  petals  none;  cap- 
sules3-4  mm.  high,  winged;  seeds  about  0.5  mm.  long,  faintly  pitted.     In  marshes, 
N.  Car.  to  Mo.,  Fla.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

5.  Ludwigia  linearis   Walt.     LINEAR-LEAVED    LUDWIGIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2561.) 
Stems  branching,  glabrous,  3-7.5  dm.  high,  often   stoloniferous,  lower  part  clothed 
with  serenchyma.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  acute  at  each  end,  2.5-5  cm- 
long,  about  2  mm.    wide,    the  margins  roughish,  or  those  of  the  stolons  obov ate; 
flowers  sessile,  about  4  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  triangular- ovate,    acute,   slightly 
shorter  than  the  yellowish  petals;  capsule  narrowed  at  the  base,  6-8  mm.  long,  3-5 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes.     In  swamps,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La. 
July-Sept. 

6.  Ludwigia  hirtella  Raf.     HAIRY    LUDWIGIA.      (I.  F.  f.  2562.)     Stems 
branching,  3-6  dm.  high.    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  2.5-3  cm.  long;   flowers  solitary,  peduncled, 
12-20  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate- lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
yellow  petals;  capsules  cubic  with  a  rounded  base,  about  5  mm.  high,  shorter  than 
the  calyx-lobes,  opening  by  an  apical  pore.     In  swamps,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Tex.     June-Sept. 

7.  Ludwigia  alternifoliaL.  SEED-BOX.  RATTLE  BOX.    (I.  F.  f.  2563.)  Stems 
branching,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  short  petioled,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers   short- peduncled,   solitary,  12-16  mm.  broad; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  acuminate,    about  equalling   the  yellow   petals  which  fall  away 
when  the  plant  is  shocked;  capsules  cubic  with  a  rounded  base,  slightly  wing-angled, 
about  5  mm.  high,  opening  by  a  pore.    In  swamps,  N.  H.  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Ont.(?j, 
Mich.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Roots  often  tuberous.     June-Sept. 

Ludwigia  alternifolia  linearifolia  Rritton.  Leaves  linear,  elongated;  calyx- lobes 
linear-lanceolate;  petals  more  persistent.  W.  Va. 

4.  JUSSIAEA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate,  usually  entire  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow,  axil- 
lary flowers.  Calyx-lobes  acute,  persistent.  Petals  4-6  (rarely  more).  Stamens 
8-12,  in  2  rows.  Ovary  4-6  celled.  Capsule  linear,  oblong  or  club  shaped,  an- 
gular or  ribbed,  septicidally  dehiscent.  [In  honor  of  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  1699- 
1777,  founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany.]  About  35  species,  of  warm  and 
temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following  7  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

Creeping  or  floating;  petals  5;  capsule  cvlindric.  i.  J.  dijffusa. 

Erect;  petals  4;  capsule  club-shaped,  4-sided.  2.  /.  decurrens. 

1.  Jussiaea  diffusa  Forskl.     FLOATING  OR  CREEPING  JUSSIAEA  OR  PRIM- 
ROSE-WILLOW.    (I.   F.   f.  2564.)     Stem  3-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  oval,  oval-lanceo- 
late or  obovate,  slender-petioled,  veiny,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  2.5-10  cm. 
long;  peduncles  slender;  flowers  yellow,  12-25  mm-  broad;  calyx-lobes  5,  lanceo- 
late; stamens   10;  capsule  ridged,  2.5-4  cm.  long;  seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cavity. 
In  ponds,  Ky.  and  III.  to  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.    Also  introp.  Am.  and  Asia.    June- 
Aug. 

2.  Jussiaea    decurrens  (Walt.)  DC.     UPRIGHT  PRIMROSE-WILLOW.      (I.  F. 
f.  2565.)     Stem  angled,    branching,  376  dm.  high.     Leaves   lanceolate,   acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  decurrent  on  the  stem,  2.5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  short-pe- 
duncled,  yellow,  8-12  mm,  broad;  calyx-lobes  4,  ovate-lanceolate;  stamens  8;  cap. 


CNAGRACEAE.  655 

suie  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  4-sided,  the  angles  somewhat  winged;  seeds 
in  several  rows  in  each  cavity.  In  swamps,  Md.  to  Ga.,  Fia.,  111.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 
July-Sept. 

5.  CHAMAENERION  Adans. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  tufted  stems,  often  woody  at  the  base.  Leaves  mostly 
alternate,  entire;  flowers  irregular,  showy,  in  terminal  racemes;  calyx-tube  not 
prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  calyx-segments  4,  deciduous;  petals  4,  entire;  sta-t 
mens  8,  declined;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base;  stigmas 4-cleft.  Capsule  obtusely 
4-angled,  elongated,  opening  loculicidally.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  (coma)  at 
the  end.  [Greek,  ground  rose-bay.]  About  4  species,  chiefly  in  the  north  tem- 
perate zone. 

Bracts  small;  lateral  nerves  of  the  leaves  confluent  in  marginal  loops;  style  pubescent  at 
the  base.  i.  C.  angustifolium. 

Bracts  leaf-like;  lateral  nerves  of  the  leaves  obsolete ;  style  glabrous.  2.   C'latifolivm. 

I.  Chamaenerion  angustifolium  (L.)  Scop.  GREAT  OR  SPIKED  WILLOW- 
HERB.  FIRE-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2566.)  Erect,  often  finely  pubescent  above, 
0.5-2.5  m.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  5  15  cm.  long,  pale  beneath,  acute  at 
the  apex;  flowers  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  purple,  or  sometimes  white,  in  elongated 
terminal  spike-like  racemes;  capsules  5-7.5  cm.  long,  finely  canescent,  at  least 
when  young;  seeds  about  I  mm.  long,  the  coma  long,  whitish.  In  dry  soil,  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  N.  Car.,  Kans.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Sept. 

2  Chamaenerioa  latifolium  (L. )  Sweet.  BROAD-LEAVED  WILLOW-HERB. 
(I.  F.  f.  2567.)  Erect,  often  quite  canescent  above,  1.5-5  dm.  high.  Leaves 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish  at  both  ends,  thick,  those  of 
the  branches  opposite,  the  veins  inconspicuous;  flowers  purple,  2.5-5  cm-  broad, 
in  mainly  short  leafy-bracted  racemes;  capsules  1-3  cm.  long,  canescent;  seeds 
about  2  mm.  long;  coma  elongated,  whitish.  Moist  ground,  New!,  to  Alaska, 
Quebec,  Colo,  and  Ore.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

6.  EPILOBIUM    L. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby  plants,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary, spicate  or  racemose  flowers.  Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  the 
limb  4-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  often  notched.  Stamens  8:  stigma 'club- 
shaped  or  4-lobed.  Capsule  narrow,  elongated,  4-sided,  loculicidally  dehiscent 
by  4  valves.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  (coma)  at  the  summit.  [Greek,  upon 
a  pod,  flower  and  pod  appearing  together.]  About  65  species,  of  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following, 
about  30  others  occur  in  the  western  and  northwestern  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Stigma  deeply  4-lobed;  flowers  large.  i.  E.  hirsutum. 

Stigma  entire,  or  merely  notched. 

Seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  arctic  or  alpine  species. 

Flowers  white;  leaves  usually  denticulate.  2.  E.  alpinum. 

Flowers  violet;  leaves  mostly  entire.  3.  E.  anagallidifolium. 

Seeds  papillose. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Plants  crisp-pubescent  or  canescent. 

Leaves  sessile,  mostly  obtuse.  4.  E.  palustre. 

Leaves  petioled,  very  narrow,  acute.  5.  E.  lineare. 

Plants  glandular-pubescent  throughout,  or  only  above. 

Densely  glandular  throughout;  leaves  sessile.     6.  E.  strt'chrm. 
Glandular-pubescent  above;  leaves  petioled.       7.  E.  paniculatum. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  serrate. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 

Seeds  obconic,  beakless  ;  coma  reddish.  8.  E.  coloratum. 

Seeds  ellipsoid,  short-beaked;  coma  white.          9.   E.  adenocaulon. 
Leaves  ovate,  thin,  obtuse.  10.  E.  Hornemanni. 

i  Epilobium  hirsutum  L.  GREAT  HAIRY  WILLOW-HERB.  (I.  F.  f.  2568.) 
Stout,  5-12  dm.  high,  softly  hirsute- pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, usually  opposite,  often  clasping  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  sharply  ser- 


656 


FLORA. 


rulate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  flowers  erect,  rose-purple,  abou.t  2.5  cm.  broad;  petals 
pubescent  at  the  base  within;  capsule  stalked,  5-7.5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick; 
seeds  about  I  mm.  long;  coma  whitish.  In  waste  places,  eastern  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y., 
Ont.  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.  Adventive  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

2.  Epilobium  alpinum  L.     ALPINE  WILLOW-HERB.    (I.  F.  f.  2569.)  Slender, 
glabrous   or   nearly   so,  8-30   cm.  high.     Leaves   pale,  petioled,  opposite,  or  the 
upper  alternate,  obtuse  or  obtusish   at  the  apex,    12-20  mm.   long;   flowers   few, 
nearly   erect,  4-8    mm.  broad;    stigma   nearly   entire;    capsules   slender-stalked, 
,2.5-5  cm.  long,  about  I  mm.  thick;  seeds  beaked.     Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  H.,  Utah 
and  Ore.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Epilobium  anagallidifolium  Lam.     PIMPERNEL  WILLOW-HERB.     (I.  F.  f. 
2570.)     Low,     usually    tufted,     5-15    cm.    high,    resembling   the   next  preceding 
species.     Stems  commonly  pubescent  in  lines  and  nodding    at   the   apex;  leaves 
oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  obtuse    at   the   apex,   short-petioled,    10-20   mm.   long; 
flowers  few,  clustered,  nodding,  about  5  mm.  broad;  stigma  entire;  capsule  slender- 
pedicelled,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  I   mm.  wide;  seeds  smooth,   short-beaked,  about 
I  mm.  long.     Lab.  and  through  arctic  Am.  to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Nev.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

4.  Epilobium  palustre   L.     MARSH  OR  SWAMP  WILLOW-HERB,     (I.  F.  f. 
2571.)     Erect,    usually   simple,    1.5-4  dm.   high,   canescent  above  with  incurved 
hairs.     Leaves   mostly  opposite,   lanceolate-oblong,   obtuse  or  subtruncate  at  the 
apex,   2.5-5  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  distinctly  veined;  flowers  few,  pink  or 
whitish,  usually  nodding  at  first,  4-6  mm.  broad;  fruiting  pedicels  slender;  cap- 
sules 2.5-5  cm-  l°n§>  slightly  more  than  I  mm.  thick;  seeds  about  I  mm.  long,  a 
little  papillose  translucent,  the  apex  scarcely  narrowed.     In  bogs,  N.  B.  to  Alaska, 
the  White  Mts.,  Ont.,  Colo,  and  Wash.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

5.  Epilobium   lineare   Muhl.     LINEAR-LEAVED    WILLOW-HERB.     (I.    F.    f. 
2572.)     Slender,   canescent   throughout   with   incurved   hairs,   3—6  dm.    high,    at 
length  much  branched.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  short-petioled, 
opposite  or  alternate,  acute  at  both  ends,  2.5-5  cm>  ^on§>  the  veins  obscure;  flowers 
erect,  pink  or  whitish.  4-8  mm.  broad;  stigma  entire  or  slightly  notched;  pedicels 
mostly  slender;  capsules  about  5  cm.  long;  seeds  less  than  2  mm.  long,  slightly 
papillose.     In  swamps,  N.  B.  to  Del,  W.  Va.,  Br.  Col.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Wyo. 
July-Sept.     Sometimes  produces  bulblets  near  the  base  of  the  stem. 

6.  Epilobium  strlctum  Muhl.     DOWNY  OR  SOFT  WILLOW-HERB.     (I.  F.  f. 
2573.)     Erect,  usually  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  with 
whitish  somewhat  spreading  hairs.     Leaves  broader  than  those  of  the  next  preced- 
ing species,  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  1.8-4  cm.  long,  mostly  entire,  evidently 
veined;  flowers  pink  or  whitish,  about  4-5  mm.  broad;  capsules  nearly  2mm.  thick, 
short-pedicelled;  seeds  obconic,  papillose.     Bogs,  Me.  toW.  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south 
to  Va.  and  111.     July-Sept. 

7.  Epilobium  paniculatum  Nutt.     PANICLED  WILLOW-HERB.    (I.  F.  f.  2574.) 
Annual,    slender,    3-6    dm.    tall,    loosely   branched,     glandular-pubescent    above. 
Leaves  alternate,  varying  from  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  den- 
ticulate or  nearly  entire,  attenuate  into  slender  winged  petioles;  calyx  often  purple, 
its  tube  funnelform,  2-3  mm.  long,   shorter  than  the  lanceolate  segments;  petals 
cuneate,  notched,  6-8  mm.  long,  violet;  capsules  ascending,  linear-fusiform,  2-3  cm. 
long,  curved;  seeds  obovoid,  2  mm.  long,  black,  slightly  papillose.     Lake  Huron 
to  Br.  Col.,  Colo.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.     Summer. 

8.  Epilobium  coloratura  Muhl.     PURPLE  LEAVED  WILLOW-HERB.     (I.  F.  f. 
2575.)     Erect,  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  more  or  less  canescent  above  with 
incurved  hairs  often  arranged   in  lines.     Stem  and  leaves  often  purplish;  leaves 
generally  slender  petioled  but  sometimes  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  sharply  serrulate  or  denticulate,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers  numerous,  pink 
or  white,  4-6  mm.  broad,  generally  nodding;  capsules  short-pedicelled,  finely  pu- 
bescent, 2.5-5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick;  seeds  papillose,  less  than  2  mm.  long. 
In  low  grounds,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Wis.,  S.  Dak.,  S.  Car.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

9.  Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.     NORTHERN  WILLOW  HERB.     (I.  F.  f. 
2570.)     Closely  resembling  the  next  preceding  species,  but  the  inflorescence  and 
capsules  glandular  pubescent.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtusish  or 
sometimes  acute,  sparingly  serrulate  or  denticulate,  seldom  over  6.5  cm.  long; 


ON  A  GRA  CEA  E.  6  5  7 

flowers  usually  nodding  at  first;  seeds  abruptly  short-beaked,  about  I  mm.  long, 
papillose.  In  moist  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Ore.,  south  to  Mass.,  Penn.,  Iowa,  Utah 
and  Cal.  July-Sept. 

10.  Epilobium  Hornemanni  Reichenb.  HORNEMANN'S  WILLOW-HERB. 
(I.  F.  f.  2577.)  Erect,  1.5-3  dm.  high*  simple  or  nearly  so,  slightly  pubescent 
above.  Leaves  short-petioled,  ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly  broadly  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
rather  remotely  denticulate,  1.2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  lew,  purple  or  violet,  6-7  mm. 
broad;  stigma  entire;  capsules  2.5-6  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous,  slender- pedicelled; 
seeds  about  I  mm.  long,  papillose,  nearly  beakless.  Moist  places,  White  rMts.  to 
Lab.,  west  to  Wis.  and  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.,  and  to  Cal. 
Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

7.  ONAGRA  Adans.     (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  mostly  erect  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  undulate 
or  toothed;  buds  erect.  Flowers  yellow,  nocturnal,  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx- 
tube  elongated.  Ovary  4-celled;  ovules  in  2  or  more  rows,  horizontal.  Capsule 
4-angled,  more  or  less  tapering,  opening  loculicidally.  Seeds  prismatic- angled. 
[Greek,  the  wild  ass,  said  to  refer  to  the  similarity  of  its  leaves  to  the  ears  of  that 
animal.]  About  12  species,  chiefly  North  American. 

Flowers  relatively  small;   petals  narrow,  2-4  mm.  wide.  i.   O.  cructata. 

Flowers  relatively  large;  petals  broad,  12-50  mm.  wide. 

Capsules  2-3  cm.  long  or  shorter,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex;  pubescence  not 
velvety. 

Stems  slightly  hispid;  capsules  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent. 

2.   O.  biennis. 

Stems  very  strigose;  capsules  copiously  pubescent.  3.  O.  strigosa. 

Capsules  3  cm.  long  or  longer,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex;  pubescence  velvety. 

4.  O.  Oakesiana* 

1.  Onagra  cruciata  (Nutt.)  Small.     SMALL-FLOWERED  EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2578.)     Glabrous  or  sparingly  villous.      Stem  erect,  6-12  dm.  tall,  usually 
simple;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate  (the  upper  ones  often  lanceolate), 
4-10  cm.  long,  acute,  eerrate-denticulate.  the  lower  ones  slender-petioled,  the  upper- 
most nearly  sessile;  spikes  1-3   dm.    long,  leafy-bracted ;  calyx-tube  slender,  8-25 
mm.    long,    sparingly  villous;    petals  linear,    10-12   mm.    long,  acutish;    capsules 
2.5-2.8  cm.   long,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  base.     Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  Mass. 
Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Onagra  biennis  (L.)  Scop.     COMMON  EVENING-PRIMROSE.     NIGHT  WIL- 
LOW-HERB.    (I.  F.  f.  2579.)     Erect,  generally  stout,  3-25  dm.  high,  more  or  less 
hirsute  pubescent.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  or  the  lower  pe- 
tioled,  repand-denticulate,  2.5-15    cm.    long;   flowers  spicate,  leafy  bracted,  bright 
yellow,  2.5-5  cm-  broad;  calyx-tube    slender,    much   longer  than   the  ovary;  cap- 
sules oblong,  narrowed  above,    erect,    pubescent,   18-25   mm.    long,  nearly  terete; 
seeds  nearly  2  mm.  long.     Usually  in   dry  soil,  Lab.   to  Fla.,  west  to  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley.     Nat.  in  the  Old  World.     June-Oct. 

Onagra  biennis  grandifl&ra  (Ait.)  Lindl.  Stouter.  Leaves  larger,  thicker  and 
broader;  flowers  5-10  cm.  broad.  Range  nearly  that  of  the  species;  common  southward. 

3.  Onagra  strigosa    F.ydb.     STRIGOSE    EVENING-PRIMROSE.     Strigose  and 
somewhat  villous   above  with   grayish  hairs,  4-10  cm.  high.     Leaves  various,  the 
basal  obovate  or  spatulate,  obtuse;  stem-leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate,  5-10  cm. 
long  or  the  upper  shorter,  acute,   undulate;  spike  leafy-bracted,   many-flowered; 
calyx-segments  with  short  free  tips;  corollas  pure  yellow,  3-4.5  cm.  broad;  capsules 
2.5-3  cm.  long.     In  rich  soil,  S.  Dak.  and  Mont,  to  Neb.     Summer.     Nat.  about 
eastern  seaports. 

4.  Onagra    Oakesiana   (A.    Gray)  Britton.      OAKES'    EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
(I.  F.f.  2580.)      Resembling  the  next  preceding  species,  dull  green,  pubescent  with 
appressed   velvety   hairs.     Stem  3-12  dm.   tall,    often  simple;  leaves  narrow,  the 
basal   narrowly  oblanceolate,  7.5-25  cm.  long,  the  cauline  lanceolate  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, all   acute,  distantly  dentate;  flowers  2.5-3.3  cm.  broad;  calyx-tube  about 
2.5   cm.  long;  capsule  linear-pyramidal,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  summit,  3- 


658  FLORA. 

3.7  cm.  long,  4-sided,  curved;  seeds  about  2  mm.  long.     Shores  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence  and  along  the  Great  Lakes,  to  Mass.,  southern  N.  Y.  and  Neb.     Summer. 

8.  OENOTHERA  L. 

Usually  low  annual  biennial  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate, 
sinuate  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers  yellow,  axillary,  or  sometimes  in  terminal  spikes, 
nocturnal;  buds  erect.  Calyx-tube  sometimes  filiform;  calyx  segments  deciduous. 
Ovary  4-celled,  elongated;  ovules  in  2  rows,  ascending.  Capsules  usually  narrowly 
cylindric,  sometimes  slightly  tapering,  spreading  or  ascending.  Seeds  terete, 
crowned  by  a  tubercle.  [Greek,  wine-scenting,  the  roots  being  once  used  for  that 
purpose.]  About  20  species,  in  N.  Am.  and  western  S.  Am. 

Flowers  axillary. 

Silvery-pubescent  witlvappressecl  or  ascending  hairs;  seeds  striate. 

i.    OE.  humifusa. 

Glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute-pubescent;  seeds  pitted.  2.   OE.  laciniata. 

Flowers  in  terminal  bracted  spikes.  3.   OE.  rhombipetala. 

1.  OEnothera   humifusa  Nutt.      SEASIDE   EVENING-PRIMROSE.      (I.    F.    f. 
2581.)     Spreading  and  decumbent,  or  ascending,  branched  from  the  base;  stems 
2-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  acutish  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex,  1.2-5  cm-  l°ngj 
repand-denticulate,    the    lower   pinnatifid;  flowers    axillary,    yellow,    12-20  mm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  somewhat  spreading;  capsule  linear,    12-24  mm.  long,   about 
3  mm.  thick,  very  pubescent;  seeds  striate  longitudinally.     On  sea-beaches,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.     June-Sept. 

2.  OEnothera  laciniata  Hill.    SINUATE-LEAVED  EVENING  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2582.)     Decumbent  or  ascending,  sometimes  branched,  1-5  dm.  high,  glabrous  or 
sparingly    hirsute  pubescent.      Leaves   oval-lanceolate,    oblong,    or    oblanceolate, 
acute  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  sinuate-dentate  or  often  pinnatifid.  2.5-5   cm-  l°ng; 
flowers  axillary  (or  on  small  plants  sometimes  solitary  and  terminal),  12  36  mm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  reflexed;  capsule  linear,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick, 
more  or  less  pubescent;  seeds  strongly  pitted.     In  sandy  dry  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to 
Penn.,  111.  and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.,  extending  into  S.  Am.     May- 
June.     Naturalized  in  Vt. 

O  nothera  laciniata  grdndis  Britton.  Similar  to  the  species,  but  the  leaves  more 
prominently  toothed  and  the  flowers  5-7  cm.  broad.  Mo.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Tex. 

3.  OEnothera  rhombipetala  Nutt.     RHOMBIC  EVENING-PRIMROSE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2583.)  Erect,  finely  and  densely  appressed -pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high.   Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,    sessile   and  rounded  at  the  base  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles, 
acuminate   at  the  apex,  remotely  denticulate,    5    10  cm.    long;   flowers  2.5-5  cm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  canescent;  petals  rhombic  obovate;  capsule  columnar,  curved,  pu- 
bescent, 12- 16  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick;  seeds  obovoid,  tuberculate  at  the  top. 
On  prairies,  Minn,  to  Ind.,  Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.     June-July. 

9.  ANOGRA  Spach.     (See  Appendix.) 

Low  annual  or  perennial  canescent  herbs,  often  with  a  papery  bark.  Leaves 
alternate,  usually  pinnatifid.  Buds  drooping;  flowers  white  or  pink,  usually  axil- 
lary,  diurnal.  Calyx-tube  elongated.  Ovary  elongated;  ovules  numerous,  in  I  row, 
ascending.  Capsules  elongated,  spreading  or  ascending,  loculicidal.  Seeds  terete. 
[Anagram  of  Onagra.~\  About  10  species,  chiefly  in  southern  N.  Am. 

Tips  of  the  calyx-segments  not  free  in  the  bud.  i.  A.  albicanlis. 

Tips  of  the  calyx-segments  free  in  the  bud. 

Throat  of  the  calyx-tube  villous  within.  2.  A.  coronopifoha, 

Throat  of  the  calyx-tube  glabrous  within.  3.  A.  pallida. 

I.  Anogra  albicaulis  (Pursh)  Britton.  PRAIRIE  EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2584.)  Diffusely  branched;  branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  more  or 
less  hirsute  or  puberulent,  whitish  and  often  shreddy,  1-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  ob- 
lanceolate or  lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  the  lowest  repand-dentate  (rarely  en- 
tire), 2.5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  3.5-7.5  cm.  broad,  white,  becoming  rose-color; 
petals  obcordate  or  emarginate;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute; 


ONAGRACEAE.  659 

capsule  linear,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick;  seeds  finely  pitted.     Prairies, 
N.  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Sonora.     April-June. 

2.  Anogra  coronopifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     CUT-LEAVED  EVENING-PRIM- 
ROSE.    (I.  F.  f.  2585.)     Erect,  branched,  1.5-6  dm.   high,  more  or  less  hispid  or 
canescent.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  in  outline,  1.2-5  cm-  l°ng>  usually 
finely  and  deeply  pinna ti fid  into  linear-oblong  lobes;  flowers  white,  turning  pink, 
1.8-3  cm-  broad;  calyx-segments  linear;  petals  broadly  obovate;  capsule  oblong, 
abruptly  constricted  at  the  top,  straight,  8-20  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  thick;  seeds 
tuberculate.     Prairies.  S.  Dak.  to  Colo.,  Utah,  Kans.  and  N.  Mex.     June-Sept. 

3.  Anogra  pallida  (Lindl. )  Britton.     WHITE-STEMMED  EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2586.)     Erect,  1.5-12  dm.  high;  stems  white  or  pale,  rarely  with  scattered 
hairs,  the  bark  often  shreddy.     Leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  entire,  repand  or 
somewhat  pinnatifid,  2.5-8.5  cm.  long;   flowers  white,  turning  pink.  2.5-3.5   cm. 
broad;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear;  petals  nearly  orbicular;  capsule  linear,  curved, 
2.5-5   cm-    l°ng>  about  3  mm.  thick;   seeds  smooth,      prairies,   Minn,  to  Br.  Col., 
Neb.,  Mex.  and  Cal.     May-Aug. 

10.  KNEIFFIA   Spach.     (See  Appendix.) 

Usually  slender  annual  or  perennial  caulescent  shrubby  herbs.  Leaves  mostly 
narrow,  entire  or  toothed.  Buds  mostly  erect.  Flowers  yellow,  diurnal,  in  ter- 
minal spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  slender.  Ovary  usually  club-shaped,  4. 
angled;  ovules  numerous,  on  slender  stalks,  in  many  rows.  Capsules  club-shaped, 
or  oblong  by  the  wings,  4-winged  or  rarely  sharply  4  angled.  Seeds  not  angled, 
without  a  tubercle.  [In  honor  of  Prof.  C.  Kneiff,  of  Strasbourg,  who  wrote  on  cry pto- 
gamic  botany.]  About  10  species,  mostly  in  temperate  N.  Am. 

Stem-leaves  filiform-linear ;  capsules  4-angled  or  very  slightly  4-winged. 

1.  K.  linifolia. 
Stem-leaves  never  approaching  filiform  ;  capsules  prominently  winged. 

Capsules  club-shaped. 

Pedicels  and  capsules  pubescent. 

Stems  decumbent,  spreading;  body  of  the  capsule  becoming  subglobose. 

2.  K.  Altent. 
Stems  erect  or  nearly  so ;  body  of  the  capsule  more  or  less  elongated. 

Pedicel  longer  than  the  body  of  the  capsule,  the  wings  thick  and  pubes- 
cent. 3.  K.  longifiedicellata. 
Pedicel  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  capsule,  the  wings  thin  and  gla- 
brous. 4.  K.  linearis. 
Pedicels  and  capsules  glabrous  or  glabrate.                           5.  K,  pumila, 
Capsules  oblong  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  not  glaucous,  usually  pubescent;  capsules  less  than  8  mm.  long. 

6.  K.fruticosa. 
Plants  somewhat  glaucous,  glabrous;  capsules  more  than  10  mm.  long. 

7.  K.  glauca. 

1.  Kneiffia  linifolia  (Nutt.)  Spach.     THREAD-LEAVED  SUNDROPS.      (I.  F.  f. 
2587.)     Erect,   very  slender,  1.5-4.5   dm.   high,   finely   pubescent   above.      Stem- 
leaves  filiform  linear,  entire,  12-30  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  tufted,   oblanceolate  or 
spatulate,  about 2. 5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  loose  spike-like  racemes,  6-8  mm.  broad; 
calyx-tube  rather  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigma-lobes  very  short;  capsule  obovoid, 
puberulent,   sharply  4-sided,  4-6  mm.   long.     In  dry  soil,  111.  to  Kans.,  Ga.,  La. 
and  Tex.     May-July. 

2.  Kneiffia  Alleni  (Britton)  Small.    ALLEN'S  SUNDROPS.    (I.  F.  f.  2588.)    Low, 
a ppressed  pubescent;  stems  decumbent,  diffusely  branched,  0.8  6  dm.  long,  zigzag. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate,  1.2-3  cm.  long,  undulate;  flowers  about  2.5  cm. 
broad;  calyx  villous.  its  tube  4-6  mm.  long,  its  segments  linear-oblong,  as  long  as 
the  tube;  petals  orbicular-obovate ;  capsules  club  shaped,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  body 
winged,  shorter  than  the  pedicel;  seeds  obovoid  to  oblong,  minutely  pitted  in  rows. 
In  sand,  eastern  L.  I.     June-Aug. 

3.  Kneiffia   longipedicellata  Small.     LONG-STEMMED   SUNDROPS.     (I.  F.  f. 
2589.)     Slender,  puberulent;  stems  erect  or  assurgent,  3-8.5  dm.  tall.    Basal  leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate-spatulate,  3-5-7-5  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  few,  linear- lanceolate, 
2.5-6.5  cm.    long,  entire,  sometimes   undulate;    flowers  yellow,  2.5-5  cm-  broad; 
qalyx  hirsute;  petals  emarginate;  capsules  narrowly  obovoid,  the  body  about  JO 


660  FLORA. 

mm.  long,  the  angles  with  stout  pubescent  wings,  the  faces  strongly  ridged;  seeos 
irregular,  minutely  papillose.  N.  Y.  to  W.  Va.  and  Fla.  May-Aug. 

4.  Kneiffia  linearis  (Michx.)  Spach.  NARROW  LEAVED  SUNDROPS.  (I.  F.  f. 
2590.)  Slender,  pilose  or  nearly  glabrous.  Steins  erect  or  ascending.  1.5-5  dm- 
tall,  finally  angled;  basal  leaves  spatulate  or  broadly  oblanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long, 
entire  or  nearly  so;  cauline  leaves  linear  or  linear  lanceolate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long, 
slightly  toothed;  flowers  1.8-3  cm-  broad;  calyx  slightly  pubescent;  petals  shal- 
low !y  notched  at  the  apex  and  eroded;  capsule,  oblong-club-shaped,  8-14  mm.  long, 
the  angles  with  papery  glabrous  wings,  its  faces  ridged;  seeds  irregular,  angled. 
Cvjnn.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.  June  Sept. 

5  Kneiffia  pumila  (L.)  Spach.  SMALL  SUNDROPS.  (I.  F.  f.  2591.)  Erect, 
sometimes  finely  puberulent,  2-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  nar- 
n.wjd  at  the  base  and  often  petioled,  entire  or  very  nearly  so,  2-5  cm.  long,  the 
b.isal  ones  broader  and  shorter;  flowers  8-25  mm.  broad;  calyx-tube  shorter  than 
the  ovary;  petals  obcordate;  capsule  sessile  or  short-stalked,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
6-12  mm.  long,  the  body  obovoid,  somewhat  wing-angled.  In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to 
Manitoba,  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  Kans.  Tune-Aug. 

6.  Kneiffia  fruticosa  (L. )  Raimann.     COMMON  SUNDROPS.     (I.  F.  f.  2592.) 
Erect,  usually  branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  rarely  glabrous.    Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate,  or  rarely  nearly  entire,  2. 5-10  cm. 
long;  flowers  2.5-5  cm.  broad;  calyx-segments  lanceolate;  petals  obcordate;  capsule 
sessile    or   short-stalked,    oblong,    prominently    winged,     glabrous    or    pubescent, 
6  8  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  Ga.,  Minn,  and  La.     June- Aug. 

Kneiffia  frutic6sa  pilosdlla  (Raf.)  Britton.  Pubescent  with  long  spreading  hairs 
throughout.  N.  Y.  to  111.,  south  to  Ga. 

7.  Kneiffia  glauca  (Michx.)  Spach.     GLAUCOUS  SUNDROPS.     (I.  F.  f.  2593.) 
Erect,  glabrous  and  glaucous.  4-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  repand-den- 
ticulate,  5-14  cm.  long;  flowers  bright  yellow,    3.5-7.5   cm.    broad,  very  showy; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  emarginate;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;   cap- 
sule oblong,  broadly  4-winged,  glabrous,  10-12  mm.  long,  borne  on  a  short  stalk. 
In  dry  woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     May-Sept. 

ii.  HARTMANNIA  Spach. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  branched  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  commonly 
pinnatifid  or  lyrate;  buds  drooping.  Flowers  white,  red,  or  purple,  diurnal,  in 
terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  funnelform.  Ovary  elongated;  ovules 
numerous  on  slender  stalks,  in  many  rows.  Capsules  club-shaped,  4-winged. 
Seeds  not  tuberculate.  [In  honor  of  Emanuel  Hartmann,  a  resident  of  Louisiana.] 
About  10  species,  in  N.  and  S.  Am. 

i.  Hartmannia  speciosa  (Nutt.)  Small.  SHOWY  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F.  f.  2594.) 
Erect,  ascending  or  decumbent,  branched,  1.5-9  dm.  high,  puberulent  or  finely 
pubescent.  Stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  sinuate  or  pin- 
natifid, 5-7.5  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  oval  or  oval- lanceolate,  repand  or  pinnatifid  at 
the  base,  flowers  white  or  pink,  3.5-8  cm.  broad;  petals  emarginate;  calyx  lobes 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  capsule  club  shaped,  strongly  4-ribbed,  4-winged, 
pubescent,  12-18  mm.  long.  Prairies,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  La.,  Tex.,  Ariz,  and 
northern  Mex.  May-July.  Extensively  naturalized  in  111.,  S.  Car.  and  Ga. 

12.  PACHYLOPHUS  Spach. 

Perennial  acaulescent  or  nearly  acaulescent  herbs.  Leaves  basal,  pinnatifid  or 
pinnately-toothed.  Flowers  basal,  tufted.  Calyx-tube  linear-funnelform,  the 
segments  shorter  than  the  tube.  Petals  white  or  pink.  Capsules  basal,  woody, 
pyramidal,  their  angles  retuse  or  obtuse,  transversely  wrinkled.  Seeds  sessile,  in  I 
or  2  rows,  deeply  furrowed  along  the  raphe.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  tuberculate 
edges  of  the  valves  of  the  capsule.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Pachylophus  caespitosa  (Nutt.)  Raimann.  SCAPOSE  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F. 
f.  2395.)  Perennial  or  biennial  from  a  woody  root.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  base, 
narrowed  into  slender  petioles,  lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  oval,  densely  pubescent, 
sinuate  dentate,  often  densely  ciliate  with  white  hairs,  repand  or  pinnatifid, 
3.5-20  cm.  long;  flowers  few,  white  or  rose,  3.5-8  cm.  broad;  calyx  pubescent,  its 


ONAGRACEAE.  66l 

tube  5-18  mm.  long,  dilated  at  the  mouth;  capsule  sessile,  ovoid,  strongly  tuber- 
culate  on  each  side,  the  angles  ribbed;  seeds  minutely  tuberculate.  Neb.  and 
Mont,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Nev.,  N.  Mex.  and  Sonora.  June-July. 

13.  LAVAUXIA  Spach. 

Low  usually  perennial  acaulescent  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  pinnatifid. 
Flowers  white,  pink  or  pale  yellow.  Calyx-tube  slender.  Ovary  short,  4-angled; 
ovules  few.  Capsules  stout,  their  angles  sometimes  winged  above.  Seeds  few.  [In 
honor  of  Francois  Delavaux,  founder  of  the  botanical  garden  at  Nismes.]  About  6 
species,  chiefly  in  southern  N.  Am. 

Leaves  membranous ;  capsules  beaked,  glabrate.  i.  L.  triloba. 

Leaves  leathery;  capsules  hardly  beaked,  pubescent.  2.  L.  brachycarpa. 

1.  Lavauxia   triloba  (Nutt.)   Spach.      THREE- LOBED   PRIMROSE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2596.)     Nearly   glabrous   throughout.     Leaves    runcinate-pinnatifid,    or   sinuate, 
sometimes  ciliate,   oblong. lanceolate   in   outline,  7-30  cm.  long;  flowers  white  or 
pink,  2.5-6  cm.  broad;  petals  often  3-lobed;  capsule  ovoid,  4-vving-angled,  retic- 
ulate-veined, 12-25  mm.  long;  seeds  finely  and  densely  tuberculate.     In  dry  soil, 
Ky.  and  Tenn.  to  Kans.,  Cal..  Miss.,  Tex.  and  northern  Mex.     May -July. 

Lavauxia  triloba  Watsonii  Britton.  Annual;  flowers  smaller;  fruit  densely  crowded. 
Perhaps  a  distinct  species.  Kans. 

2.  Lavauxia   brachycarpa  (A.   Gray)  Britton.     SHORT-PODDED  PRIMROSE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2597.)     Softly  canescent.     Leaves  basal,  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  7.5- 
22  cm.   long,    lyrate-pinnatitid  or  sometimes  nearly  entire;  petioles  sometimes  as 
long  as  the  blade;  flowers  yellow,  basal;  petals  undulate;  capsules  elliptic,  16-18 
mm.    long,  leathery  or  corky,  the  angles  very  thin,  the  faces  somewhat  wrinkled. 
Mont,  to  Kans.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     April-July. 

14    GAURELLA  Small. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  wiry  diffusely  branched  stems.  Leaves  nearly  entire 
or  distantly  toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile.  Calyx-tube  slightly  dilated  at  the 
throat,  its  segments  slightly  longer  than  the  tube.  Petals  white  or  pink,  spotted  or 
striped  with  red.  Ovary  short;  united  styles  stout,  enlarged  above.  Capsules  ses- 
sile, with  a  curved  beak,  the  faces  swollen.  Seeds  angled,  delicately  striate 
[Diminutive  of  GauraJ\  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  west-central  U.  S. 

i.  Gaurella  guttulata  (Geyer)  Small.  SPOTTED  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F.  f.  2598.) 
Steins  i  -2  dm.  high,  canescent  with  appressed  hairs,  the  branches  decumbent  or 
ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtusish  at  the  apex,  8-i6mm. 
long,  repand-denticulate  or  entire;  flowers  white  or  pink,  18-25  mm<  wide;  petals 
obovate,  entire;  capsule  canescent,  8-io  mm.  long,  angled,  not  winged;  seeds 
angled,  slipper-shaped.  Prairies,  Neb.  to  N.  Mex.  June-Sept. 

15.  MEGAPTERIUM  Spach. 

Spreading  perennial  herbs  with  stout  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  slightly 
toothed.  Flowers  few,  but  large  and  showy,  axillary,  yellow.  Calyx-tube  much 
elongated.  Ovary  4-angled  or  4-winged;  united  styles  filiform;  ovules  few,  sessile. 
Capsules  broadly  4  winged.  Seeds  crested.  [Greek,  broad- winged.]  About  3 
species,  in  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Corollas  7.5-15  cm.  broad;  capsules  5-7.5  cm.  long,  with  suborbicular  wings. 

i.  M.  Mtssouriense. 
Corollas  2.5-5  cm-  broad;  capsules  1.8-3  cm-  l°n£t  with  oblong  wings. 

Pubescent;  capsules  mostly  less  than  2.5  cm.  long.  2.  M.  Fremontii. 

Glabrous;  capsules  mostly  over  2.5  cm.  long.  3.  M.  Oklahomense. 

i.  Megapterium  Missouriense  (Sims)  Spach.  MISSOURI  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F. 
f.  2599.)  Stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  densely  canescent,  1.5-6  dm.  long. 
Leaves  thick,  linear-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
entire  or  remotely  denticulate,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers  7.5-15  cm.  broad;  calyx- 
tube  5-15  cm.  long;  capsule  short-stalked,  nearly  orbicular,  very  broadly  winged. 
In  dry  soil,  Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.  May-July. 


662  FLORA. 

2.  Megapterlum    Fremontii   (3.    Wats.)    Britton.     FREMONT'S    PRIMROSE. 
(I.   F.  £  2600.)     Stems  ascending,  5-15  cm.  high,   appressed-pubescent.     Leaves 
lanceolate  to  somewhat  oblancolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  entire  or  very  nearly 
so,  silvery  canescent,  3-5~7-5  cm-  l°ngj  flowers  2.5-5  cm>   broad;  calyx-tube  4-5 
times  the  length  of  the  ovary;  capsule  oblong,   broadly  winged,    rounded  at  the 
summit.     Kans.  to  Tex.     Summer. 

3.  Megapterium    Oklahomense    Norton.     Glabrous.     Stems   or   branches 
1.5-3  dm.   l°ng;  leaves  rather  numerous,    lanceolate  or  almost  oblong,   3-9  cm. 
long,   remotely    toothed   or  merely  undulate;  calyx-tube   8-10   cm.    long;  calyx- 
segments  purple- spotted;  corollas  4-5  cm.  broad;  capsules  oblong,  2.5-3  cm-  l°ng> 
the  wings  less  than  I  cm.   broad.     On  prajries  and  hillsides.     Kans.   and  Okla- 
homa.    Summer. 

16.  GALPINSIA   Britton.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants  with  much-branched  stems.  Leaves  alter- 
nate.  Flowers  yellow,  axillary.  Calyx  tube  slender,  longer  than  the  ovary. 
Ovary  4-celled,  elongated;  stigma  disk  like,  entire.  Capsules  elongated,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  more  or  less  curved.  Seeds  sometimes  tuberculate.  [Anagram  of 
Salpingia.~\  About  4  species,  in  the  southern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

r.  Galpinsia  Hartwegi  (Benth.)  Britton.  HARTWEG'S  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2601.)  Glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  branched,  1.5-4  ^m-  high-  Leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  1.3-5  cm-  l°ng>  entire  or 
slightly  repand-denticulate;  flowers  1.8-5  cm-  broad;  calyx-lobes  acuminate; 
petals  rhombic-obovate,  acutish;  capsule  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  cylindric, 
12-25  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick;  seeds  obscurely  tuberculate.  Prairies,  Neb.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex.  and  northern  Mex.  May-Sept. 

17.   MERIOLIX   Raf.    (See  Appendix.) 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  branched  stems  or  sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves 
alternate,  nairow,  entire  or  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  regular,  axillary,  yellow. 
Calyx-tube  funnelform,  shorter  than  the  ovary;  calyx-segments  keeled  on  the  back. 
Petals  often  blotched  at  the  base.  Stigma  disk-like.  4-toothed.  Capsules  linear, 
4-angled,  sessile.  Seeds  longitudinally  grooved.  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Meriolix  serrulata  (Nutt.)  Walp.  TOOTH-LEAVED  PRIMROSE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2602.)  Erect,  canescent  or  glabrate,  1-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  or 
lanceolate,  sharply  dentate  or  denticulate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  flowers  12-18  mm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  the  tube  funnelform,  silvery  canescent;  petals 
obovate,  crenulate;  capsule  linear-cylindric,  canescent,  T-5~3  cm.  long,  about 
2  mm.  thick,  slightly  grooved  longitudinally.  In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  Minn,  to 
Tex.  and  N.  Mex.  May-July.  \OEnothera  serrulata  Nutt.] 

Meriolix  serrulita  spinu!6sa  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  More  robust  than  the  species. 
Leaves  usually  more  spiny-toothed  ;  flowers  2.5-5  cm-  broad;  petals  with  a  dark  blotch 
at  the  base.  Saskatch.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

•    18.    GAURA    L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  leaves,  and  white, 
pink  or  red  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  narrow,  prolonged 
beyond  the  ovarv,  the  limb  4-lobed  (rarely  3-lobed).  Petals  clawed,  unequal. 
Stamens  usually  8,  declined,  each  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base.  Ovary  4-celled, 
united  styles  declined;  stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  a  cup-like  border;  ovules 
usually  4,  pendulous.  Fruit  nut-like,  ribbed  or  angled,  indehiscent  or  nearly  so, 
i-4-seeded.  [Greek,  proud,  some  species  being  showy.]  About  18  species,  na- 
tives of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Fruit  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  flowers  spicate. 

Flowers  3-4  mm.  broad;  stigma  little  exserted  beyond  its  cup.          i.   G.parviflora. 
Flowers  8-10  mm.  broad  ;  sti.grna  exserted  beyond  its  cup. 

Flowers  red,  turning:  scarlet;  fruit  canescent.  2.  G.  coccinea. 

Flowers  white,  turning  pink;  fruit  villous.  3.   G.  bienm's. 

Fruit  pedicelled;  flowers  racemose. 

Fruit  about  6  mm.  long,  the  body  nearly  as  thick  as  long.  4.  G.  Michauxii. 


ONAGRACEAE.  663 

Fruit  10-14  mm.  long,  the  body  much  longer  than  thick. 

Leaves   mostly   glabrous;  fruit  14  mm,   long,  glabrous,  its  stout  pedicel  club- 
shaped.  5.   G.  sinuata. 
Leaves  densely  villous;  fruit  10  mm.  long,  pubescent,  its  slender  pedicel  nearly 
filiform.                                                                                                   6.   G.  rillosa. 

1.  Gaura  parviflora  Dougl.     SMALL-FLOWERED   GAURA.     (T.    F.    f.  2603.) 
Erect,  villous-pubescent  with  whitish  hairs,  6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,   acute  or  acuminate,   repand-denticulate,   softly  pubescent,  3.5- 
IO  cm.  long;  spikes  elongated;  flowers  pink,  the  ovary  and  calyx-tube  slender;  fruit 
contracted  at  the  base,  4  nerved,  obtusely  4-angled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  6-8  mm. 
long.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Uak.  to  Mo.,  La.,  Mex.,  Ore.  and  N.  Mex.     May-Aug. 

2.  Gaura   coccinea   Pursh.     SCARLET  GAURA.     (I.  F.  f.  2604.)     Erect  or 
ascending,  much  branched,  canescent  or  glabrate,  1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong, 
lanceolate,  or  linear-oblong,  denticulate,  repand  or  entire,  acute  or  obtuse   at  the 
apex,  1.2-3.5  cm-  l°noj    flowers   red,  turning  scarlet;  fruit  terete   below,  4-sided 
and  narrowed  above,  canescent,  6-8  mm.  long.      Prairies   and   dry  soil,  Manitoba 
and  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  Mont.,  Utah,  Ariz,  and  in  Mex.     May-Aug. 

3.  Gaura  biennis  L.     BIENNIAL  GAURA.     (I.  F.  f.  2605.)     Erect,  villous  or 
downy-pubescent,  6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  each  end,  remotely  denticulate,  5-10  cm.   long;   spikes  slender; 
flowers    white,    turning   pink,    8-10   mm.    broad;    fruit   narrowed  at   each   end, 
4-ribbed,  villous,  6-8  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Quebec   and    Ont.  to   Minn.,  Ga., 
Term,  and  Miss.     July-Sept. 

4.  Gaura   Michauxii  Spach.     MICIIAUX'   GAURA.     (I.  F.  f.  2606.)     Erect, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,    paniculately    branched    above,    6-18  dm.    high.     Leaves 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  sinu- 
ate or  denticulate,    2.5—8  cm.   long;    racemes    loosely  flowered,    long-peduncled; 
flowers  pedicelled,   white,  turning  reddish,  6-8  mm.  broad;  fruit  ovoid,  4-angled 
above,  borne  on  a  pedicel  of  nearly  or  quite  its  own   length.     In  dry  fields,  Va. 
to  111.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  La.     July- Aug. 

5.  Gaura  sinuata  Nutt.     WAVY-LEAVED  GAURA.     (I.  F.  f.  2607.)     Erector 
decumbent,  glabrous,  or  rarely  sparingly  villous.     Stem    branched    at   the   base, 
3-9  dm.   tall,   usually  naked  above;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate,  or  nearly 
linear,  sinuate-toothed.  2.5-8   cm.   long,  acute;   calyx  slightly  pubescent,  its   tuoe 
funnelform,  2-4  mm.  long;  petals  8-IO  mm.  long;  fruit   4-ridged    and   4- grooved 
above  the  club-shaped  pedicel.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

6.  Gaura  villosa  Torr.     WOOLLY  GAURA.     (I.  F.  f.  2608.)     Erect  or  nearly 
so,  canescent  or  villous.     Stems  3—9  dm.  tall,  often  naked  above;  leaves  varying 
from  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  nearly  linear,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  sinu- 
ate-toothed or  pinnatifid,  acute  or  acuminate;  calyx  canescent,  its  tube  funnelform, 
2-4  mm.  long;  petals  10-14  mm.  long;  body  of  the  fruit  sharply  4-angled,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  filiform  pedicel.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.    June-Sept. 

19.  STENOSlPHON    Spach. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  sessile  narrow  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in 
elongated  terminal  spikes.  Calyx-tube  filiform,  much  prolonged  beyond  the 
ovary.  4-lobed.  Petals  clawed.  Stamens  8,  declined,  not  appendaged  by  scales  at 
the  base.  Ovary  i-celled;  stigma  as  in  Gaura.  Fruit  8-ribbed,  indehiscent, 
i-celled,  i-seeded.  Seed  pendulous.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  slender  calyx-tube.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  the  south-central  U.  S. 

T  Stenosiphon  linifolium  (Nutt.)  Britton.  FLAX-LEAVED  STENOSIPHON. 
(I.  F.  f.  2609.)  Slender,  glabrous,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  entire,  2.5-5  cm>  I°ng5  spikes 
dense,  narrow,  sometimes  3  dm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  8-12  mm.  broad;  calyx-tube 
very  slender,  8-io  mm.  long;  fruit  ovoid,  pubescent,  2-3  mm.  long,  very  much 
shorter  than  the  linear-subulate  bracts.  Prairies,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  the  Ind.  Terr, 
and  Tex.  June- July. 

20.    CIRCAEA    L. 

Low  slender  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  its  limb 


664  FLORA. 

2-parted.  Petals  2,  notched.  Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  1-2- 
celled;  ovules  usually  I  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  obovoid,  indehiscent,  bristly  with 
hooked  hairs.  [Named  for  Circe,  the  enchantress.]  Abvut  5  species,  of  the 
northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  c  n  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Fruit  2-celled  ;  leaves  mainly  of  an  ovate  type. 

Hairs  of  the  fruit  stiff,  copious.  i.  C.  Lutetiaua. 

Hairs  of  the  fruit  weak,  few.  2.  C.  intermedia. 

Fruit  i-celled  ;  leaves  mainly  of  a  cordate  type.  3.  C.  alpina. 

1.  Circaea    Lutetiana    L.     ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE.     (I.  F.  f.  2610.) 
Finely  pubescent,  at  least  above;  stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,   acuminate 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  rarely  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  remotely  denticulate, 
5-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,  reflexed  in  fruit;  bracts  deciduous;  flowers 
about  3   mm.   broad;  fruit  broadly  obovoid,  nearly  4  mm.  long,  densely  covered 
with  stiff  hooked  hairs.     In  woods,  N.  S.  to  western  Ont,  S.  Dak.,  Ga.,  Neb.  and 
Kans.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

2.  Circaea   intermedia  Ehrh.     Resembling  the  preceding  species  in  habit, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above ;  stems  2-5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  4-8  cm.  long,  repand  or  sharply  denticulate,  cuneate  or  cordate  at  the 
base;  fruit  obovoid,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  with  very  slender,  weak,  hooked  hairs  orgla- 
brate.     In  woods,  Me.  and  Vt.     Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Circaea  alpina  L.     SMALLER  ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE.     (I.  F.  £  2611.) 
Smaller,  7-20  cm.  high,  weak,  glabrate  or  pubescent  above.     Leaves  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  coarsely  dentate,  2.5-5 
cm.   long;   flowers  about  2   mm.  broad;   pedicels  3-4  mm.  long,  reflexed  in  fruit; 
fruit  narrowly  obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  covered  with  weak,  soft,  hooked  hairs. 
In  cold  moist  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Ga.,  Ind.,  Mich,  and  S.  Dak.     Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.     July-Sept. 

Family  4.  TRAPACEAE  Dumort. 
Water-nut  Family. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite  pinnatifid  submerged  leaves,  and  clus- 
tered rhombic-ovate  dentate  floating  ones  with  inflated  petioles.  Flowers 
perfect,  axillary,  solitary,  short-peduncled.  Calyx-tube  short,  the  limb 
4-parted,  the  lobes  persistent.  Petals  4,  sessile,  inserted  on  the  perigy- 
nous  disk.  Stamens  4,  inserted  with  the  petals ;  filaments  subulate-filiform. 
Ovary  2-celled,  conic  above  ;  style  subulate  ;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity.  Fruit 
coriaceous  or  bony,  large,  2-4-spinose  or  swollen  at  the  middle,  i -celled, 
i -seeded,  indehiscent.  Seed  inverted.  A  single  genus  of  3  species,  na- 
tives of  Europe,  tropical  Asia  and  Africa. 

i.  TRAPA  L. 
Characters  of  the  family.      [Latin,  from  Calcitrapa,  the  Caltrop.] 

i.  Trapa  natans  L.  SWIMMING  WATER-NUT.  WATER-CHESTNUT.  WATER- 
CALTROP.  (I.  F.  f.  2612.)  Rooting  in  the  mud.  Submerged  leaves,  pectinately 
dissected,  2-10  cm.  long,  floating  leaves  in  a  rosette,  their  blades  rhombic -ovate, 
sharply  dentate  above,  broadly  cuneate  and  entire  below,  about  2.5  cm.  wide,  gla- 
brous and  shining  above,  the  conspicuous  veins  of  the  lower  surface  beset  with  short 
stiff  hairs;  flowers  white,  about  6  mm.  broad;  fruit  2-5  cm.  long,  armed  with  4 
somewhat  recurved  spines.  Nat.  in  ponds '  and  streams,  eastern  Mass,  and  near 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.  Native  of  Europe.  June-July. 

Family  5.     HALORAGIDACEAE  Kl.  &  Garcke. 
Water-milfoil  Family. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  mainly  aquatic,  with  alternate  or 
verticillate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  often  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Flowers 
perfect,  or  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  axillary,  in  interrupted  spikes,  solitary 
or  clustered.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  entire  or  2-4- 


HA  LOR  A  GIDA  CEAE.  66$ 

lobed.  Petals  small,  2-4,  or  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong, 
or  short-cylindric,  2-8-ribbed  or  winged,  i-4-celled ;  styles  1-4;  stigmas 
papillose  or  plumose.  Fruit  a  nutlet,  or  drupe,  compressed,  angular, 
ribbed  or  winged  ;  indehiscent,  of  2-4  i -seeded  carpels.  Endosperm 
fleshy  ;  cotyledons  minute.  Eight  genera  and  about  100  species,  of  wide 
distribution. 

Stamen  i ;  ovary  i -celled,  i.  Hippuris. 
Stamens  2-8 ;  ovary  3~4-celled. 

Fruit  3-angled  or  4-angkJ.  2.  Proserpinaca. 

Fruit  of  4  carpels.  3.  Myriophyllum. 

i.  HIPPURIS  L. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  simple  erect  stems,  and  verticillate  simple  entire  leares. 
Flowers  small,  axillary,  perfect,  or  sometimes  neutral  or  pistillate  only.  Limb  of 
the  calyx  minute,  entire.  Petals  none.  Style  filiform,  stigmatic  its  whole  length, 
lying  in  a  groove  of  the  anther.  Fruit  a  small  I -celled  I -seeded  drupe.  [Greek, 
mare's-tail.]  Three  known  species,  natives  of  .the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones 
and  of  southern  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  the  third  occurs  in  arctic  America. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  in  verticils  of  5-12.  i.  //.  vulgaHs. 

Leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  in  verticils  of  4-6.  2.  //.  tetraphylla. 

1.  Hippuris  vulgaris  L.     BOTTLE   BRUSH.      MARE'S-TAIL.     JOINT- WEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  2613.)     Stem   glabrous,  2-5  dm.  high.     Leaves   acute,  sessile,  1-25  mm. 
long,  more  or  less  sphacelate  at  the  apex;  stamen  with  a  short  thick  filament,  and 
comparatively  large  2-celled  anther,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits;  seeds  ovoid;  stigma 
persistent.     Swamps  and  bogs,  Greenland  to  Alaska,  Me.,  Lake  Superior,  N.  Mex. 
and  Cal.     Also  in  Patagonia,  and  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Hippuris  tetraphylla  L.f.     FOUR-LEAVED  MARE'S-TAIL.     (I.  F.  f.  2614.) 
Stem  1-4  dm.  high;  leaves  not  sphacelate  at  the  apex  or  but  slightly  so,  8-14  mm. 
long.     Lab.  and  Quebec  to  Hudson  Bay   and  Aluska.     Also  in  northern  Europe 
and  Asia.     Summer. 

3.  PROSERPINACA  L, 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  simple  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  dentate  or 
pectinate-pinnatifid  Flowers  perfect.  Tube  of  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  triquetrous 
ovary,  the  limb  3~4-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  j  or  4.  Styles  3  or  4,  cylin- 
dric  or  conic-subulate,  stigmatic  alx>ve  the  middle.  Fruit  bony,  3-4- celled,  with 
I  seed  in  each  cavity.  [Middle  Latin,  forward-creeping.]  Two  known  species, 
natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  extending  to  the  W.  I. 

Emersed  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong,  serrate;  fruit  sharp-angled,  i.  P.  palustris. 
Leaves  all  pectinate-pinnatifid  ;  fruit  obtusely  angled.  2.  P.  pectinata. 

1.  Proserpinaca  palustris  L.     MERMAID-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2615.)    Glabrous, 
simple  or  sometimes  branched,  2-5  dm.  long.    Emersed  leaves,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-12 
mm.  wide,  sharply  serrate,  the  submerged  ones  pectinate-pinnatifid  into  stiff  linear 
acute  segments  which   are  often  serrulate,  bearing  a  minute  black  spine  in  their 
axils;  flowers  solitary  or  several  together,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  emersed  leaves; 
fruit  about  4  mm.  long,  the  faces  concave,  smooth  or  rugose.     In  swamps,  N.  B.  to 
Lake  Huron,  Fla.,  Iowa  and  Cent.  Am.     Also  in  Cuba.     July. 

2.  Proserpinaca  pectinata  Lam.     CUT- LEAVED    MERMAID  WEED.      (I.   F. 
f.  2616.)     Resembling  the  preceding,  but  usually  smaller.     Leaves  all  pectinate  or 
pinnatifid,  the  segments  shorter  and   rarely  serrulate,  more  subulate,  or  capillary ; 
calyx-lobes  broader;  fruit  about  3  mm.  long,  the  faces  flat  or  slightly  convex,  often 
wrinkled  or  somewhat  tuberculate,  the   angles  obtuse.     In  sandy  swamps  near  the 
coast,  eastern  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.     Summer. 

3.  MYRIOPHYLLUM  L. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  verticillate  or  alternate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  pin- 
natifid into  capillary  segments,  and  axillary  commonly  monoecious  2-bracted 
flowers,  often  interruptedly  spicate.  Upper  flowers  generally  staminate  with  a  very 
short  calyx-tube,  its  limb  2-4-lobed,  or  none;  petals  2-4;  stamens  4-8.  Interme- 


666  FLORA. 

diate  flowers  often  perfect.  Lower  flowers  pistillate,  the  calyx  4-grooved  and  with 
4  minute  lobes,  or  none;  ovary  2-4-celled;  ovule  I  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  styles 
4,  short,  often  plumose.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  bony  I -seeded  indehiscent  carpels. 
[Greek,  myriad -leaved.]  About  20  species,  of  wide  distribution.  In  addition  to 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  western  U.  S.  The  plants  flower  in  summer. 

Carpels  smooth. 

Flowers  in  emersed  spikes. 

Floral  leaves  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

Flowers  in  whorls.  i.  M.  spt'catum. 

Flowers  alternate,  or  the  lower  sub-verticillate.         3.  M.  alterniflorum. 
Floral  leaves  longer  than  the  flowers,  pinnatifid.  2.  M.  verticillatum. 

Floral  leaves  reduced  to  minute  bracts.  4.  M.  tenellum, 

Flowers  on  both  emersed  and  submersed  stems.  5.  J/.  humile. 

Flowers  only  on  submersed  stems.  9.  M.  proserpinacoides. 

Carpels  rough  or  tuberculate. 
Flowers  on  emersed  spikes. 

Floral  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  serrate.  6.  M.  heterophyllum. 

Floral  leaves  linear,  pectinate.  7.  M.  pinnatum. 

Flowers  on  submersed  stems.  8.  M.  Farwellii. 

1.  Myriophyllum  spicatum  L.     SPIKED  WATER-MILFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  2617.) 

Submerged  leaves  in  whorls  of  4's  and  5's,  dissected  into  capillary  divisions. 
Floral  leaves  ovate,  or  sometimes  none  ;  spike  2-8  cm.  long  ;  petals  4,  deciduous  ; 
stamens  8;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long  and  3  mm.  thick;  carpels  rounded  on  the  back, 
with  a  deep  wide  groove  between  them.  In  deep  water,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Fla.,  Iowa,  Kans.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  Myriophyllum    verticillatum  L.     WHORLED  WATER-MILFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2618.)     Submerged  leaves  in  crowded  whorls  of  3*3  and  4's,  the  capillary  divisions 
very  slender,  often  minutely  scabrate.     Floral  leaves  much  longer  than  the  flowers; 
spike  5-15  cm.  long;  petals  of  the  staminate  flowers  4,  purplish;  stamens  8;  fruit 
2-3  mm.  long,  and  about  2  mm.  thick,  somewhat  gibbous  at  the  base.     Quebec 
and  Ont.  to  Fla.,  Minn,  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  Myriophyllum    alterniflorum   DC.     LOOSE-FLOWERED  WATER-MILFOIL. 
(I.  F.  f.  2619.)     Submerged  leaves  usually  in  whorls  of  3*5  to  5's,  occasionally  scat- 
tered, the  pinnate  divisions  capillary.     Spikes  short,  2-5  cm.  long;  uppermost  floral 
leaves  ovate  or  linear,  entire  or  minutely  toothed,  early  deciduous;  petals  of  the 
staminate  flowers  4,  longer  than  the  stamens,  pale  rose-color,  deciduous;  stamens 
8;  fruit  nearly  2  mm.  long,  slightly  less  than  2  mm.  thick;  carpels  rounded  on  the 
back,  with  a  deep  groove  between  them.     In  deep  water,  eastern  Mass,  to  Newf. 
and  Greenland.     Common  in  Europe. 

4.  Myriophyllum    tenellum    Bigel.     SLENDER   WATER-MILFOIL.      (I.  F.  ,f. 
2620.)     Stems  slender,  scape-like,  nearly  leafless,  4-30  cm.  high.     Rhizome  creep- 
ing, sending  up  many  sterile  stems;  flowers  alternate,  solitary;  uppermost  bracts 
obovate,  often  longer  than  the  flowers,  the  lower  oblong,  often  shorter,  the  lowest 
minute  or  none;  petals  4,  purplish;   stamens  4;    fruit  I  mm.  long  and  about  as 
thick  at  the  top,  sometimes   enlarged   at  the  base;  carpels  rounded  or  obtusely 
angled  on  the  back,  separated  by  a  shallow  groove.     Sandy  bottoms  of  ponds  and 
streams.  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  Perm,  and  Mich. 

5.  Myriophyllum  humile  (Raf.)  Morong.     Low  WATER-MILFOIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2621.)     Typical  form  terrestrial,  2-4  cm.  high,  rooting  in  mud.     Leaves  entire  or 
pectinate.     Floating  forms  with  stems  often  3  dm.  long,  with  all  or  most  of  the 
leaves  pectinate;  these  produce  the  typical  form  if  they  take  root;  petals  4,  pur- 
plish; stamens  4;  fruit  usually  less  than  2  mm.  long  and  about  as  thick  at  base,  its 
carpels  separated  by  a  shallow  groove.     In  ponds,  Me.,  R.  I.,  to  Md.  and  111. 

6.  Myriophyllum    heterophyllum    Michx.     VARIOUS-LEAVED  WATER-MIL- 
FOIL.    (I.  F.  f.  2622.)     Floral  leaves  in  whorls  of  3's  to  5's,  linear,  ovate  or  lan- 
ceolate, serrate  or  rarely  entire,  much  longer  than  the  flowers.     Submerged  leaves 
subverticillate  or  scattered,   crowded,  pectinate-pinnatifid,   about  2   cm.  long,  the 
divisions  capillary;  flowering  spike  elongated;  petals  4;  stamens  4,  rarely  6:  fruit 
2   mm.  long,  and  slightly  longer  than  thick;    carpels  2-keeled  on  the  back.     In 
ponds,  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  S.  Dak.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 

7.  Myriophyllum    pinnatum    (Wait.)    B.S.P.      PINNATE    WATER-MILFOIL. 


ARALIACEAE.  667 

(I.  F.  f.  2623.)  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3's~5's,  or  sometimes  scattered,  the  floral  ones 
linear,  serrate  or  pectinate,  5-12  mm.  long,  gradually  passing  into  the  submerged 
ones  which  are  crowded,  pinnately  dissected,  the  divisions  capillary;  spikes  1-2 
dm.  long;  petals  purplish;  stamens  4.  very  rarely  6;  carpels  strongly  2-keeled  and 
scabrous  on  the  back,  separated  by  deep  grooves;  mature  fruit  about  2  mm.  long. 
In  ponds,  R.  I.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  La.,  Tex.  and  Panama. 

8.  Myriophyllum  Farwellii  Morong.     FARWELL'S  WATER-MILFOIL.     (I.  F.f. 
2624.)     Dioecious  (?).     Specimens  with  submerged  leaves  only,  in  whorls  of  3'$- 
6's,  or  scattered,  narrow,  pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  finely  capillary  in  5-7 
opposite   or  subopposite    pairs,    with   minute   black   spines    in   the  axils;    petals 
4,  purplish,  oblong;  pistillate  flowers  only  seen;  styles  4,  short;  stamens  4,  minute, 
abortive;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long  and  I  mm.  thick;  carpels  crossed  longitudinally 
by  3  or  4  tuberculate  or  slightly  toothed  ridges,  2  on  the  back  and  commonly  i  on 
each  margin;  groove  between  the  carpels  shallow.     In  still  water,  Me.  to  Mich. 

9.  Myriophyllum  proserpinacoides  Gill.    CHILIAN  WATER-MILFOIL.     (I.  F. 
f.  2625.)     Dioecious.     Leaves  all  alike  and  submerged,  somewhat  glaucous,  pec- 
tinate-pinnatifid  in  crowded  whorls  of  4*5  and  5's,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  segments  20-25, 
capillary  or  sometimes  linear-spatulate,  about  5  mm.   long;  pistillate  flowers  axil- 
lary, about  i  mm.  high,  without  petals;  stigmas  4,  white,  plumose;  young  carpels 
glabrous;  small  white  hair-like  bracts   are   borne   at  the  bases  of  the  leaves  and 
among  the  flowers.     Haddonfield,  N.  J.    Apparently  established.     Native  of  Chili. 

Order  27.    UMBELLALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  almost  always  with  petaliferous  flowers. 
Calyx-segments  and  petals  usually  5.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  inferior, 
adnate  to  the  calyx,  compound  ;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity. 

Stamens  5:  styles  2-5,  rarely  united;  flowers  umbellate,  capitate  or  panicled. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  berry  or  drupe.  Fam.  i.     Araliaceae. 

Fruit  dry  when  mature,  splitting  into  two  mericarps.  Fam.  2.      Umbelliferae. 

Stamens  4;  style  i;  stigma  i ;  shrubs  and  trees;  flowers  not  umbellate. 

Fam.  3.     Cornacede. 

Family  i.     ARALIACEAE  Vent. 
Ginseng  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  verticillate  (rarely  oppo- 
site) leaves,  and  flowers  in  umbels,  heads,  or  panicles.  Calyx-tube  ad- 
nate to  the  ovary.  Petals  usually  5,  sometimes  cohering  together,  in- 
serted on  the  margin  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
alternate  with  them  (rarely  more),  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk ; 
anthers  introrse.  Ovary  inferior,  i -several-celled  ;  styles  as  many  as  the 
cavities  of  the  ovary;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Seeds 
flattened,  or  somewhat  3  angled,  the  testa  thin ;  endosperm  copious, 
fleshy  ;  embryo  small,  near  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons  ovate  or  oblong.  About 
52  genera  and  450  species,  widely  distributed. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  ;  leaves  alternate,  decompound;  styles  5.  i.  Aralia. 

Herbs;  leaves  verticillate,  digitately  compound  ;  styles  2  or  3.  2.  Panax, 

i.  ARALIA  L. 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  or  ternately  decompound.  Flowers  small,  mostly 
perfect,  in  racemose  corymbose  or  paniculate  umbels.  Flowers  white  or  greenish. 
Petioles  sheathing  at  the  base.  Stipules  none  or  inconspicuous.  Pedicels  jointed 
below  the  flowers.  Petals  5,  spreading,  obtuse,  or  with  short  inflexed  points,  val- 
vate  or  slightly  imbricate.  Stamens  5.  Disk  depressed.  Ovary  5  celled;  styles 
«J.  Fruit  a  small  berry  enclosing  about  5  seeds.  About  27  species,  natives  of  N. 
Am.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Umbels  numerous,  panicled  or  racemose. 

Spiny  shrub  or  tree  ;  leaflets  thick,  ovate.  i.  A,  spiiwsa. 

Branching*  unarm»^  ^erb;  leaflets  thin,  large,  cordate.  2.  A.  racemosa, 


668  FLORA. 

Umbels  2-several,  sometimes  numerous,  terminal  or  corymbosa. 

Plant  glabrate;  leaf  and  peduncle  arising  from  the  rootstock.          3.  A.  nudicauiis. 
Plant  bristly  or  hispid;  stem  leafy,  erect.  4.  A.  hispida. 

1.  Aralia  spinosa  L.     HERCULES'  CLUB.     ANGELICA  OR  SPIKENARD  TREE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2626.)     A  shrub  or  tree.     Leaves  long-petioled,  bipinnate;  leaflets  acute 
or  acuminate,  stalked,  serrate,  dark  green  above,  glaucous  and  sometimes  slightly 
pubescent  beneath,  2.5-10  cm.  long;  peduncles  and  pedicels  pubescent;  flowers 
white,  4  mm.  broad;  fruit  ovoid,  black,  5-lobed,  about  6  mm.  long;  styles  distinct. 
In  low  grounds  and  along  streams,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Ind.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

2.  Aralia  racemosa  L.     AMERICAN   SPIKENARD.     INDIAN-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2627.)     Herbaceous,  1-2  m.   high,    glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent.      Roots  large 
and  thick,  aromatic;  leaves  ternately  or  rarely  quinately  compound,  the  divisions 
pinnate;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  thin,  acuminate,  5-15  cm.  long,  sharply 
serrate;  peduncles  and  pedicels  puberulent;  flowers  greenish,  about  2  mm.  broad; 
fruit  nearly  globular,  dark  purple  or  reddish-brown,   about  6  mm.    in  diameter; 
styles  united  below.     In  rich  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ga.,  S.  Dak.  and  Kans.     July-Aug. 

3.  Aralia   nudicauiis   L.     WILD   OR   VIRGINIAN   SARSAPARILLA.     (I.  F.  f. 
2628.)     Acaulescent  or  nearly  so.     Rootstock  long;  petioles  erect,  1.5-3  dm.  long; 
primary  divisions   of  the    leaf  ternate,   slender-stalked,    pinnately   3-5-foliolate; 
leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  5-13  cm.  long;  umbels  commonly 
3,  simple;  involucre  none;  pedicels  slender;  flowers  greenish,  3  mm.  broad;  fruit 
globose,  purplish-black,  about  6  mm.  long.    In  woods,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  N.  Car., 
Neb.  and  Mo.     May -June. 

Aralia  nudicauiis  prolffera  A.  C.  Apgar.  Leaves  more  divided  and  umbels  com- 
pound. Western  N.  J. 

Aralia  nudicauiis  elongita  Nash.  Leaflets  longer  and  narrower,  gradually  acumin- 
ate, coarsely  serrate,  paler  beneath.  Catskill  Mountains. 

4.  Aralia  hispida  Vent.     BRISTLY  SARSAPARILLA.     WILD  ELDER.     (L  F.  f. 
2629.)     Erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  stem  and  petioles  more  or  less  hispid  with  slender 
bristles.     Leaves  bipinnate;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  irregularly  serrate,  2-5 
cm.  long;  umbels  slender-peduncled,  simple,  corymbo-racemose  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem;  flowers  white,  2  mm.  broad;  fruit  dark  purple,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  strongly 
5-lobed  when  dry.     In   rocky  or  sandy  woods  and  clearings,  Newf.  to  N.  Car., 
Ont.,  Minn,  and  Ind.     June-July. 

2.   PANAX   L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  aromatic  roots,  and  a  verticil  of  digitately  com- 
pound leaves  at  the  summit.  Umbel  terminal,  simple.  Flowers  greenish  or  white, 
polygamous.  Calyx-limb  obscurely  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  5. 
Fruit  a  small  drupe-like  somewhat  flattened  berry,  enclosing  2  or  3  seeds.  [Greek, 
all-healing.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  Asia. 

Leaflets  5,  ovate  or  obovate,  stalked,  acuminate.  i.  P.  qninque folium. 

Leaflets  3-5,  oval  to  oblanceolate,  sessile,  obtuse.  2.  P.  trifolitim. 

1.  Panax  quinquefolium  L.     GINSENG.     (I.  F.  f.  2630.)     Glabrous,  2-4  dm. 
high.    Root  fusiform,  deep,  simple  or  branched.     Petioles  4-10  cm.  long;  leaflets  5 
(rarely  6  or  7),  thin,  ovate  or  obovate.  5-13  cm.  long,  irregularly  dentate;  peduncle 
slender,  2-5  cm.  long;  umbel  6-20- flowered;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  about  2  mm. 
broad;  styles  usually  2;  fruit  flattened,  somewhat  didymous,  bright  crimson,  I  cm. 
broad.     In  rich  woods,  Quebec  to  Ala..  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Mo.     July-Aug. 

2.  Panax  trifolinm  L.     DWARF  GINSENG  OR  GROUND-NUT.     (I.  F.  f.  2631.) 
Glabrous,  0.7-2  dm.  high.     Root  globose,  deep,  about  I  cm.  in  diameter,  pungent 
to  the  taste;  petioles  1-5  cm.  long;  leaflets  3-5,  oval  to  oblanceolate,  sessile,  obtuse, 
usually  narrowed   at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long,  dentate  or  serrate;  peduncles  2.5-6 
cm.  long;  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  white,  often  monoecious,  about 
2  mm.  broad;  styles  usually  3;  fruit  mostly  3-angled  (or  when  with  2  styles,  didy- 
mous), yellow,  about  4  mm.  broad.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Ga,, 
Ont.,  Minn.,  Iowa  and  111.     April-June. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  669 

family  2.     UMBELLIFERAE   B.  Juss.* 
Carrot  Family. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  decompound  compound  or  sometimes  simple 
leaves,  the  petioles  often  dilated  at  the  base.  Stipules  none,  or  rarely 
present  and  minute.  Flowers  small,  generally  in  compound  or  simple 
umbels,  rarely  in  heads  or  capitate  clusters,  often  polygamous.  Umbels 
and  umbellets  commonly  involucrate  or  involucellate.  Calyx-tube  ad- 
nate  to  the  ovary,  its  margin  truncate  or  5-toothed,  the  teeth  seldom 
conspicuous.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx,  usually  with 
an  inflexed  tip,  often  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  those  of  the  outer  flowers 
sometimes  larger  than  those  of  the  inner.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
epigynous  disk  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  2- 
celled ;  styles  2,  filiform,  persistent,  often  borne  on  a  conic  or  depressed 
stylopodium  ;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Fruit  dry, 
composed  of  2  carpels  (mericarps),  which  generally  separate  from  each 
other  at  maturity  along  the  plane  of  their  contiguous  faces  (the  commis- 
sure). Fruit  either  flattened  laterally  (at  right  angles  to  the  commis- 
sure), or  dorsally  (parallel  to  the  commissure),  or  nearly  terete  (not 
flattened).  Carpels  after  parting  from  each  other  supported  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  slender  axis  (the  carpophore),  each  with  5  primary  ribs  in  their 
pericarps  (rarely  ribless),  and  in  some  genera  with  4  additional  secondary 
ones,  the  ribs  or  some  of  them  often  winded.  Pericarp  membranous  or 
corky-thickened,  usually  containing  oil-tubes  between  the  ribs,  or  under 
the  ribs  and  on  the  commissural  sides,  sometimes  irregularly  scattered, 
sometimes  none.  Seeds  i  in  each  carpel,  usually  adnate  to  the  pericarp  ; 
?eed-coat  thin ;  endosperm  cartilaginous  ;  embryo  small,  placed  near  the 
hilum  ;  cotyledons  ovate,  oblong  or  linear.  About  170  genera  and  1600 
species,  of  wide  distribution.  The  mature  fruit  is  necessary  for  the  cer- 
tain determination  of  most  of  the  genera  and  many  of  the  species.  The 
following  key  is  wholly  artificial. 

*  Leaves  simple,  undivided,  sometimes  slightly  lobed. 

Leaves  narrow,  mostly  spiny-toothed;  flowers  in  dense  heads.  «.  Eryngium. 

Leaves  ovate  and  perfoliate  in  our  species ;  flowers  yellow.  15.  Bupleurum. 

Leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  slender-petioled,  often  peltate. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  simple  ;  leaves  i  at  a  node.  x.  Jlydrocotyle. 

Ribs  anastomosing;  leaves  tufted  at  the  nodes.  2.   Centella. 

Leaves  reduced  to  hollow  jointed  petioles  or  phyllodes. 

Umbels  simple,  few-flowered  ;  plant  low.  31.  Liliaeopsis. 

Umbels  compound  ;  plant  tall.  42.  Oxypolis. 

*  *  Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  pinnate,  ternate,  digitate,  decompound  or  deeply  lobed. 

Flowers  in  sessile  or  short-stalked  capitate  clusters  opposite  the  leaves. 

9.    Torilis. 

Flowers  in  simple  umbels;  leaves  pedately  lobed.  i.  Hydrocotyle. 

Flowers  in  dense  peduncled  heads  ;  leaves  sometimes  bristly.  4.  Eryngium. 

Flowers  in  more  or  less  compound  umbels. 
1.  Flowers  white,  greenish  or  pink. 

a.  Fruit,  or  its  beak,  bristly,  papillose  or  tuberculate. 

Leaves  digitately  3-7-parted  or  lobed.  3.  Sanicula. 

Leaves  pinnately  or  ternately  decompound  or  dissected. 

Fruit  linear,  ribbed,  long-attenuate  at  the  base.         8.    Washingtonia. 
Fruit  linear,  with  a  beak  much  longer  than  the  body. 

7.  Scandix. 

Fruit  ovoid,  small,  tuberculate  or  bristly. 
Carpels  flattened  dorsally. 

Seed-face  concave.  II.  Apiastrum. 

Seed-face  flat.  17.  Ammoselinum. 

*  Text  prepared  with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  J.  N.  ROSE. 


670  FLORA. 

Carpels  terete,  or  slightly  flattened  laterally.    43.  Spermolepis. 
Fruit  with  4  strong  bristly  wings. 

Fruit  dorsally  flattened  ;  calyx-teeth  obsolete.  48.  Daucus. 
Fruit  laterally  flattened  ;  calyx-teeth  prominent. 

9.   Torilts. 
b.  Fruit  smooth,  ribbed  or  winged,  rarely  pubescent. 

Fruit  winged,  at  least  on  the  lateral  ribs,  dorsally  flattened. 

Plants  acaulescent,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  bipinnate  or  dissected. 

44.  Peucedanwn. 
Plants  tall,  leafy-stemmed. 

Leaves  simply  ternate  or  pinnate. 

Leaf-segments  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong. 

42.   Oxypolis. 

Leaf-segments  very  broad.  45.  Imperatoria. 

Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  compound  ;  segments  broad. 
Segments  ovate  or  oval,  not  cordate. 

Bracts  of  the  involucels  setaceous  or  none. 

38.  Angelica. 
Bracts  of  the  involucels  connate  at  base. 

39.  Levisticum. 
Segments  large,  cordate,  pubescent.           47.  Heraclenm. 

Leaves  2-3-pinnately  decompound  ;  segments  narrow. 

37.   Coniose.linum. 
Fruit  winged  or  wingless,  not  flattened  either  dorsally  or  laterally. 

All  its  ribs  winged.  40.  Cymopterus. 

Ribs  distinct,  but  not  winged. 

Leaves  finely  dissected ;  segments  narrow.       32.  jEthusa. 
Leaf -segments  broad. 

Fruit  with  numerous  oil-tubes  between  the  ribs. 

34.  Ligusticum. 
Fruit  with  solitary  oil-tubes  between  the  ribs. 

35.  Coelopleurum. 
Leaves  entire,  or  with  a  few  narrow  segments.  30.   Cynosciadium. 

Fruit  laterally  flattened. 

Fruit   broader  than  long,  the  carpels  globose,  attached  by  a  very  nar-- 

row  commissure.  10.  Bifora. 

Fruit  linear  or  linear-oblong. 

Leaves  3-foliolate.  21.  Deringa. 

Leaves  decompound  or  finely  dissected. 

Fruit  long-beaked,  smooth,  ribless.  6.  Anthriscus. 

Fruit  short  beaked  or  beakless,  ribbed.        5.  Chaerophyllum. 
Fruit  ovoid  or  oval. 

Umbels  opposite  the  leaves.  16.  Apium. 

Umbels  terminal  or  axillary. 

Leaves  finely  dissected  into  filiform  segments. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  equal,  prominent.     29.  Ptilimnium. 
Lateral  ribs  much  thickened.  16.  Apium. 

Ribs  filiform,  inconspicuous.  22.   Carum. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  decompound;  segments  linear  to  ovate-oblong 
Plants  acaulescent,  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete;  fruit  nearly  orbicular. 

12.  Erigenia. 
Calyx-teeth  prominent ;  fruit  oblong. 

14.  Musineon. 
Plants  leafy-stemmed. 

Oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  none. 

Leaves  biternate  with  broad  segments. 

25.  j&gopodium. 
Leaves  decompound  into  small  pinnatifid  segments. 

13.  Conium. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  between  the  ribs;  leaves  pinnate. 

20.  Cicuta. 
Oil-tubes  numerous. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound  ;  segments  linear. 

26.  Eulophus. 
Leaves  pinnate;  the  segments  sometimes  pinnatifid. 

Tall  native  marsh  perennials. 

Oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals  between  the 
prominent  ribs.      27.  Stum. 


UMBELLIFERA  E.  67 1 

Oil-tubes  numerous  and  close  together 
along  inner  side  of  the  pericarp ;  ribs 
filiform.  28.  Berula. 

Introduced  plant  of  dry  ground. 

24.  Pimpinella* 
2.  Flowers  yellow  or  purple. 
Fruit  dorsally  flattened. 

Plants  acaulescent ;  leaves  finely  dissected.  44.  Peucedanum. 

Plants  leafy-stemmed. 

Leaves  pinnate;  segments  ovate;  fruit  with  thin  lateral  wings. 

46.   Pastinaca. 
Leaves  pinnately  compound ;  fruit-wings  thick  and  corky. 

41.  Polytaenia. 

Fruit  not  flattened  ;  ribs  or  some  of  them  winged.  36.    Thaspium. 

Fruit  laterally  flattened;  leaves  decompound  (except  in  Zizia). 

Leaf-segments  oval  or  ovate,  entire.  23.   Taenidia. 

Leaf-segments  crenate,  lobed  or  incised. 

Leaf-segments  broad,  crenate  or  dentate.  19.  Zizia. 

Leaf-segments  deeply  incised. 

Plant  native,  western;  ribs  of  the  fruit  filiform. 

14.  Musineon, 
Plant  sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation  ;  ribs  prominent. 

1 8.  Petroselinum. 
Leaf-segments  filiform ;  fruit  prominently  ribbed. 

33.  Foeniculum. 

i.  HYDROCO'TYLE  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs,  prostrate  and  commonly  rooting  at  the  joints,  with  palmately 
lobed  or  veined,  often  peltate  leaves,  the  bases  of  the  petioles  with  2  scale- like 
stipules,  and  small  white  flowers  in  umbels  opposite  the  leaves.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  few,  or  none.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Petals  entire.  Disk  flat.  Fruit  lat- 
erally compressed,  orbicular  or  broader  than  high.  Carpels  with  5  primary  ribs, 
the  lateral  ones  usually  curved;  no  large  oil-tubes,  but  an  oil-bearing  layer  of  tis- 
sue beneath  the  epidermis.  [Greek,  water-cup.]  About  75  species  of  wide  dis- 
tribution. Besides  the  following  another  occurs  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  peltate. 

Umbels  simple,  rarely  slightly  proliferous ;  pedicels  slender.  i.  H.  itmbellata. 
Umbels,  at  least  some  of  them,  proliferous;  pedicels,  or  some  of  them,  short. 

Fruit  notched  at  each  end.  2.  H.  Canbyi. 

Fruit  not  notched  at  either  end.  3.  //.  verticillata. 
Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  cordate,  or  reniform,  not  peltate. 

Leaves  5-i3-lobed  ;  umbels  nearly  sessile.  4.  H.  Americana. 

Leaves  3-7-cleft;  umbels  long-peduncled.  5.  //.  ranicnculoides. 

1.  Hydrocotyle  umbellata  L.     UMBELLATE  OR  MANY-FLOWERED  MARSH  - 
PENNYWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2703.)    Glabrous;  stem  creeping,  the  subterranean  branches 
tuberiferous.     Petioles  slender,  2-15   cm.  long;  leaves  sometimes  cordate  at  the 
base,    1-4  cm.  wide,    crenately   J-ii-lobed,  the  lobes  mostly   crenulate;  pedicels 
slender,  4-12  mm.  long;  mature  fruit  notched  at  both  ends,  2-3   mm.  broad,  not 
quite  as  long;  intermediate  ribs  corky-thickened;  dorsal  rib  obtuse.     In  swamps 
and  low  grounds,  eastern  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  the  W.  Indies,  Minn.,  Tex.   and  Mex. 
Also  in  S.  Am.     June-Sept. 

2.  Hydrocotyle  Canbyi  C.  &  R.     CANBY'S  MARSH-PENNYWORT.     (I.  F.  t. 
2704.)     Stems  creeping,  sometimes  3  dm.  long,  the  subterranean  branches  tuberif- 
erous.    Leaves  1-4  cm.  wide,  with  7-11  shallow  mostly  crenulate  lobes;  peduncles 
elongated;  inflorescence   mostly  proliferous;  verticils  3-lO-flowered;  pedicels  2-8 
mm.  long;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  broad,  much  flattened,  the  interme- 
diate ribs  corky-thickened,  the  dorsal  one  very  obtuse.     In  moist  ground,  N.  J.  to 
Md.     June-Sept. 

3.  Hydrocotyle  verticillata  Thunb.     WHORLED  MARSH-PENNYWORT.    (I.  F. 
f.  2705.)     Similar  to  the  two  preceding.     Inflorescence  proliferous,  2-5  cm.  long; 
verticils  2-6-flowered;  pedicels   usually  less  than    I  mm.  long;  fruit  about  2  mm. 
long.  3-4  mm.  broad,  rounded  or  truncate  at  each  end;  intermediate  ribs  not  corky  - 
thickened,   the  dorsal  one  acute.     In  moist  soil,  Mass,   to  Fla.,  west  to  southern 
Cal.,  and  in  Central  and  S.  Am.     June-Sent. 


672  FLORA. 

4.  Hydrocotyle  Americana  L.     AMERICAN  MARSH-PL^.^WORI.     (I.  F.  f. 
2706.)     Stems  creeping,  often  bearing  small  tubers;  leaves  reniform,  2-5  cm.  wide, 
with  shallow  lobes;  umbels  sessile  or  very  nearly   so,  1-5 -flowered;  pedicels  less* 
than  2  mm.  long;  fruit  slightly  more  than  I  mm.  broad  and  nearly  as  high,  thd 
ribs  all  filiform.     In  wet  places,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Penn.  and  N.  Car.     June-Sept. 

5.  Hydrocotyle    ranunculoides    L.    f.      FLOATING     MARSH-PENNYWORT 
(I.  F.  f.  2707.)     Stem  usually  floating,   rooting  from  the  nodes,    1.5-6  dm.   long 
Petioles  elongated,  weak;  leaves  reniform,  2-5  cm.  wide,  3-7-cleft,  the  lobes  ere 
nate;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  recurved  in  fruit;  umbels  5-10^ 
flowered;  fruit  nearly  orbicular,  about  3  mm.   broad,  the  ribs  obscure  and  filiform. 
In  ponds  and  swamps,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast,  west  to  Tex.;  Ore.  to  L.  Cal. 
Also  in  Cent,  and  S.  Am.,  Abyssinia  and  Italy.     June-Sept. 

2.  CENTELLA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  African  species  shrubby),  ours  with  prostrate  stems  root- 
ing and  sending  up  tufts  of  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  nodes,  together  with  1-3 
long-rayed  umbellets  of  small  white  flowers,  the  true  umbel  sessile.  Petiole-bases 
sheathing.  Bracts  of  the  involucels  2-4,  mostly  prominent.  Calyx-teeth  none. 
Disk  flat,  or  slightly  concave.  Styles  filiform.  Fruit  somewhat  flattened  laterally, 
rather  prominently  ribbed,  the  ribs  mostly  anastomosing;  oil-tubes  none.  [Latin, 
diminutive  of  centrum,  a  prickle.]  About  2O^species,  of  wide  distribution,  most 
abundant  in  S.  Africa. 

i.  Centella  repanda  (Pers.)  Small.  OVATE-LEAVED  MARSH-PENNYWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  2708.)  Stem  2-15  cm.  long.  Petioles  0.5-3  dm.  long,  sometimes  pubes- 
cent; blades  ovate,  rather  thick,  rounded  at  the  apex,  broadly  cordate  at  the  base, 
not  peltate,  2-4  cm.  long,  repand-dentate;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
1-5,  cm.  long;  umbellets  capitate,  2-4  flowered,  subtended  by  2  ovate  bracts;  flow- 
ers nearly  sessile;  fruit  4-5  mm.  broad,  about  3  mm.  high,  prominently  ribbed  and 
reticulated.  In  wet  grounds,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.  Also  in  tropical  Am., 
Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  June-Sept.  [Hydrocotyle  repanda  Pers.] 

3.  SANICULA  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  or  biennial  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  with  palmately  3-7-foliolate  or 
pinnatifid  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  compound  generally  few-rayed  umbels.  Um- 
bellets globose.  Involucre  foliaceous;  involucels  small.  Calyx-lobes  mostly  per- 
sistent. Petals  obovate,  or  narrower,  emarginate.'  Disk  flat.  Fruit  somewhat 
flattened  laterally,  subglobose,  covered  with  hooked  bristles  in  our  species.  Car- 
pels not  ribbed;  oil-tubes  usually  5.  [From  the  Latin,  to  heal.]  About  20 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  S.  Am.  and  S.  Africa.  Besides  the 
following,  about  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

*  Perennial;  some  staminate  flowers  in  separate  heads;  styles  longer  than  the  bristles. 
Petals  and  anthers  greenish  white;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,    cuspidate;  fruit  6  mm. 

long,  i.  S.  Marylandtca. 

Petals  and  anthers  yellow  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse ;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  or  less. 

2.  S,  gregaria. 

*  *  Biennial;    staminate   flowers  never    in  separate  heads;    styles  shorter  than    the 

bristles. 

Leaves  v^-divided-  pedicels  of  staminate  flowers  2  mm.  long;  fruit  less  than  4mm. 

]on?>  °  3.  S.  Canadensis. 

Leaves  rfoliolate;  pedicels  of  staminate  flowers  4  mm.  long;  fruit  6  mm.  long,  or  more. 

4.  S.  trifoliata. 

i.  Sanicula  Marylandica  L.  SANICLE.  BLACK  SNAKE-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f. 
2664.)  Rather  stout,  4-12  dm.  high,  topped  by  a  2-4-rayed  umbel.  Leaves 
firm,  bluish  green,  the  basal  long-petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  5~7-parted;  segments 
4-15  cm.  long,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate  or  dentate,  often  incised;  involucral 
leaves  much  smaller,  3-cleft;  involucel-bracts  rarely  2  mm.  long;  pedicels  of 
staminate  flowers  4  mm.  long;  calyx  2  mm.  long,  parted  into  subulate  segments; 
petals  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  fruit  sessile,  ovoid,  the  slender  recurved  styles 
longer  than  the  stout  bristles;  oil- tubes  5,  large;  seed  furrowed  dorsally.  In  rich 
woods,  Newf.  to  Alberta,  Ga.  and  Co'o.  May-July. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  673 

2.  Sanicula  gregaria  Bicknell.     CLUSTERED  SNAKE-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  2665.) 
Stems  erect,   3-9  dm.  high,    umbellate- branched,   the   branches  slender.     Leaves 
thin,  bright  green,  5 -divided;  segments  stalked,  obovate-cuneate  to  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  with  bristle -tipped  teeth,  sharply  incised,  mostly  less 
than  8  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  numerous,  those  of  the  stem  only  I  or  2,  petioled;  in- 
volucral  leaves  large,  3-parted;  pedicels  of  staminate  flowers,  2-3  mm.  long,  3  or  4 
times  the  length  of  the  minute  campanulate  calyx;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  petals 
much   surpassing  the  calyx;    fruit  stipitate,    broadly  obovoid,   3   mm.    long,   the 
slender  styles  recurved;  bristles  very  small;  oil-tubes  5;  seed  not  furrowed.     In 
woods  and  thickets,  Vt.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Va.,  Kans.  and  Neb.     May-June. 

3.  Sanicula  Canadensis  L.     SHORT-STYLED  SNAKE- ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  2666.) 
Rather  dull  green,  3-12  dm.  high,  widely  branched,  the  umbellate  fruit-bearing 
rays  only  2-10  mm.    long.     Stem  leafy;  leaves  petioled,   3-5 -divided;  segments 
cuneate-obovate  to  narrowly  oblong,   acute,  mucronate-serrate,   or  incised,   often 
small;  involucral  leaves  small,  those  of  the  involucels  bract-like;  staminate  flowers 
few;  calyx  I  mm.  long,  parted  into  linear- lanceolate  acute  lobes  which  exceed  the 
minute  white  petals;  fruit  short- stipitate,  subglobose;  the  bristles  slender;  oil-tubes 
5;  seed  dorsally  furrowed.    In  woodlands,  Vt.  to  Fla.,  S.  Dak.  and  Tex.    June- Aug. 

4.  Sanicula  trifoliata  Bicknell.  LARGE-FRUITED  SNAKE-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  2667.) 
Stem  slender,  3-8  dm.  high.     Umbels  of  3-5  often  irregular  rays  8-25  mm.  long; 
leaves  rather  bright  green,  thin,    slender-petioled,   3-divided;    segments  stalked, 
broadly  ovate,  or  obovate,  or  the  lateral  ones  rhomboid,  acute,  coarsely  doubly  ser- 
rate, or  incised,  the  teeth  spinulose-cuspidate;  staminate  flowers  few;  calyx  I  mm. 
long,  its  linear  rigid  lobes  incurved,  subulate;  petals  white,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  calyx;  larger  oil-tubes  2,   with  numerous  minute  ones;  seed  not  sulcate.     In 
hilly  woods,  Vt,  to  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  Ind.     June-July. 

4.  ERYNGIUM  L. 

Herbs,  with  spiny-toothed  lobed  dentate  or  sometimes  dissected,  rarely  entire 
leaves,  and  bracted  heads  or  spikes  of  small  white  or  blue  flowers  subtended  by 
bractlets.  Calyx-teeth  rigid,  pungent,  or  acute.  Petals  erect.  Disk  expanded. 
Fruit  scaly  or  tuberculate,  somewhat  flattened  laterally.  Carpels  nearly  terete, 
their  ribs  obsolete  or  none,  the  oil-tubes  usually  5.  [Greek,  a  kind  of  thistle.] 
About  150  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  about  18  others 
occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Plants  erect,  tall ;  stem-leaves  spiny  or  bristly-margined. 

Leaves  elongated-linear,  parallel-veined.  i.  E.  aquaticum. 

Leaves  elongated-linear,  reticulate-veined.  2.  E.  Virginianum. 

Stem-leaves  palmately  incised-pinnatifid.  3.  E.  Leavenworthii. 

Plants  prostrate,  slender ;  leaves  unarmed.  4.  E.  prostratum. 

i.  Eryngium  aquaticum  L.  RATTLESNAKE-MASTER.  BUTTON  SNAKE- 
ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  2660.)  Stout,  6-18  dm.  high,  glabrous.  Leaves  acuminate,  mostly 
clasping  at  the  base,  the  lower  sometimes  i  m.  long  and  4  cm.  wide;  heads  stout- 
peduncled,  globose-ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  cuspi- 
date bracts;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute;  fruit  scaly,  about  2  mm.  long.  In  wet  soil 
or  upland,  Conn,  to  S.  Dak.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  June-Sept. 

2  Eryngium  Virginianum  Lam.  VIRGINIAN  ERYNGO.  (I.  F.  f.  2661.) 
Stem  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high.  Upper  stem-leaves  linear,  acuminate,  sessile  and 
clasping  at  the  base,  5-20  cm.  long,  rarely  laciniate;  basal  and  lower  leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  blade  linear-oblong,  entire,  or  remotely  denticulate;  heads  subglobose, 
8-14  mm.  long,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  reflexed  bracts;  bractlets 
usually  3-cuspidate;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  cuspidate;  fruit  scaly.  Iii  marshes 
near  the  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.  July-Sept. 

3.  Eryngium  Leavenworthii  T.  &  G.  LEAVENWORTH'S  ERYNGO.  (I.  F. 
f.  2662.)  Stout,  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high.  Stem-leaves  sessile,  palmately  pinnati- 
fid  into  spiny-toothed  segments;  basal  and  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, spinose-denticulate;  heads  peduncled,  ovoid-oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  spinose  bracts;  bractlets  3~7-cuspidate,  those  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  heads  large  and  resembling  the  bracts;  calyx-lobes  pinnatifid.  In  drv  soil. 
Kans.  to  Tex.  July-Get, 


6/4 


FLORA. 


4.  Eryngium  prostratum  Nutt.  PROSTRATE  ERYNGO.  (I.  F.  f.  2603.)  Pros- 
trate,  rooting  from  the  nodes,  the  branches  very  slender.  Lower  and  basal  leaves 
slender-petioled,  oval  or  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  entire,  or  crenate- dentate;  stem- 
leaves  smaller,  often  clustered  at  the  nodes,  ovate,  few-toothed,  or  entire,  or  some  of 
them  3-parted;  heads  ovoid-oblong,  dense,  about  6  mm.  long,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  lanceolate  reflexed  bracts;  bractlets  very  small;  fruit  about  I  mm.  long,  tuber- 
culate.  In  low  grounds,  Ky.  to  Mo. ,  Fla.  and  Tex.  Summer. 

5.  CHAEROPHYLLUM  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  our  species  annuals,  with  decompound  leaves  and  small  umbels  of  white 
flowers.  Involucre  none  or  rarely  of  I  or  2  bracts.  Involucels  of  numerous  small 
,  bractlets.  Stylopodium  small,  conic.  Fruit  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  flattened 
laterally.  Carpels  5-angled,  slightly  flattened  dorsally,  the  ribs  slender,  obtuse; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  channeled.  [Greek,  pleasant  leaf, 
from  the  fragrance.]  About  30  species,  only  the  following  North  American. 

Fruit  not  beaked,  its  ribs  slender,  narrower  than  the  intervals  between  them. 

i.   C.  procumbens. 
Fruit  beaked,  its  prominent  ribs  mostly  as  broad  as  the  intervals.          2.   C.  Teinturieri. 

1.  Chaerophyllum  procumbens  (L.)Crantz.    SPREADING  CHERVIL.    (L  F.  f. 
2678.)     More  or  less  pubescent,  slender,  spreading,  1.5-5  dm-  uigh-    Lower  leaves 
ternately  decompound,  the  divisions  ovate,   pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segments  ob- 
tuse; umbels  2-6-rayed;  rays  2-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  few  in  the  umbeliets; 
bracts  of  the  involucels  ovate;  fruit  glabrous,  4-5  mm.  long.     In  moist  ground, 
N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Kans.     April-June. 

Chaerophyllum  procumbens  Sh<3rtii  T.  &  G.  Fruit  broader,  ovate-oblong,  pubes* 
cent,  blunt,  or  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  summit.  Penn.  to  Ky.,  La.  and  Ark. 

2.  Chaerophyllum  Teinturieri  Hook.     TEINTURIER'S  CHERVIL.     (I.  F.  f. 
2679.)     Similar   to   the   preceding,   much  branched,  often  taller.     Ultimate  leaf- 
segments  acute  or  obtuse;  rays  of  the  umbels  2-8  cm.  long;  fruit  6-8  mm.  long, 
less  than  2  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  or  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Tenn.,  Kans., 
Fla.  and  Tex.     March-May. 

6.  ANTHRISCUS  Hoffm. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  decompound  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of 
white  flowers.  Involucre  commonly  none;  involucels  of  numerous  bracts.  Calyx- 
teeth  obsolete  or  minute.  Stylopodium  conic  or  depressed.  Fruit  linear  in  our 
species,  beaked,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  nearly  terete,  ribless  except  at 
the  beak;  oil-tubes  none.  Seed-face  channeled.  [Greek  name  of  this  or  some 
allied  plant.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Anthriscus  Cerefolium  (L.)  Hoffm.  GARDEN  CHERVIL  OR  BEAKED- 
PARSLEY.  (I.  F.  f.  2676.)  Annual,  glabrous,  or  finely  pubescent  above,  4-6  dm. 
high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  slender-petioled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  all  ter- 
nately decompound  into  small  segments;  umbels  3-6-rayed,  the  rays  divergent, 
1-4  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pedicels  stout,  4-6  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucels  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  2  mm.  long;  fruit  6  mm.  long,  glabrous  and  ribless, 
tipped  with  a  ribbed  beak  of  one-third  its  length.  Eastern  and  southern  Penn- 
Nat.  from  Europe.  May-June. 

Anthriscus  sylv^stris  (L.)  Hoffm.  WlLD  BEAKED-PARSLEY,  a  tall  annual  with 
glabrous  beakless  fruit,  has  been  found  as  a  waif  on  Staten  Island,  and  in  ballast  about 
the  seaports. 

Anthriscus  Anthrfscus  (L.)  Karst.  BUR-CHERVIL,  readily  recognized  by  its  short- 
beaked  muricate  fruit,  has  been  found  as  a  waif  in  N.  S.,  according  to  Macoun. 

7.  SCANDIX  L. 

Annual  herbs,  with  dissected  leaves.  Flowers  white,  in  compound  umbels. 
Involucre  none,  or  rarely  of  i  bract.  Involucels  of  several  bracts.  Petals  mostly 
unequal,  the  outer  larger.  Fruit  linear,  or  linear-oblong,  flattened  laterally,  pro- 
longed into  a  beak  mostly  much  longer  than  the  body;  primary  ribs  prominent; 
secondary  ribs  none;  oil-tubes  solitary,  cr  wanting.  Seed -face  sulcate.  Stylopo 
dium  short.  [Greek  name  of  the  plant- "I  ADout  Id  species,  of  the  Old  World. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  6?$ 

I.  Scandix  Pecten-Veneris  L.  VENUS'-  OR  LADY'S-COMB.  SHEPHERD'S- 
NEEDLE.  (I.  F.  f.  2683.)  Pubescent;  stem  1. 5-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  2-3 -pinna tely 
dissected,  the  lobes  acute,  less  than  I  mm.  wide;  involucels  of  several  lanceolate 
bracts  sometimes  2-3-lobed  at  the  apex;  flowers  nearly  sessile;  fruiting  carpels 
8-12  mm.  long,  terminated  by  a  straight  flat  beak  4-6  cm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
wide,  its  edges  with  stiff  ascending  hairs.  la  waste  places,  N.  J.,  D.  C.,  and  in 
ballast  about  the  seaports.  Fugitive  from  Europe.  May-July. 

8.  WASHINGTONIA  Raf.     [OSMORRHIZA  Raf.] 

Perennial  herbs  from  fleshy  clustered  roots,  with  decompound  leaves,  and  few- 
rayed  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  of  few  narrow  bracts,  or 
none.  Stylopodium  small,  conic.  Fruit  narrow,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  short- 
beaked,  compressed,  bristly  along  the  ribs,  attenuated  at  the  base,  Carpels 
5 -angular,  slightly  flattened  dorsally,  the  ribs  acute,  nearly  equal;  oil-tubes  obso- 
lete or  none.  [In  honor  of  George  Washington.]  About  15  species,  of  N.  Am., 
Asia  and  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following  about  8  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 
Pubescent ;  style  and  Stylopodium  i  mm.  long  or  less. 

Style  with  Stylopodium  i  mm.  long;  involucel-bracts  mostly  present. 

i.    W,  Clay  font. 

Stylopodium  0.5  mm.  long;  involucel-bracts  few  or  none.  3.    W.  divaricata. 

Glabrate;  style  and  Stylopodium  2  mm.  long.  2.    W.  longistylis. 

1.  Washingtonia    Claytoni    (Michx.)    Britton.     WOOLLY    SWEET-CICELY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2680.)     Erect,  4-9  dm.  high,  villous-pubescent.     Lower  leaves  sometimes 
3  dm.  wide,  the  segments  ovate  or  oval,  incised  dentate;  umbels  long  peduncled, 
2-6-rayed;  rays  divaricate,  2-5   cm.   long  in  fruit;  involucels  of  several  subulate 
bracts;  fruit  about   12  mm.   long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  Stylopodium  slender-conic. 
In  woods,  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  Minn,,  N.  Car.,  111.  and  Kans.     Majr-June. 

2.  Washingtonia  longistylis  (Torr.)  Britton.      SMOOTHER 'SWEET  CICELY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2681.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  only  slightly  pubescent,  the  stems 
and  petioles  at  length  quite  glabrous;  bracts  ci  the  involucels  lanceolate,  6-8  mm. 
long,  persistent.   In  woods,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ala.,  Tenn.  and  Kans.     Roots 
more  spicy  than  those  of  W.  Clay  torn.     May- June. 

3.  Washingtonia  divaricata  Britton.     WESTERN  SWEET-CICELY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2682.)     Stem   6-9   dm.   high;     leaf- segments  thin,    ovate,    acute,    or   acuminate, 
coarsely  toothed  and  usually  incised,    1-6  cm.  long;  umbels  long-peduncled,  3-6- 
rayed,  the  very  slender  divaricate  rays  5-10  cm.  long  in  fruit;  involucels  of  1—3 
subulate  bracts,  or  none;   pedicels  very  slender,  4-25  cm.  long;  fruit  about  12  mm. 
long,  2  mm.  wide  or  rather  more,   beaked.     Manitoba  to  S.  Dak.,  Br.  Col.   and 
Cal.     May-June. 

9.   TORILIS  Adans. 

Annual,  hispid  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  and  com- 
pound umbels  of  white  or  reddish  flowers.  Calyx  teeth  prominent,  acute.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  few  and  small  or  none.  Involucels  of  narrow  bracts.  Petals  mostly 
2-lobed.  Stylopodium  thick,  conic.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong.  Primary  ribs  5,  fili- 
form. Secondary  ribs  4,  winged,  each  bearing  a  row  of  barbed  or  hooked  bristles 
or  tubercles.  Oil- tubes  solitary  under  the  secondary  ribs,  2  on  the  commissural 
side.  [The  Greek  name.]  About  20  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
Umbels  sessile  or  .chort-stalked,  capitate,  opposite  the  leaves.  i.  T.  nodosa. 

Umbels  compound,  peduncled  ;  rays  slender.  2.    7\  Anthrisc us. 

1.  Torilis  nodosa  (L.)  Gaertn.     KNOTTED  HEDGE-PARSLEY.     (I.  F.  f.  2633.) 
Decumbent    and     spreading.      Leaves    bipinnate,    the     segments     linear-oblong, 
acute;   rays  1-3,  very  short;  fruit  sessile,  ovoid,   about  3  mm.  long,  the  outer  with 
barbed  prickles  on  the  secondary  ribs,  the  inner  with  tubercles.      In  waste  places, 
Pa.,  Md.  and  Iowa.     Also  in  the  Southern  States,  Cal.,  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  Am. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     May-Aug.      \Caiicalis  nodosa  (L.)  Huds.] 

2.  Torilis  Anthriscus  (L.)  Gmel.     ERECT  HEDGE-PARSLEY.     (I.  F.  f.  2634.) 
Erect,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  bipinnate.  or  the  uppermost  simply  pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments lanceolate,  obtuse,  dentate  or  pinnatifid;  umbels  slender-peduncled;  pedicels 
2-4  mm.   long  in  fruit;  rays  3-8,  about  I  cm.    long;  fruit  ovoid-oblong,  densely 
bristly,   3-4  mm-  long.     In  waste  places,  N.  J.   to  D.  C.   and  Ohio.     Adventive 
from  Evrope.    July -Sept.     \Caucalis  Anthriscus  (L.)  Huds.| 


676  FLORA. 


10.  BIFORA  Hoffm. 

Glabrous  annuals,  with  dissected  leaves  and  few-rayed  umbels  of  white  flowers. 
Involucre  and  involucels  of  few  small  bracts.  Fruit  didymous,  laterally  flattened, 
with  globose  glabrous  hard  carpels.  Carpels  with  4  filiform  secondary  ribs.  Stylo- 
podium  conic.  Styles  recurved.  Oil-tubes  none.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  didy- 
mous fruit.  ]  About  4  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Europe. 

i.  Bifora  Americana  (DC.)  A.  Gray.  AMERICAN  BIFORA.  Slender, 
roughish  above,  2-4  dm.  high.  Ultimate  leaf-segments  narrowly  linear,  acutish. 
R  lys  5-8,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long;  carpels  about  2  mm.  in 
diameter.  Mo.  (according  to  Drude);  Ark.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.  April-May. 

Bifora  rddians  Bieb.,  has  been  collected  in  wasts  places  and  ballast,  in  R.  I.  and 
Penn.  It  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  larger  wrinkled  fruit. 

11.  APIASTRUM  Nutt. 

Annual  glabrous  much  branched  herbs,  with  petioled  finely  dissected  leaves,  the 
leaf  segments  linear  or  filiform.  Flowers  very  small,  white,  in  compound  unequal- 
rayed  umbels.  Involucre  none;  involucels  of  a  few  small  bracts,  or  none.  Calyx- 
teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  or  suborbicular,  laterally  flattened,  tubercled,  not 
ribbed;  pericarp  thin;  oil-tubes  few,  not  clustered,  2  on  the  commissural  side. 
Seed-face  concave.  Stylopodium  small.  [Greek,  false  celery.]  Two  species,  the 
following,  and  one  in  Cal. 

i.  Apiastrum  patens  (Nutt.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  SPREADING  APIASTRUM.  (I.  F. 
f.  2672.)  Erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  divergently  branched  above.  Stem-leaves  short- 
petioled,  biternately  dissected;  umbels  terminal,  or  axillary,  1-4  cm.  broad;  rays 
6-12  mm.  long;  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit  ovate,  slightly  more  than 
i  mm.  long,  more  or  less  tuberculate,  usually  densely  so.  Neb.  and  Mo.  to  Tex. 
and  N.  Mex.  June. 

12.  ERIGENIA   Nutt. 

Low  glabrous  nearly  acaulescent  perennial  herbs,  arising  from  a  deep  tuber, 
with  ternately  decompound  leaves,  usually  a  single-leaved  involucre,  and  small 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  flat,  entire.  Fruit  nearly 
orbicular,  notched  at  both  ends,  glabrous.  Carpels  incurved  at  top  and  bottom, 
with  5  slender  ribs  and  1-3  small  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals.  [Greek,  spring- 
born.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Erigenia  bulbosa  (Michx.)  Nutt.  HARBINGER  OF  SPRING.  (I.  F.  f.  2709.) 
Stem  scapose,  0.7-2.5  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  2-4,  ternately  divided  into  thin 
oblong  obtuse  segments,  the  involucral  one  similar,  smaller;  petioles  much  dilated 
at  the  base;  umbels  mostly  compound,  of  1-4  slender  rays;  involucels  spatulate 
or  sometimes  foliaceous;  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long 
and  3  mm.  broad.  Ont.  to  D.  C.,  Ala.,  Minn,  and  Kans.  Feb. -April. 

13.  CONlUM  L. 

Tall  biennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  spotted  stems,  pinnately  decompound  leaves, 
and  small  white  flowers  in  compound  many-rayed  umbels.  Involucre  and  involu- 
cels of  ovate  acuminate  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete;  petals  obcordate,  or  entire 
with  a  short  inflexed  point;  fruit  broadly  ovate,  glabrous,  somewhat  flattened  later- 
ally. Carpels  strongly  wavy -ribbed;  large  oil-tubes  none,  but  a  layer  of  oil- 
secreting  tissue  next  the  deeply  concave  seed.  [Greek,  hemlock.]  Two  species, 
one  of  them  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  the  other  of  Africa. 

i.  Conium  maculatum  L.  POISON  HEMLOCK.  (I.  F.  f.  2684.)  Erect, 
much-branched,  6-15  dm.  high.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  petioled,  the  upper  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  all  pinnately  dissected,  the  leaflets  ovate  in  outline,  thin,  the  ultimate 
segments  dentate,  or  incised;  petioles  dilated  and  sheathing  at  the  base;  umbels 
2-8  cm.  broad,  the  rays  slender,  2-4  cm.  long;  pedicels  filiform,  4-6  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  flowers  about  2  mm.  broad;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  its  ribs  very 
prominent  when  dry.  In  waste  places,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Del.,  Ind.  and  Mich. 
Also  in  Cal.  and  Mex.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June -July. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  677 

14.  MUSINEON  Raf.     (See  Appendix.) 

Low  perennial  resiniferous  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  and  com- 
pound umbels  of  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Involucre  none.  Bracts  of  the  involu- 
cels  few,  narrow.  Calyx-teeth  ovate.  Stylopodium  small,  depressed.  Fruit 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  slightly  compressed  laterally.  Carpels  somewhat  5-angled, 
the  ribs  liliform,  equal;  oil-tubes  usually  3  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  concave. 
[A  name  of  fennel.]  Three  known  species,  natires  of  N.  Am. 

Stem  leafy,  branching;  fruit  about  4  mrn.  long.  x.  M.  divaricatum. 

Plant  acaulescent,  tufted;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long.  2.  M.  tenuifolium. 

1.  Musineon  divaricatum  (Pursh)  Nutt.     LEAFY  MUSINEON.   (I.  F.  f.  2673.) 
Branched,   glabrous,    1.5-3    dm.  high.      Leaves  bipinnatifid,    petioled,  5-15  cm. 
long,  the  rachis  narrowly  winged,  the  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  acutish,  3-5 -den- 
tate; umbels  mostly  long-peduncled,  2.5-6  cm.  broad,  8-25-rayed;  rays  6-25  mm= 
long;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  smooth,  or  very  nearly  so.     Prairies,  S.  Dak.  to  Mani- 
toba, the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Ore.     May-June. 

2.  Musineon    tenuifolium  Nutt.      SCAPOSE  MUSINEON.     (I.    F.   f.    2674.) 
Acaulescent  from  a  woody  root,  tufted,  glabrous,  5-15  cm.  high.     Leaves  decom- 
pound into  linear  acute  incised  segments;  umbel  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  5~i8-rayed; 
rays  4-10  mm.  long;   flowers  greenish  white  (?);  fruit  oblong,  nearly  smooth,  its 
ribs  rather  prominent  when  dry.     In  dry  rocky  places,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mts.     June -July. 

15.  BUPLEURUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  simple  entire  clasping  or  perfoliate  leaves,  and 
compound  umbels  of  yellow  or  greenish  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  none  in  our 
species.  Involucels  of  5  ovate  mucronate  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopo- 
dium conic.  Styles  short.  Fruit  oblong  or  oval,  somewhat  compressed  laterally. 
Carpels  angled,  with  slender  equal  ribs;  oil-tubes  none  in  our  species.  Seed-face 
concave.  [Greek,  ox-ribbed,  referring  to  the  leaves.]  About  65  species  of  wide 
distribution.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  northwestern  Am. 

i.  Bupleurum  rotundifolium  L.  HARE'S  EAR.  THOROUGH-WAX.  (I.  F.  f. 
2677.)  Annual,  rather  stiff,  glabrous,  pale,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate, 
or  oval,  mostly  obtuse,  mucronate,  2-4  cm.  long,  perfoliate,  or  the  lowest  narrowed 
into  a  petiole;  umbels  3-6-rayed,  the  rays  seldom  over  8  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the 
involucels  about  as  long  as  the  rays,  yellowish;  fruit  glabrous,  about  3  mm.  long. 
In  fields,  N.  H.  to  N.  Car.,  S.  Dak.,  Kans.  and  Ark.  Also  in  the  Southwest. 
Nat.  from  Europe.  July-Aug. 

Bupleiirum  Odontltes  L.,  with  narrowly  linear  leaves,  also  European,  has  been 
found  in  waste  places  in  Mass. 

16.  APIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals 
ovate,  mostly  inflexed  at  the  apex.  Stylopodium  depressed,  or  short-conic.  Fruit 
ovate,  or  broader  than  long,  smooth,  or  tuberculate.  Carpels  mostly  with  promi- 
nent ribs,  somewhat  5 -angled;  oil-tubes  mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the 
commissural  side.  Seed  terete,  or  nearlv  so.  [Latin  name  of  these  or  some  simi- 
lar plants.]  About  15  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  2  or  3 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Leaf-segments  broad.  i.  A.  graveolens. 

Leaf-segments  very  narrow.  2.  A.  leptophyUum. 

i.  Apium  graveolens  L.  CELERY.  (I.  F.  f.  2688.)  Glabrous;  stem  3-9 
dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnate;  leaf-segments  3  or  5,  thin,  broadly  ovate  to  oval, 
coarsely  toothed  and  often  incised;  umbels  3-7  rayed;  involucre  and  involucels 
small,  or  none;  flowers  small,  short-pedicelled;  fruit  oval,  scarcely  I  mm.  long,  the 
ribs  somewhat  winged;  oil-tubes  mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2  on  the  com- 
missural side.  In  waste  places,  escaped  from  cultivation  in  Va.  and  nat.  in  salt 
marshes  on  the  coast  of  Cal.  Native  of  Europe.  May-July. 


678  FLORA. 

2.  Apium  leptoph^llum  (DC.)  F.  Muell.  FINE-LEAVED  MARSH  PARSLEY, 
(I.  F.  f.  2689.)  Slender,  much  branched,  0.7-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ternately  pinna- 
tisected,  the  ultimate  segments  narrow,  often  incised;  umbels  1-4  cm.  broad,  oppo- 
site the  leaves;  fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  ribs  equal  and  promi- 
nent. In  moist  grounds,  N.  J. ;  "  St.  Louis,  Mo."  (Nuttall).  Common  in  the  South- 
ern  States.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  Am.  and  the  Old  World.  June-Aug. 

.        17.  AMMOSELINUM  T.  &  G. 

Low  annuals,  with  ternately  divided  finely"  dissected  leaves,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  terminal  slender-rayed  umbels.  Involucels  of  a  few  linear  or  dissected 
bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  laterally  flattened,  strongly  ribbed,  the  ribs 
tuberculate  or  spinulose-tuberculate ;  pericarp  thick  and  dense;  oil-tubes  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  and  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Styles  and  conic  stylopodium  short. 
[Greek,  sand-parsley.]  Two  known  species,  of  the  southwestern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

i.  Ammoselinum  Popei  T.  £  G.  POPE'S  SAND-PARSLEY.  (I.  F.  f.  2668.) 
Diffusely  branched,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  the  branches,  rays  of  the  umbels  and  pedicels 
rough.  Lower  leaves  slender-petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  all  dissected 
into  linear  segments  about  i  mm.  wide;  involucre  usually  of  I  dissected  leaf  or  more; 
longer  rays  of  the  umbels  2.5  cm.  long  in  fruit,  or  less,  the  shorter  ones  often  I- 
flowered;  fruit  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long,  narrowed  above,  2  mm.  wide,  or  a  little  more, 
the  ribs  rather  strongly  tubercled,  or  even  spinulose.  In  sandy  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex., 
Mex.  and  Ariz.  April-May. 

18.  PETROSELINUM  Hoffm. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  i-3-pinnate  leaves,  and  yellow  or  yellowish 
flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Calyx- teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  short-conic. 
Fruit  ovate.  Carpels  with  5  filiform  ribs.  Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on 
the  commissural  side.  [Greek,  rock-parsley.]  A  genus  of  5  European  species. 

I.  Petroselinum  Petrpselinum  (L.)  Karst.  PARSLEY.  (I.  F.  f.  2687.) 
Usually  biennial,  3-9  dm.  high,  glabrous.  Leaves  bipinnate,  the  segments  ovate, 
dentate,  or  incised,  or  those  of  the  upper  leaves  linear-oblong  and  entire;  umbels 
peduncled,  2.5-6  cm.  broad,  15— 2O-rayed;  pedicels  about  3mm.  long;  involucre  of 
2-4  linear  bracts;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  subulate;  fruit  glabrous,  about  4  mm. 
long,  the  ribs  rather  prominent  when  dry.  Md.  to  Ont.,  escaped  from  cultivation. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Summer.  \_Apiwn  Petroselinum  L.J 

19.  ZIZIA  Koch. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  ternate  or  ternately  compound  leaves,  or  the  basal  ones 
undivided,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  none;  involucels 
of  several  small  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Stylopodium  none.  Styles  elon- 
gated. Fruit  ovoid,  or  oblong,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  compressed,  the 
ribs  filiform,  wingless;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  with  a  small  one  under  each 
rib.  Seed-face  flat.  [In  honor  of  I.  B.  Ziz,  a  Rhenish  botanist.]  Three  species. 

Basal  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound. 

Rays  of  the  umbel  numerous,  stout;  fruit  4  mm.  long.  i.  Z.  aurea. 

Rays  of  the  umbel  2-12,  slender;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long.  2.  Z.  Bebbii. 

Basal  leaves  cordate,  undivided  ;  fruit  about  3  mm.  long.  3.  Z.  cordata. 

1.  Zizia  aurea  (L.)  Koch.     EARLY  OR  GOLDEN  MEADOW-PARSNIP.     (I.  F. 
f.  2690.)     Glabrous,  3-8  dm.  high.      Basal  and  lower  leaves  2-3-ternately  com- 
pound,  the   segments  ovate,   or   ovate-lanceolate,   2-5  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate; 
upper  leaves  shorter-petioled,  ternate;  rays  9-25,  stout,  ascending,  2-5  cm.  long; 
fruit  oblong.     In  fields,  meadows  and  swamps,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  Fla.  and 
Tex.     April-June. 

2.  Zizia     Bebbii  (Coult.  &  Rose)    Britton.     BEBB'S    ZIZIA.      (I.  F.  f.  2691.) 
Slender,  ascending,  3-6  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  2-3 -ternate,  the  seg- 
ments ovate,  oblong   or  oval,  mostly  obtuse,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate;  stem- 
leaves  ternate,  or  biternate,  their    segments  lanceolate,   generally  narrower  than 


UMBELLIFERAE.  679 

those  of  the  preceding;  rays  2-12,  slender,  divergent,  2-8  cm.  long;  fruit  oval,  or 
broader  than  long.  Mountain  woods,  Va.  and  \V.  Va.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ga.  May. 
3.  Zizia  cordata  (Walt.)  DC.  HEART-LEAVED  ALEXANDERS.  (I.  F.  f. 
2692.)  Glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent,  6-9  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  or  orbicular,  undivided,  deeply  cordate,  sometimes  1.5  dm.  long, 
crenate ;  stem-leaves  ternate,  or  rarely  quinate,  the  segments  ovate,  or  oval,  cre- 
nate,  orlobed;  rays  7-16,  ascending,  2-5  cm.  long;  fruit  ovate,  or  oval.  In  woods, 
Conn,  to  Minn.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ga.,  Mo.,  Wyo.  and  Ore.  May-June. 

20.  CICUTA   L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  tall  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  compound  leaves, 
and  terminal  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  of  few  bracts,  or  none;  involu- 
cels  many-bracted.  Calyx-teeth  acute.  Stylopodium  short-conic;  fruit  ovate  to 
oblong,  glabrous,  slightly  flattened  laterally.  Ribs  corky,  the  lateral  ones  strongest; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  nearly  terete. 
[The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone 
and  Mex.  Besides  the  following,  about  4  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaf-segments  lanceolate.  i.  C.  maculata. 

Leaf-segments  narrowly  linear.  2.  C.  bulbifera, 

1.  Cicuta  maculata  L.   WATER  HEMLOCK.   MUSQUASH  ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  2694.) 
Stout,  9-18  dm.   high,  the  stem  marked  with  purple  lines.     Roots  several,  tuberi- 
form;  leaves  petioled,   bipinnate,   or  tripinnate,  the  lower  often  3  dm.  long;  leaf- 
segments  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  their  veins  apparently  ending  in  the  notches; 
umbellets  many-flowered;  pedicels  unequal;  fruit  ovate,  or  oval,  2-3  mm.  long.    In 
swamps,  N.  B.  to  Manitoba.  Fla.  and  N.  Mex.     Poisonous.     June-Aug. 

2.  Cicuta  bulbifera  L.     BULB-BEARING  WATER  HEMLOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  2695.) 
Slender,  3-10  dm.  high.     Roots  few,  tuberiform.     Leaves  2-3- pinnate,  the  upper 
ones    less    divided,    smaller,    and  bearing   clustered  bulblets  in  their  axils;  leaf- 
segments  linear,  sparingly  serrate  with  distant  teeth;  fruit  broadly  ovate,  slightly 
more  than  2  mm.  long.    In  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Del.,  Manitoba,  Ind.  and  Neb.   July- 
Sept. 

21.  DERINGA  Adans.    [CRYPTOTAENIA  DC.] 

A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  3-divided  leaves,  and  irregular  umbels  of  white 
flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  none.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium 
conic;  fruit  oblong,  laterally  compressed,  glabrous.  Carpels  nearly  terete,  the  ribs 
equal,  obtuse;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  also  beneath  each  rib.  Seed- 
iace  flat  or  nearly  so.  [Said  to  be  named  for  Deering  or  Bering.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  Japan. 

i.  Deringa  Canadensis  (L.)  Kuntze.  HONEWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2696.)  Erect, 
3-9  dm.  high.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  long- petioled,  3-divided,  the  segments 
thin,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  incised,  or  some- 
times lobed,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  nearly  sessile,  the  terminal  one  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  margined  incised  stalk;  umbels  4-io-rayed;  fruit  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  4-6  mm.  long,  often  curved.  In  woods,  N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.,  Ga.  and 
Tex.  June-July. 

22.  CARUM  L. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  white  or  yellowish 
flowers  in  terminal  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Stylopodium  conic;  fruit  ovate, 
or  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  glabrous.  Carpels  somewhat  5-angled,  the  ribs 
filiform,  or  inconspicuous;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2  on  the  com- 
missural side.  Seed  dorsally  flattened,  its  face  flat  or  slightly  concave.  [Greek, 
caraway.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  warm  regions.  Besides  the 
following,  about  4  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Carum  Carui  L.  CARAWAY.  CARVIES.  (I.  F.  f.  2693.)  Biennial  or  some- 
times perennial,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnatisected  into  linear  or  filiform  seg- 
ments; involucre  of  1-3  linear  bracts,  or  none;  involucels  commonly  none;  umbels 


680  FLORA. 

7-io-rayed;  rays  1-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit  oblong,  usually  slightly  curved,  about 
4  mm.  long,  the  ribs  conspicuous  when  mature.  Occasional  in  waste  places,  Newf. 
to  S.  Dak.,  Penn.  and  Colo.  Adventive  from  Europe.  May-July. 

23.  TAENI'DIA  Drude. 

A  glabrous  perennial  herb,  with  2-3-ternate  leaves  and  compound  umbels  of 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  none.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopo- 
dium  broadly  conic.  Fruit  oval,  more  or  less  compressed.  Carpels  obscurely 
5 -angled  with  slender  equal  distant  ribs;  oil-tubes  numerous,  2-6  in  the  inter- 
vals. Seed-face  flat  or  slightly  convex.  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Taenidia  integerrima  (L.)  Drude.  YELLOW  PIMPERNEL.  (I.  F.  f.  2670.) 
Erect,  somewhat  glaucous,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  2-3-ternate,  the  upper  with 
short  dilated  petioles,  the  lower  long-petioled;  segments  ovate,  oval,  or  lanc-eolate, 
obtuse,  or  acutish  and  often  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  entire,  1-2.5  cm.  long; 
rays  10-20 ;  pedicels  slender;  fruit  oval,  about  4  mm.  long.  In  rocky  or  sandy 
soil,  Quebec  to  N.  Car.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  Miss.  May-June.  \Pimpinella 
integerrima  A.  Gray.] 

24.  PIMPINELLA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  mostly  with  ternately  compound  leaves  and  white  flowers  in 
compound  umbels.  Involucre  and  involucels  none  in  our  species.  Stylopodium 
broadly  conic.  Fruit  oval  to  ovate,  compressed.  Carpel- ribs  slender.  Oil-tubes 
2-6  in  the  intervals.  About  75  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Pimpinella  Saxifraga  L.  BENNET.  PIMPERNEL.  (I.  F.  f.  2671.)  Erect, 
3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnate;  segments  of  the  lower  9-19,  sharply  serrate,  or 
incised,  ovate,  or  nearly  orbicular,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  umbels  7~2O-rayed;  rays 
2-4  cm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit  oval.  In  waste  places,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  N.  J.  and  Ohio. 
Adventive  from  Europe.  June-Oct. 

25.  AEGOPODIUM  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  l-2-ternate  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of  white 
flowers.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  none,  or  rarely  few  and  early  de- 
ciduous. Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  thick,  conic.  Fruit  ovate- oblong, 
glabrous,  somewhat  compressed.  Carpels  obscurely  5-angled,  the  ribs  equal,  dis- 
tant; oil-tubes  none.  [Greek,  goat-foot.]  Two  species,  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  AEgopodium  Podagraria  L.  GOUTWEED.  GOUTWORT.  HERB-GERARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  2702.)  Erect,  glabrous,  4-7  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  biternate, 
the  primary  divisions  stalked,  the  segments  ovate,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded,  or  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate,  3-8  cm.  long;  umbels 
long-peduncled,  9-25 -rayed;  rays  2.5  cm.  long  in  fruit  or  more;  fruit  about  4  mm. 
long,  scarcely  2  mm.  wide,  the  styles  deflected.  In  waste  places,  Mass,  to  Penn. 
and  Del.  Adventive  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

26.  EULOPHUS  Nut*. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  deep  tubers  jots,  ternately  compound  leaves, 
and  long-peduncled  compound  umbels  of  v  .ite  or  pinkish  flowers.  Involucre 
generally  of  I  bract,  sometimes  none.  Involucels  of  several  bracts.  Calyx-teeth 
usually  prominent.  Stylopodium  conic.  Styles  recurved.  Fruit  glabrous,  linear 
to  oblong  in  our  species;  ribs  filiform,  with  1—5  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals.  Seed- 
face  concave.  [Greek,  well-plumed.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

i.  Eulophus  Americanus  Nutt.  EASTERN  EULOPHUS.  (I.  F.  f.  2675.)  Erect, 
9-15  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  large,  long-petioled;  segments  linear; 
umbels  7-10  cm.  broad,  the  rays  6-12,  very  slender.  5-10  cm.  long;  involucels  of 
narrowly  lanceolate  acuminate  bracts;  pedicels  almost  filiform,  8-16  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  flowers  whitish  (?);  fruit  oblong,  4-6  mm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Kans., 
Tenn.  and  Ark.  July. 

27.  SIUM  L. 

Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  simply  pinnate  stem-leaves,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  often  pinnatisected,  and  large  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  and 


UMBELL1FERAE. 

involucels  of  numerous  narrow  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Styles  short.  Fruit 
ovate  or  oval,  somewhat  compressed.  Carpels  with  prominent  ribs;  oil-tubes 
1-3  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  flat.  [Greek  name  of  a  marsh  plant.]  About  8 
species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  South  Africa. 

Plant  stout,  6-18  dm.  high;  leaf-segments  7-17,  i.  S.  cicutaefolium. 

Plant  weak,  3-9  dm.  high;  leaf -segments  3-7.  2.  S.  Carsoni. 

1.  Slum  cicutaefolium  Gmel.     HEMLOCK  WATER-PARSNIP.     (I.  F.  f.  2685.) 

Erect,  stout.  Lower  leaves  long-petioled,  the  uppermost  nearly  sessile;  leaf-seg- 
ments linear,  or  lanceolate,  3-13  cm.  long,  3-25  mm.  wide,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate ;  or  the  lowermost  pectinately  dissected ;  umbels  8-2O-ray ed ;  rays  1-4  cm. 
long;  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  about  3  mm.  long.  In  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col., 
Fla.,  La.  and  Cal.  Very  variable  in  leaf- form.  July-Oct. 

2.  Sium  Carsoni   Durand.     CARSON'S  WATER-PARSNIP.     (I.   F.   f.  2686.) 
Stem  slender,    3-6   dm.    long.     Leaf  segments   3-7,   those  of    the   upper   leaves 
linear,  or  lanceolate,  acute,   or  acuminate,  2-5   cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  sharply 
serrate;    lower  leaves   often    floating    and  very  thin,  the    segments   broader   and 
laciniate.  or  dissected;    umbels  7-15  rayed;    rays    1-2.5    cm-  long   *n   *""*•     *n 
streams,  Me.  to  R.  I.  and  Penn.     July-Aug. 

28.  BERULA  Hoffm. 

A  glabrous  aquatic  or  marsh  perennial,  with  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  or  some- 
times incised  leaf- segments,  and  terminal  compound  umbels  of  white  flowers. 
Involucre  and  involucels  of  several  narrow  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  very  small.  Stylo- 
podium  conic;  styles  short.  Fruit  subglobose,  slightly  flattened  laterally,  glabrous, 
the  ribs  very  slender,  the  pericarp  thick  and  corky ;  oil-tubes  numerous  and  close 
together  along  the  inner  side  of  the  pericarp.  Seed-face  flat.  [Latin  name  of  the 
watercress.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Berula  erecta  (Huds.)  Coville.  CUT-LEAVED  WATER-PARSNIP.  (I.  F.  f. 
2701.)  Erect,  rather  stout,  much  branched,  1.5-9  dm.  high.  Leaflets  7-19, 
ovate,  oval,  or  linear-oblong,  deeply  serrate,  laciniate,  or  lobed,  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng» 
4-10  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  commonly  more  laciniate  than  those 
of  the  lower;  umbels  numerous,  short- peduncled,  io-2O-rayed;  rays  1-6  cm.  long 
in  fruit;  pedicels  3-6  mm.  long;  fruit  less  than  2  mm.  long,  nearly  orbicular, 
somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  the  ribs  inconspicuous.  In  swamps  and  streams, 
southern  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mass.  (?),  N.  Y.,  111.,  Kans.,  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
to  N.  Mex,  and  to  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 

29.  PTILIMNIUM  Raf.    [DISCOPLEURA  DC.] 

Annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  dissected  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of  white 
flowers.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  filiform  or  dissected  in  our  species.  Calyx-teeth 
obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  the  apex  inflexed.  Stylopodium  conic;  fruit  ovate,  slightly 
compressed,  glabrous.  Carpels  dorsally  compressed,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs  prominent,  slender,  the  lateral  ones  thick  and  corky ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals.  Seed-face  flat.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  finely  divided  leaves.]  Besides 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  Texas  and  one  in  the  East  Indies. 

Involucral  bracts  mostly  pinnate;  fruit  2-3  mm.  long.  i.  P.  capillaceum. 

Involucral  bracts  short,  entire;  fruit  1-1.5  mm-  long-  2.  P.  Nuttallii. 

1.  Ptilimnium  capillaceum  (Michx.)  Raf.     MOCK  BISHOP-WEED.    (I.  F.  f. 
2699.)     Slender,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  finely  dissected  into  filiform  segments;  in- 
volucral  bracts  or  some   of   them  pinnately  parted;   involucels  of  several  linear 
bracts;  umbels  5-10  cm.  broad,  5-20  rayed;  fruit  ovate,  acute.     In  wet  soil,  espe- 
cially brackish  meadows,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Tex.     June-Oct. 

2.  Ptilimnium   Nuttallii  (DC.)  Britton.     NUTTALL'S  MOCK  BISHOP-WEED. 
(I.   F.   f.    2700.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  generally  stouter,  6-9  dm.  high, 
the  branches  nearly  erect.     Umbels  7-25 -rayed;  bracts   of  the   involucre    linear, 
entire,   short,  those  of  the  involucels  minute;  fruit  ovate -orbicular,  obtusish.     la 
swamps,  111  to  Kans.,  La.  and  Tex.     May-Sept. 


682  FLORA. 


30.  CYNOSCIADIUM  DC. 

Glabrous  annuals,  the  lower  and  basal  leaves  mostly  linear  and  entire,  those  of 
the  stem  mainly  divided  into  few  linear  segments.  Involucres  and  involucels  of 
several  subulate  or  narrowly  linear  bracts.  -Flowers  small,  white,  in  compound 
umbels.  Calyx-teeth  short,  persistent.  Fruit  ovoid,  or  oblong,  nearly  terete, 
strongly  ribbed,  the  lateral  ribs  the  larger;  oil- tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2 
on  the  commissural  side  of  each  carpel.  Seed-face  flat.  Stylopodium  conic. 
[Greek,  dog-celery.]  Two  known  species,  natives  of  the  southern  U.  S. 

I.  Cynosciadium  pinnatum  DC.  PINNATE  CYNOSCIADIUM.  (I.  F.  f.  2659.) 
Stem  3-6  dm.  high.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  petioled,  the  blade  elongated-linear, 
entire,  acuminate  or  acute  at  each  end,  2-8  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  pinnately  divid- 
ed into  3-9  linear  entire  segments,  the  terminal  segment  much  larger  than  the 
lateral  ones,  or  some  of  them  entire;  bracts  4-6  mm.  long;  umbels  4-io-rayed;  rays 
very  slender ;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  crowned  by  the  ovate 
calyx-teeth.  In  wet  soil,  Mo.  to  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Tex.  May-Aug. 

OEnanthe  aquatica  (L.)  Poir.,  a  tall  usually  aquatic  herb  with  finely  dissected  leaves, 
the  umbels  mostly  opposite  them,  the  involucre  wanting  and  the  involucels  of  small 
bracts,  has  been  found  as  a  fugitive  at  Washington,  D.  C.  \OE.  Pliellandrium  Lam.] 

31.  LILAEOPSIS    Greene.     [CRANTZIA  Nutt.] 

Small  creeping  glabrous  perennial  marsh  herbs,  the  leaves  reduced  to  linear 
terete  septate  hollow  petioles,  with  simple  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  several,  small.  Calyx-teeth  acute.  Stylopodium  conic.  Fruit  glabrous, 
globular,  somewhat  flattened  laterally.  Carpels  nearly  terete,  the  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  ones  much  larger  and  corky-thickened,  the  com- 
missural faces  each  with  a  corky  longitudinal  projection;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals.  Seed  terete.  [Greek,  resembling  the  genus  Lilaea.~\  A  small  genus  of 
wide  distribution. 

i.  Lilaeopsis  lineata  (Michx.)  Greene.  LILAEOPSIS.  (I.  F.  f.  2658.)  Root- 
ing in  the  mud,  5-13  cm.  long.  Petioles  linear-spatulate,  obtuse,  generally  2-8 
cm.  long,  but  sometimes  longer,  about  3  mm.  thick;  peduncles  somewhat  exceeding 
the  leaves  ;  umbels  5-iO-rayed,  the  rays  3-6  mm.  long;  fruit  about  2  mm.  long.  In 
salt  and  brackish  marshes,  and  on  river-shores,  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Miss. 
June-Aug. 

32.    AETHUSA    L. 

Annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and  compound  umbels, 
both  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves.  Involucre  none,  or  of  a  single  bract.  Bracts 
of  the  involucels  1-5,  setaceous,  turned  to  one  side.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylo- 
podium broad,  thick.  Fruit  globose-ovoid,  glabrous.  Carpels  dorsally  compressed, 
the  ribs  prominent,  corky,  acute,  nearly  equal;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 
Seed-face  flat.  [Greek,  burningt  from  the  sharp  taste.]  A  monotypic  genus  of 
Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  AEthusa  Cynapium  L.  FOOL'S  PARSLEY.  (I.  F.  f.  2656.)  Erect,  leafy, 
dichotomously  branched,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  2-3 -pinnate;  petiole-bases  dilated; 
ultimate  segments  linear,  acutish;  umbels  long-peduncled,  5-8  cm.  broad  in  fruit, 
8-12-rayed;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  fruit  abouL  3  mm.  long.  In  waste  places,  N. 
S.  to  N.  J.  and  Minn.  Poisonous.  Adventive  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

33.  FOENICULUM  Adans. 

Erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  the  segments  linear  or 
capillary,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  none. 
Calyx- teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  large,  conic.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  glabrous, 
terete,  or  nearly  so.  Carpels  half-terete,  dorsally  flattened,  prominently  ribbed; 
oil  lubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  flat,  or  slightly  concave.  [Latin, 
diminutive  of  foenum,  hay,  from  its  odor.]  About  4  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Foeniculum  Foeniculum  (L. )  Karst.  FENNEL.  (I.  F.  f.  2669.)  Peren- 
nial, 6-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  dissected  into  capillary  segments;  petioles  broad, 
clasping;  umbels  large,  9-25 -rayed,  the  rays  rather  stout,  somewhat  glaucous, 
2-8  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  fruit  about  6  mm.  long.  In  waste 


UMBELLIFERAE.  683 

places,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Va.  and  La.    Escaped  from  gardens.     Adventive  from 
Europe.     July-Sept. 

Anethum  graveolens  L.,  DILLWEED,  similar  to  Fennel,  but  with  the  fruit  somewhat 
flattened  dorsally,  and  the  root  annual  or  biennial  has  been  found  in  waste  places  at 
Wilmington,  Dei. 

34-  LIGUSTICUM  L. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  aromatic  roots,  ternately  compound  leaves,  and 
large  compound  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  of  several  narrow  mostly 
deciduous  bracts.  Involucels  of  numerous  linear  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete. 
Stylopodium  conic.  Fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  scarcely  flattened.  Carpels  dorsaliy 
compressed,  the  ribs  prominent,  acute,  separated  by  broad  intervals;  oil-tub,  s  2-6 
in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  flat  or  slightly  concave.  [Named  from  Liguria,  where 
Lovage  abounds.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides 
the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  thin;  fruit  ovoid;  southern  species.  i.  L.  Canadense. 

Leaves  fleshy  ;  fruit  oblong ;  northern  seacoast  species.  2.  L.  ^coticum. 

1.  Ligusticum    Canadense   (L.)   Britton.     NONDO.     ANGELICO.     (I.  F.  f. 
2654.)     Stout,  0.6-1.8  m.  high.     Leaves  thin,  the  lower  and  basal  petioled,  often 
3  dm.  wide,  their  primary  divisions  ternate;  segments  ovate,  or  oval,   4-13  cm. 
long,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate,  or  those  of  the  uppermost  leaves 
linear-lanceolate  and  entire;  umbels  mostly  twice  compound,  sometimes  2.5  dm. 
broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  2-6,  linear;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long   in  fruit;  fruit 
ovoid,   4-6  mm.  long,  with  prominent  slightly  winged  ribs;  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the 
intervals;  seed  angled  on  the  back.     In  rich  woods,  southern  Penn.  to  Ga.,  Mo. 
and  Ky.    June-Aug. 

2.  Ligusticum  Scoticum  L.     SCOTCH  LOVAGE.     SEA  PARSLEY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2655.)     Stem  2.5-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  mostly   biternate,   the   segments    broadly 
obovate  or  oval,  2-10  cm.  long,  shining,  dentate;  umbels  5-10  cm.  broad  in  fruit; 
pedicels  4-10  mm.  long;  fruit  oblong,   6   10  mm.  long,   the   ribs    prominent   and 
somewhat  winged;   seed  rounded  on  the  back.     Along  salt  marshes,  Conn,  to  Lab. 
and  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  River.     Also  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  shores  of 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

35    COELOPLEURUM  Ledeb. 

Stout  and  tall  maritime  perennials,  with  large  2-3-ternate  leaves,  inflated 
petioles,  and  compound  umbels  of  greenish  white  flowers.  Involucre  of  a  few 
linear  deciduous  bracts,  or  none.  Involucels  of  numerous  linear  bracts.  Calyx- 
teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  oblong,  scarcely  flattened;  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  prominent,  corky-thickened,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  broader, 
acute,  but  not  winged;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  I  or  2  under  each  rib  and 
2-4  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp,  its  face  flat  or  slightly 
concave.  [Greek,  hollow-ribbed.]  Two  species,  one  widely  distributed  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  the  other  on  our  northwestern  coast. 

i.  Coelopleurum  Graelini  (DC.)  Ledeb.  SEACOAST  ANGELICA.  (I.  F.  f. 
2657.)  Branching,  6-9  dm.  high,  the  umbels  and  upper  part  of  the  stem  puberu- 
lent.  Lower  leaves  large,  2-3-ternate,  the  segments  thin,  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, sharply  dentate  and  incised,  3-6  cm.  long;  umbels  7-13  cm.  broad, 
io-25-rayed;  pedicels  slender,  6-12  mm.  long;  fruit  5-7  mm.  long.  Seacoast, 
Greenland  to  Mass. ,  on  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  River  and  the  Pacific  coast.  Also 
on  the  coasts  of  eastern  Asia.  Summer. 

36.  THASPIUM  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  ternate  or  ternately  compound  leaves,  or  the  basal  ones 
sometimes  undivided,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow  or  purple  flowers.  Invo- 
lucre none,  or  of  1-3  bracts.  Involucels  of  several  small  bracts.  Calyx-teeth 
prominent,  acute.  Stylopodium  none.  Style  slender.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  scarcely  flattened.  Carpels  somewhat  dorsally  flattened, 
the  ribs  or  at  least  some  of  them  strongly  winged;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals. Seed-face  flat.  [Name  from  the  island  Thapsus.j  About  3  species,  natives 
of  eastern  N.  Am. 


684  FLORA. 

Leaves  mostly  ternate;  segments  crenate,  thickish.  I.   T.  trifoliatum. 
Leaves  mostly  biternate;  segments  incised  or  lobed,  rather  thin. 

Segments  ovate,  incised.  2.    7\  barbinode. 

Segments  pinnatifid  into  oblong  lobes.  3.   7'.  pinnatifidum. 

1.  Thaspium  trifoliatum  (L.)  Britton.     PURPLE   MEADOW-PARSNIP.     (I.  F. 
f.  2651.)     Glabrous;  stems  3-6  dm.  high.     Upper  stem-leaves  short-petioled,  ter- 
nate, or  rarely  biternate,  the  segments  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long; 
basal  leaves  long-petioled,  sometimes  undivided;  umbels  2-5   cm.    broad;  petals 
dark  purple;  fruit  nearly  4  mm.  long,  all  the  ribs  usually  winged.     In  woods,  R. 
I.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     June-July. 

Thaspium  trifoliitum  aureum  (Nutt.)   Britton.     Flowers  yellow.     Range  of  the  type. 

2.  Thaspium  barbinode  (Michx.)  Nutt.     HAIRY-JOINTED  MEADOW-PARSNIP. 
(I.  F.  f.  2652.)     Erect,  6-12  dm.  high,  pubescent  at  the  joints  and  sometimes  also 
on.  the  shoots  and  rays  of  the  umbels.     Leaves  petioled,  mostly  bipinnate;  seg- 
ments acute,  incised-serrate  or  cleft,  2-5  cm.  long;  umbels  2-5  cm.  broad;  flowers 
light  yellow;   fruit  nearly  6  mm.  long,  usually  glabrous,   7  of  the  ribs  commonly 
broadly  winged.    Along  streams,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Kans.,  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Ark.     May- 
June. 

Thaspium  barbinbde  angustifolium  Coult.  &  Rose.  Leaf-segments  more  sharply 
cleft  into  narrower  lobes;  fruit  puberulent.  Penn.  to  W.  Va.  and  111. 

3.  Thaspium    pinnatifidum    (Buckl.)    A.    Gray.     CUT-LEAVED    MEADOW- 
PARSNIP.     (I.  F.  f.  2653.)    Divergently  branched,  6-12  dm.  high,  more  pubescent 
than  the  preceding.     Leaves  ternately  pinnatifid  into  numerous  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong  lobes,  the  basal  ones  long-petioled  and  very  large;  flowers  light  yellow; 
fruit  3-5   mm.  long,  puberulent,  all  the  ribs  winged,  but  7  of  the  wings  broader 
than  the  other  3.     In  woods  and  copses,  Ky.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     June. 

37.  CONIOSELINUM  Hoffm. 

Perennial  glabrous  branching  herbs,  with  decompound  leaves,  and  compound 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  none,  or  of  a  few  short  bracts.  Involucels  of 
narrowly  linear  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed-conic.  Fruit 
oval  or  oblong,  dorsally  flattened.  Carpels  with  prominent  approximate  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  broadly  winged.  Oil-tubes  mostly  2  or  3  in 
the  intervals,  and  4-8  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed-face  slightly  concave,  its 
back  strongly  convex.  [Greek,  hemlock-parsley.]  Besides  the  following,  some 
3  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Conioselinum  Chinense  (L.)  B.S.P.  HEMLOCK-PARSLEY.  (I.  F.  f. 
2638.)  Stem  terete,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  decompound  into  linear-oblong  acutish 
segments;  petioles  sheathing;  umbels  5-8  cm.  broad,  g-i6-rayed;  rays  3-6  cm. 
long;  pedicels  slender,  4-6  mm.  long;  fruit  broadly  oval,  about  4  mm.  long.  In 
cold  swamps,  Lab.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  N.  Car.,  Minn.,  Wis.  and  Ind.  Aug.-Sept. 

38.  ANGELICA  L. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  compound  leaves  and  large  umbels  of  white  flowers 
(in  our  species).  Involucre  none,  or  of  a  few  small  bracts.  Involucels  of  several 
small  bracts,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  ovate  or  oval, 
dorsally  compressed.  Dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  prominent,  the  lateral  ones 
broadly  winged.  Oil-tubes  solitary  or  several  in  the  intervals,  2-10  on  the  com- 
missural side.  [Named  for  its  supposed  healing  virtues.]  About  30  species,  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  and  New  Zealand.  Besides  the  following,  some  13  others 
occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Umbels  glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  leaf-segments  acute  or  acutish. 

Oil-tubes  i  (rarely  2-3)  in  the  intervals ;  wings  broader  than  the  carpels 

1.  A.  Curtisii. 
Oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous;  wings  narrower  than  the  carpels. 

2.  A.  atropurpurea. 
Umbels  densely  tomentose;  leaf-segments  obtuse.                                 3.  A.  villosa, 

i.  Angelica  Curtisii  Buckl.  CURTIS'  ANGELICA.  (I.  F.  f.  2635.)  Plant 
(>-io  dm.  high.  Leaves  biternate,  the  lower  long-stalked,  the  divisions  pinnate, 


UMBELLIFERAE.  685 

the  upper  mostly  reduced  to  inflated  petioles;  segments  sharply  and  irregularly 
dentate  or  incised,  5-10  cm.  long;  umbels  7-15  cm.  broad,  g-25-rayed;  rays 
4-8  cm.  long;  pedicels  8-12  mm.  long;  fruit  oval,  glabrous,  4-6  mm.  long,  emar- 
ginate  at  the  base.  In  woods,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ga.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Angelica  atropurpurea  L.  GREAT  OR  PURPLE-STEMMED  ANGELICA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2636.)  Stout,  1-2  m.  high,  glabrous,  or  the  umbel  slightly  rough-hairy. 
Lower  leaves  often  6  dm.  wide,  biternate  and  the  divisions  pinnate,  the  upper  ones 
smaller,  all  with  bnxid  dilated  petioles;  segments  oval  or  ovate,  serrate  and  often 
incised,  3-5  cm.  long;  umbels  sometimes  2.5  dm.  broad,  9-25-rayed,  the  rays 
5-10  cm.  lon^;  fruit  broadly  oval,  6-8  mm.  long,  slightly  emarginate  at  the  base. 
In  swamps  and  moist  ground,  Lub.  to  Minn.,  Del.  and  III.  June-July. 

3  Angelica  viilosi  (Walt.)  B  S.P.  PUBESCENT  ANGELICA.  (I.  F.  f.  2637.) 
Rather  slender,  6-12  dm.  high,  the  umbels  and  upper  part  of  the  stem  tomentose- 
canescent.  Lower  leaves  ternate  or  biternate,  the  divisions  pinnate,  the  segments 
thick,  oval,  rather  finely  dentate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  2-5  cm.  long;  upper  leaves 
mostly  reduced  to  sheathing  petioles;  umbels  5-10  cm.  broad,  7~3O-rayed;  rays 
2-4  cm.  long;  fruit  broadly  oval,  emarginate  at  the  base,  6  mm.  long,  finely  pu- 
bescent; lateral  wings  about  as  broad  as  the  carpels;  oil-tubes  generally  3-6  in 
the  intervals.  In  dry  soil,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.  July -Aug. 

Angeli:a  sylv^stris  L.,  of  Europe,  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  with  acute  or 
acutish  leaf-segments,  their  teeth  acuminate,  is  reported  as  occurring  on  Cape  Breton 
Island. 

39.  LEVISTICUM  Koch. 

A  perennial  herb,  with  decompound  leaves,  the  segments  broad,  cuneate,  and 
large  umbels  of  whitish  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  of  numerous 
narrow  bricts.  Fruit  ovite- oblong,  somewhat  flattened  dorsally;  primary  ribs 
winged;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  A  nionotypic  genus. 

i.  Levisticum  Levisticum  (L.)  Karst.  LOVAGE.  Glabrous,  tall.  Leaves 
i-3-pinnately  divided,  the  segments  5-  o  cm.  long,  acute,  deeply  cleft  or  those  of 
the  upper  leaves  entire;  umbels  7-10  cm.  broad.  In  waste  places,  Vt.,  Conn,  and 
N.  Y.  \JJ.gusticum  Levisticum  L.j 

40.  CYMOPTERUS  Raf.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial'  subscapose  herbs,  with  thick  roots,  pinnately  decompound  leaves, 
and  white  flowers  (in  our  species)  in  peduncled  umbels.  Involucels  of  I  to  numer- 
ous bracts.  Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Stylopodium  depressed  or  wanting 
Carpels  dorsally  flattened,  with  3-5  flat  equal  wings;  oil-tubes  several  or  soli- 
tary m  the  intervals.  [Greek,  wave- winged,  referring  to  the  fruit]  About  n 
species,  natives  of  western  and  central  N.  Am. 

Involucre  none.  ^  c  acauKs. 

Involucre  prominent.  ^  -c  montanus. 

1.  Cymoptenis  acaulis  (Pursh)  Rydberg.     PLAINS  CYMOPTERUS.     (I.  F.  f. 
2649.)     Stem  seldom  over  2.5  cm.  high.    Leaves  0.7-2  dm.  long,  slender-petioled, 
pinnate  or  bipmnate  into  linear-oblong  obtuse  segments;  umbels  slender-peduncled, 
capitate,  2.5  cm.  broad  or  less;  rays  2-5  mm.  long;  involucre  none;  involucel  of  a 
single   palmately-lobed  bractlet;    fruit  broadly  oval,    about  6  mm.    in    diameter- 
mi-tubes  4  or  5  in  the  intervals.     In  dry  soil,  Minn,  and  Wis.  to  Ark.,  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  Br.  Col.  and  Colo.     April-May. 

2.  Cymopterus   montanus  T.    &  G.     MOUNTAIN  CYMOPTERUS.     (I.  F.  f. 
2650.)     Similar   to   the  preceding,   somewhat  glaucous,   or  very  slightly  pubes- 
cent.    Leaves  2-15  cm.  high,  pinnate,  or  bipinnate,  the  segments  oblong,  obtuse- 
peduncles  stout,   2-15  cm.   high;  involucre  and  involucels  of  broad  membranou: 
somewhat  united  veined  bracts;  umbels  2-5  cm.  broad  in  fruit;  rays  several,  6-iS 
mm.  long;  fruit  ellipsoid,  6-12  mm.   long,  the  carpels  broadly  3-C-winged;  oil- 
tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals.     Dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Wyo.  and  Tex.     March-April. 

41.  POLYTAENIA  DC. 

Perennial,  nearly  glabrous  herbs,  with  p'nnately  decompound  leaves,  and  com- 
pound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  none,  or  rarely  of  \  or  2  linear  bracts. 


686  FLORA. 

Involucels  of  a  few  subulate  deciduous  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  prominent,  triangular. 
Petals  obovate-cuneate,  with  a  long  incurved  tip.  Stylopodium  none.  Fruit  oval 
or  obovate,  flattened  dorsally,  thick  and  corky;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
obscure,  the  lateral  ones  with  thick  wings  which  form  a  broad  margin  to  the  fruit, 
and  are  nerved  toward  the  outer  margin;  oil-tubes  12-18,  contiguous,  with  numer- 
ous smaller  ones  irregularly  disposed  in  the  thick  pericarp.  Seed  flat.  [Greek, 
many-fillets,  or  oil-tubes.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Polytaenia  Nuttallii  DC.  POLYTAENIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2644.)  Stem  slightly 
scabrous,  lealy,  3-9  dm.  high;  roots  fusiform.  Leaves  pinnate,  the  segments 
deeply  pinnatifid  or  parted,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lobes  ovate,  oblong  or  obovate;  umbels 
6-1- -rayed,  2. 5 -6  cm.  broad;  rays  scabrous,  1-6  cm.  long;  pedicels  finely  pubes- 
cent, 2-4  mm.  long;  fruit  glabrous,  6-10  mm.  long,  I  mm.  thick,  the  margins 
obtuse,  the  central  part  oi  both  carpels  depressed  when  dry.  Dry  soil,  Mich,  and 
Wis.  to  Tenn.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and  La.  April-May. 

42.  OXYPOLIS  Raf.     [ARCHEMORA  DC.] 

Perennial  glabrous  marsh  herbs,  from  clustered  tuberous  roots,  with  pinnate  or 
ternate  leaves,  or  in  one  species  the  leaves  reduced  to  hollow  jointed  phyllodes,  and 
compound  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  none,  or  of  a  few  linear  bracts. 
Involucels  of  small  bracts,  or  none.  Calyx-teeth  acute.  Stylopodium  thick,  conic. 
Fruit  glabrous,  dorsally  compressed,  oval  or  obovate;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
slender,  the  lateral  ones  winged,  strongly  nerved  along  the  inner  margin  of  the 
wing,  the  carpels  appearing  as  if  equally  5-ribbed.  Oil- tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2-6  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed-face  nearly  flat.  Four  known  species, 
natives  of  N.  Am. 

Leaves  all  reduced  to  hollow  usually  jointed  phyllodes.  i.  O.filiformis. 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate.  2.   O.  rigida. 

1.  Oxypolis   filiformis  (Walt.)    Britton.      OXYPOLIS.     (I.  F.  f.  2639.)     Stem 
hollow,    6-12  dm.    high.      Leaves   2.5-45   cm.    long;  involucre  of  several    linear- 
subulate  bracts;  umbels  4-10  cm.  br.  ad,  6-15-rayed;  rays  1-5  cm.  long;  pedicels 
4-8  mm.  long;  fruit  oval,  or  slightly  obovate,  4-6  mm.  long;  oil-tubes  large.     In 
ponds  and  swamps,  southern  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  La.    Aug. -Sept.    Plants  collected 
in  Delaware',  icferred   to   this  species,  differ  in  having  broadly  oval  corky-winged 
fruit,  an  inconspicuous  disk,  slender  conic  Stylopodium  and  smaller  oil-tubes. 

2.  Oxypolis   rigidus   (L.)   Raf.     COWBANE.     HEMLOCK.     (I.   F.   f.  2640.) 
Rather  slender,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled.  simply  pinnate,  the  lower  often 
3  dm.  long  or  more;  leaflets  thick,  ovate-lanceolate,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire,  or 
remotely  dentate,  3-8  cm.  long;  involucre  of  1-4  bracts,  or  none;  umbels  5-10  cm. 
broad,  7-25-rayed;  rays  slender,    2-10  cm.    long;  pedicels  4-18  mm.  long;  fruit 
oval,  5-6  mm.   long,  3-4  mm.  broad;  oil-tubes  small.     In  swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Fla., 
Minn.,  Mo.  and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

Oxypolis  rfgidus  longifblius  (Pursh)  Britton.  Leaflets  elongated-linear,  entire,  2-3 
mm.  wide;  fruit  smaller.  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn. 

43.  SPERMOLEPIS    Raf.  .  [LEPTOCAULIS  Nutt.]  i 

Glabrous  slender  annuals,  the  branches  often  nearly  filiform,  with  dissected 
petioled  leaves,  the  leaf-segments  narrowly  linear.  P'lowers  small,  white,  in  un- 
equal-rayed umbels.  Involucre  none;  involucels  of  a  few  narrow  bracts,  or  none. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  laterally  flattened,  tuberculate  or  bristly;  peri- 
carp thick;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  or  also  under  the  ribs,  2  on  the  com- 
missural side.  Stylopodium  short,  conic.  Two  species,  of  the  southern  U.  S. 

Fruit  tubercled.  i-  S.  divaricatus. 

Fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles.  2.  S.  echinaius. 

i.  Spermoleois  divaricatus  (Walt.)  Raf.  ROUGH-FRUITED  SPERMOLEPIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  2697.)  Similar  to  Apiastrum  patens,  but  more  slender  and  more  widely 
branching.  Rays  of  the  umbels  almost  filiform,  I  -4  cm.  long,  divaricate;  pedicels 
5-12  mm.  long;  fruit  cvate,  densely  tuberculate,  I  mm.  long;  the  ribs  rather 
prominent.  Neb.  to  Tex.,  N,  Car.  and  Fla,  Also  in  ballast  at  Philadelphia, 
April -May. 


UMBELLIFERA  E.  687 

2.  Spermolepis  echinatus  (Nutt.)  Heller.  BRISTLY-FRUITED  SPERMOLEPIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  2698.)  Resembling  the  preceding,  but  lower,  seldom  over  3  dm.  high, 
the  branches  ascending  or  sometimes  spreading.  Rays  very  slender;  fruit  about 
I  mm.  long,  covered  with  spreading  hooked  bristles  the  ribs  obsolete,  the  com- 
missure narrow.  Ala.  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Cal.  April-May. 

44.  PEUCEDANUM    L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs,  acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  from  thick  roots,  with  ternate,  pin- 
nate, or  in  our  species  bipinnate  or  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  compound  unibels 
of  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  none.  Involucels  of  several  or  numerous 
bracts.  Calyx-teeth  mostly  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed  or  none.  Fruit 
oval,  oblong,  or  orbicular,  dorsally  compressed.  Carpels  with  filiform  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  broadly  winged;  oil  tubes  1-4  (rarely  more)  in 
the  intervals,  2-10  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed -face  flat  or  slightly  concave. 
[Name  Greek.]  About  125  species,  of  wide  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  fol- 
lowing, about  47  others  occur  in  western  N.*  Am. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish.    .  i.  P.  nudicaule, 
Flowers  yellow. 

Fruit  glabrous  ;  involucel-bracts  united. 

Plant  pubescent.  2.  P.  foeniculaceum. 

Plant  glabrous.  3.  P.  Kingii. 

Fruit  finely  pubescent ;  involucel-bracts  linear,  distinct.  4.  P.  villosum. 

1.  Peucedanum    nudicaule    (Pursh)    Nutt.     WHITE-FLOWERED    PARSLEY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2645.)     Leaves  and  peduncles  0.7-2  dm.  high.     Root  e'ongated.     Leaves 
bipinnate,  the  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  generally  pinnatifid  into  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  obtusish  lobes;  bracts  of  the  involucels  lanceolate,  scarious-margined;  um- 
bel 4-8-rayed,  the  rays  unequal,  1-4   cm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit  oval  or  orbicular, 
glabrous,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  narrower  than  the  carpel,  the  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ones  inconspicuous;  oil-tubes  generally  solitary  in  the  intervals.     In 
dry  soil,  Minn,  to  Manitoba,  Kans.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  N.  Mex.     March -May. 

2.  Peucedanum  foeniculaceum  Nutt.     FENNEL-LEAVED  PARSLEY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2646.)     Peduncles  1-2.5  dm.  high,  usually  exceeding    the   leaves.     Leaves  finely 
dissected  into  short  linear  or  filiform  acute  lobes  and  segments;  umbels  unequally 
3-i2-rayed,  the  rays  1-4  cm.  long;  involucels  tomentose;  fruit  broadly  oval,  about 
6  mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  narrower  than  the  carpel,  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ones  rather  prominent;  oil-tubes  1—3  in  the  intervals.     Prairies,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  S. 
Dak.,  Kans.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     March-April. 

3.  Peucedanum  Kingii  S.  Wats.     KING'S  PARSLEY.     (I.  F.  f.  2647.)     Scape 
1.5-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  or  2  pinnately  divided  into  nar- 
rowly linear  segments  I  mm.  wide  or  less;  umbel  unequally  4-2O-rayed;  rays  I- 
4  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  short;  fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  8-12  mm.  long,  nearly  4  mm 
wide,  the  carpels  with  narrow  lateral  wings,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  also 
somewhat  winged;  oil-tubes  3-6  in  the   intervals,  and  6- IO  on  the   commissural 
side.     Western  Neb.  to  Utah.     June-Aug. 

4.  Peucedanum  villosum  Nutt.     HAIRY  PARSLEY.    (I.  F.  f.  2648.)    Tomen- 
tose-pubescent  ;  peduncles  0.7-2  dm.  long.     Leaves  finely  dissected  into  narrowly 
oblong  obtuse  lobes  and  segments;  umbel  4-io-rayed,  the  rays  8—20  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  bracts  of  the  involucels  lanceolate,  separate  or  nearly  so;  fruit  oval,  6-7  mm. 
long,  about  5  mm.  broad,  the  lateral  wings  narrower  than  the  carpel,  the  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  prominent;  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  intervals.    Prairies  and  dry 
soil,  Neb.  and  S.  Dak.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     April- May. 

45.   IMPERATORIA  L. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  ternately  divided  or  2-pinnate  leaves,  and  compound 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  dorsally,  broadly 
oval,  to  nearly  orbicular,  the  lateral  ribs  broadly  winged  all  around,  the  interme- 
diate and  dorsal  ribs  slender,  wingless;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2  on 
the  commissural  side.  Styles  and  sty lopodium  short.  Seed-face  flat.  [Named  for 
its  supposed  forceful  medicinal  properties.]  About  10  species,  of  the  Old  World, 


688  FLORA. 

i.  Imperatoria  Ostrnthium  L.  MASTERWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2643.)  Glabrous, 
or  sparingly  pubescent;  stem  stout,  hollow,  erect,  6-15  dm.  tall.  Leaves  ternately 
divided  into  broad  stalked  segments  which  are  often  3 -parted  to  the  base,  sharply 
serrate  and  often  incised,  the  segments  of  the  long-petioled  lower  leaves  often  1.3 
dm.  broad;  rays  numerous,  slender;  involucre  none,  or  of  I  or  2  lanceolate  bracts; 
involucel-bracts  few,  narrow,  deciduous;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long.  In  fields,  Penn. 
and  Mich.  Reported  from  Newf.  Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.  May-July. 

46.  PASTINACA  L. 

Tall  branching  herbs,  with  thick  roots,  pinnate  leaves,  and  compound  umbels 
of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  commonly  none.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete. 
Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  oval,  glabrous,  much  flattened  dorsally;  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  winged,  those  of  the  two  carpels  contiguous 
and  forming  a  broad  margin  to  the  fruit;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2-4 
on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  very  flat.  [Latin pastus,  food.]  About  7  species, 
natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

I.  Pastinaca  sativa  L.  WILD  PARSNIP.  (I.  F.  f.  2642.)  Biennial  or  rarely 
annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  downy-pubescent,  6-15  dm.  high.  Lower  and  basal 
leaves  petioled,  pinnate,  often  4.5  dm.  long,  the  segments  rather  thin,  ovate  or  oval, 
obtuse,  sessile,  lobed  or  incised  and  sharply  dentate,  2—8  cm.  long;  umbels  5—15 
cm.  broad,  7-15-rayed,  the  rays  1-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit 
broadly  oval,  5-7  mm.  long,  the  oil-tubes  conspicuous.  Roadsides  and  waste  places, 
a  common  weed  in  nearly  all  parts  of  our  area.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

47.  HERACLEUM   L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  ternately  compound  leaves,  and  compound  umbels 
of  white  flowers.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  few  and  deciduous,  or  none.  Involucels 
of  numerous  linear  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  small.  Petals  cuneate,  or 
clawed;  those  of  the  outer  flowers  dilated  and  obcordate  or  2-lobed.  Stylopodium 
thick,  conic.  Fruit  flattened  dorsally,  broadly  oval,  obovate  or  orbicular;  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  ones  broadly  winged  and  the  wings  nerved 
near  the  outer  margin;  oil -tubes  extending  only  to  about  the  middle  of  the  carpels, 
conspicuous,  I  in  each  interval,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side.  [Greek,  to  Hercu- 
les]. About  60  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  only  the  following  in  N.  Am. 

I.  Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  COW-PARSNIP.  (I.  F.  f.  2641.)  Verystout, 
tomentose-pubescent,  1-3  m.  high,  the  stem  ridged,  often  5  cm.  thick  at  the  base. 
Leaves  petioled,  very  pubescent  beneath,  the  segments  broadly  ovate,  or  orbicular, 
cordate,  stalked,  lobed  and  sharply  serrate,  rather  thin,  7-15  cm.  broad;  petioles 
much  inflated;  umbels  1.5-3  dm.  broad,  8-3O-rayed,  the  rays  stout,  5-10  cm.  long; 
fruit  8-12  mm.  long,  6-9  mm.  broad,  finely  pubescent,  emarginate  at  the  summit. 
In  moiit  ground,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  Car.,  Mo.,  Utah  and  Cal.  June-July. 

48.  DAUCUS  L. 

Biennial  or  annual,  mostly  hispid-pubescent  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound 
leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of  white  or  reddish  flowers.  Involucre  of  several 
foliaceous  bracts  in  our  species.  Involucels  of  numerous  entire  or  toothed  bracts. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  the  apex  inflexed,  those  of  the  outer  flowers 
often  dilated  and  2-lobed.  Umbels  concave  in  fruit.  Fruit  somewhat  flattened 
dorsally.  Primary  ribs  5,  slender.  Secondary  ribs  4.  winged,  each  bearing  a  row 
of  barbed  prickles.  Oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  secondary  ribs,  and  2  on  the  com- 
missural side  of  each  carpel.  [The  ancient  Greek  name.]  About  25  species,  of 
wide  distribution. 

Stem  retrorsely  hispid;  leaf-segments  linear.  i.  D.  pusillus. 

Stem  bristly  pubescent;  leaf-segments  lanceolate.  2.  D.  Carota. 

1.  Daucus  pusillus  Michx.    AMERICAN  CARROT.    Biennial,  3  cm. -6  dm.  high, 
closely  resembling  the  following  species.     Leaves  finely  dissected,  the  segments 
linear,    acute;    umbels  2-8  cm.    broad;   pedicels  very  unequal.     N.  Car.  to  Fla., 
Mo.,  Mex.  and  Cal.     April-June. 

2.  Daucus  Carota  L.     WILD  CARROT.      (I.  F.  f.  2632.)     Usually  biennial, 
3-9  dm.  high,  the  root  fleshy,   conic,     Lower  and  basal  leaves  2-3 -pinnate,  the 


CORNACEAE.  689 

segments  dentate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid ;  upper  leaves  less  divided ;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre parted  into  linear  or  filiform  lobes;  umbels  5-10  cm  broad;  ray s  numerous ; 
flowers  white,  the  central  one  of  each  umbel  often  purple,  that  of  each  umbellet 
occasionally  so,  all  rarely  pinkish;  fruit  3-4  mm.  long.  In  fields  and  waste  places, 
common  throughout  our  area,  often  a  pernicious  weed.  Nat.  from  Europe.  The 
original  of  the  cultivated  Carrot.  June-Sept. 

Family  3.  CORNACEAE  Link. 
Dogwood  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  opposite,  verticillate  or  alternate,  usually 
entire  leaves,  and  regular  flowers  in  cymes,  heads  or  rarely  solitary. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4~5-dentate,  or  none.  Petals 
generally  4  or  5,  sometimes  wanting,  valvate  or  imbricate,  spreading,  in- 
serted at  the  base  of  the  epigynous  disk.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 
or  more  numerous,  inserted  with  them  ;  filaments  subulate  or  flat.  Ovary 
inferior,  i-2-celled  in  our  species;  style  I,  short  or  elongated;  ovules  I 
in  each  cavity,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seeds  oblong; 
embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  endosperm;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  About 
16  genera  and  85  species,  most  abundant  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Flowers  perfect,  4-parted  ;  ovary  2-celled.  i.   Cornus. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious;  petals  minute  or  none;  ovary  i-celled.         2.  Nyssa. 

i.  CORNUS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Flowers  small,  white,  greenish  or  purple,  in  cymes,  or  heads,  the  latter  involu- 
crate  with  large  white  bracts  in  our  species.  Calyx  tube  top-shaped  or  campanu- 
late,  its  limb  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  valvate.  Stamens  4.  Ovary  2-celled;  stigma 
truncate  or  capitate;  ovules  I  in  each  cavity.  Drupe  ovoid  or  globular,  the  stone 
2-celled  and  2-seeded.  [Greek,  horn,  from  the  toughness  of  the  wood.]  About 
25  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  Mex.  and  Peru.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, some  7  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

*  Flowers  capitate,  with  an  involucre  of  4-6  large  white  bracts. 
Low  herbaceous  shrubs ;  rootstocks  slender. 

Upper  leaves  verticillate;  flowers  greenish.  i.   C.  Canadensis. 

Leaves  all  opposite;  flowers  purple.  2.   C.  Suecica. 

Tree  or  large  shrub;  flowers  greenish  yellow.  3.   C.florida. 

*  *  Flowers  cymose,  white,  not  involucrate. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  downy-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young;  (sometimes  glabrate  in  No.  5)0 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular;  fruit  blue.  4.  C.  circinata. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Fruit  blue;  stone  pointed  at  the  base.  5.  C.  Amomum. 

Fruit  white. 

Stone  globose,  broader  than  high.  6.   C.  asperifolia. 

Stone  compressed,  much  broader  than  high.  7.  C.  Baileyi. 

Leaves  glabrate,  or  minutely  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaves  ovate,  short-pointed  ;  twigs  purple.  8.  C.  stolonifera. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate. 

Fruit  white;  twigs  gray.  9.  C.  candidissima, 

Fruit  pale  blue;  twigs  reddish.  10.   C.  stricta. 

Leaves  alternate,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  flowering  branches,     u.   C.  alternifolia. 

i.  Cornus  Canadensis  L.  Low  OR  DWARF  CORNEL.  BUNCH-BERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2710.)  Flowering  stems  scaly,  7-30  cm.  high.  Rootstock  nearly  hori- 
zontal; leaves  verticillate  at  the  summit,  or  sometimes  I  or  2  pairs  of  opposite  ones 
below,  sessile,  oval,  ovate,  or  obovate,  pinnately  veined,  glabrous  or  minutely  ap- 
pressed-pube scent,  acute  at  each  end,  2-8  cm.  long;  peduncle  1-4  cm.  long;  invo- 
lucral  bracts  ovate,  8-12  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish,  capitate;  petals  ovate,  one  of 
them  with  a  subulate  appendage;  fruit  globose,  bright  red,  about  6  mm.  in  diame- 
ter; stone  smooth,  globose.  In  low  woods,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Minn., 
Colo,  and  Cal.  Rarely  the  upper  leaves  are  opposite.  May-July, 


690  FLORA. 

2.  Cornus   Suecica  L.      NORTHERN   DWARF  CORNEL.      (I.    F.    f.    2711.) 

Flowering  stems  5-25  cm.  high.  Leaves  3-6  pairs,  all  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  or 
oval,  entire,  minutely  appressed -pubescent  above,  the  upper  1-4  cm.  long,  the 
veins  all  arising  from  near  the  base;  involucral  bracts  usually  4,  ovate,  6-12  mm. 
long,  obtusish;  flowers  dark  purple,  capitate;  fruit  globose,  red,  6-8  mm.  in  diame- 
ter; stone  flattened.  In  cold,  wet  woods,  Newf.  to  Quebec  and  Alaska.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug. 

3.  Cornus  florida  L.     FLOWERING  DOGWOOD.     (I.    F.    f.    2712.)    A   small 
tree,  or  large  shrub,  with  very  rough  bark  and  spreading  branches.     Leaves  peti- 
oled,   ovate,   or  oval,   rarely  obovate,    entire,   pale  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,  dark  green  above,   7~I5  cm-  l°ng>  acute  at  the  apex,   usually  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;   bracts  of  the  involucre  white  or  pinkish  (rarely  rose-red),  very 
conspicuous,  obovate,  obcordate,  or  emarginate,  strongly  parallel-veined,  2.5 -6  cm. 
long;  flowers   greenish  yellow,    capitate;    fruit   ovoid,   scarlet,    10-12    mm.    long, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx;  stone  smooth,  channeled.     In  woods,  Me.  and 
Ont.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     April  June. 

4.  Cornus  circinata  L'Hcr.     ROUND-LEAVED  CORNEL  OR  DOGWOOD.    (I.  F. 
f.  2713.)     A  shrub,  0.8-3  m-  hi§h»  the  twigs  warty,  green  and  glabrous.     Leaves 
petioled,    broadly    ovate,   or   orbicular,   acute,    or  short-acuminate,  pale  beneath, 
slightly  pubescent  above,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers  in  rather  dense  cymes  3-7  cm. 
broad,  the  pedicels  usually  somewhat  pubescent;  petals  ovate;  fruit  globose,  light 
blue,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter;  stone  subglobose.     In  shady,  often  rocky  situa- 
tions, N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Va.,111.  and  L.wa.     May -June. 

5.  Cornus   Amomum  Mill.     KINNIKINNIK.     (I.  F.  f.  2714.)     A  shrub,  with 
purplish  twigs,  the  youngest  commonly  pubescent.     Leaves  petioled,    ovate,    oval, 
or  ovate-lanceolate,    acuminate,  usually  finely  pubescent  with  brownish  hairs  be- 
neath, 2.5—13  cm.  long;  flowers  in  flat  cymes;  petals  narrowly  oblong;  fruit  glo- 
bose, light  blue,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter,  stone  oblique,  ridged.     In  wet  soil,  N.  B.  to 
Ont.,  Fla.,  S.  Dak.  and  Tex.     May-July.     [C.  serif ea  L.] 

6.  Cornus   asperifolia  Michx.      ROUGH-LEAVED    CORNEL    OR    DOGWOOD. 
(I.  F.  f.  2715.)     A  shrub,    the  twigs  reddish    brown,    the   youngest  rough-pubes- 
cent.    Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate-oval,  or  elliptic,  acuminate,  pale  and  woolly- 
pubescent  beneath,  densely  rough  -pubescent  above,  3-13  cm.    long;  petioles  and 
rays  of  the  cyme  rough-pubescent;  cymes  rather  loosely -flowered,  5-8  cm.  broad; 
petals  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  globose,    white,    about   6    mm.    in  diameter;  stone 
slightly  furrowed,    little  compressed.     In  wet  ground,  Ont.  to  Fla.,  Iowa,  Kans. 
and  Tex.     May-June. 

7.  Cornus  Baileyi  Coult.  &  Evans.     BAILEY'S  CORNEL  OR  DOGWOOD.    (I.  F. 
£2716.)     A  shrub  with  reddish  twigs.     Leaves  slender-petioled,    ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rather  densely  woolly-pubescent  beneath,  2. 5-13' cm. 
long;  petals  ovate-oblong;  cymes  compact,  the  rays  pubescent;  fruit  white,  about 
6  mm.  in  diameter;  stone  flattened,  slightly  oblique.     Lake   shores  and  in  moist 
ground,  Penn.  to  Minn,  and  the  N.  W.  Terr..  Wyo.  and  Neb.     May-June. 

8.  Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.     RED-OSIER  CORNEL  OR  DOGWOOD.    (I.  F.  f. 
2717.)    A  shrub,  1—5  m.  high,  usually  stoloniferous,  the  twigs  glabrous  and  bright 
reddish  purple.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  white  or  whitish  and  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous  beneath; 
petals  ovate-oblong;  fruit  white  or  whitish,   globose,   6-8  mm.   in  diameter.     In 
moist  soil,  N.  S.  to  Yukon  Terr.,  Va.,  Ky.,  Neb.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.     June- July. 

9.  Cornus  candidissima  Marsh.     PANICLED  CORNEL  OR  DOGWOOD.    (I.  F. 
f.  2718.)     A  shrub  with  gray  smooth  twigs.     Leaves  petioled.  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,   long-acuminate   at   the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,   minutely    appreesed- 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  pale  beneath,  3-10  cm.  long;  cymes  somewhat  paniculate; 
petals  lanceolate;  fruit  globose,  white,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter;  stone  subglobose. 
In  rich  soil,  Me.  to  N.  Car..  Minn,  and  Neb.     May-June. 

10.  Cornus  stricta   Lam.     STIFF    CORNEL  OR   DOGWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  2719.) 
A  shrub,    2.5-5    m-   high,    resembling  the  preceding;   twigs   purplish  or  reddish 
brown.     Leaves  petioled,  ovate,  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sparingly 
appressed-pubescent  on  both  sides,  3-8  cm.  long,  the  margins  often  minutely  den- 
ticulate, green  above  and  beneath;  cymes  rather  loosely  flowered,  their  rays 


ERICA  LES.  691 

nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  fruit  pale  blue,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter;  stone   globose, 
nearly  smooth.     In  swamps,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Fla.     April-May. 

ii.  Cor.nus  alternifolia  L.f.  ALTERNATE  LEAVED  CORNEL  OR  DOGWOOD. 
(I.  F.  f.  27.0.)  A  shrub,  or  small  tree,  with  smooth  greenish  bark.  Leaves  slen- 
der petioled,  oval  or  o. ate,  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  pale  and  appressed-pubes- 
cent  beneath,  the  margins  minutely  denticulate;  cymes  pubescent;  petals  lanceo- 
late; fruit  globular,  or  slightly  depressed,  blue,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter;  stone 
somewhat  obovoki,  channeled,  scarcely  flattened.  In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ga.,  Out, 
Minn.,  W.  Va.  and  Ala.  May-July. 

2.   NYSSA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish, 
poly gamo- dioecious,  in  capitate  clusters,  short  racemes,  or  the  fertile  ones  some- 
times solitary,  borne  at  the  summit  of  slender  axillary  peduncles,  appearing  with 
the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  the  calyx  5 -parted,  the  petals  minute 
and  fleshy,  or  none;  stamens  5-15;  filaments  slender;  disk  entire  or  lobed ;  pistil 
none  or  rudimentary.  Pistillate  flowers  2-14,  or  solitary,  bracted;  calyx-limb 
5 -toothed,  or  truncate;  petals  minute  and  fleshy,  or  none;  stamens  several,  or  com- 
monly abortive;  ovary  I -celled,  with  I  pendulous  ovule;  style  slender,  recurved. 
Drupe  ovoid  or  oval,  the  stone  bony,  compressed,  i-seeded.  [Name  of  a  water 
nymph.  J  About  7  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  eastern  and  central  Asia.  Besides 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States. 

Leaves  usually  entire;  pistillate  flowers  2-14;  fruit  6-14  mm.  long. 

Leaves  mostly  acute  or  acuminate;  stone  little  flattened.  I.  N.  sylvattca. 

Leaves  mostly  obtuse;  stone  much  flattened.  2.  N.  biflora. 

Leaves  usually  dentate;  pistillate  flower  solitary;  fruit  16-30  mm.  long.  3.  N.  aqnatica. 

1.  Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.     PEPPERIDGE.     SOUR  GUM.     TUPELO.     (I.  F.  f. 
2721.)     A  large  tree,  with  rough  bark.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  entire,  glabrous 
and  shining  above,   more   or   less   pubescent   beneath,  5~IQ   cm-  l°ng>  staminate 
flowers  capitate;   pistillate  flowers  larger,  2-14  together;   fruit  ovoid,  nearly  black, 
8-14  mm.  long,  acid;  stone  ovoid.     In  rich  moist  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Fla.,  Mich, 
and  Tex.     Leaves  rarely  angulate  toothed  on  young  trees.     April-June  . 

2.  Nyssa  biflora  Walt.     SOUTHERN    TUPELO.     WATER  TUPELO.     (I.  F.  f. 
2722.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  base  swollen.     Leaves  mostly  smaller  and 
narrower,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute.  2.5-13  cm.  long,  glabrous  when  mature;  pis- 
tillate flowers  only  1-3  together;  fruit  oval,  or  subglobose,  6-12  mm.  long,  acid; 
stone  oval  or  oblong,   distinctly  flattened  and  furrowed.     In  swamps  and  along 
ponds,  N.  J.  to  Va.,  Fla.  and  Ala.     April-May. 

3-  Nyssa  aquatica  L.  LARGE  TUPELO.  COTTON  OR  TUPELO  GUM.  (I.  F. 
f.  2723.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  slender  petioled,  ovate  or  oval,  angular-dentate, 
or  entire,  acute,  or  acuminate,  downy-pubescent  beneath,  especially  when  young, 
becoming  glabrate  on  both  sides,  0.7-2.5  dm.  long;  fruit  oval,  dark  blue  when 
ripe;  stone  narrowly  obovate,  flattened,  spongy,  with  several  sharp  longitudina/ 
ridges.  In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  April. 

Series  2.  Oamopetalae 
Petals  partly  or  wholly  united,  rarely  separate  or  wanting. 

This  series  is  also  known  as  Sympetalae  and  has  been  called  Monopetalae.  The 
coherence  of  the  petals  is  sometimes  slight  or  they  are  quite  separate,  as  in  Clethraceae, 
Pyrolaceae,  some  Ericaceae,  Primulaceae,  Styracaceae,  Asclepiadaceae,  Oleaceae,  Cu- 
curbitaceae  and  Galax  in  Diapensiaceae.  From  this  condition  the  coherence  varies 
through  all  stages  to  the  tubular  or  funnelform  corollas  of  some  Convolvulaceae,  Capri- 
foliaceae  and  Compositae.  In  American  species  of  Fraxinus  (Oleaeeae)  and  in  Glaux 
(Primulaceae),  there  is  no  corolla. 

Order  I.  ERICALES. 

Flowers  complete,  regular.  Calyx  toothed,  lobed,  or  divided,  inferior, 
except  in  Vacciniaceae.  Corolla  mainly  gamopetalous.  Stamens  free 
from  the  corolla,  or  adnate  only  to  its  base  (except  in  £>iafien$ia  and 


692  FLORA. 

Pyxtdanthera  of  the  Diapensiaceae),  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate 
with  them,  or  twice  as  many.     Ovary  compound. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  or  merely  adnate  to  its  base,  not  united  into  a  tube. 
Ovary  superior;  fruit  a  capsule,  or  rarely  drupaceous. 
Corolla  essentially  polypetalous. 

Ovary  3-cel led  ;  shrubs;  leaves  deciduous.  Fam.   i.  Clethraceae. 

Ovary  4~5-celled;  low,  mostly  evergreen  perennials. 

Fam.  2.  Pyrolaceae. 
Corolla  distinctly  gamopetalous   (except   in   Monotropa  and  Hypopitys  of  the 

Monotropaceae  and  Ledum  of  the  Ericaceae). 

Herbaceous  saprophytes  without  green  leaves.        Fam.  3.  Monotropaceae. 
Shrubs  with  normal,  often  evergreen  leaves.  Fam.  4.  Ericaceae. 

Ovary  inferior,  adnate  to  the  calyx,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry  or  drupe  in  fruit. 

Fam.  5.    Vacciniaceae. 
Stamens  borne  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla,  or  united  in  a  lo-lobed  tube. 

Fam.  6.  Diapensiaceae. 

Family  i.     CLETHRACEAE   Klotsch. 
White-alder  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  deciduous  serrate  or  serrulate  petioled 
leaves  in  our  species,  and  small  white  fragrant  flowers  in  terminal  usually 
elongated  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  or  5-parted,  persistent,  the  segments 
imbricated,  Petals  5,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  imbricated,  deciduous. 
Stamens  10;  filaments  slender;  anthers  sagittate,  inverted  in  anthesis, 
the  sacs  opening  by  large  apical  pores  ;  pollen-grains  simple.  Disk  obso- 
lete. Ovary  3-angled  or  3-lobed,  3-celled,  pubescent ;  ovules  numerous ; 
style  slender ;  stigmas  3  in  our  species.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally 
3-valved,  the  valves  at  length  2-cleft.  Only  the  following  genus,  compris- 
ing about  30  species,  of  N.  Am.,  Japan,  Mex.  and  S.  Am. 

i.  CLETHRA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Greek,  alder,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  foliage.] 
Besides  the  following,  another  species  occurs  in  the  southern  States. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  filaments  glabrous.  i.   C.  alnifolia. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acuminate;  filaments  hirsute.  2.   C.  acuminata. 

1.  Clethra  alnifolia  L.      SWEET  PEPPERBUSH.     WHITE  ALDER.     (I.  F.  f. 
2724.)     A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  the  twigs  minutely  canescent.     Leaves  narrowed  or 
cuneate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  at  least  beyond  the  middle,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  on  both  sides,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  petioles  2-12  mm.  long;  bracts  short,  deciduous; 
pedicels,   calyx  and  capsule  canescent;  calyx  lobes  obtuse,  nerved;  flowers  about 
8  mm.  broad,  of  spicy  fragrance;  style  longer  than  the  stamens;  capsule  subglo- 
bose,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.     In  wet  soil,  Me.  to 
northern  N.  J.  and  Fla.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     July- Aug. 

2.  Clethra  acuminata  Michx.     MOUNTAIN  SWEET   PEPPERBUSH.     (I.  F.  f. 
2725.)     A  shrub  or  small  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding.     Leaves  green  above,  pale 
and  sometimes  pubescent  beneath,  serrulate  with  sharp-  pointed  teeth,  5-18  cm. 
long,  sometimes  i  cm.  wide;  petioles  8-25  mm.    long;  racemes  spreading  or   re- 
curved, 5-20  cm.  long,  the  rachis,  pedicels  and  calyx  densely  pubesceiit  or  canes- 
cent; bracts  longer  than  the  flowers,  caducous.     In  mountain  woods,  Va.  and  W. 
Va.  to  Ga.     July-August. 

Family  2.     PYROLACEAE  Agardh. 
Winter  green  Family. 

Low  mostly  evergreen  perennials,  with  branched  rootstocks.  Leav^~ 
petioled.  Flowers  nearly  regular,  white  or  pink.  Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Co- 
rolla deeply  4-5-parted,  or  of  5  petals.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
divisions  of  the  corolla,  the  anthers  introrse  in  the  bud,  inverted  at  an- 


PYROLACEAE,  693 

thesis,  opening  by  pores  or  short  slits ;  pollen-grains  in  4's.  Ovary  4-5- 
celled  ;  style  often  declined  ;  stigma  5-lobed,  or  5-crenate;  ovules  numer- 
ous, anatropous.  Fruit  a  loculicidally  dehiscent  capsule.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, minute,  the  loose  cellular  coat  much  larger  than  the  almost  undiffer- 
entiated  embryo.  Three  genera  and  about  20  species,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

Flowers  racemose;  leaves  basal.  I.  Pyrola. 
Flowers  solitary  or  corymbose;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Stem  leafy  at  base;  flower  solitary;  style  long.  2.  Moneses. 

Stem  horizontal;  branches  erect,  leafy;  style  very  short.  3.  Chimaphila. 

i.  PYROLA  L. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  basal,  persistent  (one  northwestern  species 
leafless)-  Flowers  white,  yellowish,  pink,  or  purple,  racemose,  on  erect  scapes. 
Calyx  5 -parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave,  sessile.  Stamens  10,  declined,  01 
straight  and  connivent;  filaments  subulate,  glabrous;  anthers  erect  in  the  bud,  emar, 
ginate  or  2-beaked  at  the  base,  mostly  reversed  at  flowering,  each  sac  opening  by 
a  basal  but  apparently  apical  pore.  Ovary  5  celled;  stigma  5-lobed.  Disk  usually 
obsolete,  rarely  present  and  lO-lobed.  Capsule  subglobose,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculi- 
cidally 5-vulved  from  the  base,  the  valves  cobwebby  on  the  margins  when  opening, 
the  apex  and  base  intruded.  [Latin,  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  pear,  from  the  similar 
leaves.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  follow - 
ingi  3  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Style  and  stamens  declined  (slightly  so  in  No.  6). 
Petals  very  obtuse;  leaves  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Flowers  white  or  greenish  white;  plants  of  dry  woods. 

Calyx-lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate;  leaves  shining.       i.  P.  rotundifolia 
Calyx-lobes  ovate  or  triangular,  short;  leaves  dull. 

Blades  orbicular,  coriaceous,  mostly  shorter  than  petioles. 

2.  P.  chlorantha. 
Blades  oval,  membranous,  longer  than  their  petioles. 

3.  P.  elliptica. 
Flowers  pink  or  purple;  bog  plant.                                       4.  P.  uliginosa. 

Leaves  reniform,  cordate;  flowers  pink.  5.  P.  asarifolia. 

Petals  and  leaves  acute,  the  latter  small.  6.  P.  oxypetala. 
Style  straight ;  stamens  connivent. 

Style  short;  disk  none;  raceme  regular.  7.  P.  minor. 

Style  elongated;  disk  lo-lobed;  flowers  in  a  i-sided  raceme.  8.  P.  secunda 

1.  Pyrola  rotundifolia  L.     ROUND-LEAVED  WINTERGREEN.     (I.  F.  f.  2726.) 
Scape  1.5-5  dm.  high*  6-2O-flowered.     Blades  orbicular  or  oval,  spreading,  coria- 
ceous, crenulate,  4-8  cm.   long,  often  shorter  than   their  petioles;  flowers  white, 
noddir  g,  very  fragrant,  14-18  mm.   broad;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long,  mostly  longer 
than   their    bracts;  calyx  lobes  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  petals;  capsule 
4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  woods,  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  Ga.  and  Ohio.     Also  in 
Europe.     June-July. 

Pyrola  rotundifolia  pumila  Hornem.  Scape  7-15  cm.  high;  leaves  seldom  2.5  cm. 
long;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  mostly  obtuse.  Greenland  and  Lab.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr. 

2.  Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.     GREENISH  FLOWERED  WINTERGREEN.     (I.  F.  f. 
2727.)     Scape   1-3  dm.  high,  3-io-flowered.     Blades  mostly  obtuse  at  both  ends, 
obscurely  crenulate,  or  entire,  1.2-2.5  cm<  l°ng'»  flowers  nodding,  slightly  odorous, 
greenish  white,  10.14  mm.  broad;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long,  mostly  longer  than  their 
bracts;  calyx-lobes  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  petals;  anther-sacs  short- 
beaked;  capsule  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  woods,  I.ab.  to  Br.  Col.,  D.  C., 
111.,  Neb.  and  Colo.     Also  in  Europe.     June-July. 

3.  Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.     SHIN-LEAF.      (I.  F.  f.  2728.)     Scape  1-2.5  dm- 
high,  7-15-flowered.     Blades  dark  green,    obtuse  at  the  apex,    plicate-crenulate 
with  very  low  teeth,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish  white,  nodding,  12-16  mm. 
broad,  very  fragrant;  calyx-lobes  ovate-triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  the  petals;  anther-sacs  scarcely  beaked;  capsule  about  6  mm.  in 


694  FLORA. 

diameter.     In  rich,  mostly  dry  woods,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  D.  C.,  111.,  Mich,  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

4.  Pyrola   uliginosa    Torr.     BOG  WINTERGREEN.     (I.    F.  f.    2729.)     Scape 
1.5-4  dm.  high,  7-15 -flowered.     Blades  broadly  oval,   or  orbicular,    dull,  rather 
thick,  obscurely  crenulatej  obtuse  at  both  ends;  flowers    10-16  mm.  broad;  calyx- 
lobes  oblong  or  ovate -lanceolate,  one  fourth  to  one-third   the  length  of  the  petals; 
anther-sacs  beaked;   capsule  about  5  mm.  in  diameter.      In  swamps  and  bogs,  N. 
S.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Eng.,  central  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.    June. 

5.  Pyrola  asarifdlia   Michx.     LIVER-LEAF  WINTERGREEN.     (I.  F.  f.  2730.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding.      Blades  usually  wider  than  long,  coriaceous,  shining 
above     obtuse,    crenulate,    2.5-4    cm.   long,   usually  shorter  than  their  narrowly 
margined  petioles;  flowers  racemose,  nodding,  purple,  or  rose,  12-16  mm.  broad; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  petals; 
anther-sacs  slightly  beaked ;  capsule  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  wet  woods  and 
swamps,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,   Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Minn,  and  Colo.     June-July. 

6.  Pyrola  oxypstala   Austin.      SHARP-I'ETALED    WINTERGREEN.     (I.  F.  f. 
2731.)     Scape  slender,   2-2.5  dm.    high,  about  9-flowered.     Blades  ovate,    coria- 
ceous, dull,  narrowed  at  the  base,    obscurely   crenulate,  14-20  mm.  long,  shorter 
than  their  petioles;  flowers  racemose,    ascending,  greenish,  8-10  mm.  broad;  bracts 
shorter  than  the  pedicels;   calyx-lobes    triangular-ovate,  acute,  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  elliptic-lanceolate  acuminate    connivent  petals;  anther-sacs  slightly 
horned.     Hills,  Deposit,  Delaware  Co.,  N.  Y.     June. 

7.  Pyrola  minor  L.     LESSER  WINTERGREEN.     (I.  F.  f.  2732.)    Blades  rather 
thin,   broadly  oval  to  orbicular,    crenulate,  obtuse,  rounded,  slightly  narrowed,  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  1-2  cm.    long;  flowers  racemose,  nodding,  white  or  pink- 
ish, 6-8  mm.  broad;  pedicels   2-5  mm.   long;  calyx-lobes  mostly  triangular-ovate 
and  acute;  stamens  not  declined;  petals  oval  or  orbicular,  obtuse;  capsule  about 
5  mm.  in  diameter.     In  woods,  Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  Eng.,  Ont.  and 
Ore.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

8.  Pyrola  secunda  L.     SERRATED  OR  ONE-SIDED  WINTERGREEN.     (I.  F.  f. 
2733.)     Scapes  slender,  1-2.5  dm.  high.     Blades  ovate,  or  often  oval,  mostly  thin, 
acute,  or  rarely  obtuse,   crenulate -serrulate,  2-5  cm.   long,  longer  than  their  peti- 
oles;  flowers  many,  at  first  erect,  soon  drooping,  greenish  white,  6-8  mm.  broad; 
pedicels  short;  calyx  lobes  ovate,    obtuse,  or  obtusish,  very  short;  petals  oval,  ob- 
tuse,  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  at   the  base,  campanulate-connivent;  stamens  not 
declined;  capsule  about  4  mm.    in    diameter.     In    woods  and  thickets,    Lab.    to 
Alaska,   D.  C.,  Neb.,  along  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Mex.  and  to  Cal.     Also* in  Europe 
and  Asia.     June-July. 

Pyrola  secunda  pumila  Paine,  is  a  low  northern  form,  the  scape  5-10  cm.  high. 
3-8-flowered,  the  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  1-2.5  cm.  long. 

2.  MONESES  Salisb. 

Leaves  petioled,  crenulate,  opposite,  or  verticillate  in  3's.  Flower  solitary, 
drooping,  white  or  pink,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  scape.  Calyx  4-5 -parted,  per- 
sistent. Petals  4  or  5,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  sessile.  Stamens  8  or  10,  similar 
to  those  of  Pyrola.  Ovary  globose,  4~5-celled;  style  straight;  stigma  4-5-lobed; 
ovules  numerous.  Capsule  subglobose,  4-5-lobed,  4-5-celled,  loculicidally  4-5- 
valved  from  the  summit,  the  valves  glabrous  on  the  margins.  Seeds  minute,  the 
testa  reticulated,  produced  at  each  end.  [Greek,  single-delight,  from  the  single 
flower.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  A.  Gray.  ONE- FLOWERED  WINTERGREEN.  (I.  F.  f. 
2734.)  Stem  5-15  cm.  high.  Blades  orbicular  or  ovate,  obtuse,  rather  thin, 
8-24  mm.  long;  flower  12-20  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  one- 
fifth  the  length  of  the  petals;  capsule  erect,  68  mm.  in  diameter,  about  as  long  as 
the  peristent  style  and  stigma.  In  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Conn.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo,  and  to  Ore.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

3.  CH1MAPHILA  Pursh. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  decumbent  stems,  ascending  leafy  branches,  the  leaves 
opposite,  or  verticillate,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  short-petioled  and  serrate,  and  white 
or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.  Pedicels  mostly  bracteolate.  Calyx 


MONO  TROPA  CEAE.  695 

5-cleft,  or5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave,  nearly  orbicular,  sessile.  Stamens 
10,  similar  to  those  of  Pyrola.  Ovary  globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled;  ovules  numerous; 
style  short,  obconic;  stigma  large,  orbicular,  5-crenate.  Capsule  erect,  globose, 
5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidally  5-valved  from  the  top,  the  valves  not  woolly  on  the 
margins.  Seeds  numerous,  minute,  the  testa  reticulated,  produced  at  each  end. 
[Greek,  winter-loving,  from  its  evergreen  leaves.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  N. 
Am.,  Mex.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  on  our  Pacific  Coast. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  mottled  with  white.  i.  C.  maculata. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  cuneate-oblanceolate,  bright  green.  2.   C.  umbellata. 

x.  Chimaphila  maculata  (L.)  Pursh.  SPOTTED  WINTERGREEN.  (I.  F.  f. 
2735.)  Stem  sending  up  both  sterile  and  flowering  branches  8-25  cm.  high. 
Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  6-24  mm.  wide  be- 
low  the  middle;  flowers  few,  white  or  pinkish,  12-20  mm.  broad;  peduncle  and 
pedicels  puberulent;  filaments  villous  at  the  middle;  capsules  erect,  depressed- 
globose,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter.  In  dry  woods,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and 
Miss.  June-Aug. 

2.  Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  PIPSISSEWA.  PRINCE'S  PINE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2736.)  Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  branches  commonly  stouter,  sometimes  3  dm. 
high,  usually  more  leafly.  Leaves  obtuse  or  acutish,  sharply  serrate,  shining,  2.5- 
6  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide  above  the  middle ;  flowers  several,  white  or  pinkish, 
commonly  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding,  usually  marked  by  a  deep  pink 
ring;  filaments  ciliate;  capsule  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  In  dry  woods,  N.  S.  to  Br. 
Col.,  Ga.,  Mex.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

Family  3.     MONOTROPACEAE  LindL 

Indian-pipe  Family. 

Humus-plants  or  saprophytes,  with  mostly  simple,  leafless  scaly  scapes. 
Calyx  2-6-parted;  sepals  erect,  imbricated,  deciduous.  Corolla  gamo- 
petalous  or  polypetalous  (wanting  in  the  California  Allotropd)\  lobes  or 
petals  3-6.  Stamens  6-12,  hypogy nous;  anthers  2-celled  or  confluently 
i -celled,  attached  to  the  filaments  by  their  backs  or  bases;  pollen-grains 
simple.  Disk  obsolete  or  8-i2-lobed.  Ovary  4-6-lobed,  i-6-celled; 
stigma  capitate  or  peltate ;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous.  Capsule  4-6- 
lobed,  or  terete,  i-6-celled,  loculicidally  4-6-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
minute,  the  testa  reticulated.  About  9  genera  and  12  species,  mostly  of 
the  northern  hemisphere. 
Corolla  gamopetalous,  persistent. 

Corolla  globose-ovoid ;  anthers  2-awned.  I.  Pterospora. 

Corolla  campanulate;  anthers  awnless.  2.  Monotropsis. 

Corolla  polypetalous,  deciduous. 

Flower  solitary.  3.  Monotropa. 

Flowers  racemose.  4.  Hypopitys. 

I.  PTERO'SPORA  Nutt. 

Scape  slender,  from  a  thick  base  of  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  and  capsules  race- 
mose, pendulous.  Calyx  deeply  5  parted.  Corolla  globose-ovoid,  with  5  reflexed 
lobes.  Stamens  10,  included;  filaments  subulate,  glabrous;  anthers  introrse,  hori- 
zontal in  the  bud,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled;  style 
short,  columnar;  stigma  capitate,  5-l°bed.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  5-lobed, 
5-celled.  5-valved,  the  apex  and  base  intruded.  Seeds  horizontal,  globose-ovoid, 
with  a  terminal  reticulated  wing.  [Greek,  wing  seeded.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

I.  Pterospora  Andromedea  Nutt.  GIANT  BIRD'S-NEST.  PINE-DROPS. 
(I.  F.  f.  2737.)  Roots  astringent,  forming  a  rounded  mass  sometimes  5  cm.  in 
diameter.  Scape  purplish  or  brown,  1.5-14  dm.  high,  grooved,  covered  with  vis- 
cid hairs;  scales  lanceolate,  or  linear,  numerous  and  crowded  at  the  base;  flowers 
white,  4-8  mm.  broad;  pedicels  at  first  spreading,  soon  recurved,  6-20  mm.  long, 
viscid;  sepals  oblong,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  capsule  8-12  mm. 
in  diameter.  In  rich  woods,  Quebec  and  N.  H.  to  Penn.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.,  south 
in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz.  June-Aug. 


696  FLORA. 

2.  MONOTROPSIS  Schwein.     [SCHWEINITZIA  Nutt.] 

Scape  slender;  plant  glabrous.  Sepals  5,  oblong  to  linear.  Corolla  oblong, 
campanulate,  persistent,  5-saccate  at  the  base,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  not  reflexe,d. 
Stamens  10,  included;  filaments  glabrous;  anthers  horizontal  in  the  bud,  introrse, 
the  sacs  confluent,  opening  by  large  terminal  pores.  Disk  lO-crenate.  Ovary  glo- 
bose, 5 -celled;  sty le  short,  thick ;  stigma  5-angled.  Capsule  ovoid,  5 -celled.  Seeds 
numerous.  [Greek,  resembling  Monotropa.]  Two  species,  of  southeastern  N.  Am. 
i.  Monotropsis  odorata  Ell.  SWEET  PINE-SAP.  CAROLINA  BEECH-DROPS. 
(I.  F.  f.  2738.)  Plant  light  purplish  brown;  scapes  usually  several,  5-10  cm.  high. 
Scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  appressed,  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  few,  pink,  spicate, 
fragrant,  2-bracteolate  at  the  base,  spreading  or  erect,  the  spike  at  first  recurved, 
becoming  erect,  2.5-5  cm<  l°ng,  sepals  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  about  a" 
long  as  the  corolla  and  the  bractlets.  In  woods,  Md.  to  N.  Car.  Feb. -May. 

3.  MONOTROPA   L. 

Scapose  succulent  white  yellowish  or  red  herbs,  with  a  solitary  nodding  flower, 
the  capsule  becoming  erect.  Sepals  2-4,  deciduous.  Petals  5  or  6,  not  saccate  at 
the  base,  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  10-12;  filaments  subulate-filiform;  anthers 
short,  peltate,  horizontal,  opening  at  first  by  2  transverse  chinks,  becoming  trans- 
versely 2-valved.  Disk  10— 12-toothed,  confluent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Ovary 
5-celled;  style  short,  thick;  stigma  funnelform,  its  margin  obscurely  crenate.  Cap- 
sule 5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  the  testa  produced  at  each 
end.  [Greek,  once-turned. J  Two  species,  of  N.  Am.,  Mex.,  Colombia  and  Asia. 

i.  Monotropa  uniflora  L.  INDIAN  PIPE.  (I.  F.  f.  2739.)  Scapes  white, 
glabrous,  usually  clustered,  1-2.5  dm.  high  from  a  mass  of  brittle  roots,  turning 
dark  in  drying.  Flower  inodorous,  nodding,  oblong-campanulate,  12-25  mm. 
long;  petals  4-6,  puberulent  within,  white,  rather  longer  than  the  usually  10 
stamens;  filaments  pubescent;  ovary  ovoid,  acute,  narrowed  into  the  short  style; 
capsule  obtusely  angled,  10-16  mm.  high,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.  In  moist  rich 
woods.  Anticosti  to  Fla.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Japan  and  the  Himalayas. 
Whole  plant  occasionally  pink  or  red.  June-Aug. 

4.  HYPOPITYS  Hill. 

Scapes  pubescent,  at  least  above,  bearing  white  yellowish  or  red  flowers  in  a 
nodding  one-sided  raceme  which  soon  becomes  erect.  Roots  a  mass  of  fleshy  fibres. 
Terminal  flower  usually  5 -parted,  the  lateral  ones  3~4-parted.  Sepals  commonly 
as  many  as  the  petals.  Petals  saccate  at  the  base.  Stamens  6-10;  filaments  subu- 
late-filiform; anther-sacs  becoming  confluent,  opening  by  2  unequal  valves,  the 
larger  one  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  smaller  erect.  Disk  8-io-toothed.  Ovary  3-5- 
celled;  stigma  funnelform,  its  margin  glandular-ciliate.  Capsule  3-5 -celled,  3-5- 
valved,  erect.  [Greek,  referring  to  its  growth  under  firs.] 

1.  Hypopitys  Americana  (DC.)  Small.     PINE-SAP.     Plants  tawny  or  deep 
pink,  1-3  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent ;  scales  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  scat- 
tered above;  sepals  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  short-ciliate;  petals  sparingly  pubes. 
cent   and   short-ciliate;  stigma   not    bearded,   capsule    7-10  mm.   long.     Woods, 
Newf.  to  Ont.  and  N.  C.     July-Sept. 

2.  Hypopitys   lanuginosa   (Michx.)  Nutt.     WOOLLY  PINE-SAP.    Similar  to 
H.  Americana,  but  the  sepals  and  petals  long-ciliate,  the  style  very  pubescent  and 
the  stigma  retrorsely  bearded;  capsule  4-5  mm.  long.     Woods,  N.  S.  to  Fla  ,  Br. 
Col.,  Tenn.  and  Ind.    June-Aug. 

Family  4.     ERICACEAE  DC. 

Heath  Family. 

Shrubs,  perennial  herbs,  or  trees,  with  simple  estipulate  leaves,  and 
mostly  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  4~5-parted  or  4-5- 
cleft,  mostly  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  or  rarely  somewhat  2-lipped, 
usually  4~5-toothed,  -lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  hypogynous,  usually  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  teeth  or  petals;  anthers 
2-celled,  attached  *•*»  the  filaments  by  the  back  or  base,  the  sacs  often 


ERICACEAE.  697 

prolonged  upwardly  into  tubes.  Ovary  2-5-celled ;  stigma  peltate  or 
capitate ;  ovules  usually  numerous,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry  or 
drupe.  Seeds  usually  numerous  and  minute,  or  sometimes  only  i  in  each 
cavity  ;  endosperm  fleshy  ;  embryo  central ;  cotyledons  short ;  radicle 
terete.  About  55  genera  and  1050  species  of  wide  distribution. 

*  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule  ;  corolla  deciduous  ;  anthers  unappendaged. 
Corolla  of  separate  petals.  I.  Ledum. 

Corolla  gamopetalous  (polypetalous  in  No.  6). 

Corolla  somewhat  irregular  (except  in  No.  5);  seeds  flat,  winged. 
Corolla  funnelform  to  campanulate;  stamens  exserted. 

Corolla  funnelform,  slightly  2-lipped;  leaves  deciduous.  2.  Azalea. 
Corolla  2-lipped,  lower  lip  divided  to  the  base  ;  leaves  deciduous. 

3.  Rhodora. 

Corolla  campanulate;  leaves  evergreen.  4.  Rhododendron* 

Corolla  urn-shaped;  stamens  not  exserted.  5.  Menziesia. 

Corolla  regular;  seeds  angled  or  rounded. 

Corolla  polypetalous.  6.  Dendrium. 

Corolla  gamopetalous. 

Stamens  5;  capsule  2-3-celled.  7.  Chamaecistus. 

Stamens  10;  capsule  5-celled. 

Corolla  saucer-shaped,  lo-saccate.  8.  Kalmta. 

Corolla  ovoid.  9.  Phyllodoce. 

*  *  Fruit  a   loculicidal   capsule,    berry   or  drupe  ;    corolla   deciduous  ;   anthers   often 

awned. 

f  Fruit  a  dry  capsule;  calyx  not  accrescent,  mostly  small. 

Low  heath-like  shrubs;  leaves  subulate,  very  small.  10.  Casswpe. 

Shrubs,  or  trees;  leaves  linear  to  broadly  oval. 

Anther-sacs  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  or  chink. 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  imbricated,  at  least  in  the  bud. 

Capsule  dehiscent  into  a  single  layer  of  5  valves.  n.  Leucothoe. 

Capsule  dehiscent  into  2  layers,  the  outer  5-vaIved,  the  inner  lo-valved. 

15.   Chamaedaphnc-* 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  valvate,  or  separate,  in  the  bud. 
Anthers  2-awned  on  the  back. 

Corolla  urn-shaped  or  cylindric ;  leaves  not  glaucous. 

13.  Pier  is. 

Corolla  globose;  leaves  narrow,  glaucous  beneath.   12.  Andromeda. 
Anthers  awnless.  14.  Xolisma. 

Anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 

Corolla  ovoid-cylindric,  5-toothed  ;  tall  shrub  or  tree.  16.   Oxydendron. 

Corolla  salverform,  5-lobed ;  trailing  shrub.  17.  Epigaea. 

f  t  Fruit  a  drupe,  or  a  capsule  enclosed  by  the  fleshy  accrescent  calyx. 
Fruit  consisting  of  the  fleshy  calyx  surrounding  the  capsule.  18.  Gaultheria. 

Fruit  a  drupe  with  4  or  5  nutlets. 

Nutlets  coalescent;  leaves  persistent.  19.  Arctostaphylos. 

Nutlets  separate;  leaves  deciduous.  20.  Mairania.* 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule  ;  corolla  withering-persistent  ;  anthers  appendaged. 

21.  Calluna. 

i.  LEDUM  L. 

Erect  evergreen  resinous  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds,  the  foliage  fragrant  when 
crushed.  Leaves  alternate,  thick,  short-petioled,  oblong  or  linear,  revolute-mar- 
gined.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  umbels  or  corymbs.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the 
base,  the  bracts  deciduous.  Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obtuse,  spread- 
ing, imbricated.  Stamens  5  or  10  (rarely  5  to  7),  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
small,  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  globose- didymous,  the  sacs  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  Disk  annular,  8-io-lobed.  Ovary  ovoid,  scaly,  5. celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  filiform;  stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  5-celled,  5-valved 
from  the  base.  [Greek,  ledon,  the  plant  now  called  Cistus  Ledon.~\  Three  species, 
natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  sub-arctic  zones.  Besides  the  following,  an- 
other occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Leaves  linear,  2-4  mm.  wide  ;  stamens  10.  i.  L.  palustre. 

Leaves  oblong,  6-16  mm.  wide  ;  stamens  5-7.  2.  L.  Groenlandicum. 

i.  Ledum  palustre  L.  NARROW-LEAVED  LABRADOR  TEA.  (I.  F.  f.  2741.) 
A  shrub,  1.5-0  dm.  high,  the  twigs  rusty -tomentose.  Leaves  dark  green  and 


698  FLORA. 

somewhat  rugose  above,  densely  tomentose  with  brown  wool  beneath,  12-40  mu.. 
long;  flowers  6-10  mm.  broad;  pedicels  very  pubescent.  .'2-25  mm.  long  in  fruit; 
capsule  scurfy,  about  4  mm.  high  and  2  mm.  in  diameter,  nodding;  calyx-teeth 
less  than  I  mm.  long,  ovate,  obtusish.  In  .bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska.  Also  in  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

2.  Ledutn  Groenlandicum  OEder.  LABRADOR  TEA.  (I.  F.  f.  2742.)  A 
shrub,  3-12  dm.  high,  similar  to  the  preceding.  Leaves  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng»  slightly 
rugose  above,  densely  brown-tomentose  beneath;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  pedicels 
2-2.5  cm. long  and  recurved  in  fruit;  capsule  canescent,  nodding,  6-7  mm.  long,  2-3 
mm.  in  diameter.  In  bogs  and  swamps,  Greenland  to  Br.  Col.,  Mass.,  N.  J. 
and  Wis.  May -June. 

z.  AZALEA  L. 

Mostly  tall  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  large,  in  terminal  umbels 
developed  from  cone-like  scaly  buds.  Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  funnelform,  the 
tube  mostly  narrow,  the  limb  nearly  regularly  5-lobed  or  somewhat  2-lipped. 
Stamens  5  (rarely  10),  exserted,  usually  declined ;  anthers  attached  to  the  filaments 
by  their  backs,  the  sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores;  style  declined,  exserted. 
Ovary  5 -celled;  ovules  numerous.  Capsule  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  5-celled,  5- 
valved  from  the  summit,  many-seeded.  [Greek,  dry,  from  its  habitat.]  About  40 
species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 
Flowers  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

Flowers  pink  or  white. 

Leaves  strigose  on  the  midrib  beneath ;  corolla-tube  hirsute,    i.  A.  nudiflora. 
Leaves  canescent  beneath  ;  corolla-tube  glandular.  2.  A.  canescens. 

Flowers  orange,  yellow  or  red  ;  leaves  canescent  beneath.  3.  A.  lutea. 

Flowers  expanding  later  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves  shining,  glabrous  beneath.  4.  A.  arborescens< 

Leaves  strigose  on  the  midrib  beneath.  5.  A.  viscosa. 

1.  Azalea  nudiflora  L.    WILD  HONEYSUCKLE.     PINKSTER-FLOWER.     PUR, 
PLE  OR  PINK  AZALEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2743.)    A  shrub,  0.6-2.8  m.  high.     Leaves  oblong 
to  obovate,  acute  at  both  ends,  short-petioled,   glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs  above  when  old,  5-10  cm.    long,  the  margins  ciliolate;  pedicels  strigose,  8- 
14  mm.  long;  flowers  faintly  odorous,  the  limb  somewhat  2-lipped,  3.5-5  cm.  broad, 
shorter  than  the  narrow  tube,   stamens  much    exserted;    capsule  strigose,    i§-i8 
mm.  long,  erect.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  111.,  Fla.  and  Tex.    Reported 
from  Canada.     April-May. 

2.  Azalea   canescens   Michx.     MOUNTAIN   AZALEA.      (I.  F.  f.  2744.)    A 
shrub,   12-45  dm.  nign-     Leaves  oval,  elliptic  or  sometimes  obovate,   wider  and 
shorter  than  those  of  the  preceding,  pale  beneath  and  stiff-hairy  or  pubescent  on  the 
veins,  varying  to  nearly  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliolate  serrulate;  pedicels  glandu- 
lar;   flowers  very  fragrant;    corolla-limb  often  5  cm.  broad,  about  equalling  the 
rather  stout,  slightly  viscid  tube;  stamens  slightly  exserted;  capsule  glandular,  12- 
16  mm.  long.     In  woods,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.     April-May. 

3.  Azalea  lutea  L.     FLAME  AZALEA.     (I.  F.  f.  2745.)    Similar  to  the  two 
preceding.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  glabrous,  or  with  some  scattered  hairs  above, 
the  margins  ciliolate-serrulate ;  pedicels  short,  pilose  or  glandular;  flowers  slightly 
fragrant;  corolla-tube  about  the  length  of  the  nearly  regular  limb,  glandular-pilose, 
the  limb  often  5  cm.  broad;  stamens  long-exserted ;  capsule  about  16  mm.   high. 
In  dry  woods,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  .to  Ga.     May-June. 

4.  Azalea  arborescens  Pursh.    SMOOTH  OR  TREE  AZALEA.    (I.  F.  f.  2746.) 
A  shrub,   2-6  m.  high,  glabrous   or  nearly  so.     Leaves  obovate,   oblanceolate  or 
oval,  acute  or  sometimes  abruptly  acuminate,  petioled,  firm,  bright  green  above, 
light  green  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long,  fragrant  in  drying,1  the  margins  ciliate;  flowers 
white,  or  tinged  with  pink,  fragrant,  the  limb  nearly  regular,  3.5-5  cm.  broad, 
about  as  long  as  the  slender  glandular  tube;  stamens  and  style  red,  long-exserted; 
capsule   densely  glandular,    12-16  mm.   long.     In   woods,   Penn.  to  £T.  Car.  and 
Tenn.     June- July. 

5.  Azalea  viscosa  L.     SWAMP  PINK  OR  HONEYSUCKLE.     WHITE  AZALEA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2747.)    A  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  the  twigs  hairy.     Leaves    obovate-oblong 


ERICACEAE. 

to  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  or 
with  a  few  scattered  hairs  above,  ciliolate,  green  on  both  sides;  flowers  white,  fra- 
grant; pedicels  glandular;  corolla  3.5-5  cm.  long,  the  limb  2.5-5  cm-  broad,  more 
or  less  2-lipped,  much  shorter  than  the  slender,  very  viscid,  densely  glandular  tube; 
capsule  10-14  mm.  high,  glandular-bristly.  In  swamps,  Me.  to  Ohio,  Fla.  and 
Tex.  June-July. 

Azalea  viscosa  hispida  (Pursh)  Britton.  Pedicels  bristly-hispid;  flowers,  at  least  the 
limb,  pink;  leaves  glaucescent  beneath  ;  shrub  2-5  m.  high.  Borders  of  ponds,  Shawan- 
£unk  Mts.  to  Penn.  and  Montauk  Point,  N.  Y. 

Azalea  visc6sa  glauca  Michx.  Leaves  white-glaucous  beneath,  2.5-5  cm.  l°ng»  shrub 
3-18  dm.  high.  Mass,  to  Va. 

Azalea  visc6sa  nitida  (Pursh.)  Britton.  Leaves  about  2.5  cm.  long,  bright  green  on 
both  sides ;  low  shrub.  Mass,  to  Va. 

3.  RHODORA  L. 

A  shrub,  with  oval  or  oblong  short-petioled  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  umbel- 
late or  short-corymbose,  short-pedicelled.  rose-colored,  purple,  or  nearly  white, 
from  terminal  scaly  buds.  Calyx  minute.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  un- 
equally 2-3-lobed,  the  lower  divided  to  the  base,  the  segments  recurved.  Stamens 
10,  about  equalling  the  corolla;  anthers  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments. 
Ovary  5-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  slightly  exserted;  stigma  capitate.  Cap. 
sule  linear-oblong,  5-celled,  5-valved  from  the  summit,  many-seeded.  [From  the 
Greek,  rhodon,  a  rose.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Rhodora  Canadensis  L.  RHODORA.  (I.  F.  f.  2748.)  Stems  3-9  dm. 
high;  twigs  sparingly  strigose.  Leaves  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  entire,  dark  green 
and  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  above,  pale,  glaucous  and  slightly  pubescent,  at  least 
on  the  veins,  beneath,  2.5-5  cm-  long>  6-I4  mm-  wide"»  flowers  expanding  with  or 
before  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  short,  hairy;  corolla  2.5-4  cm.  broad;  capsule 
puberulent,  glaucous.  10-14  mm-  high.  In  bogs  and  on  wet  hillsides,  Newf.  to 
N.  J.,  Quebec,  central  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May. 

4.  RHODODENDRON  L. 

Leaves  alternate,  persistent,  coriaceous.  Flowers  purple,  rose-colored  or  white, 
corymbose  or  umbellate,  from  scaly  cone-like  buds.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-parted. 
Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  nearly  regular.  Stamens  5-10  (usually  10),  little 
exserted,  declined  or  equally  spreading.  Anthers  attached  by  their  backs  to  the 
filaments,  the  sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  slender;  stigma  capitate  or 
5-2O-lobed;  ovules  numerous.  Capsule  mostly  woody,  5-2O-valved  from  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  numerous.  [Greek,  rose-tree.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

Arctic-alpine  shrub,  5-30  cm.  high;  leaves  small,  lepidote.  x.  R.  Lappom'cum. 
Tall  shrubs  or  low  trees;  leaves  large,  glabrous. 

Leaves  usually  acute  at  both  ends;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  2.  R.  maxi'trum. 

Leaves  mostly  obtuse  at  both  ends ;  calyx-lobes  short,  acute.  3.  R.  Catawbiense. 

1.  Rhododendron  Lapponicum  (L.)  Wahl.     LAPLAND  ROSE  BAY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2749.)     Depressed-or  prostrate.     Leaves  oval,  elliptic  or  oblong,  obtuse  and  mu- 
cronulate, 8-18  mm.  long,  4-8  mm.   wide,   short-petioled;  flowers  few,  on  short 
pedicels  with  scurfy  scales;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent;  corolla  purple, 
5-lobed,  14-18  mm.  broad,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  4-6  mm. 
high..    Summits  of  the  higher  mountains  of  N.  Eng.  and  the  Adirondacks  of  N.  Y. ; 
Quebec   to  Greenland  and  Alaska.     Delles  of  the  Wisconsin  River.     Also  in  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Rhododendron    maximum  L.     GREAT  LAUREL.     ROSE  BAY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2750.)     A  tall  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree.     Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate-oblong  or 
broadly  oblanceolate,  dark  green  on  both  sides,  1-2  dm.   long,   2.5-6.5  cm.  wide, 
drooping  in  winter;  petioles  stout,    12-25  mm.   long;  pedicels    viscid -pubescent, 
2.5-5  cm<  l°ng;  corolla  3.5-5  cm.  broad,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  rather  deeply  5-cleft 
into  oval  obtuse  lobes,  rose-color,  varying  to  white,  sprinkled  with  yellowish  or 


700  FLORA. 

orange  spots  within;  capsule  oblong,  puberulent,  10-14  mm.  high.     In  woods  and 
along  streams,  N.  S.  to  Ont,  Ohio  and  Ga.     June-July. 

3.  Rhododendron  Catawbiense  Michx.  MOUNTAIN  ROSE  BAY.  CATAWBA 
OR  CAROLINA  RHODODENDRON.  (I.  F.  £.2751.)  A  shrub,  1-6  m.  high.  Leaves 
oval  or  broadly  oblong,  mucronate,  7.5-13  cm.  long,  3.5-5  cm.  wide,  dark  green 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath;  petioles  stout,  12-35  mm-  l°ng;  pedicels  rather 
stout,  becoming  glabrous;  corolla  lilac-purple,  3.5-5  cm.  long,  5-6.5  cm.  broad, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded;  capsule  linear-oblong,  puberulent,  16-20  mm.  high. 
Mountain  slopes  and  summits,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  Ga.  May-June. 

5.  MENZIESIA  J.  E.  Smith. 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  deciduous  leaves,  and  small  nodding  greenish 
purple  slender-pedicelled  flowers,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  umbels,  developed  from 
scaly  buds.  Calyx  4-toothed  or  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  urceolate-cylindric, 
or  nearly  globose,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Stamens  8;  filaments  subulate,  flattish, 
anthers  linear-oblong,  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  the  sacs  opening  by 
terminal  pores  or  chinks.  Disk  obscurely  8-crenate.  Ovary  mostly  4-celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  filiform;  stigma  4-lobed  or  4-toothed.  Capsule  4-celled, 
4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  slender,  the  testa  membranous,  prolonged  at  both 
ends.  Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  5's.  [Named  in  honor  of  Archibald  Menzies, 
surgeon  and  naturalist,  died  1842.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Japan. 

Filaments  glabrous;  seeds  pointed  at  each  end.  i.  M.  pilosa. 

Filaments  pubescent  below;  seeds  long-appendaged  at  each  end.  2.  M,  glabella. 

1.  Menziesia  pilosa  (Michx.)  Pers.    ALLEGHANY  MENZIESIA.    (I.  F.  f.  2752.) 
Shrub  6-18  dm.  high;  twigs  chaffy  and  with  stiff  hairs.     Leaves  oval,  oblong  or 
obovate,   rough-hairy  above,   pale,  glaucescent  and  sometimes  chaffy  on  the  veins 
beneath,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  the  margins  ciliate;  petioles  4-10  mm.  long,  pubescent; 
flowers  few,   drooping;    pedicels  filiform,  glandular,  12-25  mm-  l°ng;  calyx-lobes 
short  and  broad,  hirsute-ciliate;  corolla  4-6  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  about  4  mm. 
high,  erect,  glandular-bristly.     In  mountain  woods,  Penn.  to  Ga.     May-June. 

2.  Menziesia  glabella  A.  Gray.       SMOOTH    MENZIESIA.      (I.  F.  f.  2753.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding.     Leaves  obovate,  obtuse  and  glandular-mucronulate  at 
the  apex,  pale,  glaucous  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  sparingly  pubescent 
above,  18-36  mm.  long,  the  margins  ciliolate;  flowers  1-5  in  the  umbels,  becoming 
erect;    pedicels  12-25  mm.   long,  glandular;  corolla    about  4  mm.  long;    capsule 
oblong  or  obovoid,  erect,  about  4  mm.   high,   glabrous.      Minnesota  Point,  Lake 
Superior,  west  to  Ore.  and  Br.  Col.     May-June. 

6.  DENDRIUM  Desv.      [LEIOPHYLLUM  Pers.] 

A  glabrous  evergreen  shrub,  with  coriaceous  entire  small  mostly  opposite  leaves, 
and  numerous  small  white  or  pinkish  flowers,  in  terminal  corymbs.  Bracts  coriaceous, 
persistent.  Calyx  5 -parted,  the  segments  rigid,  acute,  persistent.  Petals  5,  ses- 
sile, spreading.  Stamens  10,  exserted;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous;  anthers  small, 
globose,  didymous,  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  the  sacs  opening  lon- 
gitudinally. Disk  lO-lobed.  Ovary  2-5 -celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  slender, 
straight;  stigma  simple,  truncate.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-5-valved  from  the  top.  [Greek, 
a  tree.  ]  A  small  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

I.  Dendrium  buxifolium  (Berg.)  Desv.  SAND  MYRTLE.  (I.  F.  f.  2754.)  A 
shrub  with  box-like  foliage,  widely  branching,  1-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  crowded, 
oblong  or  oval,  thick,  obtuse,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  lighter  and  black- 
dotted  beneath,  short-petioled,  somewhat  re  volute -margined,  6-14  mm.  long,  the 
midrib  prominent;  flowers  in  short  corymbs,  about  4  mm.  broad;  anthers  purple; 
pedicels  6-10  mm.  long  in  fruit;  capsule  acute,  slightly  over  2  mm.  high.  In  dry, 
sandy  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  April-June. 

7.  CHAMAECISTUS  OEder.     [LOISELEURIA  Desv,! 

A  low  glabrous  straggling  shrub,  with  small  linear-oblong  petioled  obtuse  entire 
•vergreen  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  terminal  erect  pedicels.  Calyx  5-parted, 
the  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  persistent.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  with  5 
obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included;  filaments  adnate  to  the  corolla;  anthers  globose- 


ERICACEAE.  7OI 

didymous,  dorsally  attached  to  the  filaments,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  ob- 
scurely 5-lobed.  Ovary  globose;  style  short;  stigma  capitate;  ovules  numerous. 
Capsule  subglobose,  2-3-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.  Seeds  ovoid,  the  testa  granu- 
lar. [Greek,  ground  cistus.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Chamaecistus  procumbens  (L.)  Kuntze.  ALPINE  OR  TRAILING  AZALEA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2755.)  Tufted,  diffuse;  branches  5-10  cm.  long.  Leaves  mostly  opposite, 
crowded,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  4-8  mm.  long,  the  midrib  very  promi- 
nent on  the  lower  side,  the  margins  strongly  revolute;  petioles  I  mm.  long  or  less; 
flowers  1-5  from  terminal  coriaceous  buds;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  pink  or 
white,  about  4  mm.  high,  longer  than  the  purplish  sepals;  capsule  about  2  mm.  in 
diameter.  Summits  of  the  White  Mts. ;  Mt.  Albert,  Quebec;  Lab.  and  Alaska. 
Also  in  northern  Europe  an!  Asia.  July-August. 

8.  KALMIA  L. 

Erect  shrubs,  with  entire  evergreen  coriaceous  leaves.  Flowers  in  umbels  or 
corymbs,  or  solitary,  or  2-3  together  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5 -parted  or  5 -divided, 
the  segments  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  saucer-shaped,  the  limb  strongly 
lo-keeled  in  the  bud,  5-lobed,  with  10  pouches  below  the  limb,  the  keels  extending 
from  the  pouches  to  the  lobes  and  sinuses.  Stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla; 
anther-sacs  opening  by  large  terminal  pores;  filaments  erect  in  the  bud,  soon 
curving  outward,  placing  the  anthers  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla,  straightening 
elastically  when  the  flower  is  fully  expanded.  Disk  lO-crenate.  Ovary  5 -celled; 
ovules  numerous;  stigma  depressed-capitellate.  Capsule  subglobose,  obscurely 
5-lobed,  5 -celled,  5  valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  small,  subglobose.  [Dedicated 
by  Linnaeus  to  his  pupil,  Peter  Kalm,  1715-1779,  who  travelled  in  America.] 
Seven  known  species,  6  of  N.  Am.,  the  other  Cuban. 

Flowers  in  mostly  compound  umbels  or  corymbs;  twigs  terete. 

Leaves  oblong,  mostly  obtuse;  flowers  6-10  mm.  broad.  i.  K.  angustifolia. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  oval,  acute;  flowers  16-25  mm.  broad.  2.  K.  latifoha. 

Flowers  in  simple  terminal  umbels;  twigs  2-edged.  3.  K.  glauca. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils;  leaves  and  twigs  hirsute.  4.  K.  hirsuta. 

1.  Kalmia  angustifolia  L.      SHEEP-LAUREL.      LAMBKILL.      (I.  F.  f.  2756.) 
Leaves  mostly  opposite,  or  verticillate    in   3*3,  obtuse  or   sometimes    acute,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  petioled,  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  light  green  beneath,  2.5-6.5 
cm.  long,  6-22  mm.  wide;  flowers  purple  or  crimson,  in  lateral  compound  or  simple 
corymbs;  pedicels  filiform,  12-24  mm.  long,  recurved  in  fruit;  sepals  ovate,  acute, 
canescent,   persistent;   capsule  depressed-globose,   5-lobed,  canescent,  3-4  mm.  in 
diameter,  the  apex  impressed;  filiform  style  long-persistent.     In  moist  soil,  Newf. 
to  Hudson  Bay,  south  to  Ga.  and  Mich.     June -July. 

2.  Kalmia  latifolia  L.     AMERICAN  OR  MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.     CALICO-BUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2757.)     Often  forming  dense  thickets,  becoming  a  tree;  branches  very  stiff". 
Leaves  alternate,  or  some  of  them  opposite,  or  rarely  verticillate  in  3*3,  petioled, 
glabrous,  flat,  green  on  both  sides,  persistent,  5-13  cm.    long,    12-35  mm.  wide; 
flowers  pink  to  white,  numerous  and   showy  in  compound  terminal  corymbs;  ped- 
icels bracted  and  2-bracteolate  at  the  base,  12-35  mm.  long,  glandular,  erect,  even 
in  fruit;  capsule  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  glandular,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter;  calyx 
and  style  long  persistent.    In  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont,  Ohio,  Fla.  and  La.    May -June. 

Kalmia  latifolia  myrtifblia  Rand.      Low,    compactly   much   branched ;  leaves   not 
over  4  cm.  long  and  6-8  mm.  wide.     Mass. 

3.  Kalmia  glauca  Ait.     PALE  OR  SWAMP  LAUREL.     (I.  F.  f.  2758.)    Gla- 
brous, 1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  in  3's,  nearly  sessile,  ob- 
long or  linear-oblong,  green  above,  white-glaucous  beneath,  12-50  mm.  long,  4-12 
mm.  wide,  the  margins  revolute;  flowers  few  (1-13),  purple,  10-18  mm.   broad; 
pedicels  filiform,    12-35  mm.   long,   erect,    even  in  fruit;  sepals  ovate,   scarious- 
margined,  persistent;  capsule  depressed-globose,  glabrous,   about  5  mm.  in  diam- 
eter.    In  bogs,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Perm.,  Mich,  and  Cal.     Summer. 

4.  Kalmia  hirsuta  Walt.     HAIRY  LAUREL.     (I.  F.  f.  2759.)    Branching,  3-6 
dm.   high,  the  branches   ascending.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- lanceolate,  nearly 
sessile,  villous-hirsute,  becoming  glabrate  in  age,  dark  green  above,  lighter  beneath, 
6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  rose-purple.  10-18  mm.  broad;  pedicels  slender,  nearly  or 


702  FLORA. 

quite  glabrous;  sepals  acute,  hirsute  or  ciliate,  longer  than  the  capsule,  at  length 
deciduous ;  capsule  depressed,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous.  In  moist  pine- 
barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  May-Aug. 

9.  PHYLLODOCE  Salisb. 

Low  branching  shrubs,  with  small  crowded  linear  obtuse  evergreen  leaves. 
Flowers  long-pedicelled,  nodding,  mostly  pink,  blue  or  purple,  in  terminal  umbels. 
Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base.  Calyx  5 -parted,  persistent.  Corolla  contracted  at 
the  throat,  5 -toothed.  Stamens  10,  included;  anthers  attached  to  the  filaments  by 
their  backs,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  sacs  dehiscent  by  oblique  chinks.  Disk  obscurely 
lobed.  Ovary  5-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  included;  stigma  obscurely  5-lobed, 
or  capitate.  Capsule  subglobose  or  globose- oblong.  5-valved  to  about  the  middle. 
Seeds  minute,  the  testa  coriaceous.  [Greek,  a  sea  nymph.]  Three  species,  of 
arctic  and  alpine  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

I.  Phyllodoce  coerulea  (L.)  Gren.  &  Godr.  MOUNTAIN  HEATH.  (I.  F.  f. 
2760.)  A  shrub,  1-1.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  yew-like,  6-10  mm.  long,  articulated 
with  the  branches,  crowded  above,  the  margins  acutish,  scabrous  or  serrulate- 
ciliolate;  pedicels  erect,  very  glandular,  elongating  in  fruif;  corolla  8-10  mm.  long, 
about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  pink  or  purple;  sepals  acuminate,  glandular;  capsule 
erect,  about  4  mm.  high.  Summits  of  the  higher  mountains  of  Me.  and  N.  H. ; 
Mt.  Albert,  Quebec;  Lab.  to  Alaska.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug. 

10.  CASSIOPE  D.  Don. 

Low  tufted  heath-like  evergreen  shrubs,  with  small  sessile  imbricated  or 
crowded,  entire  apparently  veinless  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  white  or  pink 
nodding  flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5,  not  bracted  at  the  base.  Corolla  campanulate, 
4~5-lobed  or  4-5 -parted.  Stamens  8-10,  included;  filaments  glabrous  ;  anthers 
attached  to  the  filaments  near  the  apex,  the  sacs  opening  by  large  terminal 
pores  and  tipped  with  a  recurved  awn.  Disk  lo-crenate.  Ovary  4-5 -celled; 
ovules  numerous;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  4~5-valved,  each 
valve  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Seeds  minute,  numerous.  [Name  from  Cassiope, 
mother  of  Andromeda.]  About  10  species,  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  northwestern  N.  Am. 

Peduncle  terminal;  corollas-cleft;  leaves  subulate,  crowded.  i.   C.  hypnoides. 

Peduncles  lateral;  corolla  5-lobed;  leaves  thick,  4-ranked.  2.   C.  tetragona. 

1.  Cassiope   hypnoides  (L.)  D.  Don.     MOSS-PLANT.     CASSIOPE.      (I.  F.  f. 
2761.)     Glabrous,  2.5-7.5  cm.  high.     Leaves  imbricated,  acute,  flat  above,  convex 
beneath,  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad;  peduncles  erect,  8-24  mm.  long; 
corolla  nearly  white;  style  conic;  capsule  globose,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  2—3 
times  as  long    as    the   ovate    calyx-lobes.     Summits  of  the  higher  mountains  of 
N.  Eng.  and  the  Adirondacks;  Quebec  and  Lab.    to  arctic  Am.     Abo  in  arctic 
Europe  and  Asia.     Plant  with  the  aspect  of  a  moss.     Summer. 

2.  Cassiope  tetragona  (L.)  D.  Don.     FOUR- ANGLED  CASSIOPE.     (1.  F.  f. 
2762.)     Tufted,  1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  imbricated,  thick,  ovate  or  ovate  oblong, 
closely  appressed,  channeled  on  the  back,  usually  puberulent  when  young,  2-3  mm. 
long;  peduncles  slender,  10-24  mm.   long;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad;  style  slightly 
thickened  below;  capsule  nearly  globular,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter.     Lab.,  Greenland 
and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska  and  Ore.     Also  in  Asia.     Summer. 

it.  LEUCOTHOE  D.  Don.      (See  Appendix.) 

Shrubs,  mostly  tall,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  usually  white 
bracted  flowers  in  racemes,  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  or  the  pedicels  jointed  with 
the  rachis.  Sepals  5,  distinct.  Corolla  cylindric  or  ovoid-urceolate,  5-toothed. 
Stamens  10,  included;  anthers  attached  to  the  filaments  near  their  bases,  oblong, 
the  sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores,  obtuse,  2-mucronate  or  i-2-awned  at  the  apex. 
Disk  lo-lobed.  Ovary  5  celled;  stigma  capitate  or  5-lobed;  ovules  numerous. 
Capsule  depressed-globose,  often  5-lobed,  5-valved,  the  valves  membranous,  entire. 
Seeds  numerous,  minute.  [Name  mythological.]  About  35  species,  natives  of 
N.  and  S.  Am.  and  eastern  Asia. 


ERICACEAE.  703 

Racemes  in  the  axils  of  persistent  leaves  of  the  previous  season. 

Shoots  puberulent;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  sepals  imbricated  in  flower. 

1.  L.  axillaris. 
Shoots  glabrous;  petioles  8-16  mm.  long;  sepals  not  imbricated  in  flower. 

2.  L.  Catesbaci. 
Racemes  terminating  the  branches;  flowers  appearing  wither  before  the  leaves. 

Racemes  mostly  recurved;  capsule  5-lobed.  3.  L.  recurva. 

Racemes  erect  or  spreading ;  capsule  not  lobed.  4.  L.  racemosa. 

1.  Leucothoe  axillaris   (Lam.)  D.  Don.     DOWNY  LEUCOTHOE.     (I.   F.  f. 
2763.)      Leaves  evergreen,    oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,     glabrous   above,    sparsely 
beset  with  minute  hairs  beneath,   acute  or  acuminate,   serrulate,  5-15    cm.  long, 
12-35  mm.  wide;  racemes  many- flowered,   dense;  bracts   ovate,    concave,    borne 
near  the  bases  of  the  short  pedicels;   anthers  awnless;   corolla  about  6  mm.  long; 
stigma"  depressed,  5-rayed.     In  moist  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     April. 

2.  Leucothoe  Catesbaei  (Walt.)  A.  Gray.     CATESBY'S  LEUCOTHOE.    (I.  F.  f. 
2764.)     Similar  to  the  preceding.     Leaves   lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,    ever- 
green,  acuminate,   sharply  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,   7.5-15  cm.  Icng, 
18-35  mm-  wide;  racemes  dense,  many-flowered;  bracts  borne  at  the  bases  of  the 
short  petioles;   corolla  narrowly  cylindric,  about  5  mm.   long;   capsule  depressed, 
strongly  5-lobed,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter.     Along  streams,  Va.^to  eastern  Tenn. 
and  Ga.     April. 

3.  Leucothoe  recurva  (Buckl.)  A.  Gray.     MOUNTAIN  LEUCOTHOE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2765.)     Widely  branched,  6-30  dm.  high,  similar  to  the  following  species.    Leaves 
deciduous,  ovate  or  oval,  often  acuminate,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  5-10  cm. 
long;   calyx  2-bracteolate,  the  bracts  persistent;  corolla  about  6  mm.  long;  anther- 
sacs  i-awned;   capsule  depressed,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter  and  2  mm.  high;  seeds 
winged.     In  dry  woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ala.     April-May. 

4.  Leucothoe  racemosa  (L.)  A.    Gray.     SWAMP  LEUCOTHOE.     (I.    F.    f. 
2760.)     Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  deciduous,  short-petioled, 
glabrous,  or  with  some  short  hairs  above,  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath, 
serrulate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  12-25  mm.  wide;  calyx  2-bracteolate  at  the  base,  the 
bractlets    firm,  persistent;  pedicels   about   2   mm.   long,  jointed  with  the  rachis; 
corolla  nearly  cylindric,   6-8  mm.   long;  anther  sacs  2-awned;    stigma  capitate; 
capsule  depressed-globose,   slightly   grooved,    3  mm.  in    diameter;  seeds    smooth, 
wingless.     In  swamps  and  moist  thickets,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and  La.    April- June. 

12.  ANDROMEDA  L. 

A  glabrous  shrub.  Leaves  coriaceous,  linear  or  oblong,  entire,  revolute-mar- 
gined,  evergreen,  short-petioled,  white-glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  white,  drooping, 
in  terminal  umbels.  Calyx  5 -parted,  persistent.  Corolla  globose-urceolate, 
5 -toothed,  the  teeth  recurved.  Stamens  10,  included;  filaments  bearded;  anthers 
attached  to  the  filaments  at  about  the  middle,  ovate,  obtuse,  the  sacs  opening  by 
large  terminal  pores,  each  with  a  reflexed  awn.  Disk  lo-lobed.  Ovary  5 -celled; 
style  columnar;  ovules  numerous.  Capsule  subglobose,  5-angled.  5-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  oval,  the  testa  smooth,  coriaceous,  shining.  [Named  for  Andro- 
meda of  mythology.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Andromeda  Polifolia  L.  WILD  ROSEMARY.  MARSH  HOLY  ROSE. 
MOORWORT.  (L  F.  f.  2767.)  A  shrub,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  foliage  acid.  Leaves 
mucronulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2.5-6.5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;  petioles  about 
2mm.  long;  umbels  few-flowered;  bracts  small,  ovate,  persistent;  pedicels  8-12 
mm.  long;  calyx  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute;  corolla  4-6  mm.  in  diameter;  cap- 
sule about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  about  as  long  as  the  style.  In  bogs,  Newf.  to 
Alaska,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mich,  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June. 

13.  PIERIS   D.  Don. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous. 
Flowers  mostly  white,  in  bracted  racemes  or  umbels,  the  pedicels  commonly  1-3- 
bracteolate.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  ovate,  acute,  valvate  in  the  bud,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  urceolate-cylindric,  5 -toothed,  the  teeth  recurved.  Stamens  10, 
included;  filaments  often  pubescent  or  ciliate;  anthers  oblong  or  ovoid,  the  sacs 
opening  by  large  oval  pores.  Disk  lo-lobed.  Ovary  5 -celled;  ovules  numerous; 


704  FLORA. 

style  columnar;  stigma  truncate.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  5-angled,  5-celled, 
Seeds  linear-oblong,  not  winged,  clavate  or  falcate,  the  testa  smooth,  membranous. 
[Name  from  one  of  the  Muses.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am., 
Cuba,  eastern  Asia  and  the  Himalayas. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  serrulate ;  flowers  racemose.  i.  P.  floribunda0 

Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire;  flowers  in  axillary  umbels.  2.  P.  nitida. 

Leaves  membranous,  deciduous,  entire ;  flowers  in  lateral  umbels.          3.  P.  Mariana. 

1.  Pieris   floribunda   (Pursh)  Benth.  &  Hook.     MOUNTAIN    FETTER-BUSH. 
(I.  F.  f.  2768.)    Branches  nearly  erect,  bristly  or  strigose-pubescent,  leafy.    Leaves 
oblong  to  ovate- lanceolate,  glabrous  above,  black-dotted  beneath,   acute  or  acu- 
minate, 3.5-7.5  cm.  long,  12-25  mm.  wide;  petioles  4-8  mm.  long,  very  bristly,  at 
least  when  young;  flowers  white,  about  7  mm.  long;   calyx-segments  ovate-lanceo- 
late,   acute;  corolla  slightly  5-angled,    5-saccate  at  the  base;  filaments  uriappen- 
daged;  capsule  globose-ovoid,  about  4  mm.  high,   longer  than  the  slender  style. 
Mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga.     May. 

2.  Pieris    nitida  (Bartr. )  Benth.  &  Hook.     FETTER-BUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  2769.) 
A  glabrous  shrub,  6-18  dm.   high,  the  branches  acutely  angled.     Leaves  short- 
petioled,  oblong,  oval,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  obovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  somewhat 
black-dotted    beneath,    revolute,    bordered  by    an    intra- marginal    nerve;  flowers 
nodding  or  spreading;  pedicels  4-8    mm.   long;  calyx-segments  rigid,    purplish, 
valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  white  or  red,  ovoid-cylindric,  narrowed  at  the  throat, 
6-8  mm.  long;  filaments  2-spurred;  capsule  globose,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
segments.     In  wet  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Cuba  and  La.     April-May. 

3.  Pieris   Mariana  (L.)  Benth.  &  Hook.     STAGGER-BUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  2770.) 
Branches  nearly  erect,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  black-dotted.    Leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
glabrous   above,    sparingly   pubescent   on    the   veins    and   black-dotted  beneath; 
5-7.5  cm.  long;  flowers  nodding  on  the  nearly  leafless  branches  of  the  preceding 
season;  calyx-segments  acuminate,   deciduous;  corolla    ovoid-cylindric,  white,  or 
faintly  pink,  10-12  mm.  long;  filaments  pubescent  on  the  outer  side,  usually  with 
2  setose  appendages;  capsule  ovoid-pyramidal,  3-4  mm.   high,  truncate,  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals.     In  sandy  soil,  R.  I.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  Ark.     May-July. 

14.  XOLl'sMA  Raf.     (See  Appendix.) 

Tall  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  terete  twigs,  alternate  short-petioled  leaves, 
and  small  mostly  white  flowers  in  clusters.  Calyx  4~5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft.  Corolla 
globose,  or  urceolate,  pubescent,  4-5 -toothed,  the  teeth  recurved.  Stamens  8  or 
10,  included;  filaments  flat,  incurved,  pubescent;  anthers  attached  to  the  filaments 
near  their  bases,  truncate,  the  sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Disk  8-io-lobed. 
Ovary  4~5-celled;  style  columnar;  stigma  truncate;  ovules  numerous,  pendulous. 
Capsule  4-5  angled,  4-5-valved,  its  apex  intruded.  Seeds  elongated,  the  testa 
membranous,  loose,  reticulated.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  10  species,  natives 
of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  W.  Indies  and  Mex. 

I.  Xolisma  ligiistrina  (L.)  Britton.  PRIVET  ANDROMEDA.  (I.  F.  f.  2771.) 
A  shrub  1-4  m.  high.  Leaves  obovate,  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  deciduous,  minutely 
serrulate  or  entire,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  usually  quite  glabrous  above,  2.  ^-6.5 
cm.  long;  racemes  mostly  leafless,  in  terminal  panicles;  bracts  small,  caducous; 
pedicels  2-6  mm.  long,  pubescent;  calyx -lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute;  corolla  nearly 
globular,  3  mm.  in  diameter;  capsule  depressed-globose,  obtusely  5-angled,  about  3 
mm.  in  diameter.  In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  Canada  (?),  Me  to  N.  Y.,  Fla.,  Tenn. 
and  Ark.  May -July.  {Andromeda  ligtistrina  Muhl.] 

15.    CHAMAEDAPHNE    Moench.      [CASSANDRA  D.  Don.] 

An  erect  shrub,  with  stiff  terete  branches,  alternate  evergreen  short-petioled 
narrow  leaves,  and  white  short-pedicelled  secund  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
small  upper  leaves.  Calyx  of  5  distinct  persistent  sepals,  bracttd  at  the  base. 
Corolla  oblong-cylindric.  narrowed  at  the  throat,  5 -toothed,  the  teeth  recurved. 
Stamens  10,  included;  filaments  subulate,  glabrous;  anther-sacs  tapering  upward 
into  tubular  beaks,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Disk  IO- toothed.  Ovary  5-celled, 
5-grooved;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  the  epicarp  5-valved,  sep- 


ERICACEAE.  7°  5 

arating  at  length  from  the  lO-valved  endocarp.     [Greekfc  ground  or  low  Daphne.] 
A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Chamaedaphne  calyculata  (L.)  Moench.  LEATHER-LEAF.  DWARF 
CASSANDRA.  (I.  F.  f.  2772.)  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  densely  covered  on 
both  sides  with  minute  scurfy  scales,  at  least  when  young,  1.2-3.5  cm-  long»  tne 
margins  obscurely  denticulate;  upper  leaves  gradually  smaller,  the  uppermost 
reduced  to  floral  bracts;  pedicels  2  mm.  long  or  less;  corolla  about  6  mm.  long; 
capsule  4  mm.  in  diameter,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  sepals.  In  bogs  and 
swamps,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Ga.,  111.,  Mich,  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  April-June. 

16.  OXYDENDRUM  DC. 

A  tree,  with  alternate  petioled  deciduous  sour  leaves,  and  numerous  white 
flowers,  in  terminal  panicled  racemes.  Pedicels  2-bracteolate.  Sepals  5,  slightly 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  ovoid-cylindric,  minutely  canescent, 
narrowed  at  the  throat,  tardily  expanding,  5 -toothed.  Stamens  10;  filaments  wider 
than  the  linear  anthers;  anther-sacs  opening  by  long  chinks.  Ovary  ovoid,  5 -ceiled, 
ovules  numerous,  near  the  base  of  the  cavities;  stigma  simple.  Disk  lo-toothed. 
Capsule  ovoid-pyramidal,  5 -angled,  5-valved.  Seeds  ascending  or  erect,  elongated, 
the  testa  reticulated,  loose  and  extended  at  each  end  beyond  the  linear  nucleus. 
[Greek,  sour-tree.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Oxydendrum  arboreum  (L.)  DC.  SOUR-WOOD.  SORREL-TREE.  (I.  F. 
f-  2773)«  A  smooth-barked  tree.  Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  oval-lanceolate,  sharply 
serrulate,  or  entire,  green  and  glabrous,  finely  reticulate-veined,  acuminate,  1-1.5 
dm.  long.  2.5-7.5  cm.  wide;  racemes  long  and  slender,  erect  or  curving,  panicled, 
the  rachis  and  short  pedicels  canescent;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long;  capsule  4-6  mm. 
long,  canescent,  tipped  by  the  persistent  style,  the  pedicels  curving.  In  woods,  Ohio 
and  Penn.  to  Va.,  Fla.  and  Miss.  June- July. 

17.   EPIGAEA   L. 

Prostrate  slightly  woody  branching  shrubs,  with  alternate  evergreen  entire 
leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  perfect,  heteromorphous  or  dioecious,  bracted,  sessile, 
white  or  pink,  fragrant,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Sepals  5,  oblong, 
persistent,  dry,  much  imbricated.  Corolla  salverform,  the  limb  5-lobed  (rarely  4- 
or  6-lobed).  Stamens  10;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  attached  to  the  filaments 
below  the  middle.  Disk  lo-lobed.  Ovary  ovoid,  hirsute.  5-lobed,  5 -celled;  ovules 
numerous;  style  columnar;  stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed  globose,  hirsute," 
slightly  5-lobed,  at  length  loculicidally  5-valved.  [Greek,  on  the  earth.]  Two 
species,  the  following  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  of  Japan. 

i.  Epigaea  repens  L.  TRAILING  ARBUTUS.  MAYFLOWER.  GROUND  LAU- 
REL. (I.  F.  f.  2774.)  Twigs  hirsute;  branches  1.5-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  thick,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  glabrous  above, 
hirsute  beneath,  green  both  sides,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  12-35  mm-  wide;  petioles 
hirsute,  0.6-5  cm>  'ong!  flowers  10-16  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  broad  when  expand- 
ed: corolla-tube  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals.  In  sandy  or  rocky  woods, 
Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Mich.  Often  forms  patches.  March-May. 

18.   GAULTHERIA    L. 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  axillary,  white,  red  or  pink 
flowers.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5 -cleft,,  persistent.  Corolla  urn-shaped  or  campanu- 
late,  5 -toothed  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  10,  included,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
corolla;  filaments  dilated  above  the  base;  anther-sacs  opening  by  a  terminal  pore, 
commonly  awned.  Stigma  obtuse,  entire.  Disk  lO-toothed.  Ovary  5  celled,  5- 
lobed.  Calyx  becoming  fleshy  and  at  length  surrounding  the  capsule,  forming  a 
berry-like  fruit.  [Named  after  Dr.  Gaultier,  of  Quebec.]  About  100  species, 
mostly  of  the  Andes.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

I.  Gaultheria  procumbens  L.  SPRING  OR  CREEPING  WINTERGREEN. 
CHECKERBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2775.)  Nearly  glabrous,  aromatic;  stems  slender, 
creeping  or  subterranean;  branches  erect,  5-15  cm.  high.  Leaves  mostly  clustered 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- 


7o6 


FLORA. 


petioled,  the  margins  serrate  with  low  bristle-tipped  teeth,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  pale  beneath,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ngJ  flowers  usually  solitary  in  the  axils,  on 
recurved  peduncles  4-8  mm.  long,  2-bracteolate  under  the  calyx;  corolla  ovoid- 
urceolate,  white,  5-toothed,  4-6  mm.  long;  fruit  depressed-globose,  slightly  5-lobed, 
bright  red,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  mealy,  very  spicy.  In  woods,  Newf.  to  Mani- 
toba, Ga.  and  Mich.  June- Sept. 

19.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Adans. 

Shrubs,  some  western  species  small  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  firm  or 
coriaceous,  evergreen.  Flowers  small,  nodding,  pedicelled,  white  or  pink,  in  ter- 
minal clusters.  Calyx  4~5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  4-5 -lobed,  the  lobes  recurved, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10,  rarely  8,  included;  filaments  short;  anthers 
short,  erect,  introrse,  with  2  recurved  awns  on  the  back,  the  sacs  opening  by  a 
terminal  pore.  Disk  8-io-lobed.  Ovary  4-io-celled  ;  ovules  solitary  in  the 
cavities;  style  slender.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  4-10  seed-like  nutlets  coherent  into 
a  solid  stoni.  [Greek,  bear-berry.]  About  20  species,  the  following  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  the  others  of  western  N.  Am. 

I.  Arctostaphylos  Uva-Ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  RED  BEARBERRY.  KINNIKI- 
NIC.  (I.  F.  f.  2776.)  Trailing  or  spreading,  branches  1.5-6  dm.  long,  the  twigs 
puberulent.  Leaves  spatulate.  obtuse,  entire,  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent 
toward  the  base.  12-25  mm-  l°ng>  4-10  mm.  wide,  finely  reticulate- veined;  pet- 
ioles about  2  mm.  long;  flowers  few  in  short  racemes;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long; 
corolla  ovoid,  constricted  at  the  throat,  white,  about  4  mm.  long;  drupe  globose, 
red,  glabrous,  insipid,  rather  dry,  6  10  mm.  in  diameter,  usually  containing  5 
coalescent  nutlets.  In  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  111., 
Neb.,  Colo,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June. 

20.  MAIRANIA  Neck. 

A  low  shrub,  with  shreddy  bark,  alternate  thin  deciduous  leaves  clustered  to- 
ward the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  small  white  clustered  pedicelled  flowers.  Calyx 
4-5-parted.  Corolla  4-5-toothed,  the  short  teeth  spreading  or  recurved.  Stamens 
8  or  10,  included;  anther  sacs  with  2  recurved  dorsal  awns.  Ovary  4-5  celled; 
ovules  i  in  each  cavity.  Drupe  globose,  with  4  or  5  separate  l-seeded  nutlets.  A 
monotypic  genus. 

i.  Mairania  alpina  (L.)  Desv.  ALPINE  OR  BLACK  BEARBERRY.  (I.  F.  f. 
2777.)  Tufted  or  depressed-prostrate;  branches  5-12  cm.  high,  the  twigs  glabrous 
or  nearly  so.  Leaves  obovate,  crenulate,  conspicuously  reticulate- veined,  ciliate 
at  least  when  young,  12-25  mm-  l°ng>  6-14  mm.  wide;  flowers  few,  appearing 
from  scaly  buds  before  or  with  the  leaves;  corolla  white,  ovoid,  constricted  at  the 
throat;  drupe  black  (or  bright  red,  according  to  Macoun),  juicy,  6-10  mm.  in 
diameter.  Mountains  ofN.  Eng. ;  Quebec  to  Newf.,  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer.  \Arctostaphylos  alpina  Spreng. J 

21.  CALLUNA  Salisb. 

A  low  evergreen  shrub,  with  minute  linear  opposite  imbricated  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  pink  flowers,  in  terminal  one  sided  dense  spike-like  racemes.  Sepals 
4,  scarious,  obtuse,  longer  than  and  concealing  the  corolla.  Corolla  campanulate, 
4-parted,  slightly  twisted,  persistent.  Stamens  8;  filaments  short;  anthers  oblong, 
attached  to  the  filaments  by  their  backs,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit,  each  sac 
with  a  dorsal  reflexed  appendage.  Disk  8-lobed.  Ovary  depressed- globose, 
8-angled;  style  slender.  Capsule  somewhat  4-sided,  4-celled,  4-valved,  few-seeded. 
Seeds  ovoid,  pendulous,  not  winged.  [Greek,  j  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Calluna  vulgaris  (L.)  Salisb.  LING.  HEATHER.  MOOR.  BESOM.  (I.  F. 
f.  2778.)  Straggling,  the  branches  ascending,  1-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile, 
about  i  mm.  long,  imbricated  in  4  rows,  usually  2-auricled  at  the  base,  3-angled, 
grooved  on  the  back;  calyx  with  4  bracts  at  the  base;  corolla  about  3  mm.  long. 
Sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Newf.  to  N.  J.  Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 


VA  CCINIA  CEA  £.  7°7 

Family  5.     VACCINIACEAE  LindL 

Huckleberry  Family. 

Shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  perfect  flowers, 
the  pedicels  commonly  bracted.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the 
limb  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  or  rarely  divided  into 
separate  petals,  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes, 
epigynous,  or  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  mostly  short; 
anthers  dorsally  attached,  2-celled,  the  connective  entire  or  2-awned. 
Ovarv  inferior,  2-io-celled,  crowned  by  the  epigynous  disk;  style  fili- 
form'; ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe  m  our  genera,  globose  ; 
cells  i -several-seeded,  or  the  drupe  containing  several  nuilets.  Seeds 
compressed;  testa  bony  ;  endosperm  fleshy ;  embryo  central  ;  radicle 
near  thehilum.  About  20  genera  and  300  species  of  wide  distribution. 
Ovary  lo-cellert;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  with  i  seeded  10  nutlets.  i.  Gaylussacia. 

Ovary  4-5-celled;  fruit  a  many  seeded  berry. 
Corolla  open  campanulate,  4~5-lobed. 

Flowers  4-parted :  leaves  small,  coriaceous,  persistent;  low  shrub. 

2.    I  itis-Idaea. 
Flowers  5-parted;  leaves  large,  thin,  deciduous;  tall  shrubs. 

Flower  not  jointed  with  its  pedicel ;  anthers  exserted.         3.  Polycodium. 
Flower  jointed  with  its  pedicel;  anthers  included;  berry  black. 

4.  Batodendron. 
Corolla  cylindric,  subglobose  or  urceolate. 

Erect  shrubs;  ovary  entirely  inferior;  berries  normally  not  white. 

5.  Vaccinium. 
Low  trailing  shrub;  ovary  half  inferior;  berry  snow-white.          6.   Cluogenes. 

Corolla  deeply  4-cleft  or  4-divided,  the  lobes  rerlexed.  7.  Oxycoccus. 

i.  GAYLUSSACIA  H.B.K. 

Branching  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  white  or  pink  flowers  in 
lateral  bracted  racemes.  Pedicels  mostly  2-bracteolate.  Calyx -tube  obconic,  or 
turbinate,  the  limb  5-iobed  or  5  toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  or 
tubular-campanulate,  the  tube  terete  or  5 -angled,  the  limb.  5-lobed.  Stamens 
10,  equal;  filaments  short;  anther-sacs  tapering  upward  into  tubes,  awnless,  open- 
ing  by  terminal  pores  or  chinks.  [Named  for  the  celebrated  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.] 
About  40  American  species.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  Southern 
States. 

Laaves  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  resinous;  fruit  blue  with  abloom,  i.   G.  frondosa. 
Leaves  green  both  sides,  resinous;  fruit  mostly  black. 

Bracts  small,  deciduous,  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  2.  G.  resinosa. 

Bracts  oval,  large,  persistent,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  3.  G.  ditmosa. 

Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  serrate,  not  resinous;  bracts  scale-like.  4.   G.  brachycera. 

1.  Gaylussacia  frondosa  (L.)  T.   &   G.     BLUE  TANGLE.     TANGLEBERRY. 
DANGLEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2779.)     An  erect  shrub,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval  to 
obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  3.5-6.5  cm.  long,  the  upper  surface  green,  gla- 
brous; petioles  about  2  mm.  long;  flowers  few.  greenish  pink;   bracts  linear-oblong, 
shorter  than  the  filiform  pedicels,  deciduous;  corolla  globose-campanulate.  3  mm. 
long;  filaments  glabrous;  fruit  globose,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  sweet.     In  moist 
woods,  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  Ohio  and  La.     May -June. 

2.  Gaylussacia  resinosa  (Ait.)  T.  &  G.     BLACK  OR  HIGH-BUSH  HUCKLE- 
BERRY.    (I.   F.   f.   2780.)     A  shrub,   3-9   dm.   high,  the  young  shoots  commonly 
pubescent.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rarely  obovate,  entire,  mucronulate.  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  firm,   2.5—5  cm-  'onS5  petioles  about  2  mm.  long;  flowers  few.  pink  or 
red.   in  one-sided  racemes;  corolla  ovoid-conic.  5-angled,  becoming  campanulate- 
cylindric,    4-5   mm.  long;  filaments  ciliate;  fruit  (rarely  white)  about  6  mm.   in 
diameter,  sweet  but  seedy.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  to  Ga.,  Manitoba,  Wis. 
and  Ky,     May-June. 

Gayln*sicia  resinosa  glaucocirpa  Robinson,     Fruit  blue,  with  a  bloom,  larger  than 
Me.  to  N,  Car. 


708  FLORA. 

3.  Gaylussacia  dumosa  (Andr.)  T.  &  G.     DWARF  OR  BUSH  HUCKLEBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2781.)     A  shrub,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  usually  leafless  below,  the 
young  twigs  pubescent  or  hirsute,  glandular.      Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceo- 
late,  obtuse,  mucronate,  entire,  firm  or  coriaceous,  shining  when  old,  2.5-3.5  cm. 
long,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  flowers  white,  pink  or  red,  in  rather  loose  racemes;  bracts 
foliaceous.  pubescent;  corolla  campanuiate,  4-5  mm.   long;  filaments  pubescent; 
calyx  puberulent;  fruit  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  watery,   rather  insipid.     In  sandy 
swamps,  Newf.  to  N.  Y.,  Fla.  and  La.     May-June. 

Gaylussacia  dum6sa  hirte"lla  (Ait.)  A.  Gray.  Pedicels  and  calyx  hirsute.  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  La. 

4.  Gaylussacia  brach^cera  (Michx.)  A.  Gray.    BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.   (I.  F.  f. 
2782.)     A  low  shrub,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  the  branches  angular,  the  twi§  s  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.     Leaves  coriaceous,    glabrous,  persistent,  oval  or  oblong,  12-25  mm« 
long,  with  low  teeth,  the  margins  somewhat  revolute;  petioles  2  mm.  long  or  less; 
flowers  few,  white  or  pink,  in  short  racemes;  bracts  and  bractlets  caducous;  pedi- 
cels  short;  corolla    cylindric-ovoid,    about   4  mm.    long;    filaments    ciliate;  fruit 
(according  to  A.  Wood)  light  blue.     In  dry  woods,  Penn.  to  Va.     May. 

2.  vllIS-IDAEA  Tourn. 

A  low  evergreen  shrub,  with  creeping  stems,  alternate  oval  or  obovate  coria- 
ceous leaves,  and  small  white  or  pink  nodding  flowers,  secund  in  small  terminal 
clusters.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  4-lobed.  Stamens  8;  an- 
thers upwaidly  prolonged  into  tubes.  Ovary  4-celled,  inferior.  Fruit  a  dark 
red  acid  many-seeded^  berry.  [Ancient  name.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Vitis-Idaea  Vitis-Idaea  (L.)Britton.  MOUNTAIN  CRANBERRY.  (I.  F.  f. 
2795.)  Branches  erect,  1-2  dm.  high.  Leaves  thick,  crowded,  green  and  some- 
what shining  above,  paler  and  black-dotted  beneath,  glabrous,  or  minutely  ciliate 
toward  the  base,  short-petioled,  entire  or  sparingly  serrulate,  6-16  mm.  long,  the 
margins  revolute;  bracts  reddish,  short-oblong;  bractlets  2;  berries  8-io  mm.  in 
diameter.  In  rocky  places,  Essex  Co.,  Mass.,  coast  of  Me.,  higher  mountains  of 
N.  Eng.  to  Lab.,  west  to  Lake  Superior,  Br.  Col.  and  Alaska.  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  \Vaccinium  Vitis  Idaea  L.] 

3.  POLYCODIUM   Raf.      (See  Appendix.) 

Shrubs  with  alternate  deciduous  leaves,  and  purplish  or  yellowish  green  flow- 
ers in  leafy-bracted  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  open-campanulate, 
5-lobed.  Stamens  10;  anthers  upwardly  prolonged  into  tubes.  Ovary  5-celled, 
inferior.  Berry  green,  nearly  black,  or  yellow,  globose  to  pyriform.  Four  or  five 
species  of  eastern  N.  Am.  [Greek,  many  bells.] 

i.  Polycodium  stamineum  (L.)  Greene.  DEERBERRY.  BUCKBERRY.  (I.  F. 
f.  2796.)  Divergently  branched,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  rarely 
obovate,  acute  or  sometimes  acuminate,  petioled,  entire,  firm,  green  above,  pale 
beneath,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  12-35  mm.  wide;  corolla  purplish  or  yellowish  green, 
deeply  cleft,  4-6  mm.  long,  6-10  mm.  broad;  berry  globose  or  pear-shaped,  green 
or  yellow,  8  10  mm.  in  diameter,  inedible.  In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to 
Ont.,  Minn.,  Ark.,  Ky.  and  Ala.  April-June.  [Vaccinittrn  stamineum  L.] 

4.   BATODENDRON  Nutt.       (See  Appendix.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  firm  deciduous  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  leafy- 
bracted  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  campanuiate,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10; 
style  exserted.  Berry  black,  globose,  many-seeded.  Two  or  three  N.  Am.  species. 
[Greek,  blackberry  tree.] 

i  Batodendron  arboreum  (Marsh.)  Nutt.  FARKLEBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2797.) 
Divergently  branched,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  9  m.  Leaves  obovate 
or  oval,  short-petioled.  shining  and  bright  green  above,  duller,  and  sometimes  spar- 
ingly pubescent  beneath,  entire  or  glandular-denticulate,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng<  I2~25 
mm.  wide;  flowers  slender-pedicelled ;  bracts  persistent;  berry  about  6  mm.  in 
diameter,  inedible.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  N.  Car.  to  Ky.,  111.,  Ind.  Terr.,  Fla.  and 
Tex.  May -June.  \Vaccinium  arboreum  Marsh.] 


VA  CCINIA  CEA  B. 


5.  VACCINIUM  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Shrubs  (some  species  small  trees)  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  white  pink 
or  red  flowers,,  in  racemes  or  clusters,  or  rarely  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx-tube 
globose,  hemispheric  or  turbinate,  not  angled,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5- 
toothed  or  4-5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  urn-shaped,  or  cylindric, 
rarely  subglobose,  its  limb  4~5-toothed  or  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  anthers  upwardly  prolonged  into  tubes,  opening  by  termi- 
nal pores  or  chinks.  Ovary  4-5  -celled,  or  8-iO-celled  by  false  partitions;  ovules 
several  or  numerous;  stigma  small.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  [Latin,  blue- 
berry.] About  125  species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  n 
others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Flowers  solitary,  or  2-4  together,  on  drooping  pedicels;  low  shrubs. 

Most  or  r.ll  the  flowers  4-parted,  and  stamens  8.  i.   V.  uliginosum. 

Flowers  all  or  nearly  all  5-parted,  and  stamens  10. 

Shrub  7-15  cm.  high;  leaves  obovate  or  cuneate.  2.   V.  caespitosum. 

Shrubs  0.3-4  m.  high;  leaves  oval  or  oblong;  northern  species. 
Leaves  serrulate,  green  both  sides;  berries  purple-black. 

3.  V.  membranaceum. 
Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  pale  beneath;  berry  blue  with  bloom. 

4.  V,  ovalifolium. 
Flowers  fascicled  or  racemose,  short-  pedicelled;  leaves  deciduous. 

Corolla  cylindric  or  nearly  so,  2-3  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  berry  black.  5.    V.  virgatum. 

Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves;  berry  blue  with  a  bloom. 

6.  V.  corymbosum* 
Corolla  urn-shaped,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  1-2  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Leaves  not  glaucous;  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath. 
Leaves  mostly  entire,  pubescent  beneath. 

Shrub  1-5  m.  high;  leaves  oval,  large,  fruit  black. 

7.  V.  atrococcum. 
Shrub  1.5-6  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  small;  fruit  blue. 

8.  V.  Canadense. 
.  Leaves  serrulate,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  low  shrub  ;  fruit  blue. 

9.  V.  Pennsylvanicttnti 
Leaves  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  mostly  glabrous  both  sides. 

Fruit  black;  shrub  1.5-5  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate. 

10.  V.  nigrurn. 
Fruit  blue  ;  shrubs  3-18  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  obovate. 

Leaves  firm,  mostly  entire;  berry  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. 

11.  V.  vacillans. 
Leaves  thin,  sharply  serrulate;  berry  8-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

12.  V.  pallidum. 

1.  Vaccinium   uliginosum  L.     GREAT   BILBERRY.     BOG  WHORTLEBERRY. 
BLEABERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2783.)     Much  branched,  1.5-6  dm.   high.     Leaves  thick, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dull,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  obovate,  oblong,  or  oval,  ob- 
tuse,  or   retuse,    entire,   nearly  sessile,   finely    reticulate-veined,  10-25  mm-  l°ng> 
flowers  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  calyx  sometimes  5-lobed;  corolla  pink, 
ovoid  or  urn-shaped,  4-5-toothed;  berry  blue  with  a  bloom,  about  6  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, sweet.     Mountains  of  N.  Erig.  and  the  Adirondacks  ;  Lab.  and  Quebec  to  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  Alaska.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-July. 

2.  Vaccinium  caespitosum  Michx.     DWARF   BILBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2784.) 
Nearly   glabrous  throughout.     Leaves   12-25  mm-  l°ng>    green  and  shining  both 
sides,  nearly  sessile,  serrulate;  flowers  longer  than  their  pedicels:  corolla  obo  void 
or  obovoid  oblong,  pink  or  white,  rarely  4-toothed;  stamens  rarely  8;  berry  blue 
with  a  bloom,  sweet,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     Me.,  N.  H.,  N.  B.  to  Lab.,  west 
to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     June-July. 

3.  Vaccinium  membranaceum  Dougl.     THIN  LEAVED  BILBERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2785.)     Nearly  glabrous,    3-15   dm.  high,    the   twigs   slightly    angled.      Leaves 
thin,  not  shining,  acutish  to  acuminate,    short-petioled,    2.5-5   cm-   l°ng;  flowers 
with  their  pedicels  becoming  erect  in  fruit;  corolla  depressed-globose  or  globose- 
urceolate,   greenish  or  purplish,    mostly  5-toothed;  berry  rather  acid.     In  moist 
woods,  Mich,  to  Mont.,  Ore.  and  Br.  Col.     June-July. 


710  FLORA. 

4.  Vaccinium  ovalifolium  J.  E.  Smith.   TALL  OR  OVAL-LEAVED  BILBERRY. 
(I.  Y.  f.  2786.)    A  straggling  shrub,  9-36  dm.  high;  twigs  glabrous,  sharply  angled. 
Leaves  short-petioled,  glabrous,   green  above,   glaucous  beneath,  rounded  at  both 
ends,  or  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  thin,  sometimes  mucronulate,  2.5-5  cm< 
long;  flowers  on  rather  short  recurved  pedicels;  corolla  globose-ovoid;  berry  8— 10 
mm.  in  diameter.     Woods,  Quebec  to  Mich.,  Ore.  and  Alaska.     June-July. 

5.  Vaccinium  virgatum  Ait.     SOUTHERN  BLACK  HUCKLEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2787.)     A  shrub,  9-36  dm.   high,  the  branches  slender,  the  young  twigs  puberu- 
lent.     Leaves   narrowly  oval-oblong,  broadest   at  the   middle,   mucronate,  short- 
petioled,  entire,  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  thick  when 
old,   2.5-6.5  cm.   long,    12-25   mm.   wide,  veins  pubescent;  flowers  equalling  or 
longer  than  their  pedicels;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  6-8  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick, 
white  or  light  pink;  stamens  10;  berry  with   or  without  bloom,  4-6  mm.  in  diam- 
eter.    In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     April-May. 

Vaccinium  virg&tum  tenellum  (Ait.)  A.  Gray.  Low,  mostly  less  than  6  dm.  high; 
leaves  smaller,  narrower,  12-35  mm-  long*  flowers  white,  or  nearly  so,  4-6  mm.  long. 
Va.  to  Ark.,  Fla.  and  Ala. 

6.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.     HIGH-BUSH  OR  TALL  BLUEBERRY.     (I.  F. 
f.  2788.)     A  shrub,  2—4.5  m<  highj  twigs  terete,  greenish  brown.     Leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  usually  entire,  sometimes  ciliate,  glabrous  above, 
paler  and  often  pubescent  beneath,    short-petioled,   2.5-7.5   cm.  long,  12-35  mm- 
wide;  flowers  equalling  or  longer  than  their  pedicels;  bracts  deciduous;  calyx  5- 
lobed  ;  corolla  white  or  faintly   pink,  6-12   mm.  long,   3-6    mm.  thick,  5 -toothed 
(rarely  5-lobed);  stamens   10;    berry  6-8  mm.   in  diameter,  pleasantly  acid.     In 
swamps,  thickets  and  woods,  Newf.  to  Va.,  Minn,  and  La.     May -June. 

7.  Vaccinium  atrococcum  (A.  Gray)  Heller.     BLACK  BLUEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
2789.)     Similar   to   the  two  preceding;    branches   minutely    warty,  young  twigs 
pubescent.     Leaves  dark  green  above,  light  green  beneath,  usually  acute  at  both 
ends,  mucronate,  thick,  3.5-7.5  cm.  long,  12-35  mm-  wide;  flowers  appearing  with 
the  leaves,  about  the  length  of  their  pedicels;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  short-cylindric 
or  ovoid,  pink  or  red,  4-6  mm.  long,  about  3  mm.  thick,  5 -toothed,  constricted  at 
throat;  berry  without  bloom,  sweet,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter.     In  swamps  and  wet 
woods,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.     May-June. 

8.  Vaccinium  Canadense  Richards.     CANADA  BLUEBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  2790.) 
Pubescent.     Leaves  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2.5-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  8-12  mm  /wide; 
flowers  few  in  the  clusters,   which  are  sometimes  numerous  on  naked  branches, 
appearing  with  the  leaves;  corolla  oblong- campanulate,  greenish  white,  about  4  mm. 
long  and  3  mm.  thick;  berry  with  a  bloom  (rarely  white),  sweet,  5-6  mm.  in  diam- 
eter.    In  moist  places,  Lab.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Va.,  111.  and  Mich.     May-June. 

9.  Vaccinium  Pennsylvanicum  Lam.     DWARF,  SUGAR  OR  LOW-BUSH  BLUE- 
BERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  2791.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  with  green  warty 
branches  and   nearly   or   quite    glabrous   throughout.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  acute  at  both  ends,  1.8-3.6  cm. 
long,  6-12  mm.  wide;  flowers  few  in  the  clusters,  longer  than  the  very  short  pedi- 
cels;  corolla  oblong-campanulate,  slightly  constricted  at  the  throat,  4-5  mm.  long, 
about  3  mm.  thick,  white  or  pinkish;  berry  with  a  bloom,  very  sweet,  6-10  mm. 
in  diameter.    In  dry,  rocky  or  sandy  soil,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  J.,  111.  and 
Mich.     May-June. 

Vaccinium  Pennsylvdnicum  angustif61ium  (Ait.)  A.  Gray.  Leaves  narrower,  2-3 
mm.  wide.  Mts.  of  Me.,  N.  H.  and  Adirondacks  ;  Quebec  to  Lake  Superior  and  arctic  Am. 

10.  Vaccinium  nigrum  (Wood)  Britton.     Low  BLACK  BLUEBERRY.     (I.  ¥.  f. 
2792.)     Similar  to  V.  .Pennsylvanicum.  and  often  growing  with  it,  the  twigs  gla- 
brous.    Leaves  acute,  finely  serrulate,  very  nearly  sessile,  12-25   mm-  l°ng>  6-12 
mm.  wide,   green  above;  flowers  few  in  the  clusters,  longer  than  their  pedicels; 
corolla  globose-ovoid,  little  constricted  at  the  throat,  white  or  cream  color,  about  4 
mm.  long,  3mm.  thick;  berry  without  bloom,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry 
rocky  soil,  Me.  to   N.  J.,   Penn.  and  Mich.     Blooms  earlier  than  V.  Pennsylva- 
nicum.    May. 

11.  Vaccinium  vacillans  Kalm.     Low  BLUEBERRY.     BLUE  HUCKLEBERRY. 
(I.F.  f.  2793.)    A  stiff  shrub,  1.5-12  dm.  high,  with  glabrous  yellowish-green  warty 


VA  CCINIA  CEAE.  7 1 1 

branches.  Leaves  usually  mucronulate,  finely  reticulate-veined  beneath,  2.5-0.5 
cm.  long,  12-30  mm.  wide;  flowers  several  or  few  in  the  clusters  which  are  some- 
times racemose  on  naked  branches;  corolla  oblong-cylindric,  somewhat  constricted 
at  the  throat,  pink,  4-6  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick;  berry  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  In 
dry  soil,  Me. -and  N.  H.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  N.  Car.  and  Mo.  May-June. 

12.  Vaccinium  paliidum  Ait.  PALE  OR  MOUNTAIN  BLUEBERRY.  (T.  F.  f. 
2794.)  A  shrub,  6-24  dm.  high,  with  glabrous  green  warty  twigs.  Leaves  oval, 
ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  short-petioled,  light  green  above,  sometimes 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  flowers  about  equalling  their  slen- 
der pedicels;  corolla  oblong-c>liudric  to  urceolate,  slightly  constricted  at  the  throat, 
greenish-pink,  4-5  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick;  berry  delicious.  In  woods,  moun- 
tains of  Va.  to  S.  Car.  May-June. 

6.  CHIOGENES  Salisb. 

Creeping  evergreen  shrubs,  with  alternate  2-ranked  oval  or  ovate  small  leaves, 
and  solitary  axillary  small  white  flowers,  on  short  recurved  peduncles.  Calyx- 
tube  2-bracted  at  the  base,  its  limb  4-cleft.  Corolla  short-campanulate,  4-cleft, 
its  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  8,  included  ;  filaments  short,  nearly  orbicular, 
roughish;  anthers  not  awned  nor  prolonged  into  tubes,  each  sac  2-cuspidate  at 
the  apex  and  opening  by  a  slit  down  to  the  middle.  Ovary  4-celled,  surmounted 
by  the  8  lobed  disk;  style  short.  Berry  snow-white,  many-seeded,  rather  mealy. 
[Greek,  snow-born,  in  allusion  to  the  berries.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Chiogenes  hispidula  (L.)T.  &  G.  CREEPING  SNOWBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2798.) 
Branches  strigose-pubescent,  slender,  1-3  dm,  long.  Leaves  coriaceous,  short- 
petioled,  acute,  dark  green,  glabrous  above,  entire,  with  appressed  stiff  brownish 
hairs  beneath  and  on  the  revolute  margins,  4-10  mm.  long;  flowers  about  \  mm. 
long;  berry  aromatic,  usually  minutely  bristly,  crowned  by  the  4  calyx-teeth,  be- 
coming almost  wholly  inferior,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.  In  cold  wet  woods  and 
bogs,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Car.  and  Mich.  May-June. 

7.  OXYCOCCUS  Hill. 

Glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  shrubs,  with  alternate  nearly  sessile  leaves, 
and  pendulous  or  cernuous,  slencer-peduncled  red  or  pink  flower..  Calyx-tube 
nearly  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5 -cleft,  persistent.  Corolla 
long-conic  in  the  bud,  4-5 -divided  into  separate  or  nearly  separate  petals,  these 
narrow  and  revolute.  Stamens  8  or  10,  the  filaments  distinct^  anthers  connivent 
into  a  cone,  long-exserted  when  the  flower  is  expanded,  upwardly  prolonged  into 
hollow  tubes  dehiscent  by  a  pore  at  the  apex.  Ovary  4-5 -celled;  style  slender  or 
filiform.  Fruit  a  many -seeded  juicy  red  berry.  [Greek,  sour  berry.]  Four  species, 
natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Trailing  bog  shrubs;  leaves  evergreen,  entire;  flowers  1-6  from  terminal  buds. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  4-8  mm.  long ;  berry  globose.  i.  O.  Oxycoccus* 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  6-14  mm.  long ;  berry  ovoid  or  oblong. 

2.  O.  macrocarpus. 
Erect  mountain  shrub ;  leaves  deciduous,  serrulate^  flowers  solitary,  axillary. 

3.  O.  erythrocarpus. 

1.  Oxycoccus  Oxycoccus  (L.)  MacM.     SMALL  OR  EUROPEAN  CRANBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  2799.)     Stems    1.5-4.5  dm.  long.     Branches  ascending  or  erect,   2.5-15 
cm.  high;  leaves  thick,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  dark  green  above,  white 
beneath,  2-4  mm.    wide,   the  margins  revolute;  flowers  mostly  umbellate,   rarely 
racemose,  from  terminal  scaly  buds,  on  erect  filiform  pedicels;  corolla  pink,  about 
8  mm.  broad;  filaments  puberulent.   about  half  the  length  of  the   anthers;  berry 
5-io  mm.  in  diameter,  acid.     In  cold  bogs,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Mich,  and  Br. 
Col.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     May-July. 

2.  Oxycoccus  macrocarpus  (Ait.)  Pers.     LARGE  OR  AMERICAN  CRANBERRY. 
(I.    F.  f.    2800.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  larger,  the  branches  often  2  dm. 
long.     Leaves  2-6  mm.  wide,  white  or  pale  beneath,  the  margins  revolute;  flowers 
several,  in  somewhat  racemose  clusters,  nodding  on  erect  pedicels;  corolla  light 
pink,   8-10  mm.   broad;  filaments  puberulent;  berry  acid,   8-18  mm.   long.     In 
bogs,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  Car.,  W.  Va.,  Mich,  and  Minn.     June- Aug. 


FLORA. 

3.  Oxycoccus  erythrocarpus  (Michx.)  Pers.  SOUTHERN  MOUNTAIN  CRAN- 
BERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  2801.)  A  shrub,  3-18  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  green  both  sides, 
paler  beneath  than  above,  reticulate-veined,  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  flat,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  12-25  mm-  wide;  peduncles  pendulous, 
filiform,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  leaves;  corolla  red,  about  I  cm.  broad;  fila- 
ments  villous ;  berry  globose,  dark  red  when  ripe,  acid,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  In 
woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga.  June-July. 

Family  6.    DIAPENSIACEAE   Link. 

Dtapensta  Family. 

Low  tufted  shrubs,  or  perennial  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal 
simple  estipulate  leaves,  and  small,  white  pink  or  purple,  perfect  and  regu- 
lar flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  racemose  at  the  summit  of  scapes. 
Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla 
5-lobed,  5-cleft,  or  5-parted,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  or  connate,  sometimes 
with  as  many  alternating  staminodia;  pollen-grains  simple.  Disk  none. 
Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  superior,  3-celled  ;  style  persistent ;  stigma 
3-lobed  ;  ovules  anatropous  oramphitropous.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculici- 
dally  3-valved.  Seeds  minute,  the  testa  loose  or  close;  endosperm 
fleshy;  embryo  terete  ;  cotyledons  short ;  radicle  elongated.  Six  genera 
and  about  8  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Low  tufted  evergreen  shrubs;  corolla  gamopetalous. 

Tufted  arctic-alpine  shrub;  flowers  terminal,  peduucled.  i.  Diapensia. 

Trailing  shrub;  flowers  solitary,  sessile.  2.  Pyxidanthera. 

Tall  scapose  perennial 'herb;  flowers  spicate-racemose;  petals  separate. 

3.   Galax. 

i.   DIAPENSIA   L. 

Densely  tufted  glabrous  low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  thick  rather  fleshy  imbri- 
cated narrow  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  erect  peduncled  white  or  pink  flowers. 
Calyx  2-4-bracted  at  the  base,  the  sepals  oval,  obtuse,  somewhat  rigid.  Corolla 
campanulate,  tardily  deciduous,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at 
the  sinuses  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short  and  broad;  anther-cells  pointed,  divergent, 
obliquely  2-valved;  staminodia  none.  Style  slender;  ovules  numerous  in  the  cells, 
anatropous.  Seeds  oblong-cubic,  the  testa  close,  reticulated.  [Greek,  by  fives, 
alluding  to  the  stamens  and  corolla -lobes.]  Two  species,  the  following,  the  other 
Himalayan. 

i.  Diapensia  Lapponica  L.  DIAPENSIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2802.)  Glabrous,  forming 
cushion-like  tufts;  stems  2-8  cm.  high.  Leaves  crowded  below,  thick,  spatulate, 
sessile,  often  curved,  entire.  6-12  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  peduncles  2-5  cm. 
long  in  fruit;  sepals  and  bracts  oval;  corolla  usually  white,  6-8  mm.  long;  capsule 
ovoid,  4-6  mm.  high.  Summits  of  the  Adirondack  Mts.,  and  of  the  mountains  of 
N.  Eng. ;  Mt.  Albert,  Quebec;  Lab.  and  arctic  Am.  Also  in  northern  and  alpine 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-July. 

2.    PYXIDANTHERA    Michx. 

A  ( reeping  tufted  evergreen  shrub,  with  small  narrow  alternate  imbricated 
leaves,  and  numerous  white  or  pinkish  sessile  flowers,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  Calyx  bracted  at  the  base,  the  sepals  oblong,  ciliate.  Corolla  ?hort- 
campanulate,  5-lobed,  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the 
corolla;  filaments  broad  and  thick;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  globose,  transversely 
2-valved,  the  lower  valve  cuspidate;  staminodia  none.  Style  columnar.  Seeds 
globose-oblong,  amphitropous,  the  testa  black,  cancellate.  [Greek,  box-anther.j 
A  monotypic  genus. 

r.  Pyxidanthera  barbulata  Michx.  PYXIE.  FLOWERING  Moss.  (I.  F.  f. 
2803.)  Glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent,  growing  in  mats  or  large  patches. 
Leaves  sessile,  linear,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acuminate  or  subulate  tipped, 


PRIM  ULA  CEA  E.  7  1  3 

entire.  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad;  corolla-lobes  cuneate-obovate, 
obtuse,  retuse  or  eroded;  capsule  about  2  mm.  high,  globose,  surrounded  by  the 
upper  leaves.  In  dry  sandy  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.  March-May. 

3.   GALAX   L. 

An  acaulescent  perennial  herb,  with  orbicular  cordate  crenate-dentate  long- 
petioled  basal  leaves,  and  numerous  small  white  flowers,  spicate-racemose  at  the 
ends  of  tall  slender  scapes.  Calyx  2-bracteolate  at  the  base,  5-parted,  the  sepals 
nerveless.  Corolla  5  divided,  the  petals  oblong,  entire,  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the 
monadelphous  stamens.  Stamen-tube  lo-lobed  at  the  summit,  the  lobes  which  are 
opposite  the  petals  petaloid  (staminodia),  those  alternate  with  the  petals  antherif- 
erous;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  granular  on  the  back,  l-celled,  transversely  2-valved. 
Style  very  short.  Seeds  ovoid,  the  testa  loose.  [Greek,  milk;  name  not  charac- 
teristic of  this  genus.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Galax  aphylla  JL.  GALAX.  GALAXY.  BEETLE-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2804.) 
Scape  3-5  dm.  high,  terete,  with  red  scales  at  the  base  and  many  red  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  with  a  rather  narrow  sinus,  persistent,  shining,  commonly  shorter  than  their 
slender  petioles,  2-8  cm.  in  diameter;  spike-like  raceme  dense,  narrow,  5-13  cm. 
long;  flowers  3-4  mm.  broad,  spreading;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  erect,  short-pedi- 
relled,  2  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  lanceolate  acutish  sepals.  In  dry 
\vc>»d*  Va.  to  Ga.  May  -July. 

Order  2.    PRIMULALES. 

Our  species  herbs.  Corolla  usually  present,  gamopetalous.  Calyx 
mostly  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as 
its  lobes,  or  twice  as  many,  or  more. 

Style  i;  fruit  a  capsule.  Fam.  i.  Primulaceae. 

Styles  5;  fruit  an  achene  or  utricle.  Fam.  2.  Plumbaginaceae. 

Family  i.     PRIMULACEAE  Vent. 
Primrose 


Herbs,  with  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary 
(adnate  to  its  lower  part  in  Samolus\  usually  5-parted,  persistent  or  rarely 
deciduous.  Corolla  gamopetalous  in  our  species  (wanting  in  Glaux), 
usually  5-cleft,  deciduous.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and 
opposite  them,  hypogynous  or  rarely  perigynous,  inserted  on  the  corolla; 
filaments  distinct,  or  connate  at  the  base  ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  obsolete,  or  none.  Ovary  superior 
(partly  inferior  in  Sawolus),  i-celled  ;  placenta  central,  free;  ovules 
anatropous,  or  amphitropous  ;  style  *  ;  stigma  simple,  capitate,  entire. 
Capsule  i-celled,  2-6-valved;  rarely  circumscissile  or  indehiscent.  Seeds 
few  or  several,  the  testa  adherent  to  the  fleshy  or  horny  copious  endo- 
sperm; embryo  small,  straight;  cotyledons  obtuse.  About  28  genera 
and  350  species  of  wide  distribution. 

*  Lobes  or  segments  of  the  corolla  erect  Of  spreading,  not  reflexed. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated,  at  least  in  the  bud. 
Ovary  wholly  superior. 

Terrestrial  scapose  plants  ;  leaves  not  pinnatifid. 

Corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  style  slender.  x.  Primula. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  style  short.  2.  Androsace. 

Aquatic  leafy  -stemmed  plant  ;  leaves  finely  pinnatifid.  3.  Hottonia. 

Ovary  adnate  to  the  calyx  ;  mars'-  herbs.  4.   Samolus. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  or  vaivate,  at  least  in  the  bud  (corolla  wanting  in  No.  9). 
Capsule  longitudinally  dehisce»t. 

Corolla  rotate,  or  rarely  short-funnelform. 
Stem  leafy  throughout  ;  flowers  yellow. 

Staminodia  none;  corolla-lobes  convolute.  5.  Lysimachia. 


7*4  FLORA. 

Staminodia  5 ;  each  corolla-lobe  curved  around  its  stamen. 

6.  Steironema. 

Staminodia   5,    tooth-like;    flowers   in   axillary   spike-like   racemes  or 
heads.  7.   Naiimburgta. 

Leaves  vvhorled  at  the  top  of  the  stem  ;  flowers  white.          8.    Trientalts. 
Corolla  none  ;  flowers  minute,  solitary  in  the  axils.  9.   Glaux. 

Capsule  circumscissile  ;  flowers  axillary. 

Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  borne  on  its  base.         10.  Anagallis. 
Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx;  stamens  borne  on  its  tube.        n.   Centuncnlus* 
*  *  Segments  of  the  corolla  reflexed;  plants  scapose.        12.  Dodecatheon* 

i.   PRIMULA  L. 

Perennial  scapose  herbs,  with  basal  leaves,  and  dimorphous  flowers,  umbellate, 
or  in  bracted  racemose  whorls.  Calyx  persistent,  often  angled,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx  in 
our  species,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Stamens  5,  included;  filaments  short;  anthers  ob- 
long, obtuse.  Ovary  globose  or  ovoid;  ovules  amphitropous;  style  filiform;  stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  oblong,  ovoid  or  globose,  5-valved  at  the  summit,  many  seeded. 
Seeds  peltate,  the  testa  punctate.  [Diminutive  of  the  Latin  primus,  first,  from  the 
early  blossoms.]  About  150  species,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides 
the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  almost  always  white-mealy  beneath;  scape  1-5  dm.  high.  i.  P.fariiiosa. 
Leaves  green  both  sides;  scape  2-15  cm.  high. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  denticulate.  2.  P.  Mistissinica. 

Leaves  oval  or  lance-ovate,  entire.  3.  P.  Egaliksensis. 

1.  Primula  farinosa  L.     BIRD'S-EYE  OR  MEALY  PRIMROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  2805.) 
Leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  margins  crentilate  denticu- 
late;   scape  3-20  flowered;  flowers  umbellate;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate;  calyx- 
lobes  acute ;  corolla  pink  or  lilac,  usually  with   a  yellowish   eye,  the  tube  slightly 
longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  cuneate,  retuse  or  obcordate,  4-6  mm.  long;  cap- 
sule narrowly  oblong,  erect,  about  i  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  moist 
places,  Me.   and    Quebec  to   Greenland,  the   N.  W.  Terr,   and   Alaska.     Also   in 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Primula    Mistassinica    Michx.      MISTASSINI     OR    DWARF    CANADIAN 
PRIMROSE.     (I.  F.  f.  2806.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller.     Leaves  spat- 
ulate or  obovate,  denticulate  or  repand,  obtuse,  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  2—8,  umbel- 
late;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate;  corolla  pink,  or  pale  purple,  with  or  without  a 
yellow  eye,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  corolla-lobes  obcordate,  3-5  mm.  long; 
capsule  narrowly  oblong,  erect,  5-8  mm.  high.     On  wet  banks,  Me.  to  Greenland, 
N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     Occurs  also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

3.  Primula  Egaliksensis  Hornem.    GREENLAND  PRIMROSE.    (I.  F.  f.  2807.) 
Leaves  oval  or   lance-ovate,    entire,    or   slightly   undulate,    obtuse    or    obtusish, 
1-2.5  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  petioles;    scape   slender,  5-15  cm.  high;    umbels 
2-6-flowered;     bracts    lanceolate,    acuminate;    calyx-lobes    acute;     corolla-lobes 
2-4  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  obovate,  sometimes  cleft  to  the  middle; 
capsule    erect,  about   6  mm.  high,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Lab.  and  Greenland. 
Summer. 

2.    ANDROSACE    L. 

Low  herbs,  our  species  scapose,  with  tufted  small  basal  leaves,  and  terminal 
umbellate  involucrate  small  white  or  pink  flowers.  Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  erect  in  flower.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  the  tube  not  longer  than 
the  calyx,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  included,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla; 
filaments  short;  anthers  short,  oblong,  obtuse.  Ovary  turbinate  or  globose;  ovules 
amphitropous;  style  short;  stigma  capitellate.  Capsule  5-valved  from  the  apex, 
few  many-seeded.  [Greek,  man's  shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf  in  some  species.] 
About  50  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some 
6  others  occur  in  western  and  northwestern  N.  Am. 

i.  Androsace  occidentalis  Pursh.  ANDROSACE.  (I.  F.  f.  2808.)  Annual, 
minutely  pubescent,  or  glabrate;  scapes  filiform,  2-8  cm.  long.  Leaves  oblong  or 
spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile,  6-16  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucre  similar  to 


PRIM  ULA  CEA  E.  7 1 5 

the  leaves  but  much  smaller;  pedicels  filiform;  calyx-tube  obpyramidal  in  fruit, 
the  lobes  acute,  becoming  foliaceous;  corolla  white,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx 
longer  than  the  capsule.  In  dry  soil,  Minn,  and  111.  to  Kans.,  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Utah  and  N.  Mex.  April-June. 

3.  HOTTONIA  L. 

Aquatic  glabrous  herbs,  with  large  pinnatifid  submersed  crowded  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  purplish  flowers,  racemose-verticillate  on  bracted  hollow  erect 
emersed  peduncles.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  linear,  imbricated,  persistent. 
Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  included;  fila- 
ments short.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  filiform;  stigma  minute,  capitate;  ovules  numer- 
ous, anatropous.  Capsule  subglobose,  5-valved.  Seeds  ellipsoid,  numerous. 
[Dedicated  to  Peter  Hotton,  1648-1709,  professor  at  Leyden.]  Two  species,  the 
following  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Hottonia  inflata  Ell.  AMERICAN  FEATHERFOIL.  (I.  F.  f.  2809.)  Stem 
submerged,  spongy,  sometimes  6  dm.  long.  Leaves  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  ovate  cr 
oblong  in  outline,  divided  very  nearly  to  the  rachis  into  narrowly  linear  entire  seg- 
ments 1-5  cm.  long,  0.5-2  mm.  wide;  peduncles  several  in  a  cluster  at  the  ends  of 
the  stem  and  branches,  jointed,  constricted  at  the  joints,  0.7-2  dm.  high;  pedicels 
4-25  mm.  long;  flowers  4-6  mm.  long  in  verticils  of  2-10  at  the  joints;  corolla 
white,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsule  about  3  mm.  in  diameter.  In  shallow  stag- 
nant ponds,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  central  N.  Y.,  Fla.  and  La.  June-Aug. 

4.  SAMOLUS    L. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  or  the  basal  ones  rosulate. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles  in  our  species.  Calyx  per- 
sistent, its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  below,  its  limb  5-cleft.  Corolla  perigynous, 
subcampanulate,  5-lobed  or  5-parted,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla,  opposite  its  lobes,  alternating  with  as  many  staminodia  (these 
wanting  in  S.  ebracteatus],  filaments  short;  anthers  cordate.  Ovary  partly  infe- 
rior; ovules  amphitropous.  Capsule  5-valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  minute. 
[Name  Celtic.]  About  10  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following 
another  occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Samolus  floribundus  H.  B.  K.  WATER  PIMPERNEL.  BROOKWEEE 
(I.  F.  f.  2810.)  Erect  or  ascending,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  obo- 
vate,  obtuse;  flowers  less  than  2  mm.  broad,  in  elongated  panicled  racemes;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  spreading,  8-25  mm.  long,  bracteolate  near  the  middle;  calyx-lobes 
acute,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  capsule  2-3  mm.  in  diameter.  In  swamps  and 
brooks,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Br.  Col.,  Tex.  and  Cal.  May-Sept. 

5.  LYSIMACHIA  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  perennial,  with  leafy  stems.  Leaves  entire,  often  glandular- 
punctate;  flowers  in  our  species  yellow,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  clustered.  Calyx 
5-7-parted  or  5~7-divided,  persistent.  Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate,  5~7-parted, 
the  tube  very  short.  Stamens  5-7;  anthers  oblong  or  oval;  staminodia  none. 
Style  filiform ;  stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  2-5- valved.  [Greek,  loose- strife.]  About 
70  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  2 
others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Leaves  vertieillate  in  3's~7's,  or  some  of  them  rarely  opposite. 
Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  pure  yellow,  1-2.5  cm-  broad. 

Flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  corolla-lobes  glabrous.  i.  L.  vulgaris. 

Flowers  axillary;  corolla- lobes  glandular-ciliolate.  2.  L.  punctata. 

Corolla  rotate,  0.8-1.6  cm.  broad,  its  lobes  dark-streaked.  3.   L.  quadrifolia. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  some  of  them  rarely  alternate,  sometimes  verticiilate  in  No.  5. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  virgate  raceme;  stem  erect. 

Raceme  leafy  only  at  the  base.  4.  L.  terrestris. 

Raceme  leafy  to  the  middle  or  beyond.  5.  Z,.  producta* 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary;  stem  creeping.  6.  L.  Xummulart'a. 

i.  Lysimachia  vulgaris  L.  GOLDEN  OR  YELLOW  LOOSESTRIFE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2811.)  Densely  downy-pubescent;  stem  6-10  dm.  high.  Leaves  short-petioled, 
ovate -lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  1-2  cm. 


716 


FLORA. 


broad;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate-  corolla  deeply 
parted;  filaments  monadelphous  to  about  the  middle,  glandular;  capsule  about  3 
mm.  in  diameter,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  In  fields  aiid  along  roadsides,  Me.  tc 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

2.  Lysimachia  punctata  L.     SPOTTED  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F.  f.  2812.)    Re. 
sembles  the  preceding,  but  sometimes  glabrate.     Leaves  oval  or  ovate- lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  usually  proportionately  shorter  and  broader  than  those 
of  L.  milgaris;  flowers  crowded  in  the  upper  axils,  or  racemose-verticillate,  yellow, 
1.5-2  cm.  broad;  pedicels  6-20  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate; 
filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base.     Li  -waste  places,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.     Adventive 
from  Europe.     June -July. 

3.  Lysimachia  quadrifolia  L.     CROSSWORT.     WHORLED  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I. 
F.  f.  2813.)     Stem  slender,  3-9  dm.  nigh.     Leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile,  lanceo, 
late,  oblong  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-10  cm.   long,  usually  black-punctate; 
flowers  axillary,  6-12  mm.  broad,  borne  on  filiform  spreading  peduncles;  sepals 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  corolla  glabrous,  dark-streaked  or  spotted; 
filaments  monadelphous  below ;  capsule  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals.     In  thickets, 
N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Wis.     June-Aug. 

4.  Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  B.S.P.     BULB-BEARING  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F. 
f.  2814.)     Glabrous;  stem  2-6  dm.  high,  often  bearing  after  flowering  long  bulb- 
lets  in  the  axils.     Leaves  opposite  or  some  of  them  rarely  alternate,   lanceolate  or 
oblong- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  short  petioled,  or  sessile,  usually 
black-punctate,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers 6-10  mm.  broad,  in  terminal  bracted  racemes ; 
pedicels  1-2  cm.    long;  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,   acute;  corolla  rotate,  deeply 
parted,  yellow  with  purple  streaks  or  dots;  filaments  monadelphous  below,  gland- 
ular; capsule  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  nearly  as  long  as  sepals.     In  swamps  and 
moist  thickets,  Newf.,  Manitoba,  Ga.  and  Ark.     July- Sept. 

5.  Lysimachia  prodiicta  >  A.  Gray)  Fernald.  Intermediate  between  Z.  quadri- 
folia  and   L.  terrestris,   the    leaves    sometimes   opposite,   sometimes   verticillate, 
pale  green  or  glaucous  and  inconspicuously  veined  beneath;  bracts  of  the  usually 
loosely  flowered  raceme  large.     Me.  to  N.  Y.,  Mass,   and  Mich.     \L.  poly  ant  ha 
Fernald.] 

6.  Lysimachia  Nummularia  L.     MONEYWORT.     CREEPING  LOOSESTRIFE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2815.)     Glabrous;  stems  creeping,  sometimes  6  dm.  long.     Leaves  oppo- 
site, orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  obtuse,   sometimes  cordate,  petioled,   1-2.5   cm- 
long,   sparingly  black -punctate;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,    1.5-2.5  cm.  broad; 
sepals  cordate-ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed, 
yellow  and  dark-dotted  corolla;  filaments  glandular,   monadelphous  at  the  base; 
capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals.     In  moist  places,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Ind. 
Nat   from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

6.  STEIRONEMA  Raf. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  slender- 
peduncled  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  5 -parted,  persistent,  the  segments  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5 -parted,  with  no  proper  tube,  the  lobes  cuspidate  or 
erose-denticulate,  each  involute  or  convolute  around  its  stamen.  Stamens  5 ;  fila- 
ments distinct,  or  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  granulose-glandular;  anthers 
linear,  becoming  curved;  staminodia  5,  subulate.  Ovary  globose.  Capsule 
5-valved.  Seeds  margined  or  angled.  [Greek,  sterile  threads,  from  the  abortive 
stamens.]  About  five  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

Leaves  membranous,  pinnately  veined. 
Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate. 

Stem  erect;  flowers  12-25  mm-  broad. 

Petioles  strongly  ciliate ;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  S.  ciliatum. 
Petioles  not  ciliate,  or  slightly  so  at  base;  capsule  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

2.  S.  tonsum. 
Stem  reclined;  flowers  6-8  mm.  broad ;  leaves  not  ciliate;  petioles  naked. 

3.  S,  radicans, 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear;  stem  erect.                              4.  S.  lanceolatum. 

Leaves  firm,  linear,  i-nerved,  the  lateral  veins  obscure.  5.  S.  quadriftorum. 


PRIM  ULA  CEA  E.  7  r  7 

1.  Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.     FRINGED  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F.  f.  2816.) 
Stems  mostly  glabrous,  3-12  dm.    high.     Leaves  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  margins  ciliolate;  pedun- 
cles 1-5  cm.  long;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,   shorter  than  the  erose-denticulate 
commonly    mucronate    corolla-segments;    flowers    1.5-2.5    cm.    broad.     In   moist 
thickets,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  Ga.,  Ala.,  Kans.  and  Ariz.     June-Aug. 

2.  Steironema  tonsum  (Wood)  Bicknell.     SOUTHERN  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F. 
f.  2817.)     Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  minutely  glandular-puberulent 
above.     Leaves  5-8  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
ciliolate,  the  upper  much  smaller;  panicle  open,  leafy;  pedicels  2-6  times  as  long 
as  the  flowers;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  very  acute;  corolla  1.8-2  cm.  broad,  its 
segments  cuspidate.     On  dry  rocks,  Va.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  Ala.     June-July. 

3.  Steiroaema  radicans  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.    TRAILING  LOOSESTRIFE.    (I.  F. 
f.   2818.)      Stem  soon  decumbent   or   reclined,   slender,  glabrous,   3-9  dm.    long. 
Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  2-10  cm.  long;  peduncles  1-5  cm.  long;  calyx- segments 
ovate   or   lanceolate,    acuminate,    about   equalling   the   erose-denticulate    corolla- 
segments;  capsule  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  calyx.    In  swamps,  Va.  andW.  Va. 
to  Ark.  and  La.     June-Aug. 

4.  Steironema  lanceolatum  (Walt.)  A.  Gray.    LANCE-LEAVED  LOOSESTRIFE. 
(I.  F.  f.  2819.)     Stem  erect,  glabrous,  1.5-9  dm.   high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  linear 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-13  cm.  long, 
the  margins  naked  or  ciliate;  lower  leaves  shorter,  often  oblong  or  nearly  orbicu- 
lar; petioles  naked  or  ciiiate;  peduncles  1-4  cm.  long;  calyx  segments  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  1-2  cm.  broad;    capsule  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
segments.     In  moist  soil,  Me.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Ariz.     June-Aug. 

5.  Steironema  quadriflorum (Sims  Hitchc.    PRAIRIE  MONEYWORT.  LINEAR- 
LEAVED  LOOSESTRIFE.     (I.  F.  f.  2820.)     Stem  erect,  strict,  glabrous.  4-sided,  2.5  6 
dm.  high.     Stem-leaves  all  but  the  lowest  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  i-nerved,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  2-10  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  usually  with  smaller  ones 
fascicled  in  the  axils;  basal  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  shorter,  slender-petioled; 
peduncles  filiform;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  cuspidate  and 
slightly  erose  corolla  segments;  flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  often  somewhat  clustered 
in  4's  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.     Along  streams  and  lakes,  W.  Va.  to  western 
N.  Y.,  Ont.,  Ky.  and  Manitoba.     June-July. 

7.  NAUMBURGIA  Moench. 

An  erect  perennial  leafy  herb,  with  slender  rootstocks,  opposite  sessile  lanceolate 
entire  leaves,  the  lower  much  smaller  or  reduced  to  scales,  and  small  yellow  flowers 
in  axillary  peduncled  spike-like  racemes  or  heads.  Calyx  5~7-divided,  the  sepals 
linear,  slightly  imbricated.  Corolla  deeply  5~7-parted,  the  tube  short,  the  segments 
narrow.  Stamens  5—7,  exserted;  filaments  slender,  glabrous,  slightly  united  at  the 
base,  alternating  with  as  many  small  tooth-like  staminodia.  Ovary  globose-ovoid; 
ovules  few  or  several;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  5~7-valved,  few- 
seeded.  Seeds  somewhat  angled.  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Naumburgia  thyrsiflora  (L.)  Duby.  TUFTED  LOOSESTRIFE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2821.)  Stems  simple,  erect,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  lan- 
c'X'late  or  oblong  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  smaller;  peduncles  soli- 
tary in  the  axils;  racemes  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  spike-like;  pedicels  very  short;  flowers 
4-6  mm.  broad;  corolla-segments  yellow  with  black  spots;  anthers  oblong;  capsule 
globose,  black- spotted,  when  mature  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals.  In  swamps, 
N.  S.  to  Alaska,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  Mo.  and  Ore.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-July. 

8.  TRIENTALIS  L. 

Glabrous  low  perennial  herbs,  with  simple  erect  stems,  and  leaves  mostly 
clustered  in  a  verticil  at  the  summit.  Flowers  few  or  solitary,  terminal,  slender- 
peduncled,  small,  white  or  pink,  deeply  5-9-  (mostly  7-)  parted.  Sepals  narrow, 
persistent,  spreading.  Corolla  rotate,  its  tube  almost  none,  its  segments  acute  or 
acuminate,  entire;  filaments  united  into  a  narrow  ring  at  the  base;  anthers  linear, 
recurved  after  anthesis.  Staminodia  none.  Ovary  globose;  ovules  numerous;  style 
filiform.  Capsule  globose,  5  valved. 
height  of  the  plant.]  About  4  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 


7i8 


FLORA. 


i.  Trientalis  Americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.  STAR-FLOWER.  CHICKWEETI 
WINTERGREEN.  (I.  F.  f.  2822.)  Rootstock  horizontal,  sending  up  simple  stem 
like  branches  0.7-2.5  dm.  high,  the  leaves  in  a  verticil  of  5-10  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  membranous,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
sessile  or  short-petioled,  minutely  crenulate,  3—10  cm.  long;  pedicels  filiform,  erect, 
2-5  cm.  long;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate  or  subulate,  cuspidate;  flowers  8-12  mm. 
broad;  capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals.  In  damp  woods  and  thickets,  Lab.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  Va.,  111.  and  Mich.  May -June. 

9.   GLAUX   L. 

A  small  succulent  perennial  leafy  herb,  with  opposite  entire  obtuse  fleshy  leaves, 
and  minute  dimorphous  nearly  sessile  axillary  pink  or  white  flowers.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  the  lobes  petaloid.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
calyx  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  cordate,  attached  by  their  backs  to  the 
filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  glandular;  ovules  few;  style  filiform;  stigma  capitellate. 
Capsule  globose-ovoid,  beaked,  5-valved  at  the  top,  few-seeded.  Seeds  ellipsoid. 
[Greek,  sea-green.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Glaux  maritima  L.  SEA  MILKWORT.  BLACK  SALTWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2823.) 
Glabrous,  pale  or  glaucous,  0.5-2  dm.  high.  Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  linear- oblong, 
rarely  somewhat  spatulate,  sessile,  4-12  mm.  long;  flowers  about  3  mm.  broad, 
usually  numerous;  calyx-lobes  oval;  capsule  nearly  enclosed  by  tl  e  calyx.  In  salt 
marshes  and  on  sea-beaches,  N.  J.  to  Newf. ;  in  saline  soil  from  Minn,  to  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  Neb.  and  Nev. ;  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

10.  ANAGALLIS  L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  i  rarely  alternate)  sessile  or  short-petioled 
leaves,  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  small  axillary  peduncled  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted, 
the  lobes  lanceolate  or  subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  rotate,  the  seg- 
ments entire  or  erose,  convolute  in  the  bud,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5 ;  fila- 
ments puberulent,  or  pubescent,  distinct,  or  united  into  a  narrow  ring  at  the  base; 
anthers  oblong,  obtuse.  Ovary  globose;  ovules  numerous;  stigma  obtuse.  Capsule 
globose,  circumscissile,  many  seeded.  Seeds  minute,  flat  on  the  back.  [Greek, 
delightful.]  About  15  species,  mostly  oi  the  Old  World. 

i.  Anagallis  arvensis  L.  RED  OR  SCARLET  PIMPERNEL.  POOR  MAN'S  OR 
SHEPHERD'S  WEATHER-GLASS.  (I.  F.  f.  2824.)  Annual,  diffuse;  branches  1-3 
dm.  long,  4-sided.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  membranous,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasp- 
ing, 6-20  mm.  long,  black-dotted  beneath;  peduncles  filiform,  1-4  cm.  long, 
recurved  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  keeled,  slightly  shorter  than  the  crenate  glandular- 
ciliate  corolla-segments;  flowers  scarlet,  sometimes  white,  usually  with  a  darker 
center,  4-6  mm.  broad,  opening  only  in  bright  weather;  capsule  glabrous,  about  4 
mm.  in  diameter.  In  waste  places,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  Minn,  and  Mex.,  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Nat.  from  Europe.  May-Aug. 

Anagallis  arvensis  coerulea  (Lam.)  Ledeb.  Flowers  blue;  corolla-segments  gla- 
brous. Reported  as  sparingly  occurring  in  waste  places. 

ii.  CENTUNCULUS  L. 

Low  annual  glabrous  erect  herbs,  with  alternate  small  entire  sessile  or  short- 
petioled  leaves,  or  the  lower  opposite,  and  minute  solitary  axillary  flowers.  Calyx 
4-5-parted,  persistent,  the  lobes  longer  than  the  corolla.  Corolla  4-5-cleft,  marces- 
cent,  the  tube  subglobose,  the  lobes  entire.  Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  throat 
of  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  distinct;  anthers  ovate  or  cordate,  obtuse;  stigma 
capitate.  Ovules  numerous,  amphitropous.  Capsule  globose,  circumscissile, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  mimite,  flat  on  the  back.  [Latin,  diminutive  of  cento,  a 
patch.]  Three  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

i.  Centunculus  minimus  L.  CHAFFWEED.  FALSE  PIMPERNEL.  (I.  F.  f. 
2825.)  Slender,  2-15  cm.  high.  Leaves  spatulate,  obovate  or  oblong,  4-8  mm. 
long;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  mostly  4-parted,  2-4  mm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  linear  or  linear- lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  pink;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  ca)yx.  In  moist  soil,  111.  and  Minn,  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.?  Tex.  and 
Mex,  Also  in  Europe  and  S.  Am.  April-Sept. 


PLUMBAGINACEAE.  7T9 

12.  DODECATHEON  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Glabrous  scapose  perennial  herbs,  with  basal  leaves.  Flowers  in  involucrate 
umbels  terminating  scapes.  Calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  persistent,  the  lobes  at  first 
reflexed.  Corolla  5-parted,  the  lobes  reflexed,  imbricated,  the  tube  very  short, 
thickened  at  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  on  the  th/oat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short, 
flat,  monadelphous,  connivent  into  a  cone,  exserted;  anthers  linear  or  lanceolate, 
connivent  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  filaments.  Ovary  superior;  ovules  amphit- 
ropous;  style  exserted ;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  ^-6- 
valved  at  the  apex  or  splitting  to  the  base.  Seeds  numerous,  minute;  the  testa 
punctate.  [Greek,  twelve  godi ;  name  used  by  Theophrastus  for  some  different 
plant.]  About  15  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  northeastern  Asia. 

i.  Dodecatheon  Meadia  L.  SHOOTING  STAR.  AMERICAN  COWSLIP. 
PRIDE-OF-OHIO.  (I.  F.  f.  2826.)  Perennial  by  a  stout  rootstock;  scape  erect, 
2-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  narrowed  into 
margined  petioles,  entire  or  toothed.  0.7-3  dm.  l°ng;  flowers  2-3  cm.  long;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute ;  pedicels  unequal,  the  outer  ones  some- 
times i  dm.  long;  calyx-lobes  acute;  corolla  purple,  pink  or  white;  capsule  nar- 
rowly ovoid,  erect,  5-valved  above.  On  moist  cliffs  and  prairies,  Penn.  to  Mani- 
toba, Ga.  and  Tex.  April-May. 

Dodecatheon  Meadia  Frenchii  Vasey.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  base  abruptly  con- 
tracted or  cordate.  111.  to  Ark. ;  southern  Penn.(?) 

Family  2.    PLUMBAGINACEAE   Lindl. 
Plumbago  Family. 

Perennial  mostly  acaulescent  erect  herbs,  with  basal  tufted  leaves, 
and  small  perfect  and  regular  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosen- 
alous,  5-toothed,  plaited  at  the  sinuses,  the  tube  5~i5-ribbed.  Corolla 
of  5  hypogynous  clawed  segments  connate  at  the  base,  or  united  into  a 
tube.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  corolla-segments,  hypogynous  ;  anthers 
2-celled,  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Disk  none.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled ;  ovule  solitary,  anat- 
ropous,  pendulous  ;  styles  5.  Fruit  a  utricle  or  achene,  enclosed  by  the 
calyx,  rarely  a  dehiscent  capsule.  Seed  solitary ;  testa  membranous  ; 
endosperm  mealy,  or  none  ;  embryo  straight ;  cotyledons  entire.  About 
10  genera  and  350  species,  of  wide  distribution,  mostly  in  saline  situations. 

Inflorescence  cymose-paniculate  ;  flowers  in  one-sided  spikes.  i.  Limonium. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  head.  2.  Statice. 

i.  LIMONIUM  Adaos.      [STATICE  Willd.] 

Herbs,  mostly  with  flat  basal  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  cymose-panicu- 
late on  bracted  scapes,  in  i-3-flowered  bracteolate  clusters,  forming  one-sided 
spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  the  limb  scarious,  5-toothed,  the  tube 
usually  lo-ribbed.  Petals  5,  clawed.  Stamens  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  petals. 
Styles  5,  separate  in  our  species,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  a  utricle. 
[Ancient  name  of  the  wild  beet.]  About  120  species.  Besides  the  following,  I 
occurs  on  the  South  Atlantic  and  i  on  the  Pacific  Coast  and  i  in  the  Southwest. 

i.  Limonium  Carolinianum  (Walt.)  Britton.  SEA  LAVENDER.  MARSH 
ROSEMARY.  CANKER-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  2827.)  Glabrous,  fleshy,  rootstock  thick; 
fusiform  or  branched;  scape  terete,  striate,  paniculately  branched  above,  3-6  dm. 
high.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  entire,  or  slightly 
undulate,  0.7-2.5  dm.  long,  shorter  than  the  scapes,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lat- 
eral veins  very  obscure;  flowers  erect,  about  4  mm.  high;  calyx  5-toothed,  some- 
times with  as  many  minute  intermediate  teeth  in  the  sinuses;  corolla  pale  purple; 
petals  spatulate;  styles  filiform.  On  salt  meadows,  Lab.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Oct. 

2.  STATICE  L.       [ARMERIA  Willd.] 

Tufted  acaulescent  fleshy  herbs,  with  mostly  naked  scapes,  basal  persistent 
rosulate  narrow  leaves  with  no  differentiation  into  blade  and  petiole,  and  short- 


720  FLORA. 

pedicelled  or  sessile  flowers,  in  dense  terminal  glomerate  heads,  subtended  by 
scarious  bracts  and  bractlets,  the  lower  bracts  forming  a  kind  of  involucre  to  the 
head,  the  two  lowest  reflexed  and  more  or  less  united  into  a  sheath.  Calyx  10- 
ribbed,  5 -toothed,  oblique  at  the  base  or  decurrent  on  the  pedicel,  scarious.  Styles 
united  at  the  base,  pubescent  bejow  the  middle.  Utricle  5 -pointed  at  the  summit, 
rarely  dehiscent.  [Greek,  standing.  ]  About  20  species.  The  following  is  the  only 
one  native  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Statice  Armeria  L.  THRIFT.  SEA  PINK.  LADIES'  CUSHION.  (I.  F.  f. 
2828.)  Scape  1-4.5  dm.  high-  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  obscurely  i -nerved,, 
entire,  2-8  cm.  long;  bracts  obtuse;  head  of  flowers  1-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  co- 
rolla pink,  purple  or  white,  4-6  mm.  broad;  petals  obtuse  or  cuspidate.  Along  the 
sea -coast  and  on  mountains,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  on  the  Pacific  Coar.t  to  Cal. 
Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and  apparently  at  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  Summer. 


Order  3.    EBENALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  the  flowers  mostly  regu- 
lar. Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior)  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  it. 
Corolla  gamopetalous  or  sometimes  polypetalous.  Stamens  borne  on 
the  tube  or  base  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes,  and  opposite  them, 
or  more  numerous. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes.  Fam.  i.  Sapotaceae. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  more. 

Styles  2-8  ;  flowers  mostly  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Fam.  2.   Ebenaceae. 
Style  i,  simple  or  lobed ;  flowers  mostly  perfect. 

Stamens  in  several  series.  Fam.  3.  Symplocaceae. 

Stamens  in  i  series.  Fam.  4.  Styracaceac. 

Family  i.    SAPOTACEAE   Reichenb. 
Sapodtlla  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  entire,  mostly 
coriaceous  and  estipulate.  Flowers  small,  regular  and  perfect,  in  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  inferior,  the  sepals  usually  4-7,  much  imbricated.  Co- 
rolla gamopetalous,  the  tube  4~7-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
sometimes  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  lobe-like  appendages  on  the 
throat.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  proper  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted 
on  its  tube  ;  staminodia  usually  present,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes  ; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  or 
rarely  many-celled  ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphit- 
ropous ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  fleshy  berry,  commonly  i -celled  and 
i-seeded.  Seed  large,  the  testa  bony  or  crustaceous;  embryo  straight; 
endosperm  fleshy,  or  none.  About  35  genera  and  400  species,  mostly  of 
tropical  regions. 

i.    BUMELIA   Sw. 

Wood  very  hard.  Leaves  sometimes  clustered  at  the  nodes.  Flowers  small, 
pedicelled,  white,  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  urn 
equal.  Corolla  5 -lobed,  with  a  pair  of  lobe-like  appendages  at  each  sinus,  its  tube 
short.  Stamens  5,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube;  anthers  sagittate. 
Staminodia  5,  petaloid.  Ovary  5-celled;  style  filiform.  Berry  small,  the  peri- 
carp fleshy,  enclosing  a  single  erect  seed.  Seed  shining,  the  hilum  at  the  base. 
[Greek,  ox  (large)  ash.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, some  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Foliage,  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  i.  B.  lycioides. 

Foliage,  pedicels  and  calyx  tomentose-pubescent,  2.  B- 


EBENACEAE. 

1.  Bumelia  lycioides  (L.)  Pers.     SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN.     (I.  F.  f.  2829.) 
Bark   gray,  the  twigs  commonly  spiny.     Leaves  rather  firm,  tardily  deciduous, 
glabrous,  finely  reticulate- veined,  oblong,  elliptic,  or  oblanceolate,  5~I3  cm-  krngj 
petioles  4-12  mm.  long;  flowers  about  3  mm.  broad,  numerous;  pedicels  about  the 
length  of  the  petioles,  glabrous;  calyx-segments  obtuse,  glabrous;  staminodia  ovate, 
boat-shaped,  entire;  berry  subglobose,  black,  8-10  mm.  long.     In  moist  thickets, 
Va.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

2.  Bumelia  lanuginosa  (Michx.)  Pers.     WOOLLY  BUCKTHORN.      (I.  F.  f. 
2830.)     Leaves  persistent,  rather  coriaceous,  glabrous  above,   densely  tomentose- 
pubescent  beneath,  oblanceolate,  obovate  or  oblong,  usually  obtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed orcuneate  at  the  base,  3-8  cm.  long;  flowers  3-18  in  the  fascicles,  about  3 
mm.  broad;  pedicels  tomentose,  longer  than  the  petioles;  calyx-segments  ovate, 
tomentose,  obtusish;  staminodia  ovate,  obscurely  toothed;  berry  oval,  black,  8-iQ 
mrn.  long.     In  woods  and  thickets,  111.  to  Kans.,  Tex.,  Ga.  and  Fla.     June-July. 

Family  2.  EBENACEAE  Vent. 
Ebony  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  very  hard  wood,  entire  estipulate  leaves,  and 
dioecious  polygamous  or  rarely  perfect  regular  flowers,  solitary  or  cymose 
in  the  axils.  Calyx  inferior,  3~7-lobed,  commonly  accrescent  and  persist- 
ent. Corolla  gamopetalous,  deciduous,  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  usually  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Stamens  2-3  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  inserted  on  its  tube,  usually  some  imperfect  ones 
in  the  pistillate  flowers;  anthers  introrse,  erect.  Disk  none.  Ovary 
superior,  several-celled ;  in  the  staminate  flowers  rudimentary  or  none ; 
ovules  1-3  in  each  cavity,  suspended  ;  styles  2-8,  distinct,  or  united  below  ; 
stigmas  terminal,  sometimes  2-parted.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  oblong,  the 
testa  bony;  endosperm  copious,  cartilaginous;  embryo  small ;  cotyledons 
large,  foliaceous.  About  6  genera  and  275  species,  mostly  tropical. 

i.  DIOSPYROS    L. 

Flowers  lateral,  cymose,  racemose  or  solitary,  the  pistillate  commonly  solitary, 
the  staminate  usually  clustered.  Calyx  4-6-cleft.  Corolla  urceolate  in  our  species, 
4-6-lobed.  Stamens  8-20  in  the  sterile  flowers.  Styles  2-6  in  the  pistillate  flowers; 
ovary  globose  or  ovoid,  its  cavities  twice  as  many  as  the  styles.  Berry  large, 
pulpy,  containing  4-12  flat  hard  seeds.  [Greek,  Zeus'  wheat.]  About  160 species, 
abundant  in  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southwest. 

i.  Diospyros  Virginiana  L.  PERSIMMON.  DATE  PLUM.  (I.  F.  f.  2831.) 
A  tree;  bark  hard,  dark,  furrowed.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  deciduous,  pubescent 
when  young,  acute  or  acuminate,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long; 
petioles  loosely  jointed  with  the  twigs,  the  leaves  falling  away  in  drying;  flowers 
mostly  4-parted;  corolla  greenish  yellow;  stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  about  16, 
,  those  of  the  pistillate  8  or  fewer;  fruit  globose,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  reddish  yellow 
and  sweet  when  ripe,  astringent  when  green.  In  fields  and  woods,  R.  I.  to  Kans  , 
Fla.  and  Tex.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Nov. 

Family  3.  SYMPLOCACEAE  Miers. 
Sweet-leaf  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  dentate  broad  leaves,  and  regular  mostly 
yellow  and  perfect  flowers,  in  lateral  or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx-tube  com- 
pletely or  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed.  Corolla  5-parted, 
sometimes  nearly  to  the  base,  the  segments  imbricated.  Disk  none. 
Stamens  numerous  in  several  series;  filaments  usually  slightly  united  in 
clusters  at  the  base  of  each  corolla-segment ;  anthers  innate,  laterally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  2-5-celled;  ovules  commonly  2  in  each  cavity,  pendu- 


722  FLORA. 

lous ;  style  and  stigma  one.  Fruit  a  small  mostly  nearly  dry  drupe,  usually 
with  i  oblong  seed ;  embryo  straight  •  endosperm  fleshy.  Only  the  fol- 
lowing genus,  comprising  about  175  species,  most  abundant  in  S-  Am. 

i.  SYMPLOCOS   L. 
Characters  of  the  family.      [Greek,  connected,  referring  to  the  stamens.] 

i.  Symplocos  tinctdria  (L.)  L'Her.  SWEET-LEAF.  HORSE-SUGAR.  (I.  F. 
f.  2832.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  oblong  or  slightly  obovate,  acute  or  acu* 
minate  at  both  ends,  crenate-serrate  or  repand,  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  above  <^r\d  dark  green  when  old,  pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long; 
flowers  bright  yellow,  fragrant,  8-12  mm.  broad,  in  sessile  scaly-bracted  clusters, 
appearing  at  the  North  before  the  leaves;  corolla-segments  oblong,  obtuse,  each 
bearing  a  cluster  of  stamens;  drupe  nut-like,  oblong,  6-12  mm.  long,  pubescent, 
crowned  with  the  small  calyx  lobes.  Woods  and  thickets,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
March-April. 

Family  4.   STYRACACEAE  A.  DC. 

Storax  Family. 

Flowers  regular,  perfect,  or  rarely  polygamo-dioecious,  clustered, 
pubescence  mostly  stellate.  Calyx  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Corolla  gamopetalous  or  polypetalous,  the  lobes  or  petals  4-8.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  or  petals,  or  more,  inserted  on 
its  tube  or  base,  arranged  in  i  series,  the  filaments  monadelphous  or  4-5- 
adelphous.  Disk  none.  Ovary  partly  superior,  2-5-celled;  ovules  anat- 
ropous;  style  slender;  stigma  simple  or  2-5-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry  or 
drupe,  or  often  nearly  dry,  winged  in  some  genera,  i-seeded,  or  2-5-celled 
with  a  seed  in  each  cavity.  Endosperm  copious,  fleshy  ;  embryo  usually 
straight;  cotyledons  flat.  About  7  genera  and  75  species,  mostly  tropical. 

Calyx  superior,  its  tube  obconic;  fruit  2-4- winged.  i.  Mohrodendron. 

Calyx  nearly  inferior,  its  tube  campanulate;  fruit  globose  or  oblong.      2.  Stymx. 

X.  MOHRODENDRON  Britton.     [HALESIA  Ellis,  not  P.  Br.] 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  more  or  less  stellate-pubescent,  with  denticulate  or  den- 
tate  leaves,  and  large  white  slender-pedicclled  drooping  bell-shaped  flowers,  in 
lateral  fascicles  or  short  racemes,  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves.  Calyx-tube 
obconic  or  obpyramidal,  4-5 -ribbed,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  short,  4- toothed. 
Corolla  campanulate,  4-5 -cleft  or  4-5  parted  nearly  to  the  base.  Stamens  8-16; 
filaments  flat,  more  or  less  monadelphous,  slightly  adnate  to  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-4- 
ceUed;  ovules  about  4  in  each  cavity,  the  lower  ascending,  the  upper  pendulous. 
Fruit  dry,  oblong,  2-4  winged,  i-4-celled,  tipped  with  the  style  and  the  minute  calyx- 
t«vth.  [In  honor  of  Chas.  Mohr,  botanist  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Alabama.] 
A'ojut  3  species,  natives  of  southeastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Mohrodendron  Carolinum  (L.)  Britton.  SILVER-BELL  OR  SNOW-DROP 
TREE.  (I.  F.  f.  2833.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  dentic- 
ulate, acuminate,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above  when  old,  pale  green  and  stellate- 
pubescent  beneath.  5-15  cm.  long;  pedicels  filiform,  1-4  cm.  long;  corolla  1-2  cm. 
long;  ovary  4-celled;  fruit  oblong-ellipsoid,  4. winged,  2-4  cm.  long.  In  woods  and 
along  streams,  Va.  to  111.,  Fla.  and  Ala.  March-April.  [//.  tetraptera  L.] 

2.  STYRAX  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  rather  large  mostly  white  drooping  flowers,  in  fas- 
cicles or  leafy  racemes.  Calyx  persistent,  nearly  inferior,  its  tube  campanulate, 
adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary,  its  limb  minutely  5 -toothed.  Corolla  5-parted 
or  5-divided.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  or  petals  (rarely  fewer); 
filaments  flat,  monadelphous  below  or  rarely  separate.  Ovary  nearly  superior, 
mostly  3-celled  at  the  base;  ovules  seveial  in  each  cavity,  ascending;  stigma  3- 
twthed,  3-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  nearly  dry,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  com- 


OLE  ACE  A  E. 

monlyonly  i-seeded,  3-valved  at  the  summit.  [Greek  name  of  Storax.]  About 
70  species,  natives  of  America,  Asia  and  southern  Europe.  Besides  the  following, 
2  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Foliage  and  inflorescence  glabrous;  calyx  glandular-scurfy.  i.  S.  Americana. 

Lower  surfaces  of  the  le.  ves  and  inflorescence  canescent  or  tomentose. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oval,  2.5-6  cm.  long.  2.  6".  pulverulenta. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval,  5-15  cm.  long.  3.  S.  grandifolia. 

1.  Styrax  Americana  Lam.    SMOOTH  STORAX.    (I.  F.  f.  2834.)    A  shrub,  the 
foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  oblong,  oval  or  obovate. 
2—8  cm.   long;  flowers  few  or  sometimes  solitary,  8— 14  mm.  long,  about  the  length 
of  their  pedicels;  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  valvate  or  but  slightly  overlapping 
in  the  bud;  fruit  subglobose,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  moist  thickets  and  along 
streams,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and  La.     March- April. 

2.  Styrax  pulverulenta  Michx.     DOWNY  STORAX.     (I.  F.  f.  2835.)     Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  the  calyx  and  pedicels  are 
stellate-pubescent  or  scurfy.     Leaves   oval   or   oblong,    usually   denticulate,    pale 
beneath;  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes  and  often  in  pairs  in  the  axils,  usually 
longer  than  their  pedicels;  petals  puberulent  on  both  sides  or  only  on  the  exterior, 
convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.     In  moist  pine-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
March-April. 

3.  Styrax  grandifolia  Ait     LARGE-LEAVED  STORAX.     (I.  F.  f.  2836.)    A 
shrub.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  tomentose  or  canescent  and  pale  beneath,  5-15  cm. 
long,  or  on  young  shoots  larger;  flowers  10— 16  mm.  long,  longer  than  their  pedicels, 
mostly  several  in  loose  sometimes  elongated  racemes;  petals  oblong,  acutish,  imbri- 
cated or  convolute   in  the  bud,   puberulent  without  and  often  also  within;    fruit 
obovoid,  about  8  mm.  long.     In  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ga.     March-May. 

Order  4.    GENTIANALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  regular.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  rarely  polypetalous,  nerved, 
wanting  in  Adelia  and  in  our  species  of  Fraxinus  of  the  Oleaceae. 
Stamens  mostly  borne  on  the  lower  part  of  the  corolla  when  this  is  pres- 
ent, as  many  as  its  lobes  or  fewer  and  alternate  with  them.  Ovaries  2, 
distinct,  or  i  with  2  cavities  (rarely  more),  or  2  placentae. 

a.    Stamens  (usually  2),  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes,  or  corolla  none;  our  species 
trees  or  shrubs.  Fam.  i.   Oleaceae. 

b.   Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  ;  mostly  herbs. 
Stigmas  distinct ;  juice  not  milky;  ovary  i,  compound. 

Ovary  2-celled;  leaves  stipulate,  or  their  bases  connected  by  a  stipular  line. 

Fam.  2.  Loganiaceae. 
Ovary  i-celled,  leaves  not  stipulate. 

Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate;  corolla-lobes  convolute  or  imbricated  in 

the  bud.  Fam.  3.   Gentianaceae. 

Leaves  basal  or  alternate;  corolla-lobes  induplicate-valvate  in  the  bud  ;  marsh  or 
aquatic  herbs.  Fam.  4.  Menyanthaceae. 

Stigmas  united;  juice  milky;  ovaries  2  n  our  species. 

Styles  united  ;  stamens  distinct:  pollen  of  simple  grains.      Fam.  5.  Apocynaceae. 
Styles   distinct;    stamens   mostly   monadelphous;   pollen-grains    united   into   waxy 
masses.  Fam.  6.  Asclepiadaceae. 

Family  i.    OLEACEAE    Lindl. 
Olive  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (a  few  genera  almost  herbaceous)  with  opposite  or 
rarely  alternate  simple  or  pinnate  estipulate  leaves  and  regular  2-4-parted 
flowers  in  panicles,  cymes  or  fascicles.  Calyx  inferior,  usually  small, 
sometimes  none.  Stamens  2-4 ;  filaments  separate ;  anthers  ovate, 
oblong  or  linear,  2-celled7  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 


724  FLORA. 

superior,  2-celled  ;  ovules  few  in  each  cavity,  anatropousor  amphitropous ; 
style  usually  short  or  none.  Fruit  a  capsule,  samara,  berry  or  drupe. 
Endosperm  fleshy,  horny  or  wanting ;  embryo  straight,  rather  large ; 
radicle  usually  short.  About  21  genera  and  500  species,  of  wide  distri- 
bution in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule;   leaves  simple;  flowers  complete.  i.  Syringa. 

Fruit  a  samara ;  leaves  pinnate ;  flowers  mostly  dioecious;  corolla  wanting. 

2.  Fraxinus. 
Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry;  leaves  simple. 

Flowers  dioecious,  mostly  apetalous,  from  catkin-like  scaly  buds.        3.  Adelia. 

Flowers  complete,  polypetalous,  paniculate;  petals  linear.  4.   Chionanthus. 

Flowers  complete,  gamopetalous,  paniculate.  5.  Ligustrum. 

i.  SYRI'NGA  L. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  (rarely  pinnatifid)  leaves,  and  gamopetalous  flow- 
ers, in  terminal  panicles  or  thyrses.  Calyx  campanulate,  mostly  4-toothed,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric,  the  limb  4-lobed,  the  lobes  indup- 
licarte-valvate.  Stamens  2,  inserted  near  the  summit  of  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary 
2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style  elongated;  stigma  2-cleft. 
Capsule  narrowly  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  coriaceous,  loculicidally  2-valved 
from  above.  Seeds  pendulous,  compressed,  obliquely  winged.  [Greek,  a  pipe  or 
tube.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  Asia  and  eastern  Europe. 

I.  Syringa  vulgaris  L.  LILAC.  (L  F.  f.  2837.)  Glabrous,  3-8  m.  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  entire,  deciduous,  green  on  both  sides,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  trun- 
cate or  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-13  cm.  long;  flowers  lilac  or  white,  very  numer- 
ous, 10-15  mm-  l°ng>  in  large  terminal  thyrses;  ultimate  pedicels  short;  capsule 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides,  Me.  and  N.  H.  to  N.  Y. 
and  Penn.  Native  of  eastern  Europe.  April- May. 

2.  FRAXINUS  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Trees,  with  opposite,  and  in  our  species,  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  small  dioecious 
or  polygamous  (rarely  perfect)  greenish  fasciculate  or  racemose-fasciculate  flowers, 
appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves  from  the  axils  of  those  of  the  previous  season. 
Calyx  small,  4-cleft,  irregularly  toothed,  entire  or  none.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3  or 
4).  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  pendulous;  stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  flat 
samara,  usually  i  seeded.  Seed  oblong,  pendulous.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 
About  40  species.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  Southern 
and  Western  States. 

Lateral  leaflets  stalked;  calyx  present  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

Body  of  the  samara  terete  or  nearly  so,  the  wing  chiefly  terminal. 
Wing  almost  entirely  terminal. 

Foliage  and  twigs  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  i.  F.  Americana. 

Foliage  and  twigs  pubescent.  2.  F.  Biltmoreana. 

Wing  manifestly  extending  down  on  the  sides  of  the  body. 
Wing  of  samara  spatulate. 

Foliage,  twigs  and  pedicels  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

3.  F.  lanceolata. 
Foliage,  young  twigs  and  pedicels  velvety-pubescent. 

Samara  3-5  cm.  long.  4.  F.  Pennsylvania. 

Samara  5-7  cm.  long.  5.  F.  profunda. 

Wing  of  samara  long  linear.  6.  F.  Darlingtbnii. 

Body  of  the  samara  flat,  the  wing  extending  all  around  it. 

Twigs  terete  ;  leaflets  5-7;  samara  elliptic  or  spatulate.      7.  /*'.  Carolimana. 
Twigs  4-sided  ;  leaflets  7-11 ;  samara  oblong  or  cuneate.       8.  F.  qnadrangulata. 
Lateral  leaflets  sessile;  calyx  none;  samara  winged  all  around.        9.  F.  nigra. 

i.  Fraxinus  Americana  L.  WHITE  ASH.  (I.  F.  f.  2838.)  Twigs,  peti- 
oles and  rachis  of  the  leaves  glabrous;  leaflets  5-9  (commonly  7),  ovate,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  oblong  or  rarely  slightly  obovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  pale  or  light 
green  and  often  pubescent  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long,  acuminate  or  acute;  flowers 
dioecious  (rarely  monoecious);  samara  2-5  cm.  long,  its  body  terete,  not  margined, 
winged  only  from  near  the  summit,  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  wing. 
In  rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  April-June, 


OLE ACE A  E. 

2.  Fraxinus  Biltmoreana   Beadle.     BILTMORE  ASH.     Young  twigs  pubes- 
cent.    Leaflets  7-9,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  obscurely  denticu- 
late, more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  especially  along  the  veins;    rachis   pubes- 
cent; samaras  3.5~5cm.  long,  the  wing  linear,  or  somewhat  broadened  above,  2  to 
3  times  as  long  as  the  narrowly  elliptic,  nearly  terete  body.     Woods,  Penn.  to  Ga. 

3.  Fraxinus  lanceolata  Borck.     GREEN  ASH.     (I.  F.  f.  2839.)    Glabrous  or 
nearly  so.     Leaflets  5-9,  entire  or  denticulate,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate or  acute,  green  on  both  sides,  5-15  cm.  long;  samara  2-5  cm.  long,  very  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  two  preceding  species,  the  usually  spatulate  and  proportionately 
slightly  longer   wing   usually  decurrent   on  the  sides   of  the  body   to  below  the 
middle.     Moist  soil,  Vt.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.  and  Ariz.     April-May. 

4.  Fraxinus  Pennsylvania  Marsh.     RED  ASH.     (I.  F.  f.   2840.)     Twigs, 
petioles,  rachis,  petiolules  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  velvety-pubescent;  leaf- 
lets 5-9,  ovate,  ovate  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acuminate  or  acute,  usually  denticulate, 
7-15  cm.   long;  samara  2.5-6  cm.  long,  its  body  linear,  margined  above  by  the 
decurrent  linear  or  spatulate  wing,  and  about  equalling  it.     In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  to 
S.  Dak.,  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Kans.     April-May. 

5.  Fraxinus   profunda  Bush.      SWAMP   ASH.      Foliage   and   young   twigs 
densely    pubescent.     Leaflets   mostly  7,   lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,   entire  or 
very  nearly  so,  7-15  cm.  long;  samaras  5-7  cm.  long,  the  wing  obtuse,  longer  than 
the  linear  body  and  decurrent  on  its  sides  to  the  middle  or  beyond.     In  swamps, 
Mo.  to  Fla.  [F.  Americana  profunda  Bush.] 

6.  Fraxinus  Darlingtonii  Britton,  n.  sp.     DARLINGTON'S  ASH.      Similar  to 
F.  lanceolata  and  F.  Pennsylvanica,  the  foliage  and  twigs  either  quite  pubescent 
or  glabrate;  samaras  5-7.5  cm.  long,  the  wing  about  4  mm.  wide,  longer  than  the 
narrowly  linear  body  and  decurrent  on  it  for  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  its  length. 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.     Type  from  Westch ester,  Penn. 

7.  Fraxinus  Caroliniana  Mill.     WATER  ASH.     (I.  F.  f.  2841.)     Foliage  gla- 
brous, or  slightly  pubescent.     Leaflets  5-7  (rarely  9),  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  acuminate  or  acute;  samara  2-5  cm.  long,  elliptic  or  spatulate,  the  body 
linear,  flat,  broadly  winged  all  around,  extending  more  than  half-way  to  the  apex  of 
the  fruit,  the  wing  pinnately  veined.     In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark. 
and  Tex.     Also  in  Cuba.     March- April. 

8.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michx.     BLUE  ASH.     (I.  F.  f.  2842.)     Foliage 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  when  young.     Leaflets  7-11,  ovate,   oblong  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  green  on  both  sides,  sharply  serrate  or  serrulate,  7-13  cm. 
long;    samara  linear-oblong  or  cuneate,  2-5  cm.  long,  6-14  mm.  wide,  winged  all 
around,  parallel-nerved,  the  body  extending  more  than  half-way  to  the  apex.     In 
woods,  Ont.,  Minn,  and  Mich,  to  Ala.,  Iowa  and  Ark.     March-April. 

9.  Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.    BLACK  ASH.    HOOP  ASH.    (I.  F.  f.  2843.)    Foliage 
glabrous,  except  the  midrib  of  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaflets.     Leaflets  7-11,  ses- 
sile, green  on  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  ser- 
rulate, 7-15  cm.  long;  samara  oblong  or  linear- oblong,  parallel-nerved,  2.5-4  cm. 
long,  the  body  flat,  winged  all  around,  extending  to  or  beyond  the  middle.     In 
swamps  and  wet  woods,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Va.  and  Ark.     April-May. 

3.  ADELIA  P.  Br.      [FORESTIERA  Poir.] 

Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  yellow  or  greenish  dicecious  or  polygam- 
ous flowers,  fascicled,  short-racemose  or  paniculate  from  scaly  buds  produced  at  the 
axils  of  the  preceding  season,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Corolla  wanting, 
or  of  i  or  2  small  deciduous  petals.  Stamens  2-4.  Ovary  ovoid,  2  celled;  ovules 
2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  I  or 
rarely  2  seeds.  [Greek,  inconspicuous,  perhaps  referring  to  the  flowers.]  About 
15  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  about  7  others  occur  in  the 
southern  U.  S. 

i.  Adelia  acuminata  Michx.  ADELIA.  (I  F.  f.  2844.)  A  shrub  or  small 
tree,  the  branches  somewhat  spiny,  the  foliage  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acuminate  or  acute  at  both  ends,  finely  denticulate,  2.5-10  cm.  long; 
petioles  slender;  staminate  flowers  fascicled;  pistillate  flowers  short-paniculate; 
calyx  obsolete;  drupe  narrowly  oblong,  about  2  cm.  long,  when  young  fusiform  and 
often  curved.  River-banks,  111.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Tex.  March- April. 


726  FLORA. 

4.  CHIONA'NTHUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  complete  conspicuous 
white  flowers,  in  large  loose  panicles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  of  the  pre- 
ceding season.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft  or  4-parted,  inferior,  persistent.  Corolla  oi 
4  linear  petals,  slightly  united  at  the  very  base.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3),  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  very  short.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary,  pendulous;  style  short;  stigma  thick,  emarginate  or  slightly  2-lobed.  Fruit 
a  usually  i-seeded  drupe.  [Greek,  snow-blossom.]  About  3  species,  the  following 
of  southeastern  N.  Am.,  the  others  Chinese. 

i.  Chionanthus  Virginica  L.  FRINGE-TREE.  (I.  F.  f.  2845.)  A  shrub,  or 
small  tree,  the  young  twigs,  petioles  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  pubescent,  or 
sometimes  glabrate.  Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  some  of  them  obovate,  rather  thick, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  7-I5  cm>  l°n§!  panicles  drooping,  sometimes  2.5  dm.  long, 
usually  with  some  sessile  leaflike  bracts,  its  branches  and  the  pedicels  very  slen- 
der; petals  2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  2  mm.  wide  or  less;  drupe  oblong  or  globose- 
oblong,  nearly  black,  1-1.6  cm.  long,  the  pulp  thin.  In  moist  thickets,  Del.  and 
southern  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-June. 

5.  LIGUSTRUM   L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  complete 
flowers  in  terminal  thyrses  or  panicles.  Calyx  small,  truncate  or  4-toothed,  infe- 
rior. Corolla  gamopetalous,  funnelform,  its  tube  mostly  short,  the  limb  4-lobed, 
the  lobes  induplicate-valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  filaments  short.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous; 
stigma  thickened.  Fruit  a  i-3-seeded  mostly  globose  berry.  [The  classical  Latin 
name.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Ligustrum  vulgare  L.  PRIVET.  PRIM.  (I.  F.  f.  2846.)  A  shrub,  the 
branches  long  and  slender.  Leaves  firm,  tardily  deciduous,  glabrous,  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  short-petioled,  1.5-5  cm-  l°ng>  obscurely  veined;  panicles  dense,  short, 
minutely  pubescent;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  pedicels  very  short;  stamens 
included ;  berries  black,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  Escaped  from  cultivation,  Me.  and 
Ont.  to  Penn.  and  N.  Car.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  June-July. 

Family  2.  LOGANIACEAE  Dumort. 
Logania  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  with  opposite  or 
verticillate  simple  stipulate  leaves,  or  the  leaf-bases  connected  by  a  stipu- 
lar  line  or  membrane,  and  regular  perfect  4~5-parted  flowers.  Calyx  infe- 
rior, the  tube  campanulate,  sometimes  short  or  none,  the  segments  imbri- 
cated, at  least  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  funnelform,  campanu- 
late, or  rarely  rotate.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the 
corolla;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent ;  pollen-grains 
simple.  Disk  usually  none.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled  (rarely  3-5-celled) ; 
ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule  in  our 
species.  Embryo  small,  usually  straight ;  endosperm  copious  ;  radicle  ter- 
ete or  conic.  About  30  genera  and  400  species,  widely  distributed  in 
warm  and  tropical  regions. 

Style  4-cleft;  woody  vine;  flowers  large  yellow.  i.   Gelsemium. 
Style  simple,  2-lobed  or  2-divided  with  a  common  stigma;  herbs. 

Corolla-lobes  valvate;  capsule  didyrnous  or  2-lobed;  leaves  broad. 

Style  simple,  jointed;  spike  simple.  2.  Spigeha. 

Style  2-divided  below;  spikes  cymose.  3.  Cynoctonum. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricate;  capsule  subglobose;  leaves  linear.  4.  Polypremum, 

i.  GELSEMIUM  Juss. 

Glabrous  vines;  leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  whorled,  their  bases  connected  by  a 
stipular  line;  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  nearly  sessile  cymes,  the  pedicels 
scaly-bracteolate.  Calyx  deeply  5 -parted,  the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  fun. 


LOGANIACEAE. 

nelform,  with  5  broad  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla;  anthers  linear  oblong.  Ovary  oblong,  2-celled;  style  slender 
or  filiform,  4-cleft;  ovules  numerous  on  linear  placentae.  Capsule  elliptic,  flattened 
contrary  to  the  partition,  septicidally  dehiscent,  the  valves  boat-shaped,  2-cleft  at 
the  summit;  seeds  flattened,  winged.  [From  the  Italian  Gelsomino,  the  Jessamine.] 
Two  known  species,  the  following,  the  other  of  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Gelsemium  sempervirens  (L.)  Ait.  f.  YELLOW  JESSAMINE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2847.)  Stems  sometimes  6  m.  long.-  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire,  short  petioled,  persistent,  evergreen,  3-8  cm.  long;  cymes  1-6- 
flowered;  pedicels  short;  bractiets  several,  dry,  oblong  or  lanceolate;  flowers  dimor- 
phous; corolla  bright  yellow,  2.5-4  cm.  long;  stigmas  in  one  form  short  and  anthers 
exserted,  in  the  other  form  longer  and  anthers  included;  capsule  flat,  channeled  on 
both  sides,  8-14  mm.  long,  cuspidate.  In  woods  and  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex. 
and  Guatemala.  March-Get. 

2.  SPIGELIA  L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  membranous  entire  pinnately  veined  leaves,  small  stipules, 
or  the  leaf-bases  connected  by  a  stipular  line,  and  red,  yellow  or  purple  flowers 
in  scorpioid  cymes  or  unilateral  spikes,  or  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the 
branches.  Calyx  deeply  5 -parted.  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  tube  finely  15. nerved. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube;  anthers  2-lobed  at  the  base.  Ovules  numer- 
ous, on  peltate  placentae;  style  filiform,  jointed  near  the  middle;  stigma  obtuse. 
Capsule  didymous,  2-celled,  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the  dissepiment,  cir- 
cumscissile,  the  2  carpels  becoming  2-valved.  Seeds  peltate,  not  winged. 
[Named  for  Adrian  von  der  Spigel,  1558-1625,  physician.]  About  35  species, 
all  American.  Besides  the  following,  4  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

i.  Spigelia  Marylandica  L.  INDIAN  OR  CAROLINA  PINK.  (I.  F.  f.  2848.) 
Perennial;  stem  4-angled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile, 
ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent 
on  the  veins;  flowers  in  a  terminal  i-sided  peduncled  spike;  corolla  scarlet  outside, 
yellow  within,  2-5  cm.  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  about  6  mm.  long;  calyx-segments 
subulate.  In  woods,  N.  J.  (according  to  Gray)  to  Wis.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-July. 

3.  CYNOCTONUM  J.  G.  Gmel.      [MITREOLA  R.  Br.] 

Herbs,  our  species  annual,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  minute  stipules,  or 
the  leaf-bases  connected  by  a  stipular  line.  Flowers 'small,  whitish,  in  one-sided 
spikes  forming  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
5,  included;  filaments  short;  anthers  cordate.  Ovules  numerous,  on  peltate  pla- 
centae; style  short,  2-divided  below,  united  above  by  the  common  stigma,  the  divi- 
sions becoming  separate.  Capsule  2-lobed  at  the  summit;  carpels  divaricate, 
dehiscent  along  the  inner  side.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  tuberculate.  [Greek,  dog- 
killing.]  About  5  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

i.  Cynoctonum  Mitreola  (L.)  Britton.  MITREWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2849.)  Stem 
glabrous,  erect,  terete,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  petioled, 
2.5-8  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  acute  at  both  ends,  glabrous;  cymes  terminal  and 
often  also  in  the  upper  axils,  slender-pedunoled;  flowers  about  2  mm.  broad, 
numerous,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  capsule  deeply  2-lobed,  compressed,  the  lobes  at 
length  widely  diverging,  acute.  In  wet  or  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex, 
Also  in  the  W.  Indies.  June-Sept.  [Mitreola  petiolata  T.  &  G.] 

4.    POLYPREMUM   L. 

A  glabrous  diffusely  branched  annual  herb,  with  opposite  linear-subulate  leaves, 
their  bases  connected  by  a  stipular  membrane,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal 
bracted  cymes.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted  (rarely  5  parted),  the  segments  subulate. 
Corolla  campanulate,  bearded  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4-lobed  (rarely 
5-lobed).  Stamens  4  (rarely  5),  inserted  on  the  corolla,  included;  filaments  short; 
anthers  ovoid -globose.  Ovules  numerous,  on  oblong  placentae;  style  short;  stigma 
capitate  or  obscurely  2-lobed.  Capsule  slightly  compressed,  didymous,  loculici- 
dally  2-valved,  the  carpels  at  length  septicidal.  Seeds  minute,  smooth.  [Greek, 
many-stemmed.]  A  monotypic  genus. 


FLORA. 

i.  Polypremum  procumbens  L.  POLYPREMUM.  (I.  F.  f.  2850.)  Stems 
tufted,  somewhat  rigid,  4. angled,  5-30  cm.  long.  Leaves  1-4  cm.  lorg,  1-2  mm. 
wide,  acute,  sessile,  minutely  rough -toothed  on  the  margins,  often  with  smaller 
ones  fascicled  in  their  axils;  flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  forks  of  the  cymes  and 
along  their  branches,  leafy-bracted;  corolla  2  mm.  long  or  less;  capsule  crusta- 
ceous,  didymous,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  slightly  2-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  In 
dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  Mex.  Also  in  the 
W.  Indies.  May- Sept. 

Family  3.     GENTIANACEAE  Dumort. 
Gentian  Family. 

Bitter  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  (rarely  verticillate)  estipu- 
late  entire  leaves,  reduced  to  scales  in  Bartonia,  and  regular  perfect 
flowers  in  clusters,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or  branches. 
Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  4-1 2-lobed,  -toothed  or  -divided  (of  2  sepals  in 
Obolaria},  the  lobes  imbricated  or  not  meeting  in  the  bud.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  often  marcescent,  4-1 2-lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the 
tube  or  throat ;  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  none, 
or  inconspicuous.  Ovary  superior  in  our  genera,  i-celled  or  partly 
2-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ;  stigma  entire, 
or  2-lobed,  or  2-cleft.  Capsule  mostly  dehiscent  by  2  valves.  Endo- 
sperm fleshy,  copious  ;  embryo  small,  terete  or  conic.  About  65  genera 
and  600  species,  widely  distributed. 

Leaves  normal ;  corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Style  filiform;  anthers  usually  twisting  or  recurving  when  old. 

Corolla  salverform.  i.  Erythraea. 

Corolla  rotate.  2.  Sabbatia. 

Corolla  campanulate-funnelform.  3.  Eustoma. 
Style  short,  stout  or  none ;  anthers  remaining  straight. 
Corolla  without  nectariferous  pits,  glands  or  scales. 

Corolla  funnelform,  campanulate  or  clavate.  4.  Gentiana. 

Corolla  rotate.  5.  Pleurogyne. 
i  or  2  nectariferous  pits,  glands  or  scales  at  the  base  of  each  corolla-lobe. 

Corolla  rotate,  a  fringed  gland  at  each  lobe.  6.  Frasera. 

Corolla  campanulate,  spurred  at  the  base.  7,  Tetragonanthus. 
Leaves,  at  least  those  of  the  stem,  reduced  to  scales;  corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

Calyx  of  2  foliaceous  spatulate  sepals;  upper  leaves  normal.  8.  Obolaria. 

Calyx  of  4  lanceolate  sepals;  leaves  all  reduced  to  scales.  9.  Bartonia. 

i.  ERYTHRAEA  Neck. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual  or  biennial,  with  sessile  or  amplexicaul  leaves,  and  pink 
white  or  yellow  flowers  in  cymes  or  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  5-4-lobed  or  -divided, 
the  lobes  or  segments  narrow,  keeled.  Corolla  salverform,  5~4-lobed,  the  lobes 
spreading,  contorted,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  or  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla- 
tube;  filaments  short- filiform;  anthers  becoming  spirally  twisted.  Ovary  i-celled, 
the  placentae  sometimes  intruded;  style  filiform;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved. 
Seed-coat  reticulated.  [Greek,  red,  the  color  of  the  flowers  in  some  species.] 
About  25  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  and  western  N.  and  S.  Am.  Besides 
the  following,  about  8  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Flowers  spicate-racemose.  i.  E.  spiceta. 

Flowers  cymose  or  cymose-paniculate. 

Basal  leaves  tufted.  2.  E.  Centaurium. 
No  tuft  of  basal  leaves. 

Flowers  cymose-paniculate,  numerous.  3.  E.  pvlchella. 

Flowers  few,  cymose  ;  western  species.  4.  E.  exaltata. 

T.  Erythraea  spicata  (L.)  Pers.  SPIKED  CENTAURY.  (I.  F.  f.  2851.) 
Glabrous,  erect,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  sessile, 
obtusish,  clasping,  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  pink,  sessile,  about  16  mm.  long;  tube 


GENTIANACEAE. 

of  the  corolla  somewhat  longer  than  the  subulate  calyx- segments,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  linear-oblong  lobes;  capsule  8-10  mm.  long.  Coast  of  Nantucket,  and  at 
Portsmouth,  Va.  Nat.  from  Europe.  May-Sept. 

2.  Erythraea  Centaurium  (L.)  Pers.     LESSER  CENTAURY.     BITTER-HERB. 
BLOODWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2852.)     Glabrous,  1.5— 4  cm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
the  lower  forming  a  basal  tuft,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  stem  leaves  sessile  or  slightly  clasp- 
ing; flowers   12-16  mm.   long,   nearly  sessile,   in   compound   bracteolate   cymes; 
corolla-lobes  obtuse,  5-6  cm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-segments  and  one- 
third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  stigmas  oval.     In  waste  places,  N.  S. 
and  Quebec  to  ID.     Nat.  Irom  Europe.     June-Sept. 

3.  Erythraea  pulchella   (Sw.)  Fries.     BRANCHING  CENTAURY.     (I.    F.   f. 
2853.)     Glabrous,  much  branched,  0.7-2  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, the  lower  mostly  obtuse,  6-16  mm.  long;  no  basal  tuft  of  leaves;  flowers  pink, 
cymose-paniculate,  all  or  nearly  all  of  them  pedicelled,  10-12  mm.   long;  tube  of 
the  corolla  1^-2  times  longer  than  the  calyx-segments,  its  lobes  oblong,  obtuse, 
3-4  mm.  long;  stigma  oval.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  Y.  to  Perm,  and  Md. ; 
also  in  the  W.  Indies.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

4.  Erythraea  exaltata  (Griseb. )  Coville.     TALL  OR  WESTERN  CENTAURY. 
(I.   F.  f.   2854.)     Glabrous,   1.5-4.5  dm.  high,  the  branches  few,  erect.     Leaves 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  sessile,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  basal 
not  tufted;  flowers  few,  terminal  and  axillary,  all  slender-pedicelled,  12-16  mm. 
long;  tube  of  the  corolla  about  one-third  longer  than  the  calyx-segments,  the  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  3-4  mm.  long.     In  sandy  soil,  Neb.  to  Wyo.,   Wash.,  Ariz,  and 
Cal.     May-Sept. 

Erythraea  calyc6sa  Buckl.,  a  Texan  species  differing  from  this  in  its  broader  larger 
obtuse  corolla  lobes,  has  been  found  as  a  waif  in  Mo. 

2.  SABBAT1A  Adans. 

Annual  or  biennial  erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  or  sometimes  verticillate 
sessile  or  rarely  petioled  or  clasping  leaves,  and  terminal  pink  rose  or  white  flow- 
ers. Calyx  4-12-parted  or  -divided,  the  tube  campanulate,  sometimes  very  short, 
the  lobes  or  segments  usually  narrow.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  4-12-parted.  Sta- 
mens 4-12,  inserted  on  the  short  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform,  short; 
anthers  curved,  revolute  or  coiled  in  anthesis.  Ovary  i-celled,  the  placentae  in- 
truded; style  2-cleft  or  2  parted,  its  lobes  filiform,  stigmatic  along  their  inner  sides. 
Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  small,  reticulated.  [In  honor  of  L.  Sab- 
bati,  an  Italian  botanist.]  About  14  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 
Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Flowers  normally  4~5-parted,  sometimes  o-y-parted. 
Branches  opposite. 

Style  2-parted  to  below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base;  flowers  white. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute ;  flowers  16-25  mm-  broad. 

1.  S.  lanceolata. 
Leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse;  flowers  12-18  mm.  broad. 

2.  S.  paniculata. 
Style  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle;  flowers  normally  pink. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile;  stem  slightly  4-angled.  3.  S.  angnstifolia. 
Leaves  ovate,  cordate-clasping;  stem  strongly  4-angled.  4.  S.  angularis. 
Branches  alternate,  the  lower  sometimes  opposite  in  Nos.  5  and  6. 

Calyx-segments  foliaceous,  longer  than  the  corolla.  5.  S.  calycina. 

Calyx-segments  linear  or  lanceolate,  not  longer  than  the  corolla. 

Calyx-tube  strongly  5-ribbed;  flowers  2.5-5  cm-  broad.     6.  S,  campestris. 
Calyx-tube  scarcely  ribbed;  flowers  2-4  cm.  broad. 
Calyx  shorter  than  the  corolla;  style  2-parted. 

Flower  pink   with   a  yellow   eye   (rarely  white);  corolla-segments 

obovate.  7.  S.  stellaris. 

Flowers  white,  very  numerous;  corolla-segments  spatulate  or  ob- 

lanceolate.  8.  S.  Elliottii. 

Calyx-segments  filiform,  as  long  as  the  corolla;  style  2-cleft. 

9.  6".  campanulata. 
Flovrers  normally  8-i2-parted,  3.5-6  cm.  broad.  10.  S.  dodecandra. 

i.  Sabbatia  lanceolata  (Walt.)  T.  &  G.  LANCE-LEAVED  SABBATIA.  (I.  F. 
f.  2855.)  Stem  somewhat  4-angled,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  3~5-nerved,  2-5  cm.  long, 


/30  FLORA. 

the  uppermost  reduced  to  narrow  bracts;  flowers  in  bracteolate  corymbed  cymes-, 
pedicels  4-14  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  filiform- linear,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla; 
corolla-segments  oblong  or  slightly  obovate.  capsule  ovoid,  about  6  mm.  high. 
In  pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  May -Sept. 

2.  Sabbatia  paniculata  (Michx.)  Pursh.     BRANCHING  SABBATIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
2856.)     Stem  4-angled,    3-7.5   dm.   high.     Leaves   1-4   cm.   long,   the  uppermost 
small  and   bract-like;  flowers   in  corymbed  cymes;  central  flowers  of  the  cymes 
often  nearly  sessile;  calyx-lobes  linear,  not  more  than  one  half  the  length  of  the 
corolla;  corolla-segments  spatulate-oblong;  capsule  oblong,  about  6  mm.  high.     In 
dry  or  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.     May-Sept. 

3.  Sabbatia  angustifjlia   (Michx.)   Britton.     NARROW-LEAVED   SABBATIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  2857.)     Stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear  to  linear- lanceolate,   sessile, 
2-5  rm.  long,  the  uppermost  small  and  bract-like;  flowers  pink  with  a  yellowish 
or  greenish  eye,  few  in  the  cymes,   or  solitary,   about  2.5  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes 
linear,    usually  more  than  one-half   the   length  of  the  corolla;    corolla-segments 
obovate  oblong ;  capsule  oblong,  6—8  mm.  high.     In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Ind.  to  La., 
N.  Car.  and  Fla.     May-Sept.      [5.  brackiata  Ell.] 

4.  Sabbatia  angularis  (L.)  Pursh.     BITTER-BLOOM.     ROSE-PINK.     SQUARE- 
STEMMED  SABBATIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2858.)     Stem  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  acute, 
cordate- clasping  at  the  base,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  or  the  lower  oblong,  those  of  the 
branches  smaller;  flowers  rose-pink,    with   a  central   greenish   star,   occasionally 
white,  2.5-4  cm.  broad,  usually  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx-lobes 
linear,  one-half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  or  less;  corolla-segments  obovate;  capsule 
oblong,  about  6  mm.  high.     In  rich  soil,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Fla.,  the 
Ind.  Terr,  and  La.     July-Aug.     Flowers  fragrant. 

5.  Sabbatia  calycina  (Lam.)  Heller.     COAST  SABBATIA.     (I.    F.    f.   2859.) 
Stem  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong  or  some  of  them  slightly  obovate,  3 -nerved, 
2-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base  or  the  lower  into  petioles;  flowers  soli- 
tary at  the  ends  of  the  branches  or  peduncles,  2.5-4  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  linear 
or  spatulate,  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  spatulate  segments  of  the  pink  rose-purple 
or  whitish  corolla;  capsule  ovoid  oblong,  6-8  mm.  high.     In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla. 
Also  in  Cuba.     June-Aug. 

6.  Sabbatia  campestris  Nutt.     PRAIRIE  SABBATIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2860.)     Stem 
1.5-4  dm.   high.     Leaves    ovate,   oblong  or  lanceolate,    mostly  obtuse,    sessile  or 
slightly  clasping  and  subcordate,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches  and  peduncles,  2-5  cm.  broad;  calyx  5-ribbed  or  almost  5-winged,  its 
lobes    lanceolate,    acute,    1-2.5    cm.    long,    about  as   long    as   the    obovate   lilac 
corolla-segments;    capsule  oblong,  6-8  mm.  high.    On  prairies,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to 
Tex. 

7.  Sabbatia  stellaris  Pursh.     SEA  OR  MARSH  PINK.     (I.  F.  f.  2861.)    Stem 
1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate- oblong  to  linear,  sessile,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  or  the 
lowest  smaller,  somewhat  obovate,  the  uppermost  narrowly  linear  and  bract-like; 
flowers  1.5-3.5  cm.  broad,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  or  slender  peduncles; 
calyx  not  ribbed,  its  lobes  narrowly  linear,  shorter  than  or  nearly  equalling  the 
oblong  or  obovate  corolla-segments;  corolla  pink  to  white  with  a  yellowish  starry 
eye  bordered  with  red;  capsule  about  5  mm.  high.     In  salt-meadows,  Me.  to  P'la. 
July- Sept. 

8.  Sabbatia  Elliottii  Steud.     ELLIOTT'S  SABBATIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2862.)     Stem 
3-6  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  obovate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long, 
the  upper  and  those  of  the  branches  linear  or  subulate;  flowers  solitary  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  2.5  cm.  broad  or  less;  calyx  not  ribbed,  its  lobes  subulate-linear, 
one-half  as  long  as  the  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  segments  of  the  corolla,  or  less; 
capsule  about  5  mm.  high.     In  pine  barrens,  Va.  (?),  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 

9.  Sabbatia   campanulata  (L.)  Torr.      SLENDER  MARSH  PINK.       (I.  F.  f. 
2863.)     Similar  to  the  preceding.     Stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  sessile,  acute  or  the  lowest  much  shorter,  obtuse,  oblong 
or  oblanceolate,  the  uppermost  almost  filiform;  flowers  pink  with  a  yellow  eye, 
about  2.5  cm.   broad,   mostly   5  parted;   calyx-lobes   filiform-linear,  equalling  the 
oblong -obovate  corolla-segments,   or  somewhat  shorter;  capsule  obovoid,  about  5 
mm.  high.    In  salt  marshes  and  along  brackish  rivers,  rarely  in  fresh-water  swamps, 
eastern  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.     Also  in  Cuba.     May-Aug.      [S.  gracilis  Salisb.J 


GEN  TIA  NA  CEA  E.  731 

10.  Sabbatia  dodecandra  (L.)  B.S.P.  LARGE  MARSH  PINK.  (I.  F.  t. 
2864.)  Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  alternate.  Basal  leaves  spatulate, 
obtuse,  3-8  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the 
uppermost  usually  narrowly  linear;  flowers  few,  pink,  sometimes  white,  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches  or  peduncles;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  about  one-half 
as  long  as  the  9-12  spatulate-obovate  corolla-segments;  anthers  coiled;  style  deeply 
2-cleft,  its  divisions  clavate;  capsule  globose-oval,  6  mm.  high.  Borders  of  ponds 
and  along  salt  marshes,  Mass.  toFla.  and  Ala.  July-Sept.  \S.  chlor aides  Pursh.] 

3.  EUSTOMA  Salisb. 

Glaucous  annual  herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  or  clasping  entire  leaves.  Flowers 
large  blue,  purple  or  white,  long-peduncled,  axillary  and  terminal.  Calyx  deeply 
5-6  cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  keeled.  Corolla  deeply  5-6-lobed,  the 
lobes  oblong  or  obovate,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5—6,  inserted  on  the 
throat  ol  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Ovary  i-celled; 
stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  small,  numerous,  foveolate.  [Greek, 
open-mouth,  referring  to  the  corolla.]  Two  species,  natives  of  the  southern 
U.  S.,  Mex.  and  the  W.  Indies. 

i.  Eustoma  Russellianum  (L.)  Griseb.  RUSSELL'S  EUSTOMA.  (I.  F.  f. 
2865.)  Stem  terete,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  3-5-nerved, 
the  upper  usually  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate-clasping  at  the  base,  3-8  cm.  long, 
the  lower  usually  obtuse  and  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  slightly  auricled  base; 
peduncles  2-10  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  small;  flowers  5-8  cm. 
broad;  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  purple  corolla;  corolla  lobes  obovate,  about  4 
times  as  long  as  the  tube;  anthers  remaining  nearly  straight.  On  plains,  Neb.  to 
La.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  May- Aug. 

4.  GENTIANA  L.       (See  Appendix.) 

Mostly  perennial  and  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate,  entire 
sessile  or  short-petioled  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered.  Calyx  tubular, 
4-7-  (usually  5-)  cleft.  Corolla  4-7-lobed,  oiten  with  membranous  plaits  in  the 
sinuses.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  tube, 
included;  anthers  connate  into  a  tube,  or  separate.  Ovary  i-celled;  ovules  very 
numerous;  stigma  cleft  into  2  lamellae.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous. 
[Named  for  King  Gentius  of  Illyria.]  About  300  species.  Besides  the  following, 
some  30  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

*  Corolla  without  plaits  or  teeth  in  the  sinuses;   annuals. 
Corolla-lobes  fringed  or  serrate;  flowers  2-8  cm.  long. 

Corolla  enclosed  in  the  swollen  wing-angled  calyx.  i.   G.  ventricosa. 

Corolla  conspicuously  longer  than  the  wingless  calyx. 

Corolla-lobes  fringed  all  around  their  summits;  leaves  lanceolate. 

2.  G.  crinita. 
Corolla-lobes  fringed  mainly  on  the  margins ;  leaves  linear. 

3.  G.  procera. 
Corolla-lobes  with  entire  or  rarely  denticulate  margins ;  flowers  1-2.5  cm-  long. 

Corolla-lobes  fimbriate  crested  at  the  base,  acute.  4.   G.  acuta. 

Corolla-lobes  naked,  subulate-acuminate. 

Calyx-lobes  unequal;  flowers  mostly  4-parted.  5.   G.  propinqua. 

Calyx-lobes  equal;  flowers  5-parted.  6.   G.  qiiinquefolia. 

*  *  Corolla  with  membranous, toothed  or  lobed  plaits  in  the  sinuses;  perennials. 
Margins  of  leaves  and  calyx-lobes  scabrous  or  ciliate;  seeds  winged. 
Anthers  separate,  or  merely  connivent. 

Stems  usually  clustered;  calyx  lobes  unequal;  corolla  narrowly  funnelform. 

7.  G.  affinis. 
Stems  mostly  solitary  ;  calyx-lobes  equal;  corolla  campanulate-funnelform. 

8.  G.puberula. 
Anthers  cohering  in  a  ring  or  short  tube. 

Corolla-lobes  distinct,  longer  than  or  equalling  *he  plaits. 

Flowers  1-4;  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  its  lobes  2-3  times  as  long  as 

the  plaits.  9.   G.  parvifolia. 

Flowers   several   or   numerous;   corolla  club-shaped,    its   lobes   not   much 

longer  than  the  plaits.  10.   G.  Saponaria. 

Corolla-lobes  none  or  minute,  the  plaits  very  broad.  u.   G,  Andrewsii. 


732  FLORA. 

Margins  of  leaves  and  calyx-lobes  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  clustered,  sessile,  2-bracteolate  under  the  calyx. 

Corolla-lobes  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  plaits ;  leaves  broad,  acuminate;  seeds 

winged.  12.  G.flavida. 

Corolla-lobes   rounded,    little   longer   than   the  plaits;    leaves    narrow;    seeds 

winged.  13.  G.  linearis. 

Corolla-lobes  ovate,  acute,   much  longer  than  the   broad  plaits;    leaves  broad; 

seeds  winged.  14.   G.  rubricaulis. 

Corolla-lobes  triangular-lanceolate;  leaves  obovate ;  seeds  wingless. 

15.  G.  villosa. 
Flowers  solitary,  peduncled,  not  bracteolate;  leaves  linear.  16.   G.  Porphyrio. 

1.  Gentiana    ventricosa    Griseb.     SWOLLEN    GENTIAN.     (I.    F.  f.    2866.) 
Stem  terete,  about  3  dm.  high.     Basal   leaves   obovate,  small,  those   of   the  stem 
ovate-oblong,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  few,  soli- 
tary at  the  ends  of  stout   peduncles,  4-parted;   calyx  inflated,  ovoid,  about  2  cm. 
high;  corolla-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  ovary  elliptic-oblong.      Grand  Rapids  of  Sas- 
katchewan, between  Cumberland  House  and  Hudson  Bay. 

2.  Gentiana    crinita   Froel.     FRINGED  GENTIAN.     (I.    F.    f.    2867.)     Stem 
3-10  dm.  high,  the  branches  erect.     Basal  and   lower  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  the 
upper  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,    acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,   sessile  with  a  rounded  or  subcordate  base;    flowers  mostly  4-parted,  about 
5  cm.  high,  solitary  at  the  ends  of    the  usually   elongated   peduncles;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acuminate;    corolla  bright  blue,  rarely  white,  narrowly   campanulate, 
its  lobes  obovate;  capsule  spindle-shaped,  stipitate;  seeds  scaly-hispid.     In  moist 
woods  and  meadows,  Quebec  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Iowa.     Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Gentiana  procera  Holm.     SMALLER  FRINGED  GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2868.) 
Similar  to  the   preceding,  but  smaller;   stem  0.7-4.5  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower 
leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,   the  upper  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,    2.5-6   cm.  long; 
flowers   1-6,  mostly  4  parted,  about  3.5   cm.  high;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; corolla  narrowly  ca.npanulate,  its   lobes  spatulate-oblong.     In  wet   places, 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  Anticosti,  N.  Y.    Minn.,  S    Dak.  (G.  serrata  A.  Gray,  not  Gun- 
ner;  G.  detonsa  Torrey,  not  Rottb.)     Aug.-Oct. 

4.  Gentiana  acuta  Michx.     NORTHERN    GENTIAN.      (I.  F.  f.  2869.)     Stem 
1.5-5  dm.  high-      Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  the  upper 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
sessile,  1-5  cm.  long;  flowers  racemose-spicate,  1-1.6  cm.  high;  calyx-lobes  lance- 
olate; corolla tubular-campanulate,  blue,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acute;  capsule  sessile. 
In  moist  or  wet  places,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Quebec,  Minn.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Ariz,  and  Mex.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.      Summer. 

5.  Gentiana    propinqua    Richards.      FOUR  PARTED    GENTIAN.     (I.    F.    f. 
2870.)     Stems  slender,   usually  branched  from  the  base,  5-18  cm.  high.     Basal 
leaves  spatulate,   obtuse,   the  upper  distant,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  1-4  cm    long, 
rounded  at  the  slightly  clasping  base;  flowers    1.5-2  cm.  high;   calyx  4-cleft,  2  of 
the  lobes  oblong,  the  others  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  blue  or  bluish,  its  lobes  ovate- 
lanceolate;  capsule  linear.     Lab.  to  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.     Summer. 

6.  Gentiana   quinquefolia    L.     STIFF    GENTIAN.     AGUE-WEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
2871.)     Stem    ridged,    0.5-5    dm.    high*  quadrangular.     Basal    leaves    spatulate, 
obtuse,  those  of  the  stem  ovate,  acute,  clasping  or  rounded  at  the  base,  3~7-nerved, 
1-5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-7  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  or  also  axil- 
lary; calyx  one  fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  corolla;  coralla  tubular-funnel- 
form,  blue,  its  lobes  triangular,  entire;  capsule  stipitate;  seeds  globose,  wingless. 
In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Me.  and  Out.  to  Mich.,  Fla.  and  Mo.     Aug^-Oct. 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  occidentals  (A.  Gray)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.  Usually  taller; 
corolla  more  broadly  funnelform;  calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the 
corolla.  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Tenn.  and  La. 

7.  Gentiana    affinis   Griseb.     OBLONG- LEAVED   GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2872.) 
Stems  clustered  from  deep   loots,  minutely  puberulent,  simple,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high. 
Leaves  linear-oblong  to  lanceolate  oblong,  firm,  indistinctly  nerved.  1-4  cm.  long, 
the  floral  smaller;   flowers  5 -parted,    sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  about 
2.5  cm.  high,  not  bracted  under  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  linear  or  subulate,  unequal; 
corolla  blue,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,  entire,  spreading,  with  laciniate 


GEN  TIA  NA  CEA  Et  733 

appendages  in  the  sinuses.     In  moist  soil,  Minn,  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Mex.  and  Nev. 
Aug. -Oct. 

8.  Gentiana  puberula  Michx.     DOWNY  GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2873.)     Stems 
usually  solitary,  2-4.5  dm.    high,  puberulent,  or  glabrous.     Leaves  firm,  lanceo- 
late, or  the  lower  oblong,  indistinctly  nerved,  pale  beneath,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers 
sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  upper  axils,  rarely  solitary  and  terminal,  2-bracteolate 
under  the  calyx,  3-5  cm.  high ;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the 
tube;    corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  2-3   times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  lobes 
ovate,  entire,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  cleft  or  laciniate  appendages.     On 
prairies,  Ohio  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ga.  and  Kans.     Aug. -Oct. 

9.  Gentiana  parvifolia(Chapm.).  ELLIOTT'S  GENTIAN.  (I.  F.  f.  2874.)  Roots 
a  cluster  of  thick  fibres;  stems  minutely  rough-puberulent,  2-5  dm.  high.     Leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  thin,  2-5  cm.  long,    3-nerved,  or  the 
lower   much    smaller   and  obtuse;  flowers  1-4,  terminal,  or  rarely  in  the    upper 
axils,  about  5  cm.  long,  sessile;  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  foliaceous,  longer 
than  the  tube;  corolla  blue,  its  lobes  ovate,  entire,  6-8   mm.  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  fimbriate  or  toothed  appendages;  seeds  oblong,  broadly  winged.      In 
moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.     Sept.-Oct.    [G.  Elliottii  Chapm.,  not  Raf.] 

10.  Gentiana  Saponaria  L.     SOAP- WORT  GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2875.)     Stem 
glabrous,  or  minutely  rough-puberulent,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,   usually  acute  at  both  ends,  3-5 -nerved,  5-10   cm.  long,  the 
lowest  obovate  and  smaller;  flowers  2.5-5  cm-  high,  *n  sessile  terminal  and  usually 
also  axillary  clusters;   calyx-lobes  oblong  or  spatulate,  ciliolate;  corolla   blue,  its 
lobes  erect,  obtuse,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  appendages;  seeds  broadly  winged. 
In  wet  soil,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Conn.,  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. -Oct. 

11.  Gentiana   Andrewsii   Griseb.     CLOSED  OR  BLIND  GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f. 
2876.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  stout,  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high,  simple.     Leaves 
ovate  to   lanceolate,  3-7-nerved.   acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  2.5-3.5  cm> 
high  in  a  terminal  sessile  cluster  and  commonly  I  or  2  in  the  upper  axils;   calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate,  ciliolate;  corolla  oblong,  club-shaped,  blue,  or  occasion- 
ally white,  nearly  or  quite  closed,   its    lobes  obsolete,  the  intervening  appendages 
very  broad;  seeds  oblong,  winged.     In  moist  soil,  Quebec  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ga. 
and  Mo.     Aug. -Oct. 

12.  Gentiana   flavida   A.    Gray.     YELLOWISH     GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2877.) 
Stem  stout,  glabrous,  simple,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  subcordate,  clasping  or  rounded  at  the  base.  5-13  cm.  long; 
flowers  in  a  sessile  terminal  cluster  and  sometimes  I  or   2    in   the   upper  axils, 
3-5   cm.  high;   calyx-lobes   ovate,   acute;    corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  open, 
greenish  or  yellowish  white,  its  lobes  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  erose- denticulate 
appendages.     In  moist  soil,  Ont.  to  Va.,  Minn,  and  Ky.     Aug.-Oct. 

13.  Gentiana  linearis  Froel.     NARROW-LEAVED  GENTIAN.     J.  F.  f.  2878.) 
Glabrous;  stem  slender,  terete,  simple,  1.5-5  dm.  iiigh,   leafy.     Leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  3-nerved,  3-8  cm.  long;  flowers  2.5-4.5  cm. 
high  in  a  terminal  cluster  of  1-5  and  sometimes  also    in  the   upper   axils;  calyx- 
lobes   linear  or  lanceolate;   corolla  erect,  blue,  oblong-funnelform,  open,   its  lobes 
erect,  rounded,   2-4  mm.    long,    slightly   longer    than    the  entire  or   i-2-toothed 
appendages.     In  bogs  and  on  mountains,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Md.     Aug. -Sept. 

14.  Gentiana  rubricaulis  Schwein.    RED-STEMMED  GENTIAN.    (I.  F.  f.  2879.) 
Glabrous;  stem  terete,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  rather  distant,  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  base,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  lower   narrower   and   obtuse; 
flowers  3-3.5  cm.  high  in  a  sessile  terminal   cluster;   calyx-lobes  unequal;  corolla 
greenish  blue  or  bright  blue,  club-shaped,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute  or  acutish,  much 
longer  than  the  i-2-toothed  appendages.     In  wet  soil,  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.,  Ont.  and 
Minn.     Aug. -Sept. 

15.  Gentiana  villosa  L.     STRIPED  GENTIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2880.)     Glabrousor 
nearly  so;   stem  simple,  terete,  1.5-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  obovate,    obtuse  or  the 
upper  acute,  faintly  5 -nerved,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lower  much  smaller;  flowers  in  a 
terminal  sessile  cluster  and  sometimes  also  in  the  upper  axils,  nearly  5  cm.  long; 
calyx-lobes  unequal,  linear,  longer  than  the  tube;   corolla  greenish  white,  striped 
within,  oblong  funnelform,  open,   its  lobes  erect,  much*  longer  than   the   oblique 


734  FLORA. 

entire  or  i-2-toothed  appendages.     In  shaded  places,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.  and 
La.     Sept.  -Nov.      [G.  ochroleuca  Froel.] 

16.  Gentiana  Porphyrio  J.  F.  Gmel.  ONE-FLOWERED  GENTIAN.  (I.  F.  f. 
2881.)  Glabrous;  stem  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear,  firm,  2-5  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  or  the  upper  and  Mower  shorter;  flowers  short-peduncled,  about 
5  cm.  high;  calyx-lobes  linear,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  funnelform,  bright 
blue,  sometimes  brown-dotted  within,  its  lobes  ovate,  spreading,  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng> 
three  times  as  long  as  the  laciniate  appendages,  or  more,  seeds  oblong,  wingless. 
In  moist  pine  barrens,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Aug.-Oct.[6". 


5.  PLEUROGYNE  Eschol. 

Slender  annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  rather  large  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  peduncles.  Calyx 
deeply  4-5  -parted;  segments  narrow.  Corolla  rotate,  4-5-parted;  lobes  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  convolute,  acute,  with  a  pair  of  narrow  appendages  at  the  base.  Sta- 
mens 4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  i-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style 
none;  stigma  decurrent  along  the  sutures  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  2  valved.  Seeds 
small,  numerous.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  lateral  stigmatic  surfaces.]  About  7 
species,  of  the  colder  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate;  sepals  linear.  i.  P.  rotata. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate;  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate.  2.  P.  Carinthiaca. 

1.  Pleurogyne   rotata  (L.)  Griseb.     PLEUROGYNE.     (I.   F.  f.  2882.)     Stem 
erect,  1-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  1-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  the  basal  spatulate  or 
oblong;  sepals  about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate  corolla-seg- 
ments, which  are  8-12  mm.  long;  capsule  narrowly  oblong.     Greenland  and  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Pleurogyne  Carinthiaca  (Wulf.)  Griseb.    SMALLER  PLEUROGYNE.  (I.  F.  f. 
2883.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  mostly  smaller  and  more  slender,  rarely  over 
1.5   dm.    high,    the   stems  or   branches    I—  few-flowered;    leaves  spatulate,  ovate, 
oblong,  or  lanceolate,  6-12  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
corolla-segments  or  at  length  equalling  them,  these  6-12  mm.  long,   ovate,  and 
acute;    capules  ovoid-oblong.     Lab.  and  Quebec.     The  American  plant  was  sep- 
arated from  the  European  by  Dr.  Gray  as  var.  pusilla. 

6.  FRASERA  Walt. 

Perennial  or  biennial  erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves, 
and  rather  large  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  panicles  or  thyrses.  Calyx  4-parted. 
Corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  each  bearing  I  or  2 
fringed  glands  within.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube;  fila- 
ments sometimes  united  at  the  base;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  ovoid,  i-celled; 
style  distinct;  stigma  2-lobed  or  nearly  entire.  Capsule  ovoid,  coriaceous,  com- 
pressed, 2-valved,  few-seeded.  Seeds  flattened,  smooth,  margined  or  narrowly 
winged.  [In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  a  botanical  collector.]  Eight  species,  natives 
of  N.  Am. 

i.  Frasera  Carolinensis  Walt.  AMERICAN  COLUMBO.  (I.  F.  f.  2884.) 
Stem  9-12  dm.  high,  stout.  Leaves  mostly  verticillate  in  4's,  those  of  the  stem 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  7-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate,  usually  larger,  the  uppermost  bract-like;  inflorescence  often  6  dm. 
long;  flowers  slender-pedicelled,  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  corolla  yellowish  white  with 
brown-purple  dots,  its  lobes  broadly  oblong,  bearing  a  circular  long-fringed  gland; 
capsule  much  compressed,  I-I.6  cm.  high,  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  dry  soil, 
western  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Wis.,  Ga.  and  Ky.  June-Aug. 

7.  TETRAGONANTHUS  S.  G.  Gmel.     [HALENIA    Borck.J 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  middle-sized  flowers  in  often  pan- 
icled  cymes.  Calyx  deeply  4  cleft  or  4  parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  4-  5  -cleft, 
the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  each  with  a  hollow  spur  or  projection  below. 
Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary 
I-celled,  the  placentae  more  or  less  intruded;  ovules  numerous;  style  short,  or  none; 
stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  globose  -ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  allud- 


GENTIAN  A  CEAE.  73  5 

ing  to  the   4-parted  flowers.]     About  30  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  S.  Am.  and 
Asia.     Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Tetragonanthus  deflexus  (J.  E.  Smith)  Kuntze.  SPURRED  GENTIAN. 
(I.  F.  f.  2885.)  Annual;  stem  1.5-5  dm.  high-  Basal  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 
obtuse,  narrowed  into  petioles;  stem-leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile.  3-5- 
nerved,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  smaller;  calyx-segments  acute  or  acuminate; 
corolla  purplish  or  white,  about  8  mm.  high,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute,  the  spurs  de- 
flexed  or  descending,  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  capsule  12- 
14  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  .  In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Lab. 
to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  July-Ang. 

Tetragonanthus  deflexus  Brentonianus  (Griseb.)  Britton.  Low,  0.7-2  dm.  high; 
spurs  shorter  and  thicker,  perhaps  specifically  distinct.  Newf.  to  Anticosti  and  Lab. 

Tetragonanthus  deflexus  heteranthus  ^Griseb.)  Britton.  Corollas  spurless,  or  only 
the  earliest  spur-bearing,  the  lower  flowers  mostly  smaller  than  the  upper.  Newf.  to 
Me.  \_Halenia  heterantha  Griseb.] 

8.  OBOLARIA  L. 

A  low  glabrous  perennial  herb,  the  lower  leaves  reduced  to  opposite  scales,  the 
upper  foliaceous,  subtending  the  racemose-spicate  or  thyrsoid.  white  or  purplish 
flowers.  Calyx  of  2  spatulate  sepals.  Corolla  oblong-campanulate.  4-cleft,  the 
lobes  imbricated,  at  least  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  inserted  in  the  sinuses  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  I -celled,  with  4  internal  placenta!  projections;  ovules  numerous; 
style  distinct;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-valved  or  irregularly  burst- 
ing. Seeds  minute,  covering  the  whole  interior  of  the  capsule.  [Greek,  obolus, 
a  coin,  alluding  to  the  thick  round  leaves.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Obolaria  Virginica  L.  PENNYWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2886.)  Stems  7-15  cm. 
high  from  a  perennial  root  of  thick  fibres,  bearing  2-6  pairs  of  thick  small  ob- 
tuse scales.  Floral  leaves  broadly  obovate -cuneate,  obtuse,  purplish,  8-12  mm. 
long;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils,  in  clusters  of  1-4,  and  terminal; 
corolla  about  i  cm.  long,  cleft  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse; 
stamens  included;  capsule  5  mm.  long.  In  rich  woods  and  thickets,  N.  J.  to  Ga., 
111.  and  Tex.  April -May. 

9.  BARTONIA  Muhl.     (See  Appendix.) 

Slender  or  filiform  erect  glabrous  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  the  leaves  reduced 
to  minute  opposite  scales,  or  these  sometimes  alternate,  and  small  white  or  yel- 
lowish racemose  or  paniculate  flowers,  or  these  rarely  solitary  and  terminal.  Calyx 
deeply  4-parted,  the  segments  acuminate,  keeled.  Corolla  campanulate,  deeply 
4-cleft,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  i-celled,  the  placentae  intruded;  ovules  numerous;  style  short  or 
none;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  2-valved.  Seeds  minute, 
covering  the  whole  inner  surface  of  the  capsule.  [In  honor  of  Professor  Ben- 
jamin Smith  Barton,  1766-1815,  of  Philadelphia.] 

Corolla  yellowish,  3-4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  oblong.  i.  B.  Virginica. 

Corolla  purplish  tinged,  4-5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  broadly  oblong.  2.  B.  iodandra. 

Corolla  white,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  lobes  spatulate.  3.  B.  verna. 

1.  Bartonia  Virginica    (L.)  B.S.P.     YELLOW   BARTONIA.    (I.  F.  f.  2887.) 
Stem  almost  filiform,  1-4  dm.   high,  simple,  or  with  few  erect  branches  above, 
5 -angled,  yellowish    green.     Subulate   scales    2-4  mm.   long,    appressed;  flowers 
mostly  opposite,  peduncled;  peduncles  ascending  or  erect,  4-12  mm.  long;  corolla 
somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx;  stamens  included;  stigma  2  mm.  long;  ovary  4- 
sided;  capsule  about  3   mm.  long.     In  moist  soil,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  Mich,  and  La. 
July-Sept.     [B.  lenella  Willd.] 

2.  Bartonia  todindra  Robinson.     PURPLISH    BARTONIA.     Stem   4-25    cm. 
high,  simple  or  alternately  branched  above  the  middle.    Scales  alternate,  2-3  mm. 
long;  pedicels  mostly  i-flowered;  corolla  distinctly  purplish,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the   calyx,  its  lobes  obtusish,  mucronate;  stigma   short,  thick.      In  sphagnum, 
Newf.  to  N.  J.     [B.  Museri  of  111.  F!.,  in  part.] 

3.  Bartonia  verna  (Michx.)  Muhl.    WHITE  BARTONIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2888.)    Stem 
usually  simple,   o;5-4  dm.  high,  racemotely  or   corymbosely  i- several-flowered. 


FLORA. 

Scales  appressed,  some  of  them  commonly  alternate;  flowers  solitary  at  the  ends 
of  the  elongated  erect  peduncles;  peduncles  sometimes  5  crn.  long;  corolla  about 
3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx;  ovary  compressed;  capsule  about  5  mm.  high.  In 
swamps,  southern  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  March-May. 

Family  4.     MENYANTHACEAE  G.  Don. 
Buckbean  Family. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
clustered  regular  perfect  'flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-parted,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-cleft,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate,  at  least 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes;  anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent;  pollen-grains  3-angled. 
Ovary  i -celled,  the  2  placentae  sometimes  intruded.  Fruit  a  capsule,  or 
indehiscent.  Five  genera  and  about  35  species,  widely  distributed. 

Leaves  3-foliolate;  swamp  plant.  i.  Menyat\thes, 

Leaves  simple,  entire,  cordate,  floating.  2.  Limnanthemum. 

i.  MENYANTHES  L. 

A  glabrous  marsh  herb,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  long-petioled  3-foliolate  basal 
leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  flowers,  racemose  or  panicled  on  long  lateral  scapes. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short-funnelform,  5-cleft,  its  lobes  induplicate-valvate, 
fimbriate  or  bearded  within.  Stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  anthers  sagit- 
tate. Disk  of  5  hypogynous  glands.  Ovary  i-celled  ;  style  subulate  ;  stigma 
2-lamellate.  Capsule  oval,  indehiscent  or  finally  rupturing.  Seeds  few,  com- 
pressed-globose, shining.  [Greek,  perhaps  month-flower.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  BUCKBEAN.  MARSH  OR  BEAN  TREFOIL. 
BOG-BEAN.  (I.  F.  f.  2889.)  Rootstocks  thick,  scaly,  sometimes  3  dm.  long. 
Petioles  sheathing  at  the  base;  leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,  entire,  obtuse,  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base,  3-8  cm.  long;  raceme  10-20- flowered;  pedicels  6-25  mm.  long, 
bracteolate  at  the  base;  flowers  10-12  mm.  long;  calyx  shorter  than  the  white  or 
purplish  corolla;  capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  about  8  mm.  long.  In  bogs,  Greenland  to 
Alaska,  L.  L,  Penn.,  Neb.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-July. 

3.  LIMNANTHEMUM  S.  G.  Gmelin. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks.  Leaves  petioled-  ovate  or  orbicular, 
entire  or  repand,  or  the  primary  ones  different;  flowers  yellow,  or  white,  umbellate 
at  the  summit  of  filiform  stems  at  the  bases  of  the  petioles,  or  axillary.  Calyx  5- 
parted.  Corolla  nearly  rotate,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  induplicate  valvate  in  the 
bud,  sometimes  fimbriate  on  the  margins.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla;  anthers  sagittate,  versatile.  Ovary  i -celled;  style  short  or  none;  stigma 
2-lamellate.  Capsule  indehiscent  or  irregularly  bursting.  [Greek,  pool-blossom.] 
About  20  species,  widely  distributed. 

Flowers  accompanied  by  tufts  of  root-like  tubers;  native  species. 

Floating  leaves  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  6-12  mm.  broad,  yellow;  seeds  smooth. 

1.  L.  lacunosum. 
Floating  leaves  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers  12-20  mm.  broad,  white;  seeds  rough. 

2.  L.  aquaticum. 
Flowers  not  accompanied  by  tufts  of  tubers;  flowers  bright  yellow,  25  mm.  broad,  or 

more;  introduced  species.  3.  L.  nymphaeoides. 

i.  Limnanthemum  lacunosum  (Vent.)  Griseb.  FLOATING  HEART.  (I.  F. 
f.  2890.)  Primary  leaves  membranous,  submerged,  short-petioled ;  stems  (stolons) 
filiform,  sometimes  3  m.  long,  bearing  a  short  petioled  floating  leaf,  an  umbel  of 
flowers  and  a  cluster  of  narrow  tubers  at  its  summit,  or  some  of  the  floating  leaves 
on  petioles  as  long  as  the  stems;  floating  leaves  ovate-orbicular,  purplish  beneath; 
pedicels  slender;  tubers  linear-conic.  1-2.5  cm.  long;  capsule  covered  by  the  con- 
nivent  calyx-segments.  In  ponds,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Ont.,  Minn,  and  La.  July-Aug. 

2  Limnanthemum  aquaticum  'Walt.)  Britton.  LARGER  FLOATING  HEART- 
(I.  F.  f.  2891.)  Similar  to  the  preceding  but  stouter  and  larger.  Floating  leaves 


APOCYNACEAE.  737 

cordate-orbicular,  thick,  entire  or  repand,  spongy,  and  with  the  petioles  and  stolons 
densely  covered  with  minute  pits;  primary  leaves  spatulate;  tubers  linear-oblong, 
thicker;  seeds  rough;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  ponds,  N.  J.  and  Del.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  May-Aug.  [L.  trachyspermum  A.  Gray.] 

3.  Limnanthenmm  nymphaeoides  (L.)  Hoffm.  &  Link.  WATER  LILY 
FLOATING  HEART.  (I.  F.  f.  2892.)  Stems  long,  branched,  the  upper  nodes 
bearing  a  petioled  leaf  and  a  cluster  of  flowers,  or  the  upper  internodes  very  short 
and  their  leaves  apparently  opposite.  Petioles  stout,  mostly  longer  than  the  ovate- 
orbicular  firm  blades,  which  are  5-10  cm.  broad;  pedicels  stout,  becoming  7-15  cm. 
long;  corolla-segments  short-fringed.  Nat.  in  ponds,  D.  C.  Native  of  Europe  and 
Asia.  May-July. 

Family  5.     APOCYNACEAE  Lindl. 
Dogbane  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  mostly 
with  an  acrid  milky  juice,  with  simple  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect 
regular  5-parted  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  its  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud  and 
of  ten.  twisted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate 
with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  pollen-grains 
simple.  Ovary  superior,  or  its  base  adherent  to  the  calyx,  of  2  distinct 
carpels,  or  i-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  2-celled;  ovules  anatro- 
pous  or  amphitropous  ;  style  simple,  or  2-divided  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit 
usually  of  2  follicles  or  drupes.  Seeds  often  appendaged  ;  endosperm 
fleshy ;  embryo  straight ;  radicle  terete,  usually  shorter  than  the  coty- 
ledons. About  130  genera  and  1050  species,  very  widely  distributed, 
mostly  in  tropical  regions. 

Leaves  alternate ;  erect  herbs.  i.  Amsonia. 
Leaves  opposite ;  vines  or  herbs. 

Flowers  large,  axillary,  colitary.  2.  Vinca. 
Flowers  small,  cymose. 

Erect  or  diffuse  herbs ;  corolla  campanulate  to  urceolate.  3.  Apocynum. 

High-climbing  vines ;  corolla  funnelform.  4.  Trachelospermum. 

i.  AMSONIA  Walt. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  membranous  leaves,  and  rather  large  blue  or 
bluish  flowers,  in  terminal  thyrsoid  or  corymbose  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the 
segments  acuminate.  Corolla  mostly  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric,  but  somewhat 
dilated  at  the  summit,  villous  within.  Stamens  included;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong. 
Disk  none.  Ovary  of  2  carpels,  connected  at  the  top  by  the  filiform  style;  ovules 
in  2  rows  in  each  cavity,  numerous;  stigma  appendaged  by  a  reflexed  membrane. 
Fruit  of  2  erect  cylindric  several-seeded  follicles.  Seeds  obliquely  truncate  at  each 
end,  not  appendaged.  [Named  for  Charles  Amson  of  South  Carolina.]  About  12 
species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  eastern  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  5  others  occur 
in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate ;  pods  divergent.  i.  A.  Amsonia. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate  ;  pods  ascending.  2.  A.  salicifolia. 

1.  Amsonia  Amsonia  (L.)  Britton.      BROAD-LEAVED  AMSONIA.      Glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide; 
petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  pedicels  bracteolate  at  the  base;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long, 
its  segments  subulate;  corolla  12-18  mm.  long,  beaked  by  the  convolute  limb  in  the 
bud,  its  lobes  linear  and  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  follicles  5~10  cm-  '°nR?   about 
4  mm.  thick,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  glabrous;  seeds  papillose.     In  moist  soil,  N.  J. 
to  Mo.,  Ky.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-July.      [A.   Tabernaemontana  Walt.] 

2.  Amsonia  salicifolia  Pursh.     WILLOW.  LEAVED  AMSONIA.     Similar  to  the 
preceding,  but  the  leaves  much  narrower,  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  8-15  cm. 


FLORA. 

long,  10-20  mm.  wide;  pods  ascending,  stem  often  much  stouter.     Tenn.  to  Kans. 
Fla.  and  La.     April-June. 

2.  VINCA  L. 

Herbs,  some  species  slightly  woody,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  large  solitary 
axillary  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  acuminate.  Corolla  salverform, 
the  tube  pubescent  within,  the  lobes  oblique.  Stamens  included.  Disk  of  2  glands, 
alternate  with  the  2  carpels.  Ovules  several  in  each  carpel;  style  filiform;  stigma 
annular,  its  apex  penicillate.  Follicles  2,  cylindric,  several-seeded.  Seeds  oblong- 
cylindric,  truncate  at  each  end.  [The  Latin  name.]  About  12  species,  one  native 
of  tropical  Am.,  occurring  in  Fla.,  the  others  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Vinca  minor  L.  PERIWINKLE.  MYRTLE.  (I.  F.  f.  2894.)  Perennial, 
trailing,  glabrous;  stems  1.5-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  entire,  firm, 
shining,  green  both  sides,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  2-6  cm.  long; 
flowers  blue,  1.8-3  cm.  broad;  peduncles  1-4  cm.  long;  calyx-segments  subulate- 
lanceolate,  glabrous;  corolla-tube  expanded  above,  as  long  as  or  slightly  longer  than 
the  obovate,  nearly  truncate  lobes;  anther-sacs  with  a  broad  connective.  Escaped 
from  gardens,  Ont.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.  Native  of  Europe,  Feb. -May. 

3.  APOCYNUM  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  or  pink  flowers  in 
jorymbed  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  acute.  Corolla  campanulate,  the 
tube  bearing  within  5  small  triangular  appendages  alternate  with  the  stamens,  the 
limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  en  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  sagittate,  con- 
nivent  around  the  stigma  and  slightly  adherent  to  it.  Disk  5-lobed.  Ovary  of  2 
carpels;  ovules  numerous;  stigma  ovoid,  obtuse,  obscurely  2-lobed.  Follicles  slen- 
der, elongated,  terete.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  the  apex  tipped  with  a  long  coma. 
[Greek,  dogbane.]  About  15  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Corolla  5-9  mm.  long,  its  lobes  spreading  or  recurved. 

Corolla  not  angled,  pink,  its  tube  narrowed  in  the  throat,    i.  A.  androsaemifolium. 
Corolla  5-angled,  white  or  faintly  pink,  its  tube  not  narrowed  in  the  throat. 
Corolla  campanulate,  6-7  mm.  long.  2.  A.  medium. 

Corolla  urceolate  to  tubular,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Calyx-segments  triangular-ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube. 

3.  A.  Milleri. 
Calyx-segments  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube. 

4.  A.  urceolifer. 
Corolla  3-4.5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  and  cymes  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent. 
Leaves  petioled,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  2-4  times  as  long  as  wide;  flowers  green 

to  whitish.  5.   A.  cannabinum. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  times  as  long  as  wide;  flowers  white. 

6.  A.  album. 
Leaves  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  mostly  cordate-clasping  or  obtuse  at  the  base. 

7.  A.  hypericifolium. 
Whole  plant,  including  Jhe  cymes,  densely  soft-pubescent.    8.   A.  pubescens. 

1.  Apocynum    androsaemifolium    L.      SPREADING    DOGBANE.       HONEY- 
BLOOM.     (I.   F.  f.    2895.)     Rootstock  horizontal;    stem  3-15  dm.   high;    branches 
broadly  spreading,  mostly  glabrous.      Leaves  ovate  or  oval,   mucronate,   glabrous 
above,  pale  and  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,   5-10  cm.   long;  petioles 
4-8  mm.  long;  cymes  loose,  usually  both  terminal  and  axillary;  pedicels  4-10 mm. 
long,    subulate-bracted  at  the  base;  flowers   about  8  mm.   broad;    calyx- segments 
shorter  than  the  terete  tube  of  the  pinkish  corolla;  corolla-lobes  revolute,  rounded; 
follicles  10-17  cm-  l°ng>  narrowed  at  the  apex.     In  fields  and  thickets,  Anticosti 
to  Br.  Col.,  Ga. ,  Neb.  and  Ariz.     June- July. 

2.  Apocynum  medium  Greene.     INTERMEDIATE  DOGBANE.     Rootstock  hori- 
zontal;  stem    stout,    7-13    dm.    high,    the   branches  ascending,   glabrous.     Leaves 
oblong  to  oval,  mucronulate,  ascending,  6-9  cm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath; 
petioles  4-8  mm.  long;   cymes  compact,  all  terminal;  pedicels  3-5  mm.  long:  flowers 
erect;  calyx -segments  about  half  as  lon^as  the  5-angled  corolla-tube;  corolla  white, 


APOCYNACEAE.  739 

or  faintly  pink,  6-7  mm.  long,  its  segments  acutish,  spreading;  pods  7-12  cm.  long. 
Fields  and  roadsides,  Md.  and  D.  C.     June-Aug.      [A.  speciosum  G.  S.  Miller.] 

3.  Apocynum  Milleri  Britton.     MILLER'S  DOGBANE.     Slender,  seldom  over 
10  dm.    high,  the  branches  widely  spreading.     Leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
6-8  cm.  long,  mucronate,  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  3-6  mm.  long,   pubescent; 
cymes  small,  terminal,  or  also  in  the  upper  axils;  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long.     Flowers 
suberect;    corolla  pinkish,  5-6  mm.    long,  its  rounded  segments    spreading;  pods 
about  9  cm.  long.     Dry  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Md.     June-July.      [A.  medittm  G.  S.  Miller, 
not  Greene.] 

4.  Apocynum  urceolifer  G.  S.  Miller.     URN -FLOWERED  DOGBANE.     Similar 
to  the  preceding  species,  and  about  equally  tall;  flowers  smaller;  corolla  4-5  mm. 
long,  white,  or  merely  tinged  with  pink,  its  segments  pointed,  spreading;  calyx 
about  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube.     Fields  and  roadsides,  N.  Y.  to  Md.  and  Mo. 
June-July. 

5.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.    INDIAN  HEMP.    AMY-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  2896.) 
Root  deep,  vertical.     Stem    10-17    dm.    high,  the   branches   erect  or  ascending. 
Leaves  oblong,   lanceolate-oblong  or   ovate-oblong,    mucronate,    glabrous    above, 
sometimes  pubescent  beneath,   5-10  cm.  long;  petioles  2-15  mm.   long,  or  some- 
times none;  cymes  dense;  pedicels  short,  bracteolate  at  the  base;  calyx-segments 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  greenish  white  corolla;  follicles  13-20  cm.   long. 
In  fields  and  thickets,  Anticosti  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  Lower  Cal.     June-Aug. 

6.  Apocynum    album  Greene.      RIVER-BANK  DOGBANE.      Glabrous;  leaves 
smaller,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  base, 
seldom  over  7  cm.  long  and  2  cm.  wide,  distinctly  petioled.     On  river-shores  and 
similar  situations,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Wise.,  Va.  and  Mo.     June-July. 

7.  Apocynum  hypericifolium  Ait.     CLASPING  LEAVED  DOGBANE.      (I.  F.  f. 
2897.)     Glabrous,   often  glaucous;  stem  3-6  dm.    high,  the  branches  ascending. 
Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  2-8  cm.  long,  cordate-clasping,  rounded, 
truncate,  or  the  upper  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  or  sessile,  the  primary 
venation  forming  broad  angles  with   the  midvein;  cymes  many-flowered;  pedicels 
mostly  not  longer  than  the  flowers,  bracteolate;  calyx-segments  about  the  length  of 
the  corolla-tube,   lanceolate^   acute;   follicles  5-9  cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  or  along 
streams,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.;  L.  I.,  111.  and  N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

8.  Apocynum  pubescens  R.  Br.     VELVET  DOGBANE.    (I.  F.  f.  2898.)  Whole 
plant,   including  the   pedicels    and   calyx,   densely    velvety-pubescent.     Branches 
ascending;  leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  strongly  mucronate,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the 
base,  the  veins  impressed  in  the  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface;  petioles  2—4  mm. 
long;  cymes  dense;  calyx-segments  about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  lanceo- 
late, acute;  corolla  apparently  purple,  its  lobes  erect;  follicles  6-7  cm.  long.     Va. 
to  111.,  Iowa  and  Mo. 

4.  TRACHELOSPERMUM  Lemaire. 

Twining  woody  vines  (some  exotic  species  nearly  erect  shrubs),  with  oppo- 
site entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  Calyx  small,  deeply 
5-parted,  glandular  within,  the  segments  narrow.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform. 
the  tube  nearly  cylindric,  expanded  above.  Stamens  included,  or  short- exserted; 
anthers  sagittate,  acuminate,  connivent  around  the  stigma.  Disk  of  5  glandular 
lobes.  Ovary  of  2  carpels;  ovules  numerous;  style  slender,  its  apex  thickened  below 
the  narrow  ring  of  the  ovoid  stigma.  Follicles  much  elongated,  slender.  Seeds 
linear,  not  beaked,  long-comose  at  the  apex.  [Greek,  neck-seed,  but  the  seed  is 
not  beaked.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  eastern  Asia  and  N.  Am. 

i.  Trachelospermum  difforme  (Walt.)  A.  Gray.  TRACHELOSPERMUM. 
(I.  F.  f.  2899.)  Stems  I  cm.  in  diameter  or  more.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  oval  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  3-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  yellow  or  cream-color,  8-10  mm.  long;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  spread- 
ing, shorter  than  the  tube;  follicles  1.2-2.3  dm.  long,  scarcely  4  mm.  thick.  In 
moist  woods  and  along  streams,  Del.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.,  mostly  near  the 
coast.  June-Aug. 


74°  FLORA. 

Family  6.     ASCLEPIADACEAE  Lindl.* 

Milkweed  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  vines  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  milky  juice,  with  esti- 
pulate  leaves,  and  mostly  umbellate  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx  infe- 
rior, its  tube  very  short,  or  none,  its  segments  imbricated  or  separate  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  campanulate,  urceolate,  rotate  or  funnelform,  5-lobed 
or  5-cleft,  the  segments  commonly  reflexed.  A  5-lobed  or  5-parted 
crown  (corona)  between  the  corolla  and  the  stamens  and  adnate  to 
one  or  the  other.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla*;  filaments  short, 
stout,  mostly  monadelphous,  or  distinct;  anthers  attached  by  their 
bases  to  the  filaments,  introrsely  2-celled,  connivent  around  the  stigma, 
or  more  or  less  united  with  each  other;  anther-sacs  tipped  with  an  in- 
flexed  or  erect  scarious  membrane,  or  unappendaged  at  the  top,  some- 
times appendaged  at  the  base;  pollen  coherent  into  waxy  or  granular 
masses,  one  or  rarely  two  such  masses  in  each  sac,  connected  with  the 
stigma  in  pairs  or  fours,  by  5  glandular  corpuscles  alternate  with  the 
anthers.  Disk  none.  Ovary  of  2  carpels;  styles  2,  short,  connected  at 
the  summit  by  the  peltate  discoid  stigma;  ovules  numerous  in  each 
carpel,  mostly  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  of  2  follicles.  Seeds  com- 
pressed, usually  appendaged  by  a  long  coma;  endosperm  cartilagi- 
nous ;  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed  ;  cotyledons  flat.  About  220 
genera  and  1900  species  of  wide  distribution. 

Erect  or  decumbent  herbs. 

Corona-hoods  each  with  an  incurved  horn  within ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

i.  Asclepias. 

Corona-hoods  prominently  crested  within  ;  leaves  alternate.  2.  Asclepiodora. 

Corona-hoods  unappendaged  or  with  a   thickened  crest-like  keel;  leaves  opposite 

or  alternate.  3.  Acerates. 

Twining  vines. 

Corolla-lobes  erect;  corona-lobes  i -2-awned.  4.  Gonolobus. 

Corolla  rotate. 

Anthers  tipped  with  a  scarious  membrane ;  pollen-masses  pendulous. 

5.  Cynanchum. 
Anthers  merely  tipped;  pollen-masses  horizontal.  6.    Vincetoxicum. 

i.  ASCLEPIAS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  small  flowers  in  urn- 
bels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided,  usually  small,  the  segments  or  sepals  acute, 
often  glandular  within.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  mostly  valvate, 
reflexed  in  anthesis.  Corona-column  generally  present.  Corona  of  5  concave 
hoods,  each  bearing  within  a  slender  or  subulate  incurved  horn.  Filaments  con- 
nate into  a  tube;  anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  membrane,  winged,  the  wings 
broadened  below  the  middle;  pollen-masses  solitary  in  each  sac,  pendulous  on  their 
caudicles.  Stigma  nearly  flat,  5 -angled  or  5-lobed.  Follicles  usually  thick, 
acuminate.  Seeds  comose  in  all  but  one  species.  [Dedicated  to  AEsculapius.] 
About  85  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  New  World ;  besides  the  following  some 
25  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

*  Corolla  and  corona  orange  :  leaves  alternate  or  opposite. 

Stem  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  nearly  all  alternate.  I.  A.  tuberosa. 

Stems  reclining ;  leaves,  at  least  the  upper,  opposite,  oblong  or  oval. 

2.  A.  decumbens, 

*  *  Corolla  bright  red  or  purple;  leaves  opposite. 
Flowers  2-4  mm.  broad ;  corona-hoods  4-6  mm.  high. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear;  hoods  oblong,  obtuse  3.  A.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  hoods  lanceolate.  4.  A.  rubra. 

Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong;  hoods  oblong,  acutish.    5.  A.  purpurascens, 

*  Revised  by  Miss  ANNA  MURRAY  VAIL. 


ASCLEPIADALEAE.  74 r 

Flowers  4-6  mm.  broad ;  corona-hoods  2-3  mm.  high. 

Plant  nearly  or  quite  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate. 

6.  A.  incarnata. 

Plant  pubescent;  leaves  oblong.  7.  A.  pulchra. 

*  *  *  Corolla  greenish,  purplish,  yellowish  or  white;  leaves  opposite  or  verticillate. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate,  obovate  or  orbicular. 
Plants  glabrous  throughout,  or  minutely  pubescent  above. 
Leaves  sessile,  clasping  or  very  short-petioled. 

Peduncles  of  the  solitary  or  several  umbels  short. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong ;  hoods  z-auriculate  at  the  base. 

8.  A.  Sullivantii. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular ;  hoods  truncate.  9.  A.  latifolia. 

Peduncle  of  the  usually  solitary  umbel  elongated. 

Leaves  cordate-clasping,  wavy-margined.  10.  A.  amplexicaulis* 

Leaves  sessile,  flat ;  horn  not  exceeding  the  hood. 

ii.  A.  Meadii. 
Leaves  manifestly  petioled. 

Corolla  greenish;  umbels  loose;  pedicels  drooping.  12.  A.  exaltata. 
Corolla  white  ;  umbels  dense.  13.  A.  variegata. 

Corolla  pink  ;  some  of  the  leaves  verticillate  in  4*5.    14.  A.  quadrifolia. 
Plants,  at  least  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  canescent  or  tomentose. 
Follicles  tomentose,  covered  with  soft  spinose  processes. 

Corona-hoods  obtuse,  short.  15.  A.  Syriaca. 

Corona-hoods  elongated,  lanceolate.  16.  A.  speciosa. 

Follicles  with  no  spinose  processes,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 
Leaves  wavy-margined;  corolla-segments  9-11  mm.  long. 

17.  A.  arenaria. 

Leaves  flat;  corolla-segments  4-6  mm.  long.  18.  A.  ovalifolia. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear. 

Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate. 

Leaves  thick,  short-petioled;  inflorescence  woolly.  19.  A.  brachystephana. 

Leaves  thin,'  slender-petioled  ;  inflorescence  downy.  20.  A.  perennis. 

Leaves  mostly  verticillate  in  2's-6's,  narrowly  linear. 

Hoods  entire.  21.   A.  verticillata. 

Hoods  dorsally  hastate-sagittate.  22.  A.  galioides. 

Leaves  scattered,  densely  crowded,  filiform-linear.  23.  A.  pumila. 

1.  Asclepias  tuberosa  L.     BUTTERFLY-WEED.     PLEURISY-ROOT.     (I.  F.  f. 
2900.)     Hirsute  pubescent;  stems  stout  above,  very  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  milky 
sap  scanty.     Leaves  usually  all  alternate,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  short- 
petioled,  5-15  cm.  long;  umbels  cymose,  many-flowered;  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves;   pedicels   pubescent;  corolla-segments  oblong,   obtuse,    about  6   mm. 
long,  greenish;  hoods  erect,  oblong,    bright  orange,  or  rarely  yellow,   2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  stamens,  slightly  longer  than  the  filiform  horns;  fruiting  pedicels 
decurved;  follicles  nearly  erect,   finely  pubescent,  10-12  cm.  long.     In  dry  fields, 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.     June-Sept. 

2.  Asclepias    decumbens    L.     DECUMBENT   BUTTERFLY-WEED.      (I.  F.   f. 
2901.)     Hirsute-pubescent;    stems   6-9   dm.  long,  the   ends   ascending   or   erect. 
Leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled,  oblong  or  elliptic,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and 
often  inequilateral  at  the  base,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  upper  opposite,  the  lower  com- 
monly alternate,  the  uppermost  very  small;  umbels  racemose  along  the  branches; 
peduncles  stout;  pedicels  slender,   somewhat  pubescent;  corolla  segments  oblong, 
acutish,  about  6  mm.  long;  the  hoods  erect,  oblong,  orange,  slightly  longer  than 
the  subulate  horn;  follicles  more  slender  than  in  the  preceding.   In  dry  fields,  Conn, 
to  111.,  Ohio,  N.  Car.  and  Fla.     June- Aug. 

3.  Asclepias  lanceolata  Walt.    FEW-FLOWERED  MILKWEED.     (L  F.  f.  2902.) 
Nearly    glabrous;  stem   usually    simple,    naked    above,  6-12  dm.   high.     Leaves 
opposite,  distant,  elongated,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  10-25 
cm.  long,  roughish  on  the  margins,  the  primary  nerves  widely  spreading;  umbels 
few-flowered,  solitary  or  2-4  at  the. summit;  peduncles  about  equalling  the  slender 
puberulent  pedicels;  corolla- segments  oblong,  9—11  mm.  long,  deep  red;  hoods  obovate 
or  oblong,  2-toothed  near  the  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers  and  longer 
than  the  subulate  incurved  horn ;  anther- wings  notched  at  the  base ;  fruiting  ped- 
icels decurved;   follicles  erect,  minutely  puberulent,  fusiform,  about  I  dm.  long. 
In  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  mostly _near  the  coast.     June-Aug. 


742  •  FLORA. 

4.  Asclepias  rubra  L.     RED  MILKWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2903.)     Nearly  glabrous; 
stem  usually  simple,  3-12  dm.  high.    Leaves  opposite,  rather  distant,  short-petioled, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  gradually  acuminate,  rather  firm,  1-2  dm.  long, 
the  primary  nerves  wide-spreading;  umbels  1-4,  many -flowered;  peduncles  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  upper  leaves;  pedicels  slender,  downy;  corolla  purplish  red, 
or  the  hoocls  orange-red,  6-9  mm.   long;  horns  of  the  hoods  very  slender,  nearly 
straight;   fruiting  pedicels  deflexed,  the  follicles   erect,   spindle-shaped,   glabrous, 
about  i  dm.  long.     Moist  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.     June-July. 

5.  Asclepias  purpurascens  L.    PURPLE  MILKWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2904.)     Stem 
stout,   puberulent  or  glabrous,   usually  simple,   6-12  dm.   high,   leafy   to  the  top. 
Leaves  petioled,  mucronulate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  finely  tomentose  beneath,  8- 
20  cm.  long,  the  primary  nerves  wide-spreading;  umbels  many-flowered;  peduncles 
stout;  pedicels  slender,  puberulent;  corolla  deep  purple,  its  segments  oblong,  about 
6  mm.  long;  hoods  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  anthers,  pale  red  or  purple,  the  horns 
broad  at  the  insertion,  short-subulate  and  incurved  at  the  apex;  fruiting  pedicels 
deflexed,  the  downy  follicles    nearly  erect  10-13   cm.   long.      In  dry   fields  and 
thickets,  Mass,  to  Va.,  Ont.,  Minn,  and  Kans.      June-Aug.      \A,  amoena  L.  ?] 

6.  Asclepias   incarnata   L.      SWAMP   MILKWEED.      (I.  F.  f.  2905.)     Stem 
slender,  6-12  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top.     Leaves  acuminate,  8-15  cm.  long,  the 
primary    nerves  not  wide-spreading;    umbels   usually  numerous,    many-flowered; 
pedicels  pubescent;  corolla  red  or  rose-purple,  rarely  white,  its  lobes  oblong,  about 
4  mm.   long;    horns    incurved,    longer  than    the  hoods,    obtuse,    pink  or  purplish; 
anther- wings  entire,  or  obscurely  notched  at  the  base;  fruiting   pedicels  erect  or 
incurved;  follicles  erect,  5-9  cm.  long,  sparingly  puberulent.     In  swamps,  N.  B.  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Tenn.,  La.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

7.  Asclepias   pulchra  Ehrh.     HAIRY  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2906.)     Similar 
to  the  preceding;  stem  stout,  tomentose -pubescent,  6-10  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
Leaves  acute,  acuminate  or  some  of  them  obtusish,  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins 
beneath,  7-13  cm.  long;  petioles  usually  short;  flowers  similar  to  those  of  A.  incar- 
nata, but  the  corolla  commonly  lighter  red  or  pink,  rarely  white;    peduncles  and 
pedicels  tomentose;  fruiting  pedicels  erect  or  incurved;  follicles  erect,  finely  and 
densely  pubescent,  5-8  cm.  long.     In  moist  fields  and  swamps,  Me.  to  Minn,  and 
Ga.     July-Sept. 

8.  Asclepias  Sullivantii  Engelm.    SULLIVANT'S  MILKWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2907.) 
Stem   stout,  6-12  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the    top.     Leaves    thick,    oblong   or   ovate- 
oblong,   usually  obtuse   and   mucronulate    at   the   apex,   subcordate,    rounded   or 
slightly   clasping  at  the   base,  10-15    cm-  l°n&>    the   primary    nerves  very  wide- 
spreading;  umbels  terminal  and  sometimes  also  in  the  upper  axils,  many-flowered; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla-segments  oval-oblong,  11-13  mm-  l°ng> 
purplish;  hoods  oval,  obtuse  or  truncate,  longer  than  the  anthers  and  the  subulate 
incurved  horn;  follicles  erect,  glabrous,  8-10  cm.  long,  usually  with  blunt  processes 
near  the  apex.     In  moist  soil,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

4.  Asclepias  latifolia  (Torr.)  Raf.  BROAD-LEAVED  MILKWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
.)  Stem  stout,  usually  simple,  3-7  dm.  high,  very  leafy.  Leaves  very  thick, 
oval  to  orbicular,  commonly  broadly  emarginate  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex  and 
cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  10-15  cm-  l°nS  anc^  nearly  as  wide,  primary 
nerves  very  wide  spreading;  umbels  2-4,  many-flowered,  short-peduncled  in  the 
upper  axils  or  rarely  terminal;  pedicels  slender,  canescent;  corolla-segments  ovate, 
acute,  9-13  mm.  long,  greenish;  hoods  about  equalling  the  anthers,  the  horn  pro- 
jecting from  a  short  crest  over  the  edge  of  the  stigma;  follicles  erect  on  deflexed. 
pedicels,  ovoid,  acutish,  5-8  cm.  long,  about  2.5  mm.  thick.  On  dry  plains, 
Neb.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.  July-Sept. 

10.  Asclepias  amplexicaulis  J.  E.  Smith.  BLUNT-LEAVED  MILKWEED 
(I.  F.  f.  2909.)  Nearly  glabrous,  pale  green,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem  erect  01 
ascending,  6-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  ovate  oblong,  obtuse  and  mucronu. 
late,  8-13  cm.  long;  primary  nerves  wide-spreading;  umbel  many-flowered,  rarely 
with  a  second  shorter-peduncled  one  at  its  ba^e;  pedicels  slender,  downy,  about 
2.5  cm.  long;  corolla-segments  oblong,  greenish  purple,  about  9  mm.  long;  hoods 
pink,  nearly  truncate  and  toothed  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  the  subulate 
incurved  horn;  follicles  erect  on  the  stout  decurved  fruiting  pedicels,  downy, 


A  SCL  EPIA  D  A  CEA  E.  743 

10-15  cm.  long.     In  dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and 
Tex.     May- Aug.      [A.  obtusi folia  Michx.] 

11.  Asclepias  Meadii  Torr.     MEAD'S  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2910.)    Nearly 
glabrous   throughout,  pale  green  or    glaucous;  stem    simple,  or  rarely   branched 
above,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  flat,  mostly  distant,  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  lanceo- 
late or  the  lower  oblong,  the  margins  scabrous ;  umbel  several-flowered,  borne  on  a 
peduncle  8-15  cm.  long;  corolla-segments  greenish  yellow,  ovate,  acute,  6-9  mm. 
long;  hoods  ovate,   purplish,    nearly  twice  as   long  as  the   anthers,  rounded  and 
truncate  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  subulate  inflexed  horn,  with'a  small  tooth 
at  each  side  on  the  inner  infolded  .margin;  follicles  erect  on   decurved    pedicels, 
puberulent,  narrow,  10-12  cm.  long.     Dry  soil,  111.  to  Iowa  and  Wise.    June-Aug. 

12.  Asclepias  exaltata  (L.)Muhl.     POKE  OR  TALL  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
2911.)     Nearly  glabrous  throughout,  with  two  opposite  lines  of  pubescence  on  the 
usually  simple  stem,    1-2  m.  high.      Leaves  thin  or  membranous,  oval,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  10-23  cm-  l°ng>  3~10  cm-  wide,  the  lower  some- 
times obovate,  obtuse,  shorter;  peduncles  2.5-8  cm.  long;  umbels  usually  several; 
pedicels  slender,  drooping  or  spreading,  2.5-5   cm.  long,  puberulent;  corolla-seg- 
ments ovate  or  oblong,  obtusish,   6-9    mm.    long;  hoods  white  or    pink,  slightly- 
shorter  than  the   anthers,  much   shorter  than   the  subulate  horn,   at   the    summit 
truncate  and  entire  or  erose,  with  I  or  2  slender  teeth  on  each  of  the  inner  mar- 
gins; follicles   erect  on  the  deflexed  pedicels,  downy,  long-acuminate,  10-15  cm. 
long.     In  thickets  and  woods,  Me.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Mo.     June-Aug. 

13.  Asclepias   variegata   L.     WHITE    MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2912.)     Stem 
glabrous  below,    pubescent  above  when  young,   simple,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves 
thick,  oval,  ovate,  oblong  or  the  lower  somewhat  obovate,  obtuse  and  cuspidate  or 
acutish,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  6-15  cm.  long,  the  middle  ones  sometimes 
verticillate  in  4/3;  petioles  6-25  mm.  long;  umbels  1-4,  terminal,  or  rarely  I  or  2  in 
the   upper   axils,   densely    many-flowered;    pedicels   erect   or  ascending,  usually 
densely  puberulent;  corolla  segments  ovate  or  oval,  about  6  mm.   long,  white,  or 
purple  near  the  base;  column  purplish;  hoods  globose-obovoid,  obtuse,  spreading, 
longer  than    the    anthers,  about   equalling  the    semi  lunate   horizontally   pointed 
horn;  follicles  downy,  erect  on  the  deflexed  fruiting  pedicels,  10-13  cm.  long.     In 
dry  woods  and  thickets,  Conn,  to  111.,  Fla.,  Ark.  and  La.     June-July. 

'  14.  Asclepias  quadrifolia  Jacq.  FOUR-LEAVED  MILKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2913.) 
Stem  slender,  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  usually  leafless  below.  Leaves  thin,  spar- 
ingly pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  or  the  lowest  pair  much  smaller,  obovate  and  obtuse;  umbels  I—  4,  ter- 
minal, or  rarely  in  the  upper  axils;  peduncles  slender;  corolla- lobes  lanceolate- 
oblong,  4-6  mm.  long;  hoods  white,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  broadly  2-toothed  above  ihe 
base,  twice  as  long  as  the  anthers  and  the  incurved  horn;  follicles  erect  on  the 
erect  fruiting  pedicels,  8-13  cm.  long,  glabrous.  Woods  and  thickets,  Me.  and 
Ont.  to  Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Ark.  May-July. 

15.  Asclepias  Syriaca    L.     COMMON    MILKWEED.     SILKWEED.      (I.  F.  f. 
2914.)     Stem  stout,  usually  simple,  9-15  dm.  high,  finely  pubescent  at  least  above. 
Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  densely  pubescent  beneath,  soon  glabrous  above,  10- 
23  cm.  long,  the  primary  nerves   wide-spreading;  petioles  stout,  6-17  mm.  long; 
umbels  several  or  numerous;    peduncles  pubescent  or  tomentose,   3-9   cm.   long; 
pedicels  2.5-5  cm-  l°ngi  corolla   green-purple,  its  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  6-9 
mm.  long;  hoods  ovate-lanceolate  with  a  tooth  on  each  side,  longer  than  the  anthers 
and  the  incurved  horn;  follicles  6-13   cm.  long,  ereot  on  recurved  pedicels.     In 
fields  and  waste  places,    N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  N.  Car.  and  Kans.     Leaves 
rarely  lanceolate.     June-Aug.      [A-  Cor  nut  i  Dec.] 

16.  Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.     SHOWY  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2915.)  White- 
tomentose  or  canescent  all  over,  or  glabrate  below,  pale;  stem  simple,  stout,  3—7 
dm.   high.     Leaves  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  petioled,  8-20  cm.  long;  pedun- 
cles 2.5-7    cm.  long;  umbels  several  or  rarely  solitary,  many-flowered;  pedicels 
stout;  corolla  purple- green,  its  segments  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  9—13  mm.  long, 
tomentose  on  the  outer  face;  column  very  short  or  none;  hoods  lanceolate,  11-15 
mm.  long,  obtusish,  expanded  and  with  2  blunt  teeth  below,  the  apex  ligulate,  5-7 
times  as  long  as  the  anthers;  horn  short,  inflexed;  follicles  erect  or  spreading  on 


744  FLORA. 

the  recurved  fruiting  pedicels,  7-10  cm.  long.     In  moist  soil,  Minn,  to  Br.  Col. 
Kans.,  Utah  and  Cal.     May-July. 

17.  Asclepias  arenaria  Torr.     SAND  MILKWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2916.)     Densely 
tomentose-canescent  all   over  ;  stems  simple,   ascending  or  erect,   stout,  3-6  dm. 
high.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  thick,  obtuse  or  retuse  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex, 
truncate,  subcordate,   obtuse,  or  rarely  some  of  them  narrowed  at  the  base,  5—10 
cm.  long,  the  angle  of  the  primary  nervation  broad;  umbels  densely  many-flowered, 
short-peduncled  or  sessile;  corolla  greenish  white,  its  segments  oval  oblong;  hoods 
oblong,  truncate  at  each  end,  oblique  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  anthers,  with  a 
broad  tooth  on  each  side  within;  horn  semi-lunate  with  an  abruptly  incurved  sub- 
ulate apex;  follicles  puberulent,  5-10  cm.  long,  erect  on  the  decurved  fruiting  pedi- 
cels.    On  sand-bars  and  hills,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.     June-Sept. 

18.  Asclepias  ovalifdlia  Dec.     OVAL-LEAVED  MILKWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  2917.) 
Finely  tomentose  all  over;  stem  simple,   usually    slender,  erect,    3-6  dm.    high. 
Leaves  oval,    ovate,   oblong  'or  ovate-lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  the 
upper  surfaces  becoming  glabrate;  umbels  solitary  or  few,  many-flowered;  pedun- 
cles short;  corolla  greenish-white  or  purplish,  its   segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse; 
hoods  oval-oblong,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  anthers,  bearing  a  large  acute  tooth 
on  each  of  the  inner  margins;  horn  subulate,  incurved  over  the  stigma;  follicles 
ascending  on  the  reflexed  fruiting  pedicels,  pubescent.     In  woods  and  on  prairies, 
111.  to  S.  Dak.,  Manitoba  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     June-July. 

19.  Asclepias    brachystephana    Engelm.      SHORT  CROWNED    MILKWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  2918.)     Puberulent   when    young,  soon   glabrate;  stems   clustered,  often 
branched,  spreading  or  ascending,  15-25  cm.  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  5-8  cm.  long,  or  the  lowest  shorter;   umbels  several, 
terminal  and  axillary,  few-flowered;  peduncles  short;  pedicels  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  peduncles;  corolla  greenish  purple,  its  segments  about  4  mm.  long;  hoods 
ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  anthers,  the  short  erect-incurved  horn  slightly  ex- 
serted;  follicles  erect  on  the  spreading  or  decurved  fruiting  pedicels,  downy  or 
hoary,  acuminate.  5-9  cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  (according  to  B.  B.  Smyth), 
Wyo.  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.     June-Aug. 

20.  Asclepias  perennis  Walt.     THIN-LEAVED  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2919.) 
Puberulent  above,  glabrous  below  ;  stem  slender,  erect,  sometimes  slightly  woody 
at  the  base,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate or  acute  at  both  ends,  5-15  cm.   long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  umbels  solitary, 
or  several  and  corymbose;  peduncles  2.5—5  cm<  ^on§5  pedicels  slender;  flowers  very 
small,  white  ;  corolla-segments  oblong,  2-4  mm.   long  ;  hoods  oval,  erect,  entire, 
about  as  long    as  the  anthers,  shorter  than  the  subulate-filiform  incurved  horn  ; 
follicles  glabrous,  erect  on  the  erect  fruiting  pedicels;  seeds  11-13  mm.  long,  very 
thin,  destitute  of  coma.     On  river-shores  and  in  wet  places,  N.  Car.  to  111.,  Mo., 
Fla.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

21.  Asclepias  verticillata    L.     WHORLED    MILKWEED.     (I.    F.    f.    2920.) 
Roots  fascicled;  stem  slender,  pubescent  in  lines  at  least  above,  very  leafy,  3-8  dm. 
high.     Leaves   narrowly    linear,  sessile,  verticillate   in   3's~7's  or  some  of  them 
alternate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  their  margins  narrowly  revolute  ;  umbels  usually 
numerous,  small;  peduncles  slender ;  pedicels  filiform;  corolla  greenish  white,  its 
segments  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long;  hoods  white,  oblong,  entire,  about  equalling  the 
anthers,  much    shorter   than    the    subulate   incurved  horn  ;  follicles  erect  on  the 
erect  fruiting  pedicels,  narrowly  spindle-shaped,  glabrous,  5-7  cm.  long.    Dry  fields 
and  hills,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  th'e  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.,  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.     July-Sept. 

22.  Asclepias  galioides  H.  B.  K.     BEDSTRAW  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  292oa.) 
Glabrous,  except  the  minutely  pubescent  stems  and  pedicels.     Stems  erect,  3-5  dm. 
high  from   a  horizontal  rootstock  ;  leaves  erect  or  spreading,  in  whorls  of  2-6, 
narrowly  linear,  5-8  cm.   long,  the  margins  revolute;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
pedicels   and   shorter   than    the  leaves;  umbels  19-26  mm.    in  diameter;  flowers 
greenish-white;  corolla-segments  4  mm.  long;  hoods  as  high  as  the  anthers,  broadly 
rounded  at  the  summit,  dorsally  hastate-sagittate,  the  ventral  margins  slightly  in- 
volute,   entire;    horn   arising   from  the  base  of  the  hood,  long-exserted  over  the 
anthers;  anther- wings  minutely  notched  at  the  base;  follicles  erect  on  erect  fruiting 
pedicels,  attenuated,  5-7  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Kans.  to  Colo.,  Ariz, 
and  Mex.     May -July. 


ASCLEPIA  DA  CEA  E.  745 

23    Asclepias  pumila  (A.  Gray)  Vail.     Low  MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2921.) 

Stems  4-25  cm.  high,  tufted  from  a  woody  root.  Leaves  numerous,  crowded, 
sometimes  obscurely  whorled,  filiform-linear,  2.5-5  cm-  long<  smooth  or  minutely 
roughened,  the  margins  revolute;  umbels  2-several,  short- peduncled,  few- flowered; 
pedicels  filiform,  puberulent,  6-9  mm.  long;  corolla  greenish  white,  its  segments 
oblong,  3-4  mm.  long;  hoods  white,  erect,  oblong,  entire,  equalling  the  anthers, 
shorter  than  the  slender  incurved  horn ;  follicles  erect  on  erect  fruiting  pedicels, 
narrowly  spindle-shaped,  3-5  cm.  long,  finely  puberulent.  Dry  plains,  S.  Dak.  to 
Ark.,  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.  July-Aug. 

2.  ASCLEPIODORA   A.  Gray. 

Perennial  herbs,  similar  to  Asclepias,  with  entire  leaves,  and  rather  large 
flowers  in  terminal  umbels.  Sepals  lanceolate.  Corolla  rotate,  its  segments  spread- 
ing. Hoods  oblong,  inserted  over  the  whole  of  the  short  corona-column,  curved 
upward,  obtuse,  crested  within,  at  least  in  the  upper  part,  slightly  longer  than 
the  anthers;  at  the  sinuses  between  the  hoods  a  small  lobe  or  appendage,  alternate 
with  the  anther-wings,  simulating  an  inner  crown.  Anthers  tipped  with  a  scarious 
membrane,  their  wings  horny,  narrowed  below,  sometimes  angled  above  the 
middle.  Pollen-masses  pendulous,  pyriform,  longer  than  their  caudicles.  Follicles 
ovoid  or  oblong,  acuminate,  with  or  without  soft  spinose  processes,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing on  the  decurved  or  twice  bent  fruiting  pedicels.  [Greek,  gift  of  ^sculapius.J 
Five  or  six  species,  natives  of  the  southern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate;  umbels  usually  more  than  one, 

corymbose.  i-  A-  viridis. 

Stem  rough-puberulent ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  or  linear,  acuminate  ;  umbels  solitary. 

2.  A.  decumbens, 

1.  Asclepiodora    viridis    (Walt.)    A.    Gr.      OBLONG-LEAVED    MILKWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  2922.)     Stem  erect,  rather  stout,   simple,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  rather 
thin,  short- petioled,  6-13  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender;  corolla  globose-ovoid  in  the 
bud,  greenish,  its  segments,  when  expanded,  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  9-13  mm. 
long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  purplish  or  violet  entire-margined  hoods  ;  anther- 
wings   narrow,    scarcely    angled   above  ;   fruiting   pedicels    twice   bent ;   follicles 
ascending,  puberulent,  5-8  cm.  long,  sometimes  with  soft  spinose  projections.     In 
dry  soil,  111.  to  Kans.,  Tex.,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.     May-July. 

2.  Asclepiodora  decumbeas   (Nutt.)    A.  Gray.     DECUMBENT   MILKWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  2923.)    Stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  rather  stout,  2-5  dm.  long.    Leaves 
firm,  glabrous  above,  puberulent,  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  8-18  cm.  long;  umbel  many-flowered;  pedicels  rather  stout;  corolla  depressed- 
globose  in  the  bud,  greenish,  its  segments,  when  expanded,  ovate  or  broadly  oval, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  hoods  ;  hoods  purple,  obtusely  3-lobed  on  the  ventral 
margins,  about  6  mm.  long,  their  tips  incurved  ;  anther-wings  broad,  angled  above; 
follicles  nearly  erect  on  the  recurved  fruiting  pedicels,  8-10  cm.  long,  puberulent, 
at  least  when  young,  with  or  without  soft  projections.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex., 
Mex.,  Utah  and  N.  Mex.     April-June. 

3.  ACERATES  Ell. 

Perennial  herbs,  similar  to  Asclepias,  with  thick  leaves,  and  green  or  purplish 
Sowers  in  short-peduncled  or  sessile  umbels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided,  the 
segments  acute,  glandular  within.  Corolla  deeply  5 -cleft,  the  segments  valvate, 
reflexed  in  anthesis.  Corona-column  very  short.  Corona  of  5  involute-concave  or 
somewhat  pitcher-shaped  hoods,  neither  horned  nor  crested  within  or  in  one  spe- 
cies having  a  small  interior  crest  and  usually  a  few  small  processes  at  the  base  of 
the  anther-wings,  forming  an  obscure  inner  crown.  Pollen-masses  solitary  in  each 
sac,  oblong,  pendulous.  Stigma  5-lobed.  [Greek,  without  horn,  referring  to  the 
crown.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 
Umbels  sessile,  or  very  nearly  so,  mostly  axillary. 

Leaves  oval  to  linear;  hoods  entire  at  the  apex.  i.  A.  viridtflora. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear;  hoods  3-toothed.  2.  A.  angustifolia. 

Umbels,  at  least  the  lower,  distinctly  peduncled. 

Plants  glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  umbels  usually  several;  leaves  narrow. 


FLORA. 

Hoods  obtuse,  entire;  column  i  mm.  long;  stem  roughish,  puberulent. 

3.  A.  Floridana. 

Hoods  emarginate;  column  very  short;  stem  glabrous.  4.  A.  auriculata. 

Plant  hirsute;  umbel  solitary,  terminal;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong.     5.  A.  lanuginosa. 

1.  Acerates  viridiflora  (Raf.)  Eaton.     GREEN   MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2924.) 
Puberulent  or  tomentulose,  at  least  when  young;  stems  simple,  reclined  or  ascend- 
ing,  rather  stiff,   3-9  dm.   high.     Leaves    slightly    rough,  alternate   or   opposite, 
thick,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm-  wide,  short-petioled,  the  margins  usually  undu- 
late; umbels  several,  or  rarely  solitary,  densely  many-flowered;  pedicels  very  slen- 
der, tomentose;  flowers  green;   corolla  segments  narrowly  oblong,  4-6   mm.  long; 
column  very  short  or  none;  hoods  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  minutely  2-auricled  at 
the  base;  mass  of  anthers  longer  than  thick;  anther- wings  tapering  below,  semi, 
rhomboid  above;  follicles  puberulent,  5-10  cm.  long.     In  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soil, 
Mass,  to  Out.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

Acerates  viridifl6ra  Ivesii  Britton.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-12 
cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide.  Range  of  the  type,  often  with  it. 

Acerates  viridifl6ra  lineiris  A.  Gray.  Leaves  elongated-linear;  stem  low;  umbels 
often  solitary.  Minn,  and  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  La.  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Acerates  angustifolia  (Nutt.)  Dec.    NARROW-LEAVED  MILKWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
2925.)     Stems   mostly  several  together,  erect,  3-6  dm.   high,  puberulent   above, 
glabrate  below.     Leaves  opposite,  or  some  of  the  lower  alternate,  sessile,  5-13  cm. 
long,  glabrous,  the  revolute  margins  and  the  thick  midvein  rough  beneath;  umbels 
io-15-flowered,  usually  numerous;  pedicels  puberulenti   corolla-segments  oblong, 
greenish;  hoods  white,  not  exceeding  the  anthers,  the  acute  middle  tooth  merely  a 
prolongation  of  the  thickened  crest-like  midvein,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  latera) 
ones;  anther  wings  notched  at  about  the  middle;  follicles  slender,  erect,  about  8  cm. 
long  or  more.     On  dry  plains,  Mo.  to  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Tex. 

3.  Acerates   Floridana   (Lam.)   Hitchc.   '  FLORIDA    MILKWEED.     (I.    F.    f. 
2926.)     Stem  slender,  simple  or  little  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear  or 
rarely    linear-lanceolate,    acute    or   acuminate,    short-petioled,    5  20    cm.    long, 
3-13  cm.  wide,    commonly   rough  ciliolate  on  the   margins    and   midrib;  umbels 
usually  many-flowered;    peduncles   6-20   mm.    long;    pedicels   slender,    hirsute; 
corolla  greenish -white,  its  segments  narrowly  oblong,   about  4  mm.  long;  column 
distinct;  hoods  oblong,  shorter  than  the  anthers;  anther-wings  narrowed  to   the 
base;  follicles  densely  puberulent,  10-13  cm.  long.    In  moist  soil,  Ohio  to  southern 
Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  Car.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Sept.     [A.  longi folia  Ell.] 

4.  Acerates   auriculata  Engelm.     AURICLED   MILKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  2927.) 
Stem  often  glaucous,   sinuous  above,  usually  stout,   3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,   glabrous,    short-petioled,  8-20  cm.  long,   1-5    mm.  wide,  becoming 
leathery,  the  rough  margins  not  revolute;  umbels  commonly  several,  densely  many- 
flowered;  peduncles  4-25  mm.  long,  pubescent;  pedicels  slender,  pubescent;  flowers 
greenish  white,  tinged  with  dull  purple;   corolla-segments  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long; 
column  distinct;  hoods  yellow,  often  with  a  purplish  keel,  truncate  at  the  apex, 
not  exceeding  the  anthers,  the  involute  margins  spreading  at  the  base  into  broad 
auricles;  follicles  5-8  cm.  long,  curved.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
N.  Mex.     June-Sept. 

5.  Acerates  lanuginosa  (Nutt.)  Dec.     WOOLLY  MILKWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  2928.) 
Stems  erect,  slender,  simple,  1.5-4  dm.   high.     Leaves  obtuse  at  the  apex,    nar- 
rowed or  rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  3-10  cm.  long;  umbel  densely  many- 
flowered;  peduncle  stout,  densely  hirsute,  1.2-4  cm-  l°nR>  pedicels  slender,  puber- 
ulent or  hirsute;  corolla  greenish,  its  segments  oblong,  about  5  mm.  long;  column 
none;  hoods   purplish,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  with    a  flat  fold  or  auricle   on   the 
infolded  lower  ventral  margins,  shorter  than  the  anthers;  anther-wings  broadest 
below  the  middle.     On  prairies,  111.  to  Minn,  and  Wyo.     June-Aug. 

4.  GONOLOBUS   Michx. 
(AMPELANUS   Raf.) 

Perennial  herbaceous  vines,  with  petioled  opposite  cordate  thin  leaves,  and 
small  whitish  flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  5 -parted,  minutely  glandular 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.  747 

within,  the  segments  lanceolate.  Corolla  campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes 
slightly  contorted,  nearly  erect.  Crown  nearly  sessile,  of  5  membranous  truncate 
lobes,  each  apperidaged  by  a  simple  or  2-cleft  awn.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  corolla,  the  filaments  connate  into  a  short  tube;  anthers  terminated  by  an 
inflexed  membrane;  pollen-masses  solitary  in  each  sac,  ellipsoid,  pendulous. 
Stigma  conic,  slightly  2-lobed.  Follicles  thick,  angled,  acuminate.  [Greek, 
angle-pod.]  Two  species,  natives  ot  America. 

i.  Gonolobus  laevis  Michx.  SAND  VINE.  (I.  F.  f.  2929.)  Stem  sparingly 
puberulent,  at  least  above,  high -climbing,  slender.  Leaves  ova  Je,  gradually  acu- 
minate, palmately  veined,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  entire,  8-18  cm.  long;  cymes 
usually  numerous,  rather  densely  flowered;  peduncles  stout,  6  mm. -5  cm.  long; 
flowers  4-6  mm.  long;  corolla-segments  lanceolate,  acute,  about  twice  as  long 
as  those  of  the  calyx  and  slightly  exceeding  the  2-cleft  awns  of  the  corona-lobes; 
follicles  erect  on  the  ascending  fruiting  pedicels,  10-15  cm-  l°ng>  glabrous  when 
mature.  Along  river-banks  and  in  thickets,  Penn.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
June- Aug.  \Ampelanus  albidus  (Nutt.)  Britton.] 

5.  CYNANCHUM    L.    [VINCETOXICUM  Moench.] 

Perennial  vines  (some  species  erect  herbs),  with  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate 
or  alternate  leaves,  and  small  yellowish  green  or  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  cymes. 
Calyx  5-parted,  minutely  glandular  within.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5  cleft,  the  seg- 
ments spreading,  somewhat  twisted.  Crown  cup-like,  entire,  5-lobed  or  5-parted, 
the  lobes  not  appendaged.  Stamens  attached  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  their  fila- 
ments connate  into  a  tube;  anthers  appendaged  by  an  inflexed  membrane.  Pollen- 
masses  solitary  in  each  sac,  pendulous.  Stigma  flat  or  conic.  Follicles  acuminate, 
glabrous.  [Greek,  dog-strangling,  alluding  to  its  poisonous  qualities.]  About  100 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  2  native 
species  occur  in  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

i.  Cynanchum  nigrum  (L.)  Pers.  BLACK  SWALLOW-WORT.  (I.  F.  f.  2930. ) 
Twining,  or  at  first  erect,  stem  slightly  puberulent,  slender,  6-15  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at 
the  base,  pinnately  veined,  petioled,  5-13  cm.  long,  glabrous,  or  puberulent  beneath; 
petioles  4-25  rnm.  long;  flowers  purple,  5  mm.  broad;  crown  fleshy,  5-lobed;  follicles 
on  nearly  straight  fruiting  pedicels,  about  4  mm.  long,  glabrous.  Waste  places, 
escaped  from  gardens,  Mass,  to  Penn.  and  Ohio.  Introduced  from  Europe. 
June-Sept. 

6.  VINCETOXICUM  Walt. 

Perennial  vines,  with  opposite  usually  cordate  leaves,  and  rather  large  flowers 
in  axillary  umbel-like  cymes  or  fascicles.  Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  5-cleft,  mostly 
5  glandular  within.  Corolla  rotate,  very  deeply  5-parted,  the  tube  very  short,  the 
segments  convolute  in  the  bud.  Corona  (crown)  annular  or  cup-shaped,  adnate  to 
the  corolla.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  the  filaments  connate  into  a 
tube;  anthers  not  appendaged,  merely  tipped,  borne  along  or  just  under  the  margin 
of  the  flat-topped  stigma,  the  sacs  more  or  less  transversely  dehiscent.  Pollen- 
masses  solitary  in  each  sac,  horizontal  or  nearly  so.  Follicles  thick,  acuminate, 
smooth,  angled  or  tuberculate.  [Greek,  subduing  poison.]  About  75  species,  natives 
of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 
Crown  annular,  lo-crenate;  folicles  angled,  not  warty. 

Corolla  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  i.    V.  suberosum. 

Corolla  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  2.    /•'.  gonocarpos* 

Crown  cup-shaped,  about  as  high  as  the  anthers;  follicles  warty. 
Flowers  purple  to  dull  yellow. 

Corolla-segments  oblong,  6-9  mm.  long.  3.   V.  htrsutum. 

Corolla-segments  linear  or  linear-oblong,  11-15  mm.  long. 

Crown  merely  crenulate.  4.    V*  obttquum* 

Crown  toothed  or  lobed. 

Crown  5-lobed,  with  a  subulate  2-cleft  tooth  in  each  sinus. 

5.  V.  Carolinen  \ 
Crown  lo-toothed,  the  alternate  teeth  thinner  and  longer. 

6.  V.  Shortii. 
Flowers  white.                                                                            7.   V.  Baldwintanum. 


748  FLORA. 

1.  Vincetoxicum  suberosum  (L.)  Britton.    COAST  VINCETOXICUM.    (I.  F. 
f.  2931).     Stem   slender,  twining.     Leaves   thin,  5-13  cm.   long,  ovate  or  ovate- 
oval,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  the  basal  sinus  shallow,  open;  petioles  1-5  cm. 
long;  cymes  commonly  few-flowered;  peduncles  6-25  mm.  long;    pedicels  13-25 
mm.  long,  fleshy,  nearly  glabrous;  corolla  brown-purple,  broadly  conic  in  the  bud, 
its  segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  or  granulose  within, 
6-9  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  follicles  glabrous,  3~5-angled,  when 
young  fleshy,  when  mature  dry  and  spongy,  10-15  cm'  l°ng>  2-5  cm-  m  diameter 
or  more.     In  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.     May-July. 

2.  Vincetoxicum  gpnocarpos  Walt.     LARGE-LEAVED  ANGLE-POD.     (I.  F.  f. 
2932.)     Stems  slender,  climbing  high.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  thin,  1-2  dm.  long, 
5-15  cm.  wide,  acuminate,  the  basal  sinus  narrow  or  the  rounded  auricles  over- 
lapping; petioles  3-10  cm.   long;    cymes  few-flowered;    peduncles  3-8  cm.  long; 
pedicels  rather  stout,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  conic  in  the  bud,  its  segments 
lanceolate,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  follicles  glabrous,  similar  to  those  oi  the 
preceding  species  but  usually  shorter.      Along  rivers  and  in  moist  thickets,  Va.  to 
S.  Car.,  Ind.,  Mo.  and  Tex;     May -July. 

3.  Vincetoxicum  hirsutum  (Michx.)  Britton.     HAIRY  VINCETOXICUM.    (I.  F. 
f.  2933.)     Stem  downy,  slender.     Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,   downy,  5-10  cm.  long, 
3-7  cm.  wide,  the  basal  sinus  narrow,  or  the  lobes  sometimes   overlapping;  petioles 
slender,    pubescent;  peduncles    usually  about    equalling   the     petioles,    sometimes 
longer;  umbels  few-several-flowered  ;  corolla    brown-purple    to  greenish   yellow, 
ovoid  in  the  bud,  its  segments  oblong,  very  obtuse,  6-9  mm.    long,  minutely  puber- 
ulent   without,    about  4   times    as    long  as  the  densely     pubescent  calyx  ;  crown 
fleshy,  the  margin  lo-crenate;  follicles  lanceolate,  8-13    cm.   long,  muricate,  pu- 
berulent ;  seeds  entire.     In  thickets,  Md.  to  Fla.   and  Tenn.     July-Aug. 

4.  Vincetoxicum  obliquum  (Jacq.)  Britton.      LARGE-FLOWERED  VINCETOXI- 
CUM.    (I.   F.  f.  2934.)     Stem  puberulent,  or  hirsute,  slender.      Leaves  pubescent, 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  5-20  cm.  long,  4-15   cm.  wide;  basal  sinus 
open   or  closed;  petioles  rather  stout,   pubescent,   2.5-10    cm.  long;  umbels  slen- 
der-peduncled,   few-flowered;  pedicels  very  slender,   2.5-5  cm-  l°ng?  corolla  nar- 
rowly conic  in  the  bud,  red-purple  within,  greenish  and  minutely  pubescent  with- 
out, its  segments  elongated-linear,  obtuse;    crown  fleshy,  its  margin  lO-crenulate, 
the  intermediate  crenulations  sometimes   2-dentate;   follicles  ovoid-lanceolate,  5-8 
cm.  long,  muricate.     In  thickets,  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Va.  and  Ky.     July-Aug. 

5.  Vincetoxicum    Carolinense    (Jacq.)    Britton.      CAROLINA   VINCETOXI- 
CUM.    (I.  F.  f.  2935.)     Stem    hirsute.       Leaves    broadly    ovate,    acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  8-18  cm.  long,  5-14  cm.  wide,  pubescent,  at   least  beneath;  basal  sinus 
narrow  or  closed;  petioles  hirsute;  peduncles  5-10  cm.    long;  pedicels  very  slen- 
der, 2.5  cm.  long  or  more;  corolla  brown-purple,  oblong-conic  in  the  bud,  puberu- 
lent without,  its  segments  linear-oblong  or    linear-lanceolate,  obtusish,  5-6  times 
longer  than  the  hirsute  calyx;  crown  scarcely   fleshy,    5-lobed,    with    a  subulate 
longer  2 -cleft  erect  tooth  in  each  sinus;  follicles  muricate.     In  thickets,    Va.  to 
Mo.,  S.  Car.  and  La.     May-July. 

6.  Vincetoxicum  Shortii  (A.  Gray)  Britton.   SHORT'S  VINCETOXICUM.    (I.  F. 
f.   2936.)     Stem   pubescent,   or  hirsute    with    spreading    hairs.      Leaves   downy, 
broadly  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  when  old  with  a  narrow  or 
closed  basal  sinus,  10-12  cm.  long,  4-14  cm.  wide;  petioles  stout,  pubescent;  ped- 
uncles usually  longer   than  the    petioles;    cymes    several-flowered;    pedicels    2.5 
cm.  long  or  more;  corolla  oblong-conic  in  the  bud,  dark  crimson-purple,  its  lobes 
linear,  11-15  mm.  long;  calyx  hirsute;  crown  cup  shaped,  fleshy,  as  high  as  the 
anthers,    its    margin    about    lo-toothed,  the    alternate    teeth  thinner  and  longer, 
emarginate  or  2-parted,  the  others  broader,  thicker,  with  an  obscure  internal  crest 
or  ridge   below  the  summit;  follicles   warty.     In  thickets,  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  Ga. 
Flowers  with  the  odor  of  the  Strawberry-shrub.     June-Aug. 

7.  Vincetoxicum  Baldwinianum  ^Sweet)  Britton.     BALDWIN'S  VINCETOXI- 
CUM.    (I.  F.  f.  2937.)     Stem  pubescent  or  hirsute.     Leaves  downy,  broadly  ovate, 
acute,   or   short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  8-15  cm.  long,  or  more;  petioles  hirsute, 
2.5-5  cnl-  l°ng;  peduncles  usually  longer  than  the  pedicels;  cymes  several-many- 
flowered;  corolla  white,  or  cream-color,  the  lobes  thin,  oblong,  or  becoming  spatu- 
late,  9-1 1  mm.  long;  crown  thin,  the  5  broader  lobes  quadrate,  emarginate,  or 


CON  VOLVULA  CEA  £.  749 

obscurely  toothed;  in  their  sinuses  a  pair  o.r -ery  slender  linear-subulate  teeth  of 
more  than  double  their  length,  much  surpassing  the  stigma.  Mo.  and  Ark.  to  Ga. 
May-June. 

Order  5.    POLEMONIALES. 

Mostly  herbs ;  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Corolla  almost  always  gamo- 
petalous,  regular  or  irregular.  Stamens  adnate  to  the  corolia-tube  usu- 
ally to  the  middle  or  beyond,  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  fewer  and 
alternate  with  them.  Ovary  i,  superior,  compound  (in  Boraginaceae 
and  Labiatae  deeply  4  lobed  around  the  style). 

a.  Corolla  regular  (irregular  in  Echium  of  the  Boraginaceae). 
Ovary  not  4-lobed,  the  carpels  not  separating  as  distinct  nutlets  at  maturity. 

Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-4-celled ;  style  i,  entire,  2-cleft,  or  2-parted;  mostly  twining 
vines. 

Leaves  normal.  Fam.  i.  Convolvulaceae. 

White  or  yellowish  parasitic  vines,  the  leaves  reduced  to  minute  scales. 

Fam.  2.  Cuscntaceae. 

Ovary  3-celled  ;  stigmas  3,  linear;  herbs,  not  twining.       Fam.  3.   Polemoniaceae. 
Ovary  i-celled  (2-celled  in  Aama)',  style  i,  2-lobed,  or  2-parted;  herbs  not  twining. 

Fam.  4.  Hydrophyllaceae. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style,  or  not  lobed  (FfeKotropitim) '  carpels  separating 
as  nutlets.  Fam.  5.  Boraginaceae. 

b.  Corolla  irregular,  more  or  less  2  lipped  (regular  in  Solanaceae,  in  Mentha  and  Lycopus 
of  the  Labiatae,  and  nearly  or  quite  so  in  Verbena  and  Callicarpa  of  the  Verbenaceae). 

I.  Carpels  i-2-seeded. 
Ovary  not  lobed,  2-4-celled,  the  style  apical;  carpels  separating  into  i-seeded  nutlets. 

Fam.  6.    Verbenaceae, 
Ovary  4-lobed  around  the  style,  the  lobes  ripening  into  i-seeded  nutlets. 

Fam.  7.  Labiatae. 

2.  Carpels  several-many-seeded  (2-seeded  in  some  Acanthaceae). 

\  Fruit  a  berry,  or  more  commonly  a  capsule  which  is  i-2-celled,  2-valved,    circum- 
scissile,  or  irregularly  bursting,  not  elastically  dehiscent. 

Placentae  axile. 

Ovary  2-celled,  or  rarely  3-5-celled. 

Flowers  regular;  fertile  stamens  5  (4  in  Petunia);  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

Fam.  8.  Solanaceae. 

Flowers  more  or  less  irregular;  fertile  stamens  2  or  4  (5  in  Verbascum);  fruit  a 
capsule.  Fam.  9.  Scrophulariaceae. 

Ovary  i-celled;  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs  with  flowers  on  scapes. 

Fam.  10.  Lentibulariaceae. 
Placentas  parietal. 

Herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants,  the  leaves  reduced  to  scales,  not  green ; 
ovary  i-celled.  Fam.  n.     Orobanchaceae. 

Trees,  vines,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  the  foliage  normal. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  vines;  capsule  2-celled:  seeds  winged  in  our  genera. 

Fam.  12.  Bignoniaceae. 
Opposite-leaved  herbs;  capsule  i-celled  in  our  genus;  seeds  wingless. 

Fam.  13.  Martyniaceae. 
\  *  Capsule  completely  2-celled,  elastically  loculicidally  dehiscent;  opposite-leaved 

herbs;  placentae  axile.  Fam.  14.  Acanthaceae 

3.  Ovary  and  fruit  i-celled  with  i  erect  orthotropous  ovule  and  seed;  herb  with  spicate 
flowers  and  reflexed  fruits.          Fam.  15.  Phrymaceae. 

Family  i.     CONVOLVULACEAE  Vent. 
Morning-glory  Family. 

»  f  Herbs  or  vines,  some  tropical  species  shpubs  or  trees,  with  alternate 
Huipulate  leaves,  and  regular"  perfect  axillary  cymose  or  solitary  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior.  5-pirtf>d  or  5-divide^.  nsuallv  persistentTthe  segments  or 
sepals  imbricated,  G>n>lla  gamopet  ilous,  the  limb  ^-angled,  5-lobed  or 


750  FLORA. 

entire.  Stamens  5,  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes,  all  anther-bearing,  trje/  filaments  filiform,  or 
dilated  at  the  base  ;  anthers  2^6elled,  the  sacs  Ic5ngkudinally  dehiscent. 
Disk  annular  or  none.  Ovary  superior,  sessile,  2-3-celled,  with  2  ovules 
in  each  cavity,  or  falsely  4-6-celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cavity, 
entire  or  2-4-divided  ;  styles  1-3,  terminal,  or  arising  from  between  the 
ovary-divisions  ;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  2-4-valved  capsule  or  of 
2-4  distinct  carpels,  in  our  species.  Seeds  erect,  the  testa  villous,  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous;  embryo  plaited  or  crumpled  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous  ; 
endosperm  fleshy  or  cartilaginous,  usually  scanty.  About  40  genera  and 
900  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Ovary  2-divided,  the  carpels  2-ovuled  ;  creeping  herbs.  i.  Dichondra. 

Ovary  entire,  2-4-celled  ;  style  simple,  cleft  or  divided. 
Style  2-cleft  or  2-divided. 

Style  2-cleft  or  2-parted.  2.  Breiveria. 

Style  2-divided  to  the  ovary,  each  division  2-cleft.  3.  Evolvulus, 

Style  entire  up  to  the  stigma. 

Stigma  or  stigmas  capitate  or  globose. 

Corolla  salverform  ;  stamens  and  style  exserted.  4.   Quamoclit. 

Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate;  stamens  and  style  included. 


^ 
Stigmas  2,  filiform  to  oblong.  "    oT  Convolvulus. 

1.  DICHONDRA  Forst. 

Prostrate  or  creeping  slender  herbs,  with  nearly  orbicular  cordate  or  reniform 
petioled  entire  leaves,  and  small  solitary  axillary  peduncled  flowers.  Sepals 
nearly  equal.  Corolla  open-  campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  shorter  than 
the  corolla;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  villous,  deeply  2-parted,  each  lobe  2- 
celled;  styles  2,  simple,  arising  from  the  bases  of  the  ovary-lobes;  stigmas  c'api- 
*ate.  Fruit  of  2  pubescent  2-valved  or  indehiscent  i-2-seeded  capsules.  [Greek, 

svo-grained,   referring  to   the  capsules.]     About  5   species,  natives  of  warm  and 

ropical  regions. 

i.  Dkhondra  Carolinensis  Michx.  CAROLINA  DICHONDRA.  (I.  F.  f. 
2938,  as/?,  evohnilacea.}  Somewhat  pubescent,  or  glabrous;  stems  almost  filiform, 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  1.5-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  orbicular  to  reniform,  deeply 
cordate,  6-30  mm.  in  diameter,  palmately  veined;  petiole  often  much  longer  than 
the  blade;  flowers  2-4  mm.  broad;  peduncles  filiform;  sepals  obtuse,  spatulate  or 
obovate,  villous;  corolla  yellow  to  white,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  its  lobes  ovate  to 
oblong;  capsule  3  mm.  high  or  less.  In  moist  or  wet  places,  Va.  to  Tex.  and  Mex., 
near  the  coast.  Widely  distributed  in  Central  and  S.  Am. 

2.  BREWERIA  R.  Br. 

Herbs,  mostly  perennial  and  procumbent,  with  entire  short-petioled  or  sessile 
leaves,  and  1-5  -flowered  axillary  peduncles.  Corolla  campanulate  or  funnelform- 
campanulate;  limb  plaited,  5-angled  or  slightly  5-lobed.  Stamens  included. 
Ovary  2-celled;  style  2-cleft  or  2-parted;  stigmas  capitate.  Capsule,  2-celled,  2- 
4-valved.  Seeds  1-4.  [Named  for  Samuel  Brewer,  a  correspondent  of  Dillen.] 
About  30  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm-  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Sepals  acute  or  acuminate  ;  leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  linear. 

Corolla  white  ;  filaments  pubescent  ;  plant  pubescent.  i.  B.  humtstrata. 

Corolla  purple;  filaments  glabrous;  plant  silky-tomentose.  2.  h.  aquattca. 

Sepals  obtuse;  leaves  narrowly  linear.  3-  B.  *  *ckertngii. 

i.  Breweria  humistrata  (Walt.)  A.  Gray.  SOUTHERN  BREWERIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
20.39.)  Pubescent  or  puberulent;  stems  slender,  3-6  dm.  long,  simple,  or  with  a 
few  long  branches.  Leaves  elliptic,  oblong-elliptic,  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  and 
mucronulate  or  some  of  them  emarginate,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  2-5  cm.  long;  pedun- 
cles slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-7-  flowered,  minutely  bracted  at  the  summit; 
sepals  oblone,  4-6  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  12-  16  mm.  long;  filaments  pubescent; 
nrxmle  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  dry  pine  barrens, 
Va.  to  Fla.  and  La,  May-Aug. 


CON  VOLV  ULA  CEA  E.  751 

2.  Breweria  aquatica  (Walt.)  A.  Gray.     WATER  BREWEK.A.    (I.  F.  f.  2940.) 
Finely  and   densely    silky-tomentose,    the   branches    long    and   slender.     Leaves 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  mucronate  or  emargin- 
ate,  sometimes  subcordate,   1-4  cm.  long,  4-16  mm.  wide;  peduncles  i-3-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves,  minutely  bracted  at  the  summit;  sepals  tomentose,  oblong; 
about  4  mm.  long;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long:  style  2-parted  nearly  to  the  base.     In 
wet  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla.     May- Aug. 

3.  Breweria  Pickeringii  (M.  A.  Curtis)  A.  Gray.      PICKERING'S  BREWERIA. 
(I.   F.   f.   2941.)     Stem   pubescent  or    puberulent,   very  slender,    3-6   dm.    long. 
Leaves  puberulent  or  glabrous,  narrowly  linear,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2.5-6  cm. 
long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  with   I  or  2  linear 
bracts  at  the  summit;  sepals  pubescent  or  hirsute,  ovate  to  oval,  about  4  mm.  long; 
corolla  white,  about  2.5  cm.  long;  style  2-cleft;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  pubescent.    In 
dry  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car. ;  111.  to  La.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

3.  EVOLVULUS  L. 

Mostly  silky-pubescent  or  pilose  herbs,  with  small  leaves,  and  axillary  smal 
flowers.  Sepals  nearly  equal.  Corolla  funnelform,  campanulate  or  rotate,  the 
limb  plaited,  5-angled  or  5-lobed.  Filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong. 
Ovary  entire,  2-celled;  style  2-divided  to  the  base,  or  near  it,  each,  division  deeply 
2-cleft;  stigmas  linear-filiform*.  Capsule  2 -4-valved,  1-4- seeded.  Seeds  glabrous. 
[Latin,  unrolling.]  About  85  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the 
following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

I.  E  volvulus  pilosus  Nutt.  EVOLVULUS.  (I.  F.  f.  2942.)  Perennial,  silky- 
pubescent  or  villous;  stems  0.7-2.4  dm.  high,  very  leafy.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong, 
lanceolate  or  spatulate,  6-18  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  peduncles  2- 
bracted  at  the  base,  recurved  in  fruit,  2-4  mm.  long;  sepals  acute  or  acuminate; 
corolla  funnelform-campanulate,  purple  or  blue,  6-12  mm.  broad;  capsule  3-4  mm. 
in  diameter.  On  dry  plains,  Mo.  to  Kans.,  Mex.  and  Ariz.  May -July. 

4.  QUAMOCLIT  Moench. 

Twining  herbaceous  vines,  with  petioled  leaves,  and  peduncled  axillary  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  herbaceous,  equal,  acuminate,  mucronate  or  appendaged.  Corolla  salver- 
form  (scarlet  in  the  following  species),  the  tube  longer  than  the  spreading  5-lobed 
limb.  Stamens  and  style  exserted;  stigma  capitate;  ovary  2-celled  or  falsely 
4-celled,  4-ovuled.  Fruit  usually  4-celled  and  4-seeded.  [Greek,  dwarf  kidney- 
bean.]  About  10  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions;  the  following  in  N.  Am. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  very  narrow  segments.  i.   Q.  Quamoclit. 

Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angulate-lobed.  2.   Q.  coccinea. 

1.  Quamoclit    Quamoclit    (L.)    Britton.      CYPRESS   VINE.     INDIAN   PINK. 
(I.  F.  f.  2943.)    Annual,  glabrous.    Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  5-18  cm.  long,  pinnately 
parted  into   segments   less  than  2  mm.   wide;  peduncles   slender,    i-6-flowered; 
pedicels  thickening  in  fruit;  sepals  obtuse,   usually  mucronulate,  4-6  mm.  long; 
corolla  2.5-4  cm.    long,  the  tube  expanded  above,  the  limb  nearly  flat,  the  lobes 
ovate,  acutish;  ovary  4-celled;  capsule  ovoid,  4-valved,  about  i  cm.  high,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals.     In  waste  and  cultivated  ground,  Va.   to  Fla..  Kans.  and  Tex. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  farther  north.     Nat.  from  tropical  Am.     July-Oct. 

2.  Quamoclit  coccinea  (L.)    Moench.     SMALL  RED  MORNING-GLORY.     (I. 
F.  f.  2944.)     Annual.     Leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  long-acuminate,  5-15  cm.  long, 
entire  or  angulate-lobed,  slender-petioled;  peduncles  few-several-flowered;  sepals 
obtuse,  about  4  mm.  long,  subulate-appendaged;  corolla  2-4  cm.    long,   the  limb 
obscurely  5-lobed;  ovary  4-celled;  capsule  globose,  4-valved,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 
Along  river-banks  and  in  waste  places,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Ohio,  Kans.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
Nat.  from  tropical  America,  or  native  in  the  Southwest.     A  hybrid  with  the  pre- 
ceding is  sometimes  cultivated.     July-Oct. 

5.  IPOMOEA  L. 

Twining  trailing  or  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  large  showy  axillary  flowers. 
Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  the  limb  entire,  5 -angled  or  c;-lobed,  the  tube 


75 2  FLORA. 

plaited.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  entire,  2-4-celIed,  4-6  ovuled ;  style  filiform, 
included;  stigmas  I  or  2,  capitate  or  globose.  Capsule  usually  septifragally  2-4- 
valved,  2-4-seeded.  [Greek,  worm-like.]  About  350  species,  of  wide  distribu- 
tion. Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  4-celled) ;  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed. 
Leaves  cordate ;  stems  trailing  or  twining. 

Perennial  from  an  enormous  root ;  corolla  5-8  cm.  long.  i.  /.  pandurata. 

Annual ;  roots  fibrous;  corolla  8-20  mm.  long,  white.  2.  /.  lacunosa. 

Annual;  corolla  2.5-4, cm.  long,  pink  or  purple.  3.  7.  Carolina. 

Leaves  linear;  stems  ascending  or  erect;  perennial.  4.  /.  leptophylla. 
Ovary  3-celled ;  stigmas  3;  leaves  cordate  ;  annuals. 

Leaves  entire  ;  corolla  5-7  cm.  long.  5.  I^$urj>urea. 

Leaves  deeply  3-lobed,  corolla  2.5-4  cm-  l°ng«  6.  /.  Keaeracea. 

1.  Ipomoea  pandurata  (L.)  Meyer.     WILD  POTATO  VINE.     (I.  F.  f.  2945.) 
Glabrous   or   puberulent;    stems   0.5-4    m.   long.       Leaves   acuminate,  5-15   cm. 
long,  slender  petioled,  entire,  sometimes  contracted  in  the  middle,  or  some  of  the 
later  ones  rarely  dentate  or  3-lobed;  peduncles   1-5 -flowered,  much  elongated  in 
fruit;  sepals  oblong,  12-16  mm.  long,  glabrous;  corolla  funnelform,  white,  or  with 
pinkish  purple  stripes  in  the  throat,  the  limb  5-lobed;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved, 
2-4-seeded,  the  seeds  woolly  on  the  margins  and  pubescent  on  the  sides.     In  dry 
soil,  Ont.  to  Conn.,  Fla.,  Mich.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     ^lay-Sept. 

2.  Ipomoea  lacunosa  L.    SMALL-FLOWERED  WHITE  MORNING-GLORY.    (I. 
F.  f.  2946.)    Pubescent  or  hirsute,  rarely  glabrous;  stem  0.5-3.5  m.  long.    Leaves 
slender-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  angled  or  3-lobed,  5-10  cm.  long,  the 
lobes  acute;    peduncles   i-3-flowered,   shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals  oblong   or 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  pubescent  or  ciliate,  about    i    cm.    long;  corolla 
funnelform,  white,  or  the  limb  purple;  stigma  capitate;  capsule  globose,  2-valved. 
In  moist  soil,  Penn.  to  S.  Car.,  111.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

3.  Ipomoea    Carolina    (L.)    Pursh.      SMALL-FLOWERED    PINK    MORNING- 
GLORY.     (L  F.  f.  2947.)     Similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  leaves 
usually  more  lobed;  peduncles  often  longer  than  the  leaves,  i-3-flowered;  sepals 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent  or  ciliate;  capsule  glabrous 
or  pubescent.     Kans.  to  Tex.,  east  to  S.  Car.  and  Fla.     [/.  commutata  R.  &  S.j 

4.  Ipomoea    leptophylla  Torr.      BUSH   MORNING-GLORY.     (I.  F.  f.  2948.) 
Perennial  from  an  enormous  root,   glabrous;    stems  rather  stout,   6-12  dm.  long, 
much  branched.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  acute,  5-8  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide;  petioles  very  short;  peduncles  stout,  nearly  erect,  usually  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  i-4-fiowered;  sepals  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  6-8  mm.  long,  or  the  outer  shorter; 
corolla  funnelform,  purple  or  pink,  about  8  cm.  long,  the  limb  scarcely  lobed;  cap- 
sule ovoid,  acute,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  2-celled;  seeds  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak. 
to  Wyo.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     May-July. 

5.  Ipomoea  purpurea  (L.)  Roth.     MORNING-GLORY.     (I.  F.  f.  2949.)     Stem 
retrorsely  hairy,  1-3.5  m-  l°ng-     Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  wide,  slen- 
der-petioled; peduncles  i-5-flowered;  sepals  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  pubescent, 
or  hirsute  near  the  base,  12-16  mm.  long;  corolla  funnelform,  blue,  purple,  pink, 
variegated  or  white;  ovary  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled);  stigmas  3  (rarely  2);  capsule 
depressed- globose,   about  I  cm.  in  diameter,   shorter  than  the  sepals.      In  waste 
places,   commonly  escaped   from    gardens,   N.   S.   to  Fla.,   Ont.,   Neb.   and   Tex. 
Adventive  or  nat.  from  trop.  Am.     July  Oct. 

6.  Ipomoea    hederacea  Jacq.       IVY-LEAVED    MORNING-GLORY.      (I.  F.   f. 
2950.)     Stem  6-15  dm.  long,  slender,  retrorsely  hairy.     Leaves  ovate-orbicular  in 
outline,  long-petioled,  deeply  3-lobed,  5-13  cm.  long,  the  lobes  ovate,  acuminate; 
peduncles  i-3-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petioles;  flowers  opening  in  early 
morning,    soon  closing;    sepals  lanceolate  with  long  linear  often   recurved    tips, 
densely  hirsute  below,   sparingly  so  above,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  funnelform, 
the  tube  usually  nearly  white,  the  limb  light  blue  or  purple;  capsule  depressed- 
globose,  3-valved,  about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  portion  of  the  sepals.     In  fields 
and  waste  places,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  Penn.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Mex,     Nat.  or  adventive 
from  trop.  Am.     July-Oct. 


COM  VOL  V  ULA  CEA  E.  753 

6.  CONVOLVULUS  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs  (the  following  species  perennials  with  slender  roots  or  rootstocks)  with 
trailing,  twining  or  erect  stems.  Leaves  mostly  cordate  or  sagittate  and  petioled. 
Flowers  axillary,  large.  Sepals  nearly  equal  or  the  outer  larger,  the  calyx  bract- 
less  or  with  a  pair  of  bracts  at  its  base.  Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  the 
limb  plaited,  5 -angled,  5-lobed,  or  entire.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Ovary  i-2-celled,  4-ovuled;  style  filiform;  stigmas  2,  filiform, 
oblong,  or  ovoid.  Capsule  globose,  i-4-celled,  2-4-valved.  Seeds  glabrous. 
[Latin,  to  roll  together,  or  entwine.]  About  175  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Calyx  with  2  large  bracts  at  the  base,  which  enclose  it.  (Genus  VOLVULUS  Medic.) 
Stems  trailing  or  climbing. 

Leaves  hastate,  the  auricles  often  dentate.  i.  C.  septum. 

Leaves  sagittate,  the  auricles  rounded,  entire.  2.   C.  repens. 

Stem  erect  or  ascending;  flowers  white;  bracts  not  cordate.  3.  C,  spithamaeus. 
Calyx  not  bracted;  peduncle  bracted  at  the  summit. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  entire,  auriculate.  4.   C.  arvensts. 

Canescent;  leaves  with  2-4  basal  lobes.  5.   C.  incanus. 

1.  Convolvulus    sepium    L.     HEDGE    OR    GREAT    BINDWEED.     RUTLAND 
BEAUTY.     (I.  F.  f.  2951.)     Stems  1-3.5  m.  long.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  triangu- 
lar in  outline,  hastate?  5-13  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  basal  lobes  divergent, 
usually  acute,  angulate  dentate  or  entire;  peduncles  i-flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  pink  with  white  stripes  or  white  throughout,   about  5  cm.   long; 
bracts  at  the  base  of  the  flower  large,  ovate,  cordate;  stigmas  oblong.     In    fields 
and  thickets,  usually  in  moist  soil,  N.  S.  to  N.  Car.,  Mont.,  Utah  and  Kans.    Also  in 
Europe   and  Asia.     June- Aug.      The   pink- flowered  American  plant   (C.  sepium 
Amencanus  Sims  ;   C.  Americamts  Greene)  is,  perhaps,   specifically  distinct  from 
the  European. 

Convolvulus  Japonicus  Thunb. ,  a  species  with  narrow  hastate  leaves  and  smaller  pink 
flowers,  cultivated  in  a  double-flowered  form,  has  in  this  form  escaped  from  cultivation 
from  N.  H.  to  D.  C.  and  Mo.  -  ^  ^  i/  / 

2.  Convolvulus  repens  L.     TRAILING  BINDWEED.     (I.  F.  £2952.)     Pubes- 
cent or  tomentose;  stems  3-9  dm.  long.       Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  2-5  cm.   long, 
sagittate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  entire,   the  basal  lobes  rounded,  scarcely  or  not 
at  all  divergent;  peduncles  i-flowered,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers 
white  (sometimes  pink?)  about  5  cm.   long;    calyx  enclosed  by  2   ovate   slightly 
cordate  bracts;  stigmas  oblong.      In  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Dak.  and  Tex.     May- Aug. 

3.  Convolvulus   spithamaeus   L.     UPRIGHT   BINDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  ^953.) 
Pubescent  or  glabrate;  stem  erector  ascending,  or  the  summit  sometimes  feebly 
twining,    1.5-3  dm.   high.     Leaves  oval,  short-petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile, 
usually  obtuse  at  both  ends,  2-6  cm.  long;  peduncles  i-flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  white,   nearly  5  cm.  long;  calyx  enclosed  by  2  large  oval  acutish 
bracts  which  are  narrowed  at  both  ends;  stigmas  oblong,  thick.     In  dry  sandy  or 
rocky  fields  or  on  banks,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.  and  Ky.     May- Aug. 

4".  Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  SMALL  BINDWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2954.)  Gla- 
brous, or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  3-8  dm.  long.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate 
or  oblong,  entire,  sagittate  or  somewhat  hastate,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  basal  lobes 
spreading,  acute;  peduncles  1-4  flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-3  bracted  at 
the  summit;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  3  mm.  long;  corolla  pink  or  nearly  white, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  stigmas  linear.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont,  N.  J., 
Neb.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe.  May-Sept. 

5.  Convolvulus  incanus  Vahl.  HOARY  BINDWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  2955.)  Finely 
'  and  densely  canescent,  3-9  dm.  long.  Leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  ovate  to 
linear  in  outline,  2—5  cm.  long,  usually  with  2-4  divergent  lobes  at  the  base,  or 
the  lower  pair  of  lobes  reflexed,  obtuse  and  mucronulate;  peduncles  i-2-flowered, 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves  sepals  oblong,  about  6  mm.  long;  corolla 
white  to  rose-color;  stigmas  nairowly  linear;  capsule  globose.  In  dry  soil,  Neb., 
.  and  Ark.  to  Ariz.,  Mex.  and  Tex.  April-Aug. 


'754  FLORA 


Family  2.     CUSCUTACEAE  Dumort. 

Dodder  Family. 

White,  red  or  yellow  slender  parasites,  dextrorsely  twining,  the 
leaves  reduced  to  minute  alternate  scales.  Calyx  inferior,  5-lobed  or 
5-oarted  (rarely  4-lobed  or  4-parted),  or  of  5  distinct  sepals.  Corolla 
5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed),  the  tube  bearing  as  many  fimbriate  or  crenulate 
scales  as  there  are  lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  or  these  sometimes 
obsolete.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted  in  the  throat 
or  sinuses  above  the  scales ;  anthers  short,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  2-celled, 
the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity;  styles  2,  terminal,  separate,  or  rarely  united  below;  stigmas 
linear  or  capitate.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  circumscissile,  irregularly 
bursting  or  indehiscent,  1-4  seeded.  Seeds  glabrous;  embryo  linear, 
terete,  curved  or  spiral,  its  apex  bearing  1-4  minute  alternate  scales, 
endosperm  fleshy ;  cotyledons  none. 

I.  CUSCUTA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  The  filiform  twining  stems  are  parasitic  on  herbs 
and  shrubs  by  numerous  minute  suckers.  The  seeds  germinate  in  the  soil  and  the 
plantlet  attaches  itself  to  its  host,  its  root  and  lower  portion  soon  perishing.  The 
subsequent  nutrition  of  the  parasite  is  apparently  wholly  through  its  suckers. 
Indications  of  a  small  amount  of  green  coloring  matter,  possibly  chlorophyll,  have 
been  observed  in  some  species.  [Name  from  the  Arabic.]  About  100  species,  of 
wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

*  Corolla-scales  crenulate  ;  stigmas  slender  ;  capsule  circumscissile. 
Scales  crenulate  above,  not  incurved.  i.   c.  Epilinum 

Scales  crenulate  all  around,  strongly  incurved.  2.   C.  Epithymum. 

'*  *  Corolla-scales  fringed  ;  stigmas  capitate  ;  capsule  indehiscent. 
Sepals  united  below  into  a  gamosepalous  calyx. 

Flowers  very  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule. 

Corolla-scales  ovate,  fringed  all  around;  calyx  lobes  obtuse.  3.   C.  arvensis. 
Corolla-scales  abortive,  or  of  a  few  processes;  calyx-lobes  acutish. 

4.  C.  Polygonorum, 
Flowers  distinctly  pedicelled;  corolla  enclosing  or  capping  the  capsule,  or  at  length 

deciduous. 

Tips  of  the  corolla  lobes  incurved  or  inflexed. 

Scales  ovate,  fringed  all  around ;  capsule  enclosed  by  the  corolla. 

5.  C.  indecora. 
Scales  abortive,  or  of  a  few  slender  processes;  corolla  capping  the  capsule. 

6.  C.  Coryli. 
Corolla  lobes  spreading  or  recurved. 

Scales  small,  irregularly  fringed;  capsule  depressed-globose. 

7.  C.  Cephalanthi. 
Scales  long,  fringed  mainly  above;  capsule  pointed. 

Corolla  3  mm.  long;  capsule  globose,  short-pointed  or  pointless. 

8.  C.  Gronovii. 
Flowers  4-6  mm.  long;  capsule  oval,  long-pointed. 

9.  C.  rostrata. 
Sepals  separate,  subtended  by  similar  bracts. 

Flowers  cyrnose,  pedicelled;  scales  short,  bracts  entire.  10.   C.  cusptdata. 

Flowers  closely  sessile  in  dense  clusters;  bracts  serrulate. 

Bracts  few,  broad,  appressed;  styles  as  long  as  the  ovary,    n.   C.  compacta. 

Bracts  numerous,  narrow,  their  tips  recurved;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary. 

12.  C.paradoxa. 

I.  Cuscuta  Epilinum  Weihe.  FLAX  DODDER.  (I.  F.  f.  2956.)  Stems 
yellow  or  red;  flowers  sessile  in  dense  clusters,  yellowish  white,  about  3  mm.  long. 
Calyx  hemispheric,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute;  corolla  short,  becoming 
urceolate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  acutish,  spreading,  its  scales  short,  erect,  less 


CUSCU  TA  CEA  E.  755 

than  one-half  the  length  of  the  tube,  2  cleft  or  emarginate,  the  crenulations  not 
extending  to  the  base;  stigmas  linear-filiform;  capsule  circumscissile,  the  withering 
corolla  borne  on  its  summit.  On  flax,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  July-Aug. 

2.  Cuscuta  tpituymum  Murr.     THYME  DODDER.     CLOVER  DODDER.     ;I. 
F.  f.  2957.)     Stems  filiform,  red;  flowers  sessile  in  small  dense  clusters,  pinkish, 
about    2    mm.    long.       Calyx  4-5-lobed,    more  than   one  half  the    length   of  the 
cylindric  corolla- tube,   the  lobes  acute;  corolla  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  erect,   about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  tube,  acute,  its  scales  strongly  incurved,  crenulate  nearly 
or  quite  to  the  base;  stigmas  filiform;  capsule  circumscissile,  capped  by  the  wither- 
ing corolla.     Usually  on  clover,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Conn.,   N.  Y.,   Pa.   and  S.  Dak. 
Introduced  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

3.  Cuscuta   arvensis   Beyrich.     FIELD   DODDER.     (I.   F.    f.    2958.)     Plant 
pale  yellow;   steins  filiform,   the  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  small  clusters.     Calyx 
broad,  5-lobed,  the. lobes  obtuse;    corolla  nearly  campanulate,   5-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute  or  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube,  their  tips  reflexed,  its  scales  large,  ovate, 
densely  fringed  all  around  with  short  irregular  processes;  stamens  not  exserted; 
style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigmas  capitate;  capsule  depressed  globose,  indehis- 
cent.     On  various  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  Mass,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  P'la.,  Tex., 
Mex.  and  Cal.     Also  in  S.  Am.     July-Aug. 

4.  Cuscuta  Polygondrum  Engelm.    SMART-WEED  DODDER.    (I.  F.  f.  2959.) 
Plant  orange-yellow;  stems  rather  coarse;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  dense 
clusters.     Calyx  short,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acute  'or  acutish;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  4  or  5,  triangular-ovate,  acute,  the  scales  usually  obsolete,  wanting. 
or  consisting  of  only  2  or  3  slender  processes  on  each  side  of  the  attached  lower 
portion  of  the  filament;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigmas  capitate,  capsule 
globose.      On  Polygonunis    and  other  herbs,   Minn,   and  Wis.   to  Neb.  and  Ark. 
Abo  in  Penn.  and  Del.     Range  probably  more  extensive.     July-Sept. 

5.  Cuscuta  indecora   Choisy.     PRETTY   DODDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2960.)    Stems 
rather  stout;  flowers  white,  3  mm.  long,  pedicelled  in  loose  cymes.     Calyx  5-lobed, 
lobes  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  camp.uiulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular, 
minutely  crenulate,   spreading,   nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  scales  ovate,  erect, 
irregularly  fringed  with   short  processes  all  around;    stigmas    capitate;    capsule 
oblong,  acute.     On  various  herbs  and  low  shrubs,   111.  to  Neb.,  Fla.,  Tex.,  and 
Mex.     Also  in  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  Am.     June- Aug. 

6.  Cuscuta   Coryli    Engelm.      HAZEL   DODDER.      (I.  F.  f.  2961.)     Stems 
coarse;  flowers  about  2  mm.   long,  pedicelled  in  cymes.     Calyx  4-5-lobed,  the 
lobes    triangular   or   triangular-lanceolate,     acutish;    corolla    campanulate,    4-5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  minutely  crenulate,  nearly  erect,  triangular,   acute,  about  as  long 
as  the  tube;  scales  small,  oval,  obtuse,  often  with  only  a  few  processes  on  each 
side;   styles  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigmas  capitate;  capsule  oblong,  pointed. 
On  hazels  and  other  shrubs  or  herbs,  Conn,  to  Va.,  S.  Dak.  and  Ark.     July-Aug. 

7.  Cuscuta  Cephalanthi  Engelm.     BUTTON-BUSH  DODDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2962.) 
Plant  yellow;  stems  rather  coarse;  flowers  about  2  mm.  long,  short-pedicelled, 
clustered;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  corolla  cylindric-campanulate, 
its  lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading,  one-half  the  length  of  the  tube  or  less;  scales 
about  as  long  as  the  lobes,  fringed  mainly  toward  the  apex  with  irregular  pro- 
cesses; styles   slender,    about  as   long   as   the   ovary;  stigmas   capitate;   capsule 
depressed-globose.  3  mm.  in  diameter.     On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs,  Penn.  to  Minn., 
the  N.  \V.  Terr.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.     July-Aug. 

8.  Cuscuta   Gronovii  Willd.     GRONOVIUS'  DODDER.     LOVE-VINE.     (I.  F.  f. 
2963.)     Stems  yellow  to  orange,  slender,  flowers  usually  short-pedicelled,  numerous 
in  dense  cymes.     Calyx  riot   bracted,   its    lobes   ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
corolla-tube  ;     corclla   campanulate,   the    lobes    ovate,   obtuse,  spreading,    nearly 
as  long  as  the  tube,   the  scales  narrow,   thickly  fringed  about. the  summit  and 
sparingly  along   the    sides  with    long  slander  processes;  styles  slender;   stigmas 
capitate;    capsule  3  mm.  in  diameter,  enveloped  in  or  capped  by  the  withering 
deciduous  corolla.     On  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
July-Aug. 

9.  Cuscuta  rostrata  Shuttlw.     BEAKED  DODDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2964.)    Stems 
coarse,  yellowish  white;  flowers  larger  than  in  any  of  our  other  species,  loosely 


756  FLORA. 

cymose.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate-trianguJar,  shorter  than  the  corolla- tube; 
corolla  campanulate,  white,  its  lobes  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx-lobes;  scales  narrow,  heavily  fringed  at  the  summit  and  sparingly  along  the 
sides  with  slender  processes;  styles  slender;  stigmas  capitate.  On  herbs  and 
shrubs,  Md.  to  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  July-Sept. 

10.  Cuscuta   cuspidata   Engelm.     CUSPIDATE   DODDER.     (I.    F.    f.    2965.) 
Plant  yellowish;  steins  slender;  flowers  about  3  mm.  long  in  loose  panicled  cymes. 
Calyx  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube,  with  2-4  similar  bracts  at  its  base;  sepals 
cuspidate,  mucronate  or  acuminate;  corolla  nearly  salverfonn,  its  lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,    acute  or  cuspidate,   spreading;  scales  narrow,  usually  less 
than  one-half  as   long  as  the  tube,  fringed  with  short  irregular  processes;  styles 
very  slender;  stigmas  capitate;  capsule  bearing  the  withered  corolla  on  its  summit. 
On  coarse  herbs,  Neb.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

11.  Cuscuta  compacta  Juss.     COMPACT  DODDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2966.)     Plant 
yellowish  white;  stems  rather  stout;  flowers  about  4  mm.  long  in  dense  clusters. 
Calyx  of  5    (rarely  4)  oval  crenulate  obtuse  sepals,  subtended  by  3-5  rhombic- 
orbicular  appressed  serrulate  bracts;  corolla  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric,  its  5 
(rarely  4)  lobes  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading,  much  shorter  than  the  tube, 
the  scales  narrow,  fringed  with  numerous  long  processes;  styles  slender;  capsule 
oblong,  enveloped  in  or  capped  by  the  withering  corolla.    On  shrubs,  Ont.  to  N.  Y., 
Ala.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

12.  Cuscuta. paradoxa  Raf.     GLOMERATE  DODDER.     (I.  F.  f.  2967.)     Plant 
yellowish  white;  stems  slender;  flowers  sessile,  3  mm.  long,  exceedingly  numerous 
in  dense  confluent  clusters  covering  portions  of  the  stem  of  the  host-plant.     Calyx 
of  5  concave  oblong  obtuse  serrulate  sepals,  subtended  by  8-15  narrower  serrulate 
imbricated   bracts   with    recurved   tips ;    corolla-tube   oblong  cylindric,    its   lobes 
obtuse,  persistent;  scales  copiously  fringed  at  the  summit  and  sparingly  along  the 
sides  with  long  processes;  styles  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  ovary;  capsule  capped  by 
the  withering  corolla.     On  tall  herbs,  mainly  Compositae,  Ohio  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb 
and  Tex.     July-Sept.     \C.  aphylla  Raf.?] 

Family  3.  POLEMONIACEAE  DC. 
Phlox  Family. 

Herbs.  Flowers  perfect,  clustered,  regular,  or  nearly  so.  Caly^ 
inferior,  tubular  or  can  panulate,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  or  teeth  slightly  im- 
bricated. Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  5-parted,the  lobes  contorted. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes;  anthers  versatile,  2  celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  mostly  3-celled  ;  ovules  2-00  in  each  cavity,  amphitro- 
pous;  style  filiform;  stigmas  3,  linear.  Capsule  mostly 'loculicidally 
3-valved.  Seeds  sometimes  winged,  sometimes  enveloped  in  mucilage 
and  emitting  spiral  tubes  when  wetted;  endosperm  present;  embryo 
straight;  cotyledons  flat;  radicle  inferior.  About  10  genera  and  200 
species,  most  abundant  in  western  Am. 

Calyx  distended  and  at  length  ruptured  by  the  ripening  capsule. 

Corolla  salverform  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire.  I.  Phlox. 
Corolla    funnelform,    tubular,   salverform    or    campanulate;    leaves    alternate    or 

opposite.  2.  Gilia. 
Calyx  not  distended  nor  ruptured  by  the  capsule ;  leaves  alternate. 
Calyx-teeth  herbaceous,  not  spinulose-tipped. 

Stamens  declined  ;  leaves  pinnate.  3.  Polemonium. 

Stamens  straight  and  leaves  entire  in  our  species.  4.   Collomia. 

Calyx-teeth  spinulose-tipped;  leaves  pinnatifid.  5.  Naverretia. 

i.  PHLOX  L. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual,  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  or  some  of  the 
upper  ones  alternate,  and  large  flowers,  in  terminal  cymes  or  cymose  panicles. 
Calyx  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  5-ribbed,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  acute  or  acu- 
minate, mostly  scarious-margined.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  narrow,  the  limb 


POLEMON2A  CEAE.  757 

5'lobed;  lobes  obovate,  orbicular  or  obcordate,  spreading.  Stamens  straight,  short, 
unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  usually  slender; 
ovules  1-4  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-valved  at  length  distending  and  rup- 
turing the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  ovoid,  not  emitting  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 
[Greek,  flame.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Asia.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, some  24  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  flat,  ovate,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear. 

Cymes  panicled;  flowers  short-pedicelled  or  sessile. 
Calyx-teeth  subulate. 

Stem  glabrous  or  puberulent;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong. 

1.  P.  paniculata. 
Stem  villous,  very  glandular  above;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate.  * 

2.  P.  amplifolia. 
Calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acuminate. 

3.  P.  maculata. 
Cymes  corymbose,  simple,  or  flowers  scattered. 

Flowering  stems  erect  or  ascending,  simple. 
Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  4.  P.  ovata. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear;  calyx-teeth  subulate-lanceolate. 

5.  P.  glaberrima. 
Plants  pubescent,  hirsute  or  villous. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending;  no  prostrate  sterile  shoots. 
Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading. 

6.  P.  pilosa. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  nearly  erect. 

7.  P.  amoena. 
Stems  ascending  or  reclining;  sterile  shoots  prostrate. 

Lower  leaves  and  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  oblong  or  ovate. 

8.  P.  divaricata. 
Lower  leaves  and  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  obovate. 

9.  P.  reptans. 
Stems  diffusely  branched,  usually  creeping;  leaves  narrow. 

Corolla-lobes  cleft  to  or  about  the  middle.  10.  P.  bifida. 

Corolla-lobes  cleft  only  at  the  apex.  n.  P.  Stellaria. 

Corolla-lobes  rounded  ;  western.  12.  P.  Kelseyi. 
Leaves  subulate,  fascicled  or  crowded  ;  plants  low. 

Stems  creeping  or  ascending  ;  flowers  cymose ;  eastern. 

Corolla-lobes  shallowly  emarginate;  plant  not  glandular.  13.  P.  subulata. 
Corolla-lobes  deeply  emarginate;  upper  part  of  plant  glandular. 

14.  P.  Brittonii. 
Densely  tufted:  flowers  mostly  solitary;  western. 

Leaves  densely  white-woolly,  2  mm.  long;  plant  moss-like.  15.  P.  bryoides. 
Leaves  less  woolly  or  merely  ciliate,  4-12  mm.  long. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx.  16.  P.  Hoodii. 

Corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx.  17.  P.  Douglasii. 

1.  Phlox  paniculata  L.      GARDEN  PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2968.)    Stem  glabrous 
or  puberulent,  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled,  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,   acute   or   acuminate,  5-15  cm.   long;  flowers   in   compact   paniculate 
cy mules,  the  inflorescence  often  3  dm.  long;  calyx-teeth  more  than  one-half  as  long 
as  the  tube;  corolla  pink,  purple  or  white,  its  lobes  broadly  obovate,  rounded,  shorter 
than  its  tube;  capsule  oval,  obtuse.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  P'la.,  111., 
Kans.  and  La.     Freely  escaped  from  gardens  in  the  north  and  east.     July-Sept. 

2.  Phlox   amplifolia   Britton,  n.   sp.      LARGE-LEAVED   PHLOX.     Stem  vil- 
lous or  glandular-villous,  at  least  above,  6-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  large  and  broad, 
7-15  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide,  roughish  above,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  or  some 
of  them  narrowed,  usually  abruptly,  into  winged  petioles,  sometimes  one-third  the 
length  of  the  blade;  flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding;  calyx  glandular- 
villous;  corolla-tube  glabrous.     Tenn.  to  Mo.     Aug.-Sept.     Type  fromKnoxCo., 
Tenn. 

3.  Phlox  maculata    L.      WILD    SWEET-WILLIAM.     (I.  F.  f.  2969.)      Stem 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  usually  flecked  with  purple,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lance- 
olate or  the  upper  ovate- lanceolate,  glabrous,  rather  firm,  long-acuminate,  sessile, 
rounded  or  subcordate    at  the  base,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  the 
compact  cymules  forming  an  elongated  narrow  panicle;  calyx-teeth  acute,  or  acu- 


FLORA. 

minate,  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla-lobes  rounded,  shorter  than 
the  tube.  In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Minn,  and  Tenn. 
Occasionally  escaped  from  gardens  further  north.  June-Aug. 

4.  Phiox   ovata   L.      MOUNTAIN    PHLOX.      (I.  P".  f.  2970.)      Stems  simple, 
ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  rather  firm,   the  upper 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  acute,  2-5  cm. 
long,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  longer,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  acute,  narrowed  into 
slender  petioles;  flowers  short-pedicelled;    calyx-teeth   one-third   to   one-half  the 
length  of  the  tube;  corolla  pink  or  red,  its  lobes  obovate,   rounded,  entire.     In 
woods,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ala.     May-Aug. 

5.  -Phlox   glaberrima  L.     SMOOTH  PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2971.)     Stem  simple. 
3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  I -nerved,  acuminate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  3-10  cm.  long,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  linear  or  oblong,  obtusish,  and 
short-petioled;    flowers  short-pedicelled,  the  cy mules  corymbed;  calyx-teeth  one- 
third  to  one  half  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  commonly  pink,  its  lobes  obovate, 
longer  than  the  tube.     In  open  woods  and  on  prairies,  Va.  to  Wis.,  Fla.  and  Ky. 
May-July. 

6.  Phlox  pilosa  L.     DOWNY  PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2972.)    Soft-downy  or  hairy, 
often  glandular;  stem  slender,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  spread- 
ing,  long-acuminate,   2-8  cm.   long,   sessile;    cymules    corymbed;    flowers   short- 
pedicelled  ;  calyx  glandular,  viscid,   its  teeth  setaceous-subulate,  longer  than  the 
tube;    corolla-lobes  obovate,  entire,  the  tube   usually  pubescent;    capsule  shorter 
than  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil,  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  N.  J.,  Fla. ,  Kans.;  Ark.  and  Tex. 
April-June. 

7.  Phlox   amoena   Sims.     HAIRY   PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2973.)     Usually  quite 
hairy;  stems  1.5-5  dm.  high-     Leaves  linear-oblong,  sessile,  nearly  erect,  1-4  cm. 
long,  the  lowest  much  shorter;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  a  dense  cyme,  which  is 
subtended  by  the  uppermost  pair  of  leaves;    calyx  hirsute,    its   teeth    subulate; 
corolla  pink  or  white,  its  lobes  obovate,  shorter  than  the  glabrous  tube.     In  dry 
soil,  Va.  to  Tenn.,  Fia.  and  Ga.     April-June. 

8.  Phlox  divaricata  L.    WILD  BLUE  PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2974.)     Finely  viscid- 
pubescent;  stems  ascending  or  diffuse,  with  creeping  or  ascending  leafy  shoots. 
Leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  obtuse,  2-5   cm.    long,   those  of  the  flowering  stems 
lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,   mostly  acute;  flowers  in  open  corymbed 
cymules,  faintly  fragrant;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  bluish, 
its  lobes  not  much  longer  than  the  tube;  capsule  oblong-globose.     In  moist  woods, 
Ont.  to  Minn.,  Penn.,  Fla.,  Kans.,  La.  and  Ark.     April-June. 

9.  Phlox   reptans   Michx.     CRAWLING    PHLOX.     (I.   F.    f.    2975.)     Stems 
slender,    diffuse,   producing  sterile  creeping  leafy   shoots.     Leaves  of  the  sterile 
shoots,  obtuse,   2-8  cm.    long,   narrowed  into  petioles;  flowering  stems    1-2  dm. 
high,  their  leaves   oblong  or    lanceolate;    flowers  slender-pedicelled;    calyx-teeth 
linear  subulate;  corolla  pink,  purple,  or  violet,  its  lobes  rounded,  about  one-half 
the  length  of  the  tube.     In  woods,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.     April-June. 

10.  Phlox   biftda  Beck.     CLEFT   PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2976.)     Puberulent  or 
pubescent;  stems  much  branched,  often  3  dm.  long,  the  branches   1-2   dm.  high. 
Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  linear,   sessile,   2-5    cm.   long,  acute,  those  of  flowering 
branches  much  shorter;  flowers  slender-pedicelled ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate; 
corolla  pale  purple,  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  cuneate,  2-3 -cleft  to  about  the 
middle  into  obtuse  diverging  segments.     In  dry  places,  Irid.  to  Tenn.  and  Mich. 
April -June. 

11.  Phlox  Stellaria  A.  Gray.    CHICKWEED  PHLOX.    (I.  F.  f.  2977.)     Gla- 
brous or  puberulent;  stems,  much  branched,  the  branches  0.7-2  dm.  high.    Leaves 
linear,   or   linear- lanceolate,   sessile,   acute,   2-5   cm.    long;    flowers    slender-pedi- 
celled; calyx- teeth  subulate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  pale  blue  or 
nearly  white,  its  lobes  cuneate,  2-lobed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.     On  cliffs,  111. 
and  Ky.     April-May. 

12.  Phlox  Kelseyi   Britton.     KELSEY'S  PHLOX.      (I.  F.  f.  2978.)      Many- 
stemmed  from  a  woody  root,  the  stems  sometimes  2  dm.  long,  glabrous,  or  slightly 
pubescent  above.     Leaves  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  sessile,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so, 
6-25  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  or  the  upper  longer  and  narrower,  rigid,  the  apex 
spinose-mucronate,  the  revolute  margins  ciliate;  flowers  sessile,  or  short-peduncled 


P  OL  EM  ON  I  A  CEA  E.  759 

calyx-teeth  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube,  or  longer;  corolla-tube  somewhat  exceed- 
ing  the  calyx,  the  limb  about  16  mm.  broad,  blue  or  lilac.  N.  Dak.  to  Neb.  and 
Mont.  May-June. 

13.  Phlox  subulata  L.     GROUND  OR  Moss  PINK.     (I.  F.  f.  2979.)     Pubes- 
cent or  becoming  glabrate,  forming  mats,  much  branched,  the  branches  5—15  cm. 
long.     Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  8-20  mm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  spreading,  cili- 
ate,  commonly  fascicled  at  the  nodes;  flowers  slender-pedicelled;  calyx  8-9  mm. 
long,  its  teeth  subulate  from  a  broader  base,  about  as  Ion  gas  the  tube;  corolla  pink, 
purple  or  white,  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.     In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  N.  Y.  to 
Fla.,  Mich,  and  Ky.     Escaped  from  cultivation  in  N.  Eng.     April— June. 

14.  Phlox   Brittonii   Small.     BRITTON'S  PHLOX.     Similar  to  the  preceding. 
Leaves  shorter  and  narrower;  upper  part  of  the  plant  glanduiar- pilose;  calyx   5-7 
mm.  long;  corolla  white,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  cuneate-obovate 
with  2  pale  magenta  spots  near  the  base.     Mountain  slopes,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to 
N.  Car.     April— May. 

15.  Phlox  bryoides  Nutt.     Moss  PHLOX.    (I.  F.  f.  2980.)    Depressed,  moss- 
like,  densely  branched  from  a  deep  woody  root,  forming  compact  tufts  5-8  cm. 
high.     Leaves  about  2  mm.  long,  closely  imbricated  in  four  ranks,  copiously  white- 
woolly,  triangular- lanceolate,  pale,   acute,  the  margins  infolded;  flowers  solitary 
and  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  about  5  mm.  long;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx,  its  lobes  broadly  cuneate,  entire.     On  dry  hills,  western  Neb.  and 
Wyo.     May-July. 

16.  Phlox    Hoodii    Richards.     HOOD'S  PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f .  2981.)     Densely 
tufted  and  branched  from  a  woody  root,  5-10  cm.  high.     Leaves  imbricated,  erect, 
rigid,  subulate,  mucronate,  somewhat  woolly  or  ciliate,  becoming  glabrate,  4-12 
mm.  long;  flowers  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  about  I  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  rigid,  longer  than  the  tube;   corolla-lobes  obovate,  entire. 
In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  western  Neb.  and  Wyo. 
May-July. 

17.  Phlox  Douglasii  Hook.     DOUGLAS'  PHLOX.     (I.  F.  f.  2982.)    Similar 
to  the  preceding  species;  leaves  less  imbricated,  sometimes  spreading,  rigid,  usually 
fascicled  at  the  nodes,  8-14  mm.  long.     Flowers  sessile  or  short-pedicelled  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches  1-1.6  cm.  long;'  calyx-teeth  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
about  equalling  the  tube;  tube  of  the  purple  or  white  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx, 
its  lobes  obovate,  entire.     Dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Mont,  to  Utah,  Cal.  and  Br.  Col. 
May-July. 

Phlox  Douglusii  andfcola  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Leaves  longer,  16-25  mm.  long,  less  fas- 
cicled at  the  nodes.  Range  of  the  type.  Perhaps  specifically  distinct. 

2.  CILIA  R.  &  P. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  sinuses  usually  scarious.  Corolla  funnelform, 
tubular,  campanulate  or  rarely  salverform,  5-lobed.  Stamens  equally  or  unequally 
inserted  on  the  corolla.  Ovary  3-celled.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  3- celled,  at 
length  distending  and  rupturing  the  calyx.  Seed-coat  commonly  mucilaginous 
when  wetted,  in  some  species  emitting  spiral  thread-like  tubes.  [Named  for  Philip 
Gil,  a  Spanish  botanist.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, some  48  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  entire. 

Flowers  paniculate.  I.   G.  gracilis. 

Flowers  narrowly  thyrsoid-spicate.  6.   G.  spicata. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided,  pinnatifid  or  palmatifid. 

Leaves  palmatifid  into  5-7  rigid  subulate  segments.  2.   G.  caespitosa. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided,  the  segments  linear,  not  rigid. 
Flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate  or  corymbose-paniculate. 
Corolla  2-5  cm.  long;  plants  3-12  dm.  tall. 

Flowers  paniculate,  white.  3.  G.  longiflora. 

Flowers  narrowly  thyrsoid,  red.  4.  G.  aggregata. 

Corolla  6-10  mm.  long,  violet  or  blue.  5.  G.  pinnatifida* 

Flowers  narrowly  thyrsoid-spicate,  purplish.  6.  G.  spicata. 

Flowers  in  dense  or  capitate  cymes,  or  heads. 
Flower-clusters  leafy-bracted. 


?O  FLORA. 

Perennial ;  corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx.       7.  &'.  congesta. 
Annual ;  corolla-tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.    8.   G.  pumila. 
Clusters  bractless  ;  corolla  campanulate.  9.   G.  tricolor. 

Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  scattered.  10.   G.  acerosa. 

1.  Gilia  gracilis  Hook.     ENTIRE-LEAVED  GILIA.     (I.  F.  £.2983.)    Annual, 
pubescent,  at  length  much  branched,  5-15  cm.  high,  the  branches  ascending.    Lower 
and  basal  leaves  oblong  to  spatulate,  obtuse,  commonly  opposite  and  nearly  sessile, 
the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate,    sessile,    1-2.5   cm-    l°ng>   opposite  or  alternate; 
cymes  i-5-flowered;  calyx-lobes  linear-subulate;  corolla  8-12  mm.  long,  the  tube 
yellowish,  narrow,  the  lobes  purple  or  violet,  short;  ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cavity; 
capsule  oblong,   obtuse;  seeds   mucilaginous  when  wet.     In  dry  or   moist   soil, 
western  Neb.,  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.  to  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     April-Aug. 

2.  Gilia   caespitosa  (Nutt.)    A.  Nelson.     TUFTED  GILIA.     SHARP-LEAVED 
GILIA.     Shrubby,   densely    tufted,    rigid,    usually  much  branched,  0.5-1.5  dm. 
high.     Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  5-7  mm.  long,  palmately  divided  into  3-5  subu- 
late rigid  awl-shaped  segments,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils, 
sometimes    densely  imbricated;    flowers  solitary,    or  2-3  together,    sessile  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  10-15  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  4,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube, 
or  shorter;  corolla  white  to  yellowish,  salverform,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  limb  4-lobed;  stamens  4;  seeds  not  mucilaginous  when  wetted.     In  dry  soil, 
Neb.  and  Wyo.     May-July.      \_Gilia  piingens  caespitbsa  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.] 

3.  Gdia  longiflora  (Torr.)  Don.     WHITE-FLOWERED  GILIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2985.) 
Annual,   glabrous,   paniculately  branched,   3-6  dm.    high.     Leaves  all  alternate, 
sessile,  2-6  cm.  long,   pinna tely  divided  or  the  uppermost  entire;  flowers  white, 
paniculate,  about  5  cm.  long;  calyx  teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla 
salverform,  its  tube  narrow,  4  or  5  times  as  long  as  the  orbicular  or  ovate,  spread- 
ing lobes;  stamens  unequally  inserted;  ovules  8-12  in  each  cell;  capsule  narrowly 
oblong;  seed-coat  mucilaginous  and  emitting  spiral  threads  when  wetted.     In  dry 
soil,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     May-Sept. 

Gilia  riibra  (L.)  Heller    (G.  coronopifolia  Pers.),  a  related  species  with  less  spread- 
ing corolla-lobes,  is  commonly  cultivated,  and  rarely  escapes  from  gardens. 

4.  Gilia  aggregata  (Pursh)  Spreng.    SCARLET  GILIA.    (I.  F.  f.  2986.)    Bien- 
nial, pubescent  or  puberulent;  stem  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  alternate,  the  basal 
often  tufted,  mostly  petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear 
segments;  inflorescence  often  3  dm.  long;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so   in  small 
peduncled  clusters,  scarlet  or  red;  corolla  tubular-funnelform,    the   tube  2-4  cm. 
long,  the  limb  cleft  into  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  spreading  or  re- 
curved lobes;  ovules  numerous;  seeds  mucilaginous  and  emitting  spiral  threads 
when   wetted.     In  dry  soil,    Neb.  and  Wyo.   to   Tex.,   Mex.,    Br.    Col.   and  Cal 
June-Aug. 

5.  Gilia  pinnatifida  Nutt.     SMALL-FLOWERED  GILIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2987.)    Bien- 
nial or  perennial  from  a  deep  root,  much  branched,  viscid-glandular,  1.5-6  dm. 
high.     Leaves  thick,   pinnatifid,   the  basal   tufted,   2-8  cm.   long,   the  segments 
linear-oblong,   those  of  the   stem   alternate,  the   uppermost   minute   and   entire; 
flowers  numerous,  paniculate;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate;  corolla 
salverform,  6-10  mm.  long,  the  limb  violet  or  blue,  its  white  tube  longer  than  the 
calyx  and   its   obovate    lobes;    stamens  exserted;    seeds   not   mucilaginous  when 
wetted.     In  sandy  soil,  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

6.  Gilia  spicata  Nutt.     SPICATE  GILIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2988.)     Perennial,  woolly  - 
tomentose;    stems  stout,    simple,    1.5-5    dm.    high-     Leaves   alternate,    narrowly 
linear,  entire,  or  pinnately  parted  into  3-5  linear  segments,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers 
in  an  elongated  narrow  thyrsus,  sessile  in  small  clusters,  purplish,  8-12  mm.  long; 
tube  of  the  corolla  considerably  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  lobes;  calyx-lobes 
acuminate;  anthers  equally   inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.     In  dry  soil, 
western  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  Wyo.  and  Utah.     May-Aug. 

7.  Gilia  congesta  Hook.     ROUND-HEADED  GILIA.     (I.  F.  f.  2989.)    Peren- 
nial,  woolly-tomentose,   at  least  when  young,  0.7-4.5   dm.  high.     Leaves  mostly 
petioled,  1-5  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided  into  3-9  sharp-pointed  segments,  or  the 
uppermost  entire;  flowers  white,  densely  capitate-clustered,  4-6  mm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  awn-like;    corolla-tube  about  the   length  of  the  calyx;    filaments  equally 


PCLEMONIA  CEAE.  761 

inserted  in  or  below  the  sinuses  of  ihe  corolla;  ovules  1-4  in  each  cavity.     In  dry 
soil.  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Gal.,  Mont.  ;«nd  Ore.     May- Aug. 

8.  Gilia   pumila   Nutt.      Low  GILIA.     (I.  F.  f.   2990.)     Annual,  woolly  at 
least  when  young,  0.7-2  dm.   high.       Leaves  thick,   1-2.5  mm-   l°ng>  pinnately 
divided  into  mucronulate  sometimes  lobed  segments,  or  the  uppermost  entire;  flowers 
in  dense  cymes;  corolla  6-8  mm.  long,  its  tube  about  3  times  the  length  of  the  lobes; 
calyx-lobes  awn-like;  stamens  inserted  in  or  below  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla;  ovules 
5  or  6  in  each  cavity.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.,  Nev.  and  N.  Mex.     April-June. 

9.  Gilia   tricolor   Benth.      TRICOLORED  GILIA.     (I.   F.   f.    2991.)     Annual, 
viscid  puberulent,  at  least  above;  stems  1.5-5  ^m-  high-     Leaves  slender-petioled, 
or  the  upper  sessile,   2— 3-pinnately  divided  into   acute    segments;  flowers  short- 
pedicelled,  10-14  mm-  l°ng>   m  simple  cymes;    calyx-lobes  triangular- lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate;    corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  2-3   times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  its  tube  yellowish,  short,  the  throat  brown-purple,  the  oval  to  orbicular  lobes 
lilac  or  violet;    ovules  several  in  the  cavities;  seeds  mucilaginous  and  emitting 
spiral  threads  when  wetted.     Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  at  Lincoln,  Neb. 
(according  to  Webber).     Native  of  Cal.     April -May. 

10.  Gilia  acerosa  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     NEEDLE-LEAVED  GILIA.     Perennial, 
glandular-puberulent,  8-15  cm.  high,   bushy-branched.     Leaves  pinnately  parted 
into  3-7  acicular  segments;  pedicels  slender,   2  cm.  long  or  less;  corolla  nearly 
rotate,   2  cm.  in  diameter,  or  less;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong.     Dry  soil, 
Kans.  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.      \G.  ri^idula  acerosa  A.  Gray.] 

3.  POLEMONIUM  L. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  and  mostly 
large  cymose-paniculate  or  thyrsoid  flowers.  Calyx  herbaceous,  campanulate,  5- 
cleft,  accrescent  in  fruit,  the  segments  entire,  erect,  or  connivent  over  the  capsule. 
Corolla  tubular-campanulate  or  tubular-funnelform,  rarely  rotate,  the  limb  5-lobed. 
Stamens  about  equally  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla,  declined.  Ovary  ovoid; 
ovules  few  or  several  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  3-valved.  Seeds 
mucilaginous  and  emitting  spiral  threads  when  wetted.  About  15  species,  natives 
of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  west- 
ern N.  Am. 

Anthers  exserted  ;  flowers  16-20  mm.  broad ;  stem  erect.  i.  P.  Van  Bruntiae. 

Anthers  included ;  flowers  10-12  mm.  broad  ;  stem  reclining.  2.  P.  reptans. 

1.  Polemonium  Van  Bruntiae  Britton.     AMERICAN  JACOB'S  LADDER.     (I. 
F.  f.   2992.)     Rootstock  stout,  horizontal.     Stems  somewhat  glandular-pubescent 
above,  3-7.5  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaflets  of  the  lower  leaves  15-19,  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute,  1-4  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  leaves  3-5-foliolate  or  simple; 
cymose  clusters  rather  loosely  3— 5-flowered;    flowers  bluish  purple;    corolla-lobes 
rounded;    calyx  much  enlarged  in  fruit,   the  lobes  acute;  ovules  3  or  4  in  each 
cavity.     In  swamps  and  along  streams,  Vt.  and  northern  N.  Y.  to  Md.     May-July. 

2.  Polemonium  reptans  L.     GREEK  VALERIAN.     (I.  F.  f.  2993  )     Glabrous 
or  very  nearly  so,  usually  not  more  than  3  dm.  high;  stems  weak,  at  length  reclin- 
ing or  diffuse,  the  rootstock  short.     Leaflets  oblong,  ovate-oblong,  or  lanceolate- 
oblong,  the  uppermost  leaves  3-5-foliolate  or  simple;  flowers  blue;  calyx  5-lobed; 
ovules  3  or  4  in  each  cavity.     Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Kans.     April-May. 

4.  COLLOMIA  Nutt. 

Annual  or  rarely  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  capitate  or  cymose 
flowers.  Calyx  obpyramidal  or  cup-shaped,  5-cleft,  scarious  in  the  sinuses,  accres- 
cent in  fruit,  not  distended  nor  ruptured  by  the  ripening  capsule,  its  lobes  entire, 
erect,  the  sinuses  often  at  length  enlarged  into  a  revolute  lobe.  Corolla  tubular- 
funnelform  or  salverform,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  unequally 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  filaments  unequal.  Seeds  of  most  species 
mucilaginous  and  emitting  spiral  threads  when  wetted.  [Greek,  gluten,  referring 
to  the  glutinous  seeds  when  wetted.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  western  Am. 
Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S.  and  Br.  Col. 


7°2  FLORA. 

i.  Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  NARROW-LEAVED  COLLOMIA.  (I.  F.  f.  2994.) 
Annual,  viscid-puberulent;  btem  0.7-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear-oblong, 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate,  sessile,  or  the  lower  sl/ort- 
petioled,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  10-15  mm-  l°ng?  ni  capitate  leafy -bracted 
clusters;  calyx-lobes  triangular  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  light  purple  or  nearly 
white,  the  tube  slender,  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  2-4  mm.  long  ;  capsule 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Br.  Col.,  Ariz, 
and  Cal.  Also  in  N.  Y.  and  N.  B.  May-Aug.  {Gilia  linearis  A.  Gray.] 

5.  NAVARRETIA  R.  &  P. 

Annual  herbs,  with  alternate  spinose-pinnatifid  leaves,  or  the  lowest  entire,  and 
small  flowers  in  dense  terminal  bracted  clusters.  Calyx  prismatic  or  obpyramidal, 
the  tube  5-angled,  5"clen%  not  accrescent,  not  distended  by  the  ripening  capsule, 
the  sinuses  scarious,  the  lobes  spiny-tipped,  often  toothed.  Corolla  tubular-funnel- 
form  or  salverform,  5-lobed.  Stamens  equally  inserted  in  or  below  the  throat  of 
the  corolla.  Ovary  2-3 -celled.  Capsule  i-3-celled.  Seeds  mostly  mucilaginous 
and  emitting  spiral  threads  when  wetted.  [In  honor  of  Navarrete,  a  Spanish 
physician.]  About  24  species,  natives  of  western  Am.  Besides  the  following, 
some  22  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

i.  Navarretia  minima  Nutt.  SMALL  NAVARRETIA.  (I.  F.  £.  2995.)  De- 
pressed, tufted,  somewhat  pubescent;  stem  2-8  cm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  1-2.5  cm- 
long,  i-2-pinnatifid  into  almost  filiform  acicular  segments;  flowers  about  4  mm.  long, 
white  (?);  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  mostly  toothed,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  the 
sinuses  more  or  less  white-pubescent;  calyx-tube  about  equalling  the  indehis- 
cent  i-6-seeded  capsule.  In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  S.  Dak.  to  Wash,  and  Ariz. 
Summer.  \Gilia  minima  A.  Gray.] 

Family  4.   HYDROPHYLLACEAE  Lindl. 
Water-leaf  Family. 

Herbs,  mostly  hirsute,  pubescent  or  scabrous,  with  alternate  or  bnsal, 
rarely  opposite  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  5-parted  flowers,  in  scorpioid 
cymes,  spikes  or  racemes,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply 
cleft  or  divided.  Corolla  gamopetalous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  mostly 
versatile,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  annular,  or 
none.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled,  or  i-celled  with  2  placentae;  styles  2, 
separate,  or  partly  united  ;  stigmas  small,  terminal;  ovules  anatropous 
or  amphitropous.  Capsule  i-2-celled,  mostly  loculicidally  2-valved. 
Seeds  usually  pitted,  rugose  or  reticulated  ;  endosperm  fleshy  or  cartilag- 
inous; embryo  small ;  cotyledons  half-terete  or  plano-convex.  About 
17  genera  and  160  species,  mostly  natives  of  western  N.  Am. 

Styles  united  below;  ovary  i-celled;  leaves  mostly  lobed  or  dentate. 
Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  placentae  dilated. 

Stamens  exserted.  i.  Hydrophyllum. 

Stamens  not  exserted. 

Sinuses  of  the  calyx  appendaged.  2.  Nemophila. 

Calyx  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  its  sinuses  not  appendaged. 

3.  Macrocalyx. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  placentae  narrow.  4.  Phacelia. 

Styles  distinct  to  the  base;  ovary  2-celled;  leaves  entire.  5.  Nama. 

i.  HYDROPHYLLUM  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  or  biennial  herbs,  with  large  lobed  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided 
leaves,  and  white,  blue  or  purple  flowers,  in  more  or  less  scorpioid  cymes.  Calyx 
deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  lanceolate  or  subulate.  Corolla  tubular-campanu- 
late  or  campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  each  with  a  linear  append- 
age witliin,  which  extends  to  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  is  incurved  into  a. groove. 
Stamens  5,  exserted;  filaments  pilose  below  or  at  the  base;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  i-celled,  hispid-pubescent;  placentae  fleshy,  dilated,  free  from  the  ovary-wall 
except  at  the  top  and  bottom,  each  enclosing  2  ovules;  styles  united  nearly  to  the 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  763 

summit.    Capsule  2-valved.    Seeds  1-4,  globose -obovoid.     [Greek,  water-leaf,  refer- 
ling  to  the  supposed  cavity  for  water  in  each  leaf.]     About  6  species,  of  N.  Am. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  pinnatified  or  pinnately  divided. 
Calyx  not  appendaged  in  the  sinuses  or  scarcely  so. 

Plant  sparingly  pubescent;  leaf-segments  acute.  I.  H.  Virginicum. 

Plant  villous-hirsute;  leaf-segments  blunt.  2.  H.  macrophyllum. 

Calyx  with  a  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus.  3.  JJ.  appendiculatumt 

Leaves  palmately  s-g-lobed.  4.  H.  Canadense. 

1.  Hydrophyllum  Virginicum  L.     VIRGINIA  WATER- LEAF.     (I.  F.  f.  2996.) 
Perennial  by  scaly  rootstocks ;  stems  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  rather  weak, 
3-9  dm.  long.     Lower  and  basal  leaves   1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  pinnately  divided  into 
5-7  acute  or  acutish  sharply  toothed  or  incised  segments  2-5  cm.  long,  glabrous 
or  with  few  scattered  hairs;  upper  leaves,  short -petioled,  smaller,  with  fewer  seg- 
ments; cymes  slender-peduncled;  flowers  white  to  violet  purple,  short- pedicelled; 
pedicels  strigose- pubescent;    calyx-segments   hispid;    corolla  about  8  mm.  long. 
In  woods,  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  to  S.  Car.,  Kans.  and  Wash.     May-Aug. 

2.  Hydrophyllum    macrophyllum    Nutt.      LARGE-LEAVED    WATER-LEAF. 
(I.  F.  f.  2997.)     Perennial,  villous-hirsute;  stem  6-9  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  2-3 
dm.'  long,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  7-I3  obtuse  dentate  segments 
2-8  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  smaller,    shorter-petioled  and  with  fewer  segments; 
cymes  long-peduncled,  very  dense;  flowers  nearly  white;  calyx  cleft  to  below  the 
middle,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  erect,  white-hispid;  corolla  10-12  mm.  long;  anthers 
oblong;  capsule  densely  white-hispid,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.      In  rich  woods,  Ohio 
to  Ala.,  III.  and  Tenn.     April-June. 

3.  Hydrophyllum    appendiculatum    Mtchx.      APPENDAGED    WATER-L.EAF. 
(I.  F.  f.  2998.)    Biennial,  rough-hairy;  stems  weak,  3-6  dm.  long,  somewhat  viscid 
above.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  5-7  irregularly 
dentate  or  incised  segments;  upper  leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  variously  lobed,  the 
lobes  acute  and  dentate;  cymes  loose,  branched,  the  pedicels  8-20  mm.  long;  calyx 
parted  to  near  the  base,   enlarging   in  fruit,   the   segments   triangular- lanceolate, 
acuminate;  corolla  violet  or  purple,  12-14  mm.  long.     In  woods,  Out.  to  N.  Car., 
Minn,  and  Kans.      May-June. 

4.  Hydrophyllum   Canadense   L.  BROAD-LEAVED  WATER- LEAF.      (I.  F.  f. 
2999.)      Perennial;   stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-8  dm.    high.     Leaves  nearly 
orbicular,  cordate,  sparingly  pubescent,  at  least  above,  5-9  lobed,  the  lower  often 
3  dm.  broad;  upper  leaves  smaller;  lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate;  cymes  dense 
or  becoming  loose;  pedicels  short,  nearly  glabrous;  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base, 
its  segments  linear  lanceolate,    acute,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  sometimes  with  a 
minute  tooth  in  each  sinus ;  corolla  campanulate-rotate,  white  to  purplish.    In  woods, 
Mass,  to  N.  Car.,  111.  and  Ky.     June-Aug. 

3.  NEMOPHILA  Nutt. 

Annual  diffuse  pubescent  fragile  herbs,  with  mostly  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves. 
Flowers  white,  blue,  or  variegated,  solitary,  peduncled.  Calyx  with  an  appendage 
in  each  sinus.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate-campanulate,  usually  with  10  small 
appendages  within  at  the  base,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included. 
Ovary  i-celled  with  placentae  similar  to  those  of  Hydrophyllum ;  styles  partly 
united.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  1-4  in  our  species.  [Greek,  grove-loving.] 
About  10  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

i.  Nemophila  microcalyx  (Nutt.)  F.  &  M.  SMALL-FLOWERED  NEMOPHILA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3000.)  Stems  slender,  5-40  cm.  long.  Leaves  membranous,  petioled, 
2-6  cm.  long,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  3-5  obovate  cuneate  or  oblique 
obtuse  2-3 -dentate  or  -lobed  segments,  the  upper  alternate,  the  lowest  opposite; 
peduncles  8-25  mm.  long,  opposite  the  leaves;  flowers  white  or  blue,  3-4  mm.  loner; 
appendages  of  the  calyx  minute;  calyx  scarcely  enlarged  in  fruit;  ovules  2  on  each 
placenta;  corolla  appendages  obsolete  or  none;  anthers  oval;  capsule  about  3  mm.  in 
diameter,  i-2-seeded.  In  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex.  April-June. 

3.  MACROCALYX  Trew.      [ELLISIA  L.] 

Annual  hirsute  or  pubescent  slender  herbs,  with  pinnately  divided  or  l-3-pin- 
natifid  leaves,  and  small  white  or  bluish  flowers.  Calyx  5- lobed  or  5-parted, 


764 


FLORA. 


spreading,  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  destitute  of  appendages.  Corolla  campanulate 
or  nearly  cylindric,  shorter  than  or  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx,  usually  with  5 
minute  appendages  on  the  tube  within,  its  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
included.  Ovary  i -celled;  styles  united  below;  ovules  2  4  on  each  of  the  placen- 
tae. [Greek,  large  calyx.]  About  3  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

i.  Macrocalyx  Nyctelea  (L.)  Kuntze.  NYCTELEA.  (I.  F.  f.  3001.)  Spar- 
ingly hirsute-pubescent;  stem  forked,  1-3  dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnately  divided, 
petioled,  4-10  cm.  long,  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  the  upper  alternate,  the  lower  oppo- 
site, the  segments  oblong  or  lanceolate;  peduncles  I  flowered,  opposite  the  leaves; 
calyx  in  flower  about  4  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  coiolla,  enlarging,  widely 
spreading  and  becoming  15-30  mm.  broad  in  fruit,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  fruit  at  length  pendulous;  capsule  globose.  In  moist  soil, 
N.  J.  to  Minn.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Va.,  Neb.  and  Kans.  April-July. 

4.  PHACELIA  Juss. 

Mostly  hirsute  hispid  or  scabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  the  lowest  rarely 
opposite,  and  blue,  purple,  violet  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  scorpioid  cymes  or 
racemes.  Calyx  5-lobed,  somewhat  enlarging  in  fruit;  sinuses  not  appendaged. 
Corolla-tube  sometimes  appendaged  within,  opposite  the  lobes,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  attached  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  mostly  ovate. 
Ovary  i -celled,  the  2  placentae  narrow,  affixed  to  the  walls;  styles  united  below. 
Capsule  i-celled,  or  falsely  nearly  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  usually  reticulated. 
[Greek,  a  cluster,  referring  to  the  clustered  flowers.]  About  80  species,  natives 
of  the  New  World.  Besides  the  following,  some  50  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Corolla-lobes  entire. 

Corolla  manifestly  appendaged  within,  between  the  stamens. 

Leaves  entire.  i.  P.  leucophylla. 

Leaves  crenate-dentate.  2.  P.  integrifolia, 

Leaves  pinnately  divided,  or  pinnatifid,  the  segments  incised. 
Racemes  loose;  pedicels  slender;  ovules  2  on  each  placenta. 

3.  P.  bipinnatifida. 

Racemes  dense;  pedicels  short;  ovules  numerous.  4.  P.  Franklinii. 

Appendages  of  the  corolla  inconspicuous  or  none. 
Filaments  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  oblong. 

Puberulent;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad.  5.  P.  dubi'a. 

Hirsute;  flowers  12-14  rnm.  broad.  6.  P.  hirsuta. 

Filaments  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  linear.  7.  P.  Covillei, 

Corolla  nearly  rotate,  its  lobes  fimbriate. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  and  calyx  acute.  8.  P.  Purshii. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  and  calyx  obtuse.  9.  P.fimbriata. 

1.  Phacelia  leucophylla  Torr.     SILKY  PHACELIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3002.)     Peren- 
nial by   a   stout  rootstock,   pale,    densely  silky-pubescent.     Stem  3-5  dm.  high; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,    5-10  cm.   long,   the  lower  long-petioled;    spike-like 
branches  of  the  scorpioid  cymes  dense,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  sessile,  numerous, 
about   8   mm.    high;    calyx-lobes    hispid,   oblong-lanceolate   or   linear,    somewhat 
shorter  than  the  white  or  bluish,   5-lobed    corolla;    corolla-appendages    in   pairs 
between  the  filaments ;  filaments  exserted,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy ;  ovules  2  on 
each  placenta.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Idaho  and  Neb.     May-Aug. 

2.  Phacelia    integrifolia    Torr.     CRENATE-LEAVED  PHACELIA.      (I.    F.    f. 
3003.)     Annual  or  biennial;    stem   very   leafy,    1.5-5   dm.    high.     Leaves   finely 
strigose-pubescent,  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  "irregularly  crenate-dentate, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  2-6  cm,  long,  petioled  or  the 
uppermost  sessile;    spike-like  branches  of  the  scorpioid  cymes  dense,  5-10  cm. 
long  when  expanded;  flowers  sessile,  about  8  mm.  long;    calyx-segments  acute; 
corolla  tubular-campanulate,  white  or  blue,  its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  filaments 
glabrous,  exserted;  ovules  2  on  each  placenta.     In  saline  soil,  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Mex. ,  Utah  and  Ariz.     April-Sept. 

3.  Phacelia   bipinnatifida  Michx.     LOOSE  FLOWERED  PHACELIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
3004.)     Biennial,  hirsute-pubescent ;  stem  glandular-viscid  above,  3-6  dm.   high. 
Leaves    slender  petioled,    5-13  cm.   long,   pinnately  divided  or  deeply  pinnatifid 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  76$ 

Into  3~7,  dentate  or  incised  segments,  or  these  again  pinnatifid ;  flowers  blue  or 
violet,  12-16  mm.  broad,  in  loose  racemes,  the  inflorescence  only  slightly  scorpioid; 
pedicels  8-20  mm.  long,  recurved  in  fruit;  calyx- segments  linear;  appendages  of 
the  rotate-campanulate  corolla  in  pairs  between  the  stamens;  filaments  pilose, 
exserted.  Moist  thickets  and  along  streams,  Ohio  to  Mo.,  south  to  Ala.  April-June. 

4.  Phacelia  Franklinii  (R.  Br.)    A.  Gray.    FRANKLIN'S  PHACELIA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3005.)     Annual,   villous  pubescent;  stem    1.5-4.5    dm.   high.     Leaves  3-8  cm. 
long,  pinnately  parted  into   7-15   linear  or  linear-oblong  acute  segments;  flowers 
blue  or  nearly    white,    in  scorpioid    racemes;    calyx-segments    linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  rotate-campanulate  corolla;  appendages  of  the 
corolla  free  at  the  apex;  filaments  glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  styles  united  nearly  to 
the  summit.     Ont.  and  Minn,  to  Br.  Col.,  Wyo.  and  Idaho.     Summer. 

5.  Phacelia    dubia  (L.)   Small.      SMALL-FLOWERED  PHACELIA.      (I.   F.  f. 
3006.)     Annual,  puberulent  or  glabrate,  1-3  dm.  high.     Lower  and  basal  leaves 
petioled,  2-5  cm.  long,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  3-5  obtuse  segments 
or  rarely  merely  dentate,  or  even  entire;  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  racemose; 
racemes    5- 15 -flowered;    corolla    rotate-campanulate;    anthers   slightly  exserted; 
capsule   6-  12-seeded;    fruiting  pedicels  ascending.     In  moist  soil.  Penn.  to  Ga., 
Kans.  and  Tex.     April- June.     [/».  parvi flora  Pursh.] 

6.  Phacelia  hirsuta  Nutt.     HAIRY"  PHACELIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3007.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding  but  usually  stouter,  hirsute-pubescent.     Leaves  pinnatifid  into  5-9 
usually  entire  segments,  or  the  upper  3-5-lobed,  or  entire,  sessile;  racemes  rather 
dense;    flowers  blue;   calyx  segments  hirsute;    corolla  rotate-campanulate;   ovules 
3  or  4  on  each  placenta;  stamens  scarcely  exserted;  capsule  4-8-seeded.      In  dry 
soil,  Va.  to  Ga,,  Kans.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

7.  Phacelia   Covillei    S.    Wats.      COVILLE'S   PHACELIA  .     (I.  F.  f.  3008.) 
Similar  to  the  uvo  preceding  species,  pubescent;    branches  weak,  1.5-3  dm.  long. 
Leaf-segments  3-7,  obtuse;    racemes  1-5 -flowered;    pedicels   filiform,    1-3.5   cm- 
long;  calyx-segments  linear;  corolla  tubular-campanulate,  about  6  mm.  long  and 
broad;    anthers   not   exserted;    capsule   3-4   mm.   in   diameter;    fruiting   pedicels 
recurved.    Along  the  Potomac  River  above  Washington,  and  in  111.    April-May. 

8.  Phacelia  Purshii  Buckl.     PURSH'S  PHACELIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3009.)    Annual, 
pubescent;  stem  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  pinnately  parted  or 
pinnatifid  into  9-15  oblong  or  lanceolate  segments;  upper  leaves  sessile,  with  fewer 
segments;  racemes  strongly  i-sided,  io-2O-flowered;  pedicels  6-25  mm.  long;  calyx- 
segments  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  IO-I2  mm.  broad,  blue  or  white; 
filaments  slightly  exceeding  the  corolla;  ovules  2  on  each  placenta.    In  moist  woods 
or  thickets,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  N.  Car.,  Ala.  and  Mo.     April-June. 

9.  Phacelia  fimbriata  Michx.     FRINGED  OR  MOUNTAIN  PHACELIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
3010.)     Annual,   sparingly  pubescent;    stems  1.5-5    ^m.  l°ng-     Basal  and  lower 
leaves  slender- petioled,  pinnately  divided  into  5-9  obtuse  segments;  upper  leaves 
sessile,  their   segments  acute;    clusters  loose,   3- 12 -flowered;    pedicels  8-30  mm. 
long;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad,  white;  calyx  segments  linear  to  spatulate,  obtuse; 
corolla  rotate-campanulate;  filaments  pilose,  about  equalling  the  corolla;  ovules  2 
on  each  placenta.     In  woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ala.     May-June. 

5.  NAMA   L.     [HYDROLEA   L.] 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  sometimes  with  spines  in  their 
axils,  and  blue  clustered  flowers.  Calyx-segments  distinct  to  the  base.  Corolla 
rotate-campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  sagittate.  Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  3-celled);  ovules 
numerous  on  fleshy  adherent  placentae;  styles  2,  rarely  3,  distinct  to  the  base; 
stigma  capitellate.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  septicidally  or  irregularly  dehiscent. 
[Greek,  a  stream,  referring  to  the  habitat.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  warm 
and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  mostly  in  axillary  clusters. 

Glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so,  throughout ;  sepals  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate. 

i.  N.  affinis. 

Villous,  at  least  above,  and  on  the  calyx;  sepals  lanceolate.          2.  N.  guadrivalvis. 
Leaves  ovate ;  flowers  mostly  in  terminal  clusters  ;  sepals  villous.       3.  N.  ovata. 


766 


FLORA. 


1.  Nama   affinis  (A.   Gray)  Kuntze.      SMOOTH  NAMA.      (I.  F.  f.  3011.) 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  5-13  cm.  long;  flowers  12-14  mm-  broad,  short- 
pedicelled,  in  rather  dense  peduncled  leafy-bracted  axillary  clusters;  sepals  about 
equalling  the  corolla;  capsule  4  mm.  in  diameter,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  In  wet 
places,  southern  111.  to  Mo.,  La.  and  Tex.  June- Aug. 

2.  Nama   quadrivalvis   (Walt.)   Kuntze.     HAIRY    NAMA.     (I.  F.  f.  3012.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  pubescent,  at  least  above,  with  spreading  hairs;  stem 
ascending,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  acute   or  acuminate,    glabrous,  or 
sparingly   pubescent,  petioled,  5-13  cm.  long;  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
capsule  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  about  the   length  of  the  sepals.     In  wet  soil,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     June -Aug. 

3.  Nama  ovata  (Nutt.)  Britton.    OVATE-LEAVED  NAMA.    (I.  F.  f.  3013.)   Stem 
3-9  dm.  high,  puberulent,  or  hirsute,  at  least  above.     Leaves  ovate,  rarely  ovate- 
lanceolate,  puberulent,  or  glabrous,  2-7  cm.  long,  acute;  flowers  terminal,  often  2.5 
cm.  broad,  or  more;  sepals  lanceolate,    acuminate,  very  villous,  shorter  than  the 
corolla,  longer  than  the  capsule.    In  wet  soil,  Ga.  to  Mo.,  La.  and  Tex.    May- Sept. 


Family  5.     BORAGINACEAE  Lindl. 
Borage  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  species  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  rarely 
opposite  or  verticillate,  estipulate,  mostly  entire  and  hispid,  pubescent, 
scabrous  or  setose.  Flowers  perfect,  usually  regular,  mostly  blue,  in  one- 
sided scorpioid  spikes,  racemes,  cymes,  or  sometimes  scattered.  Calyx 
inferior,  mostly  5-Iobed,  5-cleft,  or  5-parted,  usually  persistent.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  mostly  regular  and  5-lobed,  rarely  irregular.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube 
or  throat;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  com- 
monly inconspicuous.  Ovary  superior,  of  2  2-ovuled  carpels,  entire,  or 
the  carpels  commonly  deeply  2-lobed,  making  it  appear  as  of  4  i-ovuled 
carpels  ;  style  simple,  entire  or  2-cleft  in  our  genera;  ovules  anatropous 
or  amphitropous.  Fruit  mostly  of  4  i-seeded  nutlets,  or  of  2  2-seeded 
carpels.  Endosperm  fleshy,  copious,  or  none  ;  cotyledons  mostly  flat  or 
plano-convex;  radicle  short.  About  85  genera  and  1500  species,  of  wide 
distribution. 

*  Ovary  entire  or  z-4-grooved;  style  terminal.        i.   Heliotropium. 
*  *  Ovary  4-divided  or  deeply  4-lobed,  the  style  arising  from  the  center. 
Flowers  regular. 

Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Nutlets  spreading;  or  divergent,  covered  by  the  prickles.  2.  Cynoglossum. 

Nutlets  erect  or  incurved,  the  prickles  on  their  backs  or  margins. 

3.  Lappula. 
Nutlets  unarmed. 

Outlets  attached  laterally  to  the  receptacle,  sometimes  just  above  their  bases. 
?ruiting  calyx  not  greatly  enlarged  nor  membranous. 

Corolla  small,  usually  white;  receptacle  conic  or  elongated. 

Annuals;  calyx  nearly  closed  in  fruit;    inflorescence  naked  or  brao 
teolate. 

Lowest  leaves  mostly  opposite;  calyx  persistent. 

4.  Allocarya. 
Leaves  all  alternate ;  calyx  at  length  deciduous. 

5.  Cryptanthe. 
Perennials  or  biennials;  calyx-segments  more  or  less  spreading  in 

fruit ;  inflorescence  leafy.  6.   Oreocarya. 

Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  mostly  blue;  receptacle  flat  or  convex. 
Maritime;  nutlets  fleshy,  smooth  and  shining.  7.  Pneumaria. 
Not  maritime;  nutlets  wrinkled  and  dry  when  mature. 

8.  Mertensia. 
Fruiting  calyx  much  enlarged,  membranous,  veiny.  9.  Asperugo.         \ 


i  BORAGINACEAE.  767 

Nutlets  attached  to  the  receptacle  by  their  very  bases. 
Scar  of  attachment  small,  flat. 

Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  its  lobes  rounded,  spreading;. 
Racemes  not  bracted  ;  corolla-tube  short.  10.  Myosotis. 

Racemes  bracted;  corolla-tube  cylindric,  usually  slender. 

ii.  Ltthospermum. 

Corolla  tubular,  its  lobes  erect,  acute.  12.   Onosmodium, 

Scar  of  attachment  large,  concave. 

Corolla  tubular,  5-toothed.  13.  Symphytum. 

Corolla  rotate;  anthers  erect  in  a  cone.  14.  Borago. 

Flowers  irregular. 

Stamens  included;  throat  of  the  corolla  closed  by  scales.  15.  Lycopsis. 

Stamens  exserted;  throat  of  the  corolla  dilated,  open.  16.  Eclnum. 

i.  HELIOTROPIUM  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  small  blue  or  white 
flowers,  in  scorpioid  spikes,  or  scattered.  Calyx  lobes  or  -segments  lanceolate  or 
linear.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  naked  in  the  throat,  its  tube  cylindric, 
its  lobes  imbricated,  plicate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included;  fila- 
ments short,  or  none.  Stigma  conic  or  annular.  Fruit  2-4-lobed,  separating  into 
4  i -seeded  nutlets,  or  into  2  2- seeded  carpels.  [Greek,  sun-turning,  i,  e.,  turning 
to  or  with  the  sun.]  About  115  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, some  9  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Fruit  4-lobed,  each  lobe  becoming  a  i-seeded  nutlet. 
Flowers  in  scorpioid  spikes. 

Plant  rough-puberulent;  leaves  oval.  I.  ff,  Europaeum. 

Glabrous,  fleshy;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate.  2.  //.  Curassavicum* 

Flowers  solitary,  terminating  short  branches.  3.  H.  tenellum, 

Fruit  2-lobed,  or  of  2  carpels. 

Style  elongated ;  flowers  large,  scattered,  white.  4.  H.  convolvulaceum. 

Style  very  short;  flowers  blue,  in  scorpioid  spikes.  5.  H.  Indicum. 

1.  Heliotropium  Furopaeum  L.     EUROPEAN  HELIOTROPE.    (I.  F.  f.  3014.) 
Annual,  much  branched,  rough  puberulent,  1.5-5  dm.  high-    Leaves  oval,  2-5  cm. 
long,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender- petioled ;  flowers  white,  2-4  mm.  broad, 
in  dense  i -sided,  bractless  spikes;  terminal   spikes  in  pairs,  the  lateral  ones  com- 
monly solitary;  calyx-segments   shorter  than  the  corolla-tube;  anthers   distinct, 
obtuse;  stigma-tip  long-conic;  fruit  depressed-globose,  pubescent.    In  waste  places, 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.     Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.     June- Oct. 

2.  Heliotropium  Curassavicum  L.    SEA-SIDE  HELIOTROPE.    (I.  F.  f.  3015.) 
Annual  (or   southward   perennial  ?),   fleshy,  more   or  less    glaucous,   diffuse,   the 
branches  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  linear,  or  spatulate.  entire,  in- 
conspicuously veined,  2-5  cm.  long.  3-6  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  petioles, 
or  the  upper  sessile;  scorpioid  spikes   dense,  bractless,  mostly   in  pairs;  flowers 
about  4  mm.   broad'  calyx-segments  acute;  corolla  white   with   a  yellow  eye  or 
changing  to  blue;  stigma  umbrella- shaped;  anthers  acuminate;  fruit  globose.    On 
sandy  seashores,  Va.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

2a.  Heliotropium  spathulatum  Rydb.  Flowers  much  larger  than  in  the 
preceding  species,  the  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad  ;  stem  stout,  ascending  ;  leaves 
broadly  spatulate.  Saline  soil,  N.  D.  to  Wash.,  Iowa,  Nebr.  and  Utah. 

3.  Heliotropium  tenellum  (Nutt. )  Torn     SLENDER  HELIOTROPE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3016.)     Annual,    strigose-canescent;  stem  commonly  leafless  below,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
high.     Leaves  linear,  entire,  1-4  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  petioled;  flowers  white,  about  5  mm.  long,  bracted  by  I  or  2  leaves;  calyx- 
segments  unequal;  corolla-tube  canescent,  its  lobes  entire;  anthers  obtuse;  stigma 
subulate-tipped;  fruit   depressed,  strigose-pubescent.     In   dry  soil,  Ky.  to  Kans., 
Ala.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     April-Aug. 

a.  Heliotropium  convolvulaceum  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  BINDWEED  HELIOTROPE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3017.)  Annual,  strigose-canescent,  1.5-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong, 
ovate,  or  lanceolate,  entire,  short-petioled.  narrowed  at  the  base,  1-4  cm.  long; 
fl«>wers  numerous,  fragrant,  short-ped uncled,  mostly  solitary  and  opposite  the  leaves; 
calyx-segments  acuminate,  equal;  corolla  white,  strigose,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  about  12 


?68  FLORA. 

mm.  broad,  its  tube  narrowed  at  the  throat,  longer  than  the  angulate-lobed  limb; 
anthers  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  slightly  cohering  by  their  tips;  style 
filiform;  stigma  with  a  tuft  of  bristly  hairs;  fruit  2-lobed,  pubescent.  In  dry 
sandy  soil,  Neb*  to  Tex.,  Utah  and  Mex0  July-Sept. 

5.  Heliotropium  Indicum  L.  INDIAN  HELIOTROPE.  (I.  F.  f.  3018.)  An- 
nual, hirsute  or  hispid ;  stem  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  Oval,  obtuse,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  repand  or  undulate,  margined-petioled; 
flowers  blue,  4-6  mm.  broad,  sessile  in  terminal  dense  bractless  usually  solitary 
scorpioid  spikes;  calyx-segments  acute,  shorter  than  the  strigose  corolla-tube; 
style  very  short,  deciduous;  fruit  deeply  2-lobed,  glabrous.  In  waste  places, 
N.  Car.  to  111.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  Nat.  from  India.  Also  in  ballast  about  the  northern 
seaports.  May-Nov. 

2.  CYNOGLOSSUM  L. 

Hirsute  or  hispid  (rarely  glabrous)  mostly  tall  herbs,  with  alternate  entire 
leaves,  the  basal  long-petioled,  and  purple  blue  or  white  flowers  in  panicled, 
more  or  less  scorpioid  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  enlarged  in  fruit. 
Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  the  tube  short,  the  throat  closed  by  5  scaled 
opposite  the  imbricated  rounded  lobes.  Stamens  included;  filaments  short.  Ovary 
deeply  4-lobed.  Nutlets  oblique,  attached  laterally  to  the  convex  or  conic  recep' 
tacle.  covered  with  short  barbed  prickles.  [Greek,  dog's  tongue.]  About  75 
species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  3  others  occur  in  western 
N.  Am. 

Stem  leafy  to  the  top;  flowers  reddish,  purple  or  white;  nutlets  fiat.    i.  C.  ojficinale. 
Stem  leafless  above ;  flowers  blue;  nutlets  convex.  2.   C.  Virginicum. 

i.  Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  HOUND'S-IONGUE.  GIPSY  FLOWER.  (I.  F. 
f.  3019.)  Biennial;  stem  stout,  4-9  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  oblong  of 
oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  obtuse,  1.5-3  dm.  long;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  sessile;  racemes  much  elongated  in  fruit:  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long; 
calyx-segments  ovate- lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  about  8  mm.  broad;  fruit  pyram- 
idal, about  I  cm.  broad,  each  of  the  4  nutlets  iorming  a  side  of  the  pyramid,  flat 
on  their  upper  faces,  margined,  splitting  away  at  maturity,  but  hanging  attached 
to  portions  of  the  subulate  style.  In  fields  and  waste  places.  Quebec  and  Out.  to 
Minn.,  Manitoba,  N.  Car.  and  Kans.  May-Sept. 

2  Cynoglossum Virginicum  L.  WILD  COMFREY.  (I.  F.  f.  3020.)  Peren- 
nial, hirsute;  stem  usually  simple,  leafless  above,  stout,  4-8  dm.  high,  Basal  and 
lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  1-3  dm.  long,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  petioles;  upper 
leaves  oblong,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  and  clasping  by  a  cordate  base,  acute; 
racemes  2-6,  bractless,  long-peduncled;  flowers  about  I  cm.  broad;  calyx-segments 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  fruit  depressed,  8  mm.  broad,  the  nutlets  convex  on  the 
upper  face,  not  margined,  separating  and  falling  away  at  maturity.  In  woods, 
N.  B.  to  western  Ont.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Kans.  April-May. 

3.  LAPPULA   Moench.     [ECHINOSPERMUM  SwJ\ 
Rough -pubescent  or  canescent  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  entire  leaves,  and 

small  blue  or  white  flowers,  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted, 
the  segments  narrow.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelrorm,  the  tube  very  short,  the 
throat  closed  by  5  scales,  the  lobes  obtuse,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  1  ud.  Sta- 
mens included;  filaments  very  short.  Ovary  4-lobed;  style  short.  Nutlets  4,  lat- 
erally attached  to  the  receptacle,  at  length  separating,  the  margins  or  backs  armed 
with  stout  barbed  prickles,  the  sides  usually  papillose  or  tuberculate.  [Diminu- 
tive of  the  Latin  lappa,  a  bur.]  About  40  species,  mostly  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  Besides  the  following,  several  others  occur  in  western  N.  A. : 
Racemes  bracted ;  fruiting  pedicels  not  deflexed. 

Prickles  in  two  rows  on  the  margins  of  the  nutlets,  distinct.         i.  L.  Lapptda. 

Prickles  in  one  row  on  the  margins,  more  or  less  confluent.         2.  Z.  Texana, 
Racemes  bracted  only  at  the  base:  fruiting  pedicels  deflexed. 

Stem  leaves  ovate-oblong,  the  basal  cordate;  fruit  globose.  3.  L.  Virginiana. 

Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear:  fruit  pyramidal. 

Flowers  6-10  mm.  broad;  fruit  about  6mm.  broad.  4.   L.  Jion'buncta. 

Flowers  2-4  mm.  broad;  fruit  about  4  mm,  broad.  5.  L.  Americana. 


BORA  GIN  A  CEA  E. 

1.  Lappula  Lappula  (L.)  Karst.     EUROPEAN  STICKSEED.     BURSEED.     (I.  F. 
f   3021.)     Annual,  pale,  leafy,   hispid  or  appressed-pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high,  the 
branches  erect.     Leaves  linear,  linear-oblong  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  sessile  or  the 
lower  narrowed  into  petioles,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  1-4  cm.   long;  racemes  more  or 
less  i-sided;  pedicels  short,  stout;  calyx-segments  lanceolate;  corolla  blue,  about 
2  mm.  broad;  fruit  globose -oval,  3  mm.  in  diameter,  the  nutlets  papillose  on  the 
back,  the  margins  with  2  rows  of  slender  prickles.     In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Br. 
Col.,  N.  J.  and  Kans.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

2.  Lappula    Texana   (Scheele)    Britton.      HAIRY   STICKSEED.      (I.    F.    f. 
3022.)     Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  mostly 
obtuse,   the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles;  pedicels  short,    not  deflexed    in  fruit; 
flowers  about  2  mm.  broad;  nutlets  papillose-tuberculate  on  the  back,  the  margins 
armed  with  a  row  of  flat,  usually  confluent  bristles,  or  these  united  into  a  cup.     In 
dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Br.  Col.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.     April- 
Aug. 

3.  Lappula  Virginiana  (L.)  Greene.     VIRGINIA  STICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3023.) 
Biennial,   pubescent;  stem  6-12  dm.  high,  the  branches  spreading.     Basal  leaves 
(seldom  present  at  flowering  time)  ovate  to  orbicular,  cordate,   long-petirled;  stem 
leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  petioled,  0.7-2  dm.  long,  the  upper- 
most smaller,  sessile;   racemes  slender,  divergent;   pedicels  short,  deflexed  in  Iruit; 
corolla  nearly  white,  about  2  mm.  broad;  fruit  nearly  4  mm.  in  diameter;  nutlet? 
covered  on  the  margins  and  usually  also  on  the  back  by  the  slender  flattened  barbed 
prickles,  the  backs  commonly  also  more  or  less  papillose.     In  dry  woods  and  thick- 
ets, N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  Ala.,  La.  and  Kans.     June-Sept. 

4  Lappula  floribunda  (Lehm.)  Greene.  LARGE- FLOWERED  STICKSEED.  (I.  F. 
f.  3024.)  Biennial  or  perennial,  rough-pubescent;  stem  stout,  6-15  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  narrowed  into  petioles;  racemes  erect  or  nearly  so,  densely  flowered,  many 
of  them  in  pairs;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,  deflexed  in  fruit;  flowers  blue,  6-10  mm. 
broad;  fruit  pyramidal,  about  6  mm.  broad;  nutlets  keeled,  papillose-tuberculate 
on  the  back,  the  margins  armed  with  a  row  of  flat  prickles.  Western  Ont.  and 
Minn,  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.  June-Aug. 

5.  Lappula  Americana  (A.  Gray)  Rydberg.  NODDING  STICKSEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
3025.)  Annual,  rough-puberulent;  stem  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  both  ends,  5-10  cm.  long;  racemes  slender;  pedi- 
cels slender,  4-8  nun.  long,  deflexed  in  fruit;  corolla  white  or  bluish,  about  2  mm. 
broad;  fruit  pyramidal;  nutlets  keeled,  papillose-tuberculate  on  the  back,  rarely 
with  a  few  prickles  on  the  keel,  the  margins  armed  with  a  row  of  fiat  prickles.  In 
thickets,  Manitoba  and  N.  Dak.  to  Br.  Col.  May-Aug. 

4.  ALLOCARYA  Greene. 

Mostly  annual  low  herbs,  with  linear  entire  leaves,  the  lowest  often  oppo- 
site, and  small  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Pedicels  thickened  at  the 
summit,  persistent.  Calyx  5 -divided,  persistent,  the  segments  narrow.  Corolla 
salverform,  white,  yellow  in  the  throat.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  4-divided; 
style  short.  Nutlets  crustaceous,  attached  at  their  base  or  below  the  middle  to  the 
receptacle.  [Greek,  different  nuts.]  About  25  species,  of  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Ailocarya  scopulorum  Greene.  MOUNTAIN  ALLOCARYA.  (I.  F.  f. 
3026.)  Pubescent,  with  scattered  stiff  appressed  hairs,  the  slender  spreading 
branches  2-20  cm.  long.  Leaves  1—3.5  cm-  l°ng»  2~3  mn"i.  wide,  sessile  or  short- 
petioled;  flowers  about  2  mm.  broad,  distant,  borne  in  most  of  the  axils,  short- 
pedicelled;  floral  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate; 
nutlets  reticulate  on  the  back,  lightly  grooved  on  the  ventral  side.  Western  Neb. 
to  Mont.,  Wyo.  and  Colo.  June-Sept. 

5.  CRYPTANTHE  Lehm. 

Low  annual  setose  or  hispid  herbs,  with  narrow  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
small  mostly  white  flowers,  in  scorpioid  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  at 
length  deciduous,  the  lobes  or  segments  erect,  mostly  connivent-  in  fruit.  Corolla 
small,  funnelform,  usually  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat,  the  lobes  imbricated  in 


770  FLORA. 

the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  4-divided;  style  short;  stigma  capitellate. 
Nutlets  erect,  rounded  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  attached  laterally  to  the  conic  or 
elongated  receptacle,  the  scar  of  attachment  mostly  longer  than  broad.  [Greek, 
hidden-flowered.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  Am.,  mostly  of  the  western  U.  S. 

Nutlets,  at  least  some  of  them,  with  short  processes.  i.   C.  crassisepala^ 

A.U  four  nutlets  smooth  and  shining.  2.  C.  Fendleri. 

1.  Cryptanthe   crassisepala  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.     THICK-SEPALED  CRYPT- 
ANTHE.     (I.    F.   f.   3027.)     Densely  hispid,    7-15  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear,    or 
linear-spatulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  sessile,  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles;  spikes 
densely  flowered;  flowers  about   4  mm.  broad,  sessile,  bracteolate;  fruiting  calyx 
6  mm.  long,  closing  over  the  fruit,  its  segments  linear,  obtusish,  their  midribs  much 
thickened;  fruit  of  3   finely  muricate  nutlets,  and   I  larger   smooth    and  shining 
nutlet  about    2  mm.    long.     In  dry   soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.,  Kans.,  Tex.   and 
N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

2.  Cryptanthe    Fendleri    (A.    Gray)    Greene.     FENDLER'S    CRYPTANTHE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3028.)     Erect,  hispid;  stem  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  or  the  lowest 
linear-spatulate,  2-6  cm.  long;  spikes  slender,  bracteolate  only  at  the  base;  flowers 
sessile,  2-4  cm.  broad;  fruiting  calyx  nearly  closed,  its  segments  linear,  leaf-like, 
herbaceous;  nutlets  4,  all  alike,  brown,  less  than  2  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  N.  W. 
Terr,  to  Wash.,  Neb.  and  Ariz.     June-Aug. 

6.  OREOCARYA  Greene. 

Hispid  or  strigose-pubescent  herbs,  mostly  with  thick  woody  roots,  alternate  or 
basal  narrow  leaves,  and  small  white  racemose-paniculate  or  densely  thyrsoid 
flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted  or  5 -divided,  the  segments  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
spreading  or  recurved  in  fruit.  Corolla  fuimelform  or  salverform,  mostly  crested 
in  the  throat,  5-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  4-divided;  style  mostly  short. 
Nutlets  4,  laterally  attached  to  the  receptacle,  not  keeled,  their  margins  acute  or 
winged.  [Greek,  mountain  nut.]  About  9  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am.  and 
Mex. 

Inflorescence  racemose-paniculate;  nutlets  smooth.  i.   O.  stiffruticosa. 

Inflorescence   thyrsoid  or  thyrsoid-glomerate;  nutlets  rough. 

Corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  little  longer  than  the  lobes. 

Densely  rough-hairy,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  2.  O.  glomerata. 

Silvery  appressed-pubescent,  0.7-1.5  dm.  high.  3.  O.  sericea. 

Corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  lobes. 

4.   O.fulvocanescens. 

1.  Oreocarya  suffruticosa  (Torr.)  Greene.     SHRUBBY  OREOCARYA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3029.)     Perennial,  rather  stout,  strigose-pubescent  or  somewhat  hirsute,  1-3  dm. 
high.     Upper  leaves  linear,    1-2.5   cm.   long,   the  lower  oblanceolate,   somewhat 
longer;  pedicels  about  2  mm.  long;  calyx  canescent  and  somewhat  hispid;  bract- 
lets  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx;  corolla  3-6  mm.  broad;  nutlets  nearly  2  mm. 
long,    shining,   closely  fitting  together,  triangular,   acute-margined.     In  dry  soil, 
western  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     May-Aug. 

2.  Oreocarya  glomerata  (Pursh)  Greene.     CLUSTERED  OREOCARYA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3030.)     Perennial  or  biennial;  stem  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  spatulate  or  the 
upper  lin.ear,   obtuse,   2-6  cm.   long,   the  basal  commonly  tufted;  inflorescence  of 
thyrsoid  clusters,  the  short  dense  lateral  spike-like  clusters  mostly  longer  than  the 
subtending  bracts;  calyx  densely   bristly;   corolla   6-10  mm.    broad;  fruit  pyra- 
midal, the  nutlets  triangular-ovate,  acute,  acutely  margined,  papillose  on  the  back. 
In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Utah.     May-Sept. 

3.  Oreocarya   sericea   (A.    Gray)   Greene.     Low   OREOCARYA.     (I.    F.    f. 
3031.)     Perennial,   low,  tufted;  stems  7-15    cm.   high.     Leaves   linear-spatulate, 
1-2.5  cm-  lon£'  imbricated  on  the  short  sterile  shoots  and  at  the  bases  of  the  flower, 
ing  stems;  inflorescence  usually  short;  calyx  densely    hispid;    corolla   4-6    mm, 
broad;  style  short;  nutlets  acutely  margined,  acute,  papillose  on  the  back.    In  dry 
soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.  and  Utah.     May-Sept. 

4.  Oreocarya.  fulvocanescens  (A.    Gray)   Greene.      TAWNY   OREOCARYA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3032.)     Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  densely  strigose  or  hirsute. 


BORAGINACEAE.  77 1 

Leaves  spatulate,  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  2-4  cm.  long; 
calyx  densely  setose  with  yellowish  hairs,  corolla  about  4  mm.  broad;  style  fili- 
form; nutlets  acutely  margined,  tuberculate  on  the  back.  In  dry  soil,  western 
Neb.  (according  to  Webber);  Wyo.  to  Nev.  and  N.  Mex.  May- Aug. 

7.  PNEUMARIA  Hill. 

A  perennial  fleshy  glabrous  glaucous  herb,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
small  blue  pinkish  or  white  flowers  in  loose  terminal  leafy -bracted  racemes.  Calyx- 
lobes  triangular-ovate  or  lanceolate,  somewhat  enlarging  in  fruit.  Corolla  tubular- 
campanulate,  crested  in  the  throat,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
slightly  spreading.  Ovary  4-divided;  style  slender.  Nutlets  erect,  fleshy,  at- 
tached just  above  their  bases  to  the  somewhat  elevated  receptacle,  smooth,  shining, 
acutish-margined,  becoming  utricle-like  when  mature.  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Pneumaria  maritima  (L.)  Hill.  SEA  LUNGWORT.  SEA  BUG  LOSS.  OYS- 
TER PLANT.  (I.  F.  f.  3033.)  Pale  green,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending, 
0.7-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  thick,  ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  lower 
and  basal  ones  contracted  into  margined  petioles;  flcwers  blue  or  nearly  white, 
about  6  mm.  long,  pedicelled;  pedicels  slender,  1-3.5  cm-  'ongl  calyx  shorter  than 
the  corolla-tube;  nutlets  about  as  long  as  the  calyx- lobes  when  matui-e.  On  sea- 
beaches,  L.  I.  (?);  Mass,  to  Newf.  and  Greenland;  Ore.  to  Alaska.  Also  on  the 
coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  May-Sept. 

8.    MERTENSIA    Roth. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  rather  large  clustered  blue  purple  or 
white  flowers.  Calyx- lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  little  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla 
tubular-funnelform  or  trumpet-shaped,  its  lobes  obtuse,  imbricated,  little  spreading. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included,  or  scarcely  exserted ;  anthers 
obtuse.  Ovary  4-divided;  style  filiform.  Nutlets  erect,  coriaceous,  wrinkled  when 
mature,  attached  above  their  bases  to 'the  convex  or  nearly  flat  leceplacle.  [In 
honor  of  Prof.  C.  F.  Mertens,  a  German  botanist.]  About  16  species,  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  Besides  the  following  seme  9  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  not  crested  in  the  throat,  the  limb  barely  5-lobed. 

i.  M.  Virginica. 
Corolla  funnelform-campanulate,  crested  in  the  throat,  the  limb  manifestly  5-lobed. 

Stem-leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  2.  M.  panictilata. 

Stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute.  3.  M.  lanceolata. 

1.  Mertensia  Virginica    (L.)  DC.     VIRGINIA  COWSLIP.     (I.  F.  f.  3034.) 
Glabrous;  stem  3-6  dm.  high.      Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  obovate,  obtuse,  5-13  cm. 
long,  the   lower  narrowed  into    margined  petioles;    racemes    short,    corymb-like; 
flowers   blue-purple,   showy,  about    2.5    cm.   long;    calyx-lobes   oblong-lanceolate, 
obtusish;  corolla-tube  cylindric,  a  little  expanded  above,  longer  than  the  5-lobed 
plaited  limb,  pubescent  at  the  base  within;  disk  with  two  opposite  linear  lobes;  fila- 
ments filiform,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.   In  lo\V  meadows  and  along  streams, 
Ont.  to  N.  J.,  S.  Car.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     March-May. 

2.  Mertensia  paniculata  (Ait.)  G.  Don.    TALL  LUNGWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3035.) 
Roughish-pubescent,    dark  green;    stem   4-9  dm.   high.     Leaves   thin,  pinnately 
veined,  those  of  the  stem  5-13  cm.  long,  the  lower  narrowed  into  slender  petioles; 
basal  leaves  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base;  pedicels  filiform,  8-20  mm.  long; 
flowers   purple-blue,   12-14  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes   lanceolate,  acute;   corolla-tube 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  exceeding  the  5-lcbed  limb;  filaments  flattened, 
slightly   longer  than  the  anthers;  style  filiform,   usually  somewhat  exi-erted.     In 
woods  or  thickets,  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  Mich.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Utah.     July- 
Aug. 

3.  Mertensia  lanceolata  (Pursh)  DC.    LANCE-LEAVED  LUNGWORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
3036.)     Stem  slender,    1.5-4.5  dm.    high.     Leaves  papillose,  indistinctly  veined, 
light  green,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,   sessile  or  slightly  clasping   at  the   base, 
the  lower  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  7-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined 
peti<  1  •.  :  flowers  blue,  10-12  mm.  long;  pedicels  6 -14  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  lance- 
olate, the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx  and  longer  than  the  5-lobed  limb,  hairy  at  the 


772  FLORA. 

base  within;  filaments  a  little  longer  than  the  anthers;  style  filiform,  scarcely  ex.. 
serted.     In  thickets,  western  Neb.  to  Manitoba,  Wyo.  and  N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

9.  ASPERUGO  L. 

An  annual  rough-hispid  procumbent  herb,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  or  the 
uppermost  sometimes  opposite,  and  small  blue  or  nearly  white  flowers,  short-pedi- 
celled  and  1-3  together  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  campanula te,  unequally  5 -cleft, 
enlarged  and  folded  together  in  fruit,  the  lobes  incised-dentate.  Corolla  tubular- 
campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Stamens  5,  included,  inserted  on  the 
corolla-tube;  filaments  short.  Style  short;  stigma  capitate.  Nutlets  4,  ovoid, 
erect,  granular-tuberculate,  keeled,  laterally  attached  above  the  middle  to  the 
elongated-conic  receptacle.  [Latin,  rough,  referring  to  the  leaves.]  A  mono- 
typic  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Asperugo  procumbens  L.  GERMAN  MADWORT.  CATCHWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
3037.)  Steins  slender,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower 
spatulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  the  lower  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  flowers  short- 
pedicelled,  about  2  mm.  broad,  the  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit;  fruiting  calyx  dry 
and  membranous,  strongly  veined,  8-12  mm.  broad.  In  waste  places  and  ballast, 
N.  Y.  to  D.  C.  and  Minn.  Adventive  from  Europe.  May-Aug. 

10.   MYOSOTIS  L. 

Low  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  blue  pink  or 
white  flowers  in  elongated  more  or  less  i-sided  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes 
narrow.  Corolla  salverform,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud, 
rounded,  the  throat  crested.  Stamens  5,  included,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  obtuse.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  erect,  attached  by 
their  bases  to  the  receptacle,  the  scar  of  attachment  small,  flat.  [Greek,  mouse- 
ear.]  About  35  species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  I  or  2 
others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Hairs  of  the  calyx  all  straight;  perennial  swamp  or  brook  plants. 

Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad.          i.  M.  palustris. 
Calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  4-6  mm.  broad.  2.  M.  laxa. 

Hairs  of  the  calyx,  or  some  of  them,  with  hooked  tips;  annuals  or  biennials. 

Fruiting  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.  3.  M.  arvensis. 

Fruiting  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Calyx-lobes  equal. 

Calyx  closed  after  flowering;  corolla  yellow,  changing  to  violet  or  blue. 

4.  M .  versicolor. 

Calyx  open  after  flowering;  corolla  blue.  5.  M.  collina. 

Calyx-lobes  unequal ;  corolla  white. 

Calyx  not  nodding  in  fruit,  mostly  less  than  5  mm.  long;  seeds  1.5  mm.  long. 

6.  M.    Virginica. 
Calyx  nodding  or  spreading  in  fruit,  5-7  mm.  long;  seeds  2  mm.  long. 

7.  M,  macrosperma. 

1.  Myosotis  palustris  (L.)  Lam.    FORGET-ME-NOT.    MOUSE-EAR  SCORPION- 
GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  3038.)     Appressed-pubescent,  with  slender  rootstocks  or  stolons; 
stems  decumbent,  1.5-5  dm-  long-     Leaves  oblong,  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long;  racemes  loosely  many-flowered; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  equal,  triangular-ovate,   acute,  spread- 
ing in  fruit,  corolla  blue  with  a  yellow  eye;  nutlets  angled  and  keeled  on  the  inner 
side.     In  brooks  and  marshes,  N.  S.  to  N.  Y.  and  Tenn.     Escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion.    Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     May-July. 

2.  Myosotis  laxa  Lehm.    SMALLER  FORGET-ME-NOT.    (I.  F.  f.  3039.)     Simi- 
lar  to   th~   preceding.     Leaves   oblong,    oblong- lanceolate    or   spatulate,    obtuse; 
racemes  very  loosely   many  flowered;   pedicels  spreading,    much   longer  than  the 
fruiting  calyx;  calyx-lobes    equal,   ovate  lanceolate,    acutish,    spreading   in  fruit, 
quite  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  blue  with  a  yellow  eye,  its  limb  concave,  about 
4  mm.  broad;  nutlets  convex  on  both  the  inner  and  outer  sides.     In  wet  muddy 
places,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Va.  and  Tenn.     Also  in  Europe.     May-July. 

j.   Myosotis  arvensis  (L.)  Lam.     FIELD  SCORPION-GRASS,  OR  MOUSE-EAR. 
3040.)     Hirsute-pubescent;  stem  1.5-4.5  dm.    long.     Basal   and  lower 


3-   M 
[.   F.   f. 


BORA  GIN  A  CEA  E.  773 

leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse;  stem  leaves  mostly  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed to  the  sessile  base,  1-4  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  equal,  erect,  or  connivent  in 
fruit,  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  blue  or  white, 
the  limb  concave,  2-3  mm.  broad;  nutlets  convex  on  the  outer  side,  somewhat  keeled 
on  the  inner.  In  fields,  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  W.  Va.  Perhaps  not 
indigenous.  Also  in  Europe.  June-Aug. 

4.  Myosotis  versicolor  (Pers.)  Reichenb.     YELLOW  AND  BLUE  SCORPION- 
GRASS.     (I.  F.  f.  3041.)     Annual,  hirsute-pubescent,  often  branched  above;  stems 
1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  sessile,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
and  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  pedicels  erect;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate, 
erect  or  connivent  in  fruit,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  pale  yellow 
changing  to  violet  or  blue,  its   limb  about  2  mm.   broad;   nutlets  convex  on  the 
cuter,  slightly  keeled  on  the  inner  side.      In  fields  and  along  roadsides,  southern 
N.  Y.  to  Del.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-July. 

5.  Myosotis  collina  Hoftm.     EARLY  MYOSOTE.     Similar  to  the  two  preced- 
ing   species,    usually   much  branched  from  the  base,   rarely  over  1.5   dm.   high. 
Leaves  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  mostly  obtuse;  pedicels  rarely  over  2  mm. 
long,  the  segments  not  closed  over  the  fruit.     Fields,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mass,  and  N.  Y. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     May-June. 

6.  Myosotis   Virginica  (L.)  B.S.P.     SPRING   SCORPION-GRASS.     (I.    F.    f. 
3042.)     Hirsute-pubescent  or  hispid,  0.7-3  tlm-  high,  the  branches  erect.     Leaves 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  sessile,  0.6-2.5  cm-   l°ng,  obtuse,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
and  narrowed  into  short   petioles;  racemes   strict,   dense;  pedicels    ascending    or 
erect,   or  slightly   spreading  at  the  apex,   shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx 
somewhat  2-iipped,  unequally  5 -cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the 
tube,  connivent  in  fruit,  very  hispid;  corolla  limb  3  mm.  broad  or  less;  nutlets  con- 
vex on  the  back,  slightly  keeled  and  margined  on  the  inner  side.     On  dry  hills 
and  banks,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     April-June.      [M.  verna  Nutt.j 

7.  Myosotis  macrosperma  Engelm.     SOUTHERN  SCORPION-GRASS.     Similar 
to  M.   Virginica,  but  usually  larger,  the  slender  branches  ascending  or  spreading; 
racemes  with  comparatively  few  and  distant  fruiting  calyces;  pedicels  ascending 
or  recurved,   about  equalling  the  fruiting  calyx.     D.  C.  to  Fia.,   Ky.,   Ark.  and 
Tex.     April-May. 

it.   LITHOSPERMUM    L. 

Pubescent  hirsute  or  hispid  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  the  flowers  in 
leafy-bracted  spikes  or  racemes.  Calvx  5 -parted  or  5 -cleft,  the  segments  or  lobes 
narrow.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  5-lobed.  naked,  pubescent  or  crested  in 
the  throat,  the  tube  sometimes  pubescent  at  the  base  within.  Stamens  5,  included, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short.  Stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed. 
Nutlet?  4,  or  fewer,  erect,  white,  smooth  and  shining,  or  brown  and  wrinkled,  at- 
tached bv  their  bases  to  the  nearly  flat  receptacle,  the  scar  of  attachment  not  con- 
cave. [Greek,  stone  seed,  from  the  hard  nutlets.]  About  40  species,  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  a  few  in  S.  Am.  and  Africa.  Besides  the  following,  some  7 
others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Corolla  white  or  yellowish,  its  tube  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx;  flowers  distant. 
Nutlets  brown,  wrinkled  and  pitted;  annual  or  biennial.  i.  L.  arvense. 

Nutlets  white,  smooth  and  phininsr;  perennials. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  ni'tlets  ovoid.  2.  L.officinale. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate;  nutlets  globose-ovoid.  3.  L.  latifolium. 

Corolla  dull  yellow,  its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx ;  leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  dense, 

4.  L.pilosum. 

Corolla  bright  yellow,  its  tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  flowers  dense. 
Corolla-lobes  entire  ;  flowers  all  complete. 

Hispid-pubescent:  corolla-tube  bearded  at  the  base  within.  5.  L.  Gmelini, 
Hirsute,  somewhat  canescent:  corolla  tube  not  bearded  at  the  base  within. 

6.  L.  canescens. 
Corolla-lobes  erose-denticulate;  later  flowers  cleistogamous.      7.  L.  linearifolinm. 

i.  LithosDermum  arven^  L.  BASTARD  ALKANET.  CORN  GROMWELL. 
(1.  F.  f.  304.3.)  Appressed-pubescent,  1.5-5  °*m.  high.-  Leaves  bright  green, 
lanceolate,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  sessile  or  the  lowest  short-petioled,  mostly  ap- 


774  FLORA. 

pressed,  narrowed  at  the  base,  indistinctly  veined,  1-4  cm.  long,  the  uppermost 
smaller;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  white,  about  6  mm.  long;  calyx-segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  funnelform,  puberulent 
in  the  throat;  nutlets  glabrous,  about  2  mm.  high,  convex  on  the  back,  keeled  on 
the  inner  side,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  calyx-segments.  In  waste 
places  and  fields,  Quebec  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe. 
May-Aug. 

2.  Lithospermum    officinale   L.      GROMWELL.     (I.    F.   f.   3044.)      Finely 
puberulent;  stem  6-12  dm.  high,   leafy.      Leaves  few-veined,    sessile,'  3-10  cm. 
long,  the  upper  surface  rough;  flowers  yellowish  white,  about  4  mm.  long,  sessile- 
calyx-segments  linear. lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  funnel- 
form,  crested  in  the  throat;  style  about  as  long  as  the  stamens;  nutlets  about  3  mm. 
high,  ovoid,  obtuse,  seldom  all   ripening.     In    fields    and   waste   places,    Ont.  to 
N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Aug. 

3.  Lithospermum    latifolium   Michx.     AMERICAN    GROMWELL.     (I.    F.    f 
3045.)     Rough- puberulent;  stem  6-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  long   and   slender. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined,  5-13  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  or  the  uppermost  smaller; 
flowers  yellowish  white  or  pale  yellow,  4-6  mm.  long,  few;  calyx-segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla;  corolla  funnelform.  crested  in  the  throat; 
style  shorter  than  the  stamens;  nutlets  globose-ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long.     In  dry 
thickets  and  fields,  Ont.  and  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Va.,  Kans.  and  Ark.     May. 

4.  Lithospermum    pilosum    Nutt.     WOOLLY   GROMWELL.     (I.  F.  f.  3046.) 
Perennial  from  thick  roots,  hirsute;  stems  usually  clustered,  very  leafy,  2-4.5  ^m- 
high.     Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  gradually  acuminate,  sessile,  indis- 
tinctly veined;  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  leafy  thyrsus;  calyx-segments  densely 
hirsute,  shorter  than   the  cylindric  corolla-tube;    corolla    salverform,   the   throat 
puberulent  below  each  lobe;  style  longer  than  the  filaments;  nutlets  ovoid,  acute, 
white,  shining,  about  4  mm.  long.     Western  Neb.  (according  to  Williams)-  Mont! 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     May-July. 

15  Lithospermum  Gmelini  (Michx.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.  HAIRY  PUCCOON. 
(I.  F.  f.  3047.)  Perennial,  hispid-pubescent,  or  scabrous;  stems  rather  stout, 
3-6  dm.  high,  very  leafy.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  lowest 
commonly  reduced  to  appressed  scales,  the  uppermost  oblong;  flowers  12-18  mm. 
long,  in  short  terminal  leafy  racemes,  dimorphous;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceo- 
late; corolla  salverform;  corolla-lobes  rounded,  the  throat  crested,  the  tube  bearded 
at  the  base  within  by  10  hirsute  teeth;  nutlets  white,  shining,  about  4  mm.  high, 
ovoid,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx-segments.  In  dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Minn., 
Mont,  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.  April-June. 

6.  Lithospermum  canescens  (Michx.)     Lehm.     HOARY  PUCCOON.     (I.  F.  f. 
3048.)     Perennial,  hirsute,  canes-cent  at  least  when  young;  stems   1.5-4.5   dm. 
high.     Leaves   oblong,   linear  oblong,  or  linear,  sessile,  1-4.  cm.  long,  the  lowest 
often  reduced  to  appressed  scales;  flowers  about  12  mm.  long,  sessile,  numerous  in 
short  Teafy  racemes,  dimorphous;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  salver- 
fo'-m,  crested  in  the  throat,  its  lobes  rounded,  entire,  its  tube  glandular  within; 
nutlets  white,  smooth,  shining,  acutish,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx-segments.     In 
dry  soil,  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Ala.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Kans.  and  Ariz.     April-June. 

7.  Lithospermum     linearifolium     Golclie.       NARROW-LEAVED     PUCCOON. 
(I.  F.  f.  3049.)     Perennial  by  a  deep  root,  strigose -pubescent  and  scabrous;  stem 
1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  sessile,  acute  or  acutish,  1-5  cm.  long;  flowers  of 
two  kinds,  in  terminal  leafy  racemes;  corolla  of  the  earlier  ones  salverform,  about 
2.5  cm.  long,  bright  yellow,  the  tube  3-5  times  as   long  as  the   linear-lanceolate 
calyx  segments,  the  lobes  erose-denticulate,  the  throat  crested;  later  flowers  (some- 
times all  of  them)  much  smaller,   pale  yellow,  cleistogamous,   abundantly  fertile, 
their  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit;   nutlets  white,  smooth,  shining,  ovoid,  3-4  mm. 
high,  pitted,  keeled  on  the  inner  side.     In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  111.,  Kans.,  Tex., 
Br.  Col.,  Utah  and  Ariz.     April-July.      [L.  angusti 'folium  Michx.,  not  Forsk.] 

12.   ONOSMODIUM   Michx.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  stout  hispid  or  hirsute  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  strongly  veined 
leaves,  and  rather  small  yellowish  or  greenish  white  proterogynous  flowers,  in 


BO  KA  GIN  A  CEA  E.  775 

terminal  leafy-bracted  scorpioid  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  ueeply  5 -parted. 
Corolla  tubular  or  tubular-funnelform,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  erect,  the  sinuses  slightly 
inflexed,  the  tube  with  a  glandular  lO-lobed  band  within  at  the  base.  Stamens  5, 
inserted  on  the  corolla,  included;  filaments  short.  Ovary  4-parted;  style  filiform, 
exserted.  Nutlets  4,  or  commonly  only  I  or  2  perfecting,  ovoid,  sometimes  spar- 
ingly pitted,  shining,  smooth,  white,  attached  by  the  base  to  the  nearly  flat  recep- 
tacle, the  scar  of  attachment  small,  flat.  [Greek,  like  onosma,  or  ass-smell.] 
About  6  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the 
southwestern  U.  S. 

Leaves  acute;  stem  hirsute. 

Plant  green;  hairs  long  and  shaggy;  nutlets  ovoid,  3  mm.  long.    i.   O.  Carol im'anutn* 
Plant  pale;  hairs  shorter  and  soft;  nutlets  ovoid-globose,  4  mm.  long. 

2.  O.  molle. 

Leaves  obtuse ;  stem  appressed-hispid.  3.   O.   Virginianum. 

1.  Onosmodium  Carolinianum  (Lam.)  DC.     SHAGGY  FALSE  GROMWELL. 
(I.  F.  f.  3050.)     Spreading-hirsute  with  bristly  hairs;  stem  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile,   5-9  ribbed,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers 
numerous  and  crowded;  pedicels  2-4  mm.   long  in  fruit;  calyx-segments  linear, 
acute;  corolla  pubescent  outside,  about  I  cm.  long,  its  lobes  triangular-lanceolate, 
acute,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube;  nutlets  obtuse.     In  dry  fields  or  thickets, 
or  on   banks,  Ont.   and  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Kans.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 
May-July. 

2.  Onosmodium    molle  Michx.     SOFT-HAIRY  FALSE  GROMWELL.     (I.  F.  f. 
3051.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  usually  lower,  3-6  dm.   high,  canescent,  at 
least  when  young,  the  pubescence  soft  and  shorter,  that  of  the  leaves  appressed. 
Leaves    smaller,    ovate-lanceolate;    corolla-lobes   usually    less   than   one-half    the 
length  of  the  tube;  nutlets  larger.     On  plains,  Manitoba  and  the  N.  W.  Terr,  to 
111.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and  Utah.     May- July. 

3.  Onosmodium  Virginianum  (L.)  DC.     VIRGINIA  FALSE  GROMWELL.     (I. 
F.  f.  3052.)     Appressed-hispid  with   stiff  hairs;    stem   3-8  dm.    high.      Leaves 
oblong,  oval,  or  oblong- lanceolate,  sessile,  2-8  cm.  long,  or  the  lower  oblanceolate, 
acutish  and  narrowed  into  petioles;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate; 
corolla  cylindric  or  nearly  so,  about  8  mm.   long,  the  lobes  lanceolate,   acuminate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  strigose  without;  nutlets  ovoid,   obtuse  or   obtusish, 
2-3    mm.    long.     In  thickets  or  on  hillsides,    N.   Eng.  to  Fla.,   Kans.  and  Tex. 
May-July. 

13.    SYMPHYTUM    L. 

Erect  rough  hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  mucilaginous  roots,  alternate  entire 
leaves,  the  uppermost  tending  to  be  opposite,  the  lower  long-petioled.  Flowers 
yellow,  blue,  or  purple,  in  terminal  scorpioid  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft. 
Corolla  tubular  to  campanulate,  slightly  dilated  above,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  short,  the 
throat  with  5  crests  below  the  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included,  inserted  on  the  corolla- 
tube.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  4,  obliquely  ovoid,  wrinkled,  inserted  by  their 
bases  on  the  flat  receptacle,  the  scar  of  the  attachment  broad,  concave,  dentate. 
[Greek,  grow-together,  from  its  supposed  healing  virtues.]  About  15  species,  of 
the  Old  World. 

Pilose-pubescent.  i.  S.  offictnale. 

Stem  bristly-papillose.  2.  S.  asperimum. 

1.  Symphytum  officinale  L.     COMFREY.     HEALING-HERB.     (I.  F.  f.  3053.) 
Roots  thick,   deep;  stem  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  lanceolate,   or 
the  lower  ovate,  pinnately  veined,  0.7-2.5   dm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate;  pedicels 
4-8  mm.  long;  calyx  segments  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  much 
shorter  than  the  corolla;  corolla  yellowish  or  purplish.  1-2  mm.  long;  nutlets  brown, 
shining,  4  mm.  high.     In  waste  places,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Md.     Nat.  or 
adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

2.  Symphytum  asperimum  Sims.     ROUGH  COMFREY.     Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  the  stem  and  branches    very   rough-bristly.     Leaves  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough;  calyx-segments  subulate.     In  waste  places,  N.  Y.   and  Mass. 
Summer.     Adventive  from  Europe. 


FLORA. 

14.  BORAGO    L. 

Hirsute  or  hispid  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
showy  blue  flowers,  in  terminal  loose  leafy  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or 
5 -parted.  Corolla  rotate,  the  tube  short,  the  throat  closed  by  scales,  the  limb 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated,  acute.  Stamens  5,  on  the  corolla-tube;  filaments 
dilated  below,  narrowed  above  into  a  slender  appendage;  anthers  linear,  erect,  and 
connivent  into  a  cone.  Nutlets  4,  ovoid,  erect,  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  flat 
receptacle,  the  scar  of  attachment  large,  concave.  [Middle  Latin,  hurra,  rough 
hair,  alluding  to  the  foliage.]  Three  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

4.  Borago  officinalis  L.  BORAGE.  (I.  F.  f.  3054.)  Stem  3-8  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  5-13  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  or  the 
upper  smaller,  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad; 
pedicels  3-5  cm.  long,  spreading  or  recurving;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  nearly 
erect  in  fruit;  corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  the  cone  of  anthers  darker,  about 
6  mm.  long ;  nutlets  4  mm.  high.  In  waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens,  N.  S.  to 
Ont.  and  Penn.  Native  of  Europe.  June-Sept. 

15.  LYCOPSIS  L. 

Annual  bristly-hispid  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  blue  or  bluish 
flowers,  in  leafy-bracted  terminal  spike-like  scorpioid  racemes.  Calyx  5 -parted. 
Corolla  slightly  irregular,  salverform,  the  tube  curved,  the  limb  somewhat  un- 
equally 5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse,  imbricated,  the  throat  closed  by  hispid  scales. 
Stamens  5,  included,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short;  anthers  obtuse  at 
each  end.  Nutlets  4,  wrinkled,  erect,  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  flat  receptacle, 
the  scar  of  attachment  concave.  [Greek,  wolf-face.]  About  4  species,  natives  of 
the  Old  World.  . 

i.  Lycopsis  arvensis  L.  SMALL  BUGLOSS.  (I.  F.  f.  3055.)  Stem  3-6  dm. 
high,  the  branches  becoming  procumbent.  Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowly  oblong  or 
the  lower  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long,  undulate  or  dentate,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  much  smaller  and  acute  or  acutish;  flowers 
4-6  mm.  broad;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  curved 
corolla-tube.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Penn.  and  Va.  Nat. 
or  adventive  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

16.  ECHIUM  L. 

Mostly  bristly-hirsute  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  rather  large  blue  violet 
or  rarely  white  flowers,  in  leafy-bracted  scorpioid  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  seg- 
ments narrow.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  the  limb  unequally  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  5,  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  un- 
equal, at  least  the  longer  ones  exserted;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base;  anthers  ovate 
or  oblong.  Style  filiform,  2-cleft  at  the  summit.  Nutlets  4,  erect,  ovoid,  rugose, 
attached  by  their  bases  to  the  flat  receptacle.  [Greek,  a  viper.]  About  30  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Echium  vulgare  L.  VIPER'S  BUGLOSS.  BLUEWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3056.) 
Bristly-hairy,  biennial;  stem  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong,  or 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  5-15  cm.  long,  sessile,  or  the  lower  and  basal  ones  nar- 
rowed into  petioles;  flowers  bright  blue,  varying  to  violet-purple,  1.5-2.5  cm. 
long,  numerous  in  short  i  sided  spikes,  forming  a  narrow  thyrsus.  In  fields  and 
waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Va.,  Ont.  and  Neb.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-July. 

Family  6.     VERBENACEAE  J.  St.Hil. 

Vervain  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  with  opposite  verticil- 
late  or  rarely  alternate  leaves-,  and  perfect  irregular,  or  sometimes  regu- 
lar flowers,  in  spikes,  racemes,  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  inferior, 
mostly  persistent,  usually  4--5-lobed  or  4~5-cleft.  Corolla  regular,  or 
2-lipped,  the  tube  usually  cylindric  and  the  limb  4-5-cleft.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous,  rarely  only  2,  or  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted 
on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs 


VERBENA  CEA  E.  777 

longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  2-4-celled  (rarely  8-io-celled), 
composed  of  2  carpels,  each  carpel  with  2  anatropous  or  amphitropous 
ovules,  thus  in  4-celled  ovaries  I  ovule  in  each  cavity;  style  terminal; 
stigmas  i  or  2.  Fruit  dry,  separating  at  maturity  into  2-4  nutlets,  or  a 
drupe  containing  the  2-4  nutlets.  Endosperm  little  or  none,  or  rarely 
fleshy;  embryo  straight.  About  70  genera  and  1200  species,  of  wic^e 
geographic  distribution. 

Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes;  ovary  2-4-celled;  fruit  of  2  or  4  erect  nutlets;  ours  herbs. 

Corolla-limb  s-lobed,  regular  or  nearly  so;  nutlets  4.  i.    Verbena. 

Corolla-limb  4-lobed,  2-lipped;  nutlets  2.  2.  Lippia.  ' 

Flowers  in  axillary  cymes;  shrubs;  fruit  drupaceous.  3.  Callicdrpa. 

i.  VERBENA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs  (some  exotic  species  shrubby),  mostly  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
bracted  flowers,  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  usually  tubular,  5-angled,  unequally 
5 -toothed.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  the  limb  spreading.  Connective  of 
the  anthers  unappendaged,  or  sometimes  provided  with  a  gland.  Ovary  4-celled; 
ovule  i  in  each  cavity;  style  usually  short,  2-lobed  at  the  summit,  one  of  the  lobes 
stigmatic.  Fruit  mostly  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  at  length  separating  into  4,  i -seeded 
linear  or  linear-oblong  crustaceous  nutlets.  [Latin  name  of  a  sacred  herb.]  About 
ico  species,  natives  of  Am.,  or  a  single  one  indigenous  in  the  Mediterranean 
region.  Besides  the  following,  some  13  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western 
parts  of  N.  Am. 

flowers  4-10  mm.  long-,  in  narrow  spikes;  anthers  unappendaged. 
Spikes  filiform  or  slender;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 
Spikes  filiform;  fruit  scattered;  corolla  usually  white. 

Leaves  incised  or  pinnatifid;  diffuse  annual;  fruit  short. 

1.  V.  officinalis. 
Leaves  serrate  (rarely  incised);  erect  perennial;  fruit  oblong. 

2.  V.  urticifolia. 
Spikes  slender;  fruits  densely  imbricated;  corolla  blue. 

Plants  glabrous  or  sparingly  rough-pubescent;  corolla  4-6  mm.  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  petioled.  3.    V.  hastata. 

Leaves  linear  to  spatulate-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse  and  sessile. 

4.  V.  angustifolia. 
Plants  densely  soft-pubescent;  corolla  8-10  mm.  long. 

5.  V.  stricta. 
Spikes  thick,  dense;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers.                        6.    V.  bracteosa. 

Flowers  14-25  mm.  long,  in  short  dense   elongating  spikes;  connective  of  the  longer 

stamens  appendaged. 
Corolla-limb  12-20  mm.  broad;  bracts  mostly  shorter  thau  the  calyx. 

7.  V.  Canadensis. 
Corolla-limb  8-10  mm.  broad;  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

8.  V.  bipinnatifida. 

1.  Verbena  officinalis    L.      EUROPEAN    VERVAIN.       HERB-OF-THE-CROSS. 
BERBINE.     (I.  F.  f.  3057.)     Stem  4-sided,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  diffusely  branched, 
3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  minutely  pubescent,  the  lower  deeply  incised  or  1-2  pin- 
natifid, ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles, 
the  teeth  acute;  upper  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile;  spikes  fili- 
form, at  length  10-13  cm.  long;  fruits  less  than  2  mm.  high,  scattered;  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate;  corolla  purplish  or  white,   the  limb  2-4  mm.  broad.     In  waste 
and  culivated  ground,  Me.  to  Fla.   and  Tex.     Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Nat. 
from  the  Old  World.     June-Sept. 

2.  Verbena  urticifolia  L.     WHITE  OR  NETTLE-LEAVED  VERVAIN.     (I.  F.  f. 
3058.)     Usually  pubescent;  stem  strict,  4-sided,  9-15  dm.   high,  the  branches  up- 
right.    Leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  all  petioled,  or  the  uppermost 
sessile,  serrate-dentate,  thin,   acute  or  acuminate.   3—13  cm.  long;  spikes  filiform, 
at  length  1-1.5  dm.  long;  fruits  oblong,  about  2  mm.   high;  bracts  ovate,  acumi- 
nate; corolla  white  or  pale  purple,  its  limb  about  2  mm.  broad.     In  fields  and 
waste  places,  N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Hybridizes  with  V.  bract- 
eosa, V.  hastata  and  V.  stricta.     June-Sept. 


778  FLORA. 

Verbena  urticifolia  rip&ria  (Raf.)  Britton.  Leaves  incised,  sometimes  3-cleft  near 
the  base;  flowers  blue.  River-banks,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car. 

3.  Verbena  hastata  L.  BLUE  VERVAIN.  WILD  HYSSOP.  (I.  F.  f.  3059.) 
Perennial,  roughish-puberulent;  stem  strict,  4-sided,  9-22  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  petioled,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  or  incised-dentate 
with  acute  teeth,  0.7-1.5  cm.  long,  the  lower  sometimes  hastately  3-lobed  at  the 
base;  spikes  panicled,  slender,  usually  peduncled,  5-15  cm.  long;  fruits  2-3  mm. 
high;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate;  corolla  blue,  its  limb  about  3  mm.  broad.  In  moist 
fields,  meadows  and  in  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla..  Neb.  and  N.  Mex. 
Hybridizes  with  V.  stricta  and  V.  bracteosa.  June-Sept. 

Verbena  hastkta  pinnatffida  (Lam.)  Britton.  Leaves  deeply  incised  or  pinnatifid. 
Occasional  in  the  range  of  the  type. 

4  Verbena  angustifolia  Michx.  NARROW-LEAVED  VERVAIN.  (I.  F.  f. 
3060.)  Perennial,  roughish-puberulent  or  pubescent;  stem  slender,  4- sided  above, 
3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear,  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  serrate 
or  serrulate,  veiny,  3-8  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide;  spikes  mostly  solitary,  slender, 
dense,  5-13  cm.  long;  fruits  3  mm.  high;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equalling 
or  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  purple  or  blue,  about  6  mm.  long.  In  dry  fields, 
Mass,  to  Fla.  to  Minn.,  Kans.  and  Ark.  Hybridizes  with  V.  stricta  and  V.  brac- 
teosa.  June-Aug. 

5.  Verbena  stricta  Vent.     HOARY  OR  MULLEN-LEAVED  VERVAIN.     (I.  F.  f. 
3061.)     Perennial,    soft-pubescent;    stem   obtusely   4-angled,    strict,    very    leafy, 
3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,   short-petioled,  prominently  veined, 
incised-serrate  or  laciniate,  2-  10  cm.  long;  spikes  mostly  sessile,  dense,  becoming 
1.5-3  dm.  long  in  fruit;  fruits  4-5  mm.  high;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  nearly  a*s 
long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  purplish  blue.     In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak., 
Wyo.,  Tenn.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     Nat.   as  a  weed  further  east.     Hybridizes  with 
V.  bracteosa.     June-Sept. 

6.  Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.     LARGE-BRACTED  VERVAIN.     (I.  F.  f.  3062.) 
Perennial,  hirsute-pubescent;  stem  4-sided,  the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending, 
slender,  1.5-4  dm.  l°ng'     Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate  in  outline,  pinnately  in- 
cised or  pinnatifid,   2-8  cm.  long,  the  lobes  mostly  dentate;  spikes  sessile,  stout, 
becoming   1-1.5   dm.   long  in  fruit;  bracts  conspicuous,   linear-lanceolate,  rather 
rigid,  the  lower  ones  often  incised;  corolla  purplish  blue,  about  4  mm.  long.     On 
prairies  and  in  waste  places,  Minn,  and  111.  to  Ala.  and  Fla.,  Br.  Col.,  Ariz,  and 
Cal.      Hybridizes  with   V.  Canadensis.     May-Aug. 

7.  Verbena  Canadensis  (L.)  Britton.    LARGE-FLOWERED  VERBENA.  (I.  F.  f. 
3063.)     Perennial;  stem  slender,  2-4  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves 
ovate  in  outline,  petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base, 
irregularly  pinnately  incised,  often  3-cleft,  the  lobes   dentate;  spikes   peduncled, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  becoming  5-10  cm.  long  in  fruit;  bracts  linear- 
subulate;    calyx-teeth  filiform-subulate;  corolla  2-2.5  cm'  l°ng>  blue,  purple,  white 
or  in  cultivation  variegated;  fruit  5-6  mm.  high.     In  dry  soil,  111.  to  Tenn.,  Fla., 
Kans.,  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.     This  and  the  next  the  source  of  many  garden   and 
other  hybrids.     May-Aug. 

8.  Verbena  bipinnatifida  Nutt.     SMALL-FLOWERED  VERBENA.     (I.    F.   f. 
3064.)     Perennial,  producing  suckers,  hirsute  or  hispid;  stems'  erect,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
high.     Leaves  petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  deeply 
i-2-pinnatifid  into  linear  or  linear-oblong  lobes  and  segments;   spikes  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  thick,  dense,  becoming  5-10  cm.  long   in  fruit;  calyx- 
teeth  filiform-subulate;  corolla   12-18  mm.    long,  purple  or  lilac;  fruit   3-4    mm. 
high.     On  dry  plains  and  prairies,   S.  Dak.   to  Tex.,  Chihuahua,  Colo,  and  Ariz. 
May-Sept. 

a.  LIPPIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and  small 
bracted  flowers,  in  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx  small,  ovoid,  campanulate  or  com- 
pressed and  2-winged,  2-4-toothed  or  2-4-cleft.  Corolla  tube  cylindric,  the  limb 
oblique,  somewhat  2-lipped,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous;  anthers  ovate,  not 
appendaged,  the  sacs  nearly  parallel.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  I  in  each  cavity; 


LAST  A  TAE.  779 

style  short;  stigma  oblique  or  recurved.  Fruit  dry,  with  a  membranous  exocarp, 
at  length  separating  into  4  nutlets.  [Named  in  honor  of  Auguste  Lippi,  1678- 
1703,  a  French  naturalist.]  About  100  species,  most  abundant  in  tropical  Am. 
Besides  the  following,  about  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Leaves  spatulate,  2-8-toothed  above ;  peduncles  little  exceeding  the  leaves. 

i.  L.  cuneifolia. 
Leaves  sharply  serrate ;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  mostly  acute.  2.  L.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse.  3.  L.  nodifloi  a. 

1.  Lippia  cuneifolia  (Torr.)   Steud.     WEDGE-LEAVED  FOG-FRUIT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3065.)    Pale,  minutely  puberulent,  or  glabrous,  diffusely  branched  from  the  woody 
base;   branches   rigid,  procumbent,  somewhat   zigzag.     Leaves    sessile,  obscurely 
veined,  rigid,  2-4  cm.  long,  with  2-8  sharp  teeth  above  the  middle  or  rarely  en- 
tire,  acutish;  head  becoming  cylindric    and    12-16    mm.    long;    bracts    cuncatc, 
abruptly  acuminate;  calyx-lobes  2-toothed  or  emarginate;  corolla-tube  longer  than 
the  calyx;  fruit  oblong.     On  plains,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Colo,   to  Tex.,    Mex.   tind 
Ariz.     May-Aug. 

2.  Lippia  lanceolata  Michx.    FOG-FRUIT.    (I.  F.  f.  3066. )    Green,  glabrous, 
or  sparingly  pubescent  with  forked  hairs;  stems  slender,  procumbent  or  ascending, 
sometimes  rooting  at  the  nodes,   3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves   thin,  oblong,  ovate,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,    pinnately    veined,    short-petioled,  acute   or   subacute,  sharply 
serrate  to  below  the  middle,  2-8  cm.  long,  0.6-3  cm.  wide;  heads  becoming  cylin- 
dric and  about  12  mm.   long  in  fruit;  bracts  acute;  corolla  pale  blue,    scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx;  fruit  globose.     In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Fla.,  Tex. 
and  Mex.     Also  in  Cal.     June-Aug. 

3.  Lippia  nodiflora  (L.)  Michx      SPATULATE-LEAVED  FOG-FRUIT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3067.)     Minutely  and  rather  densely  puberulent,  creeping,  or  the  branches  ascend- 
ing, 3-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  thickish,  spatulate,  oblanceolate,  or  obovate,  1-6  cm. 
long,  0.6-2.5  cm.  wide,  mostly   obtuse,    narrowed   into   a    cuneate   entire   base, 
sharply  serrate  above  the  middle;  heads  at  length  cylindric  and  1-2.5   cm-  l°ng» 
corolla  purple  to  white.     In  wet  or  moist  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Mo..  Fla.  and  Tex.    Also 
in  Cal..  Cent.  Am.  and  the  W.  Indies.     May-Sept. 

3.  CALLICARPA  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  blue  purple  or  white  flowers  in 
axillary  cymes.  Calyx  short,  campanulate.  4-toothed  (rarely  5-toothed),  or  trun- 
cate. Corolla-tube  short,  expanded  above,  the  limb  4-cleft  (rarely  5 -cleft),  the 
lobes  equal.  Stamens  4,  equal,  exserted;  anther-sacs  parallel.  Ovary  incom- 
pletely 2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  laterally  attached,  amphitropous;  style 
slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx,  containing  1-4  nutlets.  [Greek,  handsome  fruit.]  About  35  species, 
the  following  of  southeastern  N.  Am.,  the  others  Asiatic,  African  and  of  tropical 
Am. 

i.  Callicarpa  Americana  L.  FRENCH  MULBERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  3068.)  A 
shrub,  6-15  dm.  high,  the  twigs,  petioles  and  young  leaves  stellate-scurfy,  the 
mature  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  glandular- dotted.  Twigs  terete;  leaves 
thin,  ovate,  slender-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate,  crenate-dentate,  7-15  cm.  long; 
cymes  many-flowered,  short-peduncled ;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx-teeth  much 
shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  pale  blue,  about  3  mm.  long;  fruit  violet-blue,  glo- 
bose, 3  mm.  in  diameter.  In  moist  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 
June-July. 

Family  7.    LABIATAE   B.  Juss. 
Mint  Family. 

Aromatic  punctate  herbs,  or  shrubs  (a  few  tropical  species  trees), 
mostly  with  4-sided  stems  and  simple  opposite  leaves;  stipules  none. 
Flowers  irregular,  perfect,  clustered,  the  inflorescence  typically  cymose, 
usually  bracteolate.  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed 
(rarely  4-toothed),  mostly  nerved.  Corolla  with  a  short  or  long  tube, 


FLORA. 

the  limb  4-5-lobed,  mostly  2-lipped,  regular  in  a  few  genera;  upper  lip 
2-lobed,  or  sometimes  entire;  lower  lip  mostly  3-lobed.  Stamens  borne 
on  the  corolla-tube,  typically  4  and  didynamous,  sometimes  2,  rarely 
equal;  filaments  separate,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes;  anthers 
2-celled,  introrse,  or  confluently  i-celled,  or  sometimes  of  a  single  sac. 
Disk  usually  present,  fleshy.  Ovary  4-lobed,  or  4-parted,  superior,  each 
lobe  or  division  with  i  mostly  anatropous  ovule ;  style  arising  from  the 
centre  of  the  lobed  or  parted  ovary,  2  lobed  at  the  summit.  Fruit  of  4 
i  seeded  nutlets.  Seed  erect  (transverse  in  Scutellaria)\  endosperm 
scanty,  or  none;  embryo  mostly  straight ;  radicle  short,  inferior.  About 
1 60  genera  and  3000  species,  of  wide  distribution.  The  family  is  also 
known  as  LAMIACEAE. 

A.  Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  not  basal;  nutlets  laterally  attached. 
Corolla-limb  very  irregular,  apparently  i-lipped,  or  the  other  lip  very  short;  stamens 

exserted . 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  short,  truncate.  i.  Ajuga. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  2-lobed,  or  all  the  lobes  united  into  the  lower  lip. 

2.   Teucrium. 
Corolla-limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed. 

Corolla-lobes  spreading;  stamens  short-exserted.  3.  Isanthus. 

Corolla- lobes  declined  ;  stamens  long-exserted.  4.    'Irichostema. 

B.  Ovary  4-parted,  the  style  basal;  nutlets  basally  attached. 

*  Calyx  with  a  protuberance  on  the  upper  side.  5.  Scutellaria. 

*  *  Calyx  not  gibbous  on  the  upper  side. 

Stamens  and  style  very  short,  included  in  the  corolla-tube.  6.  Marrubium. 

Stamens  longer,  not  included  in  the  corolla  tube. 

f  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped;  lips  unlike,  the  upper  concave. 

(a)  Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Posterior  (upper)  pair  of  stamens  longer  than  the  anterior. 
Anther-sacs  parallel  or  nearly  so. 

Tall  erect  herbs;  posterior  stamens  declined,  anterior  ascending. 

7.  A  gas  t ache. 
Trailing  herb ;  stamens  all  ascending  under  upper  lip  of  corolla. 

8.  Meehania. 
Anther-sacs  divergent. 

Calyx  tubular,  nearly  equally  5- toothed,  not  2-lipped;  plant  erect. 

9.  Nepeta, 
Calyx  distinctly  2-lipped,  or  unequally  5-toothed. 

Trailing  herb;  calyx  unequally  5  toothed.  10.  Glecoma. 

Erect  herbs;  calyx  2-lipped.    '  \\.Dracocepfialum. 
Posterior  pair  of  stamens  shorter  than  the  anterior. 

Calyx  distinctly  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit.  12.  Prunella. 
Calyx  3-io-toothed,  not  distinctly  2-lipped,  open  in  fruit. 
Calyx  membranous,  inflated  in  fruit,  faintly  nerved. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  or  5-lobed.  13.  Physostegia. 

Calyx  4-lobed.  14-  Synandra. 
Calyx  not  membranous,  not  inflated  in  fruit,  distinctly  5-io-nerved. 

Style-branches  very  unequal.  15.  Phlomis. 
Style-branches  equal,  or  nearly  so. 

Anther-sacs  transversely  2-valved.  16.   Galeopsis. 

Anther-sacs  not  transversely  2-valved,  parallel  or  divergent. 
Nutlets  3-sided,  truncate. 

Calyx-teeth  not  spiny-tipped.  18.  Lamium. 

Calyx-teeth  spiny-tipped.  17.  Leonurus. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  rounded  above. 

Calyx  with  a  spreading  5-toothed  limb.  19.  Ballota^ 
Calyx-limb  not  spreading. 

Corolla-tube  not   longer   than   the  calyx;   anther-sacs  di- 
vergent. 20.  Stachys. 

-  '•                                              Corolla-tube  exserted;  lower  petioles  very  long ;  anther- 
sacs  parallel.  21.  Betonica. 
(b)  Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

Connective  of  the  anther  very  long,  bearing  a  perfect  sac  at  one  end,  and  a  rudimentary 

one,  or  none,  at  the  other.  22,  Salvia. 


LABIATAE.  ?8l 

Connective  very  short,  the  anther-sacs  confluent. 

Calyx  tubular,  i5-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.  23.  Monarda. 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  i3-nerved,  2-lipped.  24.  Blephilia. 

f  f  Corolla  z-lipped,  or  regular;  upper  lipt  when  present,  flat ',  or  only  slightly  concave. 
(a)  Flowers  in  axillary  whorls  or  clusters,  or  these  forming  terminal  spikes. 

Corolla  2-lipped. 

Stamens  curved,  often  converging,  or  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2.  25.  Iledeoma. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Corolla-tube  upwardly  curved,  exserted.  26.  Melissa. 

Corolla-tube  straight. 

Calyx  lo-nerved,  campanulate,  about  equally  5-toothed. 

27.  Satureia. 

Calyx  mostly  13  nerved,  tubular,  2-lipped.  28.  Clinopodium. 

Stamens  straight,  often  diverging. 

Calyx  i5-nerved.  29.  Hyssopus. 

Calyx  io-i3-nerved. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 
Anther-sacs  divergent. 

Calyx  equally  5-toothed;  erect  herbs.  30.  Origanum. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  creeping  herbs.  32.   l^hymus. 

Anther-sacs  parallel.  31.  Koellia. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2.  33.  Cunila. 

Corolla  regular,  4-s-lobed. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2;  plants  not  aromatic.  34.  Lycopus. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4?  aromatic  fragrant  herbs.  35.  Mentha. 

(b)  Flowers  in  terminal  panicled  racemes  or  spikes;  corolla  2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2;  lower  lip  of  corolla  long,  fimbriate;  native. 

36.  Collinsonia. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4;  lower  lip  of  corolla  not  fimbriate;  introduced. 

Flowers  racemose.  37.  Perilla. 

Flowers  densely  spiked.  38.  Elsholtzia. 

I.  AJUGA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  mostly  with  dentate  leaves,  and  rather  large  verticillate-clustered  flowers 
in  terminal  spikes,  or  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  10 -many-nerved,  5-toothed  or 
5-lobed,  the  teeth  or  lobes  nearly  equal.  Corolla-lirnb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  short, 
the  lower  spreading,  with  2  small  lateral  lobes  and  a  much  larger  emarginate  or 
2-cleft  middle  one.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the  anterior  pair  the  longer;  anther- 
sacs  divergent,  only  slightly  confluent  at  the  base.  Nutlets  obovoid,  rugose-reticu- 
late. [Greek,  without  a  yoke;  from  the  seeming  absence  of  the  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla.  ]  About  40  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Ajuga  reptans  L.  BUGLE.  (I.  F.  f.  3069.)  Perennial,  producing  slender 
stolons;  stem  erect,  1.5-4  dm.  tall.  Basal  leaves  tufted,  obovate,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  crenate  or  undulate,  2-8  cm.  long,  tapering  into  margined  petioles;  leaves 
of  the  stem  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  smaller,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  those  of  the  stolons 
mostly  petioled;  upper  flower-clusters,  often  forming  a  short  spike,  the  lower  com- 
monly distant  and  axillary;  corolla  blue  or  nearly  white,  about  12  mm.  long.  In 
fields,  Quebec  and  Me.  to  southern  N.  Y.  Nat.  from  Europe.  May-June. 

2.  TEUCRIUM  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  rather  small  pink  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in  terminal 
bracted  spikes  or  heads,  or  verticillate  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  tubular-campanu- 
late,  lo-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla-tube  short,  the  limb  irregularly  5-lobed,  the 
2  short  upper  lobes  oblong,  the  lateral  lobe  declined,  more  or  less  united  with  the 
upper  ones,  the  lower  lobe  broader,  also  declined.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the 
anterior  pair  the  longer;  anther-sacs  divergent,  confluent  at  the  base.  Nutlets 
obovoid,  rugose-reticulated.  [Named  from  the  Trojan  king,  Teucer.]  Over  100 
species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  southern 
U.  S. 

Leaves  dentate  or  serrate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

Calyx  canescent,  it  upper  teeth  obtuse.  i.  T.  Canadense. 

Calyx  villous,  its  upper  teeth  acutish.  2.  T.  occidentale. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted;  floweis  axillary,  solitary.  3.  7\  laciniatunt. 


782  FLORA. 

1.  Teucrium  Canadenst  L.     AMERICAN    GERMANDER  OR    WOOD    SAGE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3070.)    Perennial,  pubescent  or  canescent;  stem  stiff,  3-6  dm.  tall.    Leaves 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  irregularly  dentate,  mostly  narrowed  at 
the  base,  short-petioled,  3-13  cm.   long;  spike  becoming  1.5-3  dm.  long  in  fruit, 
its  lower  bracts  sometimes  foliaceous;  upper  bracts  commonly  not  longer  than  the 
calyx;  flowers   1-2  cm.  long,  short  pedicelled;  calyx  about  6  mm.  long  in  fruit, 
its  three  upper  teeth  obtuse  or  subacute.     In  moist  thickets  or  along  marshes,  N.  E. 
to  Manitoba.  Fla.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     June-Sept. 

2.  Teucrium  occidentale  A.  Gray.     HAIRY  GERMANDER.     (I.  F.  f.  3071.) 
Perennial,  villous  or  pubescent;  stem  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  thin,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  dentate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base, 
usually  slender-petioled,  2-9  cm.   long;  spikes  becoming  0.7-2  dm.  long  in  fruit; 
bracts  lanceolate-subulate  or  the  lower  sometimes  larger;  calyx  and  axis    of  the 
spike  villous-pubescent,  the  3  upper  calyx-teeth  acute  or  acutish;  corolla  8-12  mm. 
long.     In  moist  soil,  Ont.  to  Penn.,  Br.  Col.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     July-Sept. 

3.  Teucnum     laciaiatum    Torr.      CUT-LEAVED    GERMANDER.      Diffusely 
branched  from  a  woody  perennial  root,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  pinnately  3-7- 
parted    into    linear  segments;    upper  leaves   about  equalling  the  flowers;    corolla 
1-2  cm.  long,  blue  or  lilac.     Plains,  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

3.  ISANTHUS  Michx. 

An  annual  erect  finely  viscid -pubescent  much-branched  herb,  with  narrow 
entire  or  few-toothed  leaves,  and  small  blue  flowers  in  loose  axillary  cymes.  Calyx 
broadly  campanulate,  lo-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  the  teeth  lanceolate. 
Corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  enlarged  into  the  throat,  the  limb  nearly 
equally  5 -cleft  into  obovate  somewhat  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
incurved-ascending,  not  longer  than  the  corolla,  the  anterior  pair  slightly  the 
longer;  anther-sacs  divergent  at  maturity.  Ovary  deeply  4  lobed;  style  minutely 
2-cleft  at  the  summit.  Nutlets  rugose-reticulated.  [Greek,  equal-flower,  the 
corolla-lobes  being  nearly  equal.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Isarr.hus  brachiatus  (L.)  B.S  P.  FALSE  PENNYROYAL.  (I.  F.  f.  3072.) 
Stem  slender,  much  branched,  1.5-5  dm.  ta^»  tne  branches  spreading.  Leaves 
oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  or  with  a  few  sharp  teeth, 
3- nerved,  short-petioled,  2-5  cm.  long,  4-12  mm. wide;  axillary  cymes  i-3-flowered; 
pedicels  very  slender,  some  of  them  as  long  as  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx  lobes  acute 
or  acuminate,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  4-6  mm.  long,  the  fruiting 
calyx  6mm.  long.  In  sandy  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to 
Minn.,  Kans.,  Ga.  and  Tex.  July-Sept.  [7.  cxrulcus  Michx.] 

4.  TRICHOSTEMA   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  erect  branching  herbs,  some  western  species  shrubby,  with 
lanceolate  oblong  or  linear  entire  or  slighly  repand  leaves.  Flowers  small,  or 
middle-sized,  pink,  blue,  purple,  or  white,  paniculate,  or  in  axillary  loose  or  dense 
cymes.  Calyx  campanulate,  very  unequally  5-lobed  in  our  species,  the  lobes 
ovate  or  lanceolate.  Corolla-tube  slender,  exserted  or  included,  the  limb  some- 
what oblique  and  deeply  5-cleft  into  oblong  more  or  less  declined  segments. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending,  curved,  the  anterior  pair  the  longer,  the 
filaments  filiform,  spirally  coiled  in  the  bud,  long-exserted ;  anther-sacs  divaricate, 
more  or  less  confluent  at  the  base.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed;  style  2-cleft  at  the 
summit.  Nutlets  obovoid,  reticulated.  [Greek,  hair-stamen,  referring  to  the 
slender  filaments.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  North  America. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate;  planl  minutely  viscid-pubescent.  i.    T,  dichotomum, 

Leaves  linear;  plant  puberulent  or  glabrous.  2.    T.  lineare. 

i.  Trichostema  dichotomum  L.  BLUE  CURLS.  BASTARD  PENNYROYAL. 
(I.  F.  f.  3073.)  Annual,  minutely  viscid-pubescent;  stem  slender,  1.5-5  dm. 
high.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  membranous,  narrowed  into  short 
petioles,  2-8  cm.  long;  the  upper  gradually  smaller;  flowers  paniculate,  i2-i8mm. 
long,  borne  1-3  together  on  2-bracteolate  peduncles;  calyx  oblique,  very  unequally 
5-lobed.  the  3  upper  lobes  much  longer  and  more  united  than  the  2  lower  ones; 
corolla  blue,  pink  or  rarely  nearly  white,  the  limb  longer  than  the  tube;  stamens 


LABIA  TAE.  783 

blue  or  violet.     In  dry  fields,  Me.  to  Fla.,  Penn.,  Ky.  and  Tex.     The  lateral  flow- 
ers become  inverted  by  torsion  of  the  pedicels.     July-Oct. 

2.  Trichostema  lineare  Nutt.  NARROW-LEAVED  BLUE  CURLS.  (I.  F.  f. 
3074.)  Puberulent  or  glabrous,  not  viscid  or  scarcely  so.  Leaves  linear,  sessile 
or  short-petioled,  1-5  cm.  long,  sometimes  with  smaller  ones  or  short  leafy 
branches  in  their  axils;  flowers  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding,  sometimes  larger. 
In  sandy  fields  and  dry  pine  barrens,  R.  I.  to  Ga.  and  La.  July-Aug. 

5.  SCUTELLARIA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Bitter  herbs,  some  species  shrubby.  Flowers  blue  to  violet,  in  bracted  mostly 
secund  spike-like  racemes,  or  solitary  or  2-3  together  in  the  axils.  Calyx  cam- 
panulate,  gibbous,  2-lipped,  the  lips  entire,  the  upper  one  with  a  crest  or  protu- 
berance upon  its  back  and  often  deciduous  in  fruit.  Corolla  recurved-ascending, 
dilated  above  into  the  throat,  glabrous  within,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  arched, 
entire  or  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading  or  deflexed,  its  lateral  lobes  small  and 
somewhat  connected  with  the  upper,  its  middle  lobe  broad,  the  margins  mostly 
recurved.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  all  anther-bearing,  ascending  under  the  upper 
lip,  the  upper  pair  somewhat  the  shorter,  their  anthers  2-celled,  ciliate;  anthers  of 
the  lower  pair  of  stamens  i-celled,  also  ciliate.  Nutlets  papillose  or  tuberculate. 
[Latin,  a  dish,  from  the  appendage  to  the  fruiting  calyx.]  About  100  species  oi 
wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  1 1  others  occur  in  southern  and 
western  N.  Am. 

*  Nutlets  wingless,  very  slightly  elevated  on  the  short  gynobase. 
Flowers  6-10  mm.  long,  in  axillary  and  sometimes  terminal  racemes. 

i.  S.  lateriflora. 
Flowers  12-30  mm.  long,  in  terminal  often  panicled  racemes. 

Plant  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so ;  leaves  broad.  2.   S.  serrata. 

Plants  pubescent,  puberulent  or  pilose. 

Leaves,  all  except  the  floral,  crenate  or  dentate,  broad. 

Canescent,  not  glandular ;  corolla  canescent.  3.  S.  incar.a. 

Densely  glandular-pubescent;  corolla  puberulent.  4.  S.  cordtfoha. 

Pubescent  below,  glandular  above;  corolla  nearly  glabrous. 

5.  S.  pilosa. 

Leaves  all  except  the  lowest  entire,  narrow.  6.  S.  integrifolia. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  or  sometimes  also  in  terminal  bracted  racemes. 

Annual,  villous,  branched  from  the  base.  7.  S.  Drummondii. 

Perennial  from  a  thick  woody  root.  8.  S.  resinosa. 

Fibrous-rooted ;  perennial  by  rootstocks  or  stolons. 
Flowers  4-8  mm.  long. 

Plant  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent.  9.  S.  parvula. 

Plant  densely  pubescent  all  over.  10.   S.  campestris. 

Flowers  16-26  mm.  long. 

Minutely  and  densely  glandular-pubescent,  resiniferous. 

ii.  S.  Brittonii. 

Densely  cinereous-pubescent,  pale.  12.  S.  Bushii. 

Glabrous  or  merely  slightly  puberulent. 

Leaves  ovate,  slender-petioled,  cordate,  obtuse.       13.  S.  saxatilis. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  acute. 

14.  S  galericulata. 
*  Nutlets  membranous-winged,  elevated  on  the  slender  gynobase:  flowers  axillary. 

15.  S.  nervosa. 

1.  Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.     MAD-DOG  SKULLCAP.     (I.  F.  f.  3075.)     Per- 
ennial by  slender  stolons,  glabrous,   or   puberulent   above;   stem   slender,    leafy, 
2-6   dm.    high.     Leaves   ovate,  ovate- oblong  or   ovate-lanceolate,    thin,    slender- 
petioled,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate- serrate,  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcor- 
date  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  upper  gradually  smaller,  the  uppermost  some- 
times entire;  racemes  narrow,   secund;  corolla  blue,   varying  to  nearly  white,  its 
lips  about  equal,  one-fifth  as  long  as  the  tube.     In  wet  places,  Newf.  to  Out.,  Br. 
Col.,  Fla.,  N.  Mex.  and  Wash.     July-Sept. 

2.  Scutellaria  serrata  Andr.     SHOWY  SKULLCAP.     (I.  F.  f.  3076.)     Peren- 
nial; stem  slender,    3-6  dm.    high.     Leaves   ovate   or   elliptic,    slender-petioled, 
acute,  crenate  or  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  small  bracts; 
racemes  almost  always  simple  and  terminal,  the  flowers  opposite;  corolla  2.5  cm. 


784  FLORA. 

long,  blue,  minutely  puberulent,  its  tube  narrow,  gradually  expanded  above  into 
the  throat,  its  upper  lip  shorter  than  the  lower.  In  woods,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to 
N.  Car.,  III.  and  Ky.  May-June. 

3.  Scutellaria  incana  Muhl.     DOWNY  SKULLCAP.     (I.  F.  f.  3077.)     Peren- 
nial, finely  and  densely  whitish  downy,  or  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves  gla- 
brous; stem  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,   rather  firm,  slender- 
petioled,  acute,  crenate-dentate,  7-11  cm.  long;  racemes  terminal,  usually  numer- 
ous  and   panicled;  corolla    18-20   mm.   long:    upper   lip  of  the  corolla  slightly 
longer  than  the  lower.     In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Ont.  to  111.,  Kans.,  N.  Car. 
and  Ala.     Juue-Aug. 

4.  Scutellaria  cordifolia   Muhl.      HEART-LEAVED    SKULLCAP.      (I.    F.    f. 
3078.)     Perennial,  densely  glandular-pubescent;  stem  3-9  dm.  high,  often  simple. 
Leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  crenate-dentate  all  around,  5-10  cm.  long, 
all  but  the  uppermost  cordate  at  the  base;  racemes  terminal,  narrow;  bracts  ovate, 
mostly  entire,  commonly  longer  than  the  pedicels;  corolla  puberulent,  2-2.5   cm. 
long,  blue  with  the  lower  side  lighter  or  white,  its  tube  narrow,  its  throat  moder- 
ately dilated.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Wis.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 
June-Aug.     S.  venosa  Kearney  (S.  versicolor  minor  Chapm.;  appears  to  differ  from 
this  only  in  size. 

5.  Scutellaria  pilosa  Michx.     HAIRY  SKULLCAP.     (I.   F.  f.  3079.)    Peren- 
nial; stem  slender,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,  petioled,  obtuse, 
or  the  upper  subacute,  crenate,  2-8  cm.  long;  racemes  terminal,  sometimes  also  in 
the  upper  axils;  bracts   oblong  or   spatulate,    entire,    longer   than  the    pedicels; 
corolla  blue,  12-16  mm.  long,  its  lower  lip  and   lateral  lobes   somewhat    shorter 
than  the  arched  upper  one.     In  dry  sandy  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to 
Mich.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

Scutellaria  pi!6sa  hirsuta  (Short)  A.  Gray.     Stouter,  sometimes  9  dm.  high,  hirsute; 
leaves  larger,  coarsely  crenate.     Va.  and  Ky. 

6.  Scutellaria  integrifolia  L.    LARGER  OR  HYSSOP  SKULLCAP.  (I.  F.  f.  3080.) 
Perennial,  hoary  with  a  minute  down;  stem  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  linear  to 
oblong,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  obtuse,  entire,  2-5   cm.  long,  or  the  lower 
ovate,  lanceolate  or  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  and  sometimes  subcordate  at  the  base, 
often  crenate-dentate  or  incised;  racemes  terminal;  bracts  linear-oblong,  subacute, 
longer  than  the  pedicels;  corolla    blue  or  whitish   underneath,  2-3  cm.  long,  its 
large  lips  nearly  equal.     In  fields,  woods  and  thickets,  Conn,  and  R.  I.  toW.Va., 
Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

7.  Scutellaria  Drummondii   Benth.     DRUMMOND'S    SKULLCAP.     (I.   F.    f. 
3081.)     Villous-puberulent  or  pubescent,  the  branches  0.7-2  dm.   long.     Leaves 
ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate,  entire,  or  the  lower  sparingly  crenulate,  8-25  mm.  long, 
the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled,  the  uppermost  gradually  smaller;  flowers  soli- 
tary in  the  axils,  short-peduncled;  corolla  blue,  or  the  tube  nearly  white,  8-10  mm. 
long,  pubescent,  the  lower  lip  violet,  spotted,  longer  than  the  upper.     Kans.   (ac- 
cording to  Smyth),  Tex.  and  Mex.     April -June. 

8.  Scutellaria    resinosa    Torr.     RESINOUS    .SKULLCAP    (I.    F.    f.    3082.) 
Minutely  canescent  or  puberulent  and  usually  resiniferous ;  stems  rigid,   tufted, 
ascending,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,  sessile,  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  entire,  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  corolla 
violet  or  nearly  white,  very  pubescent,  12-18  mm.  long,  its  tube  narrow  and  lips 
nearly  equal.     On  dry  plains,  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     May-Aug. 

9.  Scutellaria    parvula     Michx.       SMALL    SKULLCAP.      (I.    F.   f.   3083.) 
Glabrous,  or  sparingly  puberulent,  sometimes  slightly  glandular;   steins  0.7-3  dm. 
tall.     Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  nearly  orbicular,  entire   and 
sessile,  or  the  lower  sparingly  dentate  and  petioled,  6-25   mm.  long;  flowers  soli- 
tary in  the  axils;  corolla  4-8  mm.   long,  violet,   pubescent.     In  moist  sandy  soil, 
Quebec  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  J.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     April-July. 

10.  Scutellaria  campestris  Britton.     PRAIRIE   SKULLCAP.     (I.  F,  f.  3084.) 
Pubescent;  stems  diffuse,  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  long.     Leaves  ovate,  or  the  lower 
almost  orbicular,  entire,  or  dentate,  1-2  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  the  lower  short-petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  flowers  solitary 


LABI  A  TAE.  785 

in  the  axils;  corolla  6-iocm.  long,  violet  or  purple,  pubescent.  In  dry  sandy  or 
gravelly  soil,  N.  Car.  to  111.,  Iowa,  Kans.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  April-July. 

ii.  Scutellaria  Brittonii  Porter.  BRITTON'S  SKULLCAP.  (I.  F.  f.  3085.) 
Viscidly  glandular,  pubescent  or  puberulent,  branched  from  the  base;  stems  1-2 
dm.  high,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sessile  and  entire  or  the  lowest  short- 
petioled  and  slightly  crenulate,  obtuse,  rather  prominently  veined  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, 1-2.5  cm.  long,  the  upper  scarcely  smaller;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils; 
pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  pubescent,  blue,  2-3  cm.  long.  Neb. 
(according  to  Coulter);  Colo,  and  Wyo.  June-July. 

12  Scutellaria  Bushii  Britton,  n.  sp.  BUSH'S  SKULLCAP.  Erect,  rather  stiff, 
1.5-2.5  dm.  high,  finely  ashy-pubescent.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  firm,  entire, 
sessile,  2-3.5  cm-  'ong>  3~5  mm-  wide,  the  veins  prominent;  flowers  axillary,  short- 
pedunctecl,  2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  pubescent.  Rocky  grounds,  Shannon  Co.r  Mo.  (B. 
F.  Bush,  No.  54,  June  3,  1890). 

13.  Scutellaria  saxatilis  Riddell.  ROCK  SKULLCAP.  (I.  F.  f.  3086.)  Per- 
ennial by  filiform  stolons,  glabrate  or  sparingly  puberulent;  stem  weak,  ascending 
or  reclining,  1.5-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  slender-petioled,  thin,  coarsely  cre- 
nate,  obtuse,  cordate,  2-5  cm.  long,  or  the  lower  nearly  orbicular,  and  the  upper 
lanceolate,  subacute  and  entire;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  or  clustered  in 
a  terminal  loose  raceme;  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels;  corolla  light  blue,  very 
nearly  glabrous,  1.5-2  cm.  long.  On  moist  banks  and  in  thickets,  Del.  to  Va., 
Ohio  and  Tenn.  May -July. 

14  Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  HOODED  WILLOW-HERB.  MARSH  SKULL- 
CAP. (I.  F.  f.  3087.)  Perennial  by  filiform  stolons,  puberulent  or  pubescent;  stem 
3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  thin,  short-petioled,  or 
the  upper  sessile,  acute,  dentate  or  the  upper  entire,  subcordate  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  usually  much  smaller;  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axils;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  blue,  puberulent,  nearly  or  quite 
2.5  cm.  long,  with  a  slender  tube  and  slightly  enlarged  throat.  In  swamps  and 
along  streams,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  Car.,  Ohio,  Neb.,  Ariz,  and  Wash.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-Sept. 

15.  Scutellaria  nervosa  Pursh.  VEINED  SKULLCAP.  (I.  F.  f.  3088).  Per- 
ennial  by  filiform  stolons;  stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  2-6  cm.  high. 
Leaves  thin,  the  lower  slender-petioled,  nearly  orbicular,  crenate,  often  subcordate, 
the  middle  ones  larger,  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  coarsely  dentate 
or  crenate,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  commonly  entire;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils;  corolla  blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  puberulent,  the  lower  lip  longer 
than  the  concave  upper  one.  In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  111., 
N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.  May-Aug. 

6     MARRUBIUM   L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  petioled  dentate  rugose  leaves,  and  smalt  white  or  purplish 
flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  tubular,  5-10- nerved,  regularly  5-10- 
toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  or  the  alternate  ones  shorter,  spreading  or  recurved 
in  fruit.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its 
broader  middle  lobe  commonly  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included,  the 
posterior  pair  the  shorter;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent.  Style  2-cleft  at  the 
summit,  the  lobes  short.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Name  Middle  Latin,  its  meaning 
uncertain.]  About  40  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Marrubium  vulgare  L.  WHITE  HOARHOUND.  (I.  F.  f.  3089.)  Stem 
stout,  woolly.  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  oval,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular, 
rugose-veined,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate,  2—5  cm.  long,  rough,  whitish  above;  petioles 
1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  usually  exceeding  the  flowers;  clusters  many-flowered;  flowers 
whitish;  calyx-teeth  usually  10,  subulate,  glabrous  above,  woolly  below.  In  waste 
places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Br.  Col.,  N.  Car.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  Nat.  from 
Europe. 

7.  AGASTACHE    Clayt.     [LOPHANTHUS  Benth.] 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  serrate,  petioled  leaves,  and  yellowish  purplish 
or  blue  flowers,  verticiilate-clustered  in  thick  bracted  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  nar- 
rowly campanulate,  somewhat  oblique,  slightly  2-lipped,  5-toothed,  Corolla 


786  FLORA. 

strongly  2-lipped,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx;  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed;  lower  lip 
spreading,  3-lobed;  its  middle  lobe  broader  than  the  lateral  ones  and  crenulate. 
Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing,  didynamous,  the  upper  pair  the  longer;  anthers 
2-celled,  their  sacs  nearly  parallel.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  many-spikes.] 
About  4  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  I  or  2  others  occur  in 
the  Western  States. 

Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  stout;  corolla  greenish  yellow.  i.  A.  nepetoides. 

Pubescent,  stout;  corolla  purplish;  leaves  green  both  sides.  2.  A.  scrophuldriaefolia. 
Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  slender;  corolla  blue;  leaves  pale  beneath. 

3.  A.  anethiodora. 

1.  Agastache  nepetoides  (L.)  Kuntze.     CATNEP   GIANT-HYSSOP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3090.)     Stem  6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  or  acute, 
mostly  thin,   coarsely  dentate,  5-15  cm.  long;  spikes  0.7-4.5  dm.   long,   usually 
very  dense;  petioles  of  the  lowest  leaves  often  5  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate,   acute  or 
acuminate;    calyx-teeth   oblong   or   ovate-oblong,  obtuse   or   subacute,  sometimes 
purplish;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  about  8  mm.  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. 
In  woods  and  thickets,  Vt.  and  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  Kans.,  Ga.  and  Ark.     July-Sept. 

2.  Agastache    scrophulariaefolia     (Willd.)    Kuntze.     FIGWORT.     GIANT- 
HYSSOP.       (I.   F.  f.   3091.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,   but   commonly  taller,  the 
stem,  petioles  and   lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent.     Bracts 
broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  very 
acute  or  sometimes   acuminate,  whitish  or  purplish;   corolla  purplish,  10-12  mm. 
long,  considerably  exceeding  the  calyx.     In  woods  and  thickets,    Mass,  to  Wis., 
Kans.,  N.  Car.  and  Ky.     Plant  strong- scented.    -July-Oct. 

Agastache  scrophulariaefolius  m611is  (Fernald)  Britton.  Stem  and  lower  leaf 
surfaces  densely  tomentose.  Vt.  and  Conn,  to  Iowa.  (Lophanthus  scrophulariaefolius 
mollis  Fernald.) 

3.  Agastache    anethiodora  (Nutt.)    Britton.     FRAGRANT    GIANT-HYSSOP. 
(I.  F.  f.  3092.)     Stem  rather  slender,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  firm,  mostly  short-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate,  obtuse 
or  sometimes  subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  5-9  cm.  long,  anise-scented; 
spikes  seldom  1.5  dm.  long;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate;  calyx-teeth 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  purple;  corolla  blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  calyx.     On  prairies  and  plains,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  111.,  Neb.  and 
Colo.    July-Sept.      \_Lophanthus  anisatus  Benth.] 

8.  MEEHANIA  Britton. 

A  low  pubescent  spreading  or  decumbent  herb,  with  long-petioled  cordate 
leaves,  trailing  leafy  stolons,  and  large  blue  flowers  in  terminal  secund  bracted 
spikes.  Calyx  campanulate,  15-nerved,  slightly  2-lipped,  its  teeth  lanceolate,  acute, 
the  3  upper  longer  than  the  2  lower.  Corolla  much  exserted,  puberulent  without, 
pubescent  within,  the  tube  narrow  at  the  base,  gradually  widely  ampliate  into  the 
throat,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  arched,  the  lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  lower 
lip  about  equalling  the  upper,  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  emarginate, 
broader  than  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  4,  included,  the  upper  pair  longer  than 
the  lower;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  nearly  parallel.  Nutlets  oblong,  smooth. 
[Named  for  Thomas  Meehan,  of  Philadelphia,  botanist  and  horticulturist.]  A 
monotypic  genus. 

i.  Meehania  cordata  (Nutt.)  Britton.  MEEHANIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3093.) 
Flowering  stems  0.7-2  dm.  high;  stolons  sometimes  6  dm.  long.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate  or  ovate-orbicular,  thin,  obtuse  or  subacute,  crenate  all  around,  sparingly 
pubescent  with  scattered  hairs  on  both  surfaces,  or  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  green 
on  both  sides,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  basal  sinus  broad;  spikes  2-10  cm.  long;  bracts 
ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  membranous,  the  lower  sometimes  crenulate  and  surpassing 
the  calyx;  bractlets  small,  lanceolate;  calyx  about  I  cm.  long,  puberulent,  its  longer 
teeth  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  2.5-3  cm.  long,  showy.  In 
rich  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  Car.  May-July. 

9.  NEPETA  L. 

Herbs,  with  dentate  or  incised  leaves,  and  mostly  white  or  blue  flowers  in 
verticillate  clusters,  usually  crowded  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  somewhat 


LABIA  TAE. 

oblique,  15-nerved,  5-toothed,  scarcely  2-lipped,  but  the  upper  teeth  usually 
longer  than  the  lower.  Corolla-tube  enlarged  above,  the  limb  strongly  2-lipped; 
upper  lip  erect,  entire,  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  An- 
thers 2-ceiied,  the  sacs  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  compressed,  smooth.  [AncienJ 
Latin,  name  of  catnep.]  About  150  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Nk,  Nepeta  Cataria  L.  CATMINT.  CATNEP.  NEP.  (I.  F.  f.  3094.)  Per- 
ennial, densely  tomentulose-canescent,  pale  green;  stem  6-9  dm.  high.  Leaves 
ovate  to  oblong,  petioled,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-dentate,  mostly  cordate  at  the 
base,  2-8  cm.  long;  flower-clusters  spiked,  the  spikes  2-13  cm.  long;  bracts  small; 
bractlets  subulate;  calyx  densely  puberulent,  the  upper  teeth  about  one-half  the 
length  of  the  tube;  corolla  nearly  white,  or  pale  purple,  dark-dotted,  puberulent 
without,  10-12  mm.  long,  the  broad  middle  lobe  of  its  lower  lip  crenulate.  In 
waste  places,  N.  B.  and  Quebec  to  S.  Dak.,  Va.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe. 
July-Nov. 

10.  GLECOMA  L. 

Low  creeping  herbs,  with  long-petioled  nearly  orbicular  or  reniform  crenate 
leaves,  and  blue  or  violet  flowers  in  small  axillary  verticillate  clusters.  Calyx 
oblong-tubular,  15-nerved,  oblique,  not  2-lipped,  unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla- 
tube  exserted,  enlarged  above,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed  or 
emarginate;  the  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad,  emarginate. 
Anther-sacs  divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek  name  for  thyme,  or 
pennyroyal.  ]  About  6  species  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Glecoma  hederacea  L.  GROUND  IVY.  GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.  (I. 
F.  f.  3095.)  Perennial,  pubescent,  the  creeping  stems  sometimes  4.5  dm.  long. 
Lower  petioles  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves;  leaves  1-4  cm.  in  diameter; 
clusters  few-flowered,  the  flowers  1.4-2  cm.  long,  short-pedicelled;  bractlets  subu- 
late, shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  puberulent,  its  teeth  acute  or  lanceolate-acumi- 
nate; corolla  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  upper  pair  of  stamens  much 
longer  than  the  lower.  In  waste  places,  woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  Ga. 
and  Kans.  March-May. 

it.  DRACOCEPHALUM  L. 

Herbs,  with  blue  or  purple  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  bracted  clusters. 
Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  5-toothed,  or  2-lipped  with  the  3  upper  teeth  more  or  less 
United.  Corolla  expanded  above,  its  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate; 
lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  sometimes  2-cleft.  Anthers  2-celled, 
the  sacs  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  dragon-head.]  About  35 
species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx ;  clusters  mostly  terminal,  dense. 

i.  D.  parviflorum. 
Corolla  2-3  times  as  long;  as  the  calyx;  clusters  mostly  axillary.  2.  D.  Moldavica. 

1.  Dracocephalum  parviflorum  Nutt.     AMERICAN   DRAGON  HEAD.    (I.  F. 
f.  3096.)    Annual  or  biennial;  stem  1.5-5  ^m-  high-    Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  or  ob- 
long, slender-petioled,  serrate,  or  the  lower  incised,  thin,   2-8  cm.  long;  clusters, 
many-flowered,  in  dense  terminal  spikes,  and  sometimes  also  in  the  upper  axils; 
bracts  ovate  to  oblong,  pectinate  with  awn-pointed  teeth;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx 
ovate-oblong,  longer  than  the  narrower  lower  and  lateral  ones,  all  acuminate;  corolla 
light  blue,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  dry  gravelly  or  rocky  soil,  N.  Y. 
and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Alaska,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.    to  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.     May- 
Aug. 

2.  Dracocephalum  Moldavica  L.     MOLDAVIAN  DRAGON-HEAD.     (I.  F.  f. 
3097.)    Annual,  puberulent;  stem  3-8  dm.  high.    Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
dentate  or  somewhat  incised,  obtuse,   2-5  cm.   long,   clusters  loose,  few-flowered, 
mostly  axillary;  bracts  narrowly  oblong,  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx,  deeply 
pectinate  with  aristate  teeth;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  calyx  slightly  curved,  the  2 
lower  teeth  somewhat  shorter  than  the  3  broader  equal  upper  ones ;  corolla  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In  a  canon  near  Spring  View,  Neb,     Also  in  northern 
Mex.     Introduced  from  Europe.     June-Aug, 


?88  FLORA. 

12.  PRUNELLA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  petioled  leaves,  and  rather  small  clustered  purple  or  white 
flowers,  in  deme  bracted  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx  oblong,  reticulate-veined,  about 
lO-nerved,  deeply  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit;  upper  lip  nearly  truncate,  or  with  3 
short  teeth;  lower  lip  2- deft.  Corolla-tube  inflated,  slightly  narrowed  at  the 
mouth,  its  limb  strongly  2-lipped;  upper  lip  entire,  arched;  lower  lip  spreading, 
3-  lobed.  Filaments  of  the  longer  stamens  2-toothed  at  the  summit,  one  of  the  teeth 
bearing  the  anther,  the  other  sterile;  antheis  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent  or 
divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Origin  of  name  doubtful;  often  spelled 
Brunella,  the  pre-Linnaean  lorm.j  About  5  species,  of  wide  geographic  dis- 
tnouaon. 

Leaves  entire  or  crenate.  i.  P.  vulgaris. 

Leaveo  pinnatifid  or  deeply  incised.  2.  P.  laciniata. 

1.  Prunella  vulgaris  L.     SELF-HEAL.     HEAL-ALL.     (I.  F.  f.  3098.)     Stem 
slender,  0.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  thin, 
2-10  cm.   long,   the  lowest  commonly  shorter  and  sometimes  subcordate;  spikes 
terminal,    sessile    or   short-peduncled,  becoming    5-10  cm.   long    in   fruit,    bracts 
broadly    ovate-orbicular,   cuspidate,   ciliate;    corolla  violet,   purple   or    sometimes 
white,  8-12  mm.   long,  about   twice    as    long    as  the  calyx.     In  fields,  woods  and 
waste  places  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  N.  Am.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May- 
Get. 

2.  Prune'la  laciniata  L.     CUT- LEAVED  SELF-HEAL.    (I.  F.  f.  3099.)    Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  the  stem  leaves  pinnatifid,  lobed,  or  incised,  the  basal  ones 
often  entire  or  merely  crenulate.     Vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C.     Adventive  or 
fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

13.  PHYSOSTEGIA  Benin.      (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  perennial  glabrous  or  puberulcnt  herbs,  with  large  or  middle-sized 
bracted  purple  violet  pink  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes.  Calyx 
membranous,  swollen  and  remaining  open  in  fruit,  faintly  reticulate- veined  and 
lo-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  tube  gradu- 
ally much  enlarged  upwaid,  its  limb  strongly  2-lipped;  upper  lip  concave,  rounded, 
entire;  lower  lip  spreading,  3 -lobed,  the  middle  lobe  commonly  emarginate.  Fila- 
ments pubescent;  anthers  all  alike.  2-celled,  the  sacs  nearly  parallel,  the  margins 
of  their  valves  commonly  spinulose  or  denticulate.  Nutlets  ovoid  triquetrous, 
smooth.  [Greek,  bellows-covering,  from  the  inflated  fruiting  calyx.]  About  8 
species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

Flowers  2.5  cm.  long;,  or  more;  leaves  firm. 

Spike  dense,  many-flowered;  leaf-serrations  very  acute.  I.   P.   Virginiana* 

Spike  loose,  few-flowred;  leaf-serrations  blunt.  2.  P.  denticulala- 
Flowers  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng;  itf.ives  thin. 

Spike  loose,   10-20  cm.  long;  leaves  few  and  distant.  3.   P.  intermedia. 

Spike  dense;  2-10  cm.  long;  stem  leafy.  4.  P.  parviflora. 

1.  Physostegia  Virginiana  (L.)  Benth.     FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD.     OBEDIENT 
PLANT.     LION'S  HEART.    (I.  F.  f.  3100.)    Stem  3-12  dm.  tall.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,   serrate  or  serrulate,  the  upper 
sessile  5-13  cm.  long,  the  lowest  petioled;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  calyx; 
spikes  dense,  becoming    1-2  dm.  long  in  fruit;    flowering   calyx    campanulate   or 
somewhat  turbinate,  its  teeth  ovate,  acute;  fruiting  calyx  oblong,  8-  10  mm.  long, 
the  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  pale  purple  or  rose,  often  variegated 
with  white,  temporarily  remaining  in  whatever  position  it  is  placed.     In  moist  soil, 
Quebec  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

2.  Physostegia  denticulata  (Ait.)  Britton.     FEW-FLOWERED  LION'S  HEART. 
(I.  F.  f.  3101.)     Stem  slender,  simple,  or  little   branched,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves 
oblong,  linear-oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  crenulate,  or  entire,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lower 
slender  petioled;  bracts  hncerlate,  little  longer  than  the  fruiting  pedicels;  flower- 
ing calyx  oval-campanulate,  its  teeth  acute,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  tube; 
fruiting  calyx  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  rose-pink.     In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     June-Aug. 


LABI  A  TAE.  789 

3.  Physostegia  intermedia  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.      SLENDER  LION'S  HEART. 
(I.  F.  f.  3102.)      Stem  slender,  usually  simple,  3-9  dm.  high.      Leaves   remote, 
narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  repand-denticulate,  sessile,  or 
the  lowest  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long;  spikes  slender;  lower  bracts  often  nearly  as  long 
as  the  campanulate  calyx;  calyx-teeth  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube;  fruiting  calyx 
broadly  oval,  4—5  mm.  long;  corolla  much    dilated   above.     On   prairies,  western 
Ky.  (according  to  Gray^;  La.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

4.  Physostegia  parviflora  Nutt.     PURPLE  OR  WESTERN  LION'S    HEART. 
(I.  F.  f.  3103.)     Stem  usually  simple,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  or  ovate  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  the  lower  obtuse,  sharply  serrate 
or  dentate,  sessile  or  the  lowest  petioled,  7-10  cm.  long;  spikes  long;  bracts  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,    acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  fruiting  calyx  globose-oblong, 
4-6  mm.  long;  corolla  purple.       In  moist  soil,  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Br.  Col.  and  Ore. 
June- Aug. 

14.  SYNANDRA  Nutt. 

An  annual  or  biennial,  somewhat  hirsute  herb,  with  long-petioled  ovate  cordate 
crenate  leaves,  and  large  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  leafy-bracted  spike.  Calyx 
campanulate-oblong,  membranous,  deeply  4-cleft,  inflated  in  fruit,  faintly  veined, 
the  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  two  upper  shorter  than  the  lower.  Corolla  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  its  tube  narrow  below,  much  expanded  above,  2-lipped; 
upper  lip  concave,  entire;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Filaments  villous;  anthers 
glabrous,  2-celled,  the  sacs  divaricate,  the  contiguous  ones  of  the  upper  pair  of 
stamens  sterile  and  connate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth,  sharply  angled.  [Greek, 
stamens-together.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Synandra  hispidula  (Michx.)  Britton.  SYNANDRA.  (I.  F.  f.  3104.)  Stem 
weak,  3-8  dm.  long,  striate.  Leaves  thin,  palmately  veined,  the  blade  5-10  cm. 
long,  and  commonly  shorter  than  the  petiole;  floral  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils;  uppermost  leaves 
very  small;  calyx  hirsute,  its  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  2.5-4  cm. 
long,  the  lower  lip  with  purple  lines.  Along  streams  and  in  wet  woods,  Ohio  and 
111.  to  Va.  and  Term.  May-June.  [S.  grandiflora  Nutt.] 

15.  PHLOMIS  L. 

Tall  oerennial  herbs,  or  shrubs.  Calyx  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  5-10- 
nerved,  the  limb  mostly  equally  5-toothed.  Corona-tube  usually  with  a  woolly 
ring  within,  the  limb  strongly  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  arcned  or  some- 
times keeled,  entire  or  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-clefL  Anterior  pair  of 
stamens  the  longer  and  their  filaments  with  hooked  appendages  at  the  base;  anther- 
sacs  divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  above.  [Greek,  mullen,  '\\ 
allusion  to  the  thick  woolly  leaves  of  some  species.]  About  50  species,  of  the  Old 
World. 

i.  Phlomis  tuberosa  L.  JERUSALEM  SAGE.  (I.  F.  f.  3105.)  Herbaceous 
from  a  thick  root;  stem  purplish,  glabrous  or  loosely  pubescent  above,  9-18  dm. 
tall.  Lower  leaves  triangular-ovate,  long-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely 
dentate,  deeply  cordate,  strongly  veined,  1-2.5  dm.  long;  upper  leaves  lanceolate, 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  truncate  or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  clusters 
densely  many-flowered;  bractlets  subulate;  calyx  10-12  mm.  long,  its  teeth  setaceous 
with  a  broader  base,  spreading;  corolla  2-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  Pale  purple  or  white, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  densely  pubescent,  and  the  margins  of  its  upper  lip 
fringed  with  long  hairs.  In  waste  places,  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  Nat. 
from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

16.  GALEOPSIS  L. 

Erect  annual  herbs,  with  yellow  red  purple  or  mottled  verticillate-clustered 
flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  or  forming  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  or 
tubular-campanulate,  5-io-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  spinulose. 
Corolla-tube  narrow,  the  throat  expanded,  the  limb  strongly  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip 
erect,  concave,  entire  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate  or 
emarginate.  Anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  2-valved,  the  inner  valve 


790  FLORA. 

ciliate,  the  outer  smooth,  larger.    Nutlets  ovoid,  slightly  flattened,  smooth.    [Greek, 
weasel-like.]     About  6  species,  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Plant  puberulent ;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate.  x.   G.  Ladanum. 

Plant  hispid ;  leaves  ovate.  2.  G.  l^etrahit. 

1.  Galeopsis  Ladanum  L.    RED  HEMP-NETTLE.    IRONWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  3 106. ) 
Puberulent;  stem   1.5-5  dm.  higft-     Leaves  linear,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,   mostly 
short-petioled,  acute  at  both  ends,  dentate,  or  nearly  entire,  2-5  cm.  long;  flower- 
clusters  mainly  axillary;  corolla  12- 16  mm.  long,  red  or  purple  to  white  and  varie- 
gated.    In  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  N.  J.    Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe. 
July-Get. 

2.  Galeopsis  Tetrahit  L.     HEMP-NETTLE.     HEMP  DEAD  NETTLE.    (I.  F.  f. 
3107.)     A  coarse  rough-hairy  herb,   the   stem  3-9  dm.  high,   swollen  under  the 
joints.     Leaves  ovate,  membranous,  slender-petioled,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate, 
5-13  cm.  long  ;  flower-clusters  axillary,  or  in  a  short  leafy-bracted  spike  ;  corolla 
16-25  mm.  long,   pink  or  pale  purple  variegated  with  white.     In  waste  places, 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  Car.  and  Mich.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

17.  LEONURUS  L. 

Tall  herbs,  with  palmately  cleft,  parted  or  dentate  leaves,  and  small  white  or 
pink  flowers  verticillate  in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate, 
5-nerved,  nearly  regular  and  equally  5 -toothed,  the  teeth  rigid,  subulate  or  aristate. 
Corolla-limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  entire;  lower  lip  spreading  or  deflexed, 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad,  obcordate  or  emarginate.  Anthers  2-celled,  the 
sacs  mostly  parallel.  Nutlets  3-sided,  smooth.  [Greek,  lion's-tail.]  About  10  spe- 
cies, of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Lower  leaves  palmately  2-5-cleft,  the  upper  3-cleft.  i.  L,  Cardiaca. 

Leaves  deeply  3-parted,  the  segments  cleft  and  incised.  2.  L.  Sibiricus. 

Leaves  coarsely  dentate  or  incised-dentate.  3.  L.  Marrubiastrum. 

I.  Leonurus  Cardiaca  L.  MOTHER  WORT.  (I.  F.  f.  3108.)  Perennial, 
puberulent";  stem  6-15  dm.  tall,  the  branches  straight  and  ascending.  Leaves 
slender-petioled,  the  lower  nearly  orbicular,  5-10  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  acuminate, 
incised  or  dentate;  upper  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  rhombic,  3-cleft,  or  the 
uppermost  merely  3-toothed;  flower-clusters  exceeded  by  the  petioles;  corolla 
pink$  purple  or  white,  6-10  mm.  long,  its  tube  with  an  oblique  ring  of  hairs 
within,  its  upper  lip  slightly  concave,  densely  white-woolly  without,  the  lower  lip 
mottled;  anther-sacs  parallel..  In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  N.  Car.,  S.  Dak.  and 
Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

2.  Leonurus  Sibiricus  L.     SIBERIAN  MOTHERWORT  OR  LION'S-TAIL.     (I.  F. 
f.  3109.)     Biennial,  puberulent  or  glabrate;  stem  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  long- 
petioled,  3-parted  into  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  cleft  and  incised 
segments,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute ;  the  uppermost  linear  or  lanceolate ; 
clusters  dense,  usually  all  axillary  ;  calyx  campanulate,  6  mm.  long,  glabrous  or 
minutely  puberulent;  corolla  purple  or  red,  densely  puberulent  without,  8-12  mm. 
long,  its  tube  naked  within;  anther- sacs  divergent.     In  waste  and  cultivated  soil, 
Penn.  and  Del.     Nat.  from  eastern  Asia.     May-Sept 

3.  Leonurus  Marrubiastrum  L.     HOARHOUND  MOTHERWORT  OR  LION'S- 
TAIL.     (I.  F.  f.  3110.)      Biennial,  puberulent  or  pubescent;  stem  6-15  dm.  high. 
Leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  ovate  oblong,  2-8  dm.  long,  the  upper  narrower;  flower- 
clusters  axillary;  calyx  finely  puberulent  or  glabrate;  corolla  nearly  white,  glabrate, 
about  8  mm.  long,  its  tube  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  naked  within.     In  waste 
places,  N.  J.  (according  to  S.  Watson) ;  Penn.  and  Del.    Nat.  from  Europe.    June- 
Sept. 

18.  LAMIUM    L. 

Mostly  diffuse  herbs,  with  crenate  dentate  or  incised,  usually  cordate  leaves,  and 
rather  small  flowers,  verticillate  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters.  Calyx  tubular- 
campanulate,  about  5-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  equal  or  the  upper  ones  longer. 
Corolla-limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  usually  entire;  lower  lip  spread, 
ing,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  emarginate,  contracted  at  the  base.  Anthers  2-celled; 


LABIATAE.  79 1 

the  sacs  divaricate,  often  hirsute  on  the  back.     [Greek,  throat,  from  the  ringent 
corolla.]     About  40  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

Upper  leaves  sessile  or  clasping.  i.  L.  amplextcaule. 
Leaves  all  petioled. 

Flowers  red  or  purple. 

Corolla  12-18  mm.  long;   leaves  not  blotched.  2.  Z,.  purpureum. 

Corolla  20-25  nim.  long;   leaves  commonly  blotched.  3.  L.  maculatum. 

Flowers  white.  4.  L.  album. 

1.  Lamium   amplexicaule   L.     HENBIT.     (I.  F.  f.  3111.)     Biennial   or  an- 
nual, sparingly  pubescent;  steins  weak,  slender,  ascending  or  decumbent,  1.5-5  dm. 
long.     Leaves  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  coarsely  crenate,  1-4  cm.  wide,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  the  lower    slender- petioled;  flowers  in  axillary  and    terminal  clusters; 
calyx  pubescent,  its  teeth  erect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;    corolla  purplish  or  red, 
12-16  mm.  long,  its  tube  very  slender,  the  lateral  lobes  of  its  lower  lip  very  small. 
In  waste  and  cultivated  ground,  N.  B.  to  Out.,  Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  Ark.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     Feb. -Oct. 

2.  Lamium  purpureum  L.     RED  DEAD  NETTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  3112.)    Annual, 
slightly  pubescent,  stems  decumbent,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.       Leaves  crenate  or  creii- 
ulate,    the    lower    orbicular  or  broadly    ovate,  rounded    at    the    apex,    cordate 
at   the    base,    the    upper  ovate,    1-4   cm.    long;    flowers    in    axillary   and-    ter- 
minal clusters;  calyx-teeth    narrowly    lanceolate,    acuminate;  corolla    purple-red, 
rarely  exceeding  12  mm.  long,  the  lateral   lobes  of  its  lower  lip  reduced  to  I  or  2 
short  teeth.    In  waste  and  cultivated  soil,  R.  I.  to  Penn.  and  D.  C.    Also  in  ballast 
about  the  northern  seaports.     Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     April-Oct. 

3  Lamium  maculatum  L.    SPOTTED  DEAD  NETTLE.    (I.  F.  f.  3113.)    Peren- 
nial, somewhat   pubescent;    stems  2-5  dm.  long.       Leaves  crenate  or  incised- cre- 
nate, usually  blotched,  broadly  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  2-5  cm.  long,  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  much  smaller  and  nearly  orbicular; 
clusters   mainly  axillary;    corolla  purple-red,   its  tube  contracted  near  the  base, 
with  a  transverse  ring  of  hairs  within,  the  lateral  lobes  of  its  lower  lip  very  small. 
Along  roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens,  Me.  to  Va.     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
May- Oct. 

4  Lamium  album  L.     WHITE  DEAD  NETTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  3114.)     Perennial, 
pubescent;  stems  3-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  ovate,  crenate,  dentate  or  incised,  acute 
or  acuminate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long,  or  the  lower  shorter 
and  obtuse;    clusters  mostly  axillary;    corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  its  tube  short, 
stout,  contracted  near  the  base,  with   an   oblique  ring  of  hairs  within,  the  lateral 
lobes  of  its  lower  lip  each  with  a  slender  tooth.    In  waste  places,  Ont.  to  Va.    Nat. 
or  adventive  from  Europe.     April-Oct. 

19    BALLOTA  L. 

Perennial  pubescent  or  tomentose  herbs,  some  species  shrubby,  with  dentate  or 
crenate  leaves,  and  small  bracted  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  tubular-fun- 
nelform,  lo-nerved,  5 -lO-toothed,  the  teeth  dilated  at  the  base,  or  connate  into  a 
spreading  limb.  Corolla-tube  provided  with  a  ring  of  hairs  within,  the  limb' 
strongly  2 -lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  emarginate.  Anther  sacs  divergent 
at  maturity.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [The  Greek  name.]  About  30  species,  of 
the  Old  World. 

i.  Ballota  nigra  L.  BLACK  OR  FETID  HOARHOUND.  (T.  F.  f.  3115.) 
Herbaceous,  puberulent  or  pubescent,  ill-scented;  stem  4-9  dm.  high,  its  hairs 
mostly  reflexed.  Leaves  slender  petioled,  ovate,  or  the  lower 'nearly  orbicular, 
coarsely  dentate,  thin,  2-5  cm.  long,  clusters  several-flowered,  dense;  bractlets 
subulate;  calyx  about  8  mm.  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate,  bristle-pointed,  spreading 
in  fruit;  corolla  12-18  mm.  long,  reddish  purple  to  whitish,  its  upper  lip  pubescent 
on  both  sides;  nutlets  shining.  In  waste  places,  Mass,  to  Penn.  Nat.  from 
Europe.  June-Sept. 

20.     STACHYS  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  with  purple  yellow  red  or  white  flowers,  loosely  vertici Hate  clustered 
in  terminal  spikes,  or  also  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  mostly  campanulate,  5-10- 


792  FLORA. 

nerved,  5 -toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal  in  our  species.  Corolla  purple  in  our 
species,  its  tube  narrow,  the  limb  strongly  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  entire 
or  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  broader  than  the  lateral 
ones,  sometimes  2-lobed.  Anthers  contiguous  in  pairs,  2-celled,  the  sacs  mostly 
divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid  or  oblong.  [Geeek,  a  spike,  from  the  spicate  inflores- 
cence.] About  150  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  12 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oblong. 
Stem  glabrous ;  leaves  entire,  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  linear,  2-5  mm.  wide.  i.  S,  hyssopifolia. 

Leaves  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  4-10  mm.  wide.  2.  S.  Atlantica. 

Stem  retrorsely  hirsute  ;  leaves  serrate. 

Leaves  slightly  pubescent ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate.  3.  S.  ambigua. 

Whole  plant  densely  clothed  with  stiff  appressed  hairs.       4.  S.  arenicola. 
Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  lanceolate  to  ovate. 
Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.       5.  S.  tenuifolia. 
Calyx-teeth  triangular,  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube.    6.  S.  latidens. 
Stem  hirsute. 

Leaves  all  very  short-petioled,  lanceolate  to  oblong.  7.  S.  palustris. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  slender-petioled. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate. 

Plant  dark  green  ;  leaves  firm  ;  petioles  6-36  mm.  long. 

8.  S.  aspera. 
Plant  light  green  ;  leaves  membranous  ;  petioles  1-5  cm.  long. 

9.  S.  cordata. 
Leaves  ovate,  obtuse ;  diffuse  annual.                                    10.  S.  arvensts. 

Whole  plant  densely  white-villous ;  introduced  species.  u.  S.  Germanica. 

1.  Stachys  hyssopifolia  Michx.     HYSSOP  HEDGE  NETTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  3116.) 
Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  slightly  hirsute  at  the  nodes;  stem  slen- 
der, erect,  3-5  dm.  high.    Leaves  linear,  acute  at  both  ends,  short-petioled  or  sessile, 
entire,  or  sparingly  denticulate  with  low  teeth,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  reduced 
to  short  bracts ;  clusters  forming  an  interrupted  spike;  fruiting  calyx  glabrous  or 
slightly  hirsute,  6  mm.  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube;  corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long,  light  purple,  glabrous.     In  fields  and  thickets, 
Mass,  to  Fla.,  Mich,  and  Va.     July-Sept. 

2.  Stachys  Atlantica     Britton,  n.  sp.     COAST  HEDGE  NETTLE.     Perennial, 
glabrous,  or  with  a  few  hairs  at  the  nodes,  weak,  2-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin, 
mostly  oblong  and  obtuse  or  obtusish,  spreading,  2-5  cm.  long,  usually  over  5  mm. 
wide,  remotely  denticulate,  the  upper  sometimes  rounded  at  the  base;  corolla  I  cm. 
lon^-  fruiting  calyx  5  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  acuminate.     In  marshy 
ground,  L.  A.,  to  eastern  Penn.     Type  from  Southampton,  L.  I.     Aug. -Sept. 

Stachys  jinnua  L.  An  annual  Enrooean  species  with  lanceolate  to  oblong  leaves,  at 
least  the  lower  crenate-dentate,  a  siender  puberulent  stem,  and  villous  calyx,  has  been 
found  at  one  locality  in  Kansas,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports. 

3.  Stachys  ambigua  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     DENSE- FLOWERED  HEDGE  NETTLE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3117.)     Perennial;  stem  retrorsely  hispid,  at  least  below,  3-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  linear,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  acuminate  or 
acute,  4-20  mm.  wide,  2-8  cm.  long,  serrulate;  clusters  in  a  terminal  rather  dense 
spike,  and  usually  also  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  more  or  less  hirsute,  5  mm.  long, 
its  lanceolate-subulate  teeth  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube.     In  moist  soil, 
Penn.  to  Ga.,  111. 'and  Ky.     July-Aug. 

4.  Stachys  arenicola  Britton,  n.  sp.      SAND  HEDGE  NETTLE.      Perennial, 
very  densely  pubescent,  5-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
sessile,  finely  crenate-dentate,  acuminate,  6-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  much  smaller; 
upper  bracts  little  longer  than  the  flowers;  calyx-teeth  subulate-acicular,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  about  I  cm.  long.     In  sandy  soil,  southern  N.  Y.  to  111. 
and  Mich.     Type  from  New  Dorp,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

5.  Stachys  tenuifolia  Willd.      SMOOTH  HEDGE  NETTLE.      (I.  F.  f.  3118.) 
Perennial;  stem  smooth,  or  slightly  scabrous  on  the  angles,  slender,  3-8  dm.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  thin,  acuminate  at 


LABI  A  TAE.  793 

the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  dentate  or  denticulate,  dark 
green,  5-13  cm.  long;  clusters  in  terminal  spikes,  or  also  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  hirsute,  4  mm.  long,  its  teeth  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube  or 
more;  corolla  12-16  mm.  long,  pale  red  and  purple.  In  moist  fields  and  thickets, 
N.  Y.  to  111.,  Kans.,  N.  Car.  and  La.  June-Aug. 

6.  Stachys  latidens  Small.  BROAD-TOOTHED  HEDGE  NETTLE.    Simi- 
lar to  S.  tenttifolia,  glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so  throughout.     Leaves  thin,  all  short - 
petioled.  crenate-dentate,  the  lower  ovate  to  oval,  obtusish,  the  upper  lanceolate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate,   5-10  cm.   long;  spike  interrupted;    fruiting  calyx 
broadly  campanulate,  about  5  mm.  long,  its  triangular  sharp-pointed  teeth  I  mm. 
long,  1.5  mm.  wide.     White  Top  Mt.,  Va.  (J.  K.  Small,  1892). 

7.  Stachys  palustris  L.      HEDGE  NETTLE.     MARSH  OR  CLOWN'S  WOUND- 
WORT.     (I.   F.    f.   3119.)     Perennial,   hirsute  or  pubescent;  stem  strict,  retrorse- 
hispid  on  the  angles,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  or  very  short-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute,  5-13  cm.  long;  crenulate  or 
dentate;  clusters  forming  an  interrupted  spike,  sometimes  also  in  the  upper  axils; 
calyx  pubescent,  its  teeth  subulate;  corolla  purplish  to  pale  red,  purple  spotted, 
12-16  mm.  long,  its  upper  lip  pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Mass.,  N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  Wise,  and  Minn.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Sept. 

8.  Stachys    aspera  Michx.      ROUGH    HEDGE    NETTLE    OR  WOUNDWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3120.)     Perennial,  rough  hairy  ;   stem  6-12  dm.  high,  commonly  retrorse- 
bispid  on  the  angles.     Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  ovate-oblong,  crenate- 
dentate,   acute  or  acuminate,    5-15   cm.   long,  the  lower  slender-petioled ;  spike 
mostly  interrupted;  clusters  sometimes  also  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  about  6  mm. 
long,  its  teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  red-purple,  about  12  mm. 
long,  its  upper  lip  pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Ont.   to  N.  E.,  Fla.,  Minn,  and  La. 
June-Sept. 

9.  Stachys   cordata    Riddell.     LIGHT-GREEN    HEDGE    NETTLE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3121.)     Perennial,  hirsute,  pale  green;  stem  slender,  weak,  6-9  dm.  long.    Leaves 
membranous,   flaccid,   ovate,   oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  or  the 
lowest  obtuse,  nearly  all  of  them  cordate  at  the  base,  dentate  or  crenate  all  around, 
long-petioled,  7-15  cm.  long,  2-8  cm.  wide,  the  lowest  petioles  nearly  as  long  as 
the  blades;  calyx-teeth  subulate-lanceolate;  corolla  purplish,  pubescent  or  puber- 
ulent,  about  I  cm.  long.    In  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.   July- 
Aug. 

10.  Stachys  arvensis  L.     CORN  OR  FIELD  WOUNDWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3122.) 
Annual,  hirsute;  stem  slender,  diffusely  branched,  0.5-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-oblong,  thin,  long-petioled,  obtuse,  crenate,  cordate  or  the  upper  rounded 
at  the  base,  about  2.5  cm.  long;  lower  petioles  commonly  as  long  as  the  blades; 
clusters  4-6-flowered,  in  the  upper  axils  and  in  short  terminal  spikes;  calyx  about 
6  mm.  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  purplish,  6-10  mm.  long.     In 
waste  places,  Me.,  Mass.,  and   in  ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     July-Oct. 

11.  Stachys   Germanica  L.     DOWNY  WOUNDWORT.     MOUSE-EAR.     (I.  F. 
f.  31220.)     Annual;  stem  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  cre- 
nate-dentate, villous,  the  lower  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  long-petioled, 
mostly  obtuse,  the  upper  narrowed  at  both  ends ;  clusters  of  flowers  dense,  borne  in 
most  of  the  axils;  bracts  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  ovate, 
acuminate,  awned;  corolla  purple,  its  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Roadsides 
near  Guelph,  Ont.     Adventive  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

21.  BETONICA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  similar  to  Stachys.  Ixywer  leaves  very  long-peti- 
oled. Verticils  many-flowered,  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  nearly  equally  5 -toothed, 
5-io-nerved.  Corolla  purple,  the  tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  limb  strongly 
2-lipped;  upper  lip  concave;  lower  3 -cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  and  pistil  as  in 
Stachys,  but  the  anther-sacs  parallel  in  some  species.  Nutlets  ovoid,  rounded 
above.  [The  classical  Latin  name  of  Wood  Betony.]  Ten  species,  or  more,  na- 
tives of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.  Betonica  officinalis  L.  BETONY.  WOOD  BETONY.  (L  F.  f.  3123.)  Per- 
ennial, deep  green;  stem  erect,  3-9  dm.  tall.  Leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse. 


794 

crenate,  firm,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  very  long 
petioled,  the  blades  7-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  short-  petioled  or  nearly  sessile;  spike 
short,  dense;  bracts  ovate,  mucronate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  acic- 
ular;  corolla-tube  exserted.  In  a  thicket  at  Newton,  Mass.  Fugitive  from  Europe 
July-Sept. 

22.  SALVIA    L. 

Herbs,  or  some  species  shrubs,  with  clustered  flowers,  the  clusters  mostly  spiked, 
racemed,  or  panicled.  Calyx  mostly  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  en- 
tire or  3-toothed;  lower  lip  2-cleft  or  2-toothed.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped;  upper 
lip  entire,  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-  cleft  or  3-lobed.  Anther- 
bearing  stamens  2  (the  posterior  pair  wanting  or  rudimentary/;  connective  of  the 
anthers  transverse,  linear  or  filiform,  bearing  a  perfect  anther-sac  on  its  upper  end, 
its  lower  end  dilated,  capitate  or  sometimes  bearing  a  small  or  rudimentary  one. 
Nutlets  smooth,  usually  developing  mucilage  and  spiral  tubes  when  wetted.  [Latin-, 
salvus,  safe,  from  its  healing  virtues.]  About  500  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Besides  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  mostly  basal,  only  1-3  small  pairs  on  the  stem. 

Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  repand:  upper  corolla-lip  short.  i.  S.  lyrata. 

Leaves  crenulate;  upper  lip  arched,  longer  than  the  lower.  2.  .S1.  pratensis. 

Stem  leafy,  bearing  several  pairs  of  leaves. 
Leaves  narrowly  oblong,  or  lanceolate. 

Corolla  2-3  cm.  long,  its  tube  exserted.  3.  S.  Pitcheri.    ' 

Corolla  8-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  not  exserted.  4.  S.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  ovate,  or  broadly  oval. 

Upper  corolla-lip  short,  not  exceeding  the  lower. 

Leaves  merely  crenate  or  crenulate  ;  fruiting  calyx  spreading. 

5.  S,  urticifolia. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  sinuate  or  incised  ;  fruiting  calyx  deflexed. 

6.  S.  verbenaca. 
Upper  lip  of  corolla  arched,  longer  than  the  lower.                     7.  S, 


1.  Salyia  lyrata  L.     LYRE-LEAVED    SAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  3124.)    Perennial  or 
biennial,  hirsute  or  pubescent;  stem  3-9  dm.  high,  bearing  several  whorls  of  large 
violet  flowers.     Basal  leaves  tufted,  long  -petioled,  obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  thin. 
0.7-2  dm.  long;  calyx  campanulate,  the  teeth  of  its  upper  lip  subulate,  those  of 
the  lower  longer,  aristulate;  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  the  upper  lip  much  smaller 
than  the  lower;  anther-sacs  borne  on  both  the  upper  and  lower  ends  of  the  connect- 
ive.    In  dry,  mostly  sandy  woods  and  thickets,  N.  J.  to  P'la.,  111.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 
Corolla  rarely  undeveloped.     May-July. 

2.  Salvia  pratensis  L.     MEADOW  SAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  3125.)     Perennial,  pubes- 
cent or  puberulent.     Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  oblong,  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
crenulate,    obtuse    at   the   apex,  rounded    or  cordate  at  the  base,  thick,  rugose, 
5—  18  cm.  long;  spike  elongated,  interrupted;  calyx  campanulate,  glandular-pubes- 
cent, the  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  minute,  those  of  the  lower  long,  subulate;  corolla 
purple,  minutely  glandular;  lower  end  of  the  connective  with  a  small  or  imperfect 
anther-sac.     Atlantic  Co.,  N.  J.     Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe.      May-July. 

3.  Salvia  Pitcheri  Torr.     PITCHER'S  SAGE.     (I.    F.    f.    3126.)     Perennial, 
downy;    stem  6-15  dm.  high;  branches  nearly  erect.     Leaves    linear   or  linear- 
oblong,  sessile,  or  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  firm,  5-13  cm.   long, 
the  uppermost  reduced  to  small  bracts;  clusters  in  long  spikes;  calyx  oblong-cam- 
panulate,    densely    and   finely  woolly,   about   6   mm.  long,   its  upper  lip   entire, 
obtuse,  the  lower  with  2  ovate  acute  teeth  ;  corolla  blue,  finely  pubescent,  its  lower 
lip  broad,  sinuately  3-lobed,  longer  than  the  concave  upper  one;  lower  ends  of  the 
connectives  destitute  of  anther-sacs.     On  dry  plains,   Mo.,   Kans.   and   Colo,    to 
Tex.     Introduced  into  111.     July-Sept. 

4.  Salvia  lanceolata  Willd.    LANCE-LEAVED  SAGE.    (I.  F.  f.  3127.)  Annual, 
puberulent  or  glabrous  ;  stem  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled,  mostly  obtuse, 
2-5  cm.   long,    the  upper   reduced  to   lanceolate-subulate  bracts;  flowers  in  ter- 
minal   spike-like  racemes;  pedicels  shorter   than  the  campanulate  calyx;  calyx 
4-6  mm.  long,  its  upper  lip  ovate,  entire,  the  lower  2-cleft,  the  teeth  ovate,  mucio- 
nate;  corolla  blue,  its  lower  lip  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  the  upper;  lower  ends  of 


LABIATAE.  795 

the   connectives   dilated.     On  plains,    Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 
May-Sept. 

5.  Salvia  urticifblia  L.     NETTLE-LEAVED  SAGE.     (I.  F.  f.    3128.)     Peren- 
nial; stem  glandular  above,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  5-10  cm.   long,   irregularly 
crenate-dentate,  usually  acute,  abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles;  clusters 
in  terminal  interrupted  spikes;  bracts  early  deciduous;  calyx  oblong-campanulate, 
about  6  mm.   long,  the  upper  lip  minutely  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft,   its  teeth 
triangular-lanceolate,   acuminate;  corolla   puberulent,    12 -16  mm.  long,   blue  and 
White,  the  lower  lip  broad,  3-lobed.  twice  as  long  as  the  upper;  lower  ends  of  the 
connectives  dilated.     In  woods  and  thickets,   Md.  to  Ky.,   Ga.  and  La.     April- 
June. 

6.  Salvia  verbenaca  L.     WILD  SAGE.     WILD  CLARY.     (I.  F.  f.  3129.)  Per- 
ennial; stem  glandular-pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.      Leaves  coarsely  and   irregu- 
larly   incised- dentate  or  pinnatifid,   the  lower  0.7-2   dm.    long,   obtuse,  cordate, 
nearly  glabrous,  the  upper  acute,  much  smaller;   floral  bracts  broadly  ovate,  short; 
clusters  in  terminal   interrupted  spikes;  pedicels    shorer   than    the   calyx;    calyx 
6-8  mm.  long,  its  upper  lip  recurved-spreading,   witht  3  minute  conn i vent  teeth, 
the  lower  one  with  2  lanceolate  mucronate  teeth;  corolla  blue,  about  8  mm.  long, 
its  upper  lip  scarcely  longer  than  the  lower:   lower  ends  of  the  connectives  dilated. 
In  waste  places,  Ohio  to  S.  Car.  and  Ga.      Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

7.  Salvia  Sclarea  L.     CLARY.     CLEAR-EYE.     SEE-BRIGHT.     (I.  F.  f.  3130.) 
Biennial  or  annual,  glandular-pubescent;    stem  6-n  dm.   high.     Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  rugose,  cordate,  irregularly  dentate-crenate  or  denticulate,  the  lower  long- 
petioled,  1.5-2  dm.   long,   the   upper   small,    short- petioled  or  sessile;  clusters  in 
terminal  spikes;  bracts  broad,  ovate,  acuminate,  pink  or  white;  calyx  campanulate; 
deflexed -spreading  in  fruit,  8-10  mm.  long,  its  lips  about  equal,  the  teeth  subulate, 
acicular;  corolla  blue  and  white,  about  2.5  cm.  long;  upper  lip  laterally  compressed- 
lower  portions  of  the  connectives   dilated.     In  fields,  Penn.  to  S.  Car.,  escaped 
from  gardens.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

23    MONARDA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  aromatic  herbs,  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves,  and  white  red  purple 
yellowish  or  mottled  flowers,  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  terminal  and  sometimes 
also  axillary.  Calyx  tubular,  narrow,  15  nerved,  nearly  or  quite  equally  5- 
toothed,  mostly  villous  in  the  throat.  Corolla  usually  puberulent  or  glandular,  the 
limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect  or  arched;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  larger  or  longer  than  the  others.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2,  ascending, 
usually  exserted,  the  posterior  pair  (staminodia)  rudimentary  or  wanting;  anthers 
versatile,  2-celled,  the  sacs  divaricate,  more  or  less  confluent  at  the  base.  Nutlets 
ovoid,  smooth.  [In  honor  of  Nicolas  Monardes,  a  Spanish  physician  and  botanist.] 
About  10  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Flower-clusters  solitary,  terminal  (rarely  also  in  the  uppermost  axils). 
Leaves  manifestly  petioled,  the  petioles  commonly  slender. 

Corolla  scarlet,  3-5  cm.  long;  bracts  red.  i.  J/.  didynta. 

Corolla  white,  pink,  or  purple,  2-3  cm.  long-. 

Leaves  membranous;  corolla  slightly  pubescent,  2-2.5  cm-  long. 

2.  M.  C lino  podia. 

Leaves  thin  or  firm;  corolla  pubescent,  2.5-3  cm-  long- 
Pubescence  spreading  ;  leaves  thin. 

Corolla  cream-color,  pink,  or  purplish.  3.  M.fistulosa, 

Corolla  and  bracts  deep  purple  or  purple-red.   4.  M,  media. 
Pubescence  short,  canescent ;  leaves  firm,  pale.         5.  M.  scabra. 
Leaves  sessile,  or  very  short-petioled.  6.  M.  Bradburiana. 

Flower-clusters  both  axillary  and  terminal. 

Calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate  ;  corolla  yellowish,  mottled.     7.   M.  punctata. 
Calyx-teeth  subulate-aristate  ;  corolla  white  or  purple,  not  mottled. 

8.  M.  pectinata. 

i.  Monarda  didyma  L.  OSWEGO  TKA.  AMERICAN  BEE  BALM.  (I.  F.  f. 
3131.)  Perennial;  stem  6-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
petioled,  dark  green,  usually  with  some  villous  pubescence  beneath,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  7-15  cm.  long  ;  bracts  commonly  red  ;  calyx  incurved,  slightly 


796  FLORA. 

hirsute  in  the  throat,  its  teeth  subulate,  nearly  erect,  about  as  long  as  the  diameter 
of  the  tube;  corolla  sparingly  puberulent.  In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams, 
N.  B.  (?)  to  Out.,  Mich,  and  Ga.  July-Sept. 

2.  Monarda   Clinopodia  L.     BASAL  BALM.      (I.  F.  f.  3132.)      Perennial; 
stem  glabrous  or  slightly  villous,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  bright  green,  mostly  slender-petioled,  villous  on  the  veins  beneath  and 
puberulent  above,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  5-10  cm.  long;  bracts  pale  or  white; 
calyx  curved,  nearly  glabrous  without,   somewhat  hirsute  in  the  throat,  its  teeth 
subulate,  slightly  spreading,  about  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  tube  ;   corolla 
yellowish  pink,  slightly  pubescent.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Ont.  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 
June-Aug. 

3.  Monarda  fistulosa  L.      WILD  BERGAMOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3133.)     Perennial, 
villous-pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  stem  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin  but  not  membra- 
nous, usually  slender-petioled,   lanceolate,  ovate   or   ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  3-10  cm.  long;  bracts  whitish  or  purplish;  calyx  puberulent  or  glabrous, 
densely  villous  in  the  throat,  its  subulate  teeth  rarely  longer  than  the  diameter  of 
the  tube  ;  corolla  yellowish-pink  or  purplish.     On  dry  hills  and  in  thickets,  Me. 
and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  La.     June- Sept. 

4.  Monarda  media  Willd.     PURPLE  BERGAMOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3134.)    Perennial, 
sparingly  hairy  or  glabrate;  stem  stout,  6-n  dm.  high.     Leaves  dark  green,  ovate, 
ovate- lanceolate,  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  acuminate,  sharply 
toothed,  usually  rounded  at  the  base,  7-13  cm.  long;  bracts  deep  purple,  very  con- 
spicuous; calyx  curved,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  slightly  villous  in  the  throat,  its  teeth 
slightly  spreading.     In  moist  thickets,  Me.  to  Ont..  Penn.  and  Va.     June-Aug. 

5.  Monarda  scabra  Beck.     PALE  WILD  BERGAMOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3135.)     Peren- 
nial; stem  slender,  puberulent  at  least  above,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  usually  short- 
petioled,    acuminate   or    acute,    serrate,    cane  scent   or   puberulent,    rarely   nearly 
glabrous,   2-10  cm.  long,    1-2.5  cm-   wide;  bracts  green   or   slightly  pink;  calyx 
puberulent,  often    hairy    at   the    summit,   densely    villous  in  the  throat,   its  short 
subulate  teeth  nearly  erect;  corolla  yellowish  or  pink,  pubescent,  sometimes  gland- 
ular.    On  prairies  and  plains,  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.  to  Mont.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and 
Tex.     June-Aug. 

6.  Monarda  Bradburiana  Beck.     BRADBURY'S  MONARDA.     (I.  F.  f.  3136.) 
Perennial,    sparingly  villous   or   glabrate;  stem  slender,    3-6   dm.  high.     Leaves 
bright  green,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  or  nearly  so.  or  partly  clasping  by 
the  cordate  or  subcordate  base,  acuminate,  serrate.  5-9  cm.  long;  bracts  green  or 
purplish;  calyx  glabrous  outside,  hirsute  within,  narrowed  at  the  throat,  its  teeth 
long,  bristle-pointed,  divergent,  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  tube;  corolla  pink 
or  nearly  white,  about  2.5   cm.   long,  its  upper  lip  pubescent  or  puberulent,  the 
lower  commonly  purple-spotted.     On  dry  hills  or  in  thickets,  111.  to  Ala.,  Mo.  and 
Kans.     May-July. 

7.  Monarda  punctata  L.    HORSE-MINT.    (I.  F.  f.  3137.)    Perennial,  usually 
rather  densely  downy;  stem  usually  branched,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
linear-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,   serrate,   or  nearly  entire,  usually  acute  at 
both  ends,  petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils; 
bracts  white  or  purplish,  acute;  calyx  puberulent,  villous  in  the  throat,  its  teeth 
short,   not  longer  than   the   diameter   of  the  tube;  corolla    purple-spotted,   about 
2.5  cm.  long,  the  stamens  equalling  or  slightly  surpassing  its  pubescent  upper  lip. 
In  dry  fields,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Wis.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 

8.  Monarda  pectinata  Nutt.      LEMON  MONARDA.     (I.  F.  f.  3138.)     Annual, 
puberulent;  stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly 
sharply  serrate   or  serrulate,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.   long;  bracts 
white  or  purple,  awned,  the  awns  becoming  recurved;  calyx-tube  nearly  glabrous, 
the  throat  densely  villous,  the  teeth  bristle  pointed,  barbed,  divergent  or  spreading, 
nearly    half  as   long  as  the  tube;  corolla  not  spotted,  nearly   or  quite  glabrous, 
2-2.5  cm-  l°n&>  stamens  not  exserted.     On  dry  plains,  Neb.  and    Colo,   to  Mo., 
Tex.  and  Ariz.     June-Sept. 

Monarda  clinopodioldes  A.  Gray,  a  related  Texan  species,  with  a  slender  stem, 
green  or  greenish  bracts,  and  hirsute  calyx  with  erect  broader  teeth,  is  reported  from 
Kansas. 


LABI  A  TAE.  79? 

24.  BLEPHILIA  Raf. 

Perennial  hirsute  or  pubescent  erect  herbs,  with  axillary  and  terminal  dense 
glomerules  of  purplish  or  bluish  flowers,  or  the  glomerules  in  terminal  interrupted 
spikes  Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  not  villous  in  the  throat,  2  -lipped,  the  upper  lip 
3-toothed,  the  lower  2-toothed,  the  teeth  all  aristate  or  those  of  the  lower  lip  sub- 
ulate. Corolla  glabrous  within,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  entire;  lower 
lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrower  than  the  lateral  ones.  Anther-bearing 
(anterior)  stamens  2,  ascending;  posterior  stamens  reduced  to  filiform  staminodia, 
or  none;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divaricate,  somewhat  confluent  at  the  base. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  eyelash,  from  the  fringed  calyx-teeth.]  Two  or 
three  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

Pubescence  short;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-,  slightly  serrate.  i.  B.  ciliata. 

Pubescence  villous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate.  2.  B.  hirsuta. 

1.  Blephilia  ciliata  (L.)  Raf.     DOWNY  BLEPHILIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3139.)    Stem 
puberulent,    or   with   some    short-villous    pubescence    above,    commonly    simple, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  and  those  of  sterile  shoots  ovate  or  oval,  crenate- 
denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  sessile,  longer  and  narrower; 
clusters  in  a  terminal  spike  and  in  the  uppermost  axils;  outer  bracts  ovate  to  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  usually  purplish,  ciliate;  calyx  hirsute,  the  teeth  of  the  upper  lip 
about  one  third  longer  than  those  of  the  lower;  corolla  purple,  villous-pubescent, 
10-12  mm.  long.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  Wis.,  Ga.  and  Mo. 
June- Aug. 

2.  Blephilia  hirsuta    (Pursh)    Terr.     HAIRY    BLEPHILIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3140.) 
Stem  villous-pubescent,  usually  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  membranous, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,    acuminate,   5—10  cm.  long,   or  the  lower   shorter   and 
broader;  clusters  axillary,  or  in  a  short  terminal  spike;  outer  bracts  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,   long-acuminate,   hirsute;   calyx-tube  nearly   glabrous,    its  teeth 
very  villous,  those  of  the  upper  lip  much  exceeding  the  lower;  corolla  pubescent, 
pale  purple,  darker-spotted,  8-io  mm.  long.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Vt.  to  Wis., 
Kans.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

Blephilia  hirsuta  glabrita  Fernald.  Stem  glabrous,  or  villous  only  above;  head  soli- 
tary, or  with  one  or  two  additional  lower  ones.  Vt. 

25.  HEDEOMA  Pers. 

Aromatic  and  pungent  herbs,  with  small  leaves,  and  small  blue  .or  purple 
flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  these  crowded  into  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx 
tubular,  13-nerved,  villous  in  the  throat,  the  mouth  mostly  contracted  in  fruit, 
2-lipped,  or  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft. 
Corolla-limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire,  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-cleft.  Perfect  stamens  2,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  their  anthers 
2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent  or  divaricate.  Sterile  stamens  (staminodia)  2,  minute, 
or  none,  very  rarely  anther-bearing.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  sweet  smell.] 
About  1 5  species,  natives  of  Am.  Besides  the  following,  some  8  others  occur  in 
the  Southern  States. 

Teeth  of  the  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  triangular;  leaves  serrate.  i.  H.  pulegioides. 

Teeth  of  both  lips  of  the  calyx  subulate;  leaves  entire. 

Calyx-teeth  all  nearly  equal:  annual.  2.  //.  hispida. 

Teeth  of  the  lower  lip  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  upper;  perennial. 

3.  H.  Drummondii. 

1.  Hedeoma    pulegioides    (L.)   Pers.     AMERICAN   PENNYROYAL.     (I.  F.  f. 
3141.)     Annual;  stem  slender,  much  branched,  finely  soft- pubescent,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
high.     Leaves   ovate   to  ovate-oblong,  petioled,  sparingly  serrate,   mostly  obtuse, 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent,  thin,  1-4  cm.  long,  the  upper  smaller;   clusters 
few-flowered,  rather  loose;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx;  calyx  pu- 
bescent, gibbous,  oblong-ovoid  in  fruit,  its  3  upper  teeth  acute,  not  exceeding  the  2 
subulate  hispid  lower  ones;  corolla  purple,  about  6  mm.  long;  rudimentary  stamens 
manifest,  rarely  anther-bearing.       In  dry  fields,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  Fla.  and 
Kans.     July-Sept. 

2.  Hedeoma  hispida  Pursh.    ROUGH  PENNYROYAL.  (I.  F;  f.  3142.)  Annual; 
stem  0.7-2  dm.  high,  pubescent.     Leaves  linear,  firm,  sessile,  or  the  lower  short- 


79**  FLORA. 

petioled,  hispid-ciliate  but  otherwise  mostly  glabrous,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng,  the  lower 
much  shorter  and  smaller;  clusters  numerous,  crowded;  pedicels  pubescent,  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  bracts  subulate,  hispid;  calyx  oblong,  gibbous,  hispid,  its  teeth 
subulate,  upwardly  curved  in  fruit,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  2  lower 
ones  somewhat  narrower  and  more  hispid  than  the  upper;  corolla  about  6  mm. 
long,  bluish-purple;  sterile  stamens  rudimentary  or  none.  On  dry  plains,  111.  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  La.,  Ark.  and  Colo.  May- Aug.  Also  at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y. 

3.  Hedeoma  Drummondii  Benth.  DRUMMOND'S  PENNYROYAL.  (I.  F.  f. 
3143.)  Perennial  from  a  woody  base,  with  an  ashy  down  nearly  all  over;  stems 
1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or  linear,  short- petioled  or  sessile,  obtuse, 
1-2  cm.  long,  the  lowest  shorter;  clusters  loosely  few-flowered;  pedicels  puberu- 
lent,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx  cylindric-oblong,  hirsute,  slightly 
gibbous,  its  teeth  subulate,  upwardly  curved  and  connivent  in  fruit;  corolla  purple, 
8-12  mm.  long;  sterile  stamens  rudimentary  or  none.  In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Colo, 
to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.  April- Aug. 

26.  MELISSA  L. 

Leafy  herbs,  with  broad  dentate  leaves,  and  rather  small  white  or  yellowish 
axillary  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  oblong-campanulate,  deflexed  in  fruit,  13 -nerved, 
nearly  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-parted. 
Corolla  exserted,  its  tube  curved-ascending,  naked  within,  the  limb  2-lipped; 
upper  lip  erect,  emarginate;  lower  lip  3-cleft,  spreading.  Anthers  2  celled,  their 
sacs  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  bee.]  About  4  species,  of 
Europe  and  western  Asia. 

i.  Melissa  officinalis  L.  GARDEN  OR  LEMON  BALM.  BEE-BALM.  (I.  F.  f. 
3144.)  Perennial,  pubescent;  stem  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  mostly 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  sometimes  cordate,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  pedicel  shorter  than  the 
calyx;  calyx  about  6  mm.  long,  the  teeth  of  its  lower  lip  slightly  exceeding  those 
of  the  upper;  corolla  white,  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng-  In  waste  places,  thickets  and  woods, 
Me.  to  Ga.  and  W.  Va.  Nat.  from  Europe.  Plant  lemon-scented.  June-Aug. 

27.  SATUREIA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  small  entire  leaves,  sometimes  with  smaller  ones  fascicled 
in  their  axils,  and  bracted  purple  flowers  in  dense  terminal  or  axillary  clusters. 
Calyx  campanulate,  mostly  lo-nerved,  5 -toothed,  naked  or  rarely  villous  in  the 
throat.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  entire  or  emarginate,  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  parallel  or  divaricate.  Nut- 
lets oblong  or  oval.  [The  classical  Latin  name.]  About  18  species,  the  following 
introduced  as  a  garden  herb  from  Europe,  one  of  doubtful  affinity  in  Florida,  the 
others  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

i.  Satureia  hortensis  L.  SAVORY.  SUMMER  SAVORY.  (I.  F.  f.  3145.) 
Annual,  puberulent;  stems  much  branched,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear  or 
linear-oblong,  short-petioled,  acute,  1-4  cm.  long;  clusters  6-10  mm.  in  diameter, 
terminal  and  in  many  of^the  upper  axils;  calyx  about  equalling  the  corolla-tube, 
somewhat  pubescent,  its  teeth  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  ciliate;  corolla 
little  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  scarcely  exserted.  In  waste  places,  N.  B. 
and  Ont.  to  Penn.,  west  to  Nev.  Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

28.  CLINOPODIUM  L.      [CALAMINTHA  Moench.] 

Herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  leaves,  and  rather  large 
flowers  variously  clustered.  Calyx  mostly  gibbous  at  the  base,  about  13-nerved, 
2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  usually  expanded  at 
the  throat,  the  tube  straight,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emar- 
ginate; lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  somewhat  connivent  in  pairs,  the 
longer  mostly  exserted ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent  or  divaricate.  Nutlets 
ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  bed-foot,  the  flowers  likened  to  a  bed-caster.]  About  50 
species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the 
southeastern  U.  S.  and  in  Cal. 


LABI  A  TAE.  799 

*   Flower-clusters  dense,  axillary  and  terminal,  setaceous-bracted. 

1.  C.  vulgar e. 
*  *   Flower-clusters  loose,  axillary,  or  forming  terminal  thyrses;  bracts  small. 

Plants  pubescent;  introduced  species. 

Clusters  peduncled;  calyx  not  gibbous;  upper  leaves  very  small;  perennials. 
Leaves  0.6-2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx. 

2.  C.  Nepeta. 
Leaves  2-5  cm.  long;  corolla  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  Calamintha. 
Clusters  sessile;  calyx  very  gibbous;  plant  leafy;  annual.                  4.  C.  Acinos. 

Plants  glabrous;  native  species. 

Leaves  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate,  entire;  corolla  8  mm.  long.     5.   C.  glabrum. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate;  corolla  12-14  mm-  l°ng« 

6.   C.  glabellum. 

1.  Clinopodium  vulgare  L.     FIELD  OR  WILD  BASIL.     BASIL-WEED.    (I.  F.  f. 
3146.)     Perennial  by  short  stolons,  hirsute;  stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  entire,  undulate  or  crenate-dentate,  thin,  2-6  cm.  long; 
flowers  in  capitate  clusters  2-3  cm.  in  diameter;  bracts  hirsute-ciliate,  usually  as 
long  as  the  calyx-tube;  calyx  pubescent,  the  setaceous  teeth  of  its  lower  lip  rather 
longer  than  the  broader  ones  of  the  upper;  corolla  purple,  pink,  or  white,  little 
exceeding  the  calyx.     In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  N.  Car.,  Minn,  and  Mani- 
toba, south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Oct. 

2.  Clinopodium  Nepeta  (L.)  Kuntze.     FIELD  BALM.     LESSER  CALAMINT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3147.)     Villous  or  pubescent.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  petioled,  crenulate 
with  few  low  teeth,  the  lower  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng'>  flowers  few  in  the  numerous  loose 
cymes,   forming  an  almost  naked  elongated   thyrsus;  bracts  very   small,    linear; 
calyx  villous  in  the  throat,  about  3  mm.  long,  the  teeth  of  its  lower  lip  twice  as 
long  as  those  of  the  upper;  corolla  light  purple  or  almost  white,  about  8  mm.  long. 
In  fields  and  waste  places,  Md.  to  S.  Car.,  Ala.,  Ky.  and  Ark.     Nat.  from  Europe. 
June-Sept. 

3.  Clinopodium  Calamintha  (L.)  Kuntze.     CALAMINT.     CALAMINT  BALM. 
(I.  F.  f.  3148.)     Perennial  by  creeping  rootstocks,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  petioled,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  dentate  or  crenate- 
dentate,  2-5  cm.  long  and  nearly  as  wide ;  inflorescence  as  in  the  preceding  species, 
but  commonly  more  leafy;  calyx  villous  in  the  throat,  4-6  mm.  long;  corolla  pur- 
plish, 12-14  mm.  long.      "Inclined  to  escape  from  cultivation  in  a  few  places" 
(according  to  Gray).     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 

4.  Clinopodium  Acinos  (L.)  Kuntze.     BASIL  THYME.     BASIL  BALM.     (I.  F. 
f.  3149.)     Stems  branched  from  the  base,  very  slender,  1.5-2  dm.  high.     Leaves 
oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  petioled,  acutish  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  obtuse,  crenulate 
or  entire,  8-16  mm.  long;  flowers  about  6  together  in  the  axils;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  pedicels;  calyx  rough-hairy,  longer  than  its  pedicel,  contracted  at  the  throat, 
its  subulate  teeth  somewhat  unequal;  corolla  purplish,  1^-2  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx.     In  waste  places,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
May-Aug. 

5.  Clinopodium  glabrum  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.    Low  CALAMINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3150.) 
Perennial,  stolon iferous,  erect  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  of  the  flower- 
ing branches  linear,  entire,  short-petioled or  sessile,  mostly  obtuse,  obscurely  veined, 
8-18  mm.  long,  the  margins  slightly  revolute;  lower  leaves  and  those  of  the  stolons 
shorter  and  broader,  distinctly  petioled;  flowers  1-4  in  the  axils;  pedicels  filiform, 
mostly  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx  not  gibbous,  its  throat  pubescent  in  a  ring 
within,  its  lower  teeth  somewhat  longer  than  the  upper;  corolla  purple.     On  rocks 
and  banks,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  111.,  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

6.  Clinopodium    glabellum    (Michx.)   Kuntze.      SLENDER    CALAMINT  OR 
BED'S-FOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3151.'     Perennial,  stoloniferous ;  stems  spreading  or  decum- 
bent, at  length  freely  branched,  2-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  membranous,  oblong,  short- 
petioled,  obtuse  or  the  uppermost  subacute,   narrowed  to  a  cuneate  base,   serrate 
with  low  t^th,  2-5  cm.  long,  4-16  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  and  those  of  the  stolons 
sometimes  shorter;  axils  2-5-flowered;    pedicels  commonly  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  calyx  not  gibbous,  its  throat  pubescent  in  a  ring  within,  its  teeth  nearly 
equal;  corolla  purplish.     On  river  banks,  Ky.  and  Tenn.     Rare  and  local.     May- 
Tuly. 


8OO  FLORA. 

29.     HYSSOPUS  L. 

A  perennial  erect  herb,  the  stem  somewhat  woody  at  the  base,  with  narrow, 
entire  leaves,  and  small  bracted  purple  or  blue  flowers,  in  dense  clusters  in  the  upper 
axils,  and  forming  elongated  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  15 -nerved,  about 
equally  5 -toothed.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid, 
somewhat  3 -sided,  nearly  smooth.  [Greek,  an  aromatic  herb.]  A  moriotypic 
genus. 

i.  Hyssppus  officinalis  L.  HYSSOP.  (I.  F.  f.  3152.)  Stems  usually  several 
together,  strict,  puberulent,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  firm,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  obtuse,  puberulent  or  glabrate, 
faintly  veined,  3-5  cm.  long,  sometimes  with  smaller  ones  or  short  leafy  branches 
in  their  axils;  spike  dense;  outer  bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  lanceo- 
late, acute;  corolla  8— 10  mm.  long.  Along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places,  Ont.  to 
Me.  and  N.  Car.,  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

30.     ORIGANUM   L. 

Perennial  herbs,  some  species  shrubby,  with  crenate-dentate  or  entire  leaves, 
and  small  bracted  pink  or  purple  flowers,  in  dense  terminal  glomerules.  Calyx 
villous  in  the  throat,  about  13-nerved,  5-toothed  or  2-lipped.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  the  lower  longer,  spreading,  3-cleft.  Sta- 
mens didynamous,  ascending;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid 
or  oblong,  smooth.  [Greek,  mountain  joy.]  About  30  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Origanum  vulgare  L.  WILD  MARJORAM.  ORGANY.  (L  F.  f.  3153.) 
Perennial  from  nearly  horizontal  rootstocks,  villous  or  hirsute;  stem  3-8  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  rounded  or  subcordate,  crenate  or  entire,  2.5-4  cm.  long, 
often  with  smaller  ones  in  their  axils;  flower-clusters  often  5  cm.  broad;  bracts 
purplish,  ovate  or  oval,  about  equalling  the  5-toothed  calyx;  corolla  pink,  purple 
or  nearly  white,  the  upper  lobe  broad;  all  four  stamens,  or  the  two  longer,  ex- 
serted.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Nat.  from  Europe. 
July-Sept. 

31.  KOELLIA  Moench.    [PYCNANTHEMUM  Micbx.] 

Perennial,  mostly  fragrant  erect  herbs,  with  small  white  or  purple-dotted  flow- 
ers, in  terminal  or  sometimes  also  axillary  capitate  glomerules  or  cymose  clusters. 
Calyx  io-13-nerved,  5-toothed,  not  villous  in  the  throat,  the  2  upper  teeth  some- 
times united  below.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  emarginate  or  entire,  the  lower 
3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  pair  a  little  longer; 
anther-sacs  parallel.  Nutlets  smooth,  pubescent,  or  roughened.  [Named  for  J. 
L.  C.  Koelle,  a  German  botanist  of  the  eighteenth  century.]  About  14  species, 
of  N.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  I  occurs  in  California  and  I  or  2  in  the  Southern 
States. 

*  Leaves  prevailingly  linear,  linear-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate. 
Calyx-teeth  ovate-triangular,  acute,  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube. 

2.  K.  Virginiana. 
Calyx-teeth  subulate,  lance-subulate  or  bristle-tipped. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate ;  calyx-teeth  subulate  or  lanceolate. 

Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  entire.          I.  K.flexuosa. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  or  usually  serrate. 
Bracts  appressed,  erect ;  clusters  dense. 

Hirsute  or  pilose;  leaves  mainly  entire.  3.  K,  pilosa. 

Puberulent  or  glabvate;  leaves  mostly  denticulate. 

4.  K.  verticillata. 

Bracts  spreading;  clusters  loose.  5.  K.  clinopodioides. 

Leaves  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute;  calyx-teeth  awn-like. 

6.  K.  hyssopifolia. 
*  *  Leaves  prevailingly  ovate,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Calyx-teeth  bristle-tipped  or  subulate. 

Bracts  appressed  ;  clusters  dense;  calyx-teeth  bristle-pointed. 

7.  K.  aristata. 


LABIATAE.  8OI 

Bracts  spreading;  clusters  loose;  calyx-teeth  subulate. 

Calyx-teeth  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube.  8.  K.  incana. 

Calyx-  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube.  9.  K.  pycnanthemoides. 

Calyx-teeth  triangular,  triangular-lanceolate  or  lanceolate. 

Bracts  spreading;  clusters  loose;  calyx-teeth  short.  10.  K,  albescens. 

Bracts  appressed;  clusters  dense. 

Bracts  canescent;  leaves  firm,  acute.  n.  K.  muttca. 

Bracts  ciliate  or  villous;  leaves  membrancus,  acuminate. 

12.  K.  montana. 

1.  Koellia  flexuosa  (Walt.)  MacM.      NARROW-LEAVED    MOUNTAIN-MINT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3154.)     Stem   stiff,    nearly  glabrous,  4-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  entire,  glab- 
rous or  the  uppermost  puberulent,  sessile,  or  the  lower  very  short-petioled,  2-5  cm. 
long,  1-3  mm.   wide,  often  with  short  leafy  branches  in  their  axils;  glomerules 
cymose,   6-10  mm.   broad,   canescent;  bracts  appressed,  acuminate,   or  subulate- 
tipped,  not  longer  than  the  clusters;  calyx  cylindraceous,  canescent,  its  teeth  sub- 
ulate  and  rigid,  equal  or  nearly  so,  3-4  times  longer  than  broad,  about  one-third 
as  long  as  the  tube.     In  fields  and  thickets,  Me.  and  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  Ont,  Kans., 
Minn,  and  Tex.     Little  fragrant.     July-Sept. 

2.  Koellia  Virginiana  (L.)  MacM.     VIRGINIA  MOUNTAIN-MINT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3155.)     Stem  strict,   glabrous  or  pubescent,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,   fragrant,  short- petioled  or  sessile,  firm,  entire,  acuminate,  gla- 
brous, or  puberulent  beneath,  or  the  uppermost  canescent,  2-5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  often  with  short  leafy  branches  in  their  axils;  glomerules  dense,  8-12  mm. 
in  diameter,  cymose,  canescent;  bracts  appressed,  rigid,  acute,  acuminate  or  sub- 
ulate-tipped, not  exceeding  the  clusters;  calyx  canescent,  its  teeth  equal  or  nearly 
so,  acute,  little  longer  than  wide ;  corolla  pubescent,  purple-spotted.    In  dry  fields 
and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

3.  Koellia  pilosa  (Nutt.)  Britton.     HAIRY  MOUNTAIN-MINT.    (I.  F.  f.  3156.) 
Pubescent,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,   short- petioled  or  sessile,  entire  or 
sparingly  denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  firm,   acuminate,   commonly 
with  short  leafy  shoots  in  their  axils;  glomerules  cymose,  villous  or  hirsute-canes- 
cent,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  clusters;  calyx  narrow,  canescent,  its  teeth  equal,  about  3  times  as  long  as 
wide  and  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  pubescent.     On 
prairies  and  in  dry  woods,  Ohio  to  Ga.,  Kansl  and  Ark.     July-Sept. 

4.  Koellia  verticillata  (Michx.)  Kuntze.    TORREY'S  MOUNTAIN-MINT.    (I.  F. 
f.  3157.)     Stem  slender,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late, short-petioled  or  sessile,  serrulate  or  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-8  cm.  long, 
6-20  mm.   wide,   the  uppermost  sometimes  canescent;  clusters  dense,  canescent, 
10-12  mm.  broad,  cymose  and  commonly  also  in  the  upper  axils;  bracts  appressed, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  clusters;  calyx  canescent,  its 
teeth  subulate  or  lance-subulate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  wide,  one-fourth  to  one-third 
as  long   as  the  tube;  corolla  pubescent.     In  dry  fields  and  thickets,  Vt.  to  R.  I., 
N.  Y.,  Va.,    Pa.    and    Mo.      The   narrower- leaved    forms    are   Koellia    Torreyi 
(Benth.)  Kuntze,  and  are  possibly  distinct.     July-Sept. 

5.  Koellia  clinopodioides   (T.    &   G.)     Kuntze.     BASIL    MOUNTAIN -MiNT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3158.)     Pubescent  or  puberulent;  stem  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  rather  thin, 
short-petioled,  sharply  serrate,  or  the  upper  entire,  3-8  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide; 
flower-clusters  terminal  and  axillary;  bracts  linear-acuminate  or  subulate-tipped, 
not  exceeding  the  clusters;  calyx  canescent  or  glabrate,  its  teeth  subulate,  some- 
times with  a  few  long  hairs,  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  tube.     In  dry  soil, 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Term.     Aug.-Sept. 

6.  Koellia    hyssopifolia     (Benth.)     Britton.      HYSSOP     MOUNTAIN-MINT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3159.)     Puberulent  or  glabrate;  stem  slender,  stiff,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves 
linear-oblong  to  lanceolate-oblong,  short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  entire  or  denticulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  minutely 
canescent;  flower-clusters  dense,  minutely  canescent,  cymose,  and  usually  also  in 
the  upper  axils;  bracts  linear-oblong,  terminated  by  an  awn  almost  as  long  as  the 
body;  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  nerved,  its  teeth  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  tube.     In  dry  soil.  Va.  to  Fla.     June-Aug. 

7.  Koellia  aristata  (Michx.)  Kuntze.     AWNED  MOUNTAIN-MINT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3160.)     Similar  to  the  preceding;  stem  stiff,  minutely  canescent,  3-8  dm.  high. 


802  FLORA. 

Leaves  ovate,  or  some  of  them  ovate-lanceolate,  short- petioled,  sharply  serrate, 
serrulate,  or  the  upper  entire,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  8-25  mm. 
wide;  bracts  long-awned,  appressed,  the  awn  about  one-third  the  length  of  the 
body;  calyx  canescent,  its  teeth  equal,  bristle-pointed,  one-third  to  one-half  as 
long  as  the  tube.  In  dry  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  July-Sept. 

8.  Koellia  incana  (L.)  Kuntze.     HOARY  MOUNTAIN-MINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3161.) 
Stem  pubescent,  or  glabrous  below,  4-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  petioled,  acute,  serrate  or  serrulate,  white-canescent  beneath,  3-8  cm. 
long,  or  the  uppermost  smaller  and  sometimes  canescent  on  both  sides;  clusters 
loose,   terminal  and  in  the   upper  axils,   canescent,  bracts  linear,   or   the   outer 
broader,  canescent  or  slightly  villous;  calyx  canescent,   its  teeth  subulate,   some, 
what  unequal.     Dry  thickets  and  hill-sides,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Ohio  and  Fla.     Aug-Oct. 

9.  Koellia  pycnanthemoides   (Leavenw.)  Kuntze.     SOUTHERN  MOUNTAIN- 
MINT.     (I.    F.    f.    3162.)     Stem  pubescent  nearly   to  the   base,  6-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  membranous,  petioled,  mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  serrate, 
pubescent  beneath,  puberulent  or  glabrate  above,  3-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  smaller 
and  white-canescent  on  both  sides;  clusters  loose,  villous  and  canescent,  terminal 
and  axillary,  2-5  cm.   broad,  the  flowers  often  secund;  bracts  linear-oblong,  acu- 
minate or  subulate-tipped;  calyx -teeth  very  unequal,  subulate,  densely  villous,  the 
longer  about  equalling  the  tube.     In  dry  woods  and  on  hills,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 
July-Sept. 

10.  Koellia    albescens    (T.   &    G.)   Kuntze.     WHITE-LEAVED  MOUNTAIN. 
MINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3163.)     Stem  soft-pubescent  nearly  to  the  base,  3-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  acute  or  subacuminate,  serrate  or  nearly 
entire,  2-6  cm.  long,  white-canescent  beneath,  green  above,  or  the  upper  canes- 
cent on  both  sides;  clusters  terminal  and  axillary,  densely  canescent;  bracts  linear, 
or  the  outer  broader;  calyx  densely  canescent,  its  teeth  triangular,  one-fifth  to  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  the  tube.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Va.  to  Mo.,  Ark.,  Fla.  and 
Tex.     July-Sept. 

11.  Koellia    nrntica    (Michx.)  Britton.     SHORT-TOOTHED  MOUNTAIN  MINT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3164.)     Stem    stiff,  puberulent,  or  glabrous  below,  3-8  dm.  high.    Leaves 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  sometimes  subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate  or  serrulate,  3-8  cm.  long, 
the  uppermost  white-canescent  on  both  sides,  much  smaller;  flower-clusters  capi- 
tate,  cymose,  often  also  in  the  upper  axils,  pubescent  or  canescent,  8-14   mm. 
broad;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate  or  the  outer  broader;  calyx  pubescent,  its  teeth 
not  much  longer  than  wide,  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  the  tube.    In  sandy  soil,  Me. 
to  Va.  and  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.     July-Sept. 

12.  Koellia   montana    (Michx.)    Kuntze.     THIN-LEAVED  MOUNTAIN-MINT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3165.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  6-9    dm.    high.     Leaves  petioled,   mem- 
branous,   glabrous,    ovate-lanceolate    or   the    upper   lanceolate,    long-acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  5-13  cm.  long,  none  canescent;  flower -clusters  terminal  and  in  the 
upper  axils,  1-2.5   cm-  Droad;  bracts   lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,    acuminate, 
bearded  more  or  less  with  long  hairs;  calyx  tubular,  its  teeth  triangular-subulate, 
one-fifth  to  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube.     In  woods,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga., 
Tenn.  and  Ala.     July-Sept. 

3*.  TH^MUS  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  or  low  creeping  shrubs,  with  small  leaves,  and  small  purple 
flowers  in  terminal  glomerules,  or  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  ovoid,  villous 
in  the  throat,  io-13-nerved,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect- spreading.  3-toothed,  the 
lower  2-toothed,  its  teeth  long  and  slender.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
erect,  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  mostly  exserted;  anthers 
2-celled,  the  sacs  parallel  or  divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid  or  oblong,  smooth.  [Greek 
incense.]  About  50  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Thymus  Serpyllum  L.  WILD  OR  CREEPING  THYME.  MOTHER  OF 
THYME.  (I.  F.  f.  3166.)  Stems  more  or  less  pubescent  in  lines,  slender,  procum- 
bent, tough,  much  branched,  1-3  dm.  long,  commonly  forming  dense  mats.  Leaves 
oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  petioled,  obtuse,  entire,  glabrous,  or  ciliate,  4-10  mm, 
long;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  smaller;  calyx  2-lipped,  the  tube  usually 


LABIA  TAE.  803 

pubescent  and  the  teeth  ciliate;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  thickets,  woods, 
and  along  roadsides,  N.  S.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  N.  Car.  Nat.  from  Europe. 
June-Sept. 

33.  CUNlLA  L. 

Perennial  aromatic  herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  rather  small  purple  or  white 
flowers.  Calyx  tubular-ovoid,  io-13-nerved,  villous  in  the  throat,  equally  5 -toothed. 
Corolla  2-lipped,  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-cleft.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2,  long-exserted,  straight,  the  pos- 
terior pair  rudimentary,  or  wanting;  anther  sacs  parallel.  Nutlets  smooth;  scar  of 
attachment  basal  and  small.  [Latin  name  of  some  plant.]  About  15  species, 
natives  of  Am. 

i,  Cunila  origanoides  (L.)  Britton.  STONE  MINT.  AMERICAN  DITTANY. 
(I.  F.  f.  3167.)  Stem  slender,  stiff,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  2-5  dm. 
high.  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  or  short-petioled,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  rounded, 
truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  1-4  cm.  long,  densely  punctate;  flowers 
10-12  mm.  long,  in  terminal  loose  cymose  clusters;  corolla  purple-pink;  posterior 
pair  of  stamens  usually  rudimentary.  In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Fia., 
Ohio  and  Ga.  Plant  very  aromatic.  Aug. -Sept.  [C. Mariana  L.] 

34.  LYCOPUS  L. 

Herbs,  perennial  by  slender  stolons  or  suckers,  with  small  white  or  purple 
flowers,  bracted  and  verticillate  in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  campanulate, 
regular  or  nearly  so,  4-5 -toothed,  not  bearded  in  the  throat.  Corolla  funnelform- 
campanulate  to  cylindric,  the  limb  nearly  equally  4-cleft,  or  one  of  the  lobes 
broader  and  emarginate.  Perfect  stamens  2,  anterior,  the  posterior  pair  rudimen- 
tary, or  altogether  wanting;  anther-sacs  parallel.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  summit, 
narrowed  below,  trigonous,  smooth.  [Greek,  wolf- foot.]  About  15  species,  of  the 
north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  3  or  4  others  occur  in  western 
N.  Am. 

Calyx-teeth  4  or  5,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  nutlets. 

Leaves  mostly  ovate,  usually  purple;  base  of  stem  not  tuberous^ 

i.  L.  Virginicus. 
Leaves  mostly  lanceolate  to  oblong;  base  of  stem  tuberous. 

Leaves  mostly  firm,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  2.  L.  communis. 

Leaves  membranous,  slender-petioled.  3.  L,  membranaceus. 

Calyx-teeth  mostly  5,  lanceolate  or  subulate,  longer  than  the  nutlets. 
Bracts  minute;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Leaves  sessile.  4.  L.  sessilifolius. 

Leaves  narrowed  into  a  manifest  petiole.  5.  L.  rubellus. 

Bracts  lanceolate  or  subulate;  corolla  not  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  deeply  incised.  6.  L.  Americanus. 

Leaves  merely  coarsely  dentate  or  serrate  (lower  rarely  incised) . 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate. 

Leaves  thin,  narrowed  at  base.  7.  L,  lucidus. 

Leaves  firm,  rounded  at  base.  8.  L.  asper. 

Leaves  ovate,  coarsely  dentate.  9.  L.  Europaeus, 

1.  Lycopus  Virginicus  L.     PURPLE  BUGLE-WEED.     Purplish,  rarely  green, 
stouter  than  the  following  species  and  more  puberulent,  the  stem  obtusely  angled, 
not  tuberous  at  the  base,  but  the  stolons  bearing  terminal  tubers.     Leaves  ovate  to 
ovate-oblong,  usually  abruptly  narrowed  to  both  ends,  acuminate,   6-15  cm.  long, 
coarsely  toothed,  often  slender-petioled;  clusters  dense,  subglobose;  calyx  cylindra- 
ceous,  the  erect  lobes  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish;  corolla  2  mm.  long  or 
less,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  narrowly  tubular,  the  short  subequal  lobes 
erect  or  nearly  so;  stamens  and  style  included;   sterile  stamens  evident;  nutlets 
1.5-2  mm.  lonjr,  transversely  notched  and  strongly  denticulate.     In  moist  soil, 
Conn,  to  Ala.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

2.  Lycopus  communis  Bicknell.  COMMON  BUGLE-WEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
3168,  as  L.  Virgimcus.}  Green,  or  sometimes  purplish,  roughish-puberulent,  or  the 
leaves  elabrate;  stem  tuberous  at  base,  1-8  dm.   high,  subacutely  angled  with 
grooved    sides;   stolons  rarely  tuber-bearing.     Leaves   2.5-8   cm.  long,    oblong, 
narrowed  to  base  and  apex,  serrate,  very  short-petioled;  calyx  campanulate,  the 
lobes  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  obtusish;  corolla  2-3  mn|.  long,  abruptly  dilated  at  the 


804  FLORA. 

throat,  the  lobes  spreading;  sterile  stamens  minute  or  obsolete;  nutlets  1-1.5  mm« 
long,  oblique  at  the  top.  In  moist  soil,  Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Va.,  Neb.  and  Ore. 
Type  from  Van  Cortlandt,  N.  Y.  Aug-Sept. 

3.  Lycopus  membranaceus  Bicknell,  n.  sp.     THIN-LEAVED    BUGLE-WEED. 
Puberulent  to  glabrate ;  stem  slender  from  a  tuberous  base ;  stolons   weakly  devel- 
oped,   or   wanting.     Leaves    very   thin,    lanceolate    to   oblong-lanceolate,    mostly 
acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole,  coarsely  toothed,  6-n  cm.  long;  clus- 
ters very  small;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  corolla  3-4  mm.  long,  with  smaller  and 
less  spreading  lobes  than  in  L.  communis;  nutlets  1.5  mm.  long,  or  more,  oblique  at 
the  top.     In  wet  woods,  Me.   to  N.  Y.   and  Mich.     Type  from  Mt.    Desert,  Me. 
Aug.-Sept. 

4.  Lycopus  sessilifolius  A.  Gray.     SESSILE-LEAVED  WATER  HOARHOUND. 
(I.  F.  f.  3169.)     Glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  perennial  by  stolons  and  suckers; 
stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong -lanceolate,  sessile,  acute 
or  acuminate,   sharply  serrate,    somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-5   cm.  long; 
bracts  very  small,  acute;  calyx-teeth  usually  5,  subulate,  rigid,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube;  rudimentary  posterior  stamens  oval.     In  wet  soil,  eastern  Mass,  to  Fla. 
Aug. -Oct. 

5.  Lycopus  rubellus  Moench.     STALKED  WATER  HOARHOUND.     (I.  F.  f. 
3170.)     Glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent,  perennial  by  long  leafy  stolons,  3-10 
dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  or   narrower,  acuminate,  sharply 
dentate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long;  bracts  minute,  acute  or 
acuminate;    calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  herbaceous,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
tube  or  more ;  rudimentary  stamens  small,  oval  to  oblong,  or  obsolete.    In  wet  soil, 
N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Ohio,  Ark.  and  La.     July-Oct. 

6.  Lycopus  Americanus  Muhl.     CUT- LEAVED  WATER  HOARHOUND.     (I.  F. 
f.  3171.)     Puberulent  or  glabrous,  perennial  by  suckers;  stem  stiff,  sharply  angled, 
1-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  acuminate,  incised, 
pinnatifid  or  the  uppermost  merely  serrate,  3-10  cm.  long;  bracts  subulate;  calyx- 
teeth   triangular-subulate,    cuspidate,    rigid;    corolla   little   exceeding   the  calyx, 
dilated  at  the  throat;  rudimentary  stamens  thickened  at  their  tips.     In  wet  soil, 
Newf.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  Tex.,  Utah  and  Cal.     June-Oct. 

7.  Lycopus  lucidus  Turcz.     WESTERN  WATER  HOARHOUND.    (I.  F.  f.  3172.) 
Perennial  by  stolons;  stem  usually  stout,  strict,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,   sessile,  or  short-petioled,  5-15   cm.  long,   sharply  serrate  with 
acute  ascending  teeth;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate-subulate;  calyx-teeth 
5,  subulate-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  little  longer  than  the 
calyx;  rudimentary  stamens  thickened  at  the  tips.       In  wet  soil,  Neb.  to  Kans., 
Br.  Col.,   Cal.    and   Ariz.     Also  in  Asia.     The  American  plant  perhaps  distinct 
from  the 'Asiatic.     July-Sept. 

8.  Lycopus  asper  Greene.     ROUGH  BUGLE-WEED.     Stems  simple,  3-6  dm. 
high,  obtusely  angled,  leafy.    Leaves  firm,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile,  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  base,   strongly  and  nearly  equally  serrate 
with  very  sharp  teeth,  4-6  cm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  internodes,  conspicuously 
veiny,   rough  on  both   surfaces;    calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate,   acuminate;  nutlets 
very  short,  smooth.     Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.     July-Aug. 

o.  Lycopus  Europaeus  L.  WATER  OR  MARSH  HOARHOUND.  GIPSY- WORT. 
GIPSY-HERB.  (I.  F.  f.  3173.)  Puberulent  or  pubescent,  perennial  by  suckers,  3-8 
dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  oblong- lanceolate,  short-petioled,  or  the 
upper  sessile,  coarsely  dentate,  or  the  lower  incised  at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long, 
bracts  subulate-lanceolate;  calyx-teeth  subulate-spinulose;  corolla  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx;  rudimentary  posterior  stamens  obsolete.  In  waste  places,  N.  Y. 
to  Va.  Nat.  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

35.     MENTHA    L. 

Odorous  herbs,  with  simple  mostly  punctate  leaves,  and  small  whorled  purple 
pink  or  white  flowers,  the  whorls  axillary  or  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  lO-nerved, 
regular,  or  slightly  2 -lipped,  5 -toothed.  Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  the 
limb  4-cleft,  the  posterior  lobe  usually  somewhat  broader  than  the  others,  entire  or 
emarginate.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  included  or  exserted,  sometimes  imperfect; 
filaments  glabrous;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  parallel.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 


LABIATAE.  805 

[Name  used  by  Theophrastus;  from  the  nymph  Minthe.]     About  30  species,  of  the 
north  temperate  zone. 

*  Whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  or  some  in  the  upper  axils. 
Plants  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

Spikes  slim,  narrow,  mostly  interrupted  ;  leaves  sessile,  or  nearly  so. 

i.  M.  s pic  at  a  t 
Spikes  thick,  mostly  dense,  at  first  short;  leaves  petioled. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute.  2.  M.  piperita. 

Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute,  subcordate.  3.  M.  citrata. 

Plants  villous,  hirsute  or  cauescent,  at  least  at  the  nodes. 
Spikes  slim  or  narrow,  often  interrupted. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  4.  M.  longifolia. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  reticulated  beneath. 

5.  M.  rotundifolia. 
Spikes  io-i2  mm.  thick,  dense,  elongated  or  short. 

Leaves  sessile ;  spikes  2-8  cm.  long;   plant  canescent.  6.  M.  alopecvr aides. 

Leaves  distinctly  petioled,  or  the  uppermost  sessile;  spikes  short. 

Leaves  simply  serrate.  7.  M.  aquatica. 

Leaves  mostly  incised,  the  margins  crisped  and  wavy.     8.  M.  crispa. 

*  *  Whorls  of  flowers  all  axillary. 

Leaves  crenate-dentate  ;  calyx-teeth  triangular,  short.  9.  M.  arvensis. 

Leaves  sharply  serrate ;  calyx-teeth  subulate. 

Calyx-teeth  ciliate,  the  tube  glabrous;   leaves  ovate.  10.  M.gentilis. 

Calyx  densely  or  sparsely  pubescent  all  over. 

Leaves  ovate,  pubescent  on  both  sides;  hairs  of  the  stem  reflexed. 

ii.  M.  sativa. 
Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.      12.  M.  Canadensis. 

1.  Mentha  spicata   L.    SPEARMINT.       (I.  F.  f.  3174.)    Perennial  by  leafy- 
stolons  ;  stem  erect,  3-5  dm.  high.       Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  short-petioled, 
sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  largest  about  7  cm.  long  ;  whorls  of  flow- 
ers in  spikes  which   become  5-10  cm.  long  in  fruit,  the  one  terminating  the  stem 
surpassing  the  lateral  ones  ;  bracts  subulate -lanceolate,  ciliate;  calyx  campanulate, 
its  teeth  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  glabrous.      In  moist  fields  or 
waste  places,    N.    S.   to  Out.,  Minn.,  Utah,  Fia.   arid  Kans.      Nat.   from  Europe. 
July-Sept. 

2.  Mentha   piperita  L.    PEPPERMINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3175.)    Perennial  by  subter- 
ranean suckers,  3-9  dm.    high.       Leaves   lanceolate,   petioled,   dark  green,   acute, 
sharply  serrate,  glabrous   on    both   sides,  or   pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  the 
larger  3-8  cm.  long  ;    whorls  of  flowers  in   spikes,  which  are  obtuse,  and  become 
2—8  cm.  long  in  fruit,  the   middle  one   at  length  overtopped  by  the  lateral  ones  ; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  calyx  tubular- campanulate,  glabrous  below,  its  teeth 
subulate,  usually  ciliate,  one-half  as   long  as  the  tube  or  more  ;  corolla  glabrous. 
In  wet  soil,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tenn.     Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

3.  Mentha   citrata  Ehrh.      BERGAMOT  MINT.     (I.   F.  f.  3176.)     Perennial 
by  leafy  stolons  ;  stem   weak,    decumbent  or  ascending,  3-6  dm.  long.      Leaves 
petioled,  thin,  ovate   or  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse   or  the   upper  acute  at  the  apex, 
sharply  serrate,  the  larger  about  5  cm.    long  ;  whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal  short 
obtuse  spikes,  and  commonly  also  in  the  uppermost  axils  ;  calyx  glabrous,  its  teeth 
subulate,  one- half  as  long  as  the  tube,  or  longer  ;  corolla  glabrous.     In  wet  soil, 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.  and^Ohio.      Adventive  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

4.  Mentha   longifolia  (L.)  Huds.     HORSE  MINT.    (I.  F.  f.  3177.)  Perennial 
by  suckers,  canescent   or   puberulent,  3-8  dm.   high.      Leaves  lanceolate,   ovate- 
lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  acute,  sharply  serrate, 
2-8  cm.  long  ;   whorls  of  flowers  in  narrow  acute  spikes,  which  become  5-13  cm. 
long  in  fruit  ;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate  ;  calyx  tomentose  or  canescent,  its  teeth 
subulate,  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  puberulent.    In  waste  places,  Conn, 
to  Penn.  and  N.  J.      Nat.  from  Europe.    July-Oct. 

5.  Mentha  rotundifolia  (L.)  Huds.    ROUND-LEAVED  MINT.    (I.  F.  £.3178.) 
Perennial  by  leafy  stolons,  canescent  or  tomentose-puberulent,  somewhat  viscid, 
3-8  dm.  high.      Leaves  elliptic,  or   ovate-oblong,    short-petioled,   or    sessile  and 
somewhat   clasping  by  the  subcordate  or  rounded  base,  obtuse,   crenate-serrate, 
2-5  cm.  long,  rugose-reticulated  beneath  ;  whorls  of  flowers  in  spikes  which  elon- 


806  FLORA. 

gate  to  5-10  cm.  in  fruit;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate;  calyx-teeth  setaceous, 
usually  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  puberulent.  In  waste  places, 
Me.  to  N.  Car.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  July-Sept. 

6.  Mentha  alopecuroides  Hull.     WOOLLY  MINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3179.)     Peren- 
nial by  suckers,   white-woolly,   3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  broadly  oval,  sessile,  or 
partly  clasping  by  a  subcordate  or  rarely  rounded  base,  obtuse,  sharply  and  rather 
coarsely  serrate,  the  iower  5-8  cm.  long;  spikes  dense,  stout,  obtuse,  5-8  cm.  long 
in  fruit;  bracts  lanceolate;  calyx-teeth  setaceous,  one-half  as  long  as  the  campan- 
ulate  tube,  or  more;    corolla  pubescent.      Along  roadsides,  Conn,  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J0, 
Penn.,  and  Mo.      Nat.  from  Europe.     July- Oct. 

7.  Mentha  aquatica  L.     WATER  MINT.     FISH  MINT.    (I.  F.  f.  3180.)    Per- 
ennial  by  suckers,  hirsute  or  pubescent,  rarely  glabrate  ;  stem  3-8  dm.  high,  its 
hairs  reflexed.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  petioled,  acute,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  rounded, 
subcordate  or  rarely  narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  the  larger  3-8  cm.  long 
and  nearly  as  wide  ;  whorls  of  flowers  in  dense  short  rounded  spikes,  and  usually 
also  in  the  upper  axils  ;    spikes  seldom  more  than  2.5   cm.  long  in  fruit  ;  bracts 
lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx  hirsute,  its  teeth  lanceolate-subulate  or 
triangular-lanceolate,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  nearly  cylindric  tube  ; 
corolla  sparingly  pubescent.      In  wet  places,  N.  S.  to  Penn.  and  Ga.      Nat.  from 
Europe.     Aug. -Oct. 

8.  Mentha  crispa  L.     CRISPED-LEAVED,  CURLED  OR  CROSS  MINT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3181.)     Sparingly  pilose-pubescent,  at  least  at  the  nodes,  petioles  and  veins  of  the 
lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  ;  stem  rather  weak,  3-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  petioled,  or 
the  uppermost   sessile,  ovate,   mostly  acute,   rounded,   truncate  or  subcordate  at 
the  base,  their  margins  crisped,  or  the  uppermost  merely  serrate  ;  whorls  of  flow- 
ers in  thick  rounded  spikes,  which  become  2-4  cm.  long  in  fruit ;    calyx  sparingly 
pubescent  or  glabrous,  its  teeth  subulate,  more  than  one  half  as  long  as  the  cam- 
panulate  tube  ;  corolla  glabrous.      In  swamps  and  roadside  ditches,  N.  Y.,  N.  J. 
and  Penn.     Aug. -Oct. 

9.  Mentha  arvensis  L.     CORN  MINT.     FIELD  MINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3182.)    Per- 
ennial  by  suckers,  pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  stems  1.5-6  dm.  high,  slender.     Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate,  petioled,  acute  or  the  lower  obtuse,  crenate-serrate, 
mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  upper  not  much  smaller  than  the 
lower  ;  whorls  of  flowers  all  axillary,  usually  about  equalling  the  petioles  ;  calyx 
pubescent,  campanulate,  its  teeth  triangular,  about  as  long  as  the  width  of  their 
base,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse,  one-third  as  long  as  the  tube.      In  dry  waste 
places,  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Fla.     AlsoinCal.  and  Mex.     Nat.   July- 
Sept. 

0 o.  Mentha  gentilisL.  CREEPING  OR  DOWNY  WHORLED  MINT.  (I.  F.  f.  3183.) 
Perennial  by  suckers  ;  stem  puberulent  with  short  reflexed   hairs,  3-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  short-petioled,  sparingly  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs,  often 
blotched,  acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate,  the  larger  3-5  cm.  long,  the  upper 
sometimes  much  smaller  than  the  lower  ;  whorls  axillary  ;  pedicels  glabrous  ;  calyx 
campanulate,  glabrous  below,  its  teeth  subulate,  ciliate,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
tube  ;  corolla  glabrous.      In  waste  places  and  along  streams,  Me.  to  northern  N. 
Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Aug.-Oct. 

11.  Mentha  sativa  L.    MARSH  WHORLED  MINT.    (I.  F.  f.  3184.)  Perennial  by 
suckers  ;    stem  ascending,   usually  widely  branched,   densely  pubescent,  3-9  dm. 
long.     Leaves  ovate,   short-petioled,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  acute  at  the  apex, 
mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  the  larger  2-5  cm.  long,  the  upper 
sometimes  much  smaller  ;  whorls  axillary,  commonly  surpassing  the  petioles  ;  calyx 
campanulate,  pubescent,  its  triangular-subulate  teeth  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube. 
In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Penn.     Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

12.  Mentha  Canadensis  L.     AMERICAN  WILD  MINT.     (I.  F.  f.  3185.)    Per- 
ennial by  suckers  ;  stem  more  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  or  scarcely  reflexed 
hairs,  or  glabrate,  1.5-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong,  or  oblong-lance- 
olate, slender-petioled,   acute,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  narrowed  to  a 
somewhat  cuneate  base,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  the  larger  5-10  cm.  long, 
whorls  axillary,  often  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  calyx  oblong-campanulate,  pubes- 
cent, its  teeth  one-fourth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  tube.      In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  Va.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Nev.     Variable.    July-Oct. 


LABI  A  TAB.  807 

36.  COLLINSONIA    L. 

Tall  perennial  aromatic  herbs,  with  large  membranous  petioled  leaves,  and 
terminal  loose  panicled  racemes  of  small  yellowish  mostly  opposite  flowers.  Calyx 
campanulate,  short,  lo-nerved,  2-lipped,  declined  in  fruit,  usually  pubescent  in  the 
throat ;  upper  lip  3-toothed ;  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx, 
obliquely  campanulate,  5-lobed,  4  of  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  the  5th  pendent  or  de- 
clined, fimbriate  or  lacerate,  much  larger,  appearing  like  a  lower  lip.  Anther- 
bearing  stamens  2,  not  declined,  much  exserted,  coiled  before  anthesis  ;  bases  of  the 
filaments  connected  by  a  woolly  ring  ;  anthers  2-celled,  or  the  sacs  at  length  par- 
tially confluent.  Nutlets  smooth,  globose.  [Named  for  Peter  Collinson,  1693- 
1768,  an  English  botanist,  and  correspondent  of  Linnaeus.]  Two  or  3  species  of 
eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Collinsonia  Canadensis  L.  HORSE-BALM.  CITRONELLA.  RICH- WEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  3186.)  Stem  6-15  dm.  high,  glabrous,  or  glandular- pubescent  above. 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate -oblong,  acuminate,  the  lower  slender-petioled,  1.5-2.5  dm. 
long,  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  much  smaller,  all  coarsely  dentate  ;  terminal  pani- 
cles sometimes  3  dm.  long  ;  pedicels  ascending,  6-12  mm.  long  in  fruit,  subulate- 
bracteolate  at  the  base  ;  flowers  lemon  scented  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  those  of  the 
lower  lip  much  longer  than  those  of  the  upper  ;  corolla  light  yellow,  1-1.5  cm.  long; 
fruiting  calyx  prominently  ribbed,  6-8  mm.  long.  In  moist  woods,  Me.  and  Ont. 
to  Wis.,  Fla.  and  Kans.  Root  large,  thick,  woody.  July-Oct. 

37.  PERILLA   Ard. 

Annual  herbs,  with  petioled  purple  or  discolored  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
loose  bracted  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate,  lo-nerved,  5-cleft,  nearly  regular  in 
flower,  enlarging,  declined  and  becoming  2-lipped  in  fruit,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed, 
the  lower  2-cleft,  the  throat  not  bearded.  Corolla-tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  throat  obliquely  campanulate,  the  limb  5-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  slightly  the 
larger.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  or  the  posterior  pair  shorter,  erect,  divergent  ; 
anthers  2 -celled.  Nutlets  globose,  reticulated.  [The  native  name  in  India.]  One 
or  2  species,  natives  of  Asia. 

i.  Perilla  frutescens  (L.)  Britton.  PERILLA.  (I.  F.  f.  3187.)  Sparingly 
pubescent,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
dentate,  7-15  cm.  long  and  nearly  as  wide  ;  racemes  terminal  and  axillary,  many- 
flowered,  7-15  cm.  long  ;  pedicels  3-6  mm.  long  in  fruit ;  calyx  minute  in  flower, 
much  enlarged,  gibbous  at  the  base  and  densely  pilose-pubescent  in  fruit ;  corolla 
purple  or  white,  3  mm.  long,  with  a  woolly  ring  within.  .  In  waste  places,  escaped 
from  gardens,  N.  Y.  to  111.  Native  of  India.  July-Oct. 

Perilla  frutescens  Nankin^nsis  (Lour.)  Britton.  Leaves  crisped  and  incised.  Es- 
caped from  gardens,  N.  J.  to  W.  Va. 

38.  ELSHOLTZIA  Willd. 

Herbs,  with  thin  leaves,  and  small  or  minute  clustered  flowers,  in  terminal 
bracted  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  or  ovoid,  ro-nerved,  enlarging  in  fruit,  not 
bearded  in  the  throat,  5 -toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal.  Corolla-tube  little  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  limb  oblique,  or  slightly  2-lipped,  4-lobed  ;  upper  lobe  erect, 
concave,  emarginate,  the  3  others  spreading.  Anthers  2-celled,  or  the  sacs  more 
or  less  confluent.  Nutlets  ovoid  or  oblong.  [Named  in  honor  of  J.  S.  Elsholtz,  a 
Prussian  botanist.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  Asia. 

i.  Elsholtzia  Patrinii  (Lepech.)  Kuntze.  ELSHOLTZIA.  (L  F.  f.  3188.) 
Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  crenate-dentate,  2-8  cm.  long  ; 
spikes  dense,  about  12  mm.  thick  ;  flowers  several  in  the  axils  of  each  of  the 
broadly  ovate  membranous  reticulated  mucronate  bracts  ;  calyx  hirsute,  shorter 
than  the  bract  ;  corolla  2  mm.  long,  pale  purple.  Notre  Dame  du  Lac,  Temis« 
couata  Co.,  Quebec.  Nat  from  Asia.  July-Aug. 


808  FLORA. 

Family  8.     SOLANACEAE  Pers. 
Potato   Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  with  alternate  or 
rarely  opposite  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  or  nearly  regular 
cymose  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-lobed.  Corolla  gamopetalous, 
mostly  5-lobed,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  tube,  all  equal  and  perfect  in  the  following  genera,  except 
in  Petunia,  where  4  are  didynamous  and  the  fifth  smaller  or  obsolete; 
anthers  2-celled,  apically  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior, 
2-celled  (rarely  3-5-celled);  ovules  numerous  on  the  axile  placentae, 
anatropous  or  amphitropous ;  style  slender,  simple;  stigma  terminal; 
fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  Seeds  numerous;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyle- 
dons semiterete.  About  70  genera  and  1600  species,  most  abundant  in 
tropical  regions. 

*  Fruit  a  berry  ;  corolla  plicate,  its  lobes  generally  induplicate. 
Anthers  unconnected,  destitute  of  terminal  pores,  dihiscent. 
Fruiting  calyx  bladdery-inflated. 

Fruiting  calyx  5-angled  and  deeply  s-parted ;  ovary  3-5-celled. 

i.  Physalodes. 
Fruiting  calyx  5-lobed,  not  parted,  lo-ribbed,  often   5-io-angled,  reticulated, 

wholly  enclosing  the  berry ;  ovary  2-celled. 
Corolla  open-cam  panulate,  yellow  or  whitish,  often   with   a  dark  center; 

seeds  with  a  thin  margin,  finely  pitted.  2.  Physalis. 

Corolla  flat-rotate,  violet  or  purple;  seeds  thick,  rugose-tuberculate. 

3.  Quincula. 
Fruiting  calyx  somewhat  enlarged,  but  closely  fitted  to  the  fruit,  thin,  obscurely 

veiny,  open  at  the  r.nouth. 
Corolla  rotate,  whitish  ;  lobes  of  fruiting  calyx  much  exceeding  the  berry. 

4.  Leucophysalis. 

Corolla  rotate,  whitish,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple ;  fruiting  calyx  not  ex- 
ceeding the  berry.  5.   Chamaesaracha. 

Anthers  connivent  or  slightly  connate  ;  fruiting  calyx  not  enlarged. 

Anthers  short  or  oblong,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits  in  our  species. 

6.  Solanutn. 
Anthers  long,  tapering  from  base  to  summit,  longitudinally  dehiscent. 

7.  Lycopersicon. 

*  *  Fruit  a  nearly  dry  berry  ;  corolla  campanulate,  little  or  not  at  all  plicate,  its  lobes 
imbricated.  8.  Lycium. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  capsule;  corolla  funnelform. 
Capsule  circumscissile  toward  the  top,  which  separates  as  a  lid;  corolla  irregular. 

9.  HyoscyamtiSt 
Capsule  opening  by  valves. 

Capsule  generally  prickly.  10.  Datura. 

Capsule  not  prickly. 

Flowers  paniculate  or  racemose;  stamens  nearly  uniform  in  length. 

ii.  Nicotiana. 
Flowers  solitary  ;  stamens  very  unequal.  12.  Petunia. 

i.    PHYSALODES   Boehm.      [NICANDRA  Adans.] 

An  annual  erect  glabrous  herb,  with  alternate  petioled  thin  sinuate-dentate 
or  lobed  leaves,  and  large  light  blue  peduncled  nodding  flowers,  solitary  in  the 
axils.  Calyx-segments  ovate,  connivent,  cordate  or  sagittate  at  the  base,  strongly 
reticulated.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  slightly  5-lobed.  Stamens 5,  included, 
inserted  on  the  corolla  near  its  base;  filaments  filiform,  dilated  and  pilose  below; 
anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Style  slender;  stigma  3 -5 -lobed.  Berry 
globose,  nearly  dry,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  [Greek,  Physalis-like.]  A  monotypic 
genus. 

i.  Physalodes  physalodes  (L.)  Britton.  APPLE-OF-PERU.  (I.  F.  f.  3189.) 
Stem  angled,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate  but  blunt,  nar- 


SOLANACEAE.  809 

rowed  at  the  base,  0.7-2  dm.  long;  petioles  longer  than  the  peduncles;  flowers 
2.5-3.5  cm.  long  and  broad;  corolla-limb  almost  entire;  fruiting  calyx  2.5-3.5  cm- 
long  and  thick,  its  segments  acute,  their  basal  auricles  acute  or  cuspidate;  berry 
about  12  mm.  in  diameter,  loosely  surrounded  by  the  calyx.  In  waste  places, 
escaped  from  gardens,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  south  to  Fla.  Adventive  from  Peru.  July- 
Sept. 

a.  PHYSALIS  L.*    (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  sometimes  a  little  woody  below,  with  entire  or  sinuately  toothed  leaves. 
Peduncles  slender,  in  ours  solitary  from  the  axils.  Calyx  campanulate,  5. toothed, 
in  fruit  enlarged  and  bladdery-inflated,  membranous,  5 -angled,  or  prominently  IO- 
ribbed  and  reticulate,  wholly  enclosing  the  pulpy  berry.  Corolla  often  with  a 
brownish  or  purplish  center,  open-campanulate,  or  rarely  campanulate-rotate, 
plicate.  Stamens  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  oblong,  opening 
by  longitudinal  slits.  Style  slender,  somewhat  bent;  stigma  minutely  2-cleft. 
Seeds  numerous,  kidney- shaped,  flattened.  [Greek,  bladder,  referring  to  the 
inflated  calyx.]  The  number  of  recognized  species  is  about  50;  34  occur  in  the 
U.S. 

*  Annuals  with  branched  fibrous  roots. 

t  Plants  more  or  less  pubescent  (except  P.  Barbadensis  obscura). 

Fruiting  calyx  sharply  5-angled,  more  or  less  acuminate  at  the  summit  and  sunken  at  the 
base  ;  calyx-lobes  (at  flowering  time)  lanceolate  or  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube 
or  longer. 

Leaves  ovate,  oblique,  acute  or  acuminate,  subentire  at  the  base;  upper  part  repand 
or  subentire;  fruiting  calyx  small  and  short;  stem  slender,  diffuse,  sharply  angled. 

i.   P.  pubescens. 
.^eaves  cordate,  oblique,  strongly  sinuate  to  the  base;  stem  stout,  obtusely  angled; 

fruiting  calyx  rounded.  2.  P.  pruinosa. 

Leaves  cordate,  scarcely  oblique,  more  or  less  abruptly  acuminate,  acutely  repand 
dentate;  stem  tall,  acutely  angled;  fruiting  calyx  larger,  long-acuminate. 

3.  P.  Barbadensis. 

Fruiting  calyx  obtusely  or  indistinctly  5-io-angled;  calyx-lobes  (at  flowering  time)  trian- 
gular, generally  shorter  than  the  tube.  4.  P,  Missouriensis. 
t  \  Plants  glabrous,  or  the  upper  part  sparingly  beset  with  short  hairs,  or  a  little  pubeni- 

lent  when  young;  fruiting  calyx  obtusely  5-io-angled,  not  sunken  at  the  base. 
Corolla  yellow,  sometimes  with  the  center  a  little  darker  but  never  brown  or  purple. 

Peduncles  generally  much  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx  ;  leaves  sinuately  toothed  or 

subentire.  5.  p.  pendula. 

Peduncles  scarcely  exceeding  the  fruiting  calyx;    leaves  sharply  dentate. 

6.  P.  angulata. 
Corolla  yellow,  with  a  brown  or  purple  center. 

Peduncles  short,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers,  which  are  10-20  mm.  in  diameter: 

calyx-lobes  broadly  triangular.  7.  />.  ixocarpa. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  are  16-25  nun.  in  diameter;  calvx-Jobes 
lanceolate-triangular.  8.  P.  Philadelphia*. 

*  *  Perennial  by  rootstocks  and  roots. 

f  Pubescence  not  stellate  (although  in  P.  pum.Ha  of  branched  hairs). 
Pubescence  on  the  leaves  none,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  the  calyx  sparse  and 

short,  if  any. 
Fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  nearly  filled  by  the  berry,  scarcely  sunken  at  the  base. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  usually  thin.          8a.  P.  subglabrata. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  linear.  9.  P.  longtfolia. 

Fruiting  calyx  pyramidal,  very  much  inflated  and  deeply  sunken  at  the  base  ;  leaves 

broadly  ovate,  usually  coarsely  dentate.  10.   P.  macrophysa. 

Pubescence  sparse,  consisting  of  flat,  sometimes  jointed,  and  in  P. pumila  branched  hairs; 

in  P.  Virgimana  sometimes  a  little  viscid. 
Fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  scarcely  angled  and  scarcely  sunken  at  the  base ;  leaves  thick, 

obovate  or  spatulate  to  rhomboid,  subentire. 

Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate;  hairs  all  simple.  n.  P.  lanceofata, 

Leaves  broader,  often  rhomboid  ;  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  branched. 

12.  P.  putrnla. 
Fruiting  calyx   pyramidal,   more   or  less  5-angled  and  deeply  sunken  at  the  base; 

leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  generally  more  or  less  dentate.        13.   P.  Virginiana. 
Pubescence  dense,  short,  more  or  less  viscid  or  glandular,  often  mixed  with  long  flat 
jointed  hairs. 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  P.  A.  RYDBERG  K#i- 


8lO  FLORA. 

Leaves  large  ;  blade  generally  over  5  cm.  long  and  more  or  less  cordate. 

14.  P.  heterophylla. 
Leaves  less  than  5  cm.  long,  round-ovate  or  rhombic,  scarcely  at  all  cordate  at  the 

base;  calyx,  peduncles  and  younger  branches  with  long  white  flat  and  jointed  hairs. 

15.  P.  comata. 
Leaves  small.  2.5-4  cm-  in  diameter,  nearly  orbicular,  sometimes  a  little  cordate  at 

the  base,  not  coarsely  toothed;  stem  diffuse  or  prostrate.         16.  P.  rotundata. 
t  t  Pubescence  dense,  cinereous,  beautifully  stellate.      17.  P.  viscosa. 

1.  Physalis  pubescens  L.     Low  HAIRY  GROUND-CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  3190.) 
Stem  generally  diffuse  or  spreading,  often  a  little  swollen  at  the  nodes,   villous- 
pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  thin,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, slightly  cordate,  upward  repand-denticulate  or  entire,  pubescent,  sometimes 
becoming  nearly  glabrous  except  along  the  veins;    peduncles    short;  calyx-lobes 
narrow  but  not  with  a  subulate  tip;  corolla  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  yellow  with 
dark  center;  anthers  usually  purplish;  fruiting  calyx  membranous,  2-3  cm.  long, 
pyramidal,  ovoid-acuminate,  retuse  at  the  base.     In  sandy  soil,  Fenn.  to  Fla.  and 
Cal. ;  also  in  tropical  Am.  and  India.     July-Sept. 

2.  Physalis  pruinosa  L.     TALL  HAIRY  GROUND-CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  3191.) 
Stout,  generally  erect,  and  more  hairy  than  the  preceding  and  the  two.  following 
species;  stem  finely  villous  or  somewhat  viscid;  leaves  firm,  3-10  cm.  long,  finely 
pubescent,  ovate,  cordate,  and  deeply  sinuately  toothed;  calyx  villous  or  viscid, 
its  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  narrow  but  not  subulate-tipped;  corolla  4-8   mm. 
in  diameter;  anthers  yellow,  or  tinged  with  purple;  fruiting  calyx  reticulate,  2-3 
cm.  long,  ovoid,  cordate;  berry  yellow  or  green.    In 'cultivated  soil,  Mass,  to  Iowa, 
Mo.  and  Fla.     July-Sept. 

3.  Physalis  Barbadensis  Jacq.     BARBADOES  GROUND-CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
3192.)     Stem  stout,  acutely  3~4-angled,  pubescent  or  viscid;  leaves  3-6  cm.  long, 
acute,  or  abruptly  acuminate,  sharply  repand-dentate,  pubescent  with  short  hairs; 
peduncles  short,  but  in  fruit  sometimes  2  cm.  long;  calyx  generally  densely  viscid- 
hirsute,  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla   5-10  mm.   in  diameter;  anthers  gen- 
erally purplish;  fruiting  calyx  longer  than  in  the  two  preceding  species,  reticulate. 
Sandy  soil,  N.  Car.,  southern  111.  and  Mex.,  the  W.  Ind.  and  S.  Am.     July-Sept. 

Physalis  Barbadensis  obscura  (Michx.)  Rydberg.  Greener,  perfectly  glabrous,  or 
sometimes  minutely  pubescent.  The  distribution  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  species. 

4  Physalis  Missouriensis  Mack.  &  Bush.  MISSOURI  GROUND-CHERRY.  (I. 
F.  f?  31930  Stem  spreading,  often  zigzag,  striate,  or  slightly  angled,  villous  with 
short  hairs.  Leaves  1-9  cm.  long,  ovate,  oblique  and  cuneate,  obtuse,  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  acute,  repand  or  sinuately  dentate,  hairy,  at  least  on  the  veins; 
peduncles  in  fruit  5-10  cm.,  reflexed,  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx  villous, 
corolla  3-8  mm.  in  diameter,  yellow,  generally  with  a  dark  center;  anthers  gen- 
erally yellow:  fruiting  calyx  1.4-2  cm.  long,  round-ovoid,  nearly  filled^  by  the 
berry,  commonly  rounded  at  the  base.  On  rocky  hillsides;  Mo.  and  Kans.  to 
Ark.  and  Ind.  Terr.  July-Sept.  This  species  has  been  confused  with  the  tropi- 
cal P.  Lagasca  R  &  S. 

5.  Physalis   pendula   Rydb.     LANCE-LEAVED  GROUND-CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
3194.1    Erect,  generally  4-5  dm.  high;  stem  angled,  glabrous;  leaves  in  the  typical 
form  lanceolate;  calyx  cylindric-campanulate,  its  lobes  broadly  triangular,  shorter 
than  the  tube;  peduncles  filiform,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  erect  with  nodding  flower, 
in  fruit  reflexed;  corolla  6-8  mm.   in  diameter;  campanulate,  yellow,  without  a 
dark  spot;  anthers  yellow,  tinged  with  purple;  fruiting  calyx  about  2  cm.  long, 
ovoid,  indistinctly  lo-angled,  purple-veined,  nearly  filled  by  the  berry.      111.   to 
Tex.,  and  Kans.      (P.  lanceifolia  Rydh.,  in  part,  not  Nees.)     July-Sept. 

6.  Physa'is  angulata  L.     CUT-LEAVED  GROUND  CHERRY.      (I.  F.  f.  3195.) 
Erect,  4-9  dm.  high,  glabrous;  stem  angled;  leaves  ovate,  with  cuneate  base  and 
long-acuminate  teeth;  blades   5-6.5  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles,  thin,  the  veins 
not  prominent:  peduncles  slender.  2-3  cm.  long,  erect,  in  fruit  often  reflexed  but 
seldom  exceeding  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx-lobes  triangular  to  lanceolate,  generally 
shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  5-10  cm.   in  diameter;    anthers  purplish    tinged; 
fruiting  calyx  about  3  cm.  long,  ovoid,  not  prominently  angled,  at  last  nearly 


SOLANACEA&  8ll 

filled  by  the  yellow  berry.     In  rich  soil,  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  111.,  the  Ind.  Terr., 
Tex.,  Cent.  Am.,  Brazil  and  the  W.  Ind.     Also  in  India.     July-Sept. 

7.  Physalis    ixocarpa     Krot.      TOMATILLO.     MEXICAN     GROUND-CHERRY. 
STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.     (I.  F.  f.  3196.)     At  first  erect,  later  widely  spreading; 
stem  angled,  glabrous,  or  the  younger  parts  sparingly  hairy,  leaves  from  cordate 
to  ovate,  with  a  cuneate  base,  sinuately  dentate  or  entire,  2.5-6.5  cm.  long;  pedun-. 
cles  2-5  mm.   long;  calyx  sparingly  hairy;  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla 
bright  yellow  with  purple  throat,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter;  fruiting  calyx  round-ovoid, 
obscurely    lo-angled,    often   purple-veined,    at   last   filled   by   the   purple   berry. 
Native   of  Mex.      Cultivated   for   its   fruit  and  frequently  escapes  from  cultiva- 
tion. 

8.  Physalis  Philadelphia  Lam.  PHILADELPHIA  GROUND-CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f. 
3197.)     Erect  7—15  dm.  high;  stem  angled,  dichotomously  branched;  blades  ovate 
to    ovate-lanceolate,  often    very   oblique   at   the   base   and  acuminate,  entire  or 
repand-denticulate,    6-10  cm.    long,  often  in  pairs;  peduncles  slender,    1-2   crn. 
long;  calyx  glabrous,   or  minutely  ciliolate,   lobes  ovate- lanceolate  or  triangular, 
sometimes  broadly  ovate  and  unequal,  generally  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  yellow 
or  greenish  yellow  with  purplish  throat,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  anthers  tinged 
with  purple;  fruiting  calyx  at  first  somewhat   10  angled  and  sunken  at  the  base,  at 
last  often  filled  with  the  large  red  or  purple  berry.     R.  I.  to  Ga.,  Ky.   and  Tex. 
July-Sept. 

9.  Physalis  longifolia  Nutt.    LONG  LEAVED  GROUND  CHERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  3198.) 
Perennial  by  a  thick  rootstock;    stem  in  the  common  form,  stout,  4-9  dm.  high, 
slightly  angled.     Leaves  tapering  into  a  petiole  I  -2  cm.  long,  subentire  or  repand; 
peduncles  1-2  cm.  long,  in  fruit  often  recurved;  calyx  generally  glabrous,  its  lobes 
triangular- lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  1-2  cm.   in  diameter, 
yellow  with    a    dark   center;    anthers   tinged   with  purple;    fruiting   calyx  about 
3  cm.  long;  berry  yellow,  the  lower  portion  and  the  stipe  glutinous.     In  rich  soil, 
Iowa  to  Ark.,  Utah  and  Mex.     July-Sept. 

10.  Physalis    macrophysa    Rydb.       LARGE-BLADDER    GROUND  CHERRY. 
(I.   F.  f.  3199.)     Perennial;  root  so.newhat    fleshy;  stem    erect,    4-9   dm.    high, 
comparatively  slender,  angled.     Leaves  thin,  3-9  cm.  long,  the  lower  obtuse,  the 
upper  acute  or  acuminate;  petioles  2-4  cm.   long;  peduncles    in  fruit   reflexed; 
calyx  smooth,   its  lobes  ovate-triangular  or  broadly  lanceolate,  generally  a  little 
shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow  with  a  dark  center,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter; 
anthers  generally  yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple;  fruiting  calyx  3-4  cm. 
long,  indistinctly  lo-angled;  berry  small,  in  the  center  of  the  calyx.     In  rich  soil, 
Tex.  to  Kans.  and  Ark.     May-July.     Rare. 

11.  Physalis  lanceolata  Michx.     PRAIRIE  GROUND-CHERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  3200.) 
Rootstock  apparently  as  a  rule  slender  and  creeping;  stem  4-5  dm.  high,  first  erect, 
later   spreading   or   diffuse,    slightly    angled,    sparingly    hirsute   with  flat   hairs. 
Leaves  nearly  always  entire,  rarely  wavy,  thickish,   sparingly  hairy  with  short 
hairs;  peduncles  1-2  cm.  long,  in  fruit  reflexed;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate; 
corolla  dullish  yellow  with  a  brownish  center,  about  1.6  cm.  in  diameter;  fruiting 
calyx  round-ovoid,  not  sunken  at  the  base,  indistinctly  lo-angled;  berry  yellow  or 
greenish  yellow.     On  dry  prairies,  common  west  of  the  Missouri  River,  extending 
eastward  to  III.  and  the  Carolinas.     July-Sept. 

12.  Physalis  pumila  Nutt.     Low  GROUND- CHERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  3201.)     Peren- 
nial by  a  slender  rootstock,  4-9  dm.  high;  stem  obscurely  angled.     Leaves  broadly 
ovate  to  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  somewhat  rhomboid,  the  lower  often  obtuse 
and  obovate;  blades  5— 10  cm.  long,  entire  or  seldom  sinuate;    peduncles  in  fruit 
reflexed  and  3-5  cm.  long;  calyx  densely  hirsute,  its  lobes  triangular,  generally  a 
little  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow  with  brown  center,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diam- 
eter; fruiting  calyx  3-5  cm.  long,   indistinctly   I O- angled.     Plains,  Mo.  to  Colo, 
and  Tex.     July— Sept. 

13  Physalis  Virginiana  Mill.  VIRGINIA  GROUND-CHERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  3202. 
Perennial;  rootstock  thick;  stem  49  dm.  high,  erect,  dichotomously  branched, 
somewhat  angular,  strigose  hairy  with  flat  hairs,  in  some  forms  nearly  glabrous. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  3-6  cm.  long,  generally  sinuately 
dentate;  peduncles  in  fruit  curved  but  scarcely  reflexed;  calyx-lobes  triangular  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  nearly  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  sulphur-yellow  with  pur- 


8l2  FLORA, 

plish  spots,  1.8-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  anthers  yellow;  berry  reddish.     Rich  soil^ 
especially  in  open  places,  N.  Y.  to  Manitoba,  Fla.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

Physalis  Virgini^na  intermedia  Rydberg.  Leaves  thin  and  subentire,  gradually 
tapering  into  winged  petioles;  pubescence  in  the  young  plant  somewhat  viscid.  Ind. 
to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

14.  Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.     CLAMMY  GROUND-CHERRY.      (I.  F.  f. 
3203.)     Perennial  by  a  creeping  rootstock,  4-9  dm.  tall,  viscid  and  glandular,  and 
villous  with  long  spreading  jointed  flat   hairs;    leaf  blades  often  acute  but  very 
rarely  with  an  acumination,    thick,   sinuately  toothed,  or   sometimes   subentire; 
calyx  long-villous,  its  lobes  triangular,    generally  shorter   than  the  tube;    corolla 
1.6-2  cm.  in  diameter,  greenish  yellow  with  a  brownish  or  purplish  center;  anthers 
mostly  yellow;  berry  yellow.     In  rich  soil,  N.  B.  to  Saskatch.,  Fia.,  Colo,  and 
Tex. 

Physalis  heterophylla  ambfgua  (A.  Gray)  Rydberg.  Tall  and  generally  upright,  very 
long-villous,  scarcely  at  a:l  viscid;  flowers  commonly  larger;  anthers  mostly  purplish.  Vt. 
to  Iowa  and  Tenn. 

Physalis  heterophylla  nyctagfnea  (Dunal)  Rydberg.  Leaves  usually  dark  green 
and  of  a  firm  texture,  more  or  less  acuminate  at  the  apex,  often  subentire,  and  pubes- 
cent mainly  on  the  veins  of  the  lower  surface.  R.  I.  to  Iowa  and  La. 

Physalis  Peruviina  L.  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.  A  native  of  South  America;  it  is 
cultivated  for  its  fruit  in  all  warm  and  temperate  regions,  and  often  escapes.  It  resem- 
bles P.  heterophylla,  but  differs  in  the  leaves,  which  have  a  long  distinct  acumination, 
and  in  the  pubescence,  which  is  shorter,  denser,  and  not  at  all  viscid. 

15.  Physalis  comata  Rydberg.    HILLSIDE  GROUND-CHERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  3204.) 
Erect,  4-5  dm.  high;  pubescence  fine  and  short,  that  on  the  calyx,  peduncles  and 
upper  branches  mixed  with  long  white   flat  jointed  hairs.     Leaf-blades  not  over 
5  cm.  long,  round  ovate,  scarcely  at  all  cordate,  thin,  somewhat  repand-dentate,  or 
nearly  entire;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  fruiting  calyx,  or  longer;  corolla  greenish 
yellow,  with  brown  center,  1.2-2   cm.  in  diameter.     Fruiting  calyx  thin,  round- 
ovoid,  somewhat  lO-angled,  scarcely  sunken  at  the  base.     Hillsides,  Neb.,  Kaiis., 
Colo,  and  Tex. 

16.  Physalis  rotundata  Rydberg.  ROUND  LEAVED  GROUND-CHERRY.  (I.  F.  f. 
3205.)     Zigzag,   generally  dichotomously  branched,    from  a  perennial  rootstock, 
densely  and  finely  viscid  pubescent,  usually  more  glandular  than  the  preceding. 
Leaves   nearly   orbicular,    cordate,    2.5-4.5    cm.   in  diameter,  with    small   teeth; 
petioles  short,  more  or  less  winged;  peduncles  short;  corolla  1.6  cm.  in  diameter, 
greenish  yellow  with    a   brownish  center;   fruiting  calyx  ovoid,   slightly  angled, 
scarcely  sunken  at  the  base.     Dry  plains,  S.  Dak.   to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     July- 
Sept. 

17.  Physalis  viscosa  L.     STELLATE  GROUND-CHERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  3206.)  Per- 
ennial by  a  creeping  rootstock;  stems  creeping,  with  a  dense  ashy  stellate  pubes- 
cence, or  in  age  glabrate.    Leaves  elliptic,  oval  or  Ovate,  obtuse,  thinnish,  entire  or 
undulate,  in  the  typical  South  American  form  often  cordate  at  the  base,  but  rarely 
so  in  our  plant;  peduncles  i-?-5  cm.  long;  calyx- lobes  triangular,  generally  shorter 
than  the  tube;  corolla  greenish  yellow  with  a  darker  center,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter; 
fruiting   calyx   2-3   cm.    long,  round-ovoid,  scarcely  sunken   at   the   base;   berry 
orange  or  yellow.     On  sea  beaches,  or  in  sand  near  the  coast,  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to 
the  Argentine  Republic. 

Physalis  Alkeke'ngi  L.  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.  WINTER  CHERRY.  A  native  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  often  cultivated  for  its  fruit  and  sometimes  escapes  from  cultivation. 
The  flowers  are  whitish ;  corolla-limb  more  distinctly  5-lobed;  leaves  broadly  deltoid, 
acute  at  both,  ends,  repand  or  angulately  toothed. 

3.  QUINCULA  Raf. 

A  low  and  diffuse  somewhat  scurfy  herb,  with  a  stout  perennial  root.  Leaves 
sinuate  to  pinnatifid,  somewhat  fleshy.  Peduncles  commonly  in  pairs  from  the 
axils,  sometimes  solitary,  or  in  fascicles  of  3-5.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  in 
fruit  inflated,  sharply  5 -angular  and  reticulate,  enclosing  the  fruit,  the  lobes  conni- 
vent  Corolla  pentagonal  in  outline,  veiny.  Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal 


SOL  AN  A  CEAE.  8 1 3 

slits,     seeds   comparatively  few,  kidney-shaped,   somewhat  flattened,  with   thick 
margins.     [Name "unexplained.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Quincula  iobata  (Torn)  Raf.  PURPLE-FLOWERED  GROUND-CHERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  3207.)  Perennial,  spreading  or  prostrate;  stem  obtusely  angled  and 
striate,  much  branched.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  to  oblong,  sinuately 
toothed,  or  pinnatifid  with  rounded  lobes,  or  rarely  subentire,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
thickish  and  veiny,  tapering  into  margined  petioles;  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long,  in 
fruit  reflexed;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  2-3  cm. 
in  diameter;  anthers  yellow,  tinged  with  purple;  fruiting  calyx  about  as  wide  as 
long,  sunken  at  the  base.  On  high  plains,  Kans.  to  Cal.  and  Mex.  May-Sept. 

4.  LEUCOPHY'SALIS  Rydberg. 

A  tall  erect  viscid  and  villous  annual,  with  entire  leaves,  the  blade  decurrent 
on  the  petiole.  Peduncles  generally  in  fascicles  of  2-4  in  the  axils.  Calyx  cam- 
panulate,  5-lobed,  at  first  a  little  inflated,  but  soon  filled  by  and  closely  fitted  to 
the  berry,  thin,  neither  angled  nor  ribbed,  faintly  veiny.  Corolla  rotate,  white, 
sometimes  tinged  with  purple  and  generally  creamy  or  yellow  in  the  center,  the 
limb  plicate.  Stamens  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  long  and 
slender;  anthers  oblong,  opening  by  longitudinal  slits.  Style  and  stigma  as  in 
Phy ' sails.  Seeds  kidney-shaped,  flattened,  punctate.  [Greek,  white  Phy  salts.} 
A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Leucophysalis  grandiflora  (Hook.)  Rydberg.  LARGE  WHITE-FLOWERED 
GROUND-CHERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  3208.)  Frect,  3  9  dm.  high;  stem  more  or  less  vil- 
lous. Leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  ovate  to  lanceolate- ovate,  generally  acute  and  entire, 
more  or  less  villous  and  viscid;  peduncles  several  from  each  axil,  villous;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  rotate;  anthers 
short,  yellow,  often  tinged  with  purple;  fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  early  filled  by  the 
berry.  Vt.  to  Saskatch.  and  Minn.  May-July. 

5.  CHAMAESARACHA  A.  Gray. 

Perennials,  the  leaf- blade  decurrent  on  the  petiole.  Peduncles  solitary,  or  in 
fascicles  of  2-4  in  the  axils.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  in  fruit  somewhat 
enlarged,  but  not  bladdery-inflated,  close-fitting  to  the  berry,  thin,  not  angled  nor 
ribbed,  and  faintly  if  at  all  veiny,  open  at  the  mouth,  not  exceeding  the  berry. 
Corolla  rotate,  white  or  cream-colored,  often  tinged  with  purple,  the  limb  plicate. 
Stamens  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  long  and  slender;  anthers 
oblong,  opening  by  longitudinal  slits;  style  and  stigma  as  in  Phy  sails.  Seeds 
kidney-shaped,  flattened,  rugose-fa vose  or  punctate.  [Ground-  Saracha,  the  latter 
a  genus  named  in  honor  of  Isidore  Saracha,  a  Spanish  Benedictine  botanist.]  An 
American  genus,  of  half  a  dozen  species. 

Pubescence  dense,  puberulent  and  hirsute.  T.   C.  conioides. 

Pubescence  sparse,  puberulent  or  stellate,  hirsute  (if  at  all)  only  on  the  calyx. 

2.   C.  Coronopus. 

1.  Chamaesaracha   conioides  (Moricand)    Britton.     HAIRY    CHAMAESAR- 
ACHA.    (I.  F.  f.  3209.)     Much  branched,  at  first  upright,  at  length  spreading,  cine- 
reous-puberulent  with   short  branched  somewhat   glutinous  or  viscid  hairs,  gen- 
erally also  viscidly  hirsute  or  villous  with  long  and  branched  hairs,  especially  on 
the  calyx;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate-rhombic,  usually  acutish,  subentire  to 
pinnatifid;    calyx-lobes  triangular,  generally  acutish;    corolla    about   12    mm.    in 
diameter,  white  or  ochroleucous,  or  sometimes  violet-purplish;    berry  5-8  mm.  in 
diameter.     In  dry  clayey  soil,  Kans.  to  Cal.  and  Mex.     May-Sept. 

2.  Chamaesaracha  Coronopus  (Dunal)  A.    Gray.     SMOOTHISH   CHAMAE- 
SARACHA.    (I.  F.  f.  3210.)     Branched  and  diffuse;  stem  obtusely  angled;  pubes- 
cence on  the  stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  roughish  pruinose  or  stellate,  often 
scarcely  any;  on  the  calyx  stellate  or  sometimes  hirsute.     Leaves  linear  or  lanceo- 
late,   sinuately  lobed,   occasionally    subentire,    sometimes   pinnatifid;  calyx-lobes 
triangular,   acute;  corolla  white  or  ochroleucous,   the  appendages  of  the    throat 
often  protuberant;  berry  nearly  while.     In  clayey  soil,  Kans.  to  Utah,  Cal.  and 
Mex.     May-Sept.  '    •    ' 


8 14  FLORA. 

6.   SOLANUM   L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  stellate-pubescent,  sometimes  climbing.  Flowers 
cymose,  umbelliform,  paniculate,  or  racemose.  Calyx  campanulate  or  rotate, 
mostly  5 -toothed  or  5 -cleft.  Corolla  rotate,  the  limb  plaited,  5 -angled  or  5-lobed, 
the  tube  very  short.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments 
short;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  connate  or  connivent  into  a 
cone,  each  sac  dehiscent  by  a  terminal  pore,  or  sometimes  by  a  short  introse 
terminal  slit,  or  sometimes  also  longitudinally.  Ovary  usually  2-celled;  stigma 
small.  Berry  mostly  globose,  the  calyx  either  persistent  at  its  base  or  enclosing  it. 
[Name,  according  to  Wittstein,  from  so/amen,  quk  ing.]  About  goo  species,  of 
wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  U.  S. 

*  Glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  not  prickly. 
Plants  green  ;  pubescence  simple,  or  some  of  it  stellate;  flowers  white. 

Leaves  repand  or  entire;  ripe  berries  black.  i.  S.  nigrum. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  ripe  berries  green.  2.  .S".  triflorum. 

Plant  silvery  stellate-canescent;  flowers  violet.  4.  S.  elaeagnifolium. 

*  *   Stellate-pubescent  and   prickly   herbs. 

.^erry  not  enclosed  by  the  calyx;  perennials. 

Hirsute;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sinuate  or  pinnatifid.  3.  S.  Carolinense. 

Densely  silvery  canescent;  leaves  linear  or  oblong,  repand  or  entire. 

4.  S.  elaeagnifolium. 

Pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  s-7-lobed.  5.  S.  Torreyi. 

Berry  invested  by  the  spiny  calyx;  annuals. 

Plant  densely  stellate-pubescent;  corolla  yellow.  6.  S.  rostratum. 

Plant  glandular-pubescent,  with  few  stellate  hairs;  corolla  violet. 

7.  S.  heterodoxum. 

»   *  *  Climbing  vine,  not  prickly;  leaves  hastate  or  3-lobed.    8.  S.  Dulcamara. 

i.*  Solanum  iTgrum  L.  BLACK  OR  GARDEN  NIGHTSHADE.  (I.  F.  f.  3211.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  3-8  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  more  or  less  inequilateral,  2-8  cm.  long,  thin,  acute,  acumi- 
nate or  acutish  at  the  apex;  peduncles  lateral,  umbellately  3-10- flowered;  pedicels 
6-14  mm.  long;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  much  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry;  filaments  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; anthers  obtuse;  berries  glabrous,  globose,  8-IO  mm.  in  diameter,  on  nodding 
peduncles.  In  wi?te  places  or  cultivated  soil,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.  and 
Tex.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed.  July-Oct. 

2.  Solanum    triflorum  Nutt.     CUT-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE.     (I.  F.  f.    3212:) 
Annual,    sparingly    pubescent   with    simple    hairs,    or   glabrous,    3-9    dm.    high. 
Leaves  acute,  petioled,  5-10  cm.   long,  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,   entire  or 
dentate,  the  sinuses  rounded;    peduncles  lateral,  i-3-flowered;    pedicels  reflexed 
in  fruit;    calyx-segments  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent  at  the  base 
of  the  berry;  corolla  8-IO  mm.  broad;    anthers  obtuse;    berries  globose,  glabrous, 
alxxit  10  mm.  in  diameter.     On  prairies  and  in  waste  places,  western  Ont.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  Kans.  and  Ariz.     May-Oct. 

3.  Solanum   Carolinense   L.     HORSE-NETTLE.      (I.  F.  f.    3213.)      Stellate- 
pubescent  with  4  8-rayed  hairs;  stem  erect,  branched,  3-12  dm.  high,  armed  with 
straight  subulate  yellow  prickles.     Leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  repand,  lobed,  or  pin- 
natifid, 5-15  cm.   long;    flowers  cymose-racemose;    pedicels  6-14  mm.   long,   re- 
curved in  fruit;    calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the 
corolla,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry;    corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute; 
anthers   elongated;    berries  orange-yellow,   glabrous,   1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter.     In 
dry  fields  and  in  waste  places,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  Fla.,  111.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     May-Sept. 

4.  Solanum  elaeagnifolium  Cav.     SILVER-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3214.)     Perennial,   finely   stellate  pubescent,  silvery-canescent  all  over;    stem   3- 
9  dm.  high,  armed  with   sharp  prickles,  or  these  wanting.     Leaves  lanceolate, 
oblong,  or  linear,  petioled.  2-IO  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse,  repand-dentate  or  entire; 
flowers  cymose,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  peduncles  short  and  stout;  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  acute;   anthers  linear;   ovary  white-tomentose;  berries 


SOLA  NA  CEA  E.  8 1 5 

globose,  yellow  or  darker,  glabrous,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter.     On  dry  plains  and 
prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.     May-Sept. 

5.  Solatium  Torreyi  A.   Gray.     TORREY'S  NIGHTSHADE.     (I.  F.  f.   3215.) 
Perennial,  hoary   with   a   stellate  pubescence   of  8-12-rayed   hairs,   more  or  less 
armed  with  small  subulate  prickles.     Leaves  7-15   cm.  long,  the  lobes  entire  or 
undulate,  obtuse ;   cymes  branched,  loosely  several- flowered;  flowers  showy;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  abruptly  long-acuminate,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry;  corolla 
violet,  2.5-4  cm.  broad,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute;  berry  globose,  glabrous,  2.5  cm.  01 
more  in  diameter,  yellow.     On  dry  plains  and  prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex. 

6.  Solatium  rostratum  Dunal.     SAND  BUR.    BEAKED  NIGHTSHADE.    (I.  F.  f. 
3216.)     Densely  pubescent  with  5-8-rayed   hairs,  usually  copiously  armed  with 
yellow  subulate  prickles,  3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval  in  outline,  irregu- 
larly pinnately   5~7-lobed   or   i-2-pinnatifid,   5-13    cm.   long,  petioled,  the    lobes 
obtuse;    flowers  racemose,  about  2.5  cm.  broad;    racemes  lateral;   pedicels  erect 
both  in  flower  and  fruit;  calyx  densely  prickly,  wholly  enclosing  the  berry;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  slightly  irregular,  its  lobes 
ovate,  acute;    stamens  and  style  declined,  the  lowest  stamen   longer  with  an  in- 
curved beak;  fruit  2  cm.  in  diameter  or  more.     On  prairies,  S.  Dak.  to  Tex.  and 
Mex.     Occasional  in  waste  places  as  a  weed,  Ont.  to  N.  H.,  Mass,  and  N.  J.,  ad- 
ventive  from  the  West.     May-Sept. 

7.  Solanum  heterodoxum  Dunal.     MELON-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3217.)     Glandular  pubescent,  or  a  few  4-5-rayed  hairs  on  the  leaves,  copiously 
armed  with  slender  yellow  subulate  prickles,  diffusely  branched,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  irregularly  bipinnatifid,  5-15  cm.  long;  racemes  lateral,  several-flowered; 
flowers  2.5-4  cm.  broad;  stamens  and  style  declined;  lowest  anther  violet,  larger 
than  the  four  other  yellow  ones ;  corolla  somewhat  irregular,  its  lobes  ovate,  acumi- 
nate; fruit  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  (according   to 
Smyth)  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.     July-Sept. 

8.  Solanum  Dulcamara  L.    NIGHTSHADE.    BLUE  BINDWEED.    FELLONWORT. 
BITTERSWEET.     (I.  F.  f.  3218.)      Perennial;    stem  climbing  or  straggling,   some- 
what woody  below,  6-24  dm.  long.     Leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  hastate   in  outline. 
5-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  3-lobed,  or  3-divided,  with  the  terminal 
segment  much  the  largest;    cymes  compound,  lateral;    pedicels  slender  j  spreading 
or  drooping;    flowers  blue,  purple,  or  white,   1-1.5  cm-  broad;  calyx-lobes  short, 
oblong,  obtuse,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry;    corolla  deeply  5-cleft,  its  lobes 
triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate;   berry  oval  or  globose,  red.       In  waste  places  or 
in  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Minn.  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Kans.    Nat.  from  Europe.    May -Sept. 

7-  LYCOPERSICON  Mill. 

Annual,  or  rarely  perennial,  coarse  herbs,  with  i-2-pinnately  divided  leaves, 
and  lateral  irregular  raceme-like  cymes  of  small  yellowish  flowers  opposite  the 
leaves.  Calyx  5 -parted,  or  rarely  6  parted,  the  segments  linear  or  lanceolate. 
Corolla  rotate,  the  tube  very  short,  the  limb  5-cleft  or  rarely  6-cleft,  plicate. 
Stamens  5  (rarely  6),  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short;  anthers 
elongated,  connate  or  connivent,  introrsely  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled;  style  simple;  stigma  small,  capitate.  Berry  in  the  wild  plants  globose  or 
pyriform,  much  modified  in  cultivation,  the  calyx  persistent  at  its  base.  [Greek, 
wolf- peach.]  About  4  species,  of  S.  Am. 

i.  Lycoper.icon  Lycopersicon  (L.)  Karst.  TOMATO.  LOVE-APPLE. 
CHERRY  TOMATO.  (I.  F.  f.  3219.)  Viscid  pubescent,  much  branched,  3-9  dm. 
high.  Leaves  petioled,  1.5-5  dm-  long>  the  segments  stalked,  the  larger  7-9,  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  dentate,  lobed  or  again  divided,  with  several  or 
numerous  smaller  ones  interspersed;  flowers  10-16  mm.  broad;  calyx-segments 
about  equalling  the  corolla;  berry  the  well-known  tomato  or  love-apple.  Escaped 
from  cultivation,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  southward.  June-Sept.  [Z.  esculentum  Mill.] 

8.     LYC1UM  L. 

Shrubs,  or  woody  vines,  often  spiny,  with  small  alternate  entire  leaves,  com- 
monly with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils,  and  white  greenish  or  purple,  soli- 
tary or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  3-5 -lobed  or  -toothed,  not  enlarged 
jjj  fruit,  persistent.  Corolla  tube  short  or  slender,  the  limb  5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed); 


8l6  FLORA. 

the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5  (rarely  4);  filaments  filiform,  sometimes  dilated  at  the 
base;  anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  filiform;  stig- 
ma capitate  or  2-lobed.  Berry  globose,  ovoid,  or  oblong.  [Named  from  the  coun- 
try Lycia.]  About  75  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  some  17 
native  species  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Lycium  vulgare(Ait.  f.)  Dunal.  MATRIMONY  VINE.  BOX-THORN.  (I.  F. 
f.  3220.)  Glabrous,  spiny  or  unarmed;  stems  slender,  climbing  or  trailing,  2-8 
m.  long,  the  spines,  when  present,  slender.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  spatu- 
late,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  firm,  1-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  filiform,  1-2.5  cm- 
long;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  3  mm.  long;  corolla  funneliorm,  purplish  changing  to 
greenish,  8-12  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  ovate-oblong;  stamens  slightly  exserted ;  berry 
oval,  orange-red.  In  thickets  and  waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens,  Ont.  to 
Conn.,  Va.,  Minn,  and  Kans.  Introduced  from  Europe.  May-Aug. 

9.    HYOSCYAMUS  L. 

Erect  viscid-pubescent  narcotic  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  lobed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  large  nearly  regular  flowers,  the  lower  solitary  in  the  axils,  the  upper 
in  a  spike  or  raceme.  Calyx  urn-shaped  or  narrowly  campanulate,  5-cleft,  striate, 
enlarged  and  enclosing  the  capsule  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  limb  some- 
what oblique,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  unequal,  spreading.  Stamens  declined,  mostly 
exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anther  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-celled; 
style  slender;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-celled,  circumscissile  above  the  middle. 
[Greek,  hog-bean.]  About  15  species,  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

i.  Hyoscyamus  niger  L.  BLACK  HENBANE.  HOG'S-BEAN.  (I.  F.  f.  3221.) 
Annual  or  biennial;  stem  stout,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  ob- 
long in  outline,  7-17  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile,  or  the  upper  clasping, 
irregularly  lobed,  cleft  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  2.5-5  cm-  broad; 
calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute;  corolla  greenish  yellow,  strongly  reticulated 
with  purple  veins,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtusish;  capsule  globose-oblong,  about  i  cm. 
high.  Waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  Mich.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

10.     DATURA   L. 

Tall  narcotic  herbs,  some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  petioled 
leaves,  and  large  solitary  erect  shoit-peduncled  white  purple  or  violet  flowers. 
Calyx  elongated-tubular  or  prismatic,  its  apex  5-cleft  or  spathe-like,  in  the  follow- 
ing species  circumscissile  near  the  base  which  is  persistent  and  subtends  the  prickly 
capsule.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  limb  plaited,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate. 
Stamens  included  or  little  exserted;  filaments  filiform,  very  long,  inserted  at  or 
below  the  middle  of  the  corolla  tube.  Ovary  2-celled,  or  falsely  4-celled;  style 
filiform;  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  4  valved  from  the  top,  or  bursting 
irregularly.  [The  Hindoo  name,  dhatura.J  About  12  species,  of  wide  distribu- 
tion. The  following  are  introduced  weeds. 

Glabrous  or  very  sparingly  pubescent;  leaves  lobed,  calyx  prismatic. 

Stem  green:  flowers  white;  lower  prickles  of  the  fruit  shorter,      i.  D.  Stramonium. 

Stern  purple;  flowers  lavender  or  violet;  prickles  about  equal.      2.   D.    7 alula. 
Finely  glandular-pubescent;  leaves  entire;  calyx  tubular.  3.  D.  McteL 

1.  Datura  Stramonium  L.     STRAMONIUM.    JAMESTOWN  OR  JIMSON-WEED. 
THORN-APPLE.     (I.  F.  f.  3222.)     Annual,  glabrous  or  the  young  parts  sparingly 
pubescent;  stem  stout,   3-15  dm.   high.     Leaves  thin,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  0.7-2  dm.  long,  irregularly  sinuate- lobed,  the  lobes 
acute;  flowers  white,  about  i  dm.   high;  calyx  prismatic,  less  than  one-half  the 
length  of  the  corolla;  capsule  ovoid,  densely  prickly,  about  5  cm.  high.     In  fields 
and   waste  places.   N.    S.  to  Fla.,  Minn,  and  Tex.     Nat.    from  tropical   regions, 
probably  from  Asia.     June-Sept. 

2.  Datura    Tatula    L.      PURPLE    THORN-APPLE.      PURPLE    STRAMONIUM. 
(I.   F.  f.  3223.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  usually   a    little  more   pubescent; 
stem  commonly  more  slender,  purple;  leaves  almost  like  those  of  J).  Stramonium, 
but  rather  darker  green  or  with  a  tinge  of  purple;   flowers  lavender  colored  or 
violet,  or   the  tube  nearly   white.     In  fields   and  waste   places,  Ont.   to   Minn., 
N.  Y.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Nat,  from  trop.  Am.     May-Sept. 


SOLANACEAE.  8 1? 

3.  Datura  Metel  L.  ENTIRE-LEAVED  THORN-APPLE,  (i.  F.  f.  3224.) 
Annual,  finely  glandular-pubescent,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
inequilateral,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  1-2.5  dm.  long;  flowers  white, 
1.5-1.8  dm.  high;  calyx  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla;  capsule  globose  or 
ovoid- globose,  obtuse,  prickly  and  pubescent,  2.5-4  cm.  in  diameter.  In  waste 
places,  R.  I.  to  Fla.  Native  of  trop.  Am.  July-Sept. 

xi.   NICOTIANA    L. 

Viscid-pubescent  narcotic  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  large  alternate  entire  or  slightly 
undulate  leaves,  and  white  yellow  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  in  terminal 
racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  ovoid,  5 -cleft.  Corolla-tube 
usually  longer  than  the  limb,  5  lobed,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anther- sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  4-celled) ;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved, 
or  sometimes  4-valved  at  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  small.  [Named  for  John 
Nicot,  French  ambassador  to  Portugal,  who  sent  some  species  to  Catherine  de 
Medici,  about  1560.]  About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  America.  Besides  the 
following,  some  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Corolla  2.5  cm.  long,  the  tube  cylindric;  calyx-lobes  triangular.  i.  N.  rustica. 

Corolla  10-15  cm.  long,  the  tube  very  slender;  calyx-lobes  linear.  a.  N.  longiflora. 

1.  Nicotiana  rustica  L.    WILD  TOBACCO.     (I.  F.  f.  3225.)  Annual,  6-12  dm. 
high.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  thin,  entire,  slender  •  petioled,  0.5-2  dm.  long;  flowers 
greenish  yellow,   panicle;!;    pedicels  6-12   mm.     long;    calyx-lobes   acute,   shorter 
than  the  tube;   corolla-tube  somewhat   enlarged    above,   the  lobes  short,  obtuse; 
capsule  glob  >se,    glabrous,    about  I    cm.    in  diameter,    2-valved,   longer  than  the 
calyx.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  N.   Y.  and  Fla.     Cultivated  by 
the  Indians.     June-Sept. 

2.  Nicotiana  lo  igiflora  Cav.     LONG-FLOWERED  TOBACCO.     (I.  F.  f.  3226.) 
Annual,    minutely   rough-puberulent    and    viscid,    4-9    dm.    high.      Basal    leaves 
obtuse,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  tapering  into  slender  winged  petioles;  stem  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  short -pedicelled;    calyx  oblong,  pubescent,  its  narrow 
lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  white  or  purplish,  viscid,  the  tube  slender, 
2-3  mm.  in  diameter,  expanding  above,   the  lobes  ovate  lanceolate,  acute;  capsule 
oblong.     Near  Harrisburg  and  Easton,   Pa.     Escaped  from    gardens.     Native   of 
S.  Am.     Aug. -Oct. 

12.  PETUNIA  Juss. 

Viscid  pubescent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  white  violet  or  purple  flowers 
(in  cultivation  sometimes  variegated).  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5  parted.  Corolla 
funnelform  or  salverform,  the  limb  plicate,  spreading,  slightly  irregular.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla*;  4  of  them  didynamous.  perfect,  the  fifth 
smaller  or  obsolete;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2-lobed.  Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  2 
celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  filiform;  stigma  2  lamellate.  Capsule  2-celled,  2- 
valved,  the  valves  entire.  Seeds  small,  the  testa  rugose.  [Petun,  an  Indian  name 
of  tobacco.]  About  12  species,  of  S.  Am. 

Corolla  white,  its  tube  cylindric.  i.    P,  axillaris. 

Corolla  violet-purple,  its  tube  campanulate.  2.  P.  violacea. 

1.  Petunia  axillaris  (Lam.)  B.S. P.    WHITE  PETUNIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3227.)    Very 
viscid,  about  3  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  blunt-pointed,  7-10 
cm.  long,  sessile,  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  short  margined  petioles;  peduncles 
slender,  often  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx-segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  corolla 
white,  its  tube  slightly  enlarged  above,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  its  limb  abruptly  spreading,  the  lobes  rounded.      In  waste  places,  escaped 
from  gardens,  N.  Y.  and  Perm.     Native  of  southern  Brazil.     July-Sept. 

2.  Petunia  violacea  Lindl.     VIOLET  PETUNIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3228.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding,  but  usually  lower,  and  the  stem  slender.     Leaves  ovate  or  obovate, 
all  but  the  uppermost  petioled,  mostly  obtuse,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  peduncles  slender; 
Calyx-segments  linear;  corolla  violet-purple,  its  tube  campanulate,  1.8-3  cm>  long» 


8)8  FLORA. 

the  limb  less  abruptly  spreading,  the  lob  ;  subacute.  In  waste  places,  escaped 
from  gardens,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Native  :>f  southern  Brazil  and  Paraguay. 
June-Sept. 

Petunia  parviflbra  Juss.,  a  prostrate  pubescent  annual,  with  small  linear  to  spatulate 
leaves,  and  a  funnelfoi  m  corolla  S-io  mm.  long,  is  abundant  on  ballast  about  the  eastern 
seaports. 

Family  9.    SCROPHULARIACEAE    Lindl. 
Ftgwort  Fat) lily. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  mostly 
complete  and  irregular  flowers  (corolla  wanting  in  one  species  of  S\n- 
thyris).  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  4  5-toothed,  -cleft,  or  -divided,  or 
sometimes  split  on  the  lower  side,  or  on  both  sides,  the  lobes  or  seg- 
ments valvate,  imbricate  or  distinct  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamcpetalous,' 
the  limb  2-lipped,  or  nearly  regular.  Stamens  2,  4  or  5,  didynamous,  or 
ready  equal,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes ; 
anthers  2-celled;  the  sacs  equal,  or  unequal,  or  sometimes  confluent  into 
one.  Disk  present  or  obsolete.  Pistil  i,  entire  or  2-lobed  ;  ovary  su- 
perior, 2-celled,  or  rarely  i-celled;  ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous, 
on  axile  placentae;  style  slender,  simple;  stigma  entire,  2-lobed  or  2- 
lamellate.  Fruit  mostly  capsular  and  septicidally  or  loculicidally  de- 
hiscent. Seeds  mostly  numerous;  endospeim  fleshy;  embryo  small, 
straight  or  slightly  curved;  cotyledons  -little  broader  than  the  radicle. 
About  165  genera  and  2500  species,  widely  distributed. 

1.  Anther-bearing  stamens  5  ;  corolla  rotate ;  leaves  alternate.         i.  Verbascum. 

2.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2  or  4 ;  leaves  opposite,  verticillate  or  alternate. 

*  Corolla  spurred,  saccate  or  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  at  the  base. 
Corolla  spurred  at  the  base. 

Leaves  palmately  3~5-veined.  2.   Cymbalaria. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  3.  Kickxia. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  4.  Linaria. 

Corolla  saccate  or  gibbous  at  the  base.  5.  Antirrhinum. 

*  *  Corolla  neither  spurred,  saccate  nor  gibbous  on  the  lower  side. 

t  Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  the  fifth  sterile  or  rudimentary. 

Sterile  stamen  a  scale  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla.  6.  Scrophularia. 

Sterile  stamen  elongated,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  others. 
Corolla  tubular,  2-lipped,  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  flat. 

Sterile  stamen  shorter  than  the  others;  seeds  winged.  7.  Chelone. 

Sterile  stamen  about  equalling  the  others;  seeds  wingless.       8.  Pentstemon. 
Corolla  2-cleft,  declined;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  conduplicate. 

9.   Collinsia. 

f  f  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing,  or  2  sterile,  or  2  only. 
a.  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  large  Asiatic  tree. 

10.  Pauloivnia. 
b.  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  herbs;   corolla  2-lipped;  stamens  not  enclosed  in  upper 

lip  of  corolla. 

Calyx  prismatic,  j-angled,  5-toothed.  n.  Mimulus. 

Calyx  5-parted,  not  prismatic. 

Calyx-segmehts  equal;  leaves  pinnatifid  in  our  species.  12.   Conobea. 

Calyx-segments  unequal,  the  upper  one  the  largest.  13.  Monniera. 

c.  Stamens  4,  2  anther-bearing  and  2  sterile,  or  2  only;  corolla  obviously  2-lipped. 
Calyx  5-parted ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  present. 

Sterile  filaments  short  or  none.  14.   Gratiola. 

Sterile  filaments  slender,  2-lobed.  15.  llvsanthes. 

Calyx  4-toothed;  upper  lip  of  corolla  obsolete;  low  mud  plant.  16.   AJicranthemnm. 

4,  Stamens  4,  ajl  anther-bearing;  corolla  nearly  regular;  flowers  on  scapes. 


SCROPHULARIA  CEAE  819 

e.  Stamens  2  only;  corolla  rotate,  salverform,  tubular,  or  none. 
Leaves  alternate;  flowers  spicate:  corolla  2-3-lobed  or  none.  18.  Synthyris. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  opposite  or  verticillate;  corolla  4-lobed. 

Corolla  rotate;  capsule  obcordate  or  emarginate,  compressed.       19.    Veronica. 
Corolla  tubular- funnel  form;  capsule  ovoid,  not  compressed.         20.  Leptandral 
f.  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  corolla  campanulate,  salverform  or  funnelfcrm, 

scarcely  2-lipped. 

Leaves  alternate :  flowers  in'  i-sided  racemes.  21.  Digitalis. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  opposite. 

Corolla  salverform ;  flowers  in  a  long  spike.  22.  Buchnera. 

Corolla  campanulate  or  funnelform. 

Stamens  nearly  equal;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  tube.  23.  Afzelia. 

Stamens  strongly  didynamous,  unequal;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Anthers  awned  at  the  base;  corolla  yellow.  24.  Dasystoma. 

Anthers  awnless;  corolla  purple,  pink  or  rarely  white.    25.   Gerardia. 
g.  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 
Ovules  several  or  numerous:  capsule  many-seeded. 

Anther-sacs  dissimilar,  the  inner  one  pendulous  by  its  apex;  leaves  mostly  alternate. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  lower.  26.   Castilleja. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  lower.          27.   Orthocarpus. 
Anther-sacs  similar  and.paraliei;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Calyx  2-bracteolate  at  the  base,  5-toothed.  28.  Schwalbea. 

Calyx  not  bracteolate,  4-5-toothed,  or  cleft  or  split. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2  lobed,  its  margins  recurved;  calyx  4-cleft. 

29.  Euphrasia. 
Margins  of  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  not  recurved. 

Calyx  scarcely  or  not  at  all  inflated  in  fruit;  galea  entire. 
Calyx  4  toothed  or  4-cleft;  capsule  straight. 

Seeds  spreading,  numerous.  30.  Bartsia. 

Seeds  pendulous,  few.  31.   Odontites. 

Calyx  split  on  the  lower  side  or  on  both  sides ;  capsule  oblique. 
Galea  prolonged  into  a  filiform  curved  beak. 

32.  Elephantella. 

Galea  with  a  short  beak  or  none.  33.  Pedicularis. 

Calyx  ovoid,  much  inflated  and  veiny  in  fruit.  34.  Rhinanthus. 

Ovules  only  i  or  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary;  capsule  i-4-seeded;  leaves  opposite. 

35.  Melampyrum. 

I.  VERBASCUM  L. 

Biennial  or  rarely  perennial,  mostly  tall  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  rather 
large  flowers,  in  terminal  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or 
5-parted.  Corolla  flat  rotate  or  slightly  concave,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  a  little  unequal, 
the  upper  exterior,  at  least  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla,  unequal;  filaments  of  the  3  upper  stamens,  or  of  all  5.  pilose;  anther-sacs 
confluent  into  one.  Ovules  numerous;  style  dilated  and  flattened  at  the  summit. 
Capsule  septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  usually  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Seeds  rugose. 

STlie  Latin  name  of  the  great  mullen;  used  by  Pliny.]     About  125  species,  of  the 
Id  World. 
Plants  densely  woolly;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes,  or  spikelike  racemes. 

Leaves  strongly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  I.    V.  Thapsus. 

Leaves  not  decurrent,  or  but  slightly  so.  2.    V.  phlomoides. 

Leaves  white-tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers  in  large  terminal  panicles.     3.    V.  Lychnitis. 
Plant  glabrous  or  sparingly  glandular;  flowers  racemose.    .  4.    V.  Blattaria. 

i.  Verbascum  Thapsus  L.  GREAT  MULLEN.  (I.  F.  f.  3229.)  Simple  or 
with  some  erect  branches,  densely  woolly  with  branched  hairs,  6-25  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong,  thick,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  dentate  or  denticulate,  1-3  dm. 
long,  the  basal  ones  margined-petioled;  flowers  yellow,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  sessile, 
numerous  in  dense  elongated  spikes;  stamens  unequal,  the  three  upper  shorter  with 
white  hairy  filaments  and  short  anthers,  the  two  lower  glabrous  or  nearly  so  with 
larger  anthers;  capsule  about  6  mm.  high.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  S. 
Dak.,  Fla.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

2  Verbascum  phlomoides  L.  CLASPING-LEAVED  MULLEN.  (I.  F.  f.  3230.) 
Stem  usually  simple,  3-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  crenate, 
crenulate,  or  entire,  woolly-tomentose,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  or  slightly  de- 
current  on  the  stem,  or  the  lower  often  petioled  with  truncate  Pr  subcordate  b^ses; 


820  FLORA. 

flowers  yellow,  or  cream-color,  2.5  cm.  broad  or  more,  usually  in  a  tomentose 
spike-like  raceme;  pedicels  clustered,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  stamens  as  in  V. 
Thapsus.  Eastern  Mass.  Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

3.  Verbascum  Lychnitis  L.     WHITE  MULLEN.     (I.  E.  f.  3231.)     Stem  an- 
gled, branched  above,  6-14  dm.  high,  densely  covered  with  a  white  nearly  stellate 
pubescence.     Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate-dentate,  5-17  cm. 
long,  the  upper  acute,  sessile,  the  lower  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  flowers 
in    a    large    terminal    panicle,   racemose  on  its    branches,   white   or   cream  color, 
10-12  mm.  broad,  nearly  sessile;  pilose  hairs  of  the  3  shorter  filaments  white;  cap- 
sule about  4  mm.  high.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Out.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Re- 
ported from  Karis.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June- Sept. 

4.  Verbascum    Blattaria    L.      MOTH   MULLEN.      (I.    F.    f.    3232.)      Stem 
terete,  usually  simple,  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  den- 
tate, laciniate,  or  pinnatifid,-  acute  or  acuminate,  the  upper  truncate  or  cordate- 
clasping  at  the  base,  the  basal  ones  seldom  present  at  flowering   time;  raceme 
3-6  dm.    long,  loose;    pedicels  spreading,    1-2.5   cm-  l°ng>  bracted  at   the  base; 
corolla  yellow  or  white,  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  with  brown  marks  on  the  back;  fila- 
ments alt  pilose  with  violet  hairs;  capsule  depressed-globose,  6  mm.  in  diameter. 
In  fields  and  wr.ste  places,  Quebec  to  Fla.,  Minn,  and  "Kans.     Nat.  from  Europe. 
June -Nov. 

2.  CYMBALARIA  Medic. 

Perennial  creeping  or  spreading  herbs,  with  long-petioled,  mostly  lobed,  pal- 
mately  veined  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  white  to  violet  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  irregular,  2-lipped,  short- spurred;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  lip  3-lobed; 
throat  nearly  or  quite  closed  by  the  palate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending, 
included,  the  filaments  filiform.  Style  very  slender.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  2  ter- 
minal 3 -toothed  pores.  Seeds  numerous,  small.  [From  the  Greek  for  cymbal.] 
About  9  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Cymbalaria  Cymbalaria  (L.)  Wettst.  KENILWORTH  OR  COLISEUM  IVY. 
(I.  F.  f.  3233.)  Glabrous;  stem  trailing,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  1-3  dm.  long. 
Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  3-5  lobed,  0.6-2.5  cm-  ^n  diameter,  the  lobes  broad 
and  obtuse;  flowers  blue  or  lilac,  8-IO  mm.,  long;  peduncles  slender,  recurved, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute;  palate  yellowish;  cap- 
sule globose;  seeds  rugose.  Waste  places  and  roadsides,  adventive  from  Europe, 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.,  and  in  seaport  ballast.  June-Aug. 

3.  Kl'CKXIA    Dumort. 

[ELATINOIDES  Wettst.] 

Mostly  annual  spreading  or  creeping  herbs,  with  pinnately  veined,  short-peti- 
oled  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  white  yellow  or  variegated  flowers.  Calyx  5- 
parted.  Corolla  irregular,  spurred,  2-lipped,  the  throat  closed  by  che  palate. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included;  filaments  filiform.  Capsule  opening  by  I  or  2 
terminal  slits,  pores,  or  valves.  Seeds  ovoid,  mostly  rough  or  tubercled.  About 
25  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Kickx,  professor  in 
Ghent.] 

Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base.  i.  E.  spuria. 

Leaves  triangular,  mostly  hastate.  2.  E.  Elatine. 

1.  Kickxia   spuria   (L.)  Dumort.     ROUND-LEAVED  TOAD-FLAX.     (I.  F.  f. 
32^4,)     Annual,  pubescent;  steins  prostrate,  o.  7-6  dm.  long.    Leaves  ovate-orbicu- 
lar" entire,  or  sometimes  dentate,  mucronulate,   cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
0.6—2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  petioles  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers  small;  peduncles  filiform, 
very  pubescent,  often  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx-segments  ovate,  acute  at 
the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  one- half  as  long  as  the  corolla;,  corolla 
yellowish  with  a  purple  upper  lip,  the  spur  curved ;  capsule  subglobose.     In  waste 
places  and  ballast,  N.  Y.  to  N.  Car.     Adventive  from  Europe.    June-Sept.  \Elati~ 
noides  spuria  Wettst.  ] 

2.  Kickxia  Elatine  (L.)  Dumort.    SHARP-POINTED  FLUELLIN  OR  TOAD-FLAX. 
(I.  7    f    3235.)    Annual,  pubescent;   stems  prostrate,   1.5-6  dm.  long.     Leaves 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  821 

I  -2.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  triangular,  hastate,  truncate,  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  the  basal  auricles  divergent,  acute;  flowers  about  6  mm.  long; 
peduncles  filiform;  calyx-segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  yellowish, 
purplish  beneath,  its  spur  slender,  straight,  declined;  capsule  subglobose.  In 
sandy  waste  places,  Canada ;  N.  Y.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ga.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June- 
Sept.  \Elatinoides  Elaline  Wettst.] 

4.  LINARIA   Hill. 

Herbs,  some  exotic  species  shrubby,  with  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  and 
those  of  sterile  shoots  opposite  or  verticillate,  the  flowers  in  terminal  bracted 
racemes  or  spikes  or  axillary.  Calyx  5 -parted,  the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla 
irregular,  spurred  at  the  base,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed,  covering  the 
lower  in  the  bud,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  base  produced  into  a  palate 
often  nearly  closing  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending,  included; 
filaments  and  style  filiform.  Capsule  opening  by  I  or  more  mostly  3 -toothed  pores 
or  slits  below  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  angled  or  rugose.  [Latin,  linum, 
flax,  which  some  species  resemble.]  About  150  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  southern  Florida.  The  corolla,  especially 
the  terminal  one  of  the  raceme,  occasionally  has  5  spurs  and  is  regularly  5-lobed, 
and  is  then  said  to  be  in  the  Peloria  state. 
Flowers  yellow,  1.5-3  cm-  long- 
Leaves  linear;  flowers  2.5-3  cm«  l°nR>  seeds  winged.  I.  L.  Linaria. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  long;  seeds  wingless.  2.  L.  genistaefolia. 
Flowers  blue  to  white,  6-12  mm.  long. 

Spur  of  corolla  filiform,  curved;  native  species.  3.  L.  Canaderisis. 

Spur  of  corolla  short,  conic;  European  ad  vent  ive  species.  4.  L.  repens. 

1.  Linaria  Linaria  (L.)  Karst.     RANSTEAD.     BUTTER-AND-EGGS.     YELLOW 
TOAD-FLAX.     (I.  F.  f.  3236.)    Perennial,  pale  green;  stems  erect,  leafy,  glabrous,  or 
sparingly  glandular-pubescent  above,  3-9  dm.  high.   Leaves  sessile,  entire,  mostly  al- 
ternate, 1-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide;  flowers  densely  racemose,  the  palate  orange- 
colored;    pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,   nearly  erect;    calyx-segments  oblong,  acutish; 
spur  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  corolla;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower 
lip  shorter  than  the  other  two;  capsule  ovoid.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to 
Manitoba,  Va.  and  Kans.     Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Oct.     [L.  vulgar  is  Mill.] 

2.  Linaria  genistaefolia  (L.)  Mill.     BROOM-LEAVED  TOAD-FLAX.     (I.  F.  f. 
3237.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  more  glaucous,  usually  paniculately  branched; 
leaves    sessile,    2.5-9  cm.    long,  4-12   mm,    wide,   acute   or   acuminate;    flowers 
loosely  racemose;  pedicels  short;  spur  of  the  corolla  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube. 
Sparingly  established  on  the  northern  part  of  N.  Y.  Island;  station  now  nearly  or 
quite  obliterated.     Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

3.  Linaria  Canadensis  (L.)  Dumont.     BLUE  OR  WILD  TOAD-FLAX.     (I.  F.  f. 
3238.)     Biennial  or  annual,  glabrous;  flowering  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  slen- 
der,   1-8  dm.  high;    sterile  shoots  procumbent,  leafy.     Leaves  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  8-30  mm.  long,  entire,  sessile,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots,  or  some  of  them, 
usually  opposite;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long,  in  slender  racemes;  pedicels  appressed  in 
fruit;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,   acute,  or  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the  cap- 
sule; spur  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer;  palate  a  white  convex  2- 
ridged   projection;    seeds  wingless.     In   dry  soil,   N.  S.  to  Fla.,   Ore.  and  Cal. 
Also  in  Cent,  and  S.  Am.     A  dwarf  form  with  no  corolla  is  frequent.     May-Sept. 

4.  Linaria    repens  (L.)  Mill.     PALE-BLUE  TOAD-FLAX.     (I.    F.   f.  3239.) 
Glabrous,  perennial  by  a  creeping  rootstock,  2-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  entire, 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  1-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  narrowed  to  both  ends,  the 
lower  crowded,  sometimes  whorled;  flowers  in  slender  terminal  racemes;   pedicels 
4-10  mm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  linear,  acute;  corolla  nearly  white,  but  striped 
with  blue  or  purple,   about  12  mm.  long;  spur  short,  conic;  capsule  subglobose; 
seeds  wrinkled.     Newf.   and  in  ballast  about  the  Atlantic  seaports.     Adventive 
from  Europe.     Summer. 

Chaenorrhinum  minus  (L.)  Lange  (Linaria  minor  (L.)  Desf),  a  low  glandular 
branched  annual,  with  solitary,  axillary,  long-peduncled,  very  small  flowers,  the  palate 
not  closing  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  the  leaves  linear,  is  reported  from  N.  B.  and 
Out.  Adventive  from  Europe. 


822  FLORA. 

5.    ANTIRRHINUM  L. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  and  those  of  sterile  shoots  opposite, 
and  red  purple  yellow  or  white  flowers,  in  terminal  racemes,  or  solitary  in  the 
upper  axils.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  irregular,  gib- 
bous, or  saccate,  but  not  spurred,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-lobed,  its  base  produced  into  a  palate  nearly  or  quite  closing  the 
throat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  opening  by 
chink?  or  pores  below  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  not  winged.  [Greek,  nose- 
like.j  About  40  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  western  N.  Am.  Besides  the 
following  some  18  others  inhabit  the  western  U.  S. 
Flowers  2.5-4  cm-  long »  calyx-segments  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

i.  A.  ma  jus. 
Flowers  1-1.5  cm.  long;  calyx-segments  linear,  as  long  as  the  corolla.    2.  A.  Orontium. 

1.  Antirrhinum  majus  L.     GREAT  SNAPDRAGON.     LION'S-MOUTH.     (I.  F.  f. 
3240.)     Perennial,  usually   glandular-pubescent   above,    3-9   dm.   high.     Leaves 
lanceolate,   linear   or   oblong-lanceolate,    entire,    short -petioled,    acute,    glabrous, 
2-8  cm.  long;  flowers  racemose,  purplish-red  (of  a  variety  of  colors  in  cultivated 
forms);    pedicels  rather  stout,  erect  in  fruit;  calyx-segments  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long; 
capsule  obliquely  ovoid,  8-10  mm.  high,  opening  by  2  pores  just  below  the  summit 
or  at  length  apically  2-valved,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  waste  places,  es- 
caped from  gardens  in  the  Atlantic  States.     Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

2.  Antirrhinum  Orontium  L.     LESSER  SNAPDRAGON.     (I.  F.  f.  3241.)    An- 
nual,  about  3  dm.   high.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,,  or  the  lower  linear-spatulate, 
almost  sessile,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper 
axils,  purple,  1-1.5  cm-  l°ng>  peduncles  shorter  than  the  flowers;  calyx- segments 
linear,  unequal,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  elongated  in  fruit  so  as  much  to  exceed  the 
pubescent  capsule.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     Also  on 
Vancouver  Island.     Adventive  from  Europe.     June -Aug. 

6.  SCROPHULARIA   L.     (See   Appendix.) 

Perennial  strong-smelling  herbs,  some  exotic  species  shrubby,  with  mostly  op- 
posite leaves,  and  small  purple  greenish  or  yellow  proterogynous  flowers,  in  termi- 
nal panicled  cymes  or  thyrses.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  or  lobes 
mostly  obtuse.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  globose  to  oblong,  not  gibbous  nor 
spurred,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the  2  upper  lobes  longer,  erect,  the  lateral  ones  ascend- 
ing, the  lower  spreading  or  reflexed.  Stamens  5,  4  of  them  anther-bearing  and 
didynamous,  declined;  their  anther-sacs  confluent  into  one,  the  fifth  sterile,  reduced 
to  a  scale  on  the  roof  of  the  corolla-tube.  Style  filiform;  stigma  capitate  or  trun- 
cate. Capsule  ovoid,  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  rugose,  not  winged.  [Named 
for  its  repute  as  a  remedy  for  scrofula.]  About  120  species,  of  the  northern  hemis- 
phere. Besides  the  following,  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Corolla  dull  outside;  sterile  stamen  deep  purple.  i.  S.  Marylandica. 

Corolla  shining  outside;  sterile  stamen  greenish  yellow.  2.  S.  leporella. 

1.  Scrophularia   Marylandica   L.     MARYLAND  FIGWORT,    HEAL-ALL    OR 
PILEWORT.     (I.    F.   f.    3242.)     Glabrous    below,    somewhat    glandular-pubescent 
above;  stem  slender,  4-angled    with  grooved  sides,  1-3  m.  high.     Leaves  mem- 
branous, slender-petioled,  usually  puberulent  beneath,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  0.7-3   dm-   long;  flowers  greenish  purple,  6-8    mm. 
long,  numerous  in  the  nearly  leafless  thyrses;  bractlets  mostly  opposite;  pedicels 
8-25  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,   about  the  length  of  the  tube; 
corolla  brownish  purple  and  shining  within,  little  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  two 
lateral  lobes  slightly  spreading,  the  upper  lip  erect,  its  lobes  short,  rounded;  cap- 
sule subglobose,  with  a  slender  tip.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  N. 
Car.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.     July-Sept. 

2.  Scrophularia  leporella  Bicknell.    HARE  FIGWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  3243.)    Stem 
viscid-glandular  above,   sharply  4-angled  with  flat  sides,  1-2.8  m.   tall.     Leaves 
short-petioled,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  gla- 
brous on  both  sides  when  mature,  usually  incised-dentate,  5-25  cm.  long;  flowers 
8-IO  mm.  long,  in  elongated  narrow  thyrses;  bractlets  mostly  alternate;  calyx. 


SCROPHULARiaCEAE. 

Johes  ovate;  corolla  contracted  at  the  throat,  green  to  purple  and  shining  without, 
dull  within,  the  two  lateral  lobes  erect;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  often  narrowly 
oblong;  capsule  ovoid-conic.  In  woods  and  along  roadsides^  Vt.  to  Conn.,  Minn., 
Va.  and  Kans.  May -July. 

7.   CH&LONE  L. 

Perennial,  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and 
large  white  red  or  purple  flowers,  in  terminal  and  axillary  dense  spikes.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  bracted  at  the  base,  the  segments  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Corolla  irregular, 
the  tube  elongated,  enlarged  above,  the  Iimb2-lipped;  upper  lip  concave,  emargin- 
ate  or  entire,  exterior  in  the  bud;  lower  lip  spreading,  w<*>Hy  within,  3-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  included,  4  of  them  antheriferous,  didynamouj,  .he  fifth  sterile, 
smaller;  filaments  slender,  woolly ;  anthers  woolly,  cordate.  Style  filiform ;  stigma 
small,  capitate.  Capsule  ovoid,  speticidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  com- 
pressed, winged.  [Greek,  tortoise,  the  head  of  which  the  corolla  resembles.] 
Three  species,  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

Corolla  white ;  bracts  not  ciliolate.  I.  C.  glabra. 

Corolla  red  or  rose-purple  ;  bracts  ciliolate. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate.  2.  C.  obliqua. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  ;  mountain  plant.  3.  C.  Lyoni. 

1.  Chelone  glabraL.    SNAKE-HEAD.    TURTLE-HEAD.    (I.  F.  f.  3244.)    Stem 
obtusely  4-sided,  simple  or  sometimes  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate  with  low  appressed  teeth,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  7-15  cm.  long,  the  principal  veins  about  10  on  each  side  of 
the  midvein;  flowers  white  or  faintly  pink,   about  2.5  cm.   long;  calyx- segments 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  capsule  obtuse,  about  12  mm.  high,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.    In  swamps  and  along  streams,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  Manitoba  and  Kans.     Lower 
leaves  sometimes  broadly  oval.     July— Sept. 

2.  Chelone  obliqua  L.     RED  TURTLE-HEAD.     (I.  F.  f.  3245.)    Stem  slender, 
ascending,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  mostly  spreading  or  ascending.     Leaves 
oblong,  or  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  peti- 
oled, sharply  serrate  with  somewhat  spreading  teeth,  or  laciniate,  5-15  cm.  long; 
petioles  4-12  mm.  long;  principal  veins  about  10  on  each  side;  flowers  red  or  rose- 
purple,  about  2.5  cm.  long;  bracts  and  calyx-segments  ciliolate  and  usually  puber- 
ulent;  capsule  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding.    In  wet  thickets  and  along  streams, 
Va.  to  111.  and  Fla.     July- Sept. 

3.  Chelone  Lyoni  Pursh.     LYON'S  TURTLE-HEAD.     (L  F.  f.  3246.)     Stem 
erect  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded, 
truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  7-18  cm.  long,  usually  slender-petioled,  sharply 
serrate  with  divergent  teeth,  the  principal  veins  8-10  on  each  side;  flowers  red  or 
rose-purple,  about  2.5  cm.  long;  bracts  and  calyx-segments  ciliolate  and  puberu- 
lent.     In  swamps  and  wet  thickets,  mountains  of  Va.  (?);   N.  Car.  and  Tenn.  to 
Ga.     July-Sept. 

8.  PENTSTEMON    Soland.      (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs,  mostly  branched  from  the  base  only,  with  opposite  or  rarely 
verticillate  leaves,  or  the  upper  occasionally  alternate,  and  large,  blue  purple  red 
or  white  flowers,  in  terminal  thyrses,  panicles,  or  racemes.  Calyx  5 -parted,  the 
segments  imbricated.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  elongated,  more  or  less  enlarged 
above,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-lobed;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens  5,  in- 
eluded,  4  of  them  antheriferous  and  didynamous,  the  5th  sterile,  as  long  as  or 
shorter  than  the  others;  anther-sacs  divergent  or  connivent.  Style  filiform;  stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  ovoid,  oblong,  or  globose,  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numer* 
ous,  wingless.  [Greek,  five  stamens.]  About  100  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

*  More  or  less  pubescent  or  glandular,  at  least  the  calyx  and  pedicels. 
Corolla  2-3  cm.  long;  leaves  entire,  serrate,  or  denticulate. 
Stem  pubescent  or  puberulent  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base. 
Thyrsus  open,  panicle-like. 

Corolla  densely  bearded  in  the  throat  ;  pubescence  villous. 

i.  P.  hirsutus. 
Corolla  scarcely  bearded  in  the  throat ;  pubescence  canescent. 

,  a.  P.  canescen* 


824  FLORA. 

Thyrsus  narrow,  raceme-like  or  spike-like. 

Corolla-tube  abruptly  enlarged  ;  sterile  filament  densely  woolly. 

3.  P.  cristatus,    - 
Corolla-tube  gradually  enlarged  ;  sterile  filament  slightly  bearded. 

4.  P.  albidns. 
Only  the  inflorescence,  or  pedicels,  or  calyx  pubescent,  or  puberulent. 

Thyrsus  open,  panicle-like. 

Stem  leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  lanceolate. 
Calyx-segments  merely  acute. 

Corolla  white,  abruptly  enlarged,  2. 5-3  cm.  long. 

5.  P.  Digitalis. 
Corolla  purplish,  gradually  enlarged,  1.5-2  cm.  long. 

6.  P.  Pentstemon 
Calyx-segments  with  long  acuminate  tips.                  7.  P.  calycosus. 

Stem  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  8.  P,  gracilis* 

Thyrsus  narrow,  interrupted  ;  calyx  viscid.  9.  P.  tubiflorus, 

Corolla  5  cm.  long,  the  tube  much  enlarged  above;  leaves  dentate.    10.  P.  Cobaea. 

**  Completely  glabrous  throughout,  mostly  glaucous. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  ovate,  obovate,  or  orbicular. 

Stem  leaves  rounded,  clasping  ;  flowers  5  cm.  long.  u.  P,  grandiflorus. 

*  Stem  leaves  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  1.8-3  cm«  l°ng« 

Corolla  1.8-2  cm.  long  ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate.  12.  P.  acuminatus. 

Corolla  2.5-3.5  cm-  l°n£  ?  stem  leaves  mostly  oblong.  13.  P.  glaber. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  ;  flowers  densely  thyrsoid. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  small  ;  flowers  12-20  mm.  long.  14.  P.  angustifolius. 

Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  large  :  flowers  25  mm.  long  or  more.  15.  P,  Haydeni. 

1.  Pentstemon  hirsutus   (L.)  Willd.     HAIRY  BEARD-TONGUE.      (I.    F.    f. 
3247.)     Stem  hairy  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  puberu- 
lent or  glabrous,  denticulate  or  the  uppermost  entire,  the  basal  oblong  or  ovate, 
obtutish,  5-12  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  sessile,  lanceolate,  ses- 
sile or  slightly  clasping;  inflorescence  thyrsoid,  rather  loose,  glandular-pubescent; 
pedicels  mostly  short;  corolla  purplish  or  violet,  the  tube  gradually  dilated  above, 
2-grooved  on  the  lower  side,  about  2  cm.  long,  the  throat  nearly  closed  by  the  vil- 
lous  palate  at  the  base  of  the  lower  lip;  sterile  filament  densely  bearded  for  about 
one-half  its  length.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  Out.,  Manitoba,  Fla.,  Minn, 
and  Tex.     May-July. 

2.  Pentstemon  canescens  Britton.     GRAY  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f.  3248.) 
Densely  and  finely  canescent  or  puberulent,   or  the  leaves  sometimes  nearly  gla- 
brous, 3-9  dm.   high.     Leaves  denticulate,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  oval,  obtuse, 
narrowed  into  long  margined  petioles,  the  next  I  or  2  pairs  contracted  below  the 
middle  and  somewhat  fiddle-shaped,   7-15   cm.   long,   the  upper  ovate  or  ovate, 
lanceolate,   acuminate,    clasping;    thyrsus    elongated,  open,   glandular  pubescent 
leafy-bracted  below;   pedicels  very  short;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,    acuminate; 
corolla  purple  or  nearly  white,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  slightly  or  not  at  all  bearded  ir, 
the  throat;  sterile  filament  slightly  hcarded  for  about  one-third  its  length;  capsule 
ovoid,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil,  western  Va.,  W.  Va.,  N.  C. 
and  Tenn.      May-June. 

3.  Pentstemon  cristatus  Nutt.     CRESTED  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f.  3249.) 
Puberulent  below,   glandular-villous  and   viscid  above;  stem  leafy,    1.5-4.5   dm. 
high.     Leaves  firm,  entire  or  repand,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  oblong  or  spatu- 
late,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  sessile  or  some- 
what  clasping,  acute  or  acuminate;  thyrsus  dense,  narrow,  leafy-bracted;  flowers 
almost  sessile;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  about  2.5  cm. 
long,  red  or  purple,  its  lower  lip  villous  within.     On  plains,  Manitoba  and  the  N. 
W.  Terr,  to  Neb.  and  Nev.     May-July. 

4.  Pentstemon  albidus  Nutt.     WHITE-FLOWERED  BEARD-TONGUE.   (I.  F.  f. 
3250.)     Stem  puberulent  below,  densely  glandular-pubescent  above,   1.5-2.5  dm. 
high.     Basal  and  lower  leave?  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtusish,  mostly  entire,  the  up- 
per lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile,   denticulate,   acute  or  acuminate,  3-7  cm.  long; 
thyrsus  narrow,   raceme-like,    leafy-bracted,   interrupted;    calyx-segments  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  viscid,  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  white  or  nearly 
so,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading.     On  dry 
plains,  S.  Dak  to  Co'o.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 


SCROPttVLArtlACEAE.  825 

5.  Pentstemon  Digitalis  (Sweet)  Nutt.  FOXGLOVE  BEARD-TONGUE.  (I.  F.  f. 
3251.)  Glabrous,  except  the  glandular-pubescent  inflorescence,  6-15  dm.  high. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  entire  or  repand,  5—I7  cm-  l°ng»  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile 
and  more  or  less  cordate-clasping  at  the  base,  acuminate,  sharply  denticulate; 
thyrsus  many-flowered;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;  calyx-segments  lanceolate;  corolla 
limb  moderately  2-lipped,  the  throat  open;  sterile  filament  bearded  above.  In 
fields  and  thickets,  Me.  to  111.,  Kans.,  Va.  and  Ark.  Escaped  from  cultivation  in 
its  northeastern  range.  May -July. 

6  Pentstemon  Pentstemon  (L.)  Britton.  SMOOTH  BEARD-TONGUE.  (I.  F.  f. 
3252.)  Glabrous,  except  the  glandular-pubescent  inflorescence,  6-9  dm.  high. 
Basal  and  lower  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  7-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  mar- 
gined petioles,  denticulate;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  slightly  clasping,  acute,  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  denticulate;  thyrsus  usually  many-flowered;  flowers  nearly  sessile; 
calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute,  short;  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  the  throat  wide 
open,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  bearded;  sterile  filament  thinly  bearded  for  about  one- 
half  its  length,  or  more  densely  above.  In  woods  and  thickets,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Ky. 
and  La.  May-July.  % 

7.  Pentstemon   calycosus   Small.     LONG-SEPALED   BEARD-TONGUE.     Gla- 
brous except  a  few  scattered  hairs  in  the  inflorescence  and  lines  of  puberulence  on 
the  internodes,  deep  green.     Leaves  various,  the  basal  spatulate,  5—I5  cm-  l°ng» 
entire  or  undulate,  with  winged  petioles;  lower  stem-leaves  similar  to  the  basal, 
the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  finely  repand  or  dis- 
tinctly serrate,  rounded  at  the  base  and  clasping;  calyx-segments  with  a  lanceo- 
late base  and  a  slender  tip,  becoming  I  cm.  long;  corolla  purple,  2.5-3  cm.  long; 
sterile  filament  sparingly  bearded.     On  bluffs,  Ky.  to  Mo.  and  Ala.     May-June. 

8.  Pentstemon  gracilis  Nutt.      SLENDER  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f.  3253.) 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so  up  to  the  glandular-pubescent  inflorescence;  stem  slender, 
1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  linear-oblong  or  spatulate,  denticulate, 
or  entire,   2-8  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  sessile 
linear-lanceolate   or   the   uppermost   lanceolate,    acuminate,   denticulate;    thyrsu; 
open,  several-many-flowered;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  calyx-segments  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate;  corolla  purple,  1.8-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  its  ^be  gradually  enlarged 
above,  its  throat  wide  open;  sterile  filament  bearded  for  about  one-half  its  length. 
On  moist  prairies.  Manitoba  to  Minn.,  Miss.,  the  N.W.  Terr,  and  Colo.     May-July. 

9.  Pentstemon  tubiflorus  Nutt.      FUNNELFORM  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3254.)     Glabrous,  except  the  viscid-pubescent  calyx  and  pedicels;  stem  6-10  dm. 
high,  leafless  above.     Leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  basal 
narrowed  into  broad  margined  petioles,  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  entire  or 
merely  undulate;  thyrsus  narrow,  interrupted,  the  clusters  several-flowered;  pedi- 
cels 2-6  mm.  long;  calyx-segments  ovate,  acuminate,  short,  striate-nerved ;  corolla 
nearly  funnelform,  white  or  purplish,  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  nearly  as  broad  when 
expanded,  its  tube  gradually  enlarged,  the  limb  nearly  equally  five-lobed;   sterile 
filament  short  bearded  above;  capsule  acute,  alx>ut  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In 
moist  soil,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Ark.     May-July. 

10.  Pentstemon  Cobaea  Nutt.     COBAEA  BEARD-TONGUE.      (I.  F.  f.  3255.) 
Densely  and  finely  pubescent  below,  glandular-pubescent   above,    3-6  dm.   high. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  firm,  7-13  cm.  long,  dentate,   the  lower  mostly  glabrous 
and  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  sessile  or  cordate-clasping,  usually 
pubescent;   thyrsus  short;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,    1-1.5  cm.  long; 
corolla  purple,  puberulent  without,  its  tube  narrow  up  to  the  top  of  the  calyx,  then 
abruptly  dilated,   the   lobes  short,   rounded;    sterile   filament  sparingly  bearded; 
capsule  ovoid,  acute,  pubescent,  reticulate- veined.     On  dry  prairies,  Mo.  and  Kans. 
to  Tex.     May-July. 

11.  Pentstemon   grandiflorus   Nutt.      LARGE-FLOWERED   BEARD-TONGUE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3256.)     Somewhat  glaucous,  stout,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  entire,  obtuse, 
the  basal  obovate,  narrowed  into  broad  petioles,  those  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem 
sessile,  oblong  or  oval,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  the  upper  nearly  orbicular,  cordate-clasp- 
ing,   shjrter;  thyrsus  open,    leafy-bracted,    the  bracts  orbicular,   cordate;   calyx- 
segments  lanceolate,  acute,  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  lavender-blue,  the  tube  dilated 
above  the  calyx,  the  limb  somewhat  2  lipped;    sterile  filament  incurved,  villous 


826  FLORA. 

and  capitate  at  the  summit;   capsule  acute,  1.5-2  cm.  high,  three  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     On  prairies,  111.  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.  and  Kans.     June- Aug. 

12.  Pentstemon  acuminatus  Dougl.     SHARP-LEAVED  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I. 
F.  f.  3257.)     Glaucous,    strict,    1.5-6  dm.  high,    leafy.     Leaves  firm,  entire,  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  oblong  or  spatulate,  narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  sessile 
or  clasping,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,   5-8  cm.  long;  thyrsus  narrow,  some- 
times i-sided;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  cm.  loru*;  corolla  blue,  its  tube 
rather  gradually  dilated,   the  limb  2-lipped;  sterile  filament  bearded  along  the 
dilated  summit;  capsule  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    In  dry  soil,  N.W.  Terr, 
to  Neb.,  Tex.,  Ore.  and  N.  Mex.     May- Aug. 

13.  Pentstemon  glaber  Pursh.     LARGE  SMOOTH  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3258.)     Somewhat  glaucous,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  entire,  firm,  the  basal 
and  lower  ones  narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate;   thyrsus  narrow,   elongated;  pedicels  6-14  mm.  long  in  fruit;   calyx- 
segments  ovate  lanceolate,  scarious  margined,  abruptly  acuminate,  6-8  mm.  long; 
corolla  blue  or  purple,  rather  abruptly  expanded  above  the  calyx,  the  limb  some- 
what 2-lipped,  the  lobes  rounded;  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  slightly  enlarged 
sunjmit;   capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  about  twice  as  long  as    the  calyx.     In 
moist  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Neb.,  Ariz.,  Ore.  and  Cal.     May-Aug. 

14.  Pentstemon  angustifolius  Pursh.    PALE-BLUEBEARD-TONGUE.    (I.  F.  f. 
3259.)     Glaucous;  stem  slender,  leafy,  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire,  the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles,  obtusish,  the  upper  sessile, 
acute,  3-6.5  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide;    thyrsus  narrow,  spike-like,  mostly  dense; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  4-6  mm.  long;    corolla  blue  or  nearly  white,  the  tube  gradually  en- 
larged, the  limb  somewhat  2-lipped;  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  summit.     In 
dry  soil,  Neb.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Mont.     May-July. 

15.  Pentstemon   Haydeni  S.  Wats.     HAYDEN'S  BEARD-TONGUE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3260.)     Not  glaucous  or  slightly  so;  stem  decumbent,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves 
linear  or  elongated-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  and  slightly  clasping,  acute,  acumi- 
nate, or  the  lowest  obtusish.  5-13  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide;  thyrsus  narrow,  dense; 
bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  large,  cordate-clasping,  acute,  or  acuminate;  calyx- 
segments  lanceolate,  striate-nerved,  acuminate,  6-io  mm.  long;    corolla  blue,  the 
tube  broadly  dilated  above  the  calyx,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed;  capsule  acute, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In  moist  soil,  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Wyo. 

9.  COLLINSIA   Nutt. 

Winter-annual  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  and  blue,  pink,  white 
or  variegated  flowers,  verticillate,  or  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  campanulate, 
5-cleft.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the 
lobes  erect  or  recurved;  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading  or 
drooping,  flat,  the  middle  one  conduplicate,  keel-like,  enclosing  the  4  declined 
stamens  and  the  filiform  style.  Stamens  didynamous.  Corolla  with  a  gland  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  tube  near  the  base.  Filaments  filiform;  anther-sacs  conflu- 
ent at  the  apex.  Stigma  small,  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose, 
septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.  Seeds  few,  large,  peltate  concave  on  the 
inner  side.  [Named  for  Zaccheus  Collins,  botanist,  of  Philadelphia,  1764-1831.] 
About  15  species,  of  N.  Am. 

Corolla  10-16  mm.  long,  the  throat  shorter  than  the  limb. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  ovate  or  oblong;  corolla-lobes  notched,  i.  C.  verna. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  corolla-lobes  obcordate.  2.  C.  violacea. 

Corolla  4-6  mm.  long,  the  throat  longer  than  the  limb.  3.  C.  parviflora. 

i.  Collinsia  verna  Nutt.  BLUE-EYED  MARY.  (I.  F.  f.  3261.)  Glabrous  or 
puberulent;  stem  weak,  1.5-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  thin,  opposite,  the  lower  broadly 
ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  crenate  or  entire,  slender-petioled ;  middle  leaves  sessile 
or  cordate-clasping,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  dentate,  2-5  cm.  long,  floral  leaves 
ovate  to  spatulate,  mostly  acute;  upper  whorls  4-6-flowered;  corolla  12-16  mm. 
long,  its  lower  lip  blue,  the  upper  purple  or  nearly  white;  capsule  globose,  5-6  mm. 
in  diameter.  In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  western  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Wis.,  Penn., 
Ky.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  April-June. 


SCROPHVLA  RIA  CEAE.  827 

2.  Collinsia  violacea  Nutt.     VIOLET  COLLINSIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3262.)    Similar  to 
the  preceding,  stem  erect,  1.5-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
Jate,  rather  thick,  entire  or  denticulate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  the   lower  opposite, 
petioled,  the  middle  similar,  sessile,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  floral  linear  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate; upper  whorls  2-5-rlowered;  corolla  10-12  mm.  long,  violet;  capsule  glo- 
bose, about  4  mm.  in  diameter.     Kans.  and  Ark.     April-June. 

3.  Collinsia    parvifloia    Dougl.     SMALL- FLOWERED    COLLINSIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
3263.)     Diffusely    branched,  very    slender,    0.7-4   dm.   long.     Leaves   oblong   or 
lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  entire,  or  sparingly  toothed,  the  lower 
opposite,  petioled,  the  floral  sessile;  upper  whorls  2-6-flowered;  corolla  4-6  mm. 
long,  about  twice  as  long-  as  the  calyx,  blue  or  whitish;  capsule  globose,  2-3  mm. 
in  diameter.     In  moist  places,  Out.  to  Br.  Col.,  Mich.,  Colo.,  Ariz,  and    Utah. 
April-June. 

10.  PAULOWNIA  Sieb  &  Zucc. 

A  large  tree,  with  the  aspect  of  Catalpa,  with  broad  opposite  petioled  pubescent 
leaves,  and  large  violet  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx  deeply  5  cleft,  the 
lobes  short.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  elongated,  enlarged  above,  the  5  lobes 
spreading,  somewhat  unequal.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included;  anther-sacs 
divaricate.  Style  slender,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.  Capsule  coriaceous,  ovoid, 
acute,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  striate,  winged.  Flowers  expand- 
ing before  the  leaves  appear.  [Named  for  Anna  Paulowna,  daughter  of  the  Czar 
Paul  I.]  A  monotypic  Japanese  genus. 

i.  Paulownia  tomentosa  (Thunb.)  Baill.  PAULOWNIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3264.) 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  long-petioled,  canescent  on  both  sides  when 
young,  glabrate  above  when  old;  flowers  about  6  cm.  long,  numerous  in  large  erect 
terminal  panicles;  pedicels  stout,  densely  tomentose;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  thick, 
tomentose;  corolla  slightly  irregular,  puberulent  without;  capsule  5  cm.  high. 
Escaped  from  cultivation  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  D.  C.  and  Ga.  May-July. 

it.  MIMULUS  L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  peduncled,  pink, 
violet,  or  yellow.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5 -toothed.  Corolla  irregular,  its 
tube  cylindric  with  a  pair  of  ridges  on  the  lower  side  within,  its  limb  2-lipped; 
upper  lip  2-lobed;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous;  anther-sacs  divergent,  or  sometimes  confluent  at  the  summit.  Style 
filiform;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded,  en- 
closed by  the  calyx.  [Diminutive  of  mimus,  a  mimic  actor.]  About  30  species, 
natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Corolla  violet,  or  rarely  white;  eastern  species. 

Leaves  sessile,  clasping;  peduncles  longer  than  the  calyx.  i.  M.  ringens. 

Leaves  petioled  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx.  2.  M.  alatus. 

Corolla  yellow  ;  western  ;  two  species  adventive  in  the  East. 
Plants  glabrous  or  glabrate. 

Erect ;  branches  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate ;  flowers  2.5  cm.  long. 

3.  M.  guttatus. 

Diffuse;  leaves  nearly  orbicular;  flowers  about  1.2  cm.  long.      4.  M.  Jamesii. 
Plant  villous  and  viscid,  diffuse,  musk-scented.  5.  M.  moschatus. 

1.  Mimulus   ringens    L.      SQUARE-STEMMED     MONKEY-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3265.)   Glabrous,  perennial  by  rootstocks;  stem  erect,  4-sided  or  somewhat  4  wing- 
ed,   3-9  dm.  high.      Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or 
acute,   serrate,   auriculate-clasping,   or  the  lower  merely  sessile,  5-10  cm.   long; 
peduncles  2-5  cm.  long  in  fruit,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  lanceo- 
late-subulate; corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  the  throat  narrow,  exceeding  the  calyx, 
the  lower  lip  pulverulent  within  at  the  base;  fruiting  calyx  oblong.  12-16  mm.  long; 
seeds  oblong,  minute,  slightly  reticulated.     In  swamps  and  along  streams,  N.  S.  to 
Va.,  Tenn.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

2.  Mimulus  alatus  Soland.  SHARP-WINGED  MONKEY-FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3:66.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  stem  sharply  4  angled,  the  angles  winged.     Leaves  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  petioled,  5-13  cm.  long;  petioles 6-25  mm.  long;  peduncles  stout;  calyx-teeth 


828  FLORA. 

short,  broad,  abruptly  mucronulate ;  seeds  smooth.     In  swamps,  Ont.  to  Conn.,  111. 
Ga.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

3.  Mimulus   guttatus   DC.     YELLOW    MONKEY-FLOWER.     (I.    F.    f.  3267  ) 
Perennial  by  stolons,  glabrous  or  puberulent.     Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  dentate  or 
denticulate,  obtuse,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  lower  short-petioled,  the  upper  smaller,  ses- 
sile or  clasping;  calyx  oblique;  corolla  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng»  tne  lower  lip  bearded  at  the 
base,  often  blotched  with  red  or  purple;  fruiting  calyx  about  12  mm.  long;  seeds 
longitudinally   striate.      In   wet   meadows,    Norfolk,   Conn,    and  southern  N.   Y. 
Introduced  from  Cal.      Summer. 

4.  Mimulus  Jamesii  T.  &  G.     JAMES'  MIMULUS.     (I.  F.  f.  3268.)     Perennial 
by  stolons,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  nodes, 
1.5-5  dm.  long.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  orbicular  or  broader,  very  obtuse,  denticu- 
late or  entire,  membranous,  truncate,  subcordate,  or  rarely  narrowed  at  the  base, 
palmately  veined,    short-petioled   or   the   upper  sessile,   6-25   mm.    in  diameter; 
peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  calyx  in  fruit;  calyx  oblique,  scarcely  toothed. 
6-8  mm.  long  at  maturity;  corolla  8-12  mm.  long,  the  lower  lip  bearded  at  the  base 
within,  the  throat  broad;  seeds  nearly  smooth.     In  brooks  and  swamps,  Ont.  to 
Neb.,  Mex.,  Mont,  and  Ariz.     June-Sept. 

5.  Mimulus   moschatus   Dougl.     MUSK-FLOWER.     MUSK-PLANT.     (I.    F.  f. 
3269.)     Perennial,  viscid;  stems  creeping  and  ascending,  1.5-3  dm.  long.     Lea.ves 
ovate  or  oblong,  short-petioled,  denticulate,   rounded  or  subcordaie  at  the  base, 
2-5  cm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  calyx;  dowers  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less;  calyx-teeth   lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
In  wet  places,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to  N.  Y.     Adventivc  from  the  Pacific  Coast.     June- 
Sept. 

12.  CONOBEA   Aubl. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  pinnately  parted  pinnatifid  incised  or  serrate  leaves,  and 
small  blue  or  white  peduncled  flowers,  solitary  or  two  together  in  the  axils.  Calyx 
5 -parted,  the  segments  narrow,  equal.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  cylindric, 
the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous,  ascending,  included  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anther-sacs  parallel. 
Style  incurved  at  the  summit;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent, 
the  valves  entire  or  2-cleft.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  striate.  [Guiana  name.] 
About  8  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the 
southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Conobea  multifida  (Michx.)  Benth.  CONOBEA.  (I.  F.  f.  3270.)  Annual, 
finely  viscid-pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high,  very  leafy.  Leaves  petioled,  1-2.5  cm< 
long,  pinnately  parted  into  3-7  linear  or  linear-oblong  obtuse  segments;  flowers 
greenish  white.  4-5  mm.  long,  about  as  long  as  their  filiform  peduncles;  calyx- 
segments  linear-subulate,  slightly  shorter  than  the  corolla;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid, 
glabrous,  about  equalling  the  calyx.  Along  streams  and  rivers,  Ohio  to  Iowa, 
Kans.,  Ky.  and  Tex.  Introduced  along  the  Delaware  below  Phila.  June-Sept. 

13.  MONNIERA    P.  Br.     [HERPESTIS  Gaertn.] 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  peduncled  flowers,  mostly  solitary  in  the 
axils.  Calyx  5 -parted,  the  upper  segment  the  broadest.  Corolla  irregular  or 
nearly  regular,  the  tube  cylindric  or  campanulate,  the  limb  2-lipped  or  5-lobed; 
upper  lip  2-lobed;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Style 
slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Seeds  numerous.  [Named  for  Louis  Guil- 
laume  le  Monnier,  1713-1799,  professor  of  botany  in  the  Jardin  du  Roi.  Paris.] 
About  60  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  In  addition  to  the  following,  2 
others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Corolla  almost  regular,  5-lobed;  leaves  spatulate.  i.  M.  Monniera. 

Corolla  manifestly  2-lipped  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  ovate. 

Stem  erect;  leaves  serrate,  not  clasping,  black  in  drying.  2.  M.  acuminata. 

Stem  creeping  or  ascending  ;  leaves  ovate,  punctate,  entire  or  crenulate,  clasping. 

3.  M.  Carolintan a. 
Corolla  almost  regular ;  leaves  obovate  or  orbicular.  4.  M.  rotundifolia. 

I.  Monniera  Monniera  (L.)  Britton.  MONNIER'S  HEDGE  HYSSOP.  (I.  F.  f. 
3271.)  Perennial,  glabrous,  fleshy;  stem  creeping,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  1.5-5  dm. 


SCROPHULARIACEA& 

long.  Leaves  spatulate  or  cuneate-obcordate,  sessile,  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire, 
or  sparingly  denticulate,  6-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  mainly  in  alternate  axils, 
2-bracteolate  at  the  summit,  in  fruit  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  pale  blue, 
about  I  cm.  long;  upper  calyx-segment  ovate,  acute;  corolla  obscurely  2-lipped; 
stamens  nearly  equal;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  On  shores 
near  the  coast,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions 
of  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  June-Oct. 

2.  Monniera  acuminata  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     PURPLE  HEDGE-HYSSOP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3272.)     Perennial,  glabrous;  stem  3-6  dm.   high,  very  leafy.     Leaves  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,   serrate,   short-petioled  or  sessile,   narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the 
base,  2-5  cm.  long,  faintly  veined;  peduncles  in  alternate  and  opposite  axils,  in 
fruit  longer  than  the  leaves,   not  bracteolate  at  the  summit;  flowers  10-12  mm. 
long,  purple;  upper  calyx-segment  lanceolate,   acute;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower 
lip  longer  than  the  upper;  stamens  approximate  in  pairs;  capsule  oblong,  4  valved, 
6-8  mm.  high.     In  wet  soil.  Md.  and  D.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Plant  blackening  in 
drying.     June-Sept. 

3.  Monniera  Caroliniana  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     BLUE  HEDGE-HYSSOP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3273.)     Perennial,  pubescent,  fleshy;  stems  creeping  and  ascending,  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes,  1.5-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  clasping  by  a  subcordate  base, 
obtuse,  parallel-veined,  punctate,  entire;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx; 
upper  calyx-segment  ovate,   cordate  ;    flowers  blue,   8-10  mm.   long,   ephemeral; 
disk  io-i2-toothed;  stamens  approximate  in  pairs.     In  wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     March-July. 

4.  Monniera  rotundifblia  Michx.     ROUND-LEAVED  HEDGE-HYSSOP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3274.)     Perennial  by  stolons,  succulent,  creeping  and  spreading,  villous-pubescent, 
3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  palmately  veined,  entire,  or  slightly 
undulate,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  clasping  base,  1-2.5  cm-  broad,  glabrous;  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  leaves,  longer  than  the  flowers;  flowers  blue,  6-8  mm.  long; 
corolla  scarcely  2-lipped,  longer  than  the  calyx;   stamens  approximate  in   pairs; 
stigma  2-lobed  ;  disk  obsolete  ;  capsule  obtuse,  3  mm.  high,  at  length  4-valved,' 
shorter  than  the  calyx.     On  muddy  shores.  111.  to  S.  Dak.,  Tenn.  and  Tex.     Also 
in  Cal.     June- Sept. 

14.  GRATIOLA  L. 

Low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  yellow  or  whitish  peduncled  flowers  soli- 
tary  in  the  axils.  Peduncles  2-bracteolate  at  the  summit  in  the  following  species. 
Calyx  5 -parted,  the  segments  narrow,  slightly  unequal.  Corolla  2-lipped;  upper 
lip  entire,  emarginate,  or  2-cleft;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Perfect  stamens  2,  the  an- 
terior pair  wanting,  or  rudimentary;  filaments  filiform;  anther  sacs  distinct. 
Style  filiform;  stigma  dilated,  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  4-valved.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, striate.  [Latin,  grace  or  favor,  from  its  reputed  healing  properties.]  About 
25  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in 
southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

Plants  glabrous  or  glandular;  anther-sacs  transverse,  separated. 
Sterile  filaments  minute  or  none. 

Glandular-puberulent ;  flowers  8-10  mm.  long  ;  capsule  ovoid. 

i.  G.  Virginiana. 

Glabrous  ;  flowers  14  mm.  long  ;  capsule  globose.  2.   G.  sphaerocarpa. 

Sterile  filaments  2,  slender,  capitate  at  the  summit. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate.  3.   G.  aurea, 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate.  4.   G.  viscosa. 

Plant  hirsute  ;  anther-sacs  parallel,  contiguous.  5.   G.  pilosa. 

i.  Gratiola  Virgiuiana  L.  CLAMMY  HEDGE-HYSSOP.  (I.  F.  f.  3275.)  An- 
nual; stem  glandular,  puberulent,  at  least  above,  0.7-3  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  narrowed  to  both  ends,  denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  slender,  glandular;  flowers  8-10  mm.  long;  bract- 
lets  as  long  as  the  calyx,  or  longer;  calyx  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  yellowish 
corolla-tube;  limb  of  the  corolla  short,  white;  anther-sacs  separated  by  a  broad 
connective;  capsule  broadly  ovoid,  4  mm.  high,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  wet 
places,  Quebec  to  Br.  Col.,  Mass.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Cal.  May-Oct. 


830  FLORA. 

2.  Gratiola  sphaerocarpa  Ell.     ROUND-FRUITED  HEDGE-HYSSOP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3276.)     Annual,  glabrous,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  ses- 
sile,   dentate    or  denticulate,    3-5-nerved,   narrowed  at  the  base,   2-5  cm.  long; 
peduncles  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx;  bractlets  about  equalling  the 
calyx;    calyx-lobes  linear;  calyx  nearly  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla;  flowers 
about  1.5  cm.  long;  corolla-tube  yellow,  the  limb  paler;  capsule  6  mm.  in  diam- 
eter.    In  wet  places,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  III.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     June-Sept. 

3.  Gratiola  aurea  Muhl.     GOLDENPERT.      GOLDEN  HEDGE-HYSSOP.     (I.  F. 
f.  3277.)     Annual,  glandular-puberulent   above,  or  glabrate,  decumbent,  creeping 
or  ascending,  1-3  dm.   long.     Leaves  lanceolate,    1-2.5  cm-   l°nS>   sparingly  den- 
ticulate, scarcely  narrowed  to  the  sessile  and  somewhat  clasping  base;  peduncles 
filiform,  in  fruit  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx;  corolla  bright  yellow,  12-14 
mm.  long,   3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  capsule  globose-ovoid.     In  sandy  wet 
places,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.     June-Sept. 

4.  Gratiola  viscosa  Schwein.     VISCID  HEDGE-HYSSOP.    (I.  F.  f.  3278.)  An, 
nual;   stem  weak,   finely  viscid-pubescent,   slender,   commonly  simple,    1.5-5  dm. 
long.     Leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  ovate-lanceolate;  sharply  serrate,  acute,  ses- 
sile, cordate-clasping,  1-2.5  cm. "long;  peduncles  slender;  bractlets  and  calyx-seg, 
ments  foliaceous,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  yellow  or  purplish  corolla; 
flowers  10-12  mm.  long;  capsule  subglobose.  shorter  than  the  calyx.     In  brooks 
and  swamps,  Del.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.     May-Sept. 

5.  Gratiola  pilosa  Michx.     HAIRY  HEDGE-HYSSOP.     (I.  F.  f.  3279.)    Peren- 
nial  (?),  hirsute;  stems  slender,  erect,   strict,    1.5-6  dm.    high.      Leaves   ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  dentate  or  denticulate,  sessile,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at 
the  base,  1—2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  about  8  mm.  long;  corolla 
purplish  or  white,  slightly  longer   than    the   calyx   and  bractlets;  capsule  oblong- 
conic,  acuminate,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  or  shorter.     In  dry  soil,  southern 
N.  J.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

15.  ILYSANTHES  Raf. 

Annual  or  biennial  glabrous  slender  herbs,  with  opposite,  mostly  dentate  and 
sessile  leaves,  and  small  purplish  peduncled  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx 
5  parted,  the  segments  linear.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  somewhat  expanded 
above,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  erect;  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed,  spread- 
ing. Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  their  anther-sacs  divergent;  sterile  stamens  2, 
2-lobed,  one  of  the  lobes  capitate,  glandular,  the  other  glabrous,  shorter.  Style 
slender:  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, wrinkled.  [Greek,  mud- flower.]  About  10  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Be- 
sides the  following,  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the  southeastern  U.  S. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  calyx-segments  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

1.  /.  dubia, 
Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx-segments  mostly  as  long  as  the  capsule,  or  longer. 

2.  /.  attenuata. 

1.  Ilysanthes    dubia    <L.)   Barnhart.     LONG-STALKED   FALSE   PIMPERNEL. 
(I.   F.  f.  3280.)     At  length   diffusely  branched,  0.7-2  dm.   long.     Leaves   ovate, 
ovate-oblong,  or  the  lower  obovate,  sessile,  or  slightly  clasping  at  the  base,  remotely 
denticulate  or  entire,  thickish,  3-7-nerved,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  the  upper  ones  com- 
monly much  smaller;  peduncles  slender;  flower?  6-10  mm.  long;  calyx-segments 
linear,  about  one-half  the  length   of  the  coroli;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid-oblong, 
bluntish,  4-6  mm.  high;  seeds  2  mm.  long,  reddish,  the  ends  usually  truncate.    In 
wet  places,  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  Ont.,  S.   Dak.    and  Tex.     Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Lower  leaves  sometimes  short-petioled.     July-Sept.      [/.  gratiohides  Benth.] 

2.  Ilysanthes  attenuata  (Muhl.)  Small.    SHORT-STALKED  FALSE  PIMPERNEL. 
(I.  F.  f.   3281.)      Erect   or   ascending,   0.7-4   dm.  long,  the  branches  spreading. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  or  sometimes  obovate,  1-4  cm.  long,  thinnish,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate with  a  few  low  teeth,  3-5-nerved,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  or  sessile;  calyx- 
segments  linear-subulate,  as  long  as  the  capsule,  or  longer;  corolla  4-12  mm.  long; 
capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  pointed;  seeds  slightly  curved,  3-4111111. 
long,  yellowish  brown,  the  ends  usually  rounded.     In  wet  places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to 
Wis.,  Ark.,  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Kans.     May-Oct. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  831 

16.  MICRANTHEMUM  Michx. 

Creeping  or  ascending,  small  leafy  annual  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  obovate, 
oval  or  orbicular  sessile  entire  leaves,  and  minute  white  or  purplish  short-peduncled 
flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  4-5-lobed  or  4-5 -parted.  Corolla  irregular, 
the  tube  short,  the  upper  lip  shorter  than  the  lower,  or  wanting,  the  lower  3-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  the  largest.  Stamens  2,  anterior;  filaments  short,  somewhat  dilated 
or  appendaged  at  the  base;  anthers  small,  their  sacs  distinct,  parallel,  of  slightly 
divergent.  Style  short;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  globose,  2 -celled  by  a  membra- 
nous partition  or  becoming  i-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  minute.  [Greek,  small 
flower.]  About  16  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Micranthemum  micranthemoides  (Nutt.)  Wettst.  NUTTALL'S  MICRAN- 
THEMUM. (I.  F.  f.  3282.)  Somewhat  fleshy;  stein  filiform,  creeping,  the  branches 
ascending,  1-6  cm.  high.  Leaves  obovate  to  oval,  obtuse,  2-5  mm.  long;  flowers 
about  I  mm.  long,  on  peduncles  of  about  the  same  length;  calyx  campanulate  in 
flower,  obovoid  in  fruit,  4-lobed,  usually  split  along  one  side;  peduncles  recurved 
in  fruit;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  nearly  obsolete;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  longer 
than  the  lateral  ones;  appendages  at  the  bases  of  the  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the 
filaments;  stigma  of  2  subulate  lobes;  capsule  obovoid-globose,  I  mm.  in  diameter, 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  tidal  mud,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Also  in  Cuba.  Aug-Oct. 

17.     LIMOSELLA  L. 

Low  glabrous  succulent  floating  or  creeping,  tufted  annual  herbs  (or  perennial 
by  stolons  ?),  with  filiform  stems  rooting  at  their  nodes,  basal  slender-petioled_entire 
leaves,  and  filiform  I -flowered  scape-like  peduncles,  the  flowers  small,  white,  pink, 
or  purple.  Calyx  campanulate.  5-lobed.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  open-campanu- 
late,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  5 -cleft.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube, 
scarcely  exserted;  filaments  short;  anther-sacs  confluent.  Style  short;  stigma  cap- 
itate. Ovary  2-celled  at  the  base,  I -celled  above.  Capsule  globose  or  oblong,  be- 
coming i-celled,  many- seeded.  [Greek,  mud-seated.]  About  6  species,  of  wide 
distribution. 

Leaves  expanded  above  into  an  oblong  or  linear-oblong  blade.  i.  L.  aquatica. 

Leaves  filiform-linear,  with  little  or  no  distinction  between  blade  and  petiole. 

2    L.  tenuifolia. 

1.  Limosella    aquatica    L.      MUDWEED.      MUDWORT.      (I.  F.  f.    3283.) 
Leaves  2-13  cm.  long,  the  blade  obtuse,  one-fourth  or  one-third  as  long  as  the 
filiform  petiole.     Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  arising  from  the  base  of  the 
plant  or  from  nodes  of  the  stem;  corolla  pink  or  white,  about  2  mm.  broad,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute  or  acutish.  about  the  length  of  the 
tube;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube;    filaments  somewhat  longer  than  the 
anthers;  capsule  obtuse,  3  mm.  high,  longer  than  the   calyx.      On  muddy  shores 
and  in  brooks,  Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Colo,  and  Cal.     Also  in 
Europe,  Australia  and  S.  Am.     June-Aug. 

2.  Limosella    tenuifolia    Hoffm.     NARROW-LEAVED    MUDWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3284.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  usually  smaller,  the  leaves  seldom  over  4  cm. 
high,  linear- filiform,  with  no  distinction  between  blade  and  petiole,  or  sometimes 
slightly  expanded  toward  the  apex.     In  brackish  mud,  Lab.  to  N.  J.     Also  in 
Europe,  Australia  and  S.  Am.     Summer. 

18.  SYNTHYRIS  Benth. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  thick  rootstocks,  simple  erect  stems,  large  petioled  basal 
leaves,  those  of  the  stem  much  smaller,  alternate,  sessile,  or  clasping,  bract-like. 
Flowers  small,  pink  or  purple,  in  terminal  dense  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  4-5- 
parted.  Corolla  oblong  or  campanulate,  2-4-lobed,  or  parted,  or  wanting,  the 
lateral  lobes,  when  present,  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  (occasionally  4),  pos- 
terior, inserted  on  the  corolla,  or  on  the  outer  side  of  the  hypogynous  disk,  ex- 
serted; filaments  slender.  Ovary  2-celled  or  rarely  3-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  compressed,  obtuse,  or  emarginate,  many-seeded,  loculicidally 
dehiscent,  its  valves  adhering  to  the  axis  of  the  placentae;  seeds  flat,  oval,  or  or- 
bicular. [Greek,  doors  closed,  alluding  to  the  capsule-valves]  About  10  species, 


832  FLORA.  I 

of  N.  Am.  and  Europe.     Our  species  have  been  erroneously  referred  to  the  Old 
World  genus  Wulfenia. 

Corolla  present,  usually  2-lobed.  i.  S.  Bullii. 

Corolla  none.  2.  6".  rubra, 

1.  Synthyris  Bullii  (Eaton)  Barnhart.     BULL'S  SYNTHYRIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3285.) 
Pubescent,  3-8  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  ovate  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
truncate,-  cordate  or  reniform  at  the  base,  crenulate,  5-13  cm.  long,  5~7-nerved, 
petioled;    stem    leaves   1-2.5   cm.    long,    sessile    or    slightly  clasping,  crenulate, 
passing  into   the   bracts  of  the  dense  spike;    flowers    greenish   yellow,    4-6  mm. 
long;  corolla  variously  2-4-lobed  (commonly  2-lobed),  somewhat  longer  than  the 
calyx,  its  lobes  obtuse;  spike  much  elongated  in  fruit;  capsule  emarginate.     On 
dry  prairies,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  Mich,  and  Iowa.      May-July.      [Witlfenia  Houghtoni- 
ana  (Benth.)  Greene.] 

2.  Synthyris  rubra  (Hook.)  Benth.     WESTERN  SYNTHYRIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3286.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  but  seldom  over  3  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves   ovate  or 
oblong,  3-8  cm.   long,  crenulate,  petioled,  indistinctly  nerved;    stem  leaves  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute,   sessile,  0.6-2.5  cm-  l°ng'.  spike  5-13  cm.  long  in  fruit,  its 
bracts  purplish;  corolla  none;  capsule  little  compressed,  emarginate.     In  dry  soil, 
N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  Br.  Col.  and  Utah.     May-June.      [Wulfenia  rubra 
(Hook.)  Greene. J 

19    VERONICA  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs  (some  exotic  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  opposite  and  alternate,  rarely 
verticillate  leaves,  and  mostly  small  blue,  purple,  pink  or  white  flowers,  racemose, 
spicate,  or  solitary.  Calyx  mostly  4-parted,  sometimes  5  parted.  Corolla  rotate, 
its  tube  very  short,  deeply  and  more  or  less  unequally  4-lobed  (rarely  5-lobed),  the 
lower  lobe  commonly  the  narrowest.  Stamens  2,  divergent;  anthers  obtuse,  their 
sacs  confluent  at  the  summit.  Ovury  -2-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate. 
Capsule  compressed,  sometimes  very  flat,  emarginate,  obcordate,  or  2-lobed,  locu- 
licidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  flat,  plano-convex,  or  excavated  on  the  inner  side. 
[Named  for  St.  Veronica.]  About  200  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the 
following,  4  others  occur  in  northwest  Am. 

*  Flowers  racemose  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  bracteolate. 

Glabrous,  or  minutely  glandular  above  (No.  3  rarely  hairy) ;  brook  or  swamp  plants. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate;  capsule  compressed. 
Stem  leaves  sessile,  partly  clasping,  serrulate  or  entire. 

i.    V,  Anagallis-aquatica. 

All  the  leaves  petioled,  serrate.  2.    V.  Americana. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  capsule  very  flat.  3.    V.  scutellata. 

Pubescent,  dry  soil  plants;  leaves  crenate  or  dentate. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  petioled;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

4.  V.  officinalis. 
Leaves  ovate,  nearly  or  quite  sessile;  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx. 

5.  V.  Chamaedrys. 
*  *  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  or  solitary  in  the  axils. 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

Leaves  all  sessile;  capsule  elliptic,  emarginate.  6.    V.  Wormskioldii. 

'Lower  leaves  petioled;  capsule  orbicular,  obcordate.  7.    V.  serpyllifolia. 

Flowers  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Erect;  glabrous  or  glandular;  capsule  emarginate.  <S.    V.  peregrina. 

Diffuse;  pubescent;  capsule  obcordate.   "  g~  lr.  arvensis. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  longer. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  crenate  or  dentate. 

Corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  narrowly  emarginate. 

10.  V.  agrestis. 
Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx;  capsule  broadly  emarginate. 

11.  V.  Byzantina. 
Leaves  orbicular,  or  broader,  3~5-lobed  or  crenate              12.    V.  hederaefolia. 

i.  Veronica  Anagallis  aquatica  L.  WATER  SPEEDWELL.  WATER  PIM- 
PERNEL. (I.  F.  f.  3287.)  Perennial  by  stolons  or  leafy  shoots;  stem  glabrous,  or 
glandular-puberulent  above,  often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  3-9  dm.  high, 
leaves  of  sterile  autumn  shoots  orbicular  to  obovate.  obtuse,  serrulate,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  those  of  the  flowering  stems  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate, 


SCROPHULA  R1A  CEA  E.  833 

sessile  and  clasping'or  the  lowest  short-petioled,  3-10  cm.  long;  racemes  pedun- 
cled,  5-13  cm.  long;  flowers  blue,  or  purplish  striped,  4  mm.  broad;  capsule  com- 
pressed,  nearly  orbicular,  2-lobed,  emarginate,  3  mm.  high;  seeds  flat.  In  brooks 
and  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  C.,  Tenn.,  Va.,  Neb.  and  N.  Mex.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  May-Sept. 

2.  Veronica  Americana  Schwein.     AMERICAN  BROOKLIME.     (I.  F.  f.  3288.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding,   glabrous;  stem  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes, 
1.5-9  dm.  long.     Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  all  petioled,   sharply 
serrate,  truncate,  rounded,  or  subcordateat  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long;  racemes  pedun- 
cled,  loose,  sometimes  1.5  cm.  long;  flowers  blue  or  nearly  white,  usually  striped 
with  purple,   4  mm.    broad;  capsule   nearly  orbicular,    compressed,    emarginate, 
3  niai.  high;  seeds  flat.     In  brooks  and  swamps,  Anticosti  to  Alaska,  Penn.,  Neb., 
N.  MJX.  and  Cal.     April-Sept. 

3.  Veronica  scutellata  L.     MARSH   OR  SKULLCAP  SPEEDWELL.     (I.   F.  f. 
3289.)     Glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent,    rarely  quite  hairy,  perennial  by  leafy 
shoots  or  stolons;  stems  slender,  decumbent,  or  ascending,  commonly  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes,   1.5-6  dm.    high.     Leaves   linear   or   linear-lanceolate,    sessile    and 
slightly    clasping,    remotely   denticulate,    acute,    2—8    cm.    long,    2-6   mm.  wide; 
racemes  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves;   bractlets  much  shorter  than  the  fili- 
form spreading  pedicels;  flowers  blue,  4-6  mm.  broad ;' capsule  broader  than  high, 
deeply  emarginate  at  the  summit,  slightly  so  at    the  base,  4-5  mm.  broad;  seeds 
flat.     In  swamps.  Lab.   to  Br.  Col.,   N.  Y.,  Minn,    and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     May- Sept. 

4.  Veronica  officinalis  L.     COMMON   SPEEDWELL.     (I.  F.  f.  3290.)     Peren- 
nial by  stolons,  pubescent;  stem  ascending,    0.7-2.5  dm.   high.     Leaves  oblong, 
oval,  or  objvate,  petioled,  1-5  cm.   lo:ig,  obtuse,    serrate,   narrowed  into  the  peti- 
oles; racemes  spike-like,  narrow,  much  longer  than    the  leaves;  subulate  bractlets 
and  the  calyx  longer  than  the  pedicels;  flowers  pale  blue,  4-6  mm.  broad;  capsule 
obovate-cuneate,  compressed,  broadly  emarginate,    4  mm.  high;  seeds  flat.    In  dry 
fields  and  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  Car.    and  Tenn.      Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     Appears,  in  most  places,  as  if  introduced.       May-Aug. 

Veronica  longifolia  L.,  an  erect  European  species  with  lanceolate  petioled  acuminate 
sharply  serrate  leaves,  has  been  found  in  a  meadow  near  Appalachin,  N.  Y. 

5.  Veronica  Chatnaadrys  L.     GERMANDER    SPEEDWELL.     (I.  F.  f.  3291.) 
Perennial;  stem  ascending,  slender,  pubescent  in   two  lines,  1-3  dm.  high.   Leaves 
ovate,  sessile,  or  nearly  so,   pubescent,  truncate,     rounded  or  cci'date  at  the  base, 
incised- dentate,  obtuse.  1-3  cm.  long;  racemes  peduncled,  pubescent,  loose,  5-15  cm. 
long;  pedicels  filiform;    flowers  light  blue,    6-8  mm.    broad;   capsule  obcordate, 
seeds  numerous,  flattish.     In  fields  and  waste    places,  N.  S.  and  Quebec  to  N.  Y. 
and  Penn.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May- July. 

Veronica  Teucrium  L.,  also  European,  similar  to  V.  Chamaedrys,  but  with  oblong 
to  lanceolate  crenate  leaves,  has  been  found  in  Ohio  and  Conn. 

6    Veronica  Wormskioldii  R.   &  S.     ALPINE  SPEEDWELL.     (I.  F.  f.  320-* 

as  V.  alpina.}  Perennial;  stems  slender,  usually  simple,  5-30  cm.  high.  Leave* 
oblong,  ovate,  or  elliptic,  sessile,  mostly  rounded  at  both  ends,  crenulate  or  entire, 
§•-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a  short  narrow  raceme,  light  blue,  4-6  mm.  broad;  pedi- 
••  •'•>  .shorter  than  the  calyx  in  flower,  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  capsule  ellipsoid  or 
siiV,\tly  obovoid,  moderately  compressed,  emarginate,  4-6  mm.  high;  seeds 
numerous,  flattish.  Lab.,  mountains  of  Quebec  and  N.  Eng.  to  Alaska,  south  in 
the  mountains  to  Colo,  and  Nev.  Apparently  distinct  from  V.  alpina  L.  of  Europe. 
7.  Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  THYME-LEAVED  SPEEDWELL.  (I.  F.  f.  3293.) 
Perennial,  puberulent  or  glabrous;  stems  slender,  decumbent,  the  branches  ascend- 
ing or  erect,  5-25  cm.  high.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  or  the  uppermost  sessile, 
oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  6-12  mm.  long,  crenulate  or  entire;  flowers  in  racemes; 
pedicels  usually  shorter  than  the  bractlets ;  corolla  pale  blue  with  darker  stripes, 
sometimes  white,  about  4  mm.  broad;  capsule  broader  than  high,  broadly  obcor- 
date  or  emarginate,  about  2  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  calyx;  seeds  flat.  In 
fields  and  thickets,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Ga.;  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia 
and  S.  Am.  April-Aug. 


834  FLORA. 

8.  Veronica  peregrina  L.  PURSLANE  SPEEDWELL.  NECKWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
3294.)  Annual,  glabrous,  or  glandular-puberulent;"  stem  0.7-3  dm.  high.  Leaves 
oblong,  oval,  linear  or  slightly  spatulate,  6-:o  mm.  long,  the  lowest  opposite, 
short-petioled,  or  sessile,  broader  than  the  upper  and  usually  denticulate,  the 
upper  alternate,  sessile,  mostly  entire,  each  with  a  short  pcdicelled  flower  in  its 
axil;  flowers  nearly  white,  about  2  mm.  broad;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the 
calyx;  capsule  nearly  orbicular,  obcordate,  usually  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
2-3  mm.  high,  the  seeds  flat.  In  moist  places,  and  common  as  a  weed  in  culti- 
vated soil,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  Mex.  and  Cal.  Also  in  Cent,  and  S.  Am.,  and 
as  a  weed  in  the  Old  World.  May-CLt. 

9  Veronica  arvensis   L.     CORN  OR  WALL  SPEEDWELL.     (I.    F.  f.  3295  ) 
Annual,  pubescent;  stem  slender,  at  length  much  branched  and  diffuse,  0.7-2.5  dm. 
long.     Lower  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  opposite,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  crenate  or  crenu- 
late,  4-12  mm.  long,  the  lowest  petioled;  upper  leaves  sessile,  alternate,  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  commonly  entire,  each  with  a  short-pedicelled  flower 
in  its  axil;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  blue,  or  nearly  white,  2  mm. 
broad  or  less;  capsule  broadly  obovate,  obcordate,  2  mm.  high.     In  fields,  woods 
and  waste  places  and  in  cultivated  soil,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Wash.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and 
Tex.     Also  in  Bermuda.     Nat.  from  Europe.     March -Sept. 

10  Veronica  agrestis  L.     FIELD  OR  GARDEN  SPEEDWELL.     (I.  F.  f.  3296.) 
Annual,  pubescent;  stems  creeping  or  procumbent,  very  slender,  0.7-2  dm.  long, 
the  branches  ascending  or  spreading.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenate,  short-petioled,  or  the 
uppermost  sessile,  the  lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  and  each  with  a  slender- 
peduncled  small  blue  flower  in  its  axil;  capsule  broader  than  high,  compressed, 
narrowly  emarginate,  4  mm.  broad;  seeds  few,  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  side.     In 
fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.  and  La.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

11.  Veronica  Byzantina  (Sibth.  &  Smith)  B.S. P.     BUXBAUM'S  SPEEDWELL. 
(I.  F.  f.  3297.)     Annual,    pubescent;   stems   diffusely   branched,    1.5-4  dm.   long. 
Leaves    ovate   or    oval,     short-petioled,     crenate-dentate    or    somewhat   incised, 
8-25  mm.  long,  the  lowest  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  and  each  with  a  slender- 
peduncled  rather  large  blue  flower  in  its  axil;  corolla  6-8    mm.  broad;    capsule 
twice  as  broad  as  high,  6  mm.  broad,  with  a  wide  and   shallow  emargination  at 
the  summit;  seeds    few    or  several,  hollowed    out   on   the    inner   side.     In  waste 
places,  N.  S.  to  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.     Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

12.  Veronica  hederaefo  ia  L.     IVY-LEAVED   SPEEDWELL.     (I.  F.  f.  3298.) 
Annual,   pubescent;    stems  slender,  diffusely  branched.  0.7-4.5  dm.  long.     Leaves 
orbicular  or  broader,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  3~5-lobed  or  3-5-crenate, 
petioled,  0.6-2.5  cm-  ^n  diameter,  the  lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  and  with 
slender  peduncled  small  blue  flowers  in  their  axils;  corolla  4  mm.  broad,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx;  capsule  little  compressed,  2-lobed,  broader  than  high,  shorter 
than  the  densely  ciliate  sepals,  2-4-seeded ;  seeds  excavated  on  the  inner  side.     In 
thickets,    fields  and  waste   places,  N.  Y.,   Penn.  and  N.  J.  to  S.  C.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     April- Oct. 

20.  LEPTANDRA    Nutt 

Tall,  erect  perennial  herbs,  with  verticillate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small 
minutely  bracted  white  or  blue  flowers,  in  dense  peduncled  spike-like  racemes, 
terminal,  or  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  4- parted,  short.  Corolla  tubular,  or 
salverform,  nearly  regular,  4-lobed,  the  tube  cylindric,  longer  than  the  lobes. 
Stamens  2,  exserted,  inserted  low  down  on  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  filiform; 
anthers  obtuse.  Style  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  stigma  minute.  Capsule  nar- 
rowly ovoid,  scarcely  compressed,  not  emarginate  nor  obcordate,  4-valved  at  the 
apex.  Seeds  numerous,  oval,  minutely  reticulated.  [Greek,  slender  stamens, 
referring  to  the  filaments.]  Two  species,  one  native  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other 
of  northeastern  Asia. 

i.  Leptandra  Virginica  (L.)  Nutt.  CULVER'S-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  3299.)  Stem 
glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  simple,  strict,  6-21  dm.  high.  Leaves  verticillate  in  3*5- 
9*s  or  some  of  the  upper  ones  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceolate,  short- 
petioled,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  both 
sides,  or  pubescent  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long;  racemes  7-23  cm.  long,  very  dense, 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  835 

the  terminal  one  first  developing;  pedicels  and  bractlets  about'as  long  as  the  calyx; 
calyx -segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  tubular,  white  or  bluish,  4  mm. 
long;  capsule  2-3  mm.  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  meadows,  moist 
woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  Ala.,  Mo.  and  Kans.  June-Sept. 

21.  DIGITALIS    L. 

Tall  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  large  purple,  yellowish  or  white  flowers, 
in  long  terminal  commonly  i-sided  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  declined,  somewhat  irregular,  the  tube  contracted  above  the  ovary, 
then  rather  abruptly  expanded,  longer  than  the  4~5-lobed  slightly  2-lipped  limb; 
upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-cleft;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  the 
lateral  ones  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending,  mostly 
included;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs.  Style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
ovoid,  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  rugose.  [Latin,  digitate,  the 
finger  of  a  glove,  which  the  flowers  resemble.]  About  20  species,  of  Europe  and 
Asia. 

i.  Digitalis  purpurea  L.  PURPLE  FOXGLOVE.  (I.  F.  f.  3300.)  Usually 
biennial,  pubescent;  stem  stout,  erect,  6-15  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  slender  petioled,  acute,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  dentate;  upper  leaves  similar,  smaller,  sessile;  racemes  3  dm.  long  or 
more,  dense,  I -sided;  flowers  purple,  3-5  cm.  long,  drooping;  upper  calyx-seg- 
ment narrower  than  the  four  other  foliaceous  ones;  corolla  spotted  within.  "Cape 
Breton  Island,  apparently  nat.  from  Europe  (according  to  Macoun)  ;  sparingly 
escaped  from  cultivation.  Also  in  the  Northwest.  June-Aug. 

22.  BUCHNERA    L. 

Erect,  perennial  or  biennial,  strict  hispid  or  scabrous  herbs,  blackening  in 
drying,  the  lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  sometimes  alternate.  Flowers  rather 
^rge,  white,  blue,  or  purple,  in  terminal  bracted  spikes,  the  lower  commonly  dis- 
tant. Calyx  tubular,  or  oblong,  5-iO-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform,  its 
tube  cylindric,  somewhat  curved,  its  limb  nearly  equally  5 -cleft,  spreading,  the 
lateral  lobes  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  didynamous;  anther-sacs  confluent 
into  I.  Style  slender,  thickened  or  club-shaped  above;  stigma  small,  entire  or 
emarginate.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulated. 
[Named  for  J.  G.  Buchner.]  About  30  species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Buchnera  Americana  L.  BLUE-HEARTS.  (I.  F.  f.  3301.)  Hispid  and 
rough  ;  stem  slender,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  usually  all  opposite,  prominently 
veined,  the  lowest  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  very  short  petioles, 
the  middle  ones  oblong  or  oblong -lanceolate,  dentate,  sessile,  the  upper  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  spike  peduncled,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long  in 
fruit,  the  flowers  mostly  opposite,  nearly  2.5  cm.  long;  bractlets  shorter  than  the 
calyx  ;  calyx  strigose;  corolla  purple,  its  lobes  obovate,  obtuse;  capsule  ovoid, 
slightly  oblique,  8  mm.  high,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil,  N.  J.  to  western  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  Va.,  La.,  Kans.  and  Ark.  June-Sept. 

23.  AFZELIA  J.  G.  Gmel.      [SEYMERIA  Pursh.] 

Erect  branched  herbs,  mostly  with  opposite  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  1-2  pin- 
nately  parted  or  dissected,  and  yellow  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  terminal 
bracted  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla 
slightly  irregular,  campanulate  or  rotate,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the 
lower  lobe  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  slightly  unequal;  filaments  short,  villous, 
at  least  near  the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  parallel,  distinct.  Capsule  acute 
and  more  or  less  compressed  at  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulated.  [Named 
for  Adam  Afzelius,  1750-1812,  botanical  professor  at  Upsala.]  About  10  species, 
of  N.  Am.,  Mex.  and  Madagascar.  Besides  the  following,  4  others  inhabit  the 
southern  U.  S. 

i.  Afzeliamacroph£lla(Nutt.)Kuntze.  MULLEN  FOXGLOVE.  (L  F.  f.  3302.) 
Annual  (?),  puberulent  or  glabrate;  stem  sparingly  branched,  or  simple,  12-18  dm. 
high.  Lower  leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  parted,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  their  seg- 


836 


FLORA. 


ments  lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate,  irregularly  incised,  or  pinnatifid;  upper  leaves 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  entire,  each  with  a 
sessile  flower  in  its  axil;  flowers  1-1.5  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
acute,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  light  yellow.  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  woolly  in  the  throat;  style  short,  club-shaped;  capsule  globose-ovoid,  6-8 
mm.  high,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  moist  thickets  and  along  streams,  Ohio 
to  Iowa,  Neb.,  Ky.  and  Tex.  Aug-Oct. 

24.     DASYSTOMA  Raf. 

Large  herbs,  partly  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants,  with  opposite  (rarely 
whorled)  or  some  alternate  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers,  in  terminal  mostly 
leafy -bracted  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  longer  than  or  equalling  the  tube.  Corolla  slightly  irregular,  funnelform,  or 
campanulate-funnelform,  the  tube  villous  or  pubescent  within,  the  limb  spreading, 
5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included,  villous  or  pubescent;  filaments  slen- 
der; anthers  all  alike,  their  sacs  distin  -t,  parallel,  awned  at  the  base.  Style  fili- 
form. Capsule  oblong,  acute,  loculi  .,<!  uly  dehiscent,  many-seeded,  longer  than 
the  calyx.  [Greek,  thick  or  hairy  mouth,  referring  to  the  corolla.]  About  8 
species,  of  eastern  N.  Am. 
Plants  glandular-pubescent;  corolla  pubescent  without;  leaves  finely  divided;  annuals  or 

biennials. 

Glandular-pubescent  above ;  leaves  pinnatifid.  i.   D.  Pedicularia. 

Glandular-pubescent  throughout ;  leaves  2-pinnatifid.  2.  D.  pectinata. 

Puberulent,  cinereous  or  glabrous;  corolla  glabrous  without;  perennials. 
Cinereous-puberulent. 

Leaves  entire,  dentate,  or  some  of  the  lower  pinnatifid. 

Leaves  entire,  undulate,  or  the  lower  pinnatifid,  with  entire  lobes. 

3.   D.jZava. 
Upper    leaves,  or  most  of  them,  serrate,   the  lower  pinnatifid   with 

toothed  lobes.  4.  D.  serrata. 

Leaves  all  pinnatifid,  thin.  5.  Z>.  grandiflora. 

Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout. 

Leaves  entire,  or  the  lowest  dentate  or  incised.  6.  D.  laevigata. 

Leaves,  at  least  all  but  the  uppermost,  pinnatifid.  7.  D.  Virginica. 

1.  Dasystoma  Pedicularia  (L.)  Benth.     FERN-LEAVED  FALSE  FOXGLOVE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3303.)    Viscid  above;  stem  much  branched,  leafy,  3-12  dm.  high.    Leaves 
sessile,  or  the  lower  petioled,  pinnatifid,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  broadest 
at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long,  the  segments  incised-dentate;  pedicels  slender,  ascending, 
2-5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  foliaceous,  usually  incised  or  pinnatifid, 
6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  2.5-3.7  cm.   long,  the  limb  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  capsule 
pubescent,  10-12  mm.  long,  its  beak  flat.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Me.   and 
Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Mo.     Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Dasystoma  pectinata  (Nutt. )  Benth.     CUT-LEAVED  FALSE    FOXGLOVE. 
Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  densely  glandular-pubescent  nearly  to  the  base,  and 
the  leaves  2-pinnatifid;  calyx  densely  glandular- pubescent,  its  lobes  pinnatifid.    In 
dry  soil,  Ga.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tenn.     May -Sept. 

3.  Dasystoma  flava  (L.)  Wood.     DOWNY  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.    (I.  F.  f.  3304.) 
Downy,  grayish;  stem  strict,  simple,  or  with  a  few  nearly  erect  branches,  6-12  dm. 
high.     Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,   firm,  entire,  or  the   lower 
sinuate-dentate  or  sometimes  pinnatifid,   7-15  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  the  lobes 
obtuse;  the  upper  sessile,  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the  raceme;  pedicels   stout, 
usually  shorter  than  the  calyx  even  in  fruit;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  entire,  about  as 
long  as  the   tube;  corolla  3-5  cm-  l°ngr  its  tube  much   expanded  above;    capsule 
16-20  mm.  long,  pubescent,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In  dry  woods  and  thick- 
ets, Mass,  to  Ont.,  Wis.,  Ga.  and  Miss.     July-Aug. 

4.  Dasystoma  serrata  (Torr.)  Small.    SERRATE  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.    Puberu- 
lent, similar  to  the  preceding  and  the  following  species.     Lower  leaves  pinnatifid, 
their  lobes  serrate  or  incised;  upper  leaves  small,  serrate  or  entire.    Calyx-teeth  as 
long  as  the  tube,  or  longer.     Mo.  to  Ark.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

5.  Dasystoma  grandiflora   (Benth.)  Wood.     WESTERN  FALSE   FOXGLOVE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3305.)     Cinereous-puberulent  and  rough ish;  stem  much  branched,  leafy  to 
the  top,  6-9  dm.   high.     Leaves  short-petioled,  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  83? 

outline,  all  pinnatifid  or  deeply  incised.  5-10  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  smaller,  ses- 
sile; pedicels,  even  in  fruit,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  ovate, 
about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  3-5  cm.  long,  its  tube  much  expanded  above.  In 
dry  woods  and  thickets,  Minn,  and  VVis.  to  Tenn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  July-Aug. 

6.  Dasystoma  laevigata  Raf.     ENTIRE-LEAVED    FALSE  FOXGLOVE.     (I.  F. 
f.  3306.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  glaucous;  stem  simple,  or  sparingly  branched, 
3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  usually  all  petioled,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-10  cm. 
long,  entire,  .or  the  lowest  dentate  or  incised;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx,  or  in 
fruit  longer;  calyx- lobes  ovate- lanceolate,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla 
2.5-4  cm.  long,  the  limb  fully  as  broad,  the  tube  much  expanded  above;  capsule 
glabrous,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    In  dry  thickets,  Penn.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Ga. 
July-Aug. 

7.  Dasystoma  Virginica  (L.)  Britton.     SMOOTH  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.    (I.  F. 
£3307.)     Glabrous  and  glaucous;   stem  usually  branched,  9-18  dm.  high.     Leaves 
usually  all  petioled,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  the  lower   i-_ -pinnatifid, 
10-15    cm.  long,  the  upper  pinnatifid  or  deeply  incised,  the  lobes   lanceolate   or 
oblong,  acute;  fruiting  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  about  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  3.5-5  cm.  long,  its 
tube  not  widely  expanded  above;  capsule  glabrous,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In 
dry  or  moist  woods,  Me.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  111.     July-Sept. 

25.  GERARDIA  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Erect  herbs,  some  South  American  species  shrubby,  mainly  with  opposite  and 
sessile  leaves.  Flowers  showy,  usually  large.  Calyx  campanulate,  5  toothed,  or 
5-lobed.  Corolla  somewhat  irregular,  campanulate,  or  funnelform,  the  tube  broad, 
the  limb  5-lobed,  slightly  2-lipped,  the  lower  lobes  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  included;  filaments  pubescent;  anthers  2-celled,  their  sacs  obtuse  or 
mucronate  at  the  base;  style  filiform.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  mostly  angled.  [Named  for  John  Gerarde,  surgeon  and  botanist, 
author  of  the  Herbal  (1597),  died  1612.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  America. 
Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

*  Flowers  pedicelled;  anthers  all  alike. 

Pedicels  in  flower  shorter  them  the  calyx,  or  but  1-2  times  as  long. 
Corolla  2-2.6  cm.  Ion-;. 

Calyx-tee'.h  minute;  root  perennial.  i.   G.  linifolia. 

Calyx-teeth  triangular,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute;  annuals. 

Leaves  very  scabrous,  filiform;  capsule  oblong.  2.  G.  aspera. 

Leaves  slightly  scabrous,  linear;  capsule  globose.  3.   G.  purpurea. 

Corolla  1-1,6  cm.  long. 

Calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  acute.  4.  G.  paupercula. 

Calyx-teeth  broad,  short,  obtuse.  5.  G.  maritima, 

Pedicels  in  flower  2-6  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Leaves  linear,  spreading  or  ascending;  capsule  globose. 
Leaves  0.5-2.5  mm.  wide,  1-4  cm.  long. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  entire,  or  barely  emarginate. 
Corolla  12-20  mm.  long,  pink  to  purple. 

Leaves  linear,  2.5  mm.  wide  or  less.  6.  G.  tenuifolia. 

Leaves  filiform-linear,  less  than  i  mm.  wide.      7.   G.  Holmiana. 
Corolla  less  than  10  mm.  long,  yellowish-pink.          8.   G.  viridis. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  all  obcordate.  9.  G.  decemloba. 

Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  4-9  cm.  long;  pedicels  ascending.      10.   G.  Besseyana. 
Leaves  subulate-spatulate,  short,  nearly  erect;  capsule  oblong,    n.   G.  Skinneriana. 

*  *   Flowers  sessile;  anthers  of  the  shorter  stamens  smaller. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so.  12.   G.  auriculata. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3-7  linear-segments.  13.  G.  densiflora. 

i.  Gerardia  linifolia  Nutt.  FLAX-LEAVED  GERARDIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3308.) 
Glabrous,  6-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide, 
erect,  the  upper  much  smaller  and  subulate;  pedicels  erect,  in  flower  equalling  or 
a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  longer  in  fruit;  calyx  campanulate,  truncate;  corolla 
purple,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  narrower  than  that  of  the  two  following  species,  villous 
within,  the  lobes  ciliate;  filaments  and  anthers  densely  villous;  anther-sacs  mucro- 
nate at  the  base;  capsule  globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  but  little  longer  than  the 
calyx.  In  moist  pine  barrens,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Cuba.  Aug.-Sept. 


838  FLORA. 

2.  Gerardia  aspera  Dougl.     ROUGH  PURPLE  GERARDIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3309.) 
Annual,    3-6  dm.   high,    hispidulous  scabrous  with  stiff  short  whitish  hairs,   the 
branches  nearly  erect.     Leaves  2.5-4  cm.   long,  less  than  2  mm.   wide,  erect  or 
ascending;  pedicels  equalling  or  becoming  longer  than  the  turbinate  calyx;  calyx- 
teeth  triangular-ovate  or  triangular- lanceolate,   acute,  one-fourth  to  one-third  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  deep  purple,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 
within,  very  pubescent  without,  the  lobes  ciliate;  filaments  villous;  anthers  obtuse 
at  the  base;  capsule  oblong,  6-8  mm.  high,  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx. 
On  dry  plains  and  prairies,  Ind.  to  S.  Dak.,  Kans.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     Aug. -Oct. 

3.  Gerardia  purpurea  L.    LARGE  PURPLE  GERARDIA.    (I.  Y.  f.  3310.)    Gla- 
brous, 3-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  usually  widely  spreading,    2. 5-4  cm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  sometimes  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils;  flow- 
ers racemose  on  the  branches,  purple  (rarely  white),  about  2.5  cm.  long  and  broad; 
pedicels  shorter  than  or  but  little  longer  than  the  campanulate  calyx;  calyx-teeth 
triangular-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
tube;  corolla  much  expanded  above,  the  lobes  ciliolate;  anther-sacs  mucronulate  at 
the  base;  filaments  villous;  capsule  4-6  mm.    in  diameter.     In  moist  fields  and 
meadows,  Me.  and  southern  Out.  to  Fla.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Aug.-Oct. 

4.  Gerardia  paupercula  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     SMALL-FLOWERED  GERARDIA. 
(I.   F.  f.  3311.)     Annual,   smooth  or  nearly  so,    1.5-4.5   dm.   high,  the  branches 
nearly  erect.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,    1-2.5  cm-   l°ng?  I~2  n'm-  wide;  pedicels 
equalling  the  calyx,  or  longer  in  fruit;  calyx  campanulale,  its  teeth  about  one-half 
the  length  of  the  tube,  acute,  or  acuminate;  corolla  1.2-2  cm.  long,  rose  purple,  its 
limb  about  as  broad,  somewhat  villous  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  ciiiate;  stamens  vil- 
lous; anther-sacs  mucronulate  at  the  base;  capsule  6  mm.  high.     In  bogs  and  low 
meadows,  Quebec  to  N.  J.,  Manitoba  and  Wis.     July-Sept. 

5.  Gerardia  maritima  Raf.     SEA-SIDE  OR  SALT-MARSH  GERARDIA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3312.)     Annual,  fleshy,  1-4  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves  linear, 
1-2.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  obtuse,  spreading,  the  uppermost  very  small 
and  subulate;  pedicels  in  flower  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx,  about  twice  as 
long  in  fruit;  calyx-teeth  obtuse;  corolla  rose-purple,  1-2  cm.   long,  glabrous,  the 
limb  about  as  broad;  anther-sacs  mucronu'ate  at  the  base,  capsule  4-6  mm.  high. 
In  salt  marshes,  Me.  to  Fla.  and  La.     July-Aug. 

6.  Gerardia  tennifolia  Vahl.     SLENDER  GERARDIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3313.)     An- 
nual, glabrous;  stem  slender,  paniculately  branched,  1.5—6  dm.  high,  the  branches 
spreading   or   ascending.     Leaves  linear,   acute,    1-4  cm.    long;    pedicels  mostly 
equalling. or  longer  than  the  flowers;  calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  short,  pointed; 
corolla  light  purple,  spotted,  rarely  white,  12-2  cm.  long,  vertically  compressed 
when  fully  expanded,  minutely  puberulent,  or  glabrous;  anther-sacs  mucronate  at 
the  base;  capsule  4-5   mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  to 
Ga.,  6nt.,  Kans.  and  La.     Aug.-Oct. 

Gerardia  tenuif61ia  asperula  A.  Gray.     Leaves  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  linear- 
filiform  ;  corolla  not  compressed.     On  dry  hills  and  banks,  Ont.  to  Ind.  and  Mo. 

7.  Gerardia  Holmiana  Greene.     HOLM'S    GERARDIA.     Slender,  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  paniculately  branched,  3-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  filiform-linear,  spreading, 
about  2.5  cm.  long,  acute,  minutely  roughened;  pedicels  filiform,  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  ascending;  calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  very  short,  acute;  corolla  rose- 
purple,  1.5  cm.  long,  its  lobes  spreading,  truncate  or  retuse,  ciliate,  its  throat  very 
villous  within.     In  dry  sandy  woods,  Long  Island  to  D.  C.     Sept.-Oct. 

8.  Gerardia  viridis  Small.     SMALL-FLOWERED  GERARDIA.     Annual,  drying 
green.     Stems  2-6  dm.   tall,   sharply    angled;  leaves  mostly  opposite,   narrowly 
linear,  1-2  cm.  long,  acute,  revolute,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pedicels  ascending,  8-15 
mm.  long;  calyx  becoming  4-5  mm.  high,  the  tube  turbinate  or  campanulate-turbi- 
nate,  the  segments  acute,  about  one-thirl  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  yellowish- 
pink,  less  than  I  cm.  long,  the  lobes  ciliate,  truncate,  or  barely  emarginate.     In 
sandy  soil,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  La.     Summer  and  fall. 

9.  Gerardia  decemloba  Greene.     TEN-LOBED   GERARDIA.     Slender,  about 
3  dm.  high,  with  a  few  branches  above  the  middle.     Leaves  setaceous,  about  I  cm. 
long,  acute,  roughish,  the  lower  ascending,  the   upper  spreading;  pedicels  about 
l8   mm.  long,  ascending,  rather  stiff;  calyx-tube  veiny,  the  teeth  short;  corolla 


SCROPHULA  R1A  CEAE.  839 

bright  pink,  about  I  cm.  long,  its  lobes  all  spreading,  obcordate.     In  grassy  places, 
Brookland,  D.  C.     Oct. 

10.  Gerardia   Besseyana  Britton.     BESSEY'S   GERARDIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3314.) 
Annual,  strict,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending  or  nearly  erect.     Leaves 
linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 'wide,  scabrous,  acute,  ascending;  pedicels  ascend, 
ing.  longer  than  the  flowers;  calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  triangular-subulate,  one- 
third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  purple,  10-12  mm.  long;  capsule 
globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     On  dry  hills  and  prairies,  Iowa  to  S.  Dak.,  Colo., 
La.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

11.  Gerardia  Skinneriana  Wood.     SKINNER'S  GERARDIA.     (I.  F.  £  3315.) 
Annual,  roughish;  stem  strict,  striate.  1.5-4.5  dm.  high,  slender.     Leaves  ascend- 
ing or  commonly  erect  and  appressed,  1-2.5   cm-  l°ng»  I  mm-  wide  or  less,  the 
uppermost  minute;  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx,  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers, 
2-4  times  the  length  of  the  capsule;  calyx-teeth  minute;  corolla  light  purple,  10- 
12  mm.  long  and  about  as  broad,  its  lobes  ciliolate;  capsule  oblong,  4-6  mm.  high. 
In  dry  sandy  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and  La.     Aug.-Oct. 

12.  Gerardia  auriculata   Michx.     AURICLED   GERARDIA.      (I.  F.  f.  3316.) 
Annual,   scabrous,   hirsute,    3-6   dm.   high.       Leaves    acuminate,    sessile,   mostly 
rounded  and  2-lobed  at  the  base,  or  entire,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  basal  lobes  obtusish, 
short;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  sessile,  purple,  1.5-2  cm.  long;    calyx 
5 -cleft,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  unequal,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
tube;  corolla   densely   puberulent    outside,   glabrous   within;  filaments    glabrous; 
anthers  of  the  shorter  stamens  smaller  than  those  of  the  longer;  anther-sacs  obtuse 
at  the  base;  capsule  oval-oblong,  about  1.2  cm.  high,  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
In  moist  open  soil,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  N.  Car.  and  Kans.     Adventive  at  Woodbridge, 
N.  J.     July-Sept. 

13.  Gerardia  densiflora  Benth.     CUT-LEAVED  GERARDIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3317.) 
Annual,  scabrous  and  short-hispid,  stiff,  3—8  dm.  high,  very  leafy.     Leaves  sessile, 
ovate  in  outline,  ascending,  about  2.5   cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  3-7  acute 
rigid  segments  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  flowers  2.5-3  cm.  long,  rose-purple,  sessile 
in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  5 -cleft,  its  lobes  linear,  acuminate,  ciliate,  about  as  long 
as   the  tube;  corolla  glabrous  both  outside  and  within;    anthers  of  the  shorter 
stamens  smaller  than  those  of  the  longer;  capsule  about  6  mm.  high,  shorter  than 
the  calyx.     On  dry  prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

26.  CASTILLEJA  Mutis. 

Herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants,  with  alternate  leaves;  flowers  in 
dense  leafy-bracted  spikes,  the  bracts  often  brightly  colored  and  larger  than  the 
flowers.  Calyx  tubular,  laterally  compressed,  cleft  at  the  summit  on  the  upper 
side,  or  also  on  the  lower.  Corolla  very  irregular,  its  tube  not  longer  than  the 
calyx,  its  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  (galea)  arched,  elongated,  laterally  compressed, 
entire,  enclosing  the  4  didynamous  stamens;  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.  Anther-sacs 
unequal,  the  outer  one  attached  to  the  filament  by  its  middle,  the  inner  one  pendu- 
lous from  its  apex.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  reticulated.  [Named  for  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist]  About  50  species, 
mostly  of  the  New  World.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  40  others  occur  in 
western  N.  Am. 

*  Plants  villous-pubescent. 
Bracts  broad,  dilated,  lobed,  or  entire. 

Stem  leaves  deeply  and  irregularly  cleft  into  narrow  segments.          I.  C.  cocctnea. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  rarely  with  a  few  lobes.  2.   C.  indivisa. 

Bracts  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire.  3.   C.  minor. 

*  *  Plants  glabrous,  woolly  at  the  summit,  or  cinereous-puberulent. 
Glabrous,  or  tomentose  at  the  summit;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  entire. 

4.   C.  acutm'nata. 
Cinereous-puberulent,  pale;  stem  leaves  cleft.  5.  C.  sessiliflora. 

i.  Castilleja  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  SCARLET  PAINTED-CUP.  (I.  F.  f.  3318.) 
Annual  or  biennial;  stem  simple,  or  with  few  erect  branches,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves 
sessile,  parallel-veined,  the  basal  oblong,  obovate,  or  linear,  tufted,  mostly  entire, 
2-8  en.,  long,  those  of  the  stem  3-5-cleft  into  obtusish  segments,  the  bracts  broader 
and  shorter,  3 -5 -^bed  or  cleft,  bright  red  or  scarlet,  conspicuous;  flowers  sessile, 


840  FLORA. 

2-2.5  cm'  l°ng»  usually  not  exceeding  the  bracts;  calyx  cleft  above  and  below  into 
2  entire  or  retuse  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  sometimes  scarlet;  corolla  greenish  yellow, 
its  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  its  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  lower;  capsule 
oblong,  acute,  10-12  mm.  long.  In  meadows  and  thickets,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mani- 
toba, N.  Car.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  Bracts  and  calyx  rarely  yellow.  May -July. 

2.  Castilleja   indivisa  Engelm.      ENTIRE-LEAVED    PAINTED-CUP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3319.)     Winter-annual;  stem  2-4.5  ^in'  high-     Leaves  sessile,  parallel- veined,  lin- 
ear to  linear  lanceolate,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  entire,  or  rarely  with  2-4  lateral  lobes; 
no  tuft  of  basal  leaves;  bracts  obovate  to  spatulate,  bright  red;  flowers  sessile,  2.5 
cm.  long  or  less,  not  longer  than  the  bracts;  calyx  cleft  as  in  the  preceding  species, 
and  corolla  similar.      In  sandy  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.      Spring. 

3.  Castilleja  minor  A.  Gray.     SMALL- FLOWERED   PAINTED-CUP.     (I.  F.  f. 
3320.)     Annual,  strict,  simple,  or  with  I  or  2  erect  branches,  3-8  dm.  high.   Leaves 
all  linear-lanceolate  and  entire,  parallel-veined,  sessile,  acuminate,  5-8  cm.  long, 
the  bracts  similar,  smaller,  red  or  red-tipped;  narrow,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
short-pedicelled  flowers;  calyx  green,  cleft  on  both  sides  to  about  the  middle,  the 
lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  2-toothed;  corolla  yellow,  1—2  cm.  long,  its  upper 
lip  much  longer  than  the  small  lower  one;  capsule  oblong,  acute,  12-16  mm.  long. 
In  moist  soil,  Neb.  (according  to  Gray)  to  N.  Mex.,  Nev.  and  Ariz.     May-July. 

4  Castilleja  acuminata  (Pursh)  Spreng.  LANCE-LEAVED  PAINTED-CUP. 
(I.  P.  f.  3321.)  Perennial;  stems  slender,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  3-5 -nerved, 
mostly  entire,  the  lower  linear,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  5-10  cm. 
long;  bracts  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  yellowish,  greenish- white  or  purple,  as 
long  as  the  sessile  flowers;  calyx  cleft  on  both  sides  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes 
lanceolate,  usually  again  2-cleft;  corolla  12-16  mm.  long,  its  upper  lip  2-4  times 
as  long  as  the  lower;  capsule  oblong.  In  moist  soil,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  the  mountains 
of  N.  Eng.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Colo,  and  Br.  Col.  June- Aug. 

5.  Castilleja  sessiliflora  Pursh.  DOWNY  PAINTED-CUP.  (I.  F.  f.  3322.) 
Perennial,  cinereous-puberulent;  stems  stout,  1. 5-4  dm.  high,  densely  leafy.  Leaves 
sessile,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lowest  commonly  linear,  obtuse  and  entire,  the  others 
laciniate  into  narrow  segments;  bracts  green,  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  shorter 
than  the  sessile  flowers;  calyx  deeper  cleft  on  the  lower  side  than  on  the  upper,  its 
lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  yellowish,  4  cm.  long,  the  upper  lip  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  lower,  the  lobes  of  the  latter  linear;  capsule  oblong-lanceolate. 
On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  111.,  Neb.,  Wyo.  and  Tex.  May-July. 

27.     ORTHOCARPUS  Nutt. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in 
bracted  spikes.  Calyx  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  4-cleft,  or  sometimes  split 
down  both  sides.  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  slender,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip 
little  if  any  longer  than  the  3-lobed  i-3-saccate  lower  one.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  dissimilar,  the  outer  one  affixed  by  \ts 
middle,  the  inner  pendulous  from  its  upper  end,  ccmmonly  smaller.  Style  filiform; 
stigma  entire.  Capsule  oblong,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  retic- 
ulated. [Greek,  erect-fruit.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  America,  mostly  of 
the  western  U.  S. 

i  Orthocarpus  luteus  Nutt.  YELLOW  ORTHOCARPUS.  (I.  F.  f.  3323.)  Annual, 
rough-pubescent  or  puberulent;  stem  strict,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high,  densely  leafy. 
Leaves  erect  or  ascending,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire,  or  sometimes  3-cleft,  2-4 
cm.  long;  sessile,  long-acuminate;  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  broader  and  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  acute,  green,  mostly  longer  than  the  flowers;  flowers  bright  yel- 
low, 8-IO  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  puberulent  without,  its  upper  lip  ovate,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as 
the  saccate  3-toothed  lower  one;  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube.  On  dry 
plains,  Manitoba  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.  July-Sept. 

38.     SCHWALBEA    L. 

A  perennial  erect  finely  pubescent  and  minutely  glandular  leafy  herb,  with  ses- 
sile entire  3-nerved  leaves,  and  rather  large  yellowish-purple  flowers  in  a  bracted 
spike.  Calyx  tubular,  somewhat  oblique,  io-12-ribbed,  2-bracteolate  at  the  base, 
5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  smallest,  the  2  lower  ones  partly  connate; 


SCROPHULA  RIA  CEA  E.  84 1 

corolla  very  irregular,  the  tube  cylindric,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  arched, 
concave,  entire;  lower  lip  somewhat  shorter,  3-lobed,  2-plaited.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  ascending  within  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  equal.  Style  filiform.  Cap- 
sule oblong,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  reticulated  testa.  [Named 
for  C.  G.  Schwalbe,  of  Holland,  who  wrote  (1719)  on  Farther  India.]  A  mono- 
typic  genus. 

i.  Schwalbea  Americana  L.  CHAFF-SEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3324.)  Stem  strict, 
3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  or  ovate-oblong,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends, 
2.5-4  cm.  long,  the  upper  gradually  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the  rather  loose 
spike;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  bracts;  bractlets  at  the 
base  of  the  calyx  linear;  corolla-tube  slightly  exceeding  the  lower  lobes  of  the 
calyx,  these  connate  to  near  their  apices ;  capsule  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  In  wet 
sandy  soil,  eastern  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.,  near  the  coast.  May-July. 

29.  EUPHRASIA  L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Low  herbs,  parasitic  on  other  plants,  with  opposite  dentate  or  incised  leaves, 
and  small  flowers  in  terminal  leafy-bracted  spikes.  Calyx  not  bracteolate,  4-cleft 
(rarely  5 -cleft,  with  one  of  the  lobes  much  smaller  than  the  others).  Corolla  very 
irregular,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed,  its  margins  recurved;  lower  lip 
larger,  3-lobed,  spreading,  its  lobes  emarginate  or  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous.  ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  equal,  parallel,  mucronate  at  the 
base.  Capsule  oblong,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  longi- 
tudinally ribbed.  [Greek,  delight.]  About  no  species,  of  temperate  and  cold 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  northwestern  N.  Am. 

Bracts,  and  usually  the  leaves,  glandular,  at  least  beneath. 

Spike  short ;  teeth  of  the  bracts  merely  acute.  I.  E.  latifolia. 

Spike  elongated,  dense ;  lower  teeth  of  the  bracts  aristate.  2.  E.  Canadensis. 

Neither  bracts  nor  leaves  glandular,  but  usually  pubescent. 

Spikes  elongated;  bracts  sharply  toothed;  plant  10-25  cm-  high. 

3.  E.  Americana. 
Spike  short,  capitate;  bracts  bluntly  toothed;  plant  2-5  cm.  high. 

4.  E.  Oahesii. 

1.  Euphrasia  latifolia  Pursh.     GLANDULAR  EYEBRIGHT.     (I.  F.  f.   3325.) 
Stem  erect,  simple,  or  with  a  few  erect  branches,  pubescent  with   crisped   hairs, 
5-18  cm.  high.     Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  obtuse,  2-5-toothed  on  each  side,  the 
teeth  sharp  or  blunt;   spike  2-4  cm.  long,  the   bracts  broadly  oval   to  orbicular, 
cuneate  at  the  base,  sharply  toothed,  glandular-pubescent  beneath  or  also  on  the 
margins;  calyx-teeth  acute;  corolla  6-8  mm.  long,  lilac,  or  variegated;  capsule 
oblong-elliptic,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  pilose,  about 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     Greenland  to    Hudson  Bay  and  Me.        Also   in   Europe. 
Summer. 

2.  Euphrasia  Canadensis  Townsend.     SPINULOSE  EYEBRIGHT.     Branched 
from  near  the  base,  8-15   cm.  high,  the  stem   and  branches  with  crisped  hairs. 
Leaves  ovate-oblong,  the  teeth  of  the  upper  aristate;  bracts  about  5-toothed;  spike 
3-7  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  aristate;  corolla  about  7  mm.  long; 
capsule  truncate  or  emarginate,  mucronate.      Fields,  Quebec  to  N.  H.    Summer. 

3.  Euphrasia   Americana  Wettst.     HAIRY   EYEBRIGHT.     (I.  F.    f.   3326.) 
Pubescent  with  crisped  hairs;  stem  often  at  length  much  branched,  10-25  cm-  high. 
Leaves  sessile,  ovate  to  oval,  3-5 -toothed   on  each  side;  the  teeth  acute;  bracts 
dentate,  pubescent,  slightly  shorter  than  the  flowers;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate; corolla  6-8  mm.  long,   purplish   or   nearly   white,    its   lobes  emarginate; 
capsule  narrow,  cuneate,  4-6  mm.  high,  about  equalling  the  calyx.     In  fields  and 
on  hills,  Me.  and  N.  B.  to  Newf.     Summer. 

4.  Euphrasia  Oakesii  Wettst.     OAKES' EYEBRIGHT.     (I.  F..f.  3227.)    Stem 
erect   or   ascending,    very   slender  or  filiform,   simple,    2-5  cm.  high,  somewhat 
pubescent.     Stem  leaves  2  or  3  pairs.     Bracts  and  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval, 
narrowed  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  4-6  mm.  long,  obtuse,  pubescent,  with 
2-5  blunt  teeth  on  each  side;  spike  short,  capitate,  only  6-10  mm.  long,  the  bracts 
densely  imbricated;  calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  short;  corolla  2-3  mm.  long, 
purplish;    capsule  oblong-elliptic,  ciliate,  longer  than  the  calyx.     White  Moun- 
tains of  N.  H. 


842 


FLORA. 


30.  BARTSIA  L. 


Herbs,  partly  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
purple,  pink,  red  or  yellow  flowers,  in  terminal  leafy-bracted  spikes.  Calyx  4-toothed 
or  4-cleft.  Corolla  very  irregular,  the  tube  straight  or  recurved,  the  limb  2- lipped; 
upper  lip  erect,  concave,  entire;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  similar,  parallel.  Capsule  locu- 
licidally  dehiscent,  several-many-seeded.  Seeds  horizontal,  striate,  or  ribbed. 
[Named  for  John  Bartsch,  a  Prussian  botanist,  died  1738.]  About  6  species  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

i.  Bartsia  alpina  L.  ALPINE  BARTSIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3328.)  Perennial  by  short 
rootstocks,  pubescent,  leafy,  simple,  or  rarely  with  I  or  2  short  branches,  1-2.5  ^in- 
high.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  or  ovate-oblong,  crenate-dentate,  1-2.5  cm.  long; 
bracts  similar,  smaller,  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers;  spike  2—5  cm.  long;  flow- 
ers 1.5-2  cm.  long,  sometimes  borne  also  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  4-cleft;  corolla 
purple,  its  tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  anthers  pubescent,  at  least  on  the 
back;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx.  Lab.  to  Green- 
land and  the  Arctic  Sea.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

31.  ODONTITES  Gmel. 

Annual  herbs,  half  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants,  with  small  opposite 
leaves,  and  yellow  or  red  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  4-toothed. 
Corolla  with  a  narrow  tube  and  a  strongly  2-lipped  limb,  the  upper  lip  concave, 
entire,  or  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascend, 
ing;  anther-sacs  similar.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  lew,  pendulous. 
[Greek,  referring  to  its  supposed  value  as  a  cure  for  toothache.  ]  About  20  species, 
mostly  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

I.  Odontites  Odontites  (L.)  Wettst.  RED  BARTSIA.  RED  EYEBRIGHT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3329.)  Appressed-pubescent,  roughish,  slender,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  with  low  distant  teeth,  1-4  cm.  long ;  spikes  becoming 
5-13  cm.  long  in  fruit,  somewhat  I -sided;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  smaller; 
flowers  numerous,  8-10  mm.  long;  corolla  red  or  pink,  its  tube  somewhat  longer 
than  the  calyx;  anthers  slightly  pubescent;  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
In  fields  and  waste  places,  Me.  to  N.  S.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

32.  ELEPHANTELLA  Rydb. 

Herbs,  blackening  in  drying,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves  and  toothed  seg- 
ments, and  flowers  in  terminal  many-flowered  spikes.  Calyx  obliquely  campanu- 
late,  5-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  tube  almost  included  in  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip 
strongly  arcuate,  produced  into  a  long  filiform  upturned  beak,  enclosing  the  long 
style,  the  throat  with  a  tooth  on  each  side;  lower  lip  very  broad,  3-lobed.  Stamens 
and  capsule  as  in  Pedicularis.  Three  or  four  sub-arctic  or  sub-alpine  species  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  Another  species  is  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

i.  ElephantellaGroenlandica(Retz.)  Rydb.  LONG-BEAKED  ELEPHANTELLA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3330.)  Perennial,  glabrous;  stem  simple,  3-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate,  lanceolate  in  outline,  acute  or  acuminate,  pinnately  parted  or  the  lower  pin- 
nately  divided  into  lanceolate  crenulate  or  incised  segments,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  slender-petioled,  5-15  cm.  long;  spike  very  dense;  calyx  5-toothed,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  corolla-tube,  the  teeth  short,  acutish;  corolla  red  or  purple,  thegalea 
decurved  against  the  lower  lip  and  upwardly  recurved  beyond  it;  body  of  the 
corolla  5-6  mm.  long;  capsule  obliquely  ovate,  about  6  mm.  long.  In  wet  soil, 
Lab.,  Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal. 
Summer.  [Pedicularis  Groenlandica  Retz.] 

33    PEDICULARIS  L. 

Herbs,  with  pinnately  lobed  cleft  .or  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  spike-like  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft  on  the  lower  side  or  sometimes 
also  on  the  upper,  or  2-5 -toothed.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  (galea) 
laterally  compressed,  concave  or  conduplicate,  sometimes  beaked;  lower  lip  erect 
or  ascending,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  middle  one  the  smallest. 


SCROPHULA  RIA  CEAE.  843 

Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending  within  the  upper  lip;  anthers  approximate  in 
pairs,  their  sacs  transverse,  equal,  parallel,  obtuse  or  rarely  mucronate  at  the  base. 
Capsule  compressed,  oblique  or  curved,  beaked,  many-seeded,  loculicidally  dehis- 
cent. Seeds  reticulate,  pitted,  striate  or  ribbed.  [Latin,  pertaining  to  lice,  long 
supposed  to  breed  lice  in  sheep  that  feed  on  these  plants.]  About  125  species, 
mostly  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some  25 
others  inhabit  western  N.  Am. 

Beak  of  the  galea  conic,  decurved,  2  mm.  long.  I.  P.  Lapponica. 

Beak  of  the  galea  very  short,  or  none. 

Annuals  or  biennials  ;  stems  leafy,  freely  branching ;  northern. 

Puberulent;  upper  leaves  crenulate,  lower  pinnatifid.  2.  P.  euphrasioides. 

Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so;  leaves  all  pinnatifid.  3.  /*.  parvijiora. 

Perennials;  stems  leafy,  simple  (rarely  branched  in  No.  6). 

Corolla  yellow,  or  the  galea  red;  plants  1.5-9  dm.  high;  eastern  species. 
Leaves  pinnately  lobed;  capsule  ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

4.  P.  lanceolata. 
Leaves  pinnately  parted;  capsule  lanceolate,  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

5.  P.  Canadensis. 
Lower  leaves  pinnately  divided ;  capsule  ovate.                  6.  P.  Furbishtae. 

Galea  crimson  or  purple;  plant  2.5-10  cm.  high  ;  arctic.          7.  P.Jiammea. 
Perennial ;  stem  scapose,  or  i-leaved  ;  flowers  capitate  ;  arctic.     8,  P.  capitata. 

1.  Pedicularis  Lapponica  L.     LAPLAND    PEDICULARIS.      (I.  F.   f.  3331.) 
Perennial,   puberulent.  leafy,    1-2  dm.    high.     Leaves   sessile,    or   short-petioled, 
alternate  or  the  lowest  opposite,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
1-4  cm.  long,  pinnately  incised  into  numerous  approximate  oblong  serrulate  lobes; 
flowers  almost  capitate,   light  yellow,   12-14  mm.   long;  calyx  cleft  on  the  lower 
side,  2-toothed   on   the   upper;  galea    erect,    arched.     In  open  places,   Lab.  and 
Greenland  to  the  Arctic  Sea.     Also  in  Arctic  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

Pedicularis  pedicellata  Bunge,  an  Alaskan  species  is  recorded  by  Bunge  from  Lab- 
rador. It  is  distinguished  from  the  above  by  its  scapose  stem,  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves 
and  pedicellate  lower  flowers. 

2.  Pedicularis  euphrasioides  Steph.     EYEBRIGHT  PEDICULARIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
3332.)     Puberulent,     1.5-4   dm.    high,    the   branches    ascending.     Lower   leaves 
petioled,    lanceolate   or  oblong-lanceolate   in   outline,    5-10   cm.  long,    pinnatifid 
into  oblong  obtuse  crenate-dentate  segments;  upper  leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  smaller,  crenulate;  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  spike  and  solitary  in  the  upper 
axils;  calyx  cleft  on  the  lower  side,   2-3-toothed  on  the  upper,   shorter  than  the 
corolla-tube;  corolla  yellow,  or  the  galea  purplish,  about  12  mm.  long;  galea  as 
long  as  the  tube,  tipped  with  a  very  short  truncate  beak,  minutely  2-toothed  on 
the  lower  side  at  the  apex.     Lab.  to  Greenland,  the  Arctic  Sea,   Alaska  and  Br. 
Col.     Also  in  northern  Asia.     Summer. 

3.  Pedicularis   parvifldra  J.   E.   Smith.     PURPLE  PEDICULARIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
3333.)     Glabrous,  or  the  petiole-bases  ciliate,   3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  2-5    cm. 
long,   alternate,  or  some  of  them  opposite,  oblong-lajiceolate  in  outline,  pinnatifid 
into  oblong  crenate  or  incised  segments;  flowers  in  terminal  rather  loose  spikes 
and  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  14-16  mm.   long;  calyx  2-cleft,  the  lobes  with  an 
incised  crested  border;  corolla  purple,  its  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lip 
much  shorter,  the  galea  arched  at  the  top,  not  beaked,  blunt,  bearing  a  pair  of 
minute  teeth  below  its  summit;  capsule  obliquely  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Lab.  to  Alaska,  Quebec,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Ore.     Summer. 

Pedicularis  palustris  L.,  which  differs  from  this  in  its  larger  flowers  and  apiculate 
galea,  is  reported  from  Newf.  and  Lab. ;  it  is  widely  distributed  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Pedicularis  lanceolata  Michx.     SWAMP  LOUSEWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3334.) 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  alternate  and  opposite,  lanceolate, 
or  linear-lanceolate,  5-13  cm.  long,  pinnately  lobed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  short,  crenate-dentate,  the  margins  cartilaginous; 
spikes  short;  calyx  2 -lobed,  the  lobes  with  foliaceous   margins;  corolla    yellow, 
1.5-2  cm.  long,  the  galea  arched,  terminated  by  a  very  short  truncate  beak,  the 
lower  lip  erect-ascending;  capsule  ovate,  little  exceeding  the  calyx.     In  swamps, 
Ont.  to  Conn.,  Va.,  Manitoba,  Minn.,  Ohio,  Mich,  and  Neb.  (according  to  Wil- 
liams).    Aug.-Oct. 


844  FLORA. 

5.  Pedicularis  Canadensis  L.     WOOD  BETONY.     LOUSEWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3335.)     Pubescent,  or  glabrate  below;  stems  commonly  tufted,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high, 
simple.     Leaves  alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  7-13   cm. 
long,  all  but  the  uppermost  slender-petioled,   pinnately  parted  into  obtuse  incised 
or  dentate  lobes;  spike  1-2  dm.  long  in  fruit,  the  lower  bracts  usually  foliaceous, 
the  others  small;  calyx  cleft  on  the  lower-side,  2-3-crenate  on  the  upper,  oblique; 
corolla  yellow,  or  reddish  (rarely  white)  1.5-2  cm.  long,  the  tube  much  longer  than 
the  calyx,  the  galea  arched,  incurved,  minutely  2-toothed  below  the  apex;  capsule 
oblique,   14-16  mm.  long.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Manitoba,  Fla., 
Miss.,  Colo,  and  Northern  Mex.     April-June. 

6.  Pedicularis  Furbishiae  S.  Wats.   Miss  FURBISH'S  PEDICULARIS.    (I.  F.  f. 
3336.)     Pubescent,   at  least  above;  stem  strict,   simple,  6-9   dm.    high.     Leaves 
lanceolate,  alternate,  or  some  of  them  opposite,  the  lower  long-petioled,  1-1.5  dm. 
long,  pinnately  divided  into  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnatifid  or  incised  segments,  the 
upper  sessile,  pinnately  parted  or  lobed;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  dentate, 
narrow,  somewhat  unequal;  corolla  yellow,    14-18  mm.    long,  the  galea  arched, 
truncate,  not  beaked,  2-cuspidate  at  the  apex.     In  swamps  and  along  streams,  Me. 
and  N.  B.     July-Sept. 

7.  Pedicularis  flammea  L.     RED-TIPPED  PEDICULARIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3337.) 
Glabrous  or  somewhat  wooly;  stem  simple,  5-10  cm.  high  with  several  linear- 
oblong,  pinnately  parted  leaves.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  slender-petioled,  2.5-4  cm. 
long,  the  uppermost  sessile,  the  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  incised-serrate;  flowers  about 
12  mm.  long,  pedicelled  in  a  short  spike-like  raceme,  longer  than  the  narrow  bracts; 
calyx  5-toothed,  the  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  unequal;  corolla-tube  and  the  lower 
lip  greenish-yellow,  the  galea  slightly  arched,  blunt,  much  longer  than  the  lower 
lip;  capsule  lanceolate,  12-16  mm.  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  fruiting 
pedicels  6-10  mm.  long.     Lab.  to  Greenland  and  Alaska.     Also  in  arctic  and 
alpine  Europe.     Summer. 

8.  Pedicularis  capitata  Adams.     CAPITATE  PEDICULARIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3338.) 
Stem  scapose,  leafless,  or  i-leaved,  2.5-13  cm.  high.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  pin- 
nately divided,  the  segments  ovate  or  oblong,  incised;  flowers  several  in  a  capitate 
cluster,  2. 5-4 cm.  long;  calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  foliaceous,  incised  or  crenate;  corolla 
described  as  white;  galea  scarcely  broadened  above,  slightly  curved,  obtuse,  twice 
as  long  as  the  lower  lip;  capsule  oblong,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx   beaked  on 
the  outer  side  near  the  summit.     Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska.     Summer. 

34.   RHINANTHUS  L. 

Annual  erect  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  yellow,  blue,  violet,  or  variegated 
flowers,  in  terminal  I -sided  leafy-bracted  spikes,  or  solitary  in  the  upper  axils. 
I'alyx  compressed,  4-toothed,  much  inflated,  membranous  and  conspicuously  veiny 
in  fruit.  Corolla  irregular,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  (galea)  compressed,  arched, 
minutely  2-toothed  below  the  entire  apex,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  shorter,  the  lobes 
spreading.  Stamens  4,  didyrtamous,  ascending  under  the  galea;  anthers  pilose, 
the  sacs  obtuse  at  the  base,  transverse,  distinct.  Capsule  orbicular,  flat,  loculicid- 
ally  dehiscent,  several-seeded.  Seeds  nearly  orbicular,  winged.  [Greek,  nose- 
flower,  from  the  beaked  corolla.]  About  3  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

i.  Rhinanthus  Crista-Galli  L.  RATTLE.  RATTLE-BOX.  YELLOW  OR 
PENNY  RATTLE.  (I.  F.  f.  3339.)  Glabrous,  or  pubescent  above;  stem  usually 
branched,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile, 
coarsely  serrate -dentate,  2-5  cm.  long;  bracts  broader,  ovate,  or  ovate- lanceolate, 
incised  dentate,  the  teeth  acuminate  or  subulate-tipped;  flowers  yellow,  12-16  mm. 
long;  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  commonly  with  a  purple  spot  on  one  or 
both  lips;  fruiting  calyx  8-12  mm.  in  diameter;  capsule  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
calyx.  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Ore.,  Quebec,  Conn.,  N.  Y,.  Ont.  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex. ;  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  from  R.  I.  to  N.  B.  Common  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

35.  MELAMPYRUM   L. 

Annual  herbn  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils, 
or  in  bractec1  spikes.  Calyx  4-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  somewhat  the  longer. 


LENTIBULARIACEAE.  845 

Corolla  irregular,  2 -lipped,  the  tube  gradu  lly  enlarged  above,  the  upper  lip  com- 
pressed, obtuse  or  emarginate  with  a  groove  behind  the  margins,  or  these  recurved 
or  with  a  tooth  on  each  side;  lower  lip  3-toothed,  2  grooved  .beneath.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  distinct,  parallel,  obtuse 
or  mucronulate  at  the  base.  Capsule  flat,  oblique,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  2-4- 
seeded.  Seeds  smooth,  strophiolate.  [Greek,  black  wheat.]  About  10  species, 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Only  the  following  are  known  in  N.  Am. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  floral  2-4-toothed  at  the  base. 

i.  M.  linear e. 
Leaves  ovate,  all  entire.  2.  M.  latifohum. 

1.  Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.     NARROW-LEAVED  COW-WHEAT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3340.)     Puberulent;  stem   obscurely  4-sided   above,   at   length   widely  branched, 
1.5-5  dm.  high-     Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  acuminate 
or  acute,  2.5-6.5  cm.    long,   the  lower  all  entire,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  with  2-6  bristle-pointed  teeth  near  the  base;  flowers  short-peduncled, 
8-12  mm.  long;  calyx  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  corolla,  its  subulate  teeth 
longer  than  its  tube;  corolla  white  or  whitish,  puberulent,  the  lower  lip  yellow; 
capsule  8-10   mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets, 
N.  S.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  Car.,  Ky.  and  Minn.  Variable.     May-Aug. 

2.  Melampyrum  latifolium  Muhl.     BROAD-LEAVED  COW-WHEAT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3341.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,   3-5  dm.  high,  but  the  leaves  all  entire,  short- 
petioled,  the  lowest  small,  spatulate,  obtuse,  the  middle  ones  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  floral  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
shorter,  acute,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base;  corolla  purple,  veiny.     In  dry  woods, 
Del.  (according  to  Muhlenberg);  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     June- Aug. 


Family  10.    LENTIBULARIACEAE  Lindl.* 

Bladderwort  Family. 

Aquatic  plants,  or  terrestrial  on  moist  ground,  with  the  leaves  basal 
and  tufted,  or  borne  on  branching  stems,  or  reduced  to  minute  scales. 
Scapes  erect.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular,  the  pedicels  bracteolate.  Calyx 
inferior,  2-5-parted.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  usually  erect,  con- 
cave, or  the  sides  plicate,  entire,  or  2-lobed,  interior  in  the  bud  ;  lower 
lip  larger,  spreading  or  reflexed,  3-lobed,  with  a  palate  projecting  into 
the  throat  and  a  nectariferous  spur  beneath,  Stamens  2 ;  anther-sacs 
confluent  into  i.  Ovary  superior,  ovoid  or  globose,  i -celled;  ovules 
numerous;  style  short,  or  none;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Fruit  a  capsule, 
irregularly  bursting,  or  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  anatropous,  rugose, 
reticulated,  or  bristle-bearing;  endosperm  none.  About  4  genera  and 
180  species,  widely  distributed. 

Aquatic  or  bog  plants  ;  foliage  often  dissected  and  bladder-bearing.  i.    Utricularia. 

Terrestrial  ;  leaves  basal,  tufted,  entire,  2.  Pinguicula. 

i.   UTRICULARIA   L. 

Herbs,  floating,  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  the  aquatic  species  with  stems  usually 
bearing  finely  divided  leaves  and  covered  with  minute  bladders;  marsh  species 
with  a  few  bladder-bearing  leaves  or  rootlets  under  ground.  Bladders  contracted 
at  the  mouth,  closed  by  an  operculum  and  furnished  with  a  few  projecting  bristles. 
Flowers  racemose  or  solitary  at  the  summits  of  slender  scapes,  the  pedicels  2-brac- 
teolate.  Calyx  deeply  2-lobed,  the  lobes  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  usually  erect  and  entire,  the  lower  larger,  3-lobed,  spurred  at  the  base 
and  with  a  prominent  palate,  commonly  bearded  in  the  throat.  Capsule  many- 
seeded.  [Latin,  utriculus,  a  bag,  or  little  bladder.]  About  150  species,  of  wide 
distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

*  Contributed  by  the  late  REV.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


846  FLORA. 

*  Scapes  rooting  in  the  mud;  leaves  entire;  bladders  usually  few  or  none. 

Scapes  stout,  strict,  i-io-flowered;  flowers  yellow,  8-20  mm.  broad. 

Flowers  16-20  mm',  broad;  spur  12  mm.  long.  i.  U.  cornuta, 

Flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  spur  6  mm.  long.  2.  U.juncea, 

Scape  filiform,  2-bracted  above;  flower  solitary,  purple.  3.  f7.  resupinata. 

Scape  filiform,  the  raceme  zig-zag;  flowers  i-io,  yellow.  4.  U.  subulata. 

Scape  filiform;  flowers  minute,  Cleistogamous.  5.  U.  deist  ogatna* 

*  *  Branches  and  finely    divided  leaves  floating,    or  creeping  on  the  mud,  bladder- 
bearing. 
f  Scape  bearing  a  whorl  of  leaves  with  inflated  petioles.       6.    U.  inflata. 

f  t  Scape  leafless,  or  with  a  few  minute  scales. 

Leaves  verticillate;  corolla  purple.  7.    U.  purpurea, 

Leaves  crowded,  2-3-pinnately  divided;  corolla  yellow,  large.  8.    U.  vulgaris. 

Leaves  scattered,  dichotomously  divided. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  among  the  leaves.  9.   U.  clandestina, 

No  Cleistogamous  flowers. 

Bladders  mainly  or  entirely  on  leafless  branches. 

Leaf-segments  linear,  flat  10.    U.  intermedia. 

Leaf-segments  capillary.  n.    U.fibrosa. 

Bladders  among  the  leaves. 

Flowers  2-8;  spur  usually  reduced  to  a  short  protuberance. 

12.  U.  minor. 
Flowers  1-2;  spur  shorter  than  the  lower  lip,  conic,  gibbous. 

13.  U.  gibba. 
Flowers  1-3;  spur  oblong,  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.           14.   U.  biflora. 

1.  Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.     HORNED  BLADDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3342.) 
Scape  strict,  0.7-4  dm.  high,  with  or  without  a  few  scattered  scales,  rooting  in  the 
mud.     Stems  and  branches  root-like,  sometimes  with  a  few  entire  leaves  and  few 
bladders,  or  several ;  flowers  1-6,  yellow,  fragrant;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla  large,  somewhat  galeate,  the  sides  strongly  reflexed,  with  a  promi- 
nent palate   which  projects   inwardly  and  is  pubescent  at  the  throat;  upper  lip 
smaller,  obovate;  spur  acute,  curved;  seeds  black,  rugosely  pitted.     On  borders 
of  ponds,  or  in  bogs,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

2.  Utricularia  juncea  Vahl.    RUSH  BLADDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3343.)     Scape 
strict,  1.5-4  dm.   high,  rooting  in  the  mud,  bearing  few  or  several  minute  scales. 
Flowers  3- 10,  bright  yellow;  pedicels  2  mm.  long,  or  less;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
obovate,  pointed,  mainly  composed  of  the  palate,  the  upper  little  smaller,  obovate, 
emarginate;  spur  linear-subulate,   slightly  curved,  or  straight.     In    bogs,   Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Also  in  the  W.  Ind.  and  S.  Am.     July-Aug. 

3.  Utricularia  resupinata  B.  D.  Greene.    REVERSED  BLADDERWORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
3344.)     Scape  5-18  cm.    high,   2-bracted  near  the  flower,  arising  from  creeping 
rooting  shoots  which  rise  2-5  cm.  above  the  ground  and  bear  a  few  branches  and 
bladders.     Flower  resting  transversely  upon  the  summit  of  the  scape  and  so  appear- 
ing resupinate;  corolla  6-10  mm.  long,  the  limb  deeply  2-parted,  remote  from  the 
conic    spur.     In   sandy  bogs  and  borders  of  ponds,   Me.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich. 
July-Aug. 

4.  Utricularia  subulata  L.     TINY  OR   ZIG-ZAG  BLADDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f. 
3345.)     Scape  2.5-20  cm.  high,  the  racemes  zig-zag.     Leaves  few,  entire,  they 
and  the  bladders  seldom  found;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long,  slender;  corolla  4-6  mm. 
broad,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  upper  smaller,  ovate;  spur  conic,  appressed  to  the 
lower  lip  and  equalling  it  in  length,  or  shorter.     In  wet,  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Fla., 
west  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Ark.     Also  in  Cuba.     March-Aug. 

5.  Utricularia  cleistogama   (A.    Gray)  Britton.     CLOSED   BLADDERWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3346.)     Scape  hair-like,  2-8  cm.   high,    i-2-flowered.     Stems  root-like, 
sparse,  sending  a  few  minute  simple  shoots  above  ground;  bladders  minute,  seldom 
seen;  flowers  on  short  bracted  pedicels ;  corolla  1-2  mm.  broad,  strictly  cleistoga- 
mous,  spurless,  the  lips  nearly  equal,  the  lower  varying  from  purplish  to  yellow, 
the   upper  white;  seeds  rugosely  pitted;  capsule   globose.     In   wet  soil,    eastern 
Mass,  and  in  the  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.     August. 

6.  Utricularia  inflata  Walt.     SWOLLEN  BLADDERWORT.     (I.   F.    f.    3347.) 
Scapes  stout,  0.7-5  dm.  high,  bearing  a  whorl  of  5-9  leaves  at  about  the  middle. 
Branches  long,  floating,  crowded  with  dichotomously  divided  leaves  and  covered 


LENTIB  ULARIA  CEAE.  847 

\pith  bladders;  leaves  of  the  scape  finely  dissected,  their  petioles  cylindric,  inflated, 
dilated  upward;  flowers  2-10,  yellow,  about  2  cm.  broad;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
broadly  ovate,  obscurely  lobed  or  crenate,  the  lower  3-lobed;  spur  conic,  emargi- 
nate,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip  and  about  one-half  its  length;  capsule  nodding  in 
fruit.  In  ponds,  Canada  (according  to  Pursh,;  Me.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the 
coast.  March-Aug. 

7.  Utricularia   purpurea  Walt.     PURPLE  BLADDERWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3348.) 
Scape  2.5-15  cm.  high,   i-4-flowered.     Branches  floating,   long,   with  numerous 
dichotomous  capillary  leaves  in  verticils  of  4's  and  5's,  and  many  large  bladders; 
corolla  violet-purple,  6-16  mm.  broad,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  sac- 
cate; upper  lip  truncate,  emarginate;  spur  nearly  conic,  appressed  to  the  lower 
lip  and  one-half  its  length,  or  more.     In  ponds,  Me.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast;  also  in 
Ind.     May-Aug. 

8.  Utricularia  vulgaris  L.     GREATER  BLADDERWORT.      HOODED  WATER- 
MILFOIL.     POP-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3349.)     Scapes  stout,  0.7-3.5  dm«  nigh.     Leaves 
2-3-pinnately  divided,  usually  crowded,  the  segments  setaceous;  branches  floating, 
sometimes  3  dm.  long,  the  leaves  sometimes  12-14  mm.  long,  with  numerous  blad- 
ders; flowers  3-20,  racemose,  yellow;  pedicels  8-16  mm.  long,  recurved  in  fruit; 
corolla  12  mm.  broad  or  more,  the  sides  of  the  lips  reflexed;  palate  prominent; 
upper  lip  nearly  entire,  the  lower  slightly  3-lobed  and  longer  than  the  conic  some- 
what curved  spur.     In  brooks  and  ponds,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     Also  in 
Europe,  Asia,  Cuba  and  Mex.     June-Aug. 

9.  Utricularia  clandestina  Nutt.   HIDDEN-FRUITED  BLADDERWORT.   (I.  F.  f. 
3350.)     Scape  slender,  5-13  cm.  high,  arising  from  long  floating  branches.    Leaves 
scattered,  repeatedly  forked,  the  divisions  capillary,  bearing  numerous  bladders. 
Flowers  of  two  kinds;  those  of  the  scape  3-5,  complete,  those  among  the  leaves 
cleistogamous,  numerous,  their  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  corolla  of  the  upper  com. 
plete  flowers  yellow,  spreading,  8-10  mm.  broad  when  expanded,  the  lips  nearly 
equal  in  length,   the  lower  broader  and  3-lobed;  spur  shorter  than  the  lower  lip, 
thick,  obtuse,  approximate  to  it.     In  shallow  ponds,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.     July. 

10.  Utricularia  intermedia  Hayne.    FLAT-LEAVED  BLADDERWORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
3351.)     Scape  capillary,  5-25  cm.  high.     Branches  floating,  5-15  cm.  long;  leaves 
6-12  mm.  long,  more  or  less  scattered,  2-ranked,  repeatedly  dichotomous,  the  seg- 
ments 0.25  mm.  wide  or  less,  the  margins  bristly-serrulate.     Bladders,  with  rare 
exceptions,  borne  on  leafless  branches;  flowers  1-5,  yellow;  corolla  12  mm.  broad, 
its  lower  lip  broad  with  a  large  palate  and  exceeding  the  upper;  spur  conic,  sub- 
acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lip,  to  which  it  is  appressed.     In  shallow  water,  Cape 
Breton  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  Minn,  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe.     June-Aug. 

11.  Utricularia  fibrosa  Walt.     FIBROUS  BLADDERWORT.     (I.    F.   f.    3352.) 
Scape  slender,  0.7-3  dm.  high-     Leaves  scattered,  small  or  sometimes  scarcely  any, 
bladders  often  on  leafless  branches,   sometimes  none;  flowers  1-6,  yellow;  corolla 
8-12  mm.  broad,  the  lips  nearly  equal,  broad,  the  upper  undulate  or  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  striate;  spur  nearly  linear,   obtuse,   ascending,   nearly  equalling  or 
sometimes  exceeding  the  lower  lip.     In  shallow  ponds  and  swamps,  L.  I.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     June-July. 

12.  Utricularia  minor  L.    LESSER  BLADDERWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  3353.)     Scapes 
slender,  0.5-1.8  dm.  high.     Branches  floating,  short;  leaf- divisions  few  and  seta- 
ceous; bladders  borne  along  the  leaves,  few,  often  none,  the  largest  not  over  2  mm. 
long;  flowers  I— 10,  pale  yellow,  racemose;  corolla  4—6  mm.  broad,  ringent,  the 
upper  lip  smaller  than  the  lower;  spur  usually  reduced  to  a  blunt  broad  protuber- 
ance, shorter  than  the  lips;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit.     In  shallow  ponds  and  in 
bogs,  Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  Ark.,  Utah  and  Cal.    Also  in  Europe. 
June-July. 

13.  Utricularia. gribba  L.    HUMPED  BLADDERWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  3354.)    Scapes 
filiform,    2.5-13   cm.    high,    arising   from   sparingly  leafy,   floating   or   creeping 
branches.     Leaves  root-like,  in  the  mud  or  just  above  it,  usually  delicate,  the  divi- 
sions often  only  I  or  2,   capillary;   bladders  few  and  minute,  the  largest  about 
I  mm.  long,  or  often  none;    flowers  I  or  2,  yellow;   corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  its  lips 
rounded,  broad,  entire,  or  undulate,  about  equal;    spur  thick,  conic,   ascending, 
gibbous  at  the  base,  obtuse,  shorter  than  th^  'ips.     In  shallow  water,  Ont  to  Me., 
Web-,  AU.  and  III     July-Aug. 


FLORA. 

14.  Utricularia  bifl&ra  Lau..  TWO-FLOWERED  BLADDERWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  3355.) 

Scapes  filiform,  5-13  cm.  high,  arising  from  long  floating  branches.  Leaves  scat- 
tered, their  divisions  few,  finely  capillary,  often  copiously  bladder-bearing;  flowers 
1-3,  yellow;  corolla  8-12  mm.  broad,  the  lips  rounded,  nearly  equal;  spur  narrow- 
ly oblong,  blunt,  curved  upward,  equalling  the  lower  lip.  In  shallow  water, 
eastern  Mass,  and  R.  I.  to  111.,  La.  and  Tex. 

2.  PINGUICULA  L. 

/vcaulescent  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  naked  I -flowered  circinate  scapes,  and 
basal  tufted  entire  leaves,  the  upper  surface  covered,  with  a  viscid  secretion  to  which 
insects  adhere,  and  are  captured  by  the  involution  of  the  sensitive  leaf- margins. 
Calyx  4-5-parted,  or  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  3-parted,  the  upper  2-parted.  Corolla 
2 -lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3 -cleft;  base  of  the  corolla  saccate  and 
contracted  into  a  nectariferous  spur.  Capsule  2-valved  or  4-valved.  Seeds  oblong, 
wrinkled  or  reticulated.  [Latin,  pinguis,  fat,  the  leaves  seeming  greasy  to  the 
touch.]  About  30  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  4  others 
are  found  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Scapes  villous,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  oval,  6-12  mm.  long.  i.  P.  villosa. 

Scapes  glabrous  or  minutely  downy ;  leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  2-5  cm.  long. 

2.  P.  vulgaris. 

1.  Pinguicula  villosa  L.      HAIRY  BUTTERWORT.      (I.  F.  f.  3356.)     Scapes 
slender.     Leaves  3  or  4,  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide;  petioles  short,  vil- 
lous;   corolla  pale  violet  with  a  yellowish-striped  throat,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2- 
parted,  the  lower  larger,  3-parted,  the  tube  abruptly  contracted  into  a  straight  linear 
or  oblong  blunt  spur  3-4  mm.  long.      Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska.     Also  in 
Greenland.     Summer. 

2.  Pinguicula  vulgaris  L.     BUTTERWORT.     BOG  OR  MARGH  VIOLET.     (I.  F. 
f.  3357.)      Scapes  5-15  cm.    high.      Leaves  3-7,  greasy  to  the  touch  on  the  upper 
surface,  obtuse,  2-5   cm.  long,  6-20  mm.  wide,    short-petioled,  or  sessile;    corolla 
violet-purple,  6-8  mm.  broad,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  larger,  the 
tube  gradually  contracted  into  a  nearly  straight  spur  4-8  mm.  long;  capsule  glo- 
bose-ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx.       On  wet  rocks  or  in  gravelly  rivulet  beds, 
Greenland  to  Alaska,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,   Minn,  and  Br.  Col.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
July-Aug. 

Family  n.     OROBANCHACEAE  Lindl. 
Broom-rapt  Family. 

Erect  root-parasites,  the  leaves  reduced  to  alternate  appressed  scales, 
the  flowers  perfect,  irregular  (rarely  cleistogamous,)  sessile  in  terminal 
bracted  spikes,  or  solitary  and  peduncled  in  the  axils  of  the  scales. 
Calyx  inferior,  gamosepalous,  4-5-toothed,  4-5-cleft,  or  split  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  base  on  one  or  both  sides.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  oblique, 
the  limb  2-lipped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  a  fifth  rudimentary  one 
occasionally  present;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  paral- 
lel, equal.  Ovary  superior,  i-celled,  the  four  placentae  parietal;  ovules 
numerous,  anatropous ;  style  slender;  stigma  discoid,  2-lobed,  or  some- 
times 4-lobed.  Capsule  i-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulated, 
wrinkled  or  striate  ;  embryo  minute  ;  cotyledons  scarcely  differentiated. 
About  ii  genera  and  200  species  of  wide  distribution. 

Flowers  all  complete  and  perfect. 
Calyx  2-5-toothed. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft;  no  bracts  on  pedicels  nor  calyx,    i.    Thalesia, 
Calyx  unequally  toothed,  or  split  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  bracted. 

2.  Orobanche. 
Calyx  spathe-like,  split  on  the  lower  side,  3-4-toothed  on  the  upper. 

3.  Conopholis. 
Lower  flowers  cleistogamous,  fertile  ;  upper  complete,  mostly  sterile,    4.  Leptamnium, 


OROBA  NCHA  CEAE.  849 

I.  THALESIA  Raf.     [APHYLLON   A.  Gray.] 

Glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  simple-stemmed  herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
various  plants,  with  scattered  scales,  and  long-peduncled  flowers.  Calyx  campanu- 
late  or  hemispheric,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate.  Corolla-tube  elongated,  curved, 
the  limb  slightly  2-lipped.  the  upper  lip  erect-  spreading,  2-lobed,  the  lower  spread- 
ing, 3-lobed,  the  lobes  all  nearly  equal.  Stamens  included;  anther-sacs  mucronate 
at  the  base.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  slender,  deciduous;  stigma  peltate,  or  transverse- 
ly 2-lamellate.  [Dedicated  to  Thales.]  About  3  species,  of  N.  Am. 

Stem  very  short ;  peduncles  1-4,  erect ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

1.  T.  uniflora. 
Stem  erect,  5-13  cm.  high;  peduncles  several;  calyx-lobes  broad,  acute. 

2.  7\  fasciculata. 

1.  Thalesia  uniflora  (L.)  Britton.     PALE  OR  NAKED  BROOM-RAPE.     ONE- 
FLOWERED  BROOM-RAPE.     CANCER-ROOT.      (I.  F.   f.    3358.)    Stem  usually  less 
than  2.5  cm.  long,  nearly  subterranean,  bearing  several  ovate-oblong  scales  and 
1-4  erect  scape-like  glandular-puberulent  I- flowered  peduncles,  7-20  cm.    high. 
Calyx  campanulate,  pubescent,  glandular,  8-10  mm.  high,  less  than  one-half  the 
length  of  the  corolla,  its  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer,  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
corolla  white  or  violet,   puberulent  without,   1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  the  tube  about  3 
times  as  long  as  the  limb,  the  short  lobes  oval  orobovate,  obtuse;  placentae  nearly 
equidistant;  capsule  ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Newf. 
to  Br.  Col.,  Va.,  Ohio,  Tex.  and  Cal.     April -June. 

2.  Thalesia  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Britton.     CLUSTERED  OR  YELLOW  CANCER- 
ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3359-)     Stem  densely  glandular-pubescent,  bearing  several  scales 
and  3-15  naked  i-flowered  peduncles  2-8   cm.   long.     Calyx  glandular,  broadly 
campanulate,    6-10   mm.    high,    about   one-third   the   length   of  the  corolla,   its 
lobes  triangular-lanceolate  or  triangular-ovate,  acute,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
tube;  corolla  nearly  2.5  cm.   long,  purplish  yellow,   puberulent  without,  the  tube 
3  times  as  long  as  the  limb,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  the  limb  more  manifestly 
2-lipped  than  in  the  preceding  species;  capsule  ovoid  to  globose.     In  sandy  soil, 
Ind.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  Neb.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.     April-Aug. 

Thalesia  fasciculata  lutea  (Parry)  Britton.  Whole  plant  light  yellow.  Western 
Neb.  and  Wyo. 

a.   OROBANCHE  L. 

Glandular-pubescent  herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  various  plants,  with  scat- 
tered scales,  and  spicate  or  racemose,  bracted  and  sometimes  bracteolate  flowers. 
Calyx  split  both  above  and  below,  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the  divisions  2-cleft 
or  rarely  entire,  or  unequally  2-5-toothed.  Corolla  oblique,  strongly  2-lipped; 
upper  lip  erect,  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens 
included;  anther-sacs  mostly  mucronate  at  the  base.  Style  slender,  commonly 
persistent  until  after  the  dehiscence  of  the  capsule;  stigma  peltate  to  funnelform, 
entire,  or  laterally  2-lamellate.  [Greek,  Choke-vetch.]  About  90  species,  of  the 
Old  World  and  western  Am.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  western 
N.  Am. 

Calyx  4-toothed;  stems  mostly  branched.  i.  O.  ramosa. 

Calyx  split  on  both  sides;  stem  simple.  2.  O.  minor. 

Calyx  s-cleft;  stem  simple.  3.  O.  Ludoviciana. 

1.  Orobanche  ramosa  L.     HEMP  OR  BRANCHED  BROOM-RAPE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3360.)     Plant  yellowish;  stem  branched,  or  rarely  simple,  0.7-4  dm.  high,  the 
scales  few  and  distant,  4-10  mm.  long.     Spike  loosely   many-flowered,    denser 
above  than  below,  the  lowest  flowers  short  pedicelled;  bracts  usually  3,  the  longest 
about  equalling  the  calyx;  calyx- teeth  triangular-ovate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  about 
as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  1-2  cm.  long,  the  tube  yellow,  slightly   constricted 
above  the  ovary,  the  limb  bluish.     Parasitic  on  the  roots  of  hemp  and  tobacco,  Ky. 
Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Orobanche  minor  J.  E.  Smith.    LESSER  OR  CLOVER  BROOM-RAPE.    HERB- 
BANE.     (I.  F.  f.  3361.)     Plant  yellowish  brown;  stem  1-5  dm.  high;  lower  scales 
numerous,  ovate-oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  scattered,  6-20  mm,  long. 


FLORA. 

Spike  dense,  or  the  lower  flowers  separated,  0.7-2  dm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  flowers;  flowers  1-2  cm.  long;  calyx  split  both  above 
and  below,  each  of  the  lateral  segments  2-cleft,  the  teeth  lanceolate-subulate; 
corolla-tube  yellowish,  scarcely  constricted  above  the  ovary,  the  limb  bluish.  Para- 
sitic on  the  roots  of  clover,  N.  J.  to  Va.  Nat.  from  Europe.  May-July. 

3.  Orobanche  Ludoviciana  Nutt.  LOUISIANA  BROOM-RAPE.  (I.  F.  f. 
3362.)  Stems  stout,  simple,  viscid-puberulent,  1-3  dm.  high,  scaly.  Flowers 
12-16  mm.  long,  numerous  in  dense  terminal  spikes,  i-2-bracted  under  the  calyx; 
calyx-lobes  somewhat  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  2-lipped,  pur, 
plish,  itf  tube  narrow,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  limb;  anthers  woolly;  capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  In  sandy  soil,  111.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.  June-Aug. 

3.  CONOPHOLIS  Wallr. 

An  erect  stout  simple  glabrous,  densely  scaly,  light-brown  herb,  parasitic  on  the 
roots  of  trees,  with  yellowish  flowers  2-bracteolate  under  the  calyx,  in  a  thick 
dense  bracted  spike,  the  bracts  similar  to  the  scales  of  the  stem.  Corolla  strongly 
2-lipped,  the  tube  slightly  curved,  the  upper  lip  concave,  nearly  erect,  emarginate, 
the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  exserted;  anther-sacs  bristly  pubescent. 
Placentae  about  equidistant;  stigma  capitate,  obscurely  2-lamellate.  Capsule 
ovoid-globose.  [Greek,  signifying  a  scaly  cone.]  Two  known  species,  one  oi 
eastern  N.  Am.,  the  other  Mexican. 

i.  Conopholis  Americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr.  SQUAW-ROOT.  (I.  F.  f.  3363). 
Plants  7-25  cm.  high  from  a  thickened  base,  light  brown,  usually  clustered,  covered 
with  stiff  imbricated  scales.  Upper  scales  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  1-2  cm.  long, 
the  lowest  much  shorter;  flowers  about  12  mm.  long,  exceedingly  numerous  in  the 
dense  spike  which  is  1-2  cm.  thick;  corolla  pale  yellow,  somewhat  exceeding  the 
calyx;  anthers  sagittate;  capsule  ovoid-globose,  8-10  mm.  high.  In  rich  woods  at 
bases  of  trees,  Canada?;  Me.  to  Mich,  and  Fla.  April-Aug. 

4.  LEPTAMNIUM  Raf.     [EPIFAGUS  Nutt.] 

An  erect  slender  glabrous,  purplish  or  yellowish,  rather  stiff  branching  herb, 
parasitic  on  the  roots  of  the  beech,  with  few  small  scattered  scales,  and  sessile 
dimorphous  flowers,  distantly  spicate  on  the  branches,  the  lower  cleistogamous, 
abundantly  fertile,  the  upper  complete  but  mostly  sterile.  Calyx  short,  5  toothed. 
Corolla  of  the  upper  flowers  cylindric,  slightly  flattened  laterally,  the  tube  much 
longer  than  the  4-lobed  limb,  the  upper  lobe  concave,  larger  than  the  three  lower 
ones;  stamens  not  exserted;  anther-sacs  mucronulate  at  the  base;  style  filiform, 
2-lobed;  ovary  with  an  adnate  gland  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base.  Corolla  of 
the  lower  flowers  minute,  not  unfolding,  borne  like  a  hood  on  the  summit  of  the 
ovary;  style  very  short;  placentae  contiguous  in  pairs;  capsule  at  length  2-valved 
at  the  summit.  [Greek  referring  to  the  small  calyx.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Leptamnium  Virginianum  (L.)  Raf.  BEECH-DROPS.  (I.  F.  f.  3364.) 
Plant  1.5-6  dm.  high  from  a  thick  scaly  base,  the  roots  brittle,  fibrous.  Branches 
straight,  ascending;  corolla  of  the  upper  flowers  8-10  mm.  long,  striped  with 
purple  and  white,  the  limb  not  spreading;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
style  slightly  exserted;  lower  flowers  3  mm.  long,  the  corolla  resembling  the 
calyptraof  a  moss;  capsule  6  mm.  high,  somewhat  oblique  and  compressed,  many- 
seeded.  In  beech  woods,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  Mo.  and  La.  Aug-Oct. 

Family  12.     BIGNONlACEAE  Pers. 

Trumpet-creeper  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines,  a  few  exotic  species  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site (rarely  alternate)  leaves,  and  mostly  large  and  showy,  clustered, 
more  or  less  irregular  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosepalous.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped,  at  least  in  the  bud.  Anther- 
be;iring  stamens  2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  coroha  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes;  anthers  3-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent,  Disk 


BIGNONIACEAE.  851 

Annular  or  cup-like.  Ovary  mostly  2-celled ;  placentae  parietal,  or  on 
the  partition-wall  of  the  ovary  ;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  anatropous; 
style  slender ;  stigma  terminal,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  flat, 
transverse,  winged  in  our  genera;  endosperm  none;  cotyledons' broad 
and  flat,  emarginate  or  2-lobed  ;  radicle  short,  straight.  About  60  gen- 
era and  500  species  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the 
temperate  zones. 

Leaves  compound;  anther-bearing  stamens  4;  our  species  vines. 

Calyx-limb  undulate;  capsule  flattened  parallel  with  its  partition-wall. 

1.  Bignonia. 
Calyx  5-toothed  ;  capsule  compressed  at  right  angles  to  its  partition-wall. 

2.  Tecoma. 
Leaves  simple;  anther-bearing  stamens  mostly  2;  trees.                                  3.  Catalpa, 

1.  BIGNONIA  L. 

Woody  vines,  with  opposite  2-3-foliolate  leaves,  the  terminal  leaflet  usually 
reduced  to  a  tendril  (some  tropical  species  with  decompound  or  even  simple  leaves), 
and  large  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  limb  undulate,  truncate  or  slightly 
5-toothed.  Tube  of  the  corolla  much  expanded  above  the  calyx,  the  limb  some- 
what 2-lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded.  Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  didynamous, 
included-;  anther-sacs  glabrous,  divergent.  Capsule  linear,  septifragally  dehiscent, 
the  margins  of  the  valves  more  or  less  thickened.  Seeds  in  I  or  2  rows  on  both 
margins  of  the  partition,  winged,  much  broader  than  high,  the  wing  entire,  or 
erose  at  the  end.  [Named  after  the  Abbe  Bignon,  1662-1743,  librarian  to  Louis 
XV.]  About  150  species,  natives  of  America.  The  following  is  the  only  one 
known  in  the  U.  S. 

i.  Bignonia  crucigera  L.  TENDRILLED  TRUMPET-FLOWER.  CROSS  VINE. 
(I."F.  f.  3365.)  Glabrous,  climbing,  the  stems  sometimes  I  dm.  in  diameter,  exhib- 
iting a  cross  in  the  transverse  section.  Leaves  petioled,  commonly  with  small 
simple  stipule  like  ones  in  their  axils,  2-foliolate,  terminated  by  a  branched  tendril; 
leaflets  stalked,  oblong  or  ovate,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at 
the  base,  7-17  cm.  long;  cymes  numerous,  short- peduncled,  2-5-flowered;  pedi- 
cels 2-5  cm.  long;  calyx  membranous;  corolla  5  cm.  long,  orange  and  puberulent 
without,  yellow  within;  capsule  13-17  cm.  long,  very  flat,  each  valve  longitudinally 
I -nerved;  seeds  broadly  winged  laterally,  narrowly  winged  above  and  below.  In 
moist  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Ohio  and  111.  April-June. 

2.  TECOMA  Juss. 

Climbing  woody  vines  with  aerial  rootlets,  or  erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  pin- 
nately  compound  or  sometimes  simple  leaves,  and  large  red  or  orange  flowers,  in 
terminal  corymbs,  racemes,  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  unequally 
5  toothed.  Corolla-tube  elongated,  enlarged  above  the  calyx,  narrowly  campanu- 
late, the  limb  slightly  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading.  Anther-bearing 
stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  divergent, 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent.  Capsule  elongated,  loculicidally  and  septicidally 
dehiscent.  Seeds  in  i,  2  or  several  rows  on  each  side  of  the  margins  of  the  parti- 
tion, winged,  the  wing  translucent.  [From  the  Aztec  name  Tecomaxochitl.] 
About  80  species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Tacoma  radicans  (L.)  DC.  TRUMPET-FLOWER.  TRUMPET-CREEPER. 
(I.  F.  f,  3366.)  Leaves  petioled,  odd-pinnate,  not  tendril-bearing,  2-4  dm.  long; 
leaflets  7-11,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  short-stalked,  sharply  serrate,  reticulate-veined, 
glabrous,  or  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-7  cm.  long; 
flowers  corymbose,  short-pedicelled  ;  corymbs  2-g-flowered  ;  calyx  coriaceous, 
about  2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  scarlet,  6-7  cm.  long,  the  tube  veined  within,  3  times 
as  long  as  the  limb;  anther-sacs  glabrous ;  stigma  spatulate;  capsule  stalked,  10-15 
cm.  long,  2  cm.  in  diameter,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  little  flattened,  ridged  above 
and  below  by  the  margins  of  the  valves;  seeds  in  several  rows  on  each  surface  of 
the  partition,  broadly  winged  laterally,  the  wing  eroded.  In  moist  woods  an.4 


852  FLORA. 

thickets,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Kans.  and  111.     Escaped  from  cultivation 
further  north.     Aug. -Sept. 

i.   CATALPA   Scop. 

Trees,  or  some  exotic  species  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate  simple 
petioled  leaves,  and  large  white  or  mottled  flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  or  corymbs. 
Calyx  closed  in  the  bud,  splitting  irregularly  or  into  2  lips  in  opening.  Corolla- 
tube  oblique,  expanded  above,  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  all  spreading,  their  mar- 
gins  crisped.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla;  anther-sacs  glabrous,  linear  or  oblong,  divergent;  sterile  stamens  (stami- 
nodia)  3,  short  (or  occasionally  4  perfect  didynamous  stamens  and  I  staminodium). 
Disk  obsolete.  Ovary  sessile,  2 -celled;  ovules  in  2-several  rows  on  the  sides  of  the 
partition.  Capsule  elongated-linear,  terete,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  flat, 
the  large  lateral  wings  dissected  into  capillary  processes.  [The  American  Indian 
name  of  the  first  species  below.]  About  7  species,  the  following  in  N.  Am.,  2  in 
eastern  Asia,  2  or  3  in  the  W.  Ind. 

Corolla  thickly  spotted  within,  2.5-4  cm-  l°ng.  the  lower  lobe  entire,      i.  C.  Catalpa. 
Corolla  little  spotted,  5  cm.  long,  the  lower  lobe  emarginate.  2.   C.  sptciosa. 

1.  Catalpa  Catalpa  (L.)  Karst.    CATALPA.     INDIAN  BEAN.     CANDLE-TREE. 
BEAN-TREE.      (I.  F.  f.  3367.)      A  tree,  with  thin  flaky  bark,  the  branches  spread- 
ing.    Leaves  strong-scented,  broadly  ovate,  entire,  or  3-lobed,  acute  or  acuminate, 
densely  pubescent  beneath,  becoming  glabrous  above,  obtuse  at  the  base,  1.5-3  dm. 
long,   the  lobes,  when  present,   acuminate;    petioles  .stout,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
blade;    flowers  white,  numerous,  mottled  with  yellow  and  purple  within,  in  large 
terminal  erect  panicles;    corolla-tube  campanulate,  the  lower  lobe  entire;    capsules 
2.5-3.3  dm.  long,  8-IO  mm.  thick,  thin-walled,  drooping.      In  woods  in  the  Galf 
States.      Escaped  from  cultivation  northward  as  far  as  Penn.  and  southern  N.  Y. 
June-July.      [C.  bignonioides  Walt.] 

2.  Catalpa  speciosa  Warder.     CATAWBA  TREE.     LARGER  INDIAN  BEAN. 
(I.  F.  f.  3368.)     A  tree,  with  thick  rough  bark,  similar  to  the  preceding.      Leaves 
not  unpleasantly  scented,  broadly  ovate,  commonly  entire,  long- acuminate;  panicles 
few-flowered;  corolla  faintly  mottled  within,  the  tube  obconic,  the  limb  only  slight- 
ly oblique,  the  lower  lobe  emarginate;  capsule  thick- walled,  2.5-5  dm.  long,  near- 
ly 2  cm.  in  diameter.     In  woods,  III.  to  Term.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     May-June. 

Family  13.     MARTYNIACEAE  Link. 

Unicorn-plant  Family. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  upper  alternate,  and  perfect  ir- 
regular flowers,  racemose  in  our  species.  Calyx  inferior,  4~5-cleft  or 
4-5  parted,  or  sometimes  split  to  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  irregular,  the  tube  oblique,  the  limb  slightly  2-lipped, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  the  2  upper  ones  exterior  in  the  bud. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  the  posterior  pair  sterile; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  i-celled, 
with  2  parietal  placentae  expanded  into  broad  surfaces,  or  2-4-celled 
by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae  or  by  false  partitions  ;  ovules,  anat- 
ropous,  style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate.  Seeis  con* 
pressed;  endosperm  none;  embryo  large ;  cotyledons  fleshy,  flat ;  ra 
dicle  short,  straight.  Three  genera  and  10  species,  mainly  tropical. 

i.  MARTYNIA  L. 

Coarse  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  strong-scented  herbs,  with  long-petioled 
leaves,  and  large  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  i-2-bracteolate  at  the 
base,  campanulate,  inflated,  deciduous.  Corolla funnelform- campanulate.  Anthers 
gland-tipped,  their  sacs  divergent.  Ovary  i -celled,  the  2  parietal  placentae  in- 
truded  and  expanded  in  the  center  of  the  cavity  into  broad  surfaces  bearing  the 
ovules  in  i  or  2  rows,  Fruit  an  incurved  beaked  locuUcidally  2-valved  capsule, 


ACANTHACEAE.  853 

the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy,  the  endocarp  fibrous,  woody,  crested  below  or  also 
above,  4-celled  by  the  extension  of  the  placentae.  Seeds  numerous,  tuberculate. 
[Named  for  John  Marty n,  1693-1768,  professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge,  England.] 
About  8  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the 
southwestern  U.  S. 

I.  Martynia  Louisiana  Mill.  UNICORN-PLANT.  ELEPHANT'S  TRUNK.  DOU- 
BLE CLAW.  (I.  F.  f.  3369.)  Annual;  stem  stout,  the  branches  prostrate  or  ascend, 
ing,  3-10  dm.  long.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
cordate  at  the  base,  repand,  undulate  or  entire,  0.7-3  dm.  in  diameter,  the  petiole 
stout;  calyx  somewhat  cleft  on  the  lower  side;  racemes  several- flowered;  pedicels 
slender;  corolla  whitish  or  yellowish,  mottled  with  purple  or  yellow  within,  3—5  cm. 
long,  the  lobes  obtuse;  fruit  curved,  1-1.5  dm.  l°ng>  the  beak  longer  than  the 
body,  splitting  into  2  elastically  diverging  segments,  the  endocarp  crested  on  the 
under  side.  In  waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car. 
Native  from  Iowa,  111.  and  Kans.  southward.  July-Sept.  [J/.  proboscidca  Glox.  j 


Family  14.     ACANTHACEAE  J.  St.  HiL 

Acanthus  Family. 

Herbs,  or  some  tropical  genera  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite 
simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  irregular  or  nearly  regular  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  4~5-parted  or  4-$-cleft,  the  sepals  or  segments 
imbricated.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  nearly  regularly  5-lobed,  or  2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  2  only;  anther-sacs  longitu- 
dinally dehiscent.  Disk  annular,  or  cup-like.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  ovules  2-10 
in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous ;  style  filiform,  simple; 
stigmas  i  or  2.  Capsule  dry,  2-celled,  loculicidally  elastically  2-valved. 
Seeds  not  winged,  borne  on  curved  projections  (retinacula)  from  the 
placentae,  the  testa  close,  mostly  roughened,  often  developing  spiral 
threads  and  mucilage  when  wetted.  Endosperm  in  the  following  genera 
none;  cotyledons  flat,  commonly  cordate.  About  175  genera  and  1800 
species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Coroj]a  convolute  in  the  bud,  nearly  regular;  stamens  4. 

Ovules  2  in  each  cavity  ;  capsule  2~4-?eeded.  I.  Calophanes, 

Ovules  3-10  in  each  cavitv;  capsule  6-2o-seeded.  2.  Ruellia. 
Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  strongly  2-lipped:  stamens  2. 

Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  3-cleft;  flowers  bracted,  not  involucrate.  3.  Dianthera. 

Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  entire  or  3-toothed ;  flowers  involucrate.  4.  Diapedium. 

x.  CALOPHANES  D.  Don. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves  (smaller  ones  sometimes  fascicled 
in  their  axils),  and  blue  or  purple,  rather  large,  axillary  bracted  flowers.  Calyx 
deeply  5 -cleft,  the  lobes  setaceous.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  tube  slightly  curved, 
the  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  in- 
cluded; anther-sacs  mucronate  at  the  base.  Summit  of  the  style  recurved;  stigma 
simple,  or  of  2  unequal  lobes.  Capsule  oblong,  linear,  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Seeds  flat,  orbicular,  attached  by  their  edges  to  the  retinacula.  [Greek,  beautiful 
appearance.]  About  30  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  4 
others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Calophanes  oblongifblia  (Michx.)  D.  Don.  CALOPHANES.  (I.  F.  f.  3370.) 
Rootstocks  horizontal,  slender.  Stems  slender  below,  pubescent  or  puberulent,  ob- 
tusely 4-angled,  1.5-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  ascending  or  erect,  oblong  or  oval, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  short-petioled,  or  sessile,  1.5-3  cm.  long;  flowers  commonly 
solitary  in  the  axils;  calyx-segments  filiform,  hirsute,  exceeding  the  oblong  obtuse 
bractlets;  corolla  blue,  or  mottled  with  purple,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  its  tube  enlarged 
above;  capsule  oblong,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  calyx;  anther-sacs  mucronate- 
aristate  at  the  base.  In  sandy  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  June-Sept 


854 


FLORA. 


a.  RUELLIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  mostly  pubescent,  with  entire  or  larely  dentate 
leaves  and  large  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  or  cymose  in  terminal 
panicles.  Calyx  5 -cleft,  or  5 -parted,  the  segments  narrow.  Corolla  funnelfonn  or 
salverform,  the  tube  usually  narrow,  slightly  enlarged  above,  the  limb  spreading.  5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Anther-sacs  not  mucronate  at  the  base.  Apex  of  the  style 
recurved;  stigma  simple,  or  of  2  unequal  lobes.  Capsule  oblong  or  club  shaped. 
Seeds  compressed,  ovate  or  orbicular,  attached  by  their  edges  to  the  retinacula. 
[Named  for  I.  De  la  Ruelle,  1474-1537.  an  early  French  herbalist.]  About  200 
species,  mainly  of  tropical  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in 
the  southern  U.  S. 

Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  exceeding  the  capsule,   i.  R.  strepens. 
Calyx-segments  filiform-linear,  exceeding  the  capsule. 

Leaves  sessile  or  very  short-petioled.  2.  R.  ctliosa. 

Leaves  slender-petioled.  3.  R.  parviflora. 

Flowers  peduncled ;  peduncle  with  two  large  bracts  at  the  summit.       4.  R.  pedunculata. 

1.  Ruellia  strepens  L.     SMOOTH  RUELLIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3371.)    Glabrate,  or 
somewhat  pubescent;  stem  4-sided,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate, 
petioled,  acute  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  7-15  cm.  long;  flow- 
ers solitary   or  several  together   in  the  axils;    calyx-segments    linear- lanceolate, 
shorter  than  the  corolla- tube,  slightly  pubescent  or  ciliate,  1.5-2. 5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
wide;  corolla  blue,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  limb  nearly  as  broad,  the  tube  about  as  long 
as  the  throat  and  limb;  capsule  club-shaped.     In  dry  woods,  Penn.  to  Wis.,  Fla. 
and  Tex.     May-July. 

Ruellia  strepens  micrdntha  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Britton.  Flowers  mostly  cleistoga- 
mous ;  leaves  often  narrower.  Range  of  the  type. 

2.  Ruellia  ciliosa  Pursh.      HAIRY  RUELLIA.     (I.    F.   f.   3372.)     Hirsute 
or  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.    Leaves  hairy,  ciliate,  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  sessile  or 
short-petioled,  obtuse  or  subacute,  3-7  cm.  long;    flowers  clustered  or  solitary  in 
the  axils,   sometimes   cleistogamous;    calyx-segments  filiform,  hirsute,  2-2.5   cm. 
long,  0.5  mm.  wide;    corolla  blue,  3.5-5  cm.   long,  the  tube  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  obconic  throat  and  nearly  regular  limb;    capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Mich.,  Kans.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

3.  Ruellia  parviflora  (Nees)  Britton.     SOUTHERN  RUELLIA.     Less  pubescent 
than  the  preceding,  sometimes  merely  puberulent.    Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  5-12 
cm.   long,  acute,  or  the  lower  obtuse  ;    calyx-segments  nearly  filiform,  ciliate.      In 
woods  and  thickets  Md.  to  W.Va.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     May -Aug. 

4.  Ruellia  pedunculata  Torr.    STALKED  RUELLIA.    (I.  F.  f.  3373.)    Finely 
pubescent,  3-8  dm.  tall.     Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  the  larger  5-8  cm.  long;   peduncles 
2-8  cm.  long,  with  2  leaf-like  bracts  at  the  summit  which  subtend  a  solitary  flower, 
or  2  or  3  slender-pedicelled  ones  with  pedicels  similarly  bracted;    calyx- segments 
awnlike,  equalling  the  narrow  corolla-tube,  or  shorter;  corolla  funnelform,  3-5  cm. 
long;  capsule  about  2  cm.  long,  puberulent,  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  dry  soil,  Mo. 
to  Ark.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

3.    DIANTHERA  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  perennial,  with  entire  or  rarely  dentate  leaves,  and  very  irregular 
flowers,  variously  clustered  or  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  deeply  4-5-parted,  the 
segments  narrow.  Corolla-tube  slender;  upper  lip  interior  in  the  bud,  erect  or  as- 
cending, concave;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  throat 
of  the  corolla,  not  exceeding  the  upper  lip;  anther-sacs  slightly  divergent,  not 
mucronate,  separated  by  a  rather  broad  connective.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary;  style  slender.  Capsule  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  long  stipe,  about  4- 
seeded.  Seeds  flat,  orbkutar  or  ovate,  the  placentae  not  separating  from  the  walls 
of  the  capsule.  [Greek,  double  anthers.]  About  100  species,  mostly  of  tropical 
Besides  the  following,  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 


PHRYMACEAE.  855 

Flowers  capitate,  the  heads  dense,  at  length  oblong.  I.  D.  Americana. 
Flowers  in  loose  spikes. 

Flowers  in  pairs  in  the  spikes.  2.  D.  ovata. 

Flowers  scattered  singly  along  the  spikes.  3.  D.  lanceolata. 

1.  Dianthera  Americana  L.     DENSE-FLOWERED  WATER  WILLOW.    (I.  F.  f. 
3374.)      Perennial,  glabrous;    stem  erect,  angled,  slender,  usually  simple,  3-9  dm. 
high.      Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  7-15  cm.  long, 
entire,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  or  sessile ;   flowers  violet,  or  nearly 
white,  capitate-spicate  at  the  ends  of  slender  axillary  peduncles;    bractlets  linear- 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  flowers;    corolla  10-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  shorter  than 
the  lips,  the  base  of  the  lower  lip  rough  and  palate- like;  capsule  12  mm.  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  its  stipe  about  the  length  of  the  slightly  compressed  body.      In 
water  and  wet  places,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  Kans.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

2.  Dianthera  ovata  Walt.      LOOSE-FLOWERED  WATER  WILLOW.      (I.  F.  f. 
3375.)     Perennial,  glabrous;  stem  ascending  or  erect  from  a  horizontal  base,  1.5-5 
dm.  high,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched.     Leaves  short-petioled,  or  sessile,  ovate, 
oblong,  oval  to  elliptic-obovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  8-35    mm.  wide;    flowers  in  loose 
slender-peduncled  axillary  spikes;    peduncles  shorter  than  or  little  exceeding  the 
leaves;  calyx-segments  narrowly  linear,  much  longer  than  the  bracts  and  bractlets; 
corolla  pale  purple,  8-10  mm.  long;  capsule   10-12   mm.  long.      In  wet  soil,  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

3.  Dianthera  lanceolaca  vChapm.)  Small.     NARROW-LEAVED  WATER  WIL- 
LOW.    Perennial,   often  minutely  puberulent;  stems  erect  or  spreading,  1-3  dm. 
long.     Leaves  linear  to  linear-elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate.  3-10   cm.  long,  often 
acuminate,   undulate,   sessile,  or   nearly  so;  spikes    slender,    3-10   cm.    long,   the 
flowers  scattered  singly  and  quite  evenly  along   one  side  of  the  peduncle;  calyx- 
segments  narrowly  linear,  5-7  mm.  long;  corolla  about  I  cm.  long,  the  lips  nearly 
as  long  as  the  tube,  which  is  saccate  ut  the  b;ise;  capsules  about  1.5  cm.  long,  the 
body  as  long  as  the  stipe-like  base  or  shorter.     In  swampy  grounds,  Mo.  to  Tenn., 
Fla.  and  Tex.     May-Aug.     (D.  ovata  var.  lanceolata  Chapm.) 

4.    DIAPEDIUM  Konig.      [DICLIPTERA  Juss  ] 

Herbs,  with  entire  petioled  leaves,  and  blue,  red,  or  violet  flowers,  subtended  by 
involucres  of  2-4  bracts,  the  inflorescence  mostly  cymose  or  spicate,  the  involucres 
subtending  i  flower  or  several.  Calyx  4-5 -cleft,  the  lobes  linear  or  subulate. 
Corolla -tube  slender,  slightly  enlarged  above;  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  interior  in 
the  bud;  lower  lip  spreading,  entire  or  3-toothed.  Stamens  2;  anther-sacs  paral- 
lel, sometimes  unequal,  separated  by  a  narrow  connective.  Style  filiform;  ovules 
2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  flattened,  ovate  or  suborbicular,  2-4-seeded. 
Placentae  separating  elastically  from  the  walls  of  the  capsule.  Seeds  compressed, 
nearly  orbicular.  About  60  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the 
following,  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Diapedium  brachiatum  (Pursh)  Kuntze.  DIAPEDIUM.  (I.  F.  f.  3376.) 
Annual  (?),  glabrate,  or  pubescent;  stem  slender,  6-grooved,  erect,  much  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  membranous,  long- petioled,  acuminate  or  acute, 
7-15  cm.  long;  inflorescence  paniculate,  the  involucres  i-4-flowered,  each  of  2 
oblong  or  obovate,  opposite  bracts;  corolla  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  pink  or  purple,  the 
lips  about  as  long  as  the  slender  tube;  upper  lip  2-3-toothed,  the  lower  entire; 
capsule  oblong,  4  6  mm.  high,  a  little  longer  than  the  involucre,  the  valves  slightly 
divergent  in  dehiscence,  the  placentae  curving  upward  and  remaining  attached  to 
their  summits.  In  moist  thickets,  Kans.  and  Ind.  Terr,  to  Tex.,  Fla.  and  N.  Car. 
July-Oct. 

Family  15.    PHRYMACEAE    Schauer. 
Lopseed  Family. 

An  erect  perennial  herb  with  divaricate  branches,  opposite  mem- 
branous simple  leaves,  and  small  irregular  purplish  flowers,  distant  in 
slender  elongated  spikes.  Calyx  cylindric,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-cIeft, 
the  teeth  setaceous  ;  lower  lip  much  shorter,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  subu- 


856  FLORA. 

late.  Corolla-tube  cylindric,  the  limb  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  con- 
cave, emarginate  ;  lower  lip  larger,  spreading,  convex,  3-lobed,  the  lobes 
obtuse.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Ovary  oblique,  i-celled; 
ovule  i,  orihotropous,  ascending;  style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed.  Calyx 
reflexed  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  dry  achene,  becoming  prominently  ribbed, 
closed  and  its  teeth  hooked  at  the  ends.  Cotyledons  convolute  ;  radicle 
superior.  Consists  of  the  following  : 

I.   PHRYMA   L. 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  eastern  and  central  Asia. 

I.  Phryma  Leptostachya  L.  LOPSEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3377.)  Puberulent;  stem 
somewhat  4- sided,  sometimes  constricted  above  the  nodes,  branched  above,  the 
branches  slender,  elongated,  divergent.  Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely 
dentate,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  often  nearly  sessile;  spikes 
very  narrow,  7-15  cm.  long;  flowers  about  6  mm.  long,  mostly  opposite,  distant, 
borne  on  very  short  minutely  2-bracteolate  pedicels,  at  first  erect,  soon  spreading, 
the  calyx,  after  flowering,  abruptly  reflexed  against  the  axis  of  the  spike.  In 
woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Kans.  June- Aug. 


Order  6.    PLANTAGINALES. 

Only  the  following  family: 

Family  i.    PLANT AGINACEAE  Lindl.* 
Plantain  Family. 

Herbs,  with  basal,  or,  in  the  caulescent  species,  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  perfect  polygamous  or  monoecious  flowers,  bracteolate 
in  spikes  or  heads,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  4-parted,  inferior,  peristent, 
the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  hypogynous,  scarious  or  membranous, 
mostly  marcescent,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  2  (only  i  in  an  Andean 
genus),  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform, 
exserted  or  included;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  sacs  logitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  superior,  i-2-celled,  or  falsely  3-4-celled. 
Style  filiform,  simple,  mostly  longitudinally  stigmatic.  Ovules  i-several 
in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  peltate,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  pyxis,  cir- 
cumscissile  at  or  below  the  middle,  or  an  indehiscent  nutlet.  Seeds 
i-several  in  each  cavity  of  the  fruit;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons  nar- 
row; radicle  short,  mostly  straight.  Three  genera  and  over  200  species, 
of  wide  distribution. 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads ;  fruit  a  pyxis.  i.  Plantago. 

Flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate  solitary,  peduncled,  the  pistillate  sessile  among  the 

linear  leaves" ;  fruit  indehiscent.  2.  Littorella* 

i.  PLANTAGO  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Leafy -stemmed,  short-stemmed  or  acaulescent  herbs,  with  opposite,  alternate 
or  basal  leaves,  bearing  axillary  or  terminal  spikes  or  heads  of  small  greenish  or 
purplish  flowers  (flowers  solitary  in  a  few  exotic  species).  Calyx-segments  equal, 
or  two  of  them  larger.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric,  or  constricted  at  the 
throat,  the  limb  spreading  in  anthesis,  erect,  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit,  4-lobed 
or  4-parted.  Stamens  4  or  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  or  falsely  3-4-celled;  ovules 
i-several  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  mostly  2-celled.  Seeds 
various,  sometimes  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  side.  [The  Latin  name.]  Over  200 
species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  28  others 


*  Prepared  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  E.  L.  MORRIS. 


PLANTAG1NACEAE.  857 

occur  in  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of  N.  Am.     Known  as  Plantain,  Rib- 
wort or  Road -weed. 

*  Stem  acaulescent;  flowers  spicate  or  capitate  at  the  ends  of  scapes. 
Corolla-lobes  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit,  not  closed  over  the  top  of  the  pyxis. 
Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  pyxis. 

Pyxis  ovoid,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle.  I.  P.  major. 

Pyxis  oblong,  circumscissile  much  below  the  middle.         a.  P.  Rugelii. 
Seeds  2-4  in  each  pyxis. 

Leaves  all  narrowed  at  the  base,  parallel-ribbed. 

Seeds  excavated  on  the  inner  side.  3.  P.  lanceolata, 

Seeds  flat  or  but  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  side. 
Capsule  equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Spike  very  dense  ;  leaves  pubescent.  4.  P.  media. 

Lower  flowers  scattered  ;  leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

5.  P.  eriopoda. 

Capsule  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  6.  P.  sparsiflora. 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  cordate  ;  veins  starting  from  the  midrib. 

7.  P.  cordata. 
Leaves  linear  or  filiform. 

Leaves  fleshy;  plant  maritime.  8.  P.  maritima. 

Leaves  not  fleshy  ;  plants  not  maritime. 

Spike  densely  tomentose  ;  bracts  usually  not  longer  than  flowers. 

9.  P.  Purshii. 
Plant  light  green  and  villous  ;  bracts  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers. 

10.  P.  spinulosa. 
Plant  dark  green  and  pubescent ;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 

11.  P.  arts  tat  a. 
Corolla-lobes  erect  and  closed  over  the  top  of  the  pyxis. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  obovate  ;  stamens  4.  12.  P.  Virginica. 

Leaves  linear-filiform  ;  stamens  2. 

Capsule  about  4-seeded,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  13.  P.  elongata. 

Capsule  8-2o-seeded,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  14.  P.  heterophylla. 

*  *   Stem  erect,  leafy;  flowers  capitate  at  the  ends  of  axillary  peduncles. 

15.  P.  arenaria 

1.  Plantago  major  L.     COMMON,  OR  GREATER  PLANTAIN.     (I.  F.  f.  3378.) 
Perennial,   glabrous  or   pubescent;    rootstook    short,    thick,    erect.     Leaves  long- 
petioled,  mostly  ovate,  entire,  or  coarsely  dentate,  2.5-25  cm.   long,  3-ii-ribbed; 
scapes  0.5-9  dm.   high;  spike  linear-cylindric,   usually  dense,    commonly   bkmt, 
5-25   cm.    long,    6-8  mm.    thick;  flowers   perfect,   proterogy nous ;   sepals  broadly 
ovate  to  obovate,  scarious  margined,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  obtuse 
or  subacute,  5-i6-seeded  pyxis;  stamens  4.     In  waste  places,  nearly  throughout 
N.  Am.     Nat.  from  Europe,  or  perhaps  indigenous  in  the  far  North  and  on  salt 
meadows.     May-Sept. 

2.  Plantago  Rugelii  Dec.     RUGEL'S  PLANTAIN.      (I.  F.  f.  3379.)      Similar 
to  the  preceding,  the  spikes  less  dense,  at  least  toward  the  base,  usually  long-at- 
tenuate at  the  summit,  sometimes  I  cm.  thick.     Sepals  oblong,  prominently  keeled 
on  the  back;  pyxis  4-6  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  circumscissile  much 
below  the  middle  and  entirely  within  the  calyx,  4-iO-seeded;  corolla-lobes  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  on  the  summit  of  the  pyxis;  stamens  4.     In  fields,  woods  and  waste 
places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.      Petioles  commonly  purple 
at  the  base.      Usually    brighter   green   and  with  thinner  leaves  than  P.    major. 
June-Sept. 

3  Plantago  lanceolata  L.  RIBWORT.  RIB-GRASS.  (I.  F.  f.  3380.) 
Perennial  or  biennial,  pubescent;  rootstock  short,  erect,  with  tufts  of  brown  hairs 
at  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
scapes,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  into  petioles,  3-5 -ribbed, 
5-30  cm.  long;  scapes  slender,  channelled,  sometimes  7.5  dm.  tall;  spikes  dense, 
at  first  ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  blunt  and  l-io  cm.  long  in  fruit,  8-12  mm. 
thick;  flowers  perfect,  proterogynous ;  sepals  ovate,  with  a  narrow  green  midrib 
and  broad  scarious  margins,  the  two  lower  ones  commonly  united;  corolla  glabrous; 
filaments  white;  pyxis  oblong,  very  obtuse,  2-seeded,  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx, 
circumscissile  at  about  the  middle.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  the  N  W. 
Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  Fla.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe.  April-Nov. 


FLORA. 

4.  Plantago  media  L.     HOARY  PLANTAIN.     (I.  F.  f.  3381.)    Perennial,  the 
short  rootstock  clothed  with  brown  hairs.      Leaves  spreading,  ovate,  oblong  or  el- 
liptic,   entire,   or  repand-dentate,   densely    canescent,   5-7-ribbed,   narrowed    into 
margined  petioles:    scapes  slender,  much    longer  than   the  leaves,   3-6   dm.   tall; 
spikes  dense,  cylindric,  2-8  cm.  long  in  fruit;    flowers  perfect;    sepals  all  distinct, 
oblong,  with  a  narrow  green  midrib  and  broad  scarious  margins;  corolla  glabrous; 
stamens  pink  or  purple;  pyxis  oblong,  obtuse.  2-4-seeded,  the  seeds  concave  on  the 
face;  stamens  4.      In  waste  places,  Me.,  R.  I.,  Ont.  and  N.  Y.      Adventive  from 
Europe.     May-Sept. 

5.  Plantago  eriopoda  Torr.    SALINE  PLANTAIN.    (I.  F.  f.  3382.)    Perennial, 
succulent;    rootstock   usually    covered   with   long  brown  hairs   among  the  bases 
of   the    leaves.       Leaves    oblong,    oblong-lanceolate,    or   oblanceolate,   entire,   or 
repand-dentate,  acute,  narrowed  into  petioles,  5-9-ribbed,  0.7-3  dm.  I°ng»  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;    scapes  stout,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  leaves,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high; 
spikes  2-13  cm.   long,  dense  above,  the  lower  flowers  scattered;    flowers  perfect; 
sepals  distinct,  oblong-obovate  with  broad  scarious  margins;    corolla  glabrous,  its 
lobes  spreading  or  reflexed;  pyxis  ovoid-oblong,  very  obtuse,  one-third  longer  than 
the  calyx,  2-4-seeded,  circumscissile  below  the  middle.     In  maritime  or  saline  soil, 
N.  S.  and  Quebec  to  Minn.,  Cal.  and  the  N.  W.    Terr.     June-Sept. 

6.  Plantago  sparsiflora  Michx.     SOUTHERN  PLANTAIN.      (I.  F.  f.  3383.) 
Perennial,  pubescent,  or  glabrate;    scapes  slender,  sometimes  6  dm.  tall.      Leaves 
thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  0.7-2.5  cm.  long,  5-7-ribbed,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire, 
narrowed  into  slightly  margined  petioles;  spikes  loosely  flowered,  sometimes  3  dm. 
long;    flowers  perfect;    sepals  oblong  or  oval,  rather  rigid,  with  narrow  scarious 
margins;    corolla  glabrous,  its  lobes  not  erect  over  the  fruit;    pyxis  oblong,  5  mm. 
long,  2-seeded,  circumscissile  below  the  middle;  seeds  convex  on  the  back,  slightly 
concave  on  the  face.     In  sandy  dry  soil,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  in  southern  111. 

7.  Plantago  cordate  Lam.    HEART-LEAVED  PLANTAIN.   WATER  PLANTAIN. 
(I.  F.  f.  3384.)     Perennial,  glabrous,  purple-green;  rootstock  short,  stout.     Leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  pinnately  veined,  entire  or  dentate,  rounded, 
abruptly  narrowed,  or   cordate  at  the  base,  often  2.5   dm.  long;    petioles  stout, 
margined  above;  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves;  spikes  loosely  flowered,  sometimes 
3  dm.  long,  with  interrupted  clusters;   flowers  perfect;  sepals  ovate  to  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, green;  corolla-lobes  spreading;   pyxis  ovoid-globose,  obtuse,  circumscissile  at 
or  slightly  below  the  middle,  1-4- seeded;    seeds  not  excavated  on  the  face.      In 
swamps  and  along  streams,  N.  Y.  to  Ala.,  Mo.  and  La.     March -July. 

8.  Plantago  maritima  L.     SEA  or  SEASIDE  PLANTAIN.    (I.  F.  f.  3385.)    An- 
nual, biennial,  or  perennial,  fleshy;  rootstock  sometimes  with  tufts  of  whitish  hairs 
among  the  bases  of  the  leaves.     Leaves  linear,  glabrous,  obscurely  nerved,  sessile, 
or  narrowed  into  short  margined  petioles,  5-25  cm.  long,  entire,  or  with  a  very  few 
small  teeth,  2-5  mm.  wide;  scapes  slender,  more  or  less  pubescent,  longer  than  or 
equalling  the  leaves;   spikes  dense,  linear-cylindric,  blunt,  2.5-13  cm.  long;  flowers 
perfect;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  to  nearly  orbicular,  green,  somewhat  keeled;  co- 
rolla pjubescent  without,  its  lobes  spreading;  pyxis  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  2-4-seeded, 
circumscissile  at  about  the  middle,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  seeds  nearly 
flat  on  the  face.     In  salt  marshes  and  on  seashores,   Lab.  to  N.  J.,  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  from  Alaska  to  Cal.     Also  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia.     June- 
Sept. 

9.  Plantago  Purshii  R.  &  S.   PURSH'S  PLANTAIN.    (I.  F.  f.  3386.)    Annual, 
woolly  or  silky,  pale  green;  scapes  slender,  5-35  cm.   tall.     Leaves  ascending, 
linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  3-nerved,  3-8  mm. 
wide,  entire,  or  rarely  with  a  few  small  teeth;  spikes  usually  dense,  cylindric, 
obtuse,  2.5-13  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  exceedingly  villous;  bracts  rigid, 
equalling   or  slightly  exceeding   the  flowers;    flowers   perfect  but    heterogonous, 
many  of  them  cleistogamous;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined;  corolla- 
lobes  broadly  ovate,   spreading;  stamens  4;  pyxis  oblong,  obtuse,  2.5  mm.   long, 
little  exceeding  the  calyx,  2-seeded,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle;  seeds  con- 
vex on  the  back,  deeply  concave  on  the  face.     On  dry  plains  and  prairies,  111.  and 
western  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Tex.  and  Mex.     May-Aug. 

10.  Plantago   spinulosa  Dec.         SPINULOSE   PLANTAIN.     Intermediate   in 
aspect  between  the  preceding  and  the  following  species.     Annual,  pubescent,  pale 


PLANT  A  GIN  A  CEAE.  859 

green,  scapes  5-10  cm.  high.  Leaves  nearly  linear,  acuminate,  entire,  3-ribbed, 
3-6  mm.  wide;  spikes  rather  interrupted,  cylindric,  villous;  bracts  pubescent, 
linear,  rather  spreading,  two  to  five  times  as  long  as  the  flowers;  sepals  spatulate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  scarious,  with  green  midribs;  corolla-lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  reflexed; 
pyxis  equalling  the  calyx,  oval,  obtuse,  2.5  mm.  long,  circumscissile  at  the  middle. 
Assiniboia  to  Mont,  and  S.  Dak.,  southward  to  Tex. 

11.  Plantago  aristata  Michx.     LARGE-BRACTED  PLANTAIN.     (I.  F.  f.  3387.) 
Annual,  dark  green,  pubescent;  scapes  stout,  erect,  7-30  cm.  tall,  exceeding  the 
leaves.     Leaves  linear,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  entire,  narrowed  into  slender  peti- 
oles,  sometimes  prominently  3-ribbed   1-5    mm.  wide;  spikes  very  dense,   cylin- 
dric, 3-12  cm.  long,  pubescent;  bracts  puberulent,  linear,  elongated,  ascending, 
the  lower  often  10  times  as  long  as  the  flowers;  pyxis  2-seeded;  the  seeds  concave 
on  the  face.     On  dry  plains  and  prairies,  111.  to 'La.  and  Tex.,  S.  Dak.,  Br.   Col. 
and  N.  Mex.     Also  widely  adventive  as  a  weed  in  the  eastern  States  from  Me.  to 
Ga.     May-Oct. 

12.  Plantago  Virginica  L.     DWARF  or  WHITE  DWARF  PLANTAIN.    (I.  F.  f. 
3388.)     Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent  or  villous;  scapes  erect,  2.5-45  cm.  high, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  thin,  entire,  or  repand- 
denticulate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  or  almost  sessile,  3-5 -nerved;  spikes 
dense,  or  the  lower  flowers  scattered,   linear-cylindric,   obtuse,   6-8    mm.   thick, 
flowers  imperfectly  dioecious;  corolla-lobes  of  the  fertile  plants  erect  and  connivent 
on  the  top  of  the  pyxis,  those  of  the  sterile  spreading;  stamens  4;  pyxis  oblong, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  2-4-seeded.     In  dry  soil,  Conn,   to  Fla.,  111.,    Mo., 
Ariz,  and  Mex.     March-July. 

Plantago  occidentals  Decne.  (P.  Virginica  var.  longifolia  A.  Gray),  of  the  South- 
west, with  larger  leaves,  longer  spikes,  and  larger  flowers  may  be  specifically  distinct. 
It  is  reported  from  Missouri. 

13.  Plantago  elongata  Pursh.     SLENDER  PLANTAIN.     (I.  F.  f.  3389.)    An- 
nual, puberulent;  scapes  filiform,  5-18  cm.  high,   longer  than  the  linear-filiform, 
mostly  entire,  blunt,  obscurely  i-nerved  leaves.     Leaves  about  i  mm.  wide;  spikes 
slender,  linear,  rather  loosely  flowered,  1-8  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick;  flowers  im- 
perfectly dioecious,  or  polygamous;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
bract,  scarious-margined;  corolla- lobes  of  the  more  fertile  plants  becoming  erect 
over  the  pyxis;  pyxis  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle; 
seeds  nearly  flat  on  both  sides.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Conn,  to  N.  Y.,  Va.,  La.,  111., 
S.  Dak.  and  Tex.     April-Aug. 

14.  Plantago  heterophylla  Nutt.   MANY-SEEDED  PLANTAIN.    (I.  F.  f.  3390.) 
Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent;  scapes  5-25 
cm.  long.     Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  the  larger  about  4  mm.  wide,  entire 
or  often  with  distant  small  teeth  or  linear  lobes;  spikes  loose,  linear,  1-13  cm.  long; 
sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined,  mostly  shorter  than  the  bract;  corolla- 
lobes  in  the  more  fertile  plants  becoming  erect  over  the  pyxis;  pyxis  oblong,  sub- 
acute,  circumscissile  rather  below  the  middle;  seeds  somewhat  angled,   scarcely 
concave  on  the  face.     In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     April- 
July. 

15.  Plantago  arenaria  W.  &  K.    SAND  PLANTAIN.    (I.  F.  f.  3391.)    Annual, 
pubescent,  somewhat  viscid;  stem  commonly  becoming  much  branched,  leafy,  0.7-4 
dm.  high.   Leaves  opposite,  orwhorled.  narrowly  linear,  entire,  sessile,  2-8  cm.  long, 
about  2  mm.  wide;  peduncles  axillary,  often  umbellate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
slender;  heads  of  flowers  1-2  cm.  long,  about  I  cm.  thick:  lower  bracts  acute  or 
acuminate;  calyx-lobes  unequal;    corolla-lobes  acute;  capsule  2-seeded.    Dayton, 
Ohio.     Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

2.   LITTORE'LLA  L. 

A  low  perennial  succulent  herb,  with  linear  entire  basal  leaves  and  monoecious 
flowers,  the  staminate  solitary  or  two  together  at  the  summits  of  slender  scapes,  the 
pistillate  sessile  among  the  leaves.  Sepals  4.  Corolla  of  the  staminate  flowers 
with  a  somewhat  urceolate  tube,  and  a  spreading  4-lobed  limb.  Corolla  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  urn-shaped,  3-4  toothed.  Staminate  flowers  with  4  long-exserted 
stamens,  their  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers  ovate.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  single 


86o  FLORA. 

ovary  and  a  long-exserted  filiform  style.      Fruit  an  indehiscent  I-seeded  nutlet 
[Latin,  shore.]     A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  N.  Am. 

i.  Littorella  uniflora  (L.)  Aschers.  PLANTAIN  SHORE- WEED.  SHORE-GRASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  3392.)  Tufted,  usually  growing  in  mats;  leaves  bright  green,  2-8  cm. 
long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  spreading  or  ascending,  mostly  longer  than  the  scapes  of  the 
staminate  flowers,  which  bear  a  small  bract  at  about  the  middle;  sepals  lanceolate, 
mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  only  3  in  the  fertile  flowers;  stamens  conspicuous,  8-12 
mm.  long;  corolla-lobes  ovate,  subacute;  pistillate  flowers  very  small;  nutlet  about 
2  mm.  long.  Borders  of  lakes  and  ponds,  Me.  and  Vt.  to  N.  S.  and  Ont.  July- 
Aug.  [L.  lacustris  L.J 

Order  7.    RUBIALES. 

Corolla  gamopetalous.  Anthers  separate,  the  stamens  as  many  as 
the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them  (one  fewer  in  Linnaa  of  the 
Capri foliaceae)  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  compound,  inferior,  adnate  to 
the  calyx-tube.  Ovules  i  or  more  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Leaves 
opposite  or  verticillate. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 

Leaves  always  stipulate,  usually  blackening  in  drying.  Fam.  i.  Rubiaceae. 

Leaves  usually  estipulate,  not  blackening  in  drying.  Fam.  2.   Caprifoliaccat. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes;  low  herb  with  ternately  divided  leaves. 

Fam.  3.  Adoxaceae. 

Family  i.     RUBIACEAE  B.   Juss. 
Madder  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  simple,  opposite  or  sometimes  verticil- 
late,  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect,  often  dimorphous  or  trimor- 
phous,  regular  and  nearly  symmetrical  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  various.  Corolla  funnelform,  club-shaped,  campanulate, 
or  rotate,  4-5  lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  or  throat.  Ovary  i-io-celled  ; 
style  simple  or  lobed  ;  ovules  i-oo  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry, 
or  drupe.  Seeds  various;  seed-coat  membranous  or  crustaceous;  endo- 
sperm fleshv  or  horny  (wanting  in  some  exotic  genera) ;  cotyledons  ovate, 
cordate,  or  foliaceous. 

About  355  genera  and  5500  species  of  wide  distribution. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  stipulate  (sometimes  verticillate  in  No.  3), 
Ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  herbs. 

Top  of  the  capsule  free  from  the  ovary;  seeds  few,  peltate.  i.  Houstonta. 

Capsule  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary;  seeds  minute,  angular.  2.  Oldenlandia. 
Ovules  i  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  flowers  in  dense  globular  heads.  3.   Cephalanthus* 

Low  evergreen  herbs;  flowers  2  together,  their  ovaries  united.  4.  Mitchella. 
Herbs;  flowers  axillary,  nearly  sessile,  distinct. 

Capsule  separating  into  2  dehiscent  carpels.  5.  Spermacoce. 

Capsule  separating  into  2  (or  3)  indehiscent  carpels.  6.  Diodia. 

**  Leaves  appearing  verticillate;  herbs  (some  of  the  leaves  rarely  opposite  in  No.  7. 

Corolla  rotate;  calyx-teeth  minute  or  none.  7.  Galium. 
Corolla  funnelform. 

Flowers  in  involucrate  heads.  8.  Sherardia. 

Flowers  in  panicles.  9.  Asperula. 

I.     HOUSTONIA   L. 

Usually  tufted  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  often  ciliate  leaves,  and  small  blue 
purple  or  white,  mostly  dimorphous  flowers.  Calyx-tube  globose  or  ovoid,  4-lobed, 
the  lobes  distant.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate. 
Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-celled.  Style 
slender  ;  ovules  numerous;  stigmas  2,  linear.  Capsule  partly  inferior,  its  summit 


RUBIACEAE.  86l 

free  from  the  calyx,  globose-didymous,  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  loculicidally 
dehiscent  above.  Seeds  peltate,  concave,  not  angled.  Seed-coat  reticulate  or 
roughened;  endosperm  horny;  embryo  club-shaped.  [Named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
William  Houston,  botanist  and  collector  in  South  America,  died  1733.]  About  25 
species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

*  Plants  2.5-18  cm.  high;  peduncles  i-flowered. 
Peduncles  filiform,  2.5-6  cm.  long. 

Erect;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  narrowed  into  petioles.  i.  //.  coerulea. 

Diffuse  or  spreading ;  leaves  nearly  orbicular.  2.  H.  serpyllifolia, 

Peduncles  0.6-3.5  cm«  l°n£>  stouter. 

Calyx-lobes  narrow,  about  equalling  the  capsule.  3.  H.  minor. 

Calyx-lobes  broad,  much  exceeding  the  capsule.  4.  H.  minima. 

**  Plants  10-45  cm-  high;  flowers  cymose. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  capsule.    5.  H.  lanceolate 
Calyx-lobes  linear-subulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  capsule. 

Leaves  broad,  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  lanceolate.  6.  H purpurea. 

Leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  ciliate.  7.  H.  ciliolata. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  not  ciliate.  8.  H.  longifolia. 

Leaves  filiform  or  narrowly  linear. 

Flowers  loosely  cymose  on  filiform  pedicels ;  leaves  not  fascicled. 

9.  H.  tenuifolia, 
Flowers  densely  cymose  on  very  short  pedicels ;  leaves  usually  fascicled. 

10.  H.  angustifolia. 

1.  Houstonia  coerulea  L.     BLUETS.     INNOCENCE.     (I.  F.  f.  3393.)    Erect, 
7-18  cm.  high,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  forming 
dense  tufts.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  about  12  mm.  long, 
sometimes  hirsute  or  ciliate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  upper  oblong,  sessile; 
flowers  solitary  on  filiform  peduncles;  corolla  salverform,  violet,  blue,  or  white,  with 
a  yellow  center,  8-12  mm.  broad,  its  tube  slender  and  about  the  length  of  the  lobes; 
capsule  didymous,  compressed,  about  4  mm.  broad,  broader  than  long,  the  upper 
half  free  from  the  calyx  and  shorter  than  its  lobes.     In  open  grassy  places,  or  on 
wet  rocks,  N.  S.  to  Quebec,  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Ala.     April-July,  or  producing  a  few 
flowers  through  the  summer. 

2.  Houstonia  serpyllifolia   Michx.      THYME-LEAVED    BLUETS.      (I.  F.  f. 
3394.)      Perennial;    stems  prostrate  or  diffuse,  slender,  glabrous,  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng. 
Leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  abruptly  petiole'd,  6-8  mm.  long,  somethnes  hi- 
spidulous,  or  those  of  the  flowering  stems  narrower,  distant ;    corolla  usually  deep 
blue,  8-12  mm.  broad,  its  tube  rather  shorter  than  the  lobes;  capsule  similar  to  that 
of  the  preceding,  but  usually  slightly  larger,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx.      Moun- 
tains of  Penn.,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  S.  Car.  and  Tenn.     May. 

3.  Houstonia  minor   (Michx.)   Britton.      SMALL    BLUETS.      (I.  F.  f.  3395.) 
Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched  from  the  base,  2-15  cm.  high.    Ix>werand 
basal  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  10-12  mm.  long,  narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  nar- 
rower and  sessile;  corolla  violet-blue  or  purple,  6-8  mm.  broad,  its  tube  about  equal- 
ling the  lobes;  capsule  compressed,  didymous,  5-6  mm.  broad,  its  upper  part  free 
from  the  calyx.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     March-April. 

4.  Houstonia  minima  Beck.      LEAST   BLUETS.     (I.  F.  f.  3396.)     Annual, 
spreading  or  diffuse,  2.5-6.5  cm.  high,  roughish.      Lower  and  basal  leaves  oval  or 
ovate,  the  upper  oblong,  sessile;   flowers  8-IO  mm.  broad;    corolla  violet  or  purple, 
the  tube  longer  than  the  lobes;  capsule  didymous,  compressed,  about  6  mm.  broad, 
its  upper  part  free  from  the  calyx.       In  dry  soil,  Mo.  and  111.  to  Kans.,  Ark.  and 
Tex.      March-April. 

5.  Houstonia    lanceolata  (Poir.)  Eritton.      CALYCOSE   HOUSTONIA.     Gla- 
brous, or  pubescent,  perennial,  1.5-3  dm.  high.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile  or  the  lowest  spatulate  and  narrowed  into  petioles.      Corolla  little  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx;  capsule  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  much  shorter  than  the  lanceo- 
late rigid  calyx-lobes.     N.  C.  to  Ala.,  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     May-June.     [H.  pur- 
purea calycosa   A.  Gray.] 

6.  Houstonia  purpurea  L.     LARGE  HOU?TONJA.      (I.  F.  f.  3397.)     Peren- 
nial, tufted,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  1-4.5  dm.  high-       Leaves  sessile,  or 
the  lower  ones  short-petioled,  3~5-nerved,  1-5  cm.  long,  the  margins  often  ciliate; 
pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  corolla  purple  or  lilac,  funnelform,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  tube 


862        ,  FLORA. 

at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes;  capsule  compressed- globose,  3  mm.  broad,  some. 
what  didymous,  its  upper  half  free,  shorter  than  the  subulate-linear  calyx-lobes. 
In  open  places,  Md.  to  Ky.,  Ga.  and  Ala.  May-Sept. 

Houstonia  purpurea  pubescens  Bnltun.  Pubescent  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate.  Va. 

7.  Houstonia  ciliolata  Torr.       FRINGED    HOUSTONIA.       (I.   F.   f.  3398.) 
Perennial,   tufted,    1-2    dm.   high.       Lower  and  basal  leaves   petioled,   thick,   I- 
nerved,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long,  their  margins  conspicuously 
ciliate;    stem  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;    pedicels  filiform, 
2-8  mm.  long;  corolla  fuimelform,  lilac  or  pale  purple,  about  6  mm.  long,  the  lobes 
about  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube;    capsule  little  compressed,  obscurely  didy- 
mous, 3  mm   wide,  overtopped  by  the  linear- lanceolate  calyx-lobes.     On  rocks  and 
shores,  Me  (?),  Out.  to  Mich.,  Perm.,  W.  Va.,  Ky.  and  Ark.     May-Aug. 

8.  Houstonia  longifolia  Gaertn.    LONG-LEAVED  HOUSTONIA.   (I.  F.  f.  3399.) 
Perennial,  usually  tufted,  erect,  glabrous,  1.2-2.5  dm.  high-      Basal  leaves  spatu- 
late  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  not  ciliate,  short-petioled;  stem  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,   i-nerved,  1-2.5   cm-   l°ng»  2~5  mm-  wide;    corolla  pale  purple  or  nearly 
white,  5-6  mm.  long,  its  lobes  about  one-third  the  length  oi  the  tube;  capsule  little 
compressed,  globose-ovoid,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  its  upper  half  free  and  much 
exceeded  by  the  subulate  calyx-lobes.      In  dry  open  places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Mani- 
toba, Ga.  and  Mo.     May-Sept. 

9.  Housionia   tenuifoha  Nutt.      SLENDER- LEAVED   HOUSTONIA.      (I.  F.  f. 
3400.)     Perennial,  somewhat  tufted,  slender,  branching,  erect,  glabrous,  1. 5 -3  dm. 
high,   sometimes  pubescent  btiuw.     Basal  and  lowest  stem  leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
obtuse,  petioled,  8-12  mm.  long;    upper  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  blunt, 
1-3  cm.  long,    1—3  mm.   wide;    pedicels  filiform,  4-12  mm.   long;   corolla  purple, 
narrow,   46  mm.  long,  its  lobes  short;  capsule  compressed-globose,  didynamous, 
about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  its  upper  half  free  and  slightly  exceeded  by  the  subulate 
caly*  \obes.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Ohio,  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     May-July. 

10.  Honstonia  ang-tistifolia  Michx.     NARROW-LEAVED  HOUSTONIA.   (I.  F.  f. 
3401.)     Perennial  by  a  deep  root,  erect,  stiff,  glabrous,  usually  branched,  3-6  dm. 
high.     Leaves  linear,  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng»  2~4  mm-  wide,  or  the  lowest  narrowly  spatu- 
late,  usually  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils,  or  on  short  axillary  branches; 
corolla  white  or  purplish,  between  funnelform  and  salverform,   about  4  mm.  long, 
its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;' capsule  compressed-obovoid,  3  mm.  wide,  its  sum- 
mit free  and  scarcely  exceeded  by  the  calyx-lobes.     In  dry  open  places,  111.  to 
Mo.,  Kans.,  Tex.,  Tenn.  and  P'la.     May-July. 

2.  OLDENLANDIA  L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  white  or  pink  flowers.  Calyx-'tubc  obo- 
voidor  subglobose,  the  limb  4- toothed.  Corolla  rotate  or  salverform,  4-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  2 -celled; 
ovuies  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  2-lobed.  Capsule  small,  ovoid,  top- 
shaped,  or  hemispheric,  wholly  adnate  to  the  calyx -tube,  loculicidally  dehiscent  at 
the  summit.  Seeds  angular,  not  peltate;  endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  club-shaped. 
[Named  for  H.  B.  Oldenland,  a  Danish  botanist.]  About  175  species,  mostly  of 
tropical  distribution.  Besides  the  following  2  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States 
and  i  in  N.  Mex. 

i.  Oldenlandia  uniflora  L.  CLUSTERED  BLUETS.  (1.  F.  f.  3402.)  Annual, 
weak,  usually  tufted,  more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent,  diffuse  or  ascending;  stems 
2.5-35  cm.  long.  Leaves  short  petioled  or  sessile,  mostly  thin,  entire,  3~5-nerved, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  oval,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  1-2.15  cm.  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  white,  about  2  mm.  broad,  terminal  and  axillary,  clus- 
tered or  solitary;  calyx  hirsute,  hemispheric  in  fruit,  the  ovate  or  oval  lobes  erect 
and  nearly  equalling  the  tube.  In  low  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  in 
Cuba.  June-Sept. 

3.  CEPHALA'NTHUS  L. 

Shrubs,  or  sometimes  small  trees,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  entire  deciduous 
leaves,  and  densely  capitate,  bracteolate  small  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  obpyramidal,  its  limb  with  4  obtuse  lobes.  Corolla  tubular-furmelform,  with 


RUBIACEAE.  863 

4  short  lob**".  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short; 
anthers  ouiong,  2 -cuspidate  at  the  base.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  solitary  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous;  style  filiform,  exserted;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  dry,  obpyrami- 
dal,  i-2-seeded.  Endosperm  cartilaginous;  cotyledons  linear-oblong.  [Greek, 
.head-flower.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  America  and  Asia. 

i.  Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.  BUTTON-BUSH.  (I.  F.  f.  3403.)  A  shrub, 
or  rarely  a  small  tree,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate 
or  oval,  entire,  acuminate  or  acute,  7-15  cm.  long,  2-6.5  cm-  wide;  peduncles 
2—8  cm.  long;  heads  globose,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  receptacle  pubescent; 
flowers  sessile,  white,  8-12  mm.  long;  style  about  twice  the  length  .of  the  corolla; 
calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.  In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  N.  B.  to 
Ont.,  Wis.,  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  Also  in  Cuba.  June-Sept. 

4.    MITCHELLA  L. 

Creeping  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled,  entire  or  undulate,  evergreen  leaves, 
and  white  peduncled  geminate  dimorphous  flowers,  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx- 
tube  ovoid,  the  limb  3-6-lobed  (usually  4-lobed).  Corolla  funnelform,  usually 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  recurved,  bearded  on  the  inner  side.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  throat;  filaments  short  and  style  exserted, 
or  filaments  exserted  and  style  short.  Ovary  4-celled;  stigmas  4,  short,  filiform; 
ovules  i  in  each  cavity,  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  composed  of  2  united  drupes 
usually  containing  8  roundish  nutlets.  Seed  erect;  cotyledons  short,  obtuse;  em- 
bryo minute.  [Named  after  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  botanist  and  correspondent  of  Lin- 
naeus in  Virginia.]  Two  species,  one  N.  American,  the  other  Japanese. 

i.  Mitchella  repens  L.  PARTRIDGE-BERRY.  TWIN-BERRY.  (I.  F.  f.  3404.) 
Stems  slender,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  branching,  glabrous,  or  slightly 
pubescent.  Leaves  ovate- orbicular,  petioled,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  some- 
what cordate  at  the  base,  6-20  mm.  long,  dark  green,  shining;  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  bearing  2  sessile  flowers  at  the  summit;  corolla  10-12  mm.  long; 
drupes  red  (rarely  white),  broader  than  high.  4-8  mm.  in  diameter,  persistent 
through  the  winter,  edible.  In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 
April-June,  sometimes  flowering  a  second  time  in  the  autumn. 

6.  SPERMACOCE   L. 

Herbs,  with  4-sided  stems,  opposite  stipulate  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers,  in 
dense  axillary  and  terminal  clusters.  Calyx-tube  obovoid  or  obconic,  its  limb 
4-toothed.  Corolla  funnelform,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate, 
or  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  didymous,  of  2  dehiscent  carpels,  or  one 
dehiscent,  the  other  indehiscent.  Seeds  oblong,  convex  on  the  back;  endosperm 
horny;  embryo  central;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  [Greek,  seed-point,  from  the  sharp 
calyx  teeth  surmounting  the  carpels.]  Two  species,  natives  of  America. 

i.  Spermacoce  glabra  Michx.  SMOOTH  BUTTON-WEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3405.) 
Glabrous,  decumbent  or  ascending,  2.5-5  dm-  long-  Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  petioled,  or  the  uppermost  sessile,  2-8  cm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide,  acute 
at  each  end.  the  margins  rough;  corolla  pubescent  in  the  throat,  about  3  mm.  long, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  acute  calyx-teeth;  stamens  and  style  inclu- 
ded; capsule  obovoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  glabrous;  seeds  black,  punctate.  On 
river-banks  and  in  wet  soil,  southern  Ohio  and  Ky.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  Also 
in  tropical  Am.  June-Sept. 

6.     DIODIA   L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite,  mostly  sessile,  entire  stipulate  leaves,  and  small  axillary 
white  lilac  or  purple  flowers.  Calyx-tube  obconic  or  obovoid,  the  limb  2-4-lobed 
(sometimes  i-6-lobed),  often  with  minute  teeth  between  the  lobes.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  salverform,  mostly  4-lobed.  Stamens  usually  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  corolla;  filaments  slender:  anthers  versatile,  oblong-linear,  exserted.  Ovary 
2-celled  (rarely  3-4-celled);  ovules  i  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  simple,  or  2-cleft; 
stigmas  2.  Fruit  2-celled,  finally  separating  into  2  indehiscent  carpels.  Seed 
oblong,  convex  on  the  back;  endosperm  horny;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  embryo 


864  FLORA. 

straight.  [Greek,  thoroughfare,  where  the  species  are  frequently  found.  ]  About 
35  species,  mostly  American.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  South- 
ern States-. 

Leaves  linear- lanceolate;  style  entire;  stigmas  capitate.  i.  D.  tercs. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oval;  style  2-cleft;  stigmas  filiform.  2.  D,  Virginiana. 

1.  Diodia    teres    Walt.     ROUGH    BUTTON-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3406.)    Rigid, 
usually  rough,  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  prostrate  or  ascend- 
ing, 4-sided  above,  1-7.5  dm.  l°ng-     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  very  rough, 
1-4  cm.  long,  acute,  the  margins  revolute  when  dry;    flowers  lilac  or  purple, 
4-6  mm.  long,  usually  solitary  in  the  axils;  style  entire;  stigmas  capitate;  fruit 
obovoid  or  top-shaped,  hispid,  about  4  mm.  high,  the  usually  4  persistent  calyx- 
lobes  ovate  to  lanceolate.     In  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  111.,  Kans.,  Tex., 
N.  Mex.  and  Sonora.     July-Sept. 

2.  Diodia  Virginiana  L.     LARGER  BUTTON- WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3407.)    Hispid- 
pubescent  or  glabrate,  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  procum- 
bent or  ascending,  3-6  dm.  long.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oval,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  acute,  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  2-8  cm.  long;  flowers   I  or  2  in  each  axil, 
about  12  mm.  long,  the  corolla-tube  very  slender;  fruit  somewhat  fleshy,  but  becom- 
ing dry,  hirsute  or  glabrous,  oval,  6—8  mm.  high,  furrowed,  crowned  with  the  2 
or  3  persistent  lanceolate  calyx-lobes.     In  moist  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Ark. 
and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

7.    GALIUM   L.    (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs,  with  4-angled  slender  stems  and  branches,  apparently  verticillate 
leaves,  and  small  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes  or  panicles,  the 
pedicels  usually  jointed  with  the  calyx.  Flowers  perfect,  or  in  some  species  dioe- 
cious. Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  globose,  the  limb  minutely  toothed,  or  none.  Corolla 
rotate,  4-lobed  (rarely  3-lobed).  Stamens  4,  rarely  3;  filaments  short;  anthers 
exserted.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  one  in  each  cavity.  Styles  2,  short;  stigmas 
capitate.  Fruit  didymous,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  carpels,  or  sometimes  only 
I  of  the  carpels  maturing.  Seed  convex  on  the  back,  concave  on  the  face,  o* 
spherical  and  hollow;  endosperm  horny;  embryo  curved;  cotyleclons  foliaceous, 
[Greek,  milk,  from  the  use  of  G.  veruni  for  curdling.]  About  225  species,  of  wid( 
distribution.  Besides  the  following,  about  27  others  occur  in  southern  and  westeri 
N.  Am.  The  leaves  are  really  opposite,  the  intervening  members  of  the  verticil! 
being  stipules. 

*   Fruit  dry,  smooth,  hispid,  or  roughened. 
\  Annuals  (except  Nos.  i  and  2). 

1.  Flowers  yellow;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  i.  G.  verum. 

2.  Flowers  white  or  greenish  white. 

a.  Fruit  smooth  and  glabrous.  2.  G.  Mollugo. 

b.  Fruit  bristly,  tubercled,  granular  or  papillose  (or  smooth  in  No.  3). 
Flowers  in  axillary  cymules,  or  panicled. 

Fruit  granular  or  tubercled,  not  bristly. 

Fruit  slightly  granular,  or  smooth,  i  mm.  broad ;  pedicels  not  recurved ;  stem 

very  slender.  3.   G.  Parisiensc. 

Fruit  granular-tubercled,  3  mm.  broad  ;  fruiting  pedicels  recurved ;  stem  stout. 

4.  G.  tricorne. 
Fruit  densely  bristly-hispid. 

Cymes  few-flowered;  leaves  2-8  cm.  long;  fruit  fully  4  mm.  broad. 

5.  G.  Aparine. 
Cymes  mostly  several-flowered;  leaves  1-2.5  cm-  long*  fruit  smaller. 

6.  G.  Vaillantii. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  subtended  by  2  foliaceous  bracts ;  fruit  bristly. 

7.  G.  virgatum. 

ft  Perennials. 
1.  Fruit  bristly-hispid  (or  becoming  glabrous  in  No.  12). 

a.  Leaves  in  4's,  i-nerved.  8.  G.  pilosum. 

b.  Leaves  in  4*s,  3-nerved. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oval,  or  ovate ;  flowers  in  open  cymes.' 

Upper  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  9.  G.  lanceolatum. 


RUB1ACEAE.  865 

Upper  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  oval,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate,  obtuse. 

"Corolla  usually  hirsute;  plant  mostly  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late. 10.  G.  circaezans. 
Corolla  glabrous;  plant  little  pubescent;  some  leaves  obovate. 

ii.   G.  Kamtschaticum* 
Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  12.   G.boreale. 

c.  Leaves  in  6's.  13.  G.  triflorum. 

2.  Fruit  smooth  and  glabrous,  or  warty  in  No.  15. 

a.  Flowers  brown-purple. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  3-nerved;  fruit  smooth.  14.  G.  latifolium. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  i-nerved;  fruit  warty.  15.  G.  Arkansanum. 

b.  Flowers  white,  yellowish,  or  greenish. 
Endosperm  of  seed  annular  in  cross-section. 

Corolla  4-parted,  its  lobes  acute;  stems  smooth,  or  nearly  so. 

16.  G.  tinctorium, 
Corolla  mostly  3-parted,  its  lobes  obtuse;  stems  minutely  retrorse-hispid. 

Pedicels  slender,  rough;  leaves  mostly  in  4's.  17.  G,  trifidum. 

Pedicels  rather  stout,  smooth  ;  leaves  mostly  in  5*5  and  6's. 

18.   G.  Claytoni. 
Endosperm  of  seed  lunate  in  cross-section. 

Leaves  obtuse.  19.   G.  palustre. 

Leaves  acute,  or  cuspidate. 

Stem  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  20.   G.  concinnum. 

Stem  strongly  retrorse-hispid.  21.   G,  asprellum. 

*  *  Fruit  fleshy,  resembling  a  double  berry.    22.   G.  hispidulum. 

1.  Galium  verum  L.     YELLOW  BEDSTRAW.     LADY'S  BEDSTRAW.     (I.  F.  f. 
3408.)      Perennial  from  a  somewhat  woody  base,  erector  ascending,  1.5-7.5  dm. 
high.     Stems  smooth  or  minutely  roughened;  leaves  in  6's  or  8's,  narrowly  linear, 
8-25  mm.   long,  about  I  mm.  wide,   rough  on  the  margins,   at   length  deflextd; 
flowers  yellow,  the  cymes  in  dense  narrow  panicles;    fruit  usually  glabrous,  less 
*han  2  mm.   broad.      In  waste  places  and  fields,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 
Adv.  or  nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

2.  Galium  Mollugo  L.     WILD  MADDER.     WHITE,  OR  GREAT  HEDGE  BED- 
STRAW.     (I.  F.  f.  3409.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  diffusely  branched,  3-9  dm.  long; 
leaves  in   6's  or  8's,  oblanceolate  or  linear,  cu-spidate,  12-30  mm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide,  sometimes  roughish  on  the  margins;  flowers  small,  white,  very  numerous  in 
terminal  panicled  cymes;    pedicels  filiform;    fruit  smooth,  glabrous,  nearly  2  mm. 
broad.      In  fields  and  waste  places,  Newf.  to  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  N.  J.  and  Del. 
Adv.  or  nat.  from  Europe.     May-  Sept. 

3.  Galium  Parisiense  L.     WALL  BEDSTRAW.    (L  F.  f.  3410.)     Very  slender, 
much  branched;  stem  rough  on  the  angles,  1.5-3  dm.  high-     Leaves  in  verticils  of 
about  6  (4-7).  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  cuspidate,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gins and  midrib,  4-8  mm.  long;    cymes  several-flowered,  on  filiform  peduncles; 
flowers  minute,  greenish  white;    fruit  glabrous,  smooth  or  finely  granular,  less  than 
2  mm.  wide.      Roadsides, -Va.  and  Tenn.     Adv.  or  nat.  from  Europe.     June- Aug. 

4.  Galium  tricorne   Stokes.     ROUGH-FRUITED  CORN  BEDSTRAW.     (I.  F.  f. 
3411.)      Rather  stout,  decumbent  or  ascending,  1.5-3  ^m.   hi^h,  simple,  or  little 
branched.      Stem  rough  with  reflexed  prickles;    leaves  in  6's  or  8's,  linear  or  nar- 
rowly obLiceolate,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less.  3-4  mm.  wide,  rough  on  the  margins  and 
midrib;  peduncles  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  thickened  and  curved 
downward  in  fruit;  cymes  axillary,  usually  3-  (1-3-)  flowered;   fruit  tuberculate  or 
granular,  8-IO  mm.  broad.     In  waste  places  or  cultivated  fields,  eastward  (accord- 
ing to  Gray^;    Ont.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports.       Introduced  from 
Europe.     May-Aug. 

5.  Galium   Aparine   L.    CLEAVERS.    GOOSEGRASS.    CLEAVER  WORT.    (I.  F. 
f.  3412.)      Weak,  scrambling  over  bushes,  6-15  dm.  long,  the  stems  retrorsely  his- 
pid on  the  angles.      Leaves  in  6's  or  8's,  oblanceolate  to  linear,  cuspidate,  2.5-8 
cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  the  margins  and  midrib  very  rough;    flowers  in   1-3- 
flowered  cymes   in  the  upper   axils;    peduncles   1-2.5   C111>  l°n&>    fruiting  pedicels 
straight;    fruit  4-6  mm.  broad,  densely  covered  with  hooked  bristles.      In  various 
situations,  N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.,  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Sept. 

6.  Galium  Vaillantii  DC.      LESSER   GOOSEGRASS  OR  CLEAVERS.     (I.  F.  f. 
3413  as  G,  spurium.)    Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but, smaller,  the  stem  equal- 


866     ,      .  FLORA. 

ly  rough-angled.  Leaves  smaller,  2.5  cm.  in  length  or  less,  linear-oblong  or  slight- 
ly oblanceolate,  cuspidate,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib;  cymes  2-9-flowered; 
fruit  2-3  mm.  broad,  usually  less  hispid.  In  low  grounds,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  south 
in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz,  and  to  Cal.  Also  in  Europe.  G.  spurium  L.,  of 
Europe,  appears  to  have  uniformly  smooth  fruit.  May- Aug. 

7.  Galium  virgatum  Nutt,      SOUTHWESTERN   BEDSTRAW.     (I.  F.  f.  3414.) 
Annual,  1-3  dm.  high,   usually  hispid,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous;    stem  slender, 
4-angled.     Leaves  in  4*3,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  5-10  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  or 
less;    peduncles    axillary,    i-flowered,   less   than  2  mm.   long,   recurved  in  fruit; 
flower  white,  subtended  by  2  large  oblong  to  lanceolate  bracts  which  closely  re- 
semble the  leaves;  fruit  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,   covered  with    slender  barbed 
bristles.     Tenn.  and  Mo.  to  Ark.,  La.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

8.  Galium   pilosum   Ait.     HAIRY   BEDSTRAW.     (I.  F.  f.  3415.)     Perennial, 
hirsute-pubescent;   stems  ascending,  branched,  3-7  dm.  long.     Leaves  in  4's,  oval 
or  oval-ovate,  punctate,  I -nerved,   obtuse,  or  obscurely  3-nerved  at  the  base,  mu- 
cronulate,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  6-10  mm.  wide,  the  lower  usually  smaller;   peduncles 
axillary  and  terminal;    cymes  numerous,  few- flowered;    pedicels  2-12  mm.  long, 
flowers  yellowish  purple;  fruit  densely  hispid,  nearly  4  mm.  in  diameter.     In  dry 
or  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Ind.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

Galium  pilosum  puncticulftsum   (Michx.)  T.  &  G.      Glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;   leaves 
smaller,  ciliate.     Southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9.  Galium   lanceolatum    Torr.      TORREY'S  WILD  LIQUORICE.      (I.    F.  f. 
3416.)     Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stems  minutely  roughened,  3-6  dm. 
high.    Leaves  in  4's,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish  or  acuminate,  3-nerved, 
ciliate  on  the  margins  and  nerves,  2.5-6.5  cm.  long,  1-2.2  cm.  wide,  the  lower 
smaller  and  obtuse  or  obtusish ;  cymes  rather  few- flowered,  loose,  widely  branched ; 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so;    corolla  glabrous,  yellowish  green  to  purple,  its  lobes 
acuminate;  fruit  hispid  with  long  hairs,  4-5  mm.  broad.      In  dry  woods,  Quebec 
and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  N.  J.,  Va.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     June-Aug. 

10.  Galium  circaezans  Michx.    WILD  LIQUORICE.  CROSS-CLEAVERS.  (I.  F.  f. 
3417.)    Perennial,  more  or  less  pubescent,  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  in4*s, 
oval,  oval-lanceolate  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  3-nerved,  1-3. 6  cm.  long,  8-i6mm. 
wide,   usually  somewhat  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  the  lower   smaller;    cymes 
divaricately  branched;    flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  greenish;    corolla  hirsute  with- 
out, its  lobes  acute  ;  fruit  hispid,  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species,  at  length 
deflexed.     In  woods,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Tex.    May-July. 

Galium    circaezans    glabellum   Britton.      Foliage  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;    corolla 
glabrous.     N.  Y. 

11.  Galium  Kamtschaticum  Steller.    NORTHERN  WILD  LIQUORICE.     (I.  F. 
f.  3418.)      Similar  to   the  preceding  species,  but  weak,  smaller;    stems  1-4  dm. 
long.      Leaves  in  4's,  broadly  oval,  orbicular  or  obovate,  thin,  3-nerved,  obtuse, 
mucronulate,   1-3.6  cm.   long,  8-25  mm.  wide,  glabrate,  or  pubescent  with  short 
scattered  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  on  the  nerves  beneath,  sometimes  ciliate; 
flowers  few,  all  on  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long;    corolla  glabrous,  yellowish  green,  its 
lobes  acutish;  fruit  hispid,  4  mm.  broad.     In  mountainous  regions,  Quebec,  north- 
ern N.  E.  and  northern  N.  Y.     Also  in  northeastern  Asia.     Summer. 

12.  Galium  boreale  L.      NORTHERN  BEDSTRAW.      (I.  F.  f.  3419.)     Erect, 
perennial,  smooth  and  glabrous,  strict,  leafy,  3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  in  4's,  lance- 
olate or  linear,  3-nerved,  2.5-6.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  the  margins  sometimes 
ciliate;    panicles  terminal,  dense,  many -flowered,  the  flowers  white  in  small  com- 
pact cymes;  fruit  hispid,  at  least  when  young,  sometimes  becoming  glabrate  when 
mature,  about  2   mm.   broad.     In  rocky  soil  or  along  streams,  Quebec  to  Alaska, 
N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  Mo.,  Neb.,   N.  Mex.    and  Cal.      Also   in   Europe   and   Asia. 
May- Aug. 

13.  Galium  triflorum  Michx.     SWEET-SCENTED  OR  FRAGRANT  BEDSTRAW. 
(I.    F.    f.    3420.)     Perennial,  diffuse,  procumbent  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  near- 
ly so,  shining,  fragrant  in  drying,  the  stems  and  margins  of  the  leaves  sometimes 
roughened.      Leaves  in  6's,  narrowly  oval  or  slightly  oblanceolate,  I -nerved,  cus- 
pidate, narrowed  at  the  base,  2. 5-9  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide;    peduncles  slender, 
often  exceeding  the  leaves,  3 -flowered  or  branched  into  3  pedicels  which  are  1-3- 
flowered;    flowers  greenish;    fruit  3-4  mm.  broad,  hispid  with  hooked  hairs;    seed 


RUB2ACEAE.  86; 

almost  spherical,  the  groove  obsolete.      In  woods,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  Fla.,  La.,  the 
Ind.  Terr.,  Colo,  and  Cat.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     June- Aug. 

14.  Galium    latifblium    Michx.      PURPLE    BEDSTRAW.      (I.    F.    f.    3421.) 
Perennial,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous,  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.       Leaves  in  4% 
lanceolate,   3-nerved,  acuminate,  2-5  cm.  long,  8-16  mm.  wide,  the  midrib  some- 
times pubescent  beneath,  the  margins  minutely  roughened,  the  lower  smaller  and 
sometimes  opposite;    peduncles   slender,  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;    flowers 
purple;  cymes  loosely  many- flowered,  the  pedicels  slender,  4-12  mm.  long,  smooth 
or  nearly  so;  fruit  smooth,   slightly  fleshy,  4  mm.  broad,  usually  only  one  of  the 
carpels  developing.     In  dry  woods,  Penn.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.     May-Aug. 

15.  Galium  Arkansanum   A.    Gray.       ARKANSAS   BEDSTRAW.       (I.  F.  f. 
3422.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  usually  lower,  the  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
1-2.5  cm.    long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure  or  none,   the   midrib 
sometimes  pubescent  beneath,  and  the  margins  ciliate;  fruiting  pedicels  roughish, 
6-25  mm.  long;   flowers  brown-purple,  the  .numerous  cymes  loosely  several-many- 
flowered;  fruit  glabrous,  warty,  somewhat  fleshy,  each  carpel  2-3  mm.  in  diameter. 
Southern  Mo.  and  Ark.     June-July. 

16.  Galium  tinctorium   L.      STIFF  MARSH  BEDSTRAW.      WILD  MADDER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3423.)     Perennial;    stem  erect,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  rather  stiff,  branched  al- 
most to  the  base,  the  branches  commonly  solitary,  strict;   stem  4  angled,  nearly 
glabrous;  leaves  commonly  in  4's,  linear  to  lanceolate,  1-2.5  cm-   l°ng>  broadest 
below  the  middle,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  dull,  I -nerved,  the 
margins  and  midrib  roughish;    flowers  terminal,   in  clusters  of  2  or  3;   pedicels 
slender,  not  much  divaricate  in  fruit;  corolla  white,  2-3.5  mm-  broad,  4-parted,  its 
lobes  oblong,  acute;    disk  large;  fruit  smooth;    seed  spherical,  hollow,  annular  in 
cross- section.      Damp  shady  places,  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Can.  to  N.  Car., 
Tenn.,  Mich.,  Neb.  and  Ariz.     May-July. 

Galium  tinctorium  filifolium  Wiegand.  More  slender  than  the  type  and  often  more 
diffuse;  leaves  almost  filiform,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  not  broader  below  the  middle,  strong- 
ly cellular-papillose;  inflorescence  more  open;  pedicels  slender;  bracts  minute;  flowers  in 
2's  or  3's;  corolla  larger.  Sandy  places  in  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 

Galium  tinct6rium  L,abrad6ricum  Wiegand.  Low  and  strictly  erect,  5-25  cm.  high; 
branches  few,  ascending,  mostly  from  the  upper  nodes  ;  leaves  small,  6-8  mm.  long,  linear, 
reflexed;  flowers  large.  In  sphagnous  bogs,  Conn.,  N.  Y.  and  Wis.  to  Lab. 

17.  Galium  trifidum  L.     SMALL  BEDSTRAW.     SMALL  CLEAVERS.     (I.  F.  f. 
3424.)      Perennial,  slender  and  weak;    stem  ascending,  4dm.  long  or  less,  much 
branched  and  intertangled ;    stem  sharply  4-angled,  rough;    branches  commonly  in 
2's;    leaves  in  4*5,  linear-spatulate,  5-14  mm.   long,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
I -nerved,  dark  green  and  dull,  scarcely  papillose,  the  margins  and  midrib  retrorse- 
scabrous;  flowers  small,  on  pedicels  which  are  capillary  and  much  longer  than  the 
leaves,  commonly  two  at  each  node,  or  three  terminal;    corolla  very  small,  white. 
0.5  m-n.   long,  trifid,  its    lobes   broadly  oval,  very  obtuse;   fruit   glabrous;   seed 
spherical  and  hollow,  annular  in  cross -section.      Sphagnous  bogs  and  cold  swamps, 
Me.  to  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  northward.      Summer. 

18.  Galium  Claytoni  Michx.      CLAYTON'S   BEDSTRAW.      (I.   F.  f.    34^5.) 
Perennial;  stem  diffuse  when  old,  1.5-6  dm.  high;  stem  slender  or  sometimes  quite 
stout,  sharply  4-angled,  rough,  the  diffuse  branches  in  2's;    leaves  8-16  mm.  long, 
commonly  in  5*5  or  6's,  linear-spatulate  or  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse,  cuneately  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  petiole,  rather  firm  in  texture,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  mid- 
rib, dark  green  and  dull  above,  discolored  in  drying:  flowers  in  clusters  of  2's  or 
3's,  terminal,  provided  with  I  or  2  minute  bracts;  pedicels  straight,  in  fruit  strong- 
ly divaricate,  .glabrous  and  rather  stout;  corolla  minute,  white,  3-parted,  the  lobes 
broadly  oval,  obtuse;    fruit  glabrous;   seed  spherical  and  hollow,  annular  in  cross- 
section.     Swamps,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Fla..  Mich.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

19.  Galium  palustre  L.     MARSH   BEDSTRAW.     (I.  F.  f.  3426.)    Perennial; 
stem  erect,  slender,  about  4  dm.  high;  internodes  very  long;  short  branches  mostly 
in  2's.     Stem  4-angled,  smooth  or  roughish;   leaves  in  2's  to  6's.  linear-elliptic  to 
spatulate.  cuneate  at  the  base,  obtuse,  6-16  mm.  long,  2-4  mra.  wide,  the  rather 
firm  margins  and  the  midrib  slightly  scabrous;  flowers  numerous  in  terminal  and 
lateral  cymes;  bracteoles  in  the  inflorescence  minute;  pedicels  in  flower  ascending, 


868  FLORA. 

3-5  mm.  long,  in  fruit  strongly  divaricate;  corolla  white,  2-3.5  mm-  bread,  4-parted, 
the  lobes  oblong,  acute;  disk  almost  obsolete;  fruit  glabrous;  endosperm  of  the  seed 
grooved  on  the  inner  face,  in  cross-section  lunate.  In  damp  places,  Newf.  and 
Quebec  to  Mass.,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

20.  Galium   concinnum   Torr.  &  Gray.      SHINING    BEDSTRAW.      (I.  F.  f. 
3427.)      Perennial,  glabrous,   shining,  usually  much  branched,  the  angles  of  the 
stem  and  edges  of  the  leaves  minutely  scabrous.      Leaves  usually  all  in  6's,  linear 
or  sometimes  broader  above  the  middle,  narrowed  at  the  base,  blunt-pointed,  or 
minutely  cuspidate,  8-12  mm.   long,  2-3  mm.    wide,  green  in  drying;    peduncles 
filiform  ;  pedicels  short ;  flowers  minute,  white,  numerous  in  open  cymes  ;   fruit 
small,  glabrous;  endosperm  deeply  grooved.  In  dry  woodlands,  N.  J.  to  Va.,  Minn., 
Kans.  and  Ark.     June-Aug. 

21.  Galium  asprellum  Michx.    ROUGH  BEDSTRAW.    (I.  F.  f.  3428.)    Peren- 
nial, weak,  much  branched  and  reclining  on  bushes,  or  sometimes  erect;    stem  re- 
trorsely  hispid,  6-18  dm.  long.     Leaves  in  6's  or  5's,  or  those  of  the  branches  rare- 
ly in  4's,  narrowly  oval  or  slightly  oblanceolate,  cuspidate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
8-1 6  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  their  margins  and  midribs  rough  ;    cymes  several- 
many-flowered;    flowers  white;    fruit  smooth  and   glabrous,  about  2  mm.  broad; 
endosperm  with  a  shallow  groove.       In  moist  soil,  Newf.  to  Ont.,  N.  Car.,  111., 
Wis.  and  Neb.     June-Aug. 

22.  Galium    hispidulum   Michx.      COAST    BEDSTRAW.      (I.  F.   f.    3429.) 
Perennial,    much   branched,   hirsute,    hispid   or   nearly  glabrous,  3-6  dm.   high. 
Leaves  in  4's,  I -nerved,  oval,  mucronate,  rather  thick,  6-20  mm.  long,  3-8  mm. 
wide,  the  margins  more  or  less  revolute  in  drying;    flowers  few.  terminating  the 
branchlets,  white;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long,  rather  stout,  becoming  deflexed  in  fruit; 
fruit  fleshy,  minutely  pubescent,*  about  4  mm.  broad.     In  dry  or  sandy  soil,  south- 
ern N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ga.     May-Aug.     This  species  has  been  referred,  on  account 
of  its  fleshy  fruit,  to  the  genus  Relbunium  Endl.,  but  it  lacks  the  characteristic 
involucre  of  the  typical  species. 

8.  SHERARDIA  L. 

Slender  annual  procumbent  or  diffuse  herbs,  with  verticillate  spiny-pointed 
leaves,  and  small  nearly  sessile  pink  or  blue  flowers,  in  involucrate  heads.  Calyx- 
tube  ovoid,  its  limb  4-6  lobed,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  persistent.  Corolla  funnelform, 
4~5-lobed,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  lobes  or  longer.  Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  slender;  anthers  linear-oblong,  exserted.  Ovary  2- 
celled;  style  2-cleft  at  the  summit;  ovules  I  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  didymous,  the 
carpels  indehiscent.  Seed  erect.  [Named  for  Dr.  Wm.  Sherard,  1659-1728, 
patron  of  Dillenius.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Sherardia  arvensis  L.  BLUE  FIELD-MADDER.  HERB  SHERARD.  SPUR- 
WORT.  (I.  F.  f.  3430.)  Tufted,  roughish;  stems  numerous,  prostrate,  as- 
cending, or  decumbent,  0.7-2.5  dm.  long.  Leaves  in  4's,  5's  or  6's.  the  upper 
linear  or  lanceolate,  acute  and  sharp-pointed,  rough-ciliate  on  the  margins,  6— 16 
mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  the  lower  often  obovate,  mucronate;  flowers  in  slender- 
peduncled  involucrate  heads,  the  involucre  deeply  6-8-lobed,  the  lobes  lanceolate, 
sharp  pointed;  corolla-lobes  spreading;  fruit  crowned  with  the  4-6  lanceolate 
calyx-teeth.  In  waste  places,  Ont.  and  Mass.  Also  in  Bermuda.  Adv.  from 
Europe.  June-July. 

9.  ASPE'RULA  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  4- angled  stems,  verticillate  leaves,  and  small  white,  pink 
or  blue  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary,  mostly  cymose  clusters.  Calyx-tube  some- 
what didymous,  the  limb  obsolete.  Corolla  funnelform,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  in- 
serted on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  2- 
celled:  ovules  I  in  each  cavity;  style  2-cleft.  Fruit  globose-didymous,  the  carpels 
indehiscent.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp  ;  endosperm  fleshy  ;  embryo  curved. 
[Latin  diminutive  of  asper,  rough,  referring  to  the  leaves.]  About  80  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Asperula  odorata  L.  SWEET  WOODRUFF.  (L  F.  f.  3431.)  Stems  erect, 
slender,  smooth.  Leaves  usually  in  8's  (6's-9*s),  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucron- 
ate, I -nerved,  roughish  on  the  margins,  1-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  tne  lower  smaller,  ofteij 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  869 

obovate  or  oblanceolate ;  peduncles  slender;  cymes  several-flowered;  flowers  white 
or  pinkish,  3  mm.  long;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  fruit  hispid,  about  2  mm.  broad. 
In  waste  places,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  Fugitive  from  Europe.  May -July. 

Asperula  arvdnsis  L.,  another  European  species,  with  terminal  capitate  flowers  and 
linear  obtuse  leaves,  has  been  found  in  waste  places  on  Staten  Island. 

Family  2.     CAPRIFOLIACEAE  Vent. 
Honeysuckle  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees,  vines,  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  per- 
fect, mostly  cymose  flowers.  Stipules  none,  or  sometimes  present.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3-5-toothed  or  3~5-lobed.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  the  limb  5-lobed,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Stamens  5  (rarely 
4),  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  anthers 
versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  i-6-celled  ;  style  slender ;  stigma  capitate,  or 
2-5-lobed,  the  lobes  stigmatic  at  the  summit;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit 
a  1-6  celled  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule.  Seeds  oblong,  globose,  or  angular  ; 
seed-coat  membranous  or  crustaceous,  embryo  usually  small,  placed 
near  the  hilum  ;  radicle  terete;  cotyledons  ovate.  About  10  genera 
and  260  species,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Corolla  rotate  to  urn-shaped;  flowers  in  compound  cymes;  style  deeply  2-s-lobed;  shrubs 

or  trees 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  drupe  3~5-seeded.  i.  Sambucus. 

Leaves  simple ;  drupe  i-seeded.  2.  Viburnum. 

Corolla  tubular  to  campanulate,  often  2-lipped  ;  style  slender. 

Erect  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  connate.  3.    Triosteum. 

Creeping,  somewhat  woody  herb;  flowers  long-peduncled,  geminate. 

4.  Linnaea. 
Shrubs  or  vines. 

Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry. 

Corolla  short,  campanulate,  regular,  or  nearly  so.  5.  Symphoricarpos. 

Corolla  more  or  less  irregular,  tubular  or  campanulate.    6.  Lonicera. 
Fruit  a  2-celled  capsule;  corolla  funnelform.  7.  Diervilla. 

i.     SAMBUCUS    L. 

Shrubs  or  trees  (or  some  exotic  species  perennial  herbs),  with  opposite  pinnate 
leaves,  serrate  or  laciniate  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  pinkish  flowers  in  compound 
depressed  or  thyrsoid  cymes.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  turbinate,  3-5 -toothed  or  3-5- 
lobed.  Corolla  rotate  or  slightly  campanulate,  regular,  3~5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  in- 
serted at  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  slender;  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  3-5- 
celled;  style  short,  3-parted  ;  ovules  I  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Drupe  berry- 
like,  containing  3-5,  i-seeded  nutlets.  Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  nearly  as  long 
as  the  seed.  [Latin  name  of  the  elder.]  About  20  species,  of  wide  geographic 
distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following,  3  or  4  others  occur  in"  western  N.  Am. 
Cyme  convex;  fruit  purplish  blac^.  i.  S.  Canadensis. 

Cyme  thyrsoid-paniculate,  longer  than  broad;  fruit  red.  2.  S.  pubens. 

1.  Sambucus  Canadensis  L.     AMERICAN  ELDER.     SWEET  ELDER.     (I.  F. 
f.  3432.)     A  shrub,  1-3.5  m-  high»  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stems  but  little  woody, 
the  younger  ones  with  large  white  pith.     Leaflets  5-11,  usually  7,  ovate  or  oval, 
acuminate  or  acute,  short-stalked,  glabrous  above,  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long,   sharply  serrate,   sometimes  stipellate  ;    cymes 
broader  than  high;  flowers  white,  about  3  mm.  broad  ;    drupe  nearly  6  mm.  in 
diameter  ;    nutlets  roughened.      In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Manitoba, 
Kans.  and  Tex.     June-July. 

2.  Sambucus   pubens   Michx.      RED-BERRIED   ELDER.      (I.  F.  f.  3433.)    A 
shrub,  0.6  4  m.  high,  the  twigs  and  leaves  commonly  pubescent;  stems  woody,  the 
younger  with  reddish-brown  pith.     Leaflets  5-7.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  acumin- 
ate at  the  apex,  often  narrowed  and  usually  inequilateral  at  the  base,  5-13  cm.  long, 
not  stipellate,  sharply  serrate  ;    cymes  longer  than  broad  ;    flowers  whitish,  turning 


870  FLORA. 

brown  in  drying  ;  drupe  scarlet  or  red,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter  ;  nutlets  minutely- 
roughened.  In  rocky  places,  N.  B.  to  Alaska,  Br.  Col.,  Ga.,  Colo,  and  Cal.  Fruit 
rarely  white.  April-May. 

Sambucus  pubens  dissdcta  Britton.     Leaflets  laciniate.     Lake  Superior  and  Penn. 
.  Sambucus  nlgra  laciniata  (Mill.)  DC.,  a  cut-leaved  variety  of  the  related  European 
species  has  been  found  at  Cape  May,  N.  J.,  perhaps  escaped  from  cultivation. 

2.    VIBURNUM  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire  dentate  or  lobed,  sometimes  stipulate  leaves,  an<l 
white  or  rarely  pink  flowers  in  compound  cymes,  the  outer  flowers  sometimes  radiant 
and  neutral.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  turbinate,  its  limb  short,  5 -toothed.  Corolla  ro- 
tate  or  short-campanulate  in  our  species,  regular,  5 -lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla;  anthers  oblong,  exserted.  Ovary  i-3-celled;  style  short, 
3-lobed  or  3 -parted  ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Drupe  ovoid  or 
globose,  sometimes  flattened,  i-seeded.  Seed  compressed;  endosperm  fleshy;  em- 
bryo minute.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  100  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Besides  the  following,  about  5  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

*  Outer  flowers  of  the  cyme  large,  radiant;  drupe  red. 

Leaves  doubly  serrate,  pinnately  veined.  i.  V.  alnifolium. 

Leaves  3-lobed,  palmately  veined.  2.  V.   Opulus. 

*  *   None  of  the  flowers  radiant;  drupe  blue  or  black  (red  in  No.  3). 

1.   Leaves  palmately  veined,  or  3-ribbed. 

Cymes  1-2.5  cm-  broad,  the  rays  short;  drupe  red.  3.   V.  pauciflorum. 

Cymes  3.5-6  cm.  broad,  the  rays  slender;  drupe  nearly  black.   4.  V.  acerifolium. 

2.  Leaves  pinnately  veined. 

a.  Leaves  coarsly  dentate,  the  veins  prominent  beneath. 

Leaves  very  short-petioled,  pubescent.  5.  V.  pubescens. 

Petioles  0.6-4  cm.  long. 

Leaves  glabrous,  or  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  beneath.   6.   V.  dentatum. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath,  the  pubescence  more  or  less  stellate. 
Drupe  globose-ovoid;  eastern  and  southern. 

Veins  of  leaves  not  very  prominent.  7.  V.  semitomentostnn. 

Veins  very  prominent  on  the  under  surfaces  of  the  leaves. 

8.   V.  venosutn. 
Drupe  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  thick;  western.  9.  V>  molle. 

b.  Leaves  entire,  crenulate,  or  serrulate,  the  veins  not  prominent. 
Cymes  manifestly  peduncled. 

Peduncle  shorter  than  the  cyme  ;  leaves  crenulate.  10.  V.  cassinoides. 

Peduncle  equalling  or  longer  than  the  cyme.  li.  V.  nudum. 

Cymes  sessile,  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  slender-petioled,  large. 

Leaves  prominently  acuminate.  12.'  V,  Lentago. 

Leaves  obtuse,  or  merely  acute. 

Leaves  and  scarcely  winged  petioles  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

13.  V.prunifolium. 
Veins  of  lower  leaf-surfaces  and  winged  petioles  tomentose. 

14.  V.  rufotomentosum. 
Leaves  nearly  sessile,  obovate,  small.                                     15.  V.  obovatum 

1.  Viburnum   alnifolium   Marsh.     HOBBLE-BUSH.     AMERICAN  WARFARING 
TREE.      (I.  F.  f.  3434.)     A  shrub,  with  smooth  purplish  bark,  widely  and  irregu- 
larly branching,  the  branches  often  procumbent,  the  youngest  twigs  scurfy.    Leaves 
orbicular,  or  very  broadly  ovate,  short- acuminate  or  acute,  usually  cordate,  finely 
stellate-pubescent,  or  at  length  glabrous  above,  scurfy  with  stellate  pubescence  on 
the  veins  beneath,  finely  serrate  all  around,  0.7-2  dm.  broad,  petioles  1-3  cm.  long; 
cymes  sessile,  7-13  cm.    broad,  the  exterior  flowers  usually  about  2  cm.  broad; 
drupes  red,  becoming  purple,  ovoid-oblong,  10-12  mm.  long;  stone  3 -grooved  on  one 
side,  i -grooved  on  the  other.       In  low  woods,  N.  B.  to  N.  Car.,  western  N.  Y.  and 
Mich.     Leaves  of  shoots  from  cut  stumps  thin,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed.    May-June. 

2.  Viburnum     Opulus     L.       CRANBERRY-TREE.       WILD     GUELDER-ROSE. 
HIGH    BUSH  CRANBERRY.      (I.  F.  f.  3435.)      A  shrub  sometimes  4  m.  high,  with 
smooth  branches.      Leaves  broadly  ovate,  sometimes  broader  than  long,  glabrous, 
or  with  scattered  hairs  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  rather 
deeply  3-lobed,  rounded  or  truncate  and  3-ribbed  at  the  base,  the  lobes  acuminate, 
coarsely  dentate;  petioles  1-2.5  cm-  Iong;  cymes  peduncled,  7-10  cm.  in  diameter, 


CA  PRIFOLIA  CEA  E.  87 1 

the  exterior  flowers  radiant,  neutral ;  drupes  globose,  or  oval,  8-IO  mm.  in  dia- 
meter, red,  very  acid,  translucent;  stone  orbicular,  flat,  not  grooved.  In  low 
grounds,  N.  B.  to  Br.  Col.,  N.  J.,  Mich.,  S.  Dak.  and  Ore.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  June-July. 

3.  Viburnum    pauciflorum    Pylaie.       FEW-FLOWERED    CRANBERRY-TREE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3436.)     A  straggling  shrub,  6-18  dm.  high,  with  twigs  and  petioles  glab- 
rous or  nearly  so.     Leaves  broadly  oval,  obovate,  or  broader  than  long,  5 -ribbed, 
truncate  or  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  mostly  with  3  rather  shallow  lobes, 
coarsely  and  unequally  dentate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath, 
3-8  cm.  broad;    cymes  peduncled,  short-rayed,  1-2.5  cm-  broad  ;    flowers  all  per- 
fect and  small;  drupes  globose  to  ovoid,  light  red,  acid,  8-10  mm.  long;  stone  flat, 
orbicular,  scarcely  grooved.      In  cold  mountain  woods,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Me.,  N. 
H.,  Vt.,  Penn.,  Colo,  and  Wash.     June-July. 

4.  Viburnum  acerifolium  L.    MAPLE-LEAVED  ARROW-WOOD.    DOCKMAKIE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3437.)     A  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  with  smooth  gray  branches,  and  somewhat 
pubescent  twigs  and  petioles.      Leaves  ovate,  orbicular,  or  broader  than  long,  cor- 
date or  truncate  at  the  base,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  or  becoming  glabrate,  5-13 
cm.  broad,  mostly  rather  deeply  3-lobed.  coarsely  dentate,  the  lobes  acute  or  acu- 
minate; petioles  1-2.5  cm.  long;  cymes  long -peduncled,  3—8  cm.  broad;  flowers  all 
perfect,  4-6  mm.  broad  ;  drupe  nearly  black,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  stone  lenticular, 
faintly  2 -ridged  on  one  side  and  2-grooved  on  the  other.      In  dry  woods,  N.  B.  to 
N.  Car.,  Out.,  Mich,  and  Minn.     May -June. 

5.  Viburnum    pubescens    (Ait.')    Pursh.      DOWNY-LEAVED    ARROW-WOOD- 
(I.  F.  f.  3438.)     A  shrub,  6-15  dm.  high,  with  straight  gray  branches.     Leaves  ses- 
sile, or  with  petioles  less  than  6  mm.  long,  ovate  or  oval,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate 
at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate,  3-8  cm.  long,  densely  velvety- 
pubescent  beneath,  glabrous,  or  with  scattered  hairs  above,  or  rarely  glabrate  on 
both  surfaces  ;    cymes  peduncled,  3-7  cm.  broad,  the  flowers  all  perfect ;  drupes 
oval,  nearly  black,  about  8  mm.  long;    stone  slightly  2-grooved  on  both  faces.      In 
rocky  woods,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Manitoba,  Ga.,  111.,  Iowa  and  Mich.   June-July. 

6.  Viburnum  dentatum  L.      ARROW-WOOD.      (I.  F.  f.  3439.)     A  shrub  with 
glabrous  gray  branches,  sometimes  5  m.  high.      Petioles  6-25  mm.  long  ;    leaves 
ovate,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  prominently  veined,  coarsely  dentate,  3-8  cm.  broad,  glabrous  on 
both  sides,  or  pubescent  with  simple  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath;  cymes 
long-peduncled,  5-8  cm.  broad;    drupe  globose -ovoid,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter, 
blue,  becoming  nearly  black;  stone  rather  deeply  grooved  on  one  side,  rounded  on 
the  other.      In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Ga.,  Mich,  and  Minn.     May-June. 

7.  Viburnum      semitomentosum     (Michx.)     Rehder.        (I.    F.    f.    3440.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  twigs,  petioles,  rays  of  the  cyme  and  lower 
surfaces  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  stellate-pubescent;    petioles  short  and  stouter; 
leaves  usually  larger,  crenate  or  dentate,  commonly  somewhat  pubescent  above; 
drupe  globose -ovoid,  blue,  8  mm.  in  diameter,  its  stone  similar  to  that  of  V.  denta- 
tum.    S.  Penn.  ?  ;  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     {V.  molle  A.  Gray    not  Michx.) 

8.  Viburnum   vendsum    Britton.  COAST  ARROW-WOOD.      A  shrub, 
similar  to  the  two  preceding  species.     Twigs  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  very 
densely  steliate-tomentose;  petioles  stout,  1-2  cm.  long;  blades  broadly  ovate  to 
orbicular,  5-10  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs 
on  the  upper  surface;  cymes  6-8  cm.  broad;  drupe  orbicular  or  short-oval,  about  7 
mm.  in  diameter,  the  veins  very  prominent  on  the  lower  surfaces.   E.  Mass,  to  N.  J. 
Type  collected  by  E.  P.  Bicknell  on  Nantucket  Island. 

9.  Viburnum  molle  Michaux.       SOFT-LEAVED    ARROW-WOOD.       (I.    F.   f. 
3441.)     A   shrub   about  4  m.  high,  the  older  twigs  ash-gray,   or  length  grayish 
black,     the    bark    exfoliating.        Bud-scales    acutish,    ciliolate  ;     leaves    broadly 
ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  short-acuminate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  8-13 
cm.   long,  coarsely  dentate,   glabrous  and  bright  green  above,  soft- pubescent  and 
p.iler  beneath,  some  of  the  pubescence  stellate;  petioles  1.5-2  cm.  long,  channeled; 
stipules  linear-filiform;  cymes  peduncled,  4-7-rayed,  glandular-puberulent;  calyx- 
teeth  ciliate;    drupe  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  about  I  cm.   long  and  0. 5  cm. 
broad,  much  flattened,  with  2  grooves  when  dry.      Bluffs,  and  rocky  woods.     Ky . , 
Mo.  and  Iowa.      ( V.  Demetrionis  Deane  and  Robinson. 


872  FLORA. 

.10.  Viburnum  cassinoides  L.  WITHE-ROD.  APPALACHIAN  TEA.  (I.  F. 
f.  3442.)  A  shrub,  0.6-4  m-  high?  with  ascending  gray  branches,  the  twigs  some- 
what scurfy,  or  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  thick,  narrowed  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  base,  acute,  2-8  cm.  long,  generally  crenulate,  glabrous  or  very  near- 
ly so;  peduncle  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  cyme;  drupe  pink,  becoming  dark 
blue,  globose  to  ovoid,  6-10  mm.  long;  stone  round  or  oval,  flattened.  In  swamps 
and  wet  soil,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  N.  J..  Ga.  and  Ala.  June-July. 

n.  Viburnum  nudum  L.  LARGER  WITHE-ROD.  (I.  F.  f.  3443.)  Similar 
to  the  preceding,  but  usually  larger,  sometimes  5  m.  high.  Leaves  oval,  oval- 
lanceolate,  or  obovate,  entire  or  obscurely  crenulate,  mostly  larger  (sometimes  2.2 
dm.  long),  narrowed  at  the  base,  acute  or  obtuse,  more  prominently  veined,  some- 
times scurfy  on  the  upper  surface;  peduncle  equalling  or  exceeding  the  cyme.  In 
twamps.Conn.to  Fla.,  Ky.  and  La.  Blooms  a  little  later  than  the  preceding  species. 

12.  Viburnum  Lentago  L.    NANNY-BERRY.    SHEEP-BERRY.    (I.  F.  f.  3444.) 
A  shrub,  or  often  a  small  tree.     Winter  buds  acuminate,  glabrous;  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  ovate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  glabrous  on 
both  sides,  or  rarely  a  little  pubescent  beneath,  sharply  serrulate  ;    petioles  often 
broadened  and  wavy-margined,  1.8-2.5  cm-  l°ng  '>    cyme  several-rayed,  5-13  cm. 
broad  ;    drupes  oval,  bluish-black  with  a  bloom,  10-12  mm.  long;  stone  very  flat, 
circular  or  oval.    In  rich  soil,  Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba,  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Kans.,  Ind.  and 
Mo.     Fruit  sweet,  edible.     May. 

13.  Viburnum  prunifolium  L.     BLACK    HAW.    STAG-BUSH.    SLOE.     (I.  F. 
f.  3445.)     A  shrub  or  small  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding;  but  the  winter  buds 
smaller,  less  acute,  often  reddish-pubescent.     Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  2-8  cm.  long,   finely  serrulate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  petioles  rarely 
margined;  cyme  several-rayed,  5-10  cm.  broad;  drupe  oval,  bluish  black  and  glau- 
cous, 8-10  mm.  long;  stone  very  flat  on  one  side,  slightly  convex  on  the  other,  oval. 
In  dry  soil,  Conn,  to  S.  Car.,  Mich.,  Kans.  and  Tex.      April-June.      Fruit  ripe  in 
September,  sweet  and  edible. 

Viburnum  prunifblium  globbsum  Nash.  Drupe  globose,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter; 
cymes  smaller;  flowers  expanding;  before  the  leaves.  N.  J.  and  Penn. 

14.  Viburnum  rufotomentosum  Small.      SOUTHERN  BLACK  HAW.      (I.  F. 
f.  3446.)     A  small  tree.    Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  finely  and  sharp- 
ly serrate  or  serrulate,   the  veins  brown  tomentose  beneath;    petioles  6-16  mm. 
long,  winged,  brown-tomentose;  cymes  large,  the  principal  rays  mostly  4;    flowers 
6-7  mm.  broad;  drupe  oval,  10-14  mm.  long,  blue  with  a  bloom;  seed  nearly  orbic- 
ular.    In  woods  and  thickets,  Va.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April-May. 

15.  Viburnum  pbovatum   Walt.      SMALL   VIBURNUM.      (I.  F.  f.  3447.)     A 
shrub,  0.6-2.5  m.  high,  the  twigs,  petioles  and  rays  of  the  cyme  slightly  pubescent, 
or  at  length  glabrate.      Leaves  obovate,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  obtuse  or  retuse, 
short-petioled,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  entire,  or  obscurely  crenate  toward  the 
apex,  1-4  cm.  long;  cymes  3-5 -rayed,  2-5  cm.  broad;  drupe  oval,  black,  6-8  mm. 
long;    stone  lenticular,  slightly  furrowed  on  both  sides.      In  swamps  and  along 
streams,  Va.  (according  to  Gray)  to  Fla.     April- May. 

3.     TRIO'STEUM    L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  terete  stems  and  opposite  connate-perfoliate  or 
sessile  leaves  narrowed  below  the  middle.  Flowers  axillary,  perfect,  sessile,  yel- 
lowish, green  or  purplish^  2-bracted.  Calyx-tube  ovoid,  its  limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
elongated,  persistent  and  sometimes  foliaceous  in  our  species.  Corolla-  tube  nar- 
row or  campanulate,  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  limb  oblique,  unequally  lobed. 
Stamens  5.  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  very  short;  anthers  linear,  in- 
cluded. Ovary  3~5-celled;  ovules  I  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform;  stigma  3~5-lobed. 
Drupe  coriaceous,  orange  or  red,  enclosing  2  or  3  (rarely  4-5)  I- seeded  nutlets. 
Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  minute.  [Greek,  three-bone,  from  the  3  bony  nutlets.] 
Five  known  species,  the  following  of  eastern  N.  Am.,  two  Japanese,  one  Hima- 
layan. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval;  flowers  purplish  or  dull  red. 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  connate-perfoliate;  fruit  orange-yellow,  i.  T.  perfoliatum. 

Leaves  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base;  fruit  orange-red.  2.  T.  aurantiacum. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate ;  flowers  yellowish.  3.  T.  angustifolium. 


CA  PXIFOL1A  CEA  E.  87  3 

x.  Triosteum  perfoliatum  L.  FEVER-WORT.  HORSE-GENTIAN.  Stem 
erect,  stout,  finely  glandular-pubescent,  6-10  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  broadly 
oval,  1-2.2  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  soft-pubescent  and  rugose  beneath,  sometimes  puberulent  above,  the  margins 
entire;  bracts  linear;  corolla  purplish,  12-15  mm-  l°ng>  viscid-pubescent,  about  the 
length  of  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  bearded;  drupe  8-12  mm.  long,  obovoid  to 
globose,  densely  and  finely  pubescent  In  rich  soil,  Conn.,  to  Minn.,  Ala.,  Ky.  and 
Kans.  May-July. 

2.  Triosteum  aurantiacum  Bicknell.     SCARLET-FRUITED  HORSE-GENTIAN. 
(I.  F.  f.  3448,  as  T.  perfoliatum.^      Stem   5-12  dm.  tall,   glandular-puberulent  to 
subhirsute;   leaves  thin,  1.5-2.5   dm.  long,  broadly  ovate-oblong  to  oblong- lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  contracted  below  the  middle  into  a  narrow  base,  sometimes  slight- 
ly connate  but  never  broadly  perfoliate,  minutely  soft-pubescent  beneath,  thinly 
appressed-hirsutulous  to  glabrate   above;  corolla  dull  red,  14-20  mm.  long,  with 
larger,  more  spreading  lobes  than  in  T.  perfoliatum,  the  stamens  shorter  and  style 
less  exserted;   calyx- lobes  linear,  obtuse,  10-20  mm.  long;    fruit  12-14  mm-  l°ng» 
larger  and  more  obovoid -oblong  than  in  T.  perfoliatum,  and  bright  orange-red  in- 
stead of  orange -yellow.      Quebec  to  Minn.,  Mass.,  N.  Car.,  Ky.  and  Iowa.     Type 
from  Van  Cortlandt,  N.  Y.    Similar  to  T.  perfoliatum,  but  less  finely  pubescent  and 
less  leafy,  the  larger  leaves  greener,  thinner  and  not  rugose;  the  flowers  and  fruit 
markedly  different.      Flowers  2-3  weeks  earlier  than  T.  perfoliatum. 

3.  Triosteum    angustifolium   L.      YELLOW   OR    NARROW-LEAVED  HORSE- 
GENTIAN.       (I.    F.    f.    3449.)       Stem  slender,    hirsute-pubescent,    3-9  dm.   high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  7-13  cm.  long,  1-4  cm. 
wide,  rough-pubescent,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base,  or  the  lower  smaller,  obtuse 
and  spatulate;  corolla  yellowish,  12-14  mm.  long;  flowers  commonly  solitary  in  the 
axils.     In  rich  soil,  Conn,  and  L.  I.,  to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Ala.,  111.  and  La.  May-Aug. 

4.     LINNAEA     L. 

Creeping,  somewhat  woody  herbs,  with  opposite  evergreen  petioled  obovate  or 
orbicular  leaves,  and  perfect  pink  or  purplish  flowers  borne  in  pairs  at  the  summit 
of  elongated  terminal  peduncles.  Calyx-tube  ovoid,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Corolla 
campanulate  to  funnelform,  regular,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricate.  Stamens  4,  in- 
serted near  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube,  didynamous,  included.  Ovary  3-celled,  2 
of  the  cavities  with  several  abortive  ovules,  the  other  with  I  perfect  pendulous  ovule. 
Fruit  nearly  globose,  3-celled,  2  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  oblong 
seed.  Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  cylindric.  [Named  by  Gronovius  for  Linnaeus, 
with  whom  the  plant  was  a  favorite.]  About  4  species  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Linnaea  Americana  Forbes.  AMERICAN  TWIN-FLOWER.  GROUND- 
VINE.  Branches  slender,  slightly  pubescent,  trailing,  1.5-6  dm.  long;  petioles  2-4 
mm.  long;  leaves  obscurely  crenate,  thick,  6-15  mm.  wide,  sometimes  wider  than 
long;  peduncles  slender,  erect,  2-bracted  at  the  summit,  2-flowered  (or  rarely  pro- 
liferously  4- flowered);  pedicels  filiform,  6-20  mm.  long,  2-bracteolate  at  the  sum- 
mit; flowers  nodding,  8-12  mm.  long,  fragrant;  corolla  funnelform;  calyx-segments 
2  mm.  long;  ovary  subtended  by  a  pair  of  ovate  glandular  scales  which  are  conni- 
vent  over  the  fruit  or  adnate  to  it.  In  cold  woods,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  S.  Dak.,  Colo. 
Md.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  and  Utah.  The  European  and  Asiatic  Z.  borealis  has  an  al- 
most campanulate  corolla,  and  calyx-segments  3  mm.  long.  June-Aug. 

5.     3YMPHORICARPOS  Juss. 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  deciduous  short-petioled  simple  leaves,  and  small,  white  or 
pink,  perfect  flowers,  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters.  Calyx-tube  nearly  globular, 
the  limb  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  campanulate  or  salverform,  sometimes  gibbous  at 
the  base,  4-5-lobed;  stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Ovary  4-celled,  2  of 
the  cavities  containing  several  abortive  ovules,  the  other  two  each  with  a  single 
suspended  ovule;  style  filiform;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  4-celled  2- 
seeded  berry.  Seeds  oblong ;  endosperm  fleshy ;  embryo  minute.  [Greek,  fruit 
borne  together,  from  the  clustered  berries.]  About  10  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex, 


8/4  FLORA. 

Fruit  white  ;  style  glabrous. 

Stamens  and  style  included ;  clusters  usually  few-flowered. 

Erect  shrub;  leaves  2.5-5  cm-  l°nS"»  clusters  several-flowered. 

i.  S.  racentosus. 

Diffuse  shrub;  leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long;  clusters  i-2-flowered.  2.  S.  pauciflorus. 
Stamens  and  style  somewhat  exserted;  clusters  many-flowered.  3.  S.occidentalis. 
Fruit  red,  style  bearded.  4.  S.  Symphoricarpos, 

1.  Symphoricarpos  racemosus  Michx.     SNOWBERRY.     (I.  F.  f.  3451.)     An 
erect  shrub,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Petioles  about  4  mm.  long;  leaves  oval,  obtuse 
at  each  end,  sometimes  a  little  pubescent  beneath,  entire,  undulate,  or  those  of 
young  shoots  sometimes  dentate;  axillary  clusters  few-flowered,  the  terminal  one 
mostly  interruptedly  spicate;  corolla  campanulate,  about  6  mm.  long,  slightly  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  bearded  within;  style  glabrous;  berry  snow-white,  globose,  loose- 
ly cellular,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter.      In  rocky  places  and  on  river  shores,  N.  S.  to 
Br.  Col.,  Penn.,  Ky.,  S.  Dak.  and  in  Cal.     Commonly  planted  and  sometimes  es- 
caped from  cultivation.     June-Sept. 

2.  Symphoricarpos    pauciflorus    (Robbins)    Britton.      Low    SNOWBERRY. 
(I.  F.  f.  3452.)      A  low  spreading  diffusely  branched  shrub,    1.5-2.5  dm.    high. 
Leaves  broadly  oval  to  orbiculate,  entire,  softly  pubescent,  especially  along  the 
veins  beneath;  flowers  4-6  mm.  long,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils  and  2  or  3  in  the 
terminal  spike;    corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  bearded  within;    berry  oval  when 
young,  becoming  globose,  white,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.     In  rocky  places,  Ont.  and 
Vt.  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  S.  Dak.,  Br.  Col.,  Neb.  and  Colo.     June-July. 

3.  Symphoricarpos    occidentals    Hook.      WOLFBERRY.      (I.  F.  f.  3453.) 
Similar  to  S.  racemosus  but  stouter,  with  larger  paler  leaves  2-8  cm.   long,  more 
or  less  pubescent   beneath,    entire,    or  often  undulate-crenate;    axillary    clusters 
spicate,   many-flowered;    corolla  campanulate,  6  mm.   long,   lobed  to  beyond  the 
middle;  berry  nearly  globular,  white,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.     Mich,  and  Minn,  to 
Br.  Col.,  Kans.  and  Colo.     June-July. 

4.  Symphoricarpos  Symphoricarpos  (L.)  MacM.    CORAL-KERRY.    (I.  F.  f. 
3454.)      A   shrub,   6-15    dm.   high,    the   branches,   purplish,    usually  pubescent. 
Petioles  2-4  mm.  long;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  entire  or  undulate,  mostly  obtuse  at 
each  end,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,   usually  soft-pubescent  beneath,  2-4  cm. 
long;  clusters  dense,  many-flowered,  at  length  spicate,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  co- 
rolla campanulate,  sparingly  pubescent  within,  pinkish,  about  4  mm.  long;  stamens 
included;  berry  purplish  red,  ovoid-globose,  3-4  mm.  long.       Along  rivers  and  in 
rocky  places,  N.  J.   and  Penn.  to  western  N.  Y.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     Also 
sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation  farther  east.     July.      \S.  vulgar  is  Michx.] 

6.     LONICERA     L. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  opposite  mostly  entire  leaves;  flowers  spicate, 
capitate  or  geminate,  usually  somewhat  irregular.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  nearly 
globular,  the  limb  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  often  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  limb 
5-lobed,  more  or  less  oblique,  or  2-lipped.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  ovules  numerous,  pendulous;  style  slender,  stigma 
capitate.  Berry  fleshy,  2-3-celled  or  rarely  i -celled,  few-seeded.  Seeds  with 
fleshy  endosperm  and  a  terete  embryo.  [Named  for  Adam  Lonitzer,  1528-1586,  a 
German  botanist.]  About  100  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  a  few  in  trop- 
ical regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  8  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

*  Climbing  or  trailing  vines;    flowers  in  heads,   or  interrupted  spikes;    upper  leaves 

connate-per  foliate. 

Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  4-lobed,  the  lower  entire. 

Corolla  glabrous  within.  •  i.  L.  Caprifoliiim. 

Corolla  pubescent  within. 

Leaves  pubescent,  at  least  beneath  ;  corolla  yellow. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  at  least  when  young,  ciliate  ;  corolla  slightly 

gibbous  at  base.  2.  L.  hirsuta. 

Leaves  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  corolla  tube  strongly  gibbous  at 

the  base.  3.  L.  glaucescens. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides,  very  glaucous  beneath. 
Corolla  greenish  yellow,  the  tube  somewhat  gibbous. 

Corolla-tube  6-10  mm.  long;  filaments  hirsute  at  the  base. 

4.  L.  dioica. 


CA  PK 1 FOLIA  CEA  E.  875 

Corolla-tube  10-14  rnm.  long;  filaments  nearly  glabrous. 

5.  L.  Sullivantii. 
Corolla  bright  yellow  or  orange,  its  slender  tube  not  gibbous. 

6.  L.  flava. 
Corolla  tubular,  the  short  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed.                           7.  L.  sempervirens. 

*  *  Climbing  vines;  flowers  in  pairs  on  short  axillary  peduncles. 

8.  L,  Japonica. 

*  *  *  Shrubs;  flowers  in  pairs  on  axillary  bracted  peduncles  (Genus  Xylosteum). 
Bracts  of  the  peduncle  subulate,  linear,  minute,  or  none. 
Leaves  rarely  cordate,  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  ciliate. 

Leaves  pale  or  glaucous,  thick,  strongly  reticulate-veined. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  fruit  blue  ;  leaves  ciliate. 

9.  L.  coerulea. 
Peduncles  equalling  the  flowers  ;  fruit  red  ;  leaves  not  ciliate. 

10.  L.  oblongifolia. 
Leaves  bright  green,  thin,  ciliate,  not  strongly  reticulate  ;  fruit  red. 

11.  /,.  Canadensis. 
Leaves  pale,  densely  pubescent  beneath,  even  when  old.      12.  L.  Xylosteum. 

Leaves  cordate,  glabrous.  13.  L.    lataiica. 

Bracts  of  the  peduncle  broad,  foliaceous.  14.  L.  involucrata. 

1.  Lonicera  Caprifolium   L.       ITALIAN   OR   PERFOLIATE   HONEYSUCKLE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3455.)      Climbing  high,   glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous.      Upper  pairs  of 
leaves  connate-perfoliate,   glaucous  beneath,   the  others  sessile   or   short-petioled, 
oval  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  entire;    flowers  in  terminal  capitate  sessile 
clusters;  corolla  2.5-3.7  cm.  long,  purple  without,  the  limb  white  within;    upper 
lip  4-lobed,   the  lower  one  narrow,   reflexed;    tube  slightly  curved,  not  gibbous; 
stamens  and  style  much  exserted;    berries  red.     Thickets,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn. 
to  Mich.,  and  in  the  Southern  States.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-June. 

2.  Lonicera  hirsuta  Eaton.    HAIRY  HONEYSUCKLE.    (I.  F.  f.  3456.)    Twin- 
ing; branches  hirsute-pubescent.     Upper  one  or  two  pairs  of  leaves  connate-per- 
foliate, the  others  oval  or  ovate,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  softly  pubescent  beneath, 
dark  green  and  appressed-pubescent  above,  ciliate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  5-9  cm.  long; 
flowers  verticillate    in  short  terminal  interrupted  spikes;    corolla  about  2.5   cm. 
long,  viscid-pubescent  without,  orange-yellow,  the  tube  slender,  somewhat  gibbous 
at  the  base,  the  limb  strongly  2-lipped,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;    stamens  and 
style  exserted;  filaments  hirsute  below.     In  woodlands,  Vt.  and  Ont.  to  Manitoba, 
Penn.,  Ohio  and  Mich.     June-July. 

3.  Lonicera    glaucescens    Rydb.       DOUGLAS'    HONEYSUCKLE.      (I.  F.  f. 
3457.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  the  branches  glabrous.      Leaves  glabrous  above, 
pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins,  beneath,  3—9  cm.  long,  chartacequs-margined,  not 
ciliate,  usually  only  the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate;  flowers  verticillate  in  a  short 
interrupted  spike;  corolla  yellow,    changing  to  reddish,  pubescent  or  puberulent 
without,  pubescent  within,  2.5  cm.  long,  or  less,  the  2-lipped  limb  shorter  than  the 
tube;  stamens  nearly  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent;  style  hirsute;  both  exsert- 
ed.    Ont.  to  Saskatchewan,  Penn.,  N.  Car..  Ohio  and  Kans.     May-June. 

4.  Lonicera    dioica    L.      SMOOTH- LEAVED    OR   GLAUCOUS    HONEYSUCKLE. 
v  (I.   F.  f.  3458.)      Glabrous,  twining  or  shrubby,  1-3   m.   long.      Leaves  glaucous 

beneath,  3-8  cm.  long,  the  upper  connate-perfofiate.  oval,  obtuse;  the  lower  sessile 
or  short-petioled,  narrower;  flowers  several  in  a  terminal  cluster,  yellowish  green 
and  tinged  with  purple,  pubescent  within,  the  tube  gibbous  at  the  base,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  2-lipped  limb;  stamens  exserted  with  the  style;  berries  red,  6-8 
mm.  in  diameter.  In  rocky  and  usually  dry  situations,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  N. 
Car.,  Ohio  and  Mich.  May-June.  [L.  glauca  Hill.] 

5.  Lonicera  Sullivantii  A.  Gray.       SULLIVANT'S  HONEYSUCKLE.       (I.    F. 
£3459.)  Similar  to  the  preceding,  very  glaucous.   Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  glaucous 
and  commonly  pubescent  beneath,  obtuse;   flowers  larger  than  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species,  the  tube  slightly  exceeding  the  limb,  pale  yellow;  fruit  yellow,  6  mm. 
in  diameter.      In  woodlands,  Tenn.,  Ohio  and  western  Out.  (?)  to  Wis.  and  Mani- 
toba.    May-June. 

6.  Lonicera  fl£va  Sims.     YELLOW  HONEYSUCKLE.     (I.  F.  f.  3460.)     Twin- 
ing or  trailing,   glabrous.      Leaves  broadly  oval,  or  elliptic,  entire,  obtuse,  short- 
petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  the  pairs  subtending 


876  FLORA. 

flowers  connate-perfoliate;  flowers  fragrant,  in  a  terminal  interrupted  spike;  cor- 
olla 2.5-3.7  cm.  long,  the  slender  tube  pubescent  above  within,  the  limb  strongly  2- 
lipped,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  filaments  and  style  glabrous,  exserted;  fruit 
about  6  mm.  in  diameter.  N.  Car.  to  Ky.,  Ga.  and  Ala.  April-May. 

7.  Lonicera  sempervirens  L.    TRUMPET  OR  CORAL  HONEYSUCKLE.    (I.  F. 
f.  3461.)      Glabrous,  high  climbing,  evergreen  in  the   South.      Leaves  oval,  ob- 
tuse, 5-8  cm.  long,  or  the  lower  ones  smaller,  narrower  and  acutish,   the  upper 
pairs  connate-perfoliate,  all  glaucous  and  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  beneath, 
dark  green  above;  flowers  verticillate  in  terminal  interrupted  spikes;  corolla  scarlet 
or  yellow,   2-3.7   cm.  long,   glabrous,  the  tube  narrow,  slightly  expanded  above; 
stamens  and  style  scarcely  exserted;  berries  scarlet,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.    In 
low  grounds,  or  on  hillsides,  Conn,  to  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     Escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion farther  north.      April-Sept. 

8.  Lonicera  Japonica  Thumb.  JAPANESE  OR  CHINESE  HONEYSUCKLE.  (I.  F. 
f.  3462.)      Pubescent,  climbing  or  trailing.      Leaves  short- petioled,  ovate,  entire, 
2.5-8  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  and  usually  sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  leafy-bracted  at  the 
base,  white  or  pink,  fading  to  yellow,   pubescent  without,   the  tube   longer  than 
the  strongly  2-lipped  limb;  stamens  and  style  exserted;  berries  black,  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter.     Freely  escaped  from  cultivation,  Conn,  to  Penn.,  111.,  N.  Car.,  Fla.  and 
W.  Va.     Nat.  from  eastern  Asia.     June-Aug. 

9.  Lonicera  coerulea  L.     BLUE  OR  MOUNTAIN  FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.    (I.  F. 
f.  3463.)    Shrubby,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  twigs  sometimes  slightly  pubescent.    Leaves 
oval  or  obovate,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  obtuse,  thick,  pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  glab- 
rous above,  at  least  when  mature,  ciliate ;  flowers  short-peduncled,  subulate-bracted, 
yellow,  12-16  mm.  long;  corolla-tube  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  limb  nearly  regular, 
its  lobes  oblong,  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  tube;  ovaries  of  the  two  flowers 
becoming  united  and  forming  a  bluish-black  2-eyed  berry  about  5  mm.  in  diame- 
ter.     In  low   grounds,  Newf.  to  Alaska,    R.    I.,  Penn.,  Wis.  and  Cal.       Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     June. 

10.  Lonicera   oblongifolia   (Goldie)    Hook.      SWAMP   FLY- HONEYSUCKLE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3464.)      Leaves  oval-oblong,  2-5   cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when 
mature,  downy-pubescent  when  young;  flowers  in  pairs  on  long  slender  peduncles; 
corolla  yellow,  or  purplish  within,  16-18  mm.  long,  gibbous  at  the  base,  deeply  2- 
lipped;  bracts  of  the  peduncle  minute  or  none;  ovaries  remaining  distinct,  or  be- 
coming united,  the  berries  red  or  crimson.      In  swamps,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  Vt., 
N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     May-June. 

11.  Lonicera  Canadensis  Marsh.     AMERICAN  FLY  HONEYSUCKLE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3465.)      Shrubby  ,^9-15  dm.  high,  the  twigs  glabrous.      Petioles  4-6  mm.  long  very 
slender;  leaves  ovate  or  sometimes  oval,  acute  or  acutish,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  villous-pubescent  beneath  when  young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  but 
the  margins  strongly  ciliate;    flowers  about  16  mm.  long;    peduncles  long-filiform; 
bracts  very  small,  subulate;    corolla-limb  nearly  regular,  its  lobes  short;  berries 
separate,  ovoid,  light  red,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.      In  moist  woods,  N.  S.    to 
Manitoba,  Conn.,  Penn.  and  Mich.     May.     \L.  ciliata  Muhl.] 

12.  Lonicera    Xylosteum    L.      FLY    HONEYSUCKLE.      (T.  F.  f.  3466.)    A 
shrub,  9-21  dm.  high,  the  foliage  densely  appressed-pubescent  when  young.   Leaves 
ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  entire,  short  petioled,  rather  pale  green,  obtuse,  or  the  up- 
per acute,  persistently  pubescent  beneath,  2.5-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  about  as  long 
as  the  flowers,  or  longer;   flowers  yellowish  white;   bracts  linear- subulate;   berries 
scarlet.    Escaped  from  cult.  R.  I.  and  N.  Y.     Native  of  Eur.  and  Asia.    May-June. 

13.  Lonicera  Tatarica  L.  TARTARIAN  BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.    (I.  F.  f.  3467.) 
A  glabrous  shrub,  1.5-3  m.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  rather  thin,  cordate,  not  ciliate; 
flowers  in  pairs  on  slender  axillary  peduncles;   corolla  pink  to  white,  14-16  mm. 
long,  the  tube  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  limb  irregularly  and  deeply  5-lobed,  some- 
what '2-lipped;    peduncles  2.5   cm.   long;    bracts  linear,  sometimes  as  long  as  the 
corolla-tube;  stamens  and  style  scarcely  exserted;  berries  separate,  red.     Escaped 
from  cultivation,  Ont.  and  Vt.  to  N.  Y..  N.  J.  and  Ky.     Native  of  Asia.     May. 

14.  Lonicera  involucrata    (Richards.)    Banks.      INVOLUCRED  FLY-HONEY- 
SUCKLE.     (I.  F.  f.  3468.)      A  glabrate  or  pubescent  shrub,  1-3  m.  high.      Leaves 
Short-petioled,  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  5-15  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  pubes- 


ADOXACEA&  ':  8/7 

cent,  at  least  when  young;  peduncles  axillary,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3-flowered;  bracts 
ovate  or  oval,  often  cordate  ;  bractlets  large,  at  length  surrounding  the  fruit; 
flowers  yellow;  corolla  pubescent,  funnelform,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed; 
berries  separate,  globose,  or  oval,  nearly  black,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter.  In 
woodlands,  Quebec  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Alaska,  Ariz.,  Utah  and  Cal.  June-July. 

7.    DIERVILLA    Moench. 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  yellow  cymose  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  slender,  narrowed  below,  the  limb  with  5  linear  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  nar 
rowly  funnellbrm,  the  tube  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  limb  nearly  regular,  5- 
lobed.  Stamens  5;  anthers  linear.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  fili- 
form; stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  linear-oblong  capsule,  narrowed  or  beaked  at  the 
summit,  septicidatly  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seed-coat  minutely  reticulated; 
endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  minute.  [Named  for  Dr.  Dierville,  who  brought  the 
plant  to  Tournefort.]  Three  species,  the  following  and  two  in  the  mountains  of  the 
Southern  States. 

i.  Diervilla  Diervilla  (L.)  MacM.  BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE.  (I.  F.  f.  3469.) 
A  shrub,  6-12  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  terete  branches.  Leaves 
short- petioled,  ovate  or  oval,  acuminate,  usually  rounded  at  the  base,  5-14  cm. 
long,  irregularly  crenulate  and  often  slightly  ciliate;  peduncles  terminal,  or  in  the 
upper  axils,  slender,  1-5  flowered;  flowers  about  18  mm.  long;  corolla  more  or  less 
pubescent  both  without  and  within,  3  of  its  lobes  somewhat  united;  capsule  gla- 
brous, slender,  beaked.  In  dry  or  rocky  woodlands,  Newf.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
N.  Car.  and  Mich.  May-June. 

Family  3.     ADOXACEAE   Fritsch. 
Moschatel  Family. 

Glabrous  slender  herbs,  with  scaly  or  tuberiferous  rootstocks,  basal 
and  opposite  ternately  compound  leaves,  and  small  green  flowers  in 
terminal  capitate  clusters.  Calyx-tube  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
the  limb  2-3-toothed.  Corolla  rotate,  regular  4-6-lobed.  Stamens  twice 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  in  pairs  on  its  tube;  fila- 
ments short ;  anthers  peltate,  i-celled.  Ovary  3~5-celled  ;  style  3-5- 
parted ;  ovules  i  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  with 
3-5-nutlets.  Endosperm  cartilaginous.  The  family  contains  only  the 
following  monotypic  genus. 

i.    ADOXA     L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Greek,  without  glory,  i.e.,  insignificant.] 
i.  Adoxa  Moschatellina  L.  MUSK-ROOT.  HOLLOW-ROOT.  MOSCHATEL. 
(I.  F.  f.  3470-)  Stems  simple,  weak,  erect,  7-15  cm.  high,  bearing  a  pair  of  oppo- 
site ternate  leaves  usually  above  the  middle.  Basal  leaves  1-4,  long-petioled,  ter- 
nately compound,  the  segments  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  thin,  3-cleft  or  3- 
parted,  the  lobes  obtuse  and  mucronulate;  head  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  of  3— 6  flowers; 
corolla  of  the  terminal  flower  4~5-lobed,  those  of  the  others  usually  5~6-lobed; 
drupe  green,  bearing  the  persistent  calyx-lobes  above  the  middle.  In  shaded  rocky 
places,  Arctic  Am.  to  Iowa,  Wis.,  S.  Dak.  and  Colo.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Odor  musky.  May. 

Order  8.    VALERIANALES. 

Herbs,  the  corolla  gamopetalous.  Stamens  mostly  fewer  than  the 
corolla-lobes;  anthers  separate.  Ovary  inferior,  i-celled  with  i  pendulous 
ovule,  or  3-celled  with  2  of  the  cavities  without  ovules. 

Ovary  3-celled;  2  cavities  empty.  Fam.  r.   Val'riinaceae, 

Qvary  i-celled;  flowers  densely  capitate,  invplucrate,  Fam,  3. 


8/8  FLORA. 

Family  i.     VALERIANACEAE  Batsch. 
Valerian   Family. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  usually  small  flowers,  in 
corymbed  panicled  or  capitate  cymes.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
its  limb  inconspicuous  or  none  in  flower,  often  becoming  prominent  in 
fruit.  Corolla  epigynous,  somewhat  irregular,  its  tube  narrowed?  and 
sometimes  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  its  limb  spreading,  mostly  5- 
lobed.  Stamens  1-4,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
Ovary  inferior,  i-3-celled,  one  of  the  cavities  containing  a  single  ana- 
tropous  ovule,  the  others  empty.  Fruit  in  dehiscent,  dry,  containing  a 
single  suspended  seed.  Endosperm  little  or  none;  embryo  straight ; 
cotyledons  oblong.  About  9  genera  and  275  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Fruit  i-celled  ;  persistent  calyx  lobes  becoming  awn-like  ;  tall  herbs,  i.  Valeriana. 
Fruit  3-celled;  calyx  lobes  minute  or  none;  low  herbs.  2.  Valerianella, 

i.    VALERIANA     L. 

Perennial  strong-smelling  herbs,  the  leaves  mainly  basal  and  the  cymose  flowers 
paniculate  in  our  species.  Calyx-limb  of  5-15  plumose  teeth,  short  and  inrolled  in 
flower,  but  elongated,  rolled  outward  and  conspicuous  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnelform 
or  tubular,  usually  more  or  less  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5- 
lobed.  Stamens  commonly  3.  Style  entire,  or  minutely  2-3-lobed  at  the  summit. 
Fruit  compressed,  i -nerved  on  the  back,  3-nerved  on  the  front.  [Name  Middle 
Latin,  from  valere,  to  be  strong.]  About  185  species,  mostly  in  the  north  temper- 
ate zone  and  the  Andes.  Besides  the  following,  6  or  7  others  occur  in  southern  and 
western  N.  Am. 

Corolla-tube  very  slender,  1-2  cm.  long;;  basal  leaves  cordate.         i.    V.  pauciflora. 
Corolla-tube  2-6  mm.  long;  basal  leaves  not  cordate. 

Leaves  thick,  parallel-veined,  entire,  or  the  segments  not  dentate. 

2.   V.  edulis. 
Leaves  thin,  reticulate-veined,  the  segments  dentate. 

Lower  leaves  spatulate,  often  entire;  plant  glabrous. 

Segments  of  middle  stem-leaves  9-13,  usually  sinuate-dentate;  corolla  3.5^5 

mm.  wide.  3.    V.  uliginosa. 

Segments  of  middle  stem-leaves  5-7,  entire  ;  corolla  2.5-3  mm-  wide. 

4.  V.  septentrionalis. 
All  the  leaves  pinnately  divided;  plant  pubescent,  especially  at  the  nodes. 

5.  V.  officinalis, 

1.  Valeriana  pauciflora    Michx.      LARGE-FLOWERED    VALERIAN.      (I.    F. 
f.  3471.)      Rootstocks  slender,  usually  horizontal.      Stem  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high, 
often  sending  out  runners;    leaves  thin,  the  basal  ones  slender-petioled,  simple,  or 
sometimes  with  a  pair  of  small  segments  on  the  petiole,  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  acute, 
crenate  or  dentate;  stem  leaves  pinnately  3~7-divided,  the  terminal  segment  larger 
than  the  others;  cymes  terminal,  clustered;    corolla  pink;    bracts  linear;    fruit  ob- 
long or  oblong-lanceolate,  about  6  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  bristles  of  the 
calyx  at  length  elongated  and  plumose.      In  moist  soil,  Penn.  to  W.  Va.,  111.,  Ky. 
and  Mo.     May-June. 

2.  Valeriana  edulis   Nutt.      EDIBLE  VALERIAN.     TOBACCO-ROOT.     (I.  F. 
f.  3472.)      Erect,  3-12  dm.  high,  from  a  deep  carrot-shaped  root.     Stem  glabrous, 
or  nearly  so,  the  young  leaves  commonly  pubescent  and  the  older  ones  ciliate,  some- 
times glabrous;  basal  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  0.7-3  dm.  l°ng'  obtuse,  nar- 
rowed into  margined  petioles,  parallel  veined,  entire  or  with  a  few  obtuse  entire 
lobes;  stem  leaves  few,  sessile,  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  segments; 
flowers    yellowish  white,    4    mm.    long,    polygamo-dioecious,    paniculate;     bracts 
lanceolate,  short;  fruit  narrowly  ovate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4  mm.  long,  at  length 
exceeded  by  the  plumose  calyx-teeth.     In  wet  open  places,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Ohio, 
Wis.,  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.     May- Aug. 

3.  Valeriana  uliginosa  (T.  &  G.)   Rydb.    WOOD  OR  SWAMP  VALERIAN.     (I. 
F.  f.  3473.)    Erect,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-7.5  dm.  high.    Rootstocks  creeping  or 
ascending;  basal  leaves  petioled,  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  or  with  a  few 


VALERIANACEAE.  879 

obtuse  lobes,  reticulate-veined,  5-25  cm.  long;  stem  leaves  3  or  4  pairs,  petioled, 
sparingly  hairy  when  young,  pinnately  parted  into  3-13  ovate  to  lanceolate,  den- 
tate or  rarely  entire  segments;  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate;  flowers  pink  or 
nearly  white,  6-8  mm.  long;  bracts  linear-lanceolate;  fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  4-5 
mm.  long.  In  wet  soil,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  Out.  and  Mich.  May-Aug.  \V.  sylvatica 
uliginosa  T.  &  G. ;  V.  sylvatica  Beck,  not  Banks.] 

4,.  Valeriana  septentrionalis  Rydb.  NORTHERN  VALERIAN.  Erect,  perfectly 
glabrous  throughout  or  the  inflorescence  minutely  puberulent,  2—4  dm.  high.  Basal 
leaves  petioled,  spatulate  or  oval,  2-10  cm.  long,  entire;  stem-leaves  usually  3 
pairs,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  segments  "5-7,  oval  to  linear -lanceolate, 
entire  or  merely  undulate  on  the  margins;  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate,  in 
flower  usually  congested,  flowers  white,  al)out  5  mm.  long;  fruit  glabrous,  3-4 
mm.  long.  In  wet  soil  on  hillsides,  Newf.,  subarctic  America  to  Br.  Col.  and 
south  in  the  Rockies  to  N.  Mex.  \V.  sylvatica  Banks;  not  F.  W.  Scmidt.] 

5.  Valeriana  officinalis  L.  GARDEN  VALERIAN.  (I.  F.  f.  3474.)  Erect, 
6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-25  thin  reticulate-veined  lanceo- 
late acute  or  acuminate  segments,  sharply  dentate,  or  those  of  the  upper  leaves  en- 
tire, usually  with  some  scattered  hairs  beneath;  flowers  pink  or  nearly  white,  about 
4  mm.  long;  inflorescence  of  several  rather  compact  corymbed  cymes;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate ;  fruit  glabrous,  ovate,  about  3  mm.  long.  Escaped  from  gardens  to  road- 
sides, N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  June -Aug. 

2.    VALERIANELLA     Poll. 

Annual  dichotomously  branched  herbs,  the  basal  leaves  tufted,  entire,  those  of 
the  stem  sessile,  often  dentate,  the  flowers  in  compact  or  capitate  cymes,  in  our 
species  corymbed  or  panicled.  Corolla  small,  white,  blue,  or  pink,  nearly  regular. 
Calyx-limb  short  or  obsolete  in  flower,  often  none.  Corolla-tube  narrowed  at  the 
base,  the  limb  spreading,  5-lobed.  Stamens  3;  style  minutely  3-lobed  at  the  sum- 
mit. Fruit  3-celled,  2  of  the  cells  empty,  and  in  our  species  about  as  large  as  the 
fertile  one.  [Name  a  diminutive  of  Valerian.]  About  50  species,  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  8  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Corolla  funnelform,  the  short  tube  not  longer  than  the  limb  or  about  equalling  it. 

Fruit  flattened,  twice  as  broad  as  thick.  i.  V.  Locusta* 

Fruit  triangular-pyramidal.  2.  V.  chenopodifolia. 
Fruit  oblong-tetragonal  or  ovoid-tetragonal,  grooved. 

Groove  of  the  fruit  broad  and  shallow.  3.  V.  radiata. 

Groove  of  the  fruit  narrow.  4.  V.  stenocarfa. 

Fruit  globose  or  saucer-shaped.  5.  V.    Woodsiana. 

Corolla  salverform,  the  slender  tube  much  longer  than  the  limb.  6.  V.  longiflora. 

1.  Valerianella  Lociista  (L.)   Bettke.     EUROPEAN  CORN   SALAD.      (I.  F. 
£  347S-)      Glabrous,  or  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  usually  repeated- 
ly forked.     Basal  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  rounded  and  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
3-5  cm.  long,  entire;  upper  stem  leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  usually  dentate;    ped- 
uncles short;  cymes  6-12  mm.  broad,  almost  capitate;    bracts  linear  or  linear-ob- 
long; corolla  blue,  about  2  mm.  long;  fruit  flattened,  rounded  on  the  edges,  2  mm. 
long,  glabrous,  depressed-orbicular  in  outline,  the  two  empty  cavities  smaller  than 
the  fertile  one,  which  has  a  corky  mass  at  its  back.     In  waste  places,  N.  Y.,  N.  J. 
and  Penn.  to  Va.  and  La.     Nat.  from  Europe.     April-July.     [  V.  olitoria  Poll.] 

2.  Valerianella  chenopodiiolia   (Pursh)  DC.      GOOSE-FOOT  CORN   SALAD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3476.)      Glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high.      Leaves  entire,  or  the  basal  and  lower 
ones  repand,  spatulate,  obtuse;  upper  stem  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2.5-8  cm. 
long;    cymes  dense,  12-18  mm.  broad,  at  length  slender-peduncled;  bracts  lanceo- 
late or  oblong -lanceolate;    corolla  white,  about  2  mm.  long;  fruit  triangular-pyra- 
midal, 4  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  the  two  empty 
cavities  narrower  than  the  fertile  one  but  about  as  deep.      In  moist  soil,  western 
N.  Y.  to  Va.,  Wis.  and  Ky.     May-July. 

3.  Valerianella  radiata  (L.)  Dufr.    BEAKED  CORN  SALAD.    (I.  F.  f.  3477.) 
Glabrous,  or  minutely  pubescent  below,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves 
spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  the  upper  lanceolate,  usually  dentate;    cymes  8-12  mm. 
broad,  dense;  bracts  small,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;    corolla  white,  2  mm. 
long;  fruit  finely  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous,  2  mm.  long,  i  mm.  thick,  the 


88O  FLORA. 

empty  cavities  as  thick  as  or  thicker  than  the  beaked  fertile  one  and  separated 
from  each  other  by  a  broad  shallow  groove.  In  moist  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Mich., 
Mo.  and  Tex.  May -July. 

4.  Valerianella    stenocarpa    (Engehn.)    Krok.       NARROW-CELLED   CORN 
SALAD.    (I.  F.  f.  3478.)    Similar  to  the  preceding.     Fruit  oblong-tetragonal,  slight- 
ly smaller,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  sterile  cavities  not  as  thick  as  the  ob- 
long seed-bearing  one,  and  separated  from  each  other  by  a  narrow  groove.     Kans. 
and  Mo.  to  Tex.     March-June. 

5.  Valerianella  Woodsiana   (T.    &   G.)  Walp.      WOODS'   CORN  SALAD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3479. )    Usually  larger  than  any  of  the  preceding  species,  sometimes  9  dm. 
high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.      Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  entire;  up- 
per leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  usually  dentate;    cymes  6-12  mm.  broad, 
few-flowered;  bracts  comparatively  large,  lanceolate;    corolla  white,  about  2  mm. 
long;  fruit  glabrous,  nearly  globular,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  the  empty  cavities 
inflated,  introrse  with  a  depression  or  concavity  between  them,  as  broad  as  the 
fertile  one.     In  moist  soil,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Tenn.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

Valerianella  Woodsiana  umbilicata  (Sulliv.)  A.  Gray.  Empty  cells  of  the  fruit 
bladdery-inflated,  curved  together  at  the  ends,  forming  a  deep  concavity.  Same  range. 

Valerianella  Woodsiana  patellkria  (Suliiv.)  A.  Gray.  Empty  cells  divergent,  the 
fruit  becoming  saucer-shaped.  Ohio  and  Penn. 

6.  Valerianella  longiflora  (T.  &  G.)  Walp.     LONG-FLOWERED  CORN  SALAD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3480.)      Glabrous,  1.5-3  dm.  high.      Leaves  very  obtuse,  the  basal  ones 
spatulate,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  those  of  the  stem  oblong  or  spatulate-oblong,  smaller, 
somewhat  clasping;  cymes  dense,  corymbed;  corolla  salverform,  pink  or  purplish, 
about  12  mm.  long,  the  almost  filiform  tube  3  -4  times  as  long  as  the  limb,  the  lobes 
linear-oblong;  bracts  with  small  gland-tipped  teeth;    fruit  broadly  ovate  or  nearly 
orbicular,  the  empty  cavities  divergent,  larger  than  the  oblong  seed-bearing  one. 
In  moist  rocky  situations,  Mo.  and  Ark.     April -May. 

Family  2.     DIPSACACEAE  Lindl. 

Teasel  Family. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers 
in  dense  involucrate  heads.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  borne  on  an  elon- 
gated or  globose  receptacle,  bracted  and  invohicellate.  Calyx-tube  ad- 
nate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  cup-shaped,  disk-shaped,  or  divided  into 
spreading  bristles.  Corolla  epigynous,  the  limb  2-5-lobed.  Stamens 
2-4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  fila- 
ments distinct ;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  i-celled  ;  style  filiform  ; 
stigma  undivided,  terminal,  or  oblique  and  lateral ;  ovule  i,  anatropous. 
Fruit  an  achene,  its  apex  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  Seed- 
coat  membranous  ;  endosperm  fleshy ;  embryo  straight.  About  7  genera 
and  140  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

Scales  of  the  elongated  receptacle  prickly  pointed.  I.  Dipsacus 

Scales  of  the  receptacle  not  prickly,  herbaceous,  capillary,  or  none.  2.  Scabiosa. 

i.     DI'PSACUS    L. 

Rough-hairy  or  prickly  tall  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  usually  large 
leaves,  and  blue  or  lilac  flowers  in  dense  terminal  peduncled  oblong  heads  in  our 
species.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  and  scales  of  the  receptacle  rigid  or  spiny  point- 
ed. Involucels  4-8-ribbed,  with  a  somewhat  spreading  border.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
cup-shaped,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  oblique  or  2-lipped,  4-lobed.  Stamens 
4.  Stigma  oblique  or  lateral.  [Greek,  to  thirst,  the  leaves  of  some  species  hold- 
ing water.]  About  15  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

Scales  of  the  receptacle  straight-pointed.  i.  D.  sylvestris. 

Scales  of  the  receptacle  hooked  at  the  apex.  2.  D.  fitllonum. 

I.  Dipsacus  sylvestris  Huds.  WILD  TEASEL.  (I.  F.  f.  3481.)  Biennial, 
stout,  with  numerous  prickles,  otherwise  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-2  m.  high. 
Leaves  sessile,  or  the  upper  connate-perfoliate,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  upper 
acuminate  and  generally  entire,  the  lower  crenate  or  sometimes  pinnatifid,  often 
3  dm.  long;  heads  becoming  cylindric,  at  length  7-10  cm.  long;  flowers  lilac, 


CUCURBIT  A  CEAE.  88 1 

8-12  mm.  long;  leaves  of  the  involucre  linear,  curved  upward,  as  long  as  the  head 
or  longer;  scales  of  the  receptacle  ovate,  tipped  with  a  straight  subulate  barbed 
awn,  usually  exceeding  the  flowers.  In  waste  places,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Va.,  west 
to  Mich.  Nat.  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

2.  Dipsacus  fullonum  L.  FULLER'S  TEASEL.  (I.  F.  f.  3482.)  Similar  to 
the  preceding  species.  Leaves  of  the  involucre,  or  some  of  them,  shorter  than  the 
heads,  spreading  or  at  length  reflexed;  scales  of  the  receptacle  with  hooked  tips, 
about  equalling  the  flowers,  which  are  usually  paler  than  in  D.  sylvestris.  About 
wool  mills,  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  Fugitive  from  Europe. 

2.  SCABIOSA   L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  prickles,  and  blue,  pink,  or  white  flowers  in 
peduncled  involucrate  heads.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous.  Scales  of  the 
receptacle  small,  capillary,  or  none.  Involucels  2-8-ribbed,  the  margins  4-toothed 
or  expanded.  Calyx-limb  5-toothed.  Limb  of  the  corolla  4-5-cleft,  oblique  or 
2- lipped.  Stamens  4  (rarely  2).  Stigma  oblique  or  lateral.  Achene  adnate  to 
the  involucel,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx.  [Latin,  scale,  from  its  repute  as 
a  remedy  for  scaly  eruptions.  ]  About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  pinnatifid  ;  receptacle  hairy,  not  scaly.  i.  S.  arvensis. 

Leaves  entire,  or  toothed  ;  receptacle  scaly.  2.  S.  australts. 

1.  Scabiosa  arvensis  L.     FIELD  SCABIOUS.      (I.  F.  f.   3483.)     Perennial, 
pubescent,  simple  or  little  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  peti- 
oled,  lanceolate,   acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid,  0.7-2  dm.  long; 
upper  leaves  sessile,  often  deeply  pinnatifid;  heads  long-peduncled,    depressed- 
globose,  2.5-3.7  cm.  broad;  flowers  lilac-purple,  about  12  mm.  long;  receptacle 
depressed-hemispheric;  achene  angled,  crowned  with  the  8  or  10  linear- subulate 
calyx-teeth.     In  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,   Mass.,  Vt.,   N.  Y.  and  Penn. 
Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

2.  Scabiosa  australis  Wulf.     SOUTHERN  SCABIOUS.     (I.  F.  f.  3484-)     Per- 
ennial, puberulent,  at  least  above,  slender,  4-9  dm.  high.      Basal  leaves  oblanceo- 
late  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  1-3  dm.  long,  the  petiole  often  as  long  as  the  blade, 
or  longer;   stem  leaves  distant,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  or  toothed, 
short-petioled,   or  the  upper  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate;    heads  of  purple  flowers 
long-peduncled.  rather  less  than  2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  oblong-ovoid  in  fruit;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  glabrous;  receptacle  scaly;  achene  crowned  with  5  calyx-teeth. 
Nat.  from  Europe  in  N.  Y.  and  Mass.     Summer. 

Scabiosa  succisa    L.,  similar  to  the   preceding  species,   but  with   globose  fruiting 
heads  and  hirsute  involucre,  is  reported  from  Cape  Breton  Island. 

Order  9.    CAMPANULALES. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  the  corolla  gamopetalous,  or  petals  sometimes 
separate  in  Cucurbitaceae.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  (fewer 
in  the  Cucurbitaceae);  anthers  united  except  in  Campanula  and  Specu- 
larta  of  the  Campanulaceae,  in  Ambrosiaceae,  and  in  Kuhnta  of  the 
Compositae.  Ovary  inferior. 
Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads;  juice  mostly  milky. 

Endosperm  none;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  our  species  vines. 

Fam.  i,   Cucurbitaceae. 

Enaosperm  present,  fleshy;  flowers  perfect.  Fam.  2.    Campanulaceae. 

Flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 

Flowers  all  expanded  into  rays  (ligulate) ;  juice  milky.        Fam.  3.   Cichori&ceae. 
Flowers  all  tubular,  or  the  outer  expanded  into  rays;  juice  very  rarely  milky. 

Stamens  distinct,  or  nearly  so.  Fam.  4.  Ambrosiaceae. 

Stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a  tube  around  the  style  (except  in  Kuhnict). 

Fam.  5.  Compositae. 

Family  I.    CUCURBITACEAE   B.  Juss. 

Gourd  Family . 

Herbaceous  vines,  usually  with  tendrils.     Leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
generally  palmately  lobed  or  dissected,     Flowers  monoecious  or  digs- 


882  FLORA. 

cious.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  usually  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Petals  usually  5,  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx, 
separate,  or  united  into  a  gamopetalous  corolla.  Stamens  mostly  3 
(sometimes  i),  2  of  them  with  2-celled  anthers,  the  other  with  a  i-celled 
anther;  filaments  short,  often  somewhat  monadelphous.  Ovary  1-3- 
celled  ;  style  terminal,  simple,  or  lobed ;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a 
pepo,  indehiscent,  or  rarely  dehiscent  at  the  summit,  or  bursting  irregu- 
larly ;  or  sometimes  dry  and  membranous.  Seeds  usually  flat;  endo- 
sperm none.  About  90  genera  and  650  species,  mainly  of  tropical  regions. 
Flowers  large,  yellow  ;  prostrate  vine.  i.  Cucurbita. 

Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish  ;  climbing  vines. 

Fruit  glabrous ;  seeds  numerous,  horizontal.  2.  Melothria. 

Fruit  prickly  ;  seeds  i  or  few,  erect  or  pendulous. 

Fruit  dehiscent  at  the  apex  or  bursting  irregularly;  several- seeded. 

Leaves  3~7-lobed  ;  anthers  3.  3.  Micrampelis. 

Leaves  digitately  compound  ;  anther  i.  4.  Cyclanthera^ 

Fruit  indehiscent,  i-seeded.  5.  Stcyos* 

i.    CUCURBITA  L. 

Rough  prostrate  vines,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  with  branched  tendrils,  usually 
lobed  leaves  mostly  cordate  at  the  base,  and  large  yellow  axillary  monoecious  flow- 
ers. Calyx-tube  campanulate,  usually  5-lobed.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed  to 
about  the  middle,  the  lobes  recurving.  Staminate  flowers  with  three  stamens,  the 
anthers  linear,  more  or  less  united,  and  no  pistil.  Pistillate  flowers  with  i  pistil; 
ovary  oblong  with  3-5  many-ovuled  placentae;  style  short,  thick;  stigmas  3-5, 
each  2-lobed.  papillose;  staminodia  3.  Fruit  large,  fleshy,  with  a  thick  rind, 
many-seeded,  indehiscent.  [The  Latin  name  of  the  gourd.]  About  10  species, 
natives  of  America,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur 
in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Cucurbita  foetidissima  H.  B.  K.  MISSOURI  GOURD.  (I.  F.  f.  3485.) 
Stem  stout,  rough,  hirsute.  Root  large,  carrot-shaped.  Petioles  stout,  very 
rough;  leaves  ovate-triangular,  thick,  somewhat  fleshy,  cerdate  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  acute,  1-3  dm.  long,  usually  slightly  3-5 -lobed,  denticulate,  rough  above, 
canescent  beneath;  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  mostly  solitary;  corolla 
6-10  cm.  long;  pepo  globose  or  globose -ovoid,  5-8  cm.  in  diameter,  smooth,  its 
pulp  fibrous  and  bitter.  Dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.,  west  to  southernCal. 
May-Sept. 

Cucurbita   Pepo  L.,  the  PUMPKIN,  is  found  occasionally  in  waste  places. 

Citrullus  Citrullus  (L.)  Karst.,  the  WATERMELON,  is  found  escaped  from  cultivation 
along  river  shores  in  Va.  and  W.  Va.  and  in  the  Southern  States. 

3.  MELOTHRIA   L. 

Slender  vines,  with  simple  or  rarely  bifid  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  and  small  white 
or  yellow  monoecious  flowers,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  pistillate  often  solitary. 
Calyx  campanulate,  5 -toothed.  Corolla  campanulate,  deeply  5 -parted.  Stamens 
3  in  the  staminate  flowers,  the  anthers  distinct  or  slightly  united,  the  pistil  want 
ing  or  rudimentary.  Fertile  flowers  with  i  pistil;  ovary  ovoid,  constricted  below 
the  corolla;  placentae  3;  ovules  numerous;  style  short;  stigmas  3,  linear.  Fruit 
small,  berry-like,  pulpy.  [From  the  Greek  for  some  vine,  probably  Bryonia 
Cretica.]  About  64  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the 
following  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Melothria  pendula  L.  CREEPING  CUCUMBER.  (I.  F.  f.  3486.)  Root 
perennial.  Stem  slender,  branched,  glabrous,  grooved;  leaves  nearly  orbicular  in 
outline,  finely  pubescent  or  scabrous  on  both  sides,  cordate  at  the  base,  5-lobed  or 
5-angled,  denticulate  or  dentate ;  tendrils  puberulent;  staminate  flowers  4-7,  race- 
mose, borne  on  a  peduncle  1-2.5  cm.  long;  fertile  flowers  solitary,  slender-pedun- 
cled:  corolla  greenish  white,  about  4  mm.  broad;  fruit  ovoid,  green,  8-12  mm.  long. 
In  thickets.  Penn.  (Schweinitz,  according  to  Cogniaux),  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ind.,  Ky., 
La.  and  Mex.  June-Sept. 

3.   MICRAMPELIS  Raf.      [ECHINC-CYSTIS  T.  &  G.] 

Mostly  annual  climbing  herbs,  with  branched  tendrils,  lobed  or  angled  leaves, 
and  small  white  monoecious  flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  5-6-lobed,  Corolla 


CAMPANULACEAE.  883 

deeply  5-6-parted.  Stamens  3  in  the  staminate  flowers,  the  anuiers  more  or  less 
coherent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  2-celled  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style 
very  short;  stigma  hemispheric  or  lobed.  Fruit  fleshy  or  dry  at  maturity,  densely 
spiny,  I -2-celled,  usually  with  2  seeds  in  each  cavity,  dehiscent  at  the  summit. 
Testa  of  the  seed  roughened.  [Greek,  small-vine.]  About  25  species,  natives  of 
America.  Besides  the  following,  about  IO  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

i.  Micrampelis  lobata  (Michx.)  Greene.  WILD  BALSAM  APPLE.  MOCK 
APPLE.  (I.  F.  f.  3487.)  Stem  nearly  glabrous,  angular  and  grooved,  climbing  to 
a  height  of  4.5-7.5  m.,  sometimes  villous-pubescent  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  thin, 
roughish  on  both  sides,  deeply  cordate,  3-7-lobed  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes 
triangular-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  remotely  serrulate;  staminate  flowers 
very  numerous  in  narrow  compound  racemes;  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  or  raiely 
2  together;  fruit  ovoid,  green,  about  5  cm.  long,  armed  with  slender  spines.  Along 
rivers,  and  in  waste  places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mont.,  Va.,  Ky.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

4.   CYCLANTHERA  Schrad. 

Climbing,  mostly  glabrous  vines,  with  usually  digitately  compound  leaves  and 
small  white  or  greenish  monoecious  flowers.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla 
rotate,  deeply  5-parted.  Staminate  flowers  racemose  or  panicled,  the  stamens 
united  into  a  central  column;  anther  I,  annular  in  our  species.  Pistillate  flowers 
solitary;  ovary  obliquely  ovoid,  beaked,  i-3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cavity; 
style  short;  stigma  large,  hemispheric.  Fruit  spiny,  obliquely  ovoid,  beaked,  at 
length  irregularly  dehiscent,  few-seeded.  [Greek,  circle- anther.]  About  40 
species,  natives  of  America. 

i.  Cyclanthera  dissecta  (T.  &  G.)  Arn.  CUT-LEAVED  CYCLANTHERA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3488.)  Annual;  stem  grooved  and  angular,  glabrous,  branching,  climb- 
ing to  a  height  of  9-12  dm.,  or  straggling.  Leaves  digitately  3-7  foliolate,  the 
leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  1—5  cm.  long,  rough  on  both  sides,  den- 
tate, or  somewhat  lobed;  staminate  flowers  racemose,  borne  on  a  peduncle  1-5  cm. 
long;  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  very  short-peclnncled;  fruit  narrowed  at  the  base, 
slightly  oblique,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  armed  with  slender  spines.  Thickets,  Kans. 
to  Tex.,  La.  and  northern  Mex.  July-Sept. 

5.  SICYOS  L. 

Annual  climbing  vines,  with  branched  tendrils,  angled  or  lobed  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  green  monoecious  flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanulate  or  cup-shaped, 
5-toothed.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  5  parted  nearly  to  the  base.  Staminate 
flowers  corymbose  or  racemose,  with  3  stamens,  the  filaments  united  into  a  short 
column,  the  anthers  coherent.  Pistillate  flowers  several  together  in  capitate  long- 
peduncled  clusters;  ovary  oblong  or  fusiform,  i -celled;  ovule  i,  pendulous;  style 
short,  slender;  stigmas  usually  3.  Fruit  spiny,  indehiscent,  i-seeded.  [Greek,  a 
cucumber  or  gourd.]  About  35  species,  of  America  and  Australasia.  Besides  the 
following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  States. 

i.  S  icy os  angulatus  L.  ONE-SEEDED  BUR-CUCUMBER.  STAR  CUCUMBER. 
NIMBLE  KATE.  (I.  F.  f.  3489.)  Stem  angled,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent, 
climbing  to  a  height  of  4.5-7.5  m.,  or  trailing.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  rough  on 
both  sides,  rather  thin,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute  or  acuminate,  denticulate;'  staminate  flowers  loosely  corymbose  or  racemose, 
borne  on  elongated  peduncles;  fertile  flowers  capitate,  their  peduncles  shorter; 
fruits  sessile,  3-10  together,  yellowish,  about  1.3  cm.  long,  pubescent,  armed  with 
slender  rough  spines.  Along  river  banks  and  in  moist  places.  Quebec  and  Ont.  to 
Fla.,  S.  Dak.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  Nat.  in  eastern  Europe.  June- Sept. 

Family  2.    CAMPANULACEAE  Juss. 

Bell-flower  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  even  trees),  with  alternate 
exstipulate  simple  leaves,  acrid  and  usually  milky  juice,  and  perfect 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  mostly  5-lobed  or 
5-parted,  the  lobes  equal  or  slightly  unequal,  valvate  or  imbricate  in  the 
bud,  commonly  persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  regular  or  irregular, 
inserted  at  the  line  where  the  calyx  becomes  free  from  the  ovary,  its 


884  FLOXA. 

tube  entire,  or  deeply  cleft  on  one  side,  its  limb  5-lobed,  regular,  or  more 
or  less  2-lipped,  or  corolla  rarely  divided  into  separate  petals.  Stamens 
5,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted  with  the  corolla  ;  filaments 
separate  or  connate;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  separate,  or  united  into 
a  ring  or  tube.  Ovary  2~5-celled  (rarely  6-io-celled),  with  the  placentae 
projecting  from  the  axis,  or  i-celled  with  two  parietal  placentae ;  style 
simple ;  stigma  mostly  2-5-lobed,  pilose  by  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs,  or 
glabrous;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, small;  embryo  minute,  straight;  endosperm  fleshy.  About  6c 
genera  and  1500  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Corolla  regular,  campanulate  or  rotate  ;  anthers  separate. 
Capsule  opening  by  lateral  pores  or  valves. 

Corolla  campanulate,  rarely  rotate;  flowers  all  complete.  i.  Campanula., 

Corolla  rotate  ;  earlier  flowers  cleistogamous.  2.  Specularia. 

Capsule  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  valves.  3.  Jasione. 

Corolla  irregular ;  anthers  connate  around  the  style.  4.  Lobelia. 

i.  CAMPANULA  L. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves.  Flowers  regular, 
complete,  blue,  violet,  or  white.  Calyx-tube  hemispheric,  turbinate,  obovoid,  or 
prismatic,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  deeply  5-lobed  or  5-parted  (rarely  3-4- 
parted).  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  5-lobed  or  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  free 
from  the  corolla;  filaments  usually  dilated  at  the  base.  Ovary  inferior,  3~5-celled; 
stigma  3~5-lobed.  Capsule  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  crowned  by  the  persistent 
calyx-lobes,  opening  on  the  sides,  either  near  the  top,  middle  or  bottom  by  3-5 
small  valves  or  perforations,  or  tending  to  be  indehiscent  in  some  species.  [Dimin- 
utive of  the  Latin  campana.  a  bell.]  About  250  species,  natives  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  12  others  occur  in  southern  and  western 
N.  Am. 

*  Corolla  campanulate;  flowers  solitary,  racemose,  glomerate,  or  panicled. 
Flower  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  stem;  arctic  and  alpine  plants. 

Corolla  8-12  mm.  long;  capsule-openings  near  the  summit.        i.   C.  uniflora. 
Corolla  12-25  mm.  long;  capsule-openings  near  the  base.  2.   C.  rotttndifolia. 

Flowers  racemose,  glomerate,  or  paniculate. 
Corolla  14-30  mm.  long. 

Stem  leaves  linear,  the  basal  orbicular,  mostly  cordate.          2.   C.  rotundifolia. 
Leaves  all  ovate  to  lanceolate;  plants  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

Flowers  pedicelled  in  i-sided  racemes.  3.  C.  rapunculoides. 

Flowers  sessile  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters.  4.  C.  glomerata. 

Corolla  4-12  mm.  long. 

Plant  rough;  style  not  exserted. 

Flowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  blue,  5-8  mm.  long;  leaves  mostly 

linear-lanceolate,  crenulate.  5.   C.  aparinotdes. 

Flowers    blue,    10-12    mm.    long ;    leaves  linear,  denticulate  with    minute 

callous  teeth.  6.   C.  uliginosa. 

Plant  smooth,  glabrous,  slightly  viscid;  style  long-exserted. 

7.   C.  divaricata. 
**  Corolla  rotate;  flowers  spicate.  8.   C.  Americana. 

1.  Campanula  uniflora  L.     ARCTIC  HAREBELL  OR  BELLFLOWER.     (I.  F. 
f.  3490.)    Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  simple,  i-flowered,  3-15  cm.  high. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,   acute,   sessile,  thickish,  entire  or  sparingly  den- 
tate, 18-35  cm-  l°ng>  or  tne  l°wer  an(l  basal  ones  spatulate,  obtuse  and  narrowed 
into  petioles;  flower  erect;  calyx-tube  turbinate,   glabrous  or  pubescent,    shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  lobes;  corolla  campanulate,  8-12  mm.  long,  blue;  capsulr 
cylindric  or  club-shaped,  about  12  mm.   long,  erect,  opening  by  valves  near  the 
summit.     Lab.  and  Arctic  Am.  to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colo. 
Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 

2.  Campanula  rotundif  Ai&  L.     HAREBELL.     BLUE  BELLS  OF  SCOTLAND. 
(I.  F.  f.  3491.)    Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect  or 
diffuse,  often  several  from  the  same   root,    1.5-9   dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  nearly 
orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  usually  cordate,  slender  petioled,  6-25  mm.  wide,  d.en- 


CAMPANULACEAE.  88$ 

tite  or  entire,  often  wanting  at  flowering  time;  stem  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
iKiite,  mostly  entire,  sessile,  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  short  petioles  and  some- 
what spa  tulate;  flowers,  racemose  (rarely  solitary),  drooping  or  spreading;  calyx- 
lobes  subulate,  spreading,  longer  than  the  short-turbinate  tube;  corolla  blue,  cam- 
panulate;  capsule  obconic  or  ovoid,  pendulous,  ribbed,  opening  by  short  clefts 
near  the  base.  On  moist  rocks  and  in  meadows,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  to  N.  J., 
Neb. ,  Ariz,  and  Cal.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Sept. 

2a.  Campanula  dubia  D.  C.  NORTHERN  BELL-FLOWER.  Stems  ascending, 
1-3  dm.  high,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  angles.  Basal  leaves  reni- 
form  to  ovate,  long-petioled,  those  of  the  stem  linear-lanceolate,  wider  than  those 
of  the  preceding  species;  flowers  usually  solitary,  sometimes  2-4,  erect,  2-2.5  cm- 
long;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate.  On  wet  rocks,  mountains  of  Me. 
and  N.  H. ;  Que.  to  Lab.  and  Newf.  (C-  rotundifolia  Langs  dor fiana  Britton, 
not  C.  Langsdorfiana  Fisch.) 

3.  Campanula  rapunculoides  L.    CREEPING  OR  EUROPEAN  BELLFLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3492.)     Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  stem  glabrous  or  pubescent,  sim- 
ple or  rarely  branched,  leafy,  erect,  rather  stout,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  pubescent 
or  puberulent,  crenate-denticulate,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
the  lower  and  basal  ones  mostly  cordate,  7-15  cm.   long,   3-5  cm.  wide,  slender- 
petioled,  the  upper  short-petioled   or   sessile,  smaller;    flowers   short-pedicelled, 
drooping,  25-35  mm.  long;  corolla  deeply  5-lobed,  much  longer  than  the  linear 
spreading  calyx-lobes;  capsule  globose,  nodding,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  open- 
ing near  the  base.     In  fields  and  along  roadsides,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  southern  N.  Y. 
and  Ohio.     Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

4.  Campanula  glomerata  L.     CLUSTERED  BELLFLOWER.     DANE'S  BLOOD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3493.)   Perennial  by  short  rootstocks;  stem  stout,  simple,  erect,  pubescent, 
leafy,  3-6  dm.  high.    Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  crenulate,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  oblong  or  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  cordate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  acute,  sessile  or  clasping,  smaller;  flowers  about  25 
mm.  long,  sessile,  erect  and  spreading;  corolla  deeply  5-lobed;  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, acuminate;  capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect,  about  6  mm.  high,  opening  near 
the  base.   In  fields  and  along  roadsides,  eastern  Mass.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June- Aug. 

5.  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.     MARSH  OR  BEDSTRAW  BELLFLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3494.)     Perennial;  stems  very  slender  or  filiform,   weak,  reclining  or  dif- 
fuse, rough  with  short  retrorse  bristles,  leafy,  paniculately  branched,  1.5-6  dm. 
long.     Leaves  lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  sparingly  crenulate  with  low 
teeth,  or  entire,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  acute  at  both  ends,  12-35  mm- 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  flowers  paniculate,  5-8  mm.  long;    corolla  deeply  5-cleft, 
its  tube  equalling  or  longer  than  the  triangular-lanceolate  acute  calyx-lobes;  cap- 
sule subglobose,  opening  near  the  base.     In  grassy  swamps,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Colo.     June- Aug. 

6.  Campanula  uliginosa  Rydb.  n.  sp.     BLUE  MARSH  BELLFLOWER.     Per- 
ennial; similar  to  the  preceding  but  branches  less  spreading;  stem  3-6  dm.  high, 
retrorsely  hispidulous  on  the  angles.    Leaves  linear,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide, 
retrorsely  hispidulous  on  the  margins  and  midribs,  acute,  minutely  denticulate  with 
callous  teeth  or  entire;  corolla  blue  with  darker  veins,  cleft  to  below  the  middle 
into  lanceolate  lobes;  capsule  subglobose,  about  5  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  broad, 
opening  near  the  base.     In  wet  meadows,  Me.  and  northern  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and 
Iowa;  type  collected  by  B.  C.  Taylor  at  Chisago  City,  Minn. 

7.  Campanula  divaricata  Michx.     PANICLED  BELLFLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3495.) 
Perennial,  glabrous  but  somewhat  viscid;  stem  erect,  paniculately  branched,  slent 
der,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  uppermos- 
sometimes  linear,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled,  5-7  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide;  flowers  in 
compound  panicles,   drooping;  corolla  light  blue,  about  6  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acute,  often  dentate;  capsule  turbinate,  about  5  mm.  long,  opening  near 
the  middle.     On  rocky  banks,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     June-Sept. 

8.  Campanula  Americana  L.    TALL  BELLFLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3496.)    Annual 
or  biennial,  more  or  less  pubescent;  stem  erect  or  nearly  so,  simple  or  rarely  with  a 
few  long  branches,  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile, 


886  FLORA. 

7-15  cm.  long,  the  lowest  sometimes  cordate;  flowers  in  a  sometimes  leafy  spike, 
which  is  often  3-6  dm.  long;  lower  bracts  foliaceous,  the  upper  subulate;  corolla 
blue,  or  rarely  white,  about  25  mm.  broad,  deeply  5 -cleft;  calyx-lobes  linear-subu- 
late, spreading;  style  declined  and  curved  upward,  long-exserted;  capsule  narrowly 
turbinate,  ribbed,  erect,  8-10  mm.  long,  opening  near  the  summit.  In  moist 
thickets  and  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  Fla.,  Ky.,  Ark.  and  Kans.  July-Sept 

2.  SPECULARIA  Heist. 

[LEGOUZIA  Durand.] 

Annual  herbs,  with  alternate  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  the  stem  arid  branches 
long,  slender.  .  Flowers  axillary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  2-bracted,  or  the  upper 
panicled  in  some  exotic  species,  the  earlier  (lower)  ones  small,  cleistogamous,  the 
later  with  a  blue  or  purple  nearly  rotate  corolla.  Calyx-tube  narrow,  the  lobes  in 
the  earlier  flowers  3  or  4,  in  the  later  4  or  5.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-parted,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments  flat;  anthers  separate,  linear.  Ovary  3-celled 
(rarely  2- or  4-celled);  ovules  numerous;  stigma  usually  3-lobed.  Capsule  pris- 
matic, cylindric,  or  narrowly  obconic,  opening  by  lateral  valves.  Seeds  ovoid, 
oblong,  or  lenticular.  About  10  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  one 
extending  into  South  America.  [Name  derived  from  Speculum  Veneris,  the  an- 
cient name  of  the  European  Venus'  Looking-glass.]  The  generic  name  Specularia 
Heist.,  used  by  Fabricius  in  1759,  antedates  Legouzia  Durand,  1782. 
Capsule  narrowly  oblong  or  turbinate. 

Leaves  sessile ;  capsule-valves  near  the  top.  i.  S.  biflora. 

Leaves  cordate-clasping;  capsule-valves  at  about  the  middle.  2.  S.  perfoliata. 

Capsule  linear-cylindric ;  leaves  sessile  ;  western.  3.  S.  leptocarpa. 

1.  Specularia  biflora  (R.  &  P.)  A.  Gray.     SMALL  VENUS'  LOOKING-GLASS. 
(I.  F.  f.  3497.)     Glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  stem  simple  or  branched,  very  slender, 
roughish  on  the  angles,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  the  upper  lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  crenate  with  a  few  teeth,  or  enti're, 
8-20  mm.  long,  or  the  upper  smaller;  earlier  flowers  with  3  or  4  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late calyx-lobes,  those  of  the  later  flowers  4  or  5,  lanceolate-subulate,  longer;  cap- 
sule oblong-cylindric,  6-10  mm.  long,  opening  by  valves  close  under  the  calyx- 
teeth.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  Fla.  and  Texas.     Also  in  Cal.  and  S.  Am. 
April-July. 

2.  Specularia  perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.     VENUS'  LOOKING-GLASS.     (I.  F.  1 
3498.)     More  or  less  pubescent;  stem  densely  leafy,  slender,  sometimes  prostrate, 
retrorse-hispid  on  the  angles,  or  nearly  smooth,  1.5-6  dm.  long.    Leaves  orbicular 
or  broadly  ovate,   crenate-dentate  or  sometimes  entire,   6—25  mm.  wide;  flowers 
solitary  or  2-3  together  in  the  axils,  the  later  (upper)  ones  with  5  (rarely  4)  trian- 
gular-lanceolate acuminate  rigid  calyx-lobes,  and  a  rotate  blue  or  violet  corolla  1-2 
cm.  broad,  the  earlier  ones  with  3  or  4  shorter  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  rudimen- 
tary corolla;  capsule  oblong,  or  narrowly  turbinate,  4-6  mm.  long;  seeds  lenticular. 
In  dry  woods,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Fla.,  La.,  Mex.,  Utah  and  Ore.  May-Sept. 

3.  Specularia  leptocarpa  (Nutt. )  A.  Gray.  WESTERN VENUS'LOOKING-GLASS. 
(I.    F.    f.    3499.)     Hirsute,   or  nearly  glabrous;  stem  slender,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong,  not  clasping,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lowest 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng»  2~4  ™m-  wide; 
flowers  usually  solitary  in  the  axils,  the  later  ones  with  4  or  5  subulate  calyx-lobes 
and  a  rotate  corolla  10-18  mm.  broad,  the  earlier  ones  with  3  shorter  calyx-lobes  and 
rudimentary  corolla;  capsule  8-16  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  thick,  the  upper  at 
length  opening  near  the  summit;  seeds  oblong.     In  dry  soil,  western  Mo.  to  Mont, 
and  Tex.     May -Aug. 

3.  JASIONE  L. 

Herbs,  the  flowers  in  terminal  heads  subtended  by  a  many-leaved  involucre. 
Calyx  tube  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  5-divided.  Corolla  at  first 
tubular,  splitting  later  to  the  base  into  5  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate  segments. 
Filaments  subulate.  Anthers  united  at  the  base,  free  above.  Ovary  inferior, 
2-celled;  stigma  club-shaped.  Capsule  2-celled,  dehiscent  by  two  terminal  pores. 
[Greek  name  of  some  medicinal  plant.]  Five  species  of  central  Europe  and  the 
Mediterranean  Region.  4t 


CAMPANULACEAE.  88? 

I.  Jasione  monta'na  L.  SHEEP'S-BIT.  Annual  or  biennial,  with  several  stems 
from  a  simple  root.  Stems  1.5-2.5  dm.  high,  branched  above,  leafy  below;  leaves 
linear,  rough- hairy,  sessile;  flowers  in  hemispherical  heads;  corolla  blue,  seldom 
white  or  pink.  In  waste  places,  R.  I.  and  Conn.  Adventive  from  Europe.  June- 
Sept 

4.  LOBELIA  L.   (See  Appendix.) 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs),  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  race- 
mose  spicate  or  paniculate,  often  leafy-bracted,  red,  yellow,  blue,  or  white  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  turbinate,  hemispheric  or  ovoid,  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla-tube 
straight,  oblique,  or  incurved,  divided  to  the  base  on  one  side,  2-lipped  in  our  spe- 
cies, the  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  cleft  erect  or  recurved,  turned  away  from  the  other 
3  which  are  somewhat  united.  Stamens  free  from  the  corolla-tube,  monadelphous, 
at  least  above,  2  or  all  the  5  anthers  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  tips,  3  of  them  usually 
larger  than  the  other  2.  all  united  into  a  tube  or  ring  around  the  style.  Ovary 
2-celled,  the  2  placentae  many-ovuled;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Capsule  loculicid- 
ally  2-valved.  [Named  after  Matthias  de  L'Obel,  1538-1616,  a  Flemish  botanist.] 
About  225  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some 
12  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

*  Aquatic;  stems  simple,  nearly  naked;  flowers  light  blue. 

Leaves  terete,  hollow,  obtuse,  all  tufted  at  the  base.  i.  L.  Dortmanna, 

Leaves  flat,  linear- oblong  or  spatulate,  entire  or  glandular-denticulate. 

2.  L.  paludosa» 
*  *  Terrestrial  plants  of  wet  or  dry  soil;  stems  leafy. 

i.  Corolla-tube  10-25  mm.  long. 

Flowers  bright  scarlet  (rarely  white);  corolla-tube  20-25  mm-  long:-       3«  L.  cardinalis. 
Flowers  blue,  white,  or  blue  and  white;  corolla-tube  10-15  mm.  long. 
Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  ones  obovate. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent. 

Calyx-lobes  hirsute;    sinuses  with  large  deflexed  auricles. 

4.  L.  syphilitica. 
Calyx-lobes  glabrous  or  glandular,  usually  without  auricles. 

5.  L.  amoena. 
Leaves  densely  puberulent;  calyx  hirsute;  auricles  small.       6.  L.  puberula. 

Leaves  elongated-linear,  strongly  glandular-denticulate.  7.  L.  glandulosa. 

2.  Corolla-tube  only  4-8  mm.  long. 
Stems  mostly  simple ;  flowers  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes. 

Sinuses  of  the  calyx  without  auricles.  8.  L.  spicata. 

Sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  reflexed  subulate  auricles.  9.  Z,.  leptostachys* 

Stems  mostly  paniculately  branched;  flowers  in  loose  racemes. 

Stem  stout,  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  dentate.  10.  Z.  inflata. 

Stems  slender,  glabrous;  stem-leaves  narrow,  the  basal  wider. 

Pedicels  mostly  longer  than  flowers,  2-bracteolate  near  the  middle. 

ii.  L.  Kalmii* 
Pedicels  not  longer  than  flowers,  not  bracteolate,  or  only  so  at  the  base. 

Corolla  5-7  mm.  long ;  calyx-tube  hemispheric  in  fruit.    12.  L.  Nuttallii. 
Corolla  9-1 1  mm.  long;  calyx-tube  turbinate.  13.  L.  Canbyi. 

1.  Lobelia  Dortmanna  L.    WATER  LOBELIA.   WATER  GLADIOLE.    (I.  F.  f. 
3500. )      Perennial,  aquatic,  glabrous  thoughout,  somewhat  fleshy;   roots  numer- 
ous,  white,  fibrous;  stem  slender,   simple,  erect,  hollow,  minutely  scaly,  1.5-4.5 
dm.   high.     Leaves  all  submersed,  longitudinally  divided  by  a  partition,  2-5  cm- 
long,  about  4  mm.   thick;  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme,  blue,   12-16  mm. 
long;  pedicels  filiform,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  flowers;  calyx-lobes  subulate 
or  lanceolate,  the  sinuses  usually  not  at  all  appendaged;  corolla-tube   6-8  mm. 
long,   its  lower  lip  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Borders  of  ponds,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to 
N.  S.,  N.  B.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.    Also  in  Europe.     July-Sept. 

2.  Lobelia  paludosa  Nutt.     SWAMP  LOBELIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3501.)    Perennial, 
aquatic,  glabrous  throughout;  roots  few  and  thick;  stem  nearly  naked,  slender,  sim. 
pie,  or  branched  above,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  emersed,  obtuse  or  acutish,  those 
of  the  stem  few,  small  and  sessile,  the  basal  ones  5-22  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
narrowed  into  petioles;    flowers  pale  blue,  racemose,  10-12  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes 
narrowly  lanceolate,  the  sinuses  commonly  not  at  all  appendaged-,  corolla-tube  6-8 


888  FLORA. 

mm.  long,  its  lower  lip  pubescent  at  the  base.     In  swamps  and  ponds,  Del.  to  Fla. 

and  La.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     May -July. 

3.  Lobelia  cardinalis  L.     CARDINAL-FLOWER.     RED  LOBELIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
3502.)     Perennial  by  offsets;  stem  slightly  pubescent,  or  glabrous,  leafy,  6-13  dm. 
ftigh.     Leaves  oblong,    oval,    ovate-lanceolate,    or   lanceolate,  thin,    glabrous   or 
sparingly  pubescent,  5-15  cm.  long,  6-35  mm.  wide,   acuminate  or  acute  at  both 
ends,  crenulate  or  denticulate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled;  flowers  race- 
mose, commonly  numerous,  bright  scarlet  or  red  (rarely  white),  25-37  mm.  long; 
bracts  usually  glandular;  calyx-lobes  linear,  elongated,  acute;  larger  anthers  gla- 
brous.    In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  to  Fla..  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

4.  Lobelia  syphilitica  L.     GREAT  LOBELIA.     BLUE  CARDINAL-FLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3503.)     Perennial  by  short  offsets;  stem  sparingly  pubescent,  rather  stout, 
very  leafy,  usually  simple,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,    green,  5-15  cm.  long, 
1-5  cm.  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  repand-den- 
ticulate,    or   irregularly    crenate-dentate,  sessile   or   the  lower   petioled;    flowers 
densely  racemose,   leafy-bracted;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent  or 
ciliate;  corolla  bright  blue,  or  occasionally  white,  20-25  mm-  l°ng>  tne  lobes  of  its 
larger  lip  oblong-oval,  obtuse,   glabrous;  larger  anthers  glabrous.     In  moist  soil, 
Me.  and  Out.  to  S.  Dak.,  Ga.,  La.  and  Kans.     July-Oct. 

Lobelia  syphilitica  Ludovicijina  A.  DC.  Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  ;  leaves  thick, 
pale  green,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  obtuse  and  spatulate;  calyx- 
lobes  sparingly  pubescent;  lobes  of  the  larger  lip  of  the  corolla  acutish.  Neb.  to  La. 

5.  Lobelia  amoena  Michx.    SOUTHERN  LOBELIA.    (I.  F.  f.  3504.)    Nearly 
glabrous  throughout,    perennial;    stem    simple,    slender,    leafy,    3-12    dm.    high. 
Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,   repand-dentate  or  denticulate,  the  lower 
petioled  and  mostly  obtuse,   5-15   cm.   long,  the  upper  sessile,  acute  or  acutish, 
smaller;  flowers  blue,  racemose,  nearly  25  mm.  long;  bracts  narrow  and  small,  or 
the  lower  foliaceous,   glandular;  calyx-lobes  linear-subulate,  acuminate,  glabrous, 
elongated;  corolla-tube  10-14  mm-  l°ng»  3~4  mm-  thick;  larger  anthers  glabrous, 
or  puberulent  at  the  tip;  lobes  of  the  larger  lip  of  the  corolla  broadly  ovate  to  oval, 
obtuse,  glabrous.     In  swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.;  probably  within  our  area,  though 
not  reported.     July-Sept. 

Lobelia  amoena  glandulff-ra  A.  Gray.  Smaller;  stem  very  slender;  leaves  2-5  cm. 
long,  mostly  obtuse,  glandular-dentate;  bracts  small,  very  glandular;  raceme  somewhat 
secund;  sinuses  of  the  calyx  sometimes  slightly  auricled,  the  lobes  commonly  glandular. 
Del.  and  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

6.  Lobelia  puberula  Michx.      DOWNY  LOBELIA.      (I.  F.  f.  3505.)     Peren- 
nial, densely  and  finely  puberulent  all  over,  slightly  viscid ;  stem  mostly  simple, 
leafy,  3  9  dm.   high.      Leaves  oval,  oblong,  ovate,  or  obovate,  rather  thick,  the 
lower  petioled,  all  obtuse  or  the  uppermost  acute,  denticulate  or  crenate-dentate, 
the  teeth  often  glandular;  flowers  blue,  16-20  mm.  long,  in  long  spike-like  racemes: 
lower  bracts,  or  sometimes  all  of  them,  foliaceous.    glandular;    calyx  hirsute  or 
pubescent,  its  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  elongated,  usually  with  small  short  round- 
ed auricles  at  the  sinuses;  corolla-tube  about  I  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  the  lobes 
of  its  larger  lip  broadly  ovate,  glabrous;  larger  anthers  minutely  bearded.      In 
moist  sandy  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

7.  Lobelia    glandulosa    Walt.      GLANDULAR    LOBELIA.      (I.  F.  f.  3506.) 
Perennial;  stem  slender,   leafy  below,  nearly  naked  above,  simple,   glabrous,   or 
sparingly  pubescent,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  thick,  glabrous,  the  lower  petioled, 
obtuse,  often  17  cm.   long  and  8  mm.  wide,  the  upper  sessile,  "acutish,    shorter; 
flowers  racemose-spicate,  secund,  often  few  and  distant,  blue,  nearly  25  mm.  long; 
bracts  narrow,  glandular;  calyx  tube  often  densely  hirsute,  its  lobes  subulate,  the 
sinuses  not  appendaged;  corolla-tube  10-12  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  larger  lip  of  the  corolla  pubescent  within  at  the  base, 
its  lobes  ovate,  acutish ;  anthers  all  bearded  at  the  tip.     In  swamps  near  the  coast, 
Va.  to  Fla.     July-Sept. 

8.  Lobelia  spicata  Lam.     PALE  SPIKED  LOBELIA.    (I.  F.  f.  3507.)    Peren- 
nial or  biennial,   puberulent;  stem  strict,  simple,  leafy,  3-12  dm.  high.      Leaves 
thickish,  pale  green,  repand-dentate,  crenulate,  or  entire,  the  basal  ones  broadly 
oblong,  oval,  or  obovate,  very  ^btuse,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  3-7  cm.  long, 


CICHORIACEAE.  889 

3-5  cm.  wide;  stem  leaves  sessile,  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  spatulate.  obtuse,  the  upper- 
most gradually  smaller  and  acutish;  flowers  pale  blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  race- 
mose-spicate,  bracts  linear,  entire;  calyx-tube  turbinate,  usually  glabrous,  shorter 
than  its  subulate  spreading  lobes;  corolla-tube  about  5  mm.  long  and  2  mm.  thick. 
In  dry,  mostly  sandy  soil,  or  in  meadows,  N.  S.  and  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
N.  C.,  La.  and  Ark.  June-Aug. 

Lobelia  spic&ta  hirtella  A.  Gray.  Rough  or  roughish;  bracts  and  calyx-lobes  hirsute 
or  ciliate.  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Mich,  and  Kans. 

Lobelia  spic^ta  parvifl6ra  A.  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  low,  very  slender; 
flowers  only  about'C  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  broadly  subulate.  In  swamps,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

9.  Lobelia  leptostachys  A.  DC.    SPICKED  LOBELIA.    (I.  F.  f.  3508.)    Sim- 
ilar to  the  preceding  species;  stem  usually  stouter,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  6-12 
dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse;  stem  leaves  spatulate,  oblong,  or 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  sometimes  slightly  scabrous,  denticulate  or  entire,  or  the  upper- 
most narrower  and  acute;  bracts  linear,  glabrous;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx-lobes 
linear-subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  flowers  blue,  8-10  mm.  long. 
In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Ohio  and  111.,  Ga.  and  Kans.     June-Aug. 

10.  Lobelia  inflata  L.    INDIAN  TOBACCO.     WILD  TOBACCO.     (I.  F.  f.  3509.) 
Annual,    pubescent  or  hirsute,   very  acrid;    stem  leafy  commonly    paniculately 
branched,  3-9  dm.  high.      Leaves  thin,  repand-dentate  or  denticulate,  the  lower 
oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  3-6   cm.  long,   narrowed  into  short  petioles,   the  upper 
sessile,  oval,  oblong,  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  or  the  uppermost  acute; 
flowers  light  blue,  4-6  mm.  long,  lower  bracts  foliaceous,  the  upper  subulate;  calyx 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  its  subulate  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  corolla;  capsule  in- 
flated, 6-8  mm.  long,  finely  transversely  veined  between  the  ribs.      In  fields  and 
thickets,  Lab.  to  the  N.  W!  Terr.,  Ga.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Kans.     July-Nov. 

11.  Lobelia  Kalmii  L.     BROOK  OR   KALM'S   LOBELIA.      (I.  F.   f.  3510.) 
Perennial  by  short  offsets,   glabrous  throughout,  or  sparingly  pubescent  below; 
stem  leafy,  erect,  slender,  15-25   cm.  high.      Lower  and  basal  leaves  spatulate, 
obtuse,  short-petioled,  sparingly  repand-denticulate,   or  entire,    12-25   mm.  long, 
3-5  mm.  wide;  upper  leaves  sessile,  linear,  linear-oblong,  or  narrowly  spatulate, 
the  uppermost  acute;  flowers  light  blue,  8-10  mm.  long;  lower  bracts  linear-lanceo- 
late, the  upper  subulate;  pedicels  nearly  filiform;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate -subulate, 
longer  than  the  turbinate  tube,  the  sinuses  not  appendaged;  capsule  wholly  in- 
ferior,  not  inflated,    campanulute  or   subglobose,   about   4   mm.   long.      On  wet 
banks,  and  in  wet  meadows,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Ont.,  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Ohio 
and  Mich.     July-Sept. 

12  Lobelia  Nuttallii  R.  &  S.  NUTTALL'S  LOBELIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3511.)  An- 
nual, or  perhaps  biennial,  glabrous  throughout,  or  puberulent  below;  stem  weak, 
usually  reclining,  very  slender,  loosely  branched,  at  least  when  old,  3-9  dm.  long. 
Basal  leaves  spatulate  to  oval,  obtuse,  mostly  petioled,  12-25  mm<  l°ng»  slightly  re- 
pand,  or  entire;  stem  leaves  distant,  linear,  linear-oblong,  or  slightly  spatulate,  entire 
or  sparingly  glandular-denticulate;  flowers  pale  blue,  loosely  racemose;  bracts  linear 
or  the  upper  subulate;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  longer  than  the  depressed-hemispheric 
strongly  ribbed  tube,  the  sinuses  unappendaged;  capsule  depressed-globose,  half- 
inferior,  about  2mm.  long.  Sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to  Penn.,  Fla.  and  Ga.  June-Sept. 

13.  Lobelia  Canbyi  A.  Gray.  CANBY'S  LOBELIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3512.)  Annual, 
slightly  puberulent,  usually  glabrous;  stem  erect,  slender,  6-9  dm.  high.  Stem 
leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  1-4  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  the  lower  obtuse, 
sometimes  slightly  repand-denticulate,  the  upper  acute,  narrower,  entire;  flowers 
racemose,  blue;  lower  bracts  linear,  the  upper  subulate;  calyx-lobes  linear-subu- 
late, glandular-denticulate,  equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  narrowly  turbi- 
nate tube,  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  capsule  oblong-turbinate, 
4  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  calyx-tube.  Swamps,  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.  July-Sept. 

Family  3.     CICHORIACEAE  Reichenb. 
Chicory  Family. 

Herbs  (two  Pacific  Island  genera  trees),  almost  always  with  milky,  acrid  or 
bitter  juice,  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  yellow,  rarely  pink,  blue,  purple,  or 


8QO  FLORA. 

white  flowers  in  involucrate  heads  (anthodia).  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  I  to  sev- 
eral series.  Receptacle  of  the  head  flat  or  flatfish,  naked,  scaly  (paleaceous), 
smooth,  pitted,  or  honeycombed.  Flowers  all  alike  (heads  homogamous),  perfect, 
Calyx-tube  completely  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  (pappus)  of  scales,  or  simple 
or  plumose  bristles,  or  both,  or  wanting.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  with  a  short  or 
long  tube,  and  a  strap-shaped  (ligulate)  usually  5-toothed  limb  (ray).  Anthers 
connate  into  a  tube  around  the  style,  the  sacs  sagittate  or  auricled  at  the  base,  not 
tailed,  usually  appendaged  at  the  summit,  the  simple  pollen-grains  usually  12-sided. 
Ovary  i-celled;  ovule  I,  anatropous;  style  very  slender,  2-cleft,  of  2-lobed,  the 
lobes  minutely  papillose.  Fruit  an  achene.  Seed  erect;  endosperm  none;  radicle 
narrower  than  the  cotyledons.  About  65  genera  and  1400  species,  of  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution.  The  family  is  also  known  as  LIGULIFLORAE,  and  is  often 
regarded  as  a  tribe  of  the  COMPOSITAE. 

*  Pappus  of  scales,  or  of  scales  and  bristles,  or  none  (see  No.  18). 
Flowers  blue  or  white  ;  pappus  of  blunt  scales.  i.  Cichorium. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  membranous,  or  herbaceous. 

Pappus  none;  achenes  2O-3o-nerved.  2.  Lapsana. 

Pappus  none  ;  achenes  8-io-ribbed.  3.  Serinea. 

Pappus  of  rounded  scales,  with  or  without  an  inner  series  of  bristles. 

4.  Adopogon. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  thickened  and  keeled  after  flowering  ;  pappus  none. 

5.  Arnoseris. 
*  *  Pappus,  at  least  some  of  it,  of  plumose  bristles. 

Receptacle  chaffy.  6.  Hypochaeris. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Plume-branches  of  the  pappus  not  interwebbed. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  plants  scapose,  the  leaves  basal.  7.  Leontodon. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  plants  leafy-stemmed.  8.  Picris. 

Flowers  pink.  9.  Ptiloria. 

Plume-branches  of  the  pappus  interwebbed.  10.    Tragopogon. 

*  *  *  Pappus  of  simple  bristles  (of  soft  white  scales  with  or  without  bristles  in  No.  18.) 
\  Receptacle  with  a  few  deciduous  bristles;  flowers  yellow, 

ii.  Malacothrix. 
ft  Receptacle  naked. 

1 .  Achenes  spinulose,  or  with  short  processes  near  the  summit. 

Heads  few-  (6-15-)  flowered,  yellow;  stem  branching.  12.   Chondrilla. 

Heads  many-flowered,  yellow,  solitary  on  scapes.  13.    Taraxacum. 

2.  Achenes  smooth,  or  papillose,  not  spinulose  toward  the  summit. 

(a)  Achenes  flattened. 

Achenes  truncate,  not  beaked ;  flowers  yellow.  14.  Sonchus. 

Achenes  narrowed  at  the  summit,  or  beaked  ;  flowers  blue  or  yellow.      15,  Lactuca. 

(b)  Achenes  cylindric,  or  prismatic. 
Achenes  terete,  not  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  pink  or  purple. 

16.  Lygodesmia. 

Achenes  narrowed  at  the  base,  narrowed  or  beaked  at  the  summit ;  flowers  yellow. 
Achenes  slender-beaked. 

Pappus-bristles  not  surrounded  by  a  villous  ring  at  base. 

Pappus  of  slender  simple  bristle*.  17.  Agoseris. 

Pappus  of  narrow  soft  scales,  with  or  without  some  slender  bristles. 

18.  Nothocalais. 

Pappus-bristles  surrounded  by  a  villous  whit?  ring  at  base.          19.  Sitilias. 
Achenes  merely  narrowed  above,  not  beaked.  20.  Crepis. 

Achenes  narrowed  at  the  base,  otherwise  columnar,  truncate  (except  in  two  species  of 
Hieracium}. 

Flowers  yellow,  orange,  or  red.  21.  Hieracium. 

Flowers  white,  cream-colored,  or  purple.  22.  Nabalus. 

i.    CICHORIUM    L. 

Erect  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  and  basal  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  and 
branches  usually  very  small  and  bract-like,  and  large  heads  of  blue,  purple,  pink,  or 
white  flowers,  peduncled,  or  in  sessile  clusters  along  the  branches.  Involucre  of 
2  series  of  herbaceous  bracts,  the  outer  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner  erect  and 
subtending,  or  partly  enclosing,  the  outer  achenes.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  or 
slightly  fimbrillate.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate 


CICHORIA  CEA  E.  89 1 

at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender,  obtushish.  Achenes  5 -angled  or  5-ribbed, 
truncate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  of  2  or  3  series  of  short  blunt  scales.  [From  the 
Arabic  name.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Cichorium  Intybus  L.  CHICORY.  WILD  SUCCORY.  BLUE  SAILORS. 
BUNK.  (I.  F.  f.  3513.)  Perennial  from  a  long  deep  tap-root;  stems  slightly  his- 
pid, stiff,  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  spreading  on  the  ground, 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  spatulate  in  outline,  7-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  long  peti- 
oles ;  upper  leaves  much  smaller,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  lobed  or  entire,  clasping 
and  auricled  at  the  base;  heads  numerous,  25—37  mm.  broad,  1-4  together  in  ses- 
sile clusters  on  the  nearly  naked  or  bracted  branches ;  inner  bracts  of  the  involu- 
cre about  8.  Roadsides,  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  N.  Car.,  Neb. 
and  Kans.  The  ground-up  root  is  used  as  a  substitute  or  adulterant  for  coffee. 
July-Get. 

Cichorium  Intybus  divaricatum  DC.  Some  or  all  the  heads  on  stout  spreading 
peduncles  2-10  cm.  long.  Frequent  with  the  type. 

z.  LAPSANA  L. 

Annual  erect  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  dentate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
small  panicled  slender-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  nearly  cylin- 
dric,  its  principal  bracts  in  I  series,  nearly  equal,  with  a  few  exterior  small  ones 
at  the  base.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  apex. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  obovate-oblong, 
2O-3O-nerved,  somewhat  flattened,  narrowed  below,  rounded  at  the  summit.  Pap- 
pus none.  [Greek,  lampsana,  the  name  of  a  crucifer.  ]  About  9  species,  natives 
of  the  Old  World. 

i.  Lapsana  communis  L.  NIPPLEWORT.  SUCCORY  DOCK-CRESS.  (I.  F.  f. 
3514.)  Stem  paniculately  branched,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  hispid-pubes- 
cent below,  3-10  dm.  high.  Lower  leaves  ovate,  repand-dentate,  obtuse,  thin, 
pubescent,  or  glabrate,  petioled,  5-10  cm.  long,  often  with  2-6  lobes  on  the  peti- 
ole, the  uppermost  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  much  smaller,  mostly  en- 
tire; heads  very  numerous,  6-12  mm.  broad;  involucre  oblong-cylindric,  4-6  mm. 
high,  of  about  8  linear  glaucous  principal  bracts  and  several  very  small  outer  ones. 
Along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Also  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  Nat.  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

3.     SERINIA     Raf. 

Low  glaucescent  branching  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  clasping  entire  or 
lobed  leaves,  or  those  of  the  stem  sometimes  appearing  as  if  opposite,  and  few 
small  long-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate, 
its  bracts  about  8,  equal,  membranous,  becoming  concave  after  flowering.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at 
the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  obovoid,  8-io-ribbed,  contracted  at 
the  base,  rounded  at  the  summit.  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  vestige.  [Greek, 
small  chicory.]  Three  known  species  of  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Serinia  oppositifolia  (Raf.)  Kuntze.  SERINIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3515. 'I  Gla- 
brous throughout,  or  slightly  glandular-pubescent  along  the  ends  of  the  peduncles, 
branched  from  the  base,  10-25  cm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  spatulate  in  outline,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  7-12 
cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide;  upper  leaves  mainly  sessile,  clasping,  alternate,  or  appear- 
ing as  if  opposite,  usually  entire,  smaller;  peduncles  very  slender,  sometimes  I  dm. 
long;  heads  3-4  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acuminate,  about  the 
length  of  the  rays.  In  fields,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla.  March-May. 

4.     ADOPOGON.     Neck.      [KRIGIA  Schreb.] 

Herbs,  with  scapose  or  leafy  stems,  basal  or  alternate  leaves,  and  small  or 
middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  scape  or 
its  branches.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  herbaceous  bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  with 
no  exterior  shorter  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed 
at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style  branches  slender,  obtusish. 
Achenes  turbinate  or  oblong,  i5-2O-ribbed,  truncate.  Pappus  in  i  or  2  series,  the 


892  FLORA, 

outer  of  thin  broad  rounded  scales,  the  inner  of  slender  naked  bristles,  or  these 
sometimes  wanting  in  the  southwestern  A.  occidentale.  [Greek,  a  pleasing  beard.] 
Five  known  species,  natives  of  N.  Am. 

Stem  i-leaved  and  branched  above,  bearing  2-6  heads.  I.  A.    Virginicum. 

Scape  naked,  monocephalous. 

Head  about  25  mm.  broad;  pappus-bristles  12-20;  perennial.  2.  A.  Dandelion. 
Head  6-14  mm.  broad  ;  pappus-bristles  5-7;  annuals. 

Practs  of  the  involucre  5-8,  remaining  erect,  firm,  keeled.   3.  A.  occidentale. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  8-18,  at  length  reflexed,  thin.  4.  A.  Carolinianum> 

1.  Adopogon  Virginicum  (L.)   Kuntze.      CYNTHIA.      VIRGINIA    GOATS- 
BEARD.     (I.  F.  f.  3516.)     Perennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  stem  3-6  dm.  high, 
i-leaved  and  branched  above.     Basal  leaves  tufted,  runcinate,   sinuate,  denticu- 
late, or  entire,  5-17  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  heads  about  4  cm. 
broad;  involucre  of  9-15  lanceolate  nerveless  bracts  6-8  mm.  long;  achenes  nearly 
oblong;  pappus  of  10-15  oblong  scales  and  an  equal  or  greater  number  of  capil- 
lary bristles ;  flowers  orange  to  reddish  orange.  In  moist  woods  and  meadows.  Mass, 
to  southern  Ont.  and  Manitoba,  Ga.,  Ky.,  Mo.  and  Kans.     May-Oct. 

2.  Adopogon  Dandelion  (L.)  Kuntze.  DWARF  DANDELION  OR  GOATSBEARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3517.)     Perennial,  acaulescent,   glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  scape 
15-45  cm.  high,  slender.     Stolons  filiform,  bearing  globose  tubers;  leaves  all  basal, 
tuft£d,  linear-lanceolate  to  spatulate,    entire,    denticulate,    sinuate,   or  pinnatifid, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  7~*5  cm-  l°ng>  4—10  mm.  wide;  head  about  25  mm.  broad; 
involucre  about  I  cm.  high;  pappus  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species.     In 
moist  soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Kans.  and  Tex.     April- June. 

3.  Adopogon  occidentale  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.     WESTERN  DWARF  DANDELION. 
(I.  F.  f.  3518.)  Annual,  acaulescent;  scapes  tufted,  5-20  cm.  high,  usually  glandular, 
at  least  above,  bearing  a  single  head  10-20  mm.  broad.     Leaves  basal,  lanceolate 
to  obovate,  entire  to  pinnatifid,  mostly  shorter  than  the  scapes;  involucre  4-6  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  5-8,  lanceolate,  becoming  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  firm  and  keeled 
at  maturity,  remaining  erect;  pappus  of  5  obovate  scales  and  usually  5  alternating 
bristles.     Prairies,  southern  Mo.  to  Tex. 

4.  Adopogon   Carolinianum  (Walt.)    Britton.     CAROLINIA  DWARF  DAN- 
DELION.    KRIGIA.     (L  F.  f.  3519.)     Annual,  acaulescent;  scapes  usually  several 
from  the  same  root,  very  slender,  glabrous  or  hispidulous,  monocephalous,  3-40  cm. 
high.  Leaves  commonly  all  basal,  tufted,  spatulate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  pinnatifid, 
sinuate,  lobed,  dentate  or  rarely  entire,  3-15  cm.   long,  narrowed  into  margined 
petioles;  head  6-14  mm.  broad;  involucre  of  9-18  linear-lanceolate  bracts;  pappus 
usually  of  5  round  short  scales  and  5-10  long  capillary  bristles.     In  dry,  sandy 
soil,  Me.  to  Orit.,  Mina.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     April- Aug. 

5.  ARNOSERIS  Gaertn. 

A  low  annual  scapose  herb,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  with  tufted  basal  dentate  or 
nearly  entire  leaves.  Scapes  several  or  numerous,  simple  or  branched,  upwardly 
thickened  below  the  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate,  its 
bracts  in  I  series,  narrow,  equal,  thickened  and  keeled  on  the  back  after  flower- 
ing, rarely  with  a  few  outer  minute  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  pitted,  not  chaffy. 
Anthers  sagittate.  Style-branches  obtuse.  Achenes  oval,  8-io-ribbed,  narrowed 
below,  truncate,  or  with  a  denticulate  margin.  Pappus  none.  [Greek,  lamb-suc- 
cory.] A  monotypic  genus  of  western  Europe. 

i  Arnoseris  minima  (L.)  Dumort.  LAMB  SUCCORY.  (I.  F.  f.  3520.)  Scapes 
slender,  7-30  cm.  high,  leafless,  simple,  or  with  1-4  branches  mostly  above  the 
middle,  gradually  thickened  and  hollow  upward.  Leaves  oblanceolate.  obovate,  or 
oblong,  3-7  cm.  long,  6-20  mm.  wide,  usually  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  nar- 
rowed into  margined  petioles;  heads  16  mm.  broad,  or  less;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly  keeled  after  flowering,  4-8  mm.  long,  curv- 
ing over  the  achenes.  Mount  Desert  Island,  Me.  Fugitive  from  Europe.  Summer. 

6.  HYPOCHAERIS   L. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs,  with  scapose,  often  branched  stems  and  mostly  basal 
tufted  leaves,  pinnatifid  to  entire,  those  of  the  scapes  few,  scale-like,  very  small,  or 
none.  Heads  mostly  large,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  yellow.  Involucre  oblong- 


CICHORIACEAE.  893 

cylindric  to  campanulate,  its  bracts  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  several  series,  ap- 
pressed,  the  outer  smaller.  Receptacle  flat,  chaffy.  Anthers  sagittate.  Style- 
branches  slender,  obtusish.  Achenes  oblong  to  linear,  lo-ribbed,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed below,  contracted  above  into  a  long  or  short  beak,  or  the  outer  truncate. 
Pappus  of  i  row  of  plumose  bristles,  sometimes-  with  some  shorter  simple  ones. 
[Greek,  for  pigs,  which  are  fond  of  its  roots.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  S.  Am. 

I.  Hypochaeris  radicata  L.  LONG-ROOTED  CAT'S-EAR.  GOSMORE.  (I.  F.  f. 
3521.)  Perennial;  stems  several  together,  glabrous,  slender,  3-6  dm. high,  bracted, 
or  rarely  simple,  bearing  a  few  scales.  Leaves  spreading  on  the  ground,  oblan- 
ceolate  to  obovate  in  outline,  pinnatifid-lobed  to  dentate,  5-15  cm.  long,  hirsute  on 
both  sides ;  involucre  oblong-cylindric,  about  25  mm.  high,  its  bracts  glabrous,  or 
sparingly  pubescent;  heads  25  mm.  broad  or  more;  achenes  rough,  all  with  very 
slender  beaks  longer  than  the  body;  flowers  longer  than  the  involucre.  In  waste 
places,  L.  I.  to  N.  J.  Also  in  Cal.  and  Wash.  Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.  May -Oct. 

Hypochaeris  glabra  L.,  the  smooth  Cat's-ear,  a  smaller  species,  with  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous  leaves,  flowers  scarcely  longer  than  the  involucre,  and  the  outer  achenes  trun- 
cate, has  been  found  as  a  waif  in  Me.,  and  is  nat.  or  adventive  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

7.    LEONTODON   L. 

Perennial  scapose  herbs,  with  tufted  basal  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves,  branched 
and  scaly,  or  simple  and  naked  scapes,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  solitary 
at  the  end  of  the  scape  or  of  its  branches.  Involucre  ovoid  or  oblong,  its  principal 
bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  nearly  equal,  with  several  series  of  short  outer  ones.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  fimbrillate,  villous,  or  somewhat  honeycombed.  Rays  truncate  and 
5 -toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender. 
Achenes  oblong  or  linear,  finely  striate,  contracted  or  beaked  at  the  summit.  Pap- 
pus  of  I  or  2  series  of  plumose  persistent  brownish  bristles,  somewhat  broadened  at 
the  base,  or  the  outer  scale-like  and  simple.  [Greek,  lion's  tooth.]  About  45 
species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 
Plant  nearly  glabrous;  scape  commonly  branched;  pappus-bristles  all  plumose. 

1.  L.  autumnale. 
Plant  somewhat  hirsute;  scape  simple;  outer  pappus  of  outer  achenes  simple. 

2.  L.  nudicaule. 

1.  Leontodon  autumnale  L.     FALL  DANDELION.     AUTUMNAL  HAWKBIT. 
LION'S-TOOTH.     (I.    F.    f.    3522.)     Scape    slender,    usually    branched  and  scaly, 
1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  into  nar- 
row lobes,  or  some  of  them  coarsely  dentate,  7-20  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,   short-petioled ;  heads  several,  rarely  solitary,  about  25-30  mm. 
broad:  involucre  oblong,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent.     In  fields  and  along  road- 
sides, Newf.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Ohio.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Native  also 
of  Asia.     June-Nov. 

2.  Leontodon  nudicaule  (L.)  Porter.    ROUGH  OR  HAIRY  HAWKBIT.    (L  F.  f. 
3523.)     Scape  simple,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  minutely  scaly,  or  naked.     Leaves 
linear-oblong  to  narrowly  spatulate,  acute  or  obtuse,  not  acuminate,  nearly  entire, 
coarsely  sinuate-dentate  or  sometimes  pinnatifid,  5-12  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide, 
narrowed  into  petioles;  head  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  scape,  1-2  cm.  broad;  invo- 
lucre canescent  or  pubescent;  outer  achenes  with  an  outer  pappus  of  simple  nar- 
row scales  and  an  inner  one  of  plumose  bristles.     In  ballast  and  waste  places  about 
the  eastern  seaports.     Also  at  Seidersville,  Penn.,  and  on  Vancouver  Island.     Ad- 
ventive from  Europe.     June-Oct. 

8.  PICRIS  L. 

Erect  hispid,  mostly  branching,  leafy  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  (in  our  spe- 
cies), and  rather  large,  usually  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Involucre  campanulate  or  cup-shaped,  its  principal  bracts  in  one  series,  nearly 
equal,  with  2-3  series  of  small  or  large  exterior  spreading  ones.  ,  Receptacle  flat, 
short-fimbrillate.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at 
the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  incurved, 
terete  or  angled,  5-io-ribbed  and  transversely  wrinkled,  narrowed  at  the  base  aa4 


894  FLORA. 

summit,  or  beaked  in  some  species.  Pappus  of  I  or  2  series  of  slender  plumose 
bristles.  [Greek,  bitter.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  one  per- 
haps indigenous  in  Alaska. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  linear;  achenes  not  beaked.  i.  P.  hieraciotdes. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  ovate,  foliaceous ;  achenes  short-beaked.  2.  P.  echtoides. 

1.  Picris  hieracioides  L.     HAWKWEED  PICRIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3524.)     Biennial, 
more  or  less  hispid,  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  dentate,  or  nearly  entire,  the  basal  narrowed  into  petioles,  acute,  often 
15  cm.  long,  those  of  the  stem  mostly  sessile  and  smaller;  heads  numerous,  1-2.5  cm- 
broad;  involucre  8-12  mm.  high,  its  outer  bracts  linear,  subulate,  spreading,  the 
inner   linear-lanceolate,    acuminate;  pappus  copious,     nearly   white.       In   waste 
places,  111.,  Penn.,  N.   J.,   and  in    ballast  about   the  seaports.      Adventive   from 
Europe.     Nat.  also  of  Asia.     Very  bitter.     June- Sept. 

2.  Picris  echioides  L.     BRISTLY  OX-TONGUE.     BUGLOSS  AND  BUGLOSS  PIC- 
RIS.    (I.  F.  f.  3525.)     Annual  or  biennial,  branched,  hispid;  stem  about  7  dm. 
high.    Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  repand-dentate,  5-15  cm. 
long,  narrowed  into  petioles;  upper  leaves  sessile  and  clasping,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, smaller,  the  uppermost  mainly  acute  and  entire;  heads  numerous,  short-ped- 
uncled,   about  12   mm.  broad;  outer  bracts  of   the  involucre  4  or  5,  foliaceous, 
ovate,    acute,   hispid-ciliate,   the  inner  ones  lanceolate,    membranous.      In  waste 
places,  N.  S.  and  Ont.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Fugitive  from  Europe. 

9.    PTILORIA  Raf.    [STEPHANOMERIA  Nutt.] 

Annual  or  perennial,  mostly  glabrous,  often  glaucous  herbs,  with  erect,  simple 
or  branched,  usually  rigid  stems,  alternate  or  basal,  entire  dentate  or  runcinate- 
pinnatifid  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  and  branches  often  reduced  to  subulate  scales, 
and  small  erect  heads  of  pink  flowers,  paniculate,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  opening  in  the  morning.  Involucre  cylindric  or  oblong,  its  principal 
bracts  few,  equal,  scarious-margined,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  with  numerous 
short  exterior  ones  and  sometimes  a  few  of  intermediate  length.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  oblong 
or  linear,  terete  or  columnar,  5-ribbed,  truncate  or  beaked  at  the  summit,  the  ribs 
smooth  or  rugose.  Pappus  of  I  series  of  rather  rigid  plumose  bristles.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  feathery  pappus.]  About  16  species,  natives  of  western  and  cen- 
tral N.  Am. 

Pappus  brownish,  plumose  except  at  the  base.  i.  P.  pauciflora, 

Pappus  white,  plumose  to  the  base.  2.  P.  ramosa. 

1.  Ptiloria  pauciflora  (Torr.)    Raf.     BROWN-PLUMED  PTILORIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
3526.)     Perennial;  stem  rather  stout,  striate,  rigid,  divergently  branched,  3-6  dm. 
high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid.  3-6  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide, 
the  upper  all  short  and  narrowly  linear  or  reduced  to  scales;  heads  somewhat 
racemose-paniculate    along   the    branches,    usually   about   5-flowered;    involucre 
8-10  mm.  high;  rays  2-4  mm.  long;  pappus  brownish,  plumose  to  near  the  base. 
Plains,  Neb.  (?),  Kans.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Cal.     Summer. 

2.  Ptiloria  ramosa  Rydb.      WHITE-PLUMED     PTILORIA.      (I.  F.  f.  3527.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  commonly    lower,  bushy -branched.     Basal 
leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  linear,  entire,  or  sometimes  runcinate- 
dentate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  small  scales;  heads  numerous,  usually  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets;   pappus  bright  white,  very  plumose  to  the  base. 
Plains  and  dry,  rocky  soil,  western  Neb.  to  Mont,  and  Colo.       May-Aug.     It  has 
been  confused  with  P.  tenuifolia  (Torr.)  Raf. 

10.    TRAGOPOGON  L. 

Biennial  or  perennial,  erect,  usually  branched,  somewhat  succulent  herbs,  with 
slender  fleshy  tap-roots,  alternate  entire  linear -lanceolate  long-acuminate  leaves, 
clasping  at  the  base,  and  long-peduncled  large  heads  of  yellow  or  purple  flowers, 
opening  in  the  early  morning,  usually  closed  by  noon.  Involucre  cylindric  or 
narrowly  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  i  series,  nearly  equal,  acuminate,  united  at 
the  base.  Rays  truncate  and  5. toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base. 


CICHORIACEAE.  895 

Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  linear,  terete,  or  5 -angled,  5-io-ribbed,  termin- 
ated by  slender  beaks,  or  the  outermost  beakless.  Pappus-bristles  in  I  series, 
plumose,  connate  at  the  base,  the  plume-branches  interwebbed.  [Greek,  goats- 
beard.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

Flowers  yellow;  involucral  bracts  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  rays.     i.    T.  pratensis. 
Flowers  purple;  involucral  bracts  much  longer  than  the  rays.  2.    T.  porrifolius. 

1.  Tragopogon  pratensis  L.    YELLOW  GOAT'S-BEARD.    MEADOW  SALSIFY. 
(I.  F.  f.  3528.)     Stem  branched,  4-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  keeled,  tapering  from  the 
broad,  more  or  less  clasping  base  to  a  very  long  acuminate  tip,  the  lower  some- 
times 25  cm.  long  and  25  mm.  wide;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  top;  heads  3-6  cm. 
broad ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  about  8,   lanceolate,   acuminate,    shorter   than  or 
equalling  (rarely  exceeding)  the  yellow  rays;  marginal  achenes  striate,  smooth  or 
roughened.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.,  Ont.,  Ohio  and  Manitoba. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Oct. 

2.  Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.   OYSTER  PLANT.     SALSIFY.   PURPLE  GOAT'S- 
BEARD.      (I.  F.  f.  3529.)     Taller,  sometimes  1.5  m.  high.     Peduncles  very  much 
thickened   and   hollow   for   3-7  cm.    below   the   heads;    heads   5-10   cm.    broad, 
very   showy;   bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,   usually  much 
longer  than  the  purple  rays;  achenes  sometimes  5  cm.   long,  the  outer  ones  cov- 
ered with  scale-like  tubercles,  especially  on  the  ribs  below.     In  fields  and  waste 
places,  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Car.,  Minn,  and  Colo.,  mostly  escaped  from  gardens,  where 
it  is  common.     Native  of  Europe.     June-Oct. 

xi.   MALACOTHRIX    DC. 

Annual  or  perennial,  branching  or  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal,  mostly 
pinnatifid  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  panicled  or  solitary  heads  of  yellow  or  rarely 
white  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  equal 
or  nearly  so,  with  several  series  of  shorter  exterior  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked 
or  bristly.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear,  glabrous,  10-15- ribbed, 
4  or  5  of  the  ribs  usually  more  prominent  than  the  others,  truncate,  or  margined 
and  4-5-toothed  at  the  summit.  Pappus-bristles  in  2  series,  the  inner  naked  or 
minutely  serrulate,  slender,  coherent  at  the  base  and  deciduous  in  a  ring,  the  outer 
few  (1-8),  more  persistent,  or  all  deciduous  in  our  species.  [Greek,  soft-hair,  in 
allusion  to  the  soft  pappus.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the  western  and  south- 
western U.  S.  and  lower  Cal. 

i.  Malacothrix  sonchoides  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  MALACOTHRIX.  (I.  F.  f. 
3530.)  Annual,  glabrous  throughout,  or  slightly  glandular;  stem  branched, 
15-30  cm.  high.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  oblong  or  linear-oblong  in  outline,  pin- 
natifid and  the  lobes  dentate  with  mupronate-pointed  teeth,  the  basal  ones  4-7  cm. 
long,  narrowed  into  short  broad  petioles,  those  of  the  stem  smaller,  sessile;  heads 
several  or  numerous,  16-25  mm.  broad;  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear, 
acute,  scarious-margined,  the  outer  short,  oblong;  achenes  linear-oblong,  margined 
at  the  summit  by  a  15-denticulate  white  border;  pappus-bristles  all  deciduous.  On 
dry  plains,  western  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  Cal.  and  N.  Mex.  May-Aug. 

12.  CHONDRILLA  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  stiff  divaricately  branched  stems,  the  basal  leaves  large  and 
mostly  pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  small,  narrow,  alternate,  and  few  middle  sized 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre 
cylindric,  several-flowered,  its 'inner  bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  nearly  equal,  with  sev- 
eral series  of  small  or  minute  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate 
and  5 -toothed  at  the  summit.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slen- 
der. Achenes  oblong  or  linear.  4-5 -angled,  many-ribbed,  more  or  less  spiny  near 
the  summit,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  beak.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  white  simple 
bristles.  [Greek,  lump,  from  the  gummy  matter  borne  on  the  stems  oi  some  spe- 
cies.] About  1 8  species,  of  the  Old  World. 

i.  ChondrillajunceaL.  GUM  SUCCORY.  (I.  F.  f.  3531.)  Stem  rush-like, 
hirsute  at  the  base,  glabrous  alcove,  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate  or 


896 


FLO  HA. 


entire,  sessile,  1-4  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide;  heads  terminal  emu  lateral  on  the 
branches,  short- peduncled  or  sessile,  8-12  mm.  broad;  involucre  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  about  8  mm.  high,  its  inner  bracts  narrowly  linear;  achenes  slightly  shorter 
than  the  filiform  beak.  In  dry  fields  and  waste  places,  Del.  to  Md.  and  Va.  Nat. 
from  Europe.  July-Aug. 

13.   TARAXACUM   Hall. 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs,  with  basal  tufted  pinnatifid  or  sinuate -dentate 
leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  solitary,  or  very  rarely  2  or  3  together  at 
the  ends  of  naked  hollow  scapes.  Involucre  oblong  or  campanulate,  its  inner  bracts 
in  I  series,  nearly  equal,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  the  outer  of  several  series  of 
shorter  somewhat  spreading  ones,  often  reflexed  at  maturity.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  summit.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  slender,  obtusish.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear-fusiform,  4-5- 
angled,  5-io-nerved,  roughened  or  spinulose,  at  least  above,  tapering  into  a  very 
slender  beak.  Pappus  of  numerous  filiform  unequal  simple  persistent  bristles. 
[Name  of  some  wild  succory,  probably  of  Arabic  or  Persian  origin.]  About  20 
species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  southern  S.  Am. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  reflexed;  achenes  greenish  brown,  the  beak  2-3  times  their 

length.  I.   T.   7^araxacunt. 
Outer  involucral  bracts  spreading  or  ascending. 

Achenes  greenish,  the  beak  2-3  times  their  length.  2.   7\  latilobum. 

Achenes  red,  the  beak  not  more  than  twice  their  length.  3.    T.  erythrospermum. 

1.  Taraxacum  Taraxacum  (L. )  Karst.    DANDELION.    BLOWBALL.    (I.  F.  f. 
3532.)     Root  thick,  deep,  often  2-3  dm.  long,  bitter.     Leaves  oblong  to  spatulate 
in  outline,  usually  pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  acute  or  obtuse,  pinnatifid  or 
sinuate-lobed,  rather  succulent,  7-25  cm.  long,  1-6  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  peti- 
oles; scape  erect.  5-45  cm.  high;  head   3-5  cm.    broad;  flowers  150-200;   inner 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  similar,  shorter,  not 
glaucous,  reflexed,  all  acute;  achenes  greenish-brown,   fusiform,  spinulose  above. 
In  fields  and  waste  places.     Perhaps  indigenous  northward,  southward  naturalized 
as  a  weed  from  Europe.     Also  in  Asia  and  distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  civilized 
parts  of  the  world.     Jan-Dec. 

2.  Taraxacum  latilobum  DC.     MOUNTAIN    DANDELION.      Similar  to  the 
preceding  but  scape  lower,  5-15  cm.  high.     Leaves  sinuately  lobed  with  broadly 
triangular  lobes,  but  less  deeply  so  than  in  T.  Taraxaciim  and  rarely  as  far  as  half 
way  to  the  midrib,  or  often  merely  dentate  or  subentire ;  heads  smaller,  about  3  cm. 
wide;  bracts  fewer,  the  outer  broadly  ovate,  appressed  or  merely  spreading.     In 
moist  places  in  subalpine  or  subarctic  regions,  Lab.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  moun- 
tains to  Colo,  and  Cal.     (T.  Taraxacum   alpinwn  Porter;  not  T.   alpinum  Koch 
of  Europe. ) 

3.  Taraxacum  erythrospermum  Andrz.     RED-SEEDED  DANDELION.    (I.  F. 
f-  3533-)     Similar  to  the  two  preceding  species,  the  leaves  glabrous,  very  deeply 
runcinate-pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrower  triangular-lanceolate  usually 
long-pointed  segments;  heads  rarely  more  than  25   mm.  broad,  70-90  flowered; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  glaucous,  the  outer  lanceolate,  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
inner  linear,  longer,  each  usually  with  an  appendage  just  below  the  tip;  achenes 
narrower,  bright  red,  or  red-brown,  spinulose  above;  pappus  dirty  white.    In  fields 
and  woods,  Me.  toVt,  southern  N.  Y.  and  Penn.    Nat.  from  Europe?    April-June. 

14.  SdNCHUS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  succulent  herbs,  with  alternate,  mostly  auriculate-clasp- 
ing,  entire  dentate  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  prickly-margined  leaves,  and  large  or 
middle-sized,  peduncled  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Invo- 
lucre ovoid  or  campanulate,  usually  becoming  thickened  and  more  or  less  conic  at 
the  base  when  old,  its  bracts  herbaceous  or  membranous,  imbricated  in  several 
series,  the  outer  successively  smaller.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and 
5 --toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender. 
Achenes  oval,  oblong,  or  linear,  more  or  less  flattened,  iO-2O-ribbed,  somewhat 


UCHORIACEAE.  897 

narrowed  ai  the  base,  truncate.  Pappus  of  very  copious  soft  white  simple  capil- 
lary bristles,  usually  falling  away  connected,  sometimes  with  I  or  2  stouter  ones 
which  fall  separately.  [The  Greek  name  of  the  Sow-thistle.]  About  45  species, 
of  the  Old  World.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Involucre  glandular-pubescent ;  heads  nearly  25  mm.  high.  I.  S.  arvcnsis. 

Involucre  glabrous;  heads  12-16  mm.  high. 

Auricles  of  the  leaves  acute;  achenes  striate  and  transversely  wrinkled.  2.  S.  oleraceus. 

Auricles  rounded;  achenes  ribbed,  not  transversely  wrinkled.  3.  S.  asper. 

1.  Sonchus  arvensis  L.      CORN  SOW-THISTLE.     MILK  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3534-)     Perennial  by  deep  roots  and  creeping  rootstocks,    glabrous;   stem  leafy 
below,  paniculately  branched  and  nearly  naked  above,  6-12  dm.  high.     Lower  and 
basal  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spinulose-dentate,  narrowed  into  short  petioles, 
the  upper  pinnatifid  or  entire,  lanceolate,  clasping;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
corymbose-paniculate,  3-5  cm.  broad,  bright  yellow,  very   showy;  bracts  as  also 
the  peduncles  glandular-bristly;  achenes  oblong,  with  about  10  rugose  longitudinal 
ribs.     In  low  grounds  along  salt  meadows  and  streams,  N.  J.  to  Que.  and  at  Great 
Salt  Lake,  Utah,  and  in  fields  and  along  roadsides,  Newf.  to  Minn.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     July-Oct. 

2.  Sonchus  oleraceus  L.    ANNUAL  Sow -THISTLE.    HARE'S  LETTUCE.    (I.  F. 
£  3535-)     Annual,  with  fibrous  roots;  stem  leafy  below,   nearly  simple,  3-30  dm. 
high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  10-25  cm-  l°ng>  tne  ter- 
minal segment  commonly  large   and    triangular,    the    margins    denticulate   with 
mucronate  or  scarcely  spiny  teeth;  upper  leaves  pinnatifid,  clasping  by  an  auricled 
or  sagittate  base;  uppermost  leaves  often  lanceolate  and  entire;  heads  several  or 
numerous,  pale  yellow,  18-30  mm.  broad.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  a  common 
weed  in  most  cultivated  parts  of  N.  Am.  except  the  extreme  north.     Also  in  Cent, 
and  S.  Am.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May— Nov. 

3.  Sonchus  asper  (L.)  All.  SPINY  or  SHARP-FRINGED  SOW-THISTLE.  (I.  F.  f. 
3536.)     Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species;  leaves  undivided,  lobed  or  some- 
times  pinnatifid,  spinulose-dentate  to  spir.ulo^e-denticulate,   the   lower  and  basal 
ones  obovate  or  spatulate,  petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  clasping  by  an 
auricled  base;  heads  several  or  numerous,  25  mm.  broad  or  less;  flowers  pale  yel- 
low.    In  waste  places  throughout  most  of  our  area  and  in  tropical  and  S.  Am. 
Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in  nearly  all  cultivated  parts  of  the  earth.     Nat. 
from  Europe.     May- Nov. 

15.  LACTUCA  L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Tall  leafy  herbs,  with  small  panicled  heads  of  yellow,  white  or  blue  flowers, 
and  alternate  leaves.  Involucre  cylindric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series, 
the  outer  shorter,  or  of  I  or  2  series  of  principal  nearly  equal  inner  bracts,  and 
several  rows  of  short  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5- 
toothed  at  the  summit.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  mostly 
slender.  Achenes  oval,  oblong  or  linear,  flat,  3-5 -ribbed  on  each  face,  narrowed 
above  or  contracted  into  a  narrow  beak,  which  is  somewhat  expanded  at  the  sum- 
mit into  a  small  disk  bearing  the  copious  soft  capillary  white  or  brown  pappus- 
bristles.  [The  ancient  Latin  name,  from  lac,  milk,  referring  to  the  milky  juice.] 
About  95  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
*  Pappus  bright  white. 

I.  Leaves  spiny-margined  and  often  with  spiny  or  hispid  midribs;  flowers  yellow. 
Heads  6-12-flowered ;  involucre  very  narrow,  8-12  mm.  high  i.  L.  Scariola, 

Heads  12 -20- flowered;  involucre  broader. 

Involucre  16-18  mm.  high;  achene  about  as  long  as  its  beak.        2.  /,.  Ltidoriciana. 
Involucre  8-12  mm.  high;  achene  longer  than  its  beak.  6.  L.  sagittifolia. 

2    Leaves  neither  spiny-margined  nor  with  spiny  midribs  (rarely  spinulose  in  No.  4). 

(a)  Achenes  very  thin,  flat,  contracted  into  filiform  or  tapering  beaks. 
Outer  involucral  bracts  abruptly  shorter  than  the  inner;  heads  8-14  mm.  high;  flowers 

yellow  to  red  (blue  in  No.  5). 
Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  pinnatificf. 

Plant  glabrous  throughout,  1-3  m.  high.  3.  /,.  Canadensis. 

Leaves,  at  least  their  midribs,  hirsute. 

Beak  of  the  achene  as  long  as  its  body;  flowers  yellow.    4.  L.  htrsuta. 
Beak  of  the  achene  less  than  half  as  long  as  its  body;  flowers  blue. 

5.  Z,.  Morssii. 


898  '    FLORA. 

Leaves  entire  or  dentate,  none  of  them  pinnatifio. 
Stem  glabrous,  or  hirsute  only  toward  the  base. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate;  achene  longer  than  the  beak. 

6.  L.  sagtttifolia. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  achene  about  equalling  the  beak.         3.  L.  Canadensis. 
Stem  hirsute  up  into  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.  7.  L.  Sicelei. 

Outer  bracts  gradually  shorter;  heads  16-20  mm.  high;  flowers  blue.  8.  L.  pulchella. 

(b)  Achenes  beakless  or  with  short  necks,  thickish  ;  flowers  blue. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate.  9.  L.  villosa. 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  the  terminal  segment  commonly  triangular.  10.  L.  FJortdana. 

*  *  Pappus  brown;  flowers  blue  to  white.  ji.  L.  spicala. 

1.  Lacttica  Scariola  L.     PRICKLY  LETTUCE.     (I.  F.  f.   3537.)     Biennial, 
green  and    glaucous;    stem  stiff,    leafy,  usually  paniculately  branched,   glabrous 
throughout,   or  hirsute  at  the  base,   6-20  dm.   high.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  denticulate  or  pinnatifid,  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping,  the  lowest  some- 
times 25  cm.  lorg  and  7  cm.  wide,  the  upper  much  smaller;  heads  4-8  mm.  broad, 
very  numerous  in  an  open  panicle;  involucre  cyiindric,  its  outer  bracts  about  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  inner;  rays  yellow;  achenes  obovate-oblong.  about  as  long 
as  the  filiform  beak.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Neb., 
Colo,  and  Kans.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Aug-Sept. 

Lactuca  saligna  L.,  the  WILLOW  LETTUCE  of  Europe,  similar  to  L,  Sc-iriolat  bi-t 
with  runcinate-pinnatifid  lower  leaves,  either  spinulose  on  the  midvein  or  unarmed,  has 
been  found  in  Ohio. 

2.  Lactuca  Ludoviciana  (Nutt.)  DC.     WESTERN  LETTUCE.     (I.  F.  f.  3538). 
Biennial,  glabrous  throughout,   leafy  up  to  inflorescence,   paniculately  branched, 
6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  5-10  cm.  long, 
auriculate-clasping,   spinulose-denticulate  to   pinnatifid  with  spinulose   segment; 
heads  6-10  mm.   broad,   numerous   in   an  open  panicle;    involucre   cyiindric    or 
ovoid-cylindric,   glabrous,   its  bracts  successively  shorter  and  broader,  the  lower 
ones  ovate;  rays  yellow;  achenes  oval  to.obovate,  flat.     Plains  and  banks,  Iowa, 
Minn,  and  S.  Dak.  to  Kans.  and  Tex.     July— Sept. 

3  Lactuca  Canadensis  L.  WILD  OR  TALL  LETTUCE.  WILD  OPIUM.  (I.  F. 
f,  3539-)  Biennial  or  annual,  glabrous  throughout,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem 
leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence,  1-3  m.  high,  branching  above  into  a  narrow  panicle. 
Stem-leaves  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping,  5-20  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  smaller, 
often  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  entire,  the  basal  often  3  dm.  long,  narrowed  into 
petioles;  heads  numerous,  4-6  mm.  broad;  involucre  cyiindric;  rays  yellow; 
achenes  oval.  In  moist,  open  places,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  south  to  Ga.,  Ala., 
La.  and  Ark.  June-Nov. 

Lactuca  Canadensis  mont^na  Britton.  Plant  3-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  all  lanceolate 
and  entire;  bracts  of  the  involucre  purple  or  purplish.  Mountains,  Penn.  and  N.  Y. 

4.  Lactuca  hirsuta  Muhl.    HAIRY  OR  RED  WOOD  LETTUCE.    (I.  F.  f.  3540.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding   species,    but    commonly   smaller   and  less  leafy;    stem 
3-18  dm.  high,  naked  and  paniculately  branched   above,  usually  hirsute,  at  least 
below.     Stem-leaves  mostly   sessile  or    auriculate-clasping,    7-17    cm.    long,    the 
uppermost   sometimes  lanceolate  and  entire,   the  basal  petioled;    midvein    rarely 
spinulose;  heads  numerous,  4-6  mm.  broad;   involucre  glabrous,  10  i8mm.  high; 
outer  bracts  shorter  than  the  inner;  rays  reddish-yellow  or  paler;  achenes  oblong- 
oval,  flat,  about  the  length  of  the  beak.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Ala.  and 
Tex.     July -Sept. 

5.  Lactuca  Morssii  Robinson.     MORSS  WILD  LETTUCE.     Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding species;  stem  strict,  leafy,  1-3  m.  tall,  somewhat  hirsute  at  the  base.    Leaves 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  lower  sparingly  hirsute  beneath    along  the   midrib  and 
cordate-clasping  narrowed  base,   the  upper  glabrous;    involucre  shorter  than   in 
L.  hirsuta;  rays  blue;  achenes  oval  lanceolate,   3 -ribbed  on  each  face,  4-1;  mm. 
long,   3-4  times  as  long  as  the    filiform    beak.      Along    salt    meadows.  Me.    and 
eastern  Mass,  to  N.  Y.    • 

6.  Lactuca  sagittifMia  Ell.     ARROW-LEAVED  LETTUCE.      (I.  F.  f.  3541.) 
Biennial;    stem    glabrous    throughout,  or  hirsute  below,    leafy  nearlv   up  to  the 
usually  paniculate  inflorescence.   6— 18  dm.   high.      Leaves  entire  or  denticulate, 
the  lower  rarely  pinnatifid,  sometimes  spinulose  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  stem 


CICHORIA  CEAE.  899 

sessile  or  sagittate-clasping,  7-15  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  the  basal  and  lower  ones 
petioled;  heads  commonly  very  numerous,  4-8  mm.  broad;  involucre  cylindric, 
10-14  mm.  high,  the  outer  bracts  shorter  than  the  inner;  rays  yellow  or  reddish. 
In  dry,  open  soil,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Idaho,  Ga.  and  Kans.  July- Sept. 

7.  Lactuca  Steelei  Britton,  n.  sp.     STEELE'S  WILD  LETTUCE.      Stem  and 
branches  hirsute.     Leaves  obovate  to  oval,  the  larger  2  dm.  long  and  I  dm.  wide, 
sessile,  irregularly  dentate,  not  lobed,   hispid  on  the  veins  beneath,   short-acumi- 
nate;  involucre  about  12  mm.  high;  rays  not  seen;  achenes  oval,  3-ribbed,  about 
3  mm.  long,  the  filiform  beak  slightly  shorter;  pappus  bright  white.     Near  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  E.  S.  Steele,  July  10,  1897. 

8.  Lactuca    pulchella   (Pursh)    DC.      LARGE-FLOWERED   BLUE  LETTUCE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3542.)     Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem  rather 
slender,  leafy  up  to  the  corymbose- paniculate  inflorescence,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  entire,  dentate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid, 
those  of  the  stem  sessile  or  partly  clasping,   5-20  cm.  long,  4-35  mm.  wide,  the 
lowest  and  basal  ones  sometimes  petioled;    heads  mostly  numerous.    12-20  mm. 
broad;  involucre  well  imbricated,    16-20  mm.    high;    achenes   oblong-lanceolate, 
flat,   twice  as  long  as  their  tapering  beaks.     In  moist  soil,   western  Ont.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mich.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     June-Sept. 

9.  Lactuca  villdsajacq.  HAIRY- VEINED  BLUE  LETTUCE.    (I.  F.  f.  3543.)  An- 
nual or  biennial;  stem  glabrous,  leafy  up  to  the  paniculate  inflorescence,  6— 18  dm. 
high.     Leaves  acuminate,  acutely  dentate  or  the  teeth  mucronate-tipped,  glabrous 
above,  pubescent  with  short,  stiff  hairs  on  the  veins  beneath,  sessile  and  slightly 
clasping  at  the  base,  or  petioled.  10-15  cm<  l°ng>  3~6  cm.  wide,  the  lowest  some- 
times lobed  at  the  base;  heads  numerous,  6-10  mm.  broad;  involucre  about  I  cm. 
high,  some  or  all  of  the  bracts  obtuse;  achenes  thick,  oblong,   little  flattened,  nar- 
rowed above.     In  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  south  to  Fla.,  Ga.  and  Ky.    July-Sept. 

10.  Lactuca  Floridana  (L.)  Gaertn,     FALSE  OR  FLORIDA  LETTUCE.     (I.  F. 
f.  3544.)     Annual  or  biennial;  stem  glabrous,  rather  stout,  leafy  up  to  the  large, 
paniculate  inflorescence,  1-2  m.  high.     Leaves  sessile  or  petioled,  1-3  dm.  long, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  the  lateral  segments  lanceolate  to 
oval,  acute,  all  usually  dentate,  or  the  leaves  irregularly  lobed  ;  heads  numerous, 
6-10  mm.  broad;  rays  blue;  involucre  about  12  mm.  high.     In  moist,  open  places, 
southern  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  111.,  Neb.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Kans.      July-Sept. 

11.  Lactuca    spicata    (Lam.)    Hitchc.      TALL    BLUE    LETTUCE.      (I.    F. 
f.  3545.)     Annual  or  biennial;  stem  usually  stout,  glabrous,  1-3.5  m-  high*  leafy 
up  to  the  large,  rather  dense  panicle.     Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  lobed,  sharply 
dentate  with  mucronate-pointed  teeth,  sessile,  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  margined 
petioles,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  or  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  12-30  cm.  long, 
5-15  cm.  wide;  heads  very  numerous,   about  4  mm.   broad;  rays  blue  to  nearly 
white;  achenes  oblong,   compressed,  narrowed  above  into  a  short  neck.     In  moist 
soil,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Tenn.,  Iowa  and  S.  Dak.     July-Oct. 

Lactuca  spicita  integrifblia  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     Leaves  oblong,  sharply  denticulate, 
undivided,  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid.     N.  Car.  to  Mich. 

16.    LYGODESMIA  D.  Don. 

Glabrous  rigid  branching  herbs,  with  linear  leaves,  or  the  basal  and  lower  ones 
sometimes  broader  and  pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  very  narrow  and  entire  or 
reduced  to  linear  scales,  and  middle-sized  3-i2-flowered  heads  of  pink  or  purple 
flowers,  solitary  and  erect  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches,  or  sometimes  race- 
mose. Involucre  cylindric,  its  principal  bracts  5-8,  linear,  scarious-margined, 
equal,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  with  several  very  short  outer  ones.  Receptacle 
flat,  naked.  'Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  linear,  smooth  or  striate.  Pappus  of 
copious  somewhat  unequal  simple  bristles.  [Greek,  twig-bundle,  fr.om  the  numer- 
ous branches.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  western  and  southern  N.  A. 
Heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  leaves  linear  or  subulate,  i.  L.  juncea. 
Heads  racemose  along  the  branches ;  leaves  elongated-linear.  2.  L.  rostrata. 

i.  Lygodesmia  juncea  (Pursh)  D.  Don.     RUSH-LIKE  LYGODESMIA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3546.)      Perennial  by  a  thick  woody  root;  stems  stiff,  striate,  much  branched, 


900  FLORA. 

20-45  cm.  high,  the  branches  erect.  Lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigia,  entire, 
acute,  or  acuminate,  1-2.5  cm>  l°ng»  J~3  mm-  wide,  the  upper  similar  but  smaller, 
or  reduced  to  subulate  scales;  heads  12-16  mm.  broad,  mostly  5-flowered;  involucre 
12-16  mm.  high;  achenes  narrowly  columnar  or  slightly  tapering,  truncate  at  the 
summit,  about  8-nerved  or  ribbed;  pappus  light  brown.  Plains,  Minn,  to  Mont., 
Mo.,  Kans.  and  N.  Mex.  June- Aug. 

2.  Lygodesmia  rostra. a  A.  Gray.  BEAKED  LYGODESMIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3547.) 
Annual,  less  rigid;  stem  striate,  leafy,  paniculately  branched,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  elongated-linear,  acuminate,  entire,  3-nerved,  the  lower  7-17  cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  wide,  the  uppermost  very  small  and  subulate;  heads  numerous.  7-10- 
flowered,  about  I  cm.  broad;  involucre  10-14  mm.  high;  achenes  narrowly  fusi- 
form, narrowed  or  somewhat  beaked  at  the  summit,  5-8-ribbed  or  -striate,  8-10 
mm.  long,  longer  than  the  whitish  pappus.  Kans.  and  Neb.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
Colo,  and  Wyo.  Aug.- Sept. 

17.    AGOSERIS   Raf. 

Herbs,  mostly  acaulescent,  with  tufted  usually  sessile  basal  leaves,  and  solitary 
heads  of  yellow  or  rarely  purple  flowers  at  the  end  of  a  naked  or  bracted  scape. 
Involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  rows,  appressed, 
or  with  spreading  tips,  membranous  or  herbaceous,  not  thickened  after  flowering, 
the  outer  ones  gradually  shorter  and  broader.  Receptacle  flat,  naked  or  foveolate. 
Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  slender.  Achenes  oblong,  obovate,  or  linear,  lo-ribbed,  not  flattened, 
beaked  at  the  summit.  Pappus  of  copious  slender  simple  white  bristles.  [Greek, 
head-  or  chief-succory.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  western  and  southern  N.  A. 
and  southern  S.  A.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  U.  S. 

Head  3-5  cm.  broad;  achenes  10-12  mm.  long.  i.  A.  glauca. 

Head  2.5  cm.  broad  or  less;  achenes  about  6  mm.  long.  2.  A.  parviflora. 

1.  Agoseris  glauca  (Pursh)  Greene.     LARGE-FLOWERED  AGOSERIS.     (I.  F. 
f.  3548.)    Perennial,  pale  or  glaucous,  glabrous  throughout  or  a  little  woolly  below. 
Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblong,  entire,  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  5-25  cm.  long, 
4-20   mm.   wide,   acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sometimes  into 
margined  petioles;  scapes  stout,   glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  longer  than  the 
leaves,  oiten  4  dm.  high;   involucre  oblong-campanulate,  or  broader  in  fruit,  com- 
monly   quite    glabrous,    its   bracts    lanceolate,    acuminate;  achenes   conspicuously 
beaked;  pappus  of  rather  rigid  scabrous  or  denticulate  bristles.     S.  Dak.  to  the  N. 
W.  Terr.,  Kans.,  Colo.,  and  Utah.      May-July.      [  J^roximon  g laucum  Pursh.] 

2.  Agoseris  parviflora  (Nutt.)  Greene.    SMALL- FLOWERED  AGOSERIS.    (i.  i  . 
f.  3549.)     Perennial,  glabrous   throughout;  scape  slender,   much  longer  than  tl.e 
leaves,   12-40  cm.   high.      Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acuminate,   entire,  7-20  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.    wide;    involucre  oblong-ovoid,   becoming    nearly   hemispheric  in 
fruit,    12-16  mm.  high,   glabrous,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate;  achenes  con- 
spicuously  beaked ;  pappus  of  numerous  unequal  very  slender  bristles.      Plains, 
western  Neb.  to  Manitoba,  Idaho  and  N.  Mex.     May-July.fT*.  parviflorum  Nutt  ] 

18.     NOTHOCALAIS    Greene. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  basal  tufted  narrow  undulate  or  crisped,  tomentose- mar- 
gined leaves,  arid  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  simple 
naked  scapes.  Involucre  oblong-campanulate,  its  bracts  in  2-4  series,  lanceolate, 
acute,  or  acuminate,  appressed,  nearly  equal,  the  margins  hyaline.  Receptacle 
flat,  alveolate.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Antheis  sagittate  at  the 
base.  Achenes  fusiform,  contracted  or  beaked  at  the  summit,  lo-ribbed  or  10- 
striate.  Pappus  of  10-30  white  soft  unequal  narrow  scabrous  scales,  with  or  with- 
out some  capillary  bristles.  [Greek,  false  Calais.]  Three  known  species,  of 
western  and  central  N.  A. 

I.  Nothocalais  cuspidata  (Pursh)  Greene.  FALSE  CALAIS.  (I.  F.  f.  3550.) 
Leaves  linear,  long-acuminate,  thick,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  1-2  dm.  long,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  somewhat  conduplicate,  their  margins  conspicuously  white-tomentose  and 
crisped,  or  entire.  Scape  stout,  tomentose,  at  least  above,  shorter  than  or  equalling 


CICHORIA  CEA  E.  90 1 

the  leaves;  head  3-5  cm.  broad;  involucre  usually  quite  glabrous,  nearly  25  mm. 
high;  achenes  slightly  contracted  at  the  summit,  about  6  mm.  long;  pappus  of 
40-50  unequal  scales  and  bristles.  In  dry  soil,  on  prairies  and  rocky  hills,  111. 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Neb.  and  Kans.  April-June. 

19.     SITILIAS  Raf.       [PYRRHOPAPPUS  DC.] 

Perennial  herbs  (some  species  annual  ?),  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  mostly 
large,  solitary  or  few  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  borne  on  long,  usually  bracted  pedun- 
cles. Involucre  oblong  or  campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  in  I  series,  nearly  equal, 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  with  several  series  of  smaller  outer  ones.  Rays  truncate 
and  5 -toothed  at  the  summit.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  short, 
obtusish.  Achenes  oblong  or  fusiform,  mostly  5 -ribbed,  roughened  or  hirsute, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of  numerous  soft  simple 
brownish  somewhat  unequal  bristles,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  villous  white 
ring.  [Name  unexplained.]  Six  known  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Stem  leafy,  usually  branched;  plant  glabrous,  or  nearly  so.  i.  S.  Caroliniana. 

Scape  naked,  monocephalous;  plant  hirsute,  or  pubescent.  2.  .S".  grandiflora. 

1.  Sitilias  Caroliniana  (Walt.)  Raf.     LEAFY  STEMMED  FALSE  DANDELION- 
(I.  F.  f.  3551.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;   stem  leafy,  usually  branched,    6-15  dm- 
high.     Basal  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatirid,  lobed,  coarsely  dentate 
or  some  of  them  entire,  acute,  acuminate,  or  obtusish,   7-20  cm.  long,    1-3  cm. 
wide,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  stem  leaves  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  the 
upper  usually  lanceolate,  entire  and  acuminate;  heads   i  or  several,  25-35  mm- 
broad ;  involucre  commonly  puberulent  or  pubescent,  its  outer  bracts  setaceous  or 
subulate,  spreading,  the  inner  corniculate  at  the  apex.     In  dry  fields,  Del.  to  Fla., 
Mo.,  La.  and  Tex.     April-July. 

2.  Sitilias  grandiflora   (Nutt.)  Greene.      ROUGH  FALSE  DANDELION.      (I. 
F.  f.  3552.)     Hirsute  or   pubescent.     Root  tuberous- thickened;  leaves  all   basal, 
oblong  or  spatulate  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid,  7-17  cm.  long,  2.5-3.5  cm.  wide, 
narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  scape  naked  or  sometimes  with  a  small  leaf  near 
its  base;  head  solitary,  3-5  cm.  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  small,  short, 
subulate,  the  inner  ones  obscurely  corniculate  at  the  tip.     On  prairies,  Kans.  to 
Tex.     April-June. 

20.    CREPIS  L. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal,  mostly  toothed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads,  usually  paniculate  or  corymbose,  of  yel- 
low or  orange  flowers.  Involucre  cylindric,  campanulate  or  swollen  at  the  base,  its 
principal  bracts  in  I  series,  equal,  with  a  number  of  exterior  smaller  ones.  Recep- 
tacle mostly  flat,  naked  or  short- fimbrillate.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the 
apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  linear- 
oblong.  io-2O-ribbed  or  nerved,  not  transversely  rugose,  narrowed  at  the  base  and 
apex,  beakless  in  our  species.  Pappus  copious,  of  very  slender  white  bristles. 
[Greek,  sandal;  application  not  explained.]  About  180  species,  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  about  10  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 
Involucre  glabrous. 

Involucre  cylindric;  plant  pubescent  below;  introduced.  I.    C.  ptilchra. 

Involucre  campanulate;  plant  glaucous;  native,  western.  2.  C.  glauca. 

Involucre  pubescent,  glandular,  or  canescent. 

Foliage  not  canescent  nor  scurfy,  sometimes  hirsute. 

Stem  naked,  or  with  i  or  2  small  leaves;  western,  native.          3.   C.  runcinata. 
Stems  leafy;   introduced  annuals  or  biennials. 

Stem  leaves  narrow,  revolute-margined,  sessile,  4.  C.  tectorum. 

Stem  leaves  lanceolate,  clasping,  not  revolute-margined. 

Involucre  6-8  mm.  high;   achenes  lo-striate.  5.   C,  vircns. 

Involucre  8-12  mm.  high;  achenes  i3-striate.  6.   C.  biennis. 

Foliage  cinereous,  canescent.  or  scurfy,  sometimes  also  hirsute. 

Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  5-8;   flowers  5-8.  7.   C.  intermedia. 

Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  0-24;    flowers  10-30.  8.   C.  occidentals. 

i.  Crepis  pulchra  L.     SMALL-FLOWERED  HAWKSBEARD.     (I.    F.    f.  3553.) 

Annual;  stem  6-13  dm.   high,  leafy  and  pubescent  below,  mostly  glabrous,  naked 

and  paniculate  ly  branched  above.     Stem  leaves  oblong  or  oblong -lanceolate,  den- 


902  FLORA. 

tate,  clasping  by  an  auricled  base  or  truncate,  pubescent,  7-10  cm.  long,  acute  or 
obtuse;  basal  leaves  runcinate,  narrowed  into  petioles;  heads  very  numerous,  about 
6  mm.  broad,  in  a  large  naked  panicle;  involucre  narrow,  cylindric,  glabrous, 
about  I  cm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  12-15,  linear,  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  very 
short,  ovate,  appressed;  achenes  linear,  faintly  lO-nerved.  Along  railroad  near 
Culpepper,  Va.  Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.  May-July. 

2.  Crepis  glauca  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  GLAUCOUS  HAWKSBEARD.  (I.  F.  f. 
3554.)  Perennial;  scapose,  or  rarely  with  I  or  2  leaves  on  the  stem,  3-7  dm. 
high,  glabrous  and  glaucous  throughout.  Basal  leaves  spatulate,  oblanecolate,  or 
obovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  entire,  dentate,  or  pinnatitid, 
5-15  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  heads  not  numerous,  long-peduncled,  12-25  mm- 
broad;  peduncles  glabrous;  involucre  campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  outer  ones  very  short,  ovate,  appressed;  achenes  oblong-cylindr.c, 
strongly  lo-ribbed.  In  moist  and  saline  soil,  Neb.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Nev.  and 
Utah.  July-Aug. 


3.  Crepis   runcinata    (James)  T.  &  G.      NAKED-STEMMED   HAWKSBEARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3555-)     Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  not  glaucous  or 
scarcely  so,    often  pubescent  below;   stem  leafless  or  with   I   or  2    small  leave?, 
3-9  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  spatulate,  obovate,  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire, 
repand,   dentate,   or  rarely  runcinate-pinnatifid,    5-15   cm.   long,  2-3  cm.   wide; 
heads  several,  long-peduncled,  nearly  25  mm.  broad;   involucre  campanulate,  its 
principal  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  outer  ones  short,  lanceolate,  appressed; 
achenes  linear-oblong,  lo-ribbed.     In  moist  soil,  Iowa  to  Manitoba,  west  to  Utah 
and  Mont.     June-July. 

4.  Crepis  tectorum  L.     NARROW-LEAVED  HAWKSBEARD.     (I.  F.  f.  3556.) 
Annual;  stem  slender,    puberulent  or  pubescent,   leafy,   branched,  3-6  dm.  high. 
Basal  leaves  lanceolate,  dentate,  or  runcinate-pinnatifid,  10-15  cm-  l°ng»  stem  leaves 
sessile,  sometimes  slightly  sagittate  at  the  base,  linear,  entire,  dentate,  or  lobed; 
heads  numerous,  corymbose,  12-20  mm.  broad;  involucre  narrowly  campanulate, 
canescent  or  pubescent,  6-10  mm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
downy  within,   the   exterior  ones  linear,    spreading;  achenes    lo-ribbed,  the  ribs 
minutely  scabrous.     In  waste  places  and  in  ballast,  N.  J.  to  Conn.,  Out.,  Mich, 
and  Neb.     June-July. 

5.  Crepis   virens   L.     SMOOTH   HAWKSBEARD.     (I.    F.    f.   3557.)    Annual; 
stem  corymbosely  branched  above,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hirsute  below,  3-7  dm. 
high.     Basal  leaves  spatulate,  pinnatifid,  or  dentate,  sometimes  2  dm.  long  and 
5  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  petioles ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  clasping  by  a 
sagittate  base,  flat,  the  upper  mostly  very  small  ar*d  usually  entire;  heads  numer- 
ous,   10-16  mm.   broad,  slender-pecluncied;  involucre  oblong,   6-8  mm.  high,  its 
principal  bracts  lanceolate,  glabrous  within,  the  outer  mostly  appressed;  achenes 
lo-ribbed,   smooth.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.   and  Penn., 
and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Also  on  the    Pacific  Coast.     Adventive  from 
Europe.     Very  variable.     July-Sept. 

6.  Crepis  biennis  L.     ROUGH  HAWKSBEARD.     (L  F.  f.  3558.)     Biennial,  or 
sometimes  annual;  stem  pubescent  or   hirsute,    leafy,   at    least  below,    branched 
above,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  usually  hirsute,  5—I5  cm.  long, 
oblong  or  spatulate,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  narrowed  into  petioles  and  sometimes 
merely  dentate;  heads  several,  subcorymbose,  2-4  cm.  broad;  involucre  canescent 
or  pubescent,  8-12  mm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  downy  within, 
the  outer  ones  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,   spreading;  achenes  oblong,  13  striate, 
glabrous.     In  waste  places,  Vt.,  Penn.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.     Nat.  or 
adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

7.  Crepis  intermedia  A.  Gray.     SMALL-FLOWERED  GRAY  HAWKSBEARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3559.)     Perennial,   cinereous  puberulent  or  scurfy;  stem  rather  slender, 
l-3-leaved,  3-6  dm.  high,  naked  and  branched  above.     Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,   laciniate-pinnatifid,   long-acuminate   at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  10-15  cm-  l°ng;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  less  divided;  heads  sev- 
eral,  12-18  mm.  broad;  involucre  oblong-campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  5-8, 
lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,   canescent,   acutish,  the  outer   ones   few  and   short; 
achenes  oblong,  strongly  lo-ribbed.     In  dry  soil,  western  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Cal. 
and  Br.  Col.     May-Sept. 


CICHORIACEAE.  903 

8.  Crepis  occidentalis  Nutt.  LARGE-FLOWERED  GRAY  HAWKSBEARD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3560.)  Perennial,  scurfy  and  canescent,  sometimes  also  hirsute;  stem 
rather  stout,  leafy,  branched,  15-45  high.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong  in 
outline,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  15-25  cm. 
lung,  narrowed  into  petioles,  the  upper  sessile  and  slightly  clasping;  heads  few  or 
several,  corymbose,  stout-peduncled,  about  25  mm.  broad;  involucre  oblong-cam- 
panulate,  canescent,  its  principal  bracts  9-24,  linear,  acute;  achenes  oblong, 
sharply  lO-ribbed,  glabrous.  Plains,  western  Neb.  (according  to  Gray)  and  Colo, 
to  Cal.,  north  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.  May-July. 

21.   HIERACIUM  L. 

Perennial  hispid  scabrous  glandular  or  glabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal 
leaves,  and  small  middle  sized  or  large,  solitary  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of 
\thow  orange  or  red  flowers.  Involucre  cylindric,  campanulate,  or  nearly  hemis- 
pheric, its  principal  bracts  in  1-3  series,  the  outer  either  regularly  and  gradually 
smaller  or  abruptly  much  smaller,  none  of  them  much  thickened  at  the  base  after 
flowering.  Receptacle  flat,  naked  or  short-fimbrillate.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed 
at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes 
oblong,  columnar,  or  fusiform,  not  beaked,  10-  15-ribbed,  terete  or  4~5-angled. 
Pappus  copious,  or  1-2  rows  of  simple  rather  stiff  persistent  brown  or  brownish 
bristles.  [Greek,  hawk.]  Not  fewer  than  300  species,  natives  of  the  north  tem- 
perate zone  and  the  Andes  of  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur 
in  western  N.  Am. 

*  Flowering  stem  leafless,  or  with  1-5  leaves;  achenes  columnar  or  oblong,  truncate. 
(a)  Stem  scapose,  with  a  single  head  only  ;  introduced;  principal  bracts  in  i  or  2  series. 

i.  H.  Pilosella. 

(b)  Heads  corymbose  or  paniculate ;  principal  bracts  in  1-3  series. 
Leaves  coarsely  dentate;  introduced  species. 

Leaves  cordate  or  subcordate.  2.  H.murorunt. 

Leaves  narrowed  at  both  ends.  3.  H.  vulgatum. 

Leaves  denticulate  or  entire. 

Leaves  mostly  entire,  spatulate  to  oblong ;  heads  corymbose ;  introduced  species ; 
principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2-3  series. 

Heads  16-25  mm-  broad;  flowers  red  or  orange.  4.  H.  aurantiacum. 

Heads  10-18  mm.  broad  ;  flowers  yellow. 

Glaucous,  slightly  hispid.  5.  H.  praealtum. 

Densely  hirsute.  6.  //.  pratense. 

Leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  denticulate,  mostly  obovate  or  oval;  heads  corymbose- 
paniculate;  natives;  principal  bracts  in  i  series. 

Principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

Stem  glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  usually  purple-veined. 

7.  H.  vcnosum. 

Stem  pilose  below ;  leaves  green.  8.  H.  Marianum. 

Involucre  and  peduncles  densely  hirsute  and  glandular.         9.  H.  Greenii. 

*  *  Flowering  stem  abundantly  leafy,  at  least  below, 
(a)  Principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2-4  series;  heads  corymbose. 
Leaves  sessile,  not  clasping;  involucre  glabrous.  10.  //.  umbellatum. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  upper,  clasping;  involucre  pubescent.  u.  H.  Canadense. 

(b)  Principal  bracts  in  i  series;  heads  small,  paniculate  or  racemose. 

1.  Achenes  columnar  at  maturity,  truncate. 
Plant  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  except  towards  the  base;  heads  i5-2o-flowered. 

12.  H.  paniculatum. 
Plants  scabrous  or  glandular ;  heads  i5-5o-flowered. 

Peduncles  stout,  spreading.  13.  H.  scabrum. 

Peduncles  slender,  ascending. 

No  tuft  of  basal  leaves  at  flowering  time.  8.  //.  Marianum. 

•    Basal  leaves  present  at  flowering  time.  14.  H.  Alleghaniense. 

2.  Achenes  spindle-shaped,  or  with  a  tapering  summit  at  maturity. 
Leaves  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  pilose,  15.  H.  Gronovii. 

Leaves  and  stem  densely  clothed  with  very  long  brown  hairs.  16.  H.  longipilum. 

i.  Hieracium  Pilosella  L.  MOUSE-EAR  HAWKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3561.)  Sto- 
loniferous,  pilose-pubescent  throughout;  stolons  leafy,  rooting,  slender,  7-30  cm. 
long.  Scape  slender,  erect,  10-25  cm.  high,  leafless,  with  a  single  head;  leaves 
oblong  or  spatulate,  entire,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  petioles, 


Q04  FLORA. 

often  white-tomentose  beneath,  4-7  cm.  long,  8-16  mm.  wide;  head  25  mm.  broad 
or  more;  flowers  yellow;  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  pubescent,  usually  with  I  or  2 
exterior  ones.  Dooryards  and  fields,  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Mich.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  May-Sept. 

,  Hieracium  Pilosella  Peleteri&num  Mer.    Stolons  shorter,  thick;   plant  silky -pubes- 
cent.    Fields  and  roadsides,  Prince  Edward  Island.     Nat.  from  Europe. 

2.  Hieracium   murorum   L.     WALL   HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.   f.  3562.)    Stem 
pubescent  or  glabrate,  simple,  or  with  I  or  2  branches,  3-7  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves 
thin,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  or  abruptly 
narrowed  into  petioles,  coarsely  dentate  or  laciniate,  at  least  near  the  base,  5-10  cm. 
long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  the  petioles  villous;  stem  leaves  I  or  2  (sometimes  none),  short- 
petioled  or  sessile;    heads   about  25    mm.   broad;    peduncles    ascending,    usually 
glandular;  involucre  8-10  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  glandular- 
pubescent;  pappus  nearly  white.     Woodlands  near  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.;  about  Que- 
bec.    Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

3.  Hieracium  yulgatum  Fries.     HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3563.)     Similar  to 
the  preceding  species,   sometimes  taller  and  slightly  glaucous;  stem  2-5-leaved, 
pubescent  or  glabrate.     Basal  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate  or  den- 
ticulate, petioled,  5-12  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  stem  leaves  similar,  short-petioled 
or  sessile;  petioles  more  or  less  pubescent;  peduncles  mostly  glandular,  straight; 
bracts  linear,  acuminate,  mostly  glandular.      Lab.  and  Newf.   to  Quebec  and  in 
southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Probably  introduced.      Also  in  Greenland,   northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept. 

4.  Hieracium  aurantiacum  L.     ORANGE  or  TAWNY  HAWKWEED.     GOLDEN 
MOUSE-EAR  HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3564.)     Stolon iferous,  or  stolons  wanting;  stem 
leafless  or  rarely  with  I  or  2  small  sessile  leaves,  hirsute,  slender,  1.5-5  dm.  high. 
Basal  leaves  hirsute,   tufted,   spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  or  sometimes  slightly  denticulate,  5-12  cm.  long,  .5-2  cm.  wide;    heads 
14-25  mm.  broad;    peduncles  glandular-pubescent;  involucre  8-10  mm.  hign,  its 
bracts   linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute  and  sometimes  glandular.     In  fields, 
woods  and  along  roadsides,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.     Nat.  from 
Europe.     June-Sept. 

5.  Hieracium  praealtum  Vill.     KING-DEVIL.     (I.  F.  f.  3565.)     Stolonifer- 
ous  or  stolons  wanting;   stem  glabrous,   or  somewhat  hispid,   glaucous,    slender, 
4-9  dm.  high,  bearing  1-3  leaves  near  the  base.     Basal  leaves  tufted,  narrowly 
oblong,  lanceolate,   or  spatulate,   entire,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,   narrowed 
below  into  margined  petioies,  hirsute  with  stiff  hairs,  5-10  cm.  long,    6-14  mm. 
wide;  heads  8-12  mm.  broad;  peduncles  mostly  short,  pilose  and  glandular;  in- 
volucre about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  pilose  and  some- 
what glandular.     In  fields,  meadows  and  along  roadsides,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  N,  Y. 
Nat.  from  Europe.    June-Sept. 

6.  Hieracium  pratense  Tausch.  FIELD  HAWKWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3566.)   Stolon- 
iferous,  hirsute  or  pilose  with  long  hairs,  those  of  the  stem  blackish.     Stem  sea- 
pose,  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  bearing  I  or  2  leaves  below  the  middle;  basal  leaves 
numerous,  tufted,  light  green,  oblanceolate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  5-12  cm.  long,  1-2 
cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  or  to  a  sessile  base,  entire,  or  with  few 
distant  minute  glandular  teeth;  heads  2  cm.  wide,  or  less;  peduncles  glandular  and 
often  tomentose;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular 
and  pilose.     Dongan  Hills,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.       Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe. 

7.  Hieracium  venosum  L.     RATTLESNAKE-WEED.     POOR  ROBIN'S  PLAN- 
TAIN.    (I.  F.  f.  3567.)     Stems  solitary  or   several   from  the  same  root,  slender, 
glabrous,  or  with  a  few  hispid  hairs,  leafless  or  with  1-3  leaves,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Basal  leaves  tufted,  spreading  on  the  ground,  obovate,  oval  or  oblorig-sparulate, 
mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile  or  petioled,  3-10  cm.  long,  1-3  cm. 
wide,  usually  purple-veined,  more  or  less  hirsute,  some  or  all  of  them  glandular- 
denticulate;  heads  10-16  mm.  broad,  i5-4O-flowered,  slender-peduncled;  pedun- 
cles glabrous,  or  slightly  glandular;  involucre  about  6  mm.  high.      Dry  woods  and 
thickets,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  Manitoba  south  to  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Neb.     May  Oct. 

8.  Hieracium  Marianum  Willd.     MARYLAND  HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3568.) 
Stems  usually  solitary,  slender,  3-9  dm.   high,  bearing  2-7  leaves.      Basal  leaves 


C1CHORIA  CEA  E.  905 

obovate  or  oblong,  ascending  or  erect,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile  or  peti- 
oled,  villous  or  hirsute,  glandular-denticulate,  5-20  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  those 
of  the  stem  similar,  smaller;  heads  12-20  mm.  broad,  i5-4O-flowered,  slender  - 
peduncled;  peduncles  more  or  less  glandular  and  sometimes  canescent ;  involucre 
about  8  mm.  high,  bracts  linear-lai  ceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  with  a  few  short  outer  ones.  In  dry  woods  and  thickets.  R.  I.  to  southern  N. 
Y.,  Penn.,  Ky.,  Ala.  and  Fla.  May-July. 

9.  Hieracium  Greenii  Porter  and  Britton.      GREEN'S  HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
3569.)     Stern  glabrous  up  to  the  branches,  rather  slender,  leafless  or  rarely  with   I 
or  2  leaves,  4-7  dm.  high.      Basal  leaves  tufted,  ascending,  spatulate,  oblong,  or 
obovate,  obtuse,   narrowed   at  the  base,    mostly  petioled,  glandular-denticulate  or 
entire,  villous-pubescent  or  somewhat  hispid.  10-17  cm-  l°ng?  i~5  cm.  wide;  heads 
3O-4o-flowered,   slender-peduncled,    16-20  mm.   broad;    involucre   10   mm.   high, 
bracts  linear,  acute,  densely  pilose-glandular.     In  dry  soil,  mountains  of  Penn.  to 
Va.  and  W.  Va.     May-June. 

10.  Hieracium   umbellatum  L.     NARROW-LEAVED  HAWKWEED.      (I.  F.  f. 
3570.)     Stem  rather  slender,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  3-7  dm.  high.    Leaves  lance- 
olate or  linear-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  entire,  denticulate  or  sometimes 
laciniate-dentate,   acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base.  3-7  cm.  long, 
4-12  mm.  wide,  glabrous  above,  mostly  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  the  margins 
commonly  ciliolate;  heads  about  25  mm.  broad;  peduncles  rather  stout,  canescent; 
involucre  10-14  mm.   high,   the   outer   bracts   spreading.      Lower  St.   Lawrence 
River  to  Out.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Br.  Col.  and  Ore.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
June-Aug. 

11.  Hieracium  Canadense  Michx.      CANADA  HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3571.) 
Stem  erect,  firm,  glabrate  or  pubescent,  3-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  numerous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  ovate-oblong,  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded, 
sessile,  and,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  clasping  at  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long,  6-25  mm. 
wide,  serrate  or  incised,  the  margins  sometimes  ciliolate,   glabrous  or  pubescent 
beneath,  the  lowest  somewhat  spatulate  and  petioled;  heads  about  25  mm.  broad; 
involucre  about  12  mm.  high,  outer  bracts  spreading.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets, 
N.  S.  to  Out.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.     July-Sept. 

12.  Hieracium  paniculatum    L.     PANICLED  HAWKWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3572.) 
Glabrous   throughout,    or  somewhat   pilose-pubescent   below,    stem    paniculately 
branched  above,  leafy,  slender,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  or  the  lowest 
into  petioles,  denticulate  or  dentate,  5-15  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide;  heads  10-14 
mm.  broad;  peduncles  filiform,  often  drooping,  glabrous  or  sometimes  glandular; 
involucre  about  6  mm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  bracts  linear,  acute,  with  a  few 
very  small  outer  ones  at  the  base.     In  dry  woods,  Me.,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Ga., 
Ala.  and  Ky.     July-Sept. 

13.  Hieracium    scabrum   Michx.    ROUGH   HAWKWEED.     (I.    F.    f.    3573.) 
Stem  stout,  leafy,  densely  hirsute  or  hispid  below  and  glandular-pubescent  above, 
strict,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  hirsute,   obovate,  oblong,    or   broadly   spatulate, 
5-10  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base  or 
the  lowest  into   margined  petioles,  denticulate;  heads  12-16  mm.  broad;  pedun- 
cles stout,  densely  glandular;  involucre  8-10  mm.  high,   glandular;  bracts  linear, 
acute,  with  a  few  very  small  outer  ones.     In  dry  woods  and  clearings,  N.  S.  to 
Minn.,  Ga.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

14.  Hieracium  Alleghaniense  Britton  n.   sp.     ALLEGHANY  HAWKWEED. 
Stem  rough-hairy  below,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  about  6.5  dm.  tall.     Lower 
and  middle  stem-leaves  oblanceolate,  1-1.5  dm.  'ong?  3  cm-  wide  or  more,  obtuse, 
cuspidate,  tapering  into   narrowly   margined   pubescent  petioles,  thin,  pale  and 
pubescent  along  the  midvein  beneath,  green  above,  with  a  few  very  distant  minute 
glandular  teeth;  upper  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  to  a 
sessile  base;  inflorescense  paniculate,  its  branches  filiform,  glandular;  heads  rather 
numerous ;  involucre  about  7  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  glan- 
dular, a  little  shorter  than  the  brown  pappus;  young  achenes  truncate.     Aurora, 
Alleghany  Mountains  of  W.  Va.,  E.  S.  Steele,  Aug.  29.  1898. 

15.  Hieracium  Gronovii  L.   GRONOVIUS'  HAWKWEED.    HAIRY  HAWKWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  3574.)     Stem  stiff,  mostly  slender,  leafy  and  villous  or  hirsute,  sometimes 


906  FLORA. 

nearly  leafless,  3-9  cm.  high.  Leaves  villous  or  hirsute,  the  basal  and  lower  ones 
obovate  or  spatulate,  denticulate,  or  entire,  obtuse,  5-15  cm.  long,  usually  narrowed 
into  petioles;  stem  leaves  mostly  sessile,  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  upper 
gradually  smaller;  heads  10-18  mm.  broad;  peduncles  glandular  and  canescent, 
slender;  involucre  about  8  mm.  high,  somewhat  canescent,  bracts  linear  lance- 
olate, acute,  with  several  very  small  outer  ones.  In  dry  soil,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  111., 
Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

16.  Hieracium  longipilum  Torr.  LONG-BEARDED  HAWKWEED.  (I.  F.  f. 
3575.)  Stem,  at  least  its  lower  portion,  and  leaves  densely  covered  with  long 
brown  rather  rigid  bristly  hairs  1-2.5  cm.  long,  arising  from  papillae.  Stem  very 
leafy  below,  stiff,  simple,  6-10  dm.  high ;  basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  mostly  entire,  8-16  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the 
upper  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  mostly  sessile;  heads  16-20  mm.  broad;  peduncles 
tomentose  and  glandular;  involucre  8-10  mm.  high,  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, with  several  short  subulate  outer  ones.  Prairies  and  dry  woods,  Ont.  to 
Minn.,  111.,  Kans.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

22.     NABALUS  Cass.      (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial,  herbs  with  alternate,  mostly  petioled,  dentate  lobed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  or  the  upper  auriculate  and  clasping,  and  numerous  small  heads  of  ligulate 
white  yellowish  or  purplish  flowers  in  open  or  spike-like  terminal  panicles,  or  also 
in  axillary  clusters,  usually  drooping.  Involucre  cylindric,  usually  narrow,  its 
principal  bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  nearly  equal,  with  a  few  smaller  exterior  ones  at 
the  base.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5 -toothed  at  the  summit. 
Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  oblong  or  narrowly  columnar,  truncate,  terete  or 
4-5 -angled,  mostly  lO-ribbed.  Pappus  of  copious  rather  rigid  simple  white  to  red- 
dish-brown bristles.  [Modern  Latin,  from  an  Indian  name  for  Rattlesnake-root.] 
About  20  species,  natives  of  America  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  northwestern  Am. 

*  Bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs. 
Heads  5-7  flowered;    involucre  very  narrow,  light  green,  2  mm.  thick  ;   pappus  light 

straw-color.  i.  N.  altissimus. 

Heads  8-16  flowered ;   involucre  broader,  green,  purple  or  glaucous,  3-6  mm.  thick. 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  lobed,  divided,  or  pinnatifid  ;  involucre  about  3  mm.  thick. 
Pappus  deep  cinnamon-brown.  2.  N.  albus, 

Pappus  straw-color  or  light  brown. 
Inflorescence  paniculate. 

Involucral  bracts  with  some  stiff  hairs,  obviously  shorter  than  the  pap- 
pus; panicle-branches  divergent.  3.  N.  serpenfai  tus. 
Involucral   bracts  glabrous,  equalling    the    pappus ;    panicle-branches 
ascending,  or  erect.                                                       4.  N.  trifoliolatus. 
Inflorescence  thyrsoid  or  glomerate. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  divided  ;  northern.  5.  N.  nanus. 

Leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  pinnatifid  :  southern.       6.  N.  virgatus. 
Leaves  irregularly  dentate  or  denticulate,  oblong  ;  plant  tall.       3.   N.  set  pentarius. 
Leaves  entire  or  denticulate  ;  plant  low,  alpine  ;  involucre  5-6  mm.  thick. 

7.  JV.  Boottii. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  hirsute-pubescent. 
Inflorescence  narrowly  thyrsoid;  heads  8-i6-flowered. 

Leaves  and  stem  rough-puberulent  or  scabrous.  8.  N.  asper. 

Leaves  and  stem  glabrous,  glaucous.  9.  N.  racemosus. 

Inflorescence  corymbose-paniculate;  heads  2O-25-flowered.  10.  N.  crepidineus. 

x.  Nabalus  altissimus  (L.)  Hook.  TALL  WHITE  LETTUCE.  (I.  F.  f.  3576.) 
Glabrous,  or  sparingly  hispidulous,  not  glaucous;  stem  slender,  1-2  in.  high,  green, 
or  sometimes  purplish.  Leaves  thin,  hastate,  cordate,  ovate,  or  the  uppermost 
lanceolate,  entire,  denticulate,  dentate  or  palmately  lobed  or  divided,  most  of  them 
long-petioled,  the  larger  sometimes  15  cm.  long;  heads  very  numerous,  in  a  nar- 
row panicle,  and  often  in  axillary  clusters,  5-7-flowered,  pendulous,  about  4  mm. 
broad;  inflorescence  often  narrow;  involucre  narrowly  cylindric,  10-18  mm.  long, 
about  2  mm.  thick,  green,  glabrous,  its  principal  bracts  about  5 ;  flowers  greenish 
or  yellowish  white.  In  woods  and  thickets,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Ga.  and 
Tenn.  July-Oct.  [Prenanthes  altissima  L.) 


CICHO  RIA  CEA  E.  907 

2.  Nabalus  albus  (L.)  Hook.  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.  WHITE  LETTUCE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3577.)  Glabrous  and  glaucous;  stem  commonly  purple,  6-15  dm.  high. 
Leaves  hastate,  ovate,  cordate,  denticulate,  dentate,  lobed,  or  palmately  divided, 
or  the  upper  lanceolate,  entire;  heads  numerous,  pendulous,  about  6  mm.  broad, 
paniculate,  or  thyrsoid.  and  often  in  axillary  clusters;  involucre  glabrous,  or  with 
a  few  scattered  hairs,  glaucous,  10-14  mm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  about  8, 
purplish;  flowers  greenish  or  yellowish  white,  fragrant.  In  woods,  Me.  and  Out. 
to  Manitoba,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Aug. -Sept.  [Prenanthes  alba  L.] 

~.  Nabalus  serpentarius  (Pursh)  Hook.  LION'S-FOOT.  GALL-OF-THE-EARTH, 
(I.  F.  f.  3578.)  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  green;  stem  stout  or  slender, 
not  glaucous,  3-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  rather  firm,  similar  to  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species,  equally  variable  in  outline,  often  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed,  or 
p.\lmately  divided;  inflorescence  paniculate,  the  branches  divaricate,  upcurved; 
heads  numerous,  about  6  mm.  broad,  pendulous;  involucre  more  or  lebs  bristly- 
hispid,  rarely  glabrous,  10-14  mm.  long,  its  principal  bracts  about  8,  shorter  than 
die  pappus;  flowers  whitish  or  cream-color,  rarely  yellow.  In  fields  and  thickets, 
Ont.  to  southern  N.  Y.,  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Ky.  July- Oct. 

Nabalus  serpent&rius  integrifblius  (Cass.)  Britton.  Leaves  oblong  to  oval,  irregu- 
larly dentate,  denticulate  or  entire.  L.  I.  to  N.  Car. 

4.  Nabalus  trifoliolatus  Cass.     TALL  RATTLESNAKE- ROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3579.) 
Glabrous  throughout;  stem  usually  stout,  10-27  dm.   high.     Leaves  thinnish,  the 
lower  long-petioled,   usually  3-divided  with  the  divisions  stalked  or  sessile,   the 
upper  short  petioled  or  sessile,  all  commonly  lobed  or  dentate,  but  the  upper  some- 
times   lanceolate,    acuminate    and   entire;    panicle-branches  ascending,  or  nearly 
erect;  heads  few  in  the  clusters,   drooping;  involucre  glabrous,    12  mm.   long,  its 
principal  bracts  6-8,  equalling  the  pappus;  flowers  whitish  or  pale  yellow.     In 
woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  Vt.,  Penn.,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     Aug. -Oct. 

5.  Nabalus  nanus  (Bigel.)  DC.     Low  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT,  or  LION'S-FOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3580.)     Glabrous  throughout;  stem  simple,  erect,    1-4  dm.  high.     Basal 
and  lower  leaves  slender  petioled,  3-divided,  or  sometimes  broadly  hastate,  the 
divisions  variously  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire;  upper  leaves  much  smaller,  entire, 
toothed,  or  lobed,  sessile,  or  short-petioled;  inflorescence  rarely  with  I  or  2  short 
ascending   branches;  involucre   dark    purple-brown   or   nearly    black,     glabrous, 
8-12  mm.  long,  its  inner  bracts  6-8,  slightly  ciliate  at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as 
the  pappus.     Alpine  summits  of  the  Adirondacks  and  the  mountains  of  N.  Eng. ; 
N.  S.  to  Lab.  and  Newf.     Aug. -Sept. 

6.  Nabalus    virgatus  (Michx.)  DC.      SLENDER   RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.     DE 
WITT'S  SNAKEROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3581.)     Glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem  strict, 
mostly  simple,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  basal 
and  lower  ones  sinuate-pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  petioled,  often  25  cm.  long, 
the  lobes  entire  or  dentate,  distant;  upper  leaves  all  sessile,  pinnately  lobed,  or  the 
uppermost  entire,  very  small  and   bract-like;    heads  very  numerous,  pendulous, 
about  4  mm.  broad,  in  a  narrow,  simple  or  branched,  terminal  thyrsus,  often  uni- 
lateral; involucre  10  mm.  long,  its  principal  bracts  about  8;  flowers  white,  or  pink- 
ish.    In  moist  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast.     Sept-Oct. 

7.  Nabalus  Boottii  DC.     BOOTT'S  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.     (I.  F.    f.  3582.) 
Glabrous   below,    commonly   pubescent   above;    stem    simple,    1-3.5    dm.    high. 
Leaves   thickish,    the  basal  and  lower  ones  ovate,   hastate,  or  deltoid,  petioled, 
mostly  obtuse,   entire,   or  denticulate,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong, 
usually  entire,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  much  smaller;   heads  erect,  spreading,  or 
some  of  them  pendulous,  racemose  or  somewhat  thyrsoid,  8-10  mm.  broad;  invo- 
lucre campanulate-oblong,  8-14  mm.  long,  dark  purplish  green,  its  principal  bracts 
8-10,  obtuse  or  obtusish;  flowers  whitish,  odorous.     Alpine  summits  of  the  moun- 
tains of  northern  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     July-Aug. 

8.  Nabalus  asper  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.    ROUGH  WHITE-LETTUCE.    (I.  F.  f.  3583. ) 
Stem  virgate,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  oval,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  those  of 
the  stem  all  closely  sessile,  acute  or  acutish,   dentate,  denticulate,  or  the  upper- 
most entire,  the  lower  sometimes  clasping,  5-7  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  the  basal 
tapering  into  winged  petioles,  commonly  obtuse;  heads  numerous,  erect,  spread- 
ing, or  slightly  drooping,  6-8  mm.  broad,  i2-i6-flowered,  in  a  long  narrow  thyrsus; 


908 


FLORA. 


involucre  oblong,  4-5  mm.  thick.  10-14  mm.  high,  very  hirsute,  its  piindpa 
bracts  8-io;  flowers  light  yellow;  pappus  straw-color.  On  dry  prairies,  Ohio  t«. 
Minn,  and  Neb.,  south  to  Ky.,  La.  and  Kans.  Aug.-Sept. 

9.  Nabalus  racemosus  (Michx.j  DC.     GLAUCOUS  WHITE-LETTUCE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3584.)     Stem   virgate,   striate,   3-18  dm.    high.     Leaves  thickish,    glabrous  and 
glaucous,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  oval,  oblong,  oblanceolate,  or  obovate,  dentate 
or  denticulate,  1-2  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles; 
upper  leaves  sessile,   smaller  and  partly  clasping,   lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
denticulate  or  entire,  mostly  acute;  heads  numerous,  erect,  spreading,  or  slightly 
drooping,    1 2-1 6- flowered,   4-6  mm.  broad;    involucre  oblong-cylindric,    hirsute, 
10-12  mm.  long,   3-5  mm.  thick,  longer  than  the  hirsute  peduncle,  its  principal 
bracts  8- 10,  with  several  small  outer  ones;  flowers  purplish.     In  moist  open  places, 
N.  B.  and  Anticosti  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  southern  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Mo.  and 
Colo.     Aug.-Sept. 

Nabalus  racembsus  pinnati'fidus  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately 
lobed.  Hackensack  marshes,  N.  J.;  near  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y. 

Prenanthes  Main^nsis  A.  Gray,  from  northern  Me.,  is  probably  a  hybrid  between  A\ 
racemosus  and  N.  trtfoliolatus. 

10.  Nabalus  crepidincus  (Michx.)  DC.     CORYMBED  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3585.)     Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below,   sometimes  puberulent  above, 
stout,  1.5-2.7  m.  high.    Leaves  thin,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  hastate,  ovate,  oblong, 
or  deltoid,  sharply  dentate,  lobed,  or  incised,  sometimes  25  cm.  long,  usually  with 
broadly  winged  petioles;  the  upper  much  smaller,  sessile  or  short- petioled,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  not  clasping,  ovate,  deltoid,  or  lanceolate,  acute;   heads  numer- 
ous, pendulous,  short-pedunclcd,   8-12  mm.  broad;  involucre  oblong  or  oblong- 
campanulate,  hirsute,  10-15  mm.  long,  about  6  mm.  thick,  dark  green  or  purplish, 
its   principal   bracts  12-15;    flowers  cream-color;    pappus  brown.     In  fields  and 
thickets,  western  Penn.  and  N.  Y.  to  Ky.,  Minn,  and  Kans.     Aug. -Oct. 

Family  4.     AMBROSlACEAE  Reichenb. 
Ragweed  Family. 

Herbs,  monoecious,  or  sometimes  dioecious,  many  of  them  weeds, 
rarely  shrubby,  with  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  opposite,  and  small 
heads  of  greenish  or  white  flowers  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  few, 
separate  or  united  bracts,  the  pistillate  heads  sometimes  larger  and 
nut-like  or  bur-like.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same,  or  in 
separate  heads.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pistillate  flowers  with  no  corolla, 
or  this  reduced  to  a  short  tube  or  ring;  calyx  adnate  to  the  i-celled 
ovary,  its  limb  none,  or  a  mere  border;  style  2-cleft.  Staminate  flowers 
with  a  funnelform  tubular  or  obconic  4-5-lobed  corolla;  stamens  mostly 
5.  separate,  or  their  anthers  merely  connivent,  not  truly  syngenesious, 
with  short  inflexed  appendages  ;  ovary  rudimentary;  summit  of  the  style 
often  hairy  or  penicillate.  Eight  genera  and  about  55  species,  mostly 
natives  of  America. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  heads ;  involucre  of  a  few  rounded  bracts. 

i.  Iva. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate  heads,  the  Staminate  mostly  uppermost;  in- 
volucre of  the  pistillate  heads  bur-like  or  nut-like. 
Involucral  bracts  of  the  Staminate  heads  united. 

Involucre  of  the  pistillate  heads  with  several  tubercles  or  prickles  in  a  single 

series.  2.  Ambrosia. 

Involucre  of  the  pistillate  heads  with  numerous  prickles  in  several  series. 

3.   Gaertneria. 

Involucral  bracts  of  the  Staminate  heads  separate;   involucre  of  pistillate  heads  an 
oblong  bur.  4.  Xanthium. 

i.  IVA  L. 

Puberulent  or  scabrous  herbs,  with  thick  opposite  leaves,  or  the  upper  alternate, 
and  small  nodding,  axillary  and  solitary,  spicate  racemose  or  paniculate  heads  of 
greenish  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  cup-shaped,  its  bracts  few,  rounded. 


A  MBROSIA  CEA  E.  909 

Receptacle  chaffy,  the  linear  or  spatulate  chaff  enveloping  the  flowers.  Marginal 
flowers  1-6,  pistillate,  fertile,  their  ccrollas  short,  tubular  or  none.  Disk-flowers 
perfect,  sterile,  their  corollas  ftmnelform,  5-lobed,  their  styles  undivided,  dilated  at 
the  apex.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base,  yellow,  scarcely  coherent  with  each  other, 
tipped  with  mucronate  appendages.  Achenes  compressed,  obovoid,  glabrous. 
Pappus  none.  [Nam.d  alter  Ajuga  Iva,  from  its  similar  smell.]  About  12  spe- 
cies, natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  6  others  occur  in  the  southern 
and  western  U.  S. 

Meads  spicate  or  racemose,  solitary-axillary,  each  subtended  by  a  linear  or  oblong  leaf. 
Heads  solitary,  pedicelled. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  4-5;  heads  3-5  mm.  high. 

Leaves  serrate,  oval  or  oblong  ;  eastern.  i.  I.frutescens. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  obovate  or  oblong;  western. 

2.  /.  axillaris. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  6-9 ;  heads  6-8  mm.  high ;  southeastern. 

3.  I.  imbricata. 
Heads  spicate;  leaves  dentate.                                                                4.  /.  ciliata. 

Heads  spicate-paniculate,  not  subtended  by  leaves.  5.  /.  xanthiifolia. 

1.  Iva  frutescens  L.     MARSH  ELDER.    HIGH-WATER  SHRUB.    (I.  F.  f.  3586.) 
Perennial,  shrubby  or  herbaceous,  somewhat  fleshy;  stem  minutely  pubescent,  or 
sometimes  glabrous  below,  9-35  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, all  the  lower  ones  opposite,  short-petioled,  3-nerved,  acute  or  obtusish,  serrate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  10-15  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  the  upper  smaller 
and  narrower,  passing  gradually  into  those  of  the  racemose  inflorescence,  which  are 
much  longer  than  the  short-pedicelled  heads  ;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its 
bracts  orbicular-obovate,   separate;  fertile  flowers  about  5,  their  corollas  tubular. 
Along  salt  marshes  and  on  muddy  seashores,  N.  H.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

2.  Iva  axillaris  Pursh.     SMALL- FLOWERED  MARSH  ELDER.     (I.  F.  f.  3587.) 
Perennial  by  woody   roots;  stems  herbaceous,   ascending,  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent,  simple  or  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.    Leaves  sessile,  entire  or  very  nearly 
so,  obtuse,  faintly  3  nerved,  obovate,  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  1-4  cm.  long,  thick, 
somewhat  fleshy,   glabrous  or  pubescent,  the  lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate 
and  smaller,  passing  gradually  into  those  of  the  inflorescence;  heads  mostly  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  4-6  mm.  broad,  short-peduncled ;  involucre  hemispheric, 
about  3  mm.  high,  its  bracts  about  5,  connate  at  the  base;  pistillate  flowers  4  or  5, 
their  corollas  tubular.     In  saline  or  alkaline  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb., 
N.  Mex.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     May-Sept. 

3.  Iva  imbricata  Walt.     SEACOAST  MARSH  ELDER.     (I.  F.  f.  3588.)     Peren- 
nial by  woody  roots,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout,  fleshy;  stem  3-6  dm.  high, 
simple,  or  sparingly  branched.     Leaves  all  but  the  lowest  alternate,  sessile,  oblong- 
spatulate,  or  lanceolate,  obtusish,  mucronulate,  entire,  or  rarely  serrate,  obscurely 
3-nerved,  the  larger  3-5  cm.  long.  6-10  mm.  wide;  heads  short  peduncled  or  nearly 
sessile,  the  upper  ones  longer  than  their  subtending  leaves;  involucre  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  its  bracts  6-9,  not  united,  somewhat  imbricated  in  2  series;  fertile  flowers 
2-4,  their  corollas  tubular,  the  staminate  ones  much  more  numerous.     On  sandy 
seashores,  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     July-Oct. 

4.  Iva  ciliata  Willd.      ROUGH  MARSH  ELDER.     (I.   F.  f.   3589.)    Annual, 
hispid- pubescent;  stem  simple,  or  branched,  6  20  dm.  high.     Leaves  nearly  all 
opposite,  ovate,   petioled,  scarcely  fleshy,  puberulent  beneath,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  dentate, 
3  nerved,  the  lower  10-12  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  hispid,  squar- 
rose,  much  longer  than  the  heads;  heads  about  2  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
3-5,  distinct  or  united  below;  hispid;  fertile  flowers  3-5,  their  corollas   slender; 
staminate  flowers  10-15.    ^n  m°ist  soil.  111.  to  Neb.,  La.  and  N.  Mex.     Aug.-Oct. 

5.  Iva    xanthiifolia   (Fresen.)   Nutt.      BURWEED   MARSH   ELDER.     (I.    F. 
f.  3590.)     Annual;  stem  much  branched,  pubescent  or  puberulent  above,  glabrous 
below,    1-2  m.   high.      Leaves  nearly  all  opposite,   broadly  ovate,   long-petioled, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  or  gradually  contracted  at  the  base,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  dentate,  pale  and  canescent  or  puberulent  beneath,  roughish  above,  3- 
ribbed;  inflorescence  spicate-paniculate.  terminal  and  axillary,  ample,  naked;  heads 
sessile  or  minutely  peduncled,  less  than  2  mm,  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2 


9*0  FLORA. 

series  of  5,  the  outer  ovate,  the  inner  obovate  or  truncate,  concave,  subtending  the 
usually  5  achenes;  corollas  of  the  fertile  flowers  rudimentary  or  none;  staminate 
flowers  10-15,  their  corollas  obconic.  In  moist  soil,  or  waste  places.  Ont.  toN.  W. 
Terr.,  south  to  Wis.,  Neb.,  N.  Mcx.  and  Utah.  July-Sept. 

2.  AMBROSIA  L. 

Monoecious  (rarely  dioecious)  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite,  most- 
ly lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  green  flowers,  the  staminate  ipicate 
or  racemose,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Involucre  of  the 
pistillate  heads  globose,  ovoid  or  top-shaped,  closed,  I- flowered,  usually  armed  with 
4-8  tubercles  or  spines;  corolla  none;  stamens  none;  style-branches  filiform; 
achenes  ovoid  or  obovoid;  pappus  none.  Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  mostly 
hemispheric  or  saucer-shaped,  5 -12-lobed,  open,  many-flowered;  receptacle  nearly 
flat,  naked,  or  with  filiform  chaff;  corolla  fuimelform,  5-toothed;  anthers  scarcely 
coherent,  mucronate-tipped;  style  undivided,  penicillate  at  the  summit.  [The 
jincient  classical  name.]  About  12  species,  mostly  natives  of  America.  Besides 
the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Sterile  heads  sessile ;  a  lanceolate  hispid  lobe  on  inner  border  of  involucre. 

1.  A.  bidentata. 
Sterile  heads  short -pedicelled;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric. 

Leaves  opposite,  palmately  3~5-lobed,  or  undivided  ;  receptacle  naked. 

2.  A.  tn'fida. 
Leaves  opposite  and  alternate,  i-2-pinnatif:d  ;  receptacle  chaffy. 

Annual ;  leaves  thin  ;  fruiting  involucre  spiny.  3.  A.  artemisicefolia. 

Perennial;  leaves  thick  ;  fruiting  involucie  naked  or  tubercled. 

4.  A.  psiloslacl:ya. 

i.  Ambrosia  bidentata  Michx.    LANCE-LEAVED  RAGWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3591.) 

Annual,  hirsute,  usually  much  branched,  very  leafy.  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  mainly  alternate,  sessile  and  somewhat  cordate-clasping  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  i-nerved,  3-7  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  usually  with  I  or  2 
sharp  lobes  at  the  base  and  a  few  minute  sharp  teeth  above,  or  the  upper  ones 
quite  entire;  spikes  of  staminate  heads  dense,  their  receptacles  chaffy;  fertile  heads 
solitary,  or  clustered,  oblong,  4-angled,  6-8  mm.  long,  bearing  4  sharp  spines. 
Prairies,  III.  to  Kans.,  La.  aud  Tex.  July-Sept. 

2  Ambrosia  trifid  i  L.  HORSE-CANE.  BITTER-WEED.  GREAT  RAGWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  3592.)  Annual,  scabrous  or  hispid,  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched,  1—5  m. 
high.  L-ives  all  opposite,  p^tioled,  3-nerved,  deeply  3~5-lobed,  the  lobes  lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate;  the  upper  sometimes  ovate  and 
undivided;  racemes  of  sterib  heads  7-25  cm.  long,  their  involucres  saucer-shaped, 
3-ribb2d  on  the  outer  side;  fertile  heads  usually  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
bract  like  leaves,  turbinate  to  obovoid,  5-7-ribbed,  conic-beaked,  6-8  mm.  long, 
each  rib  bearing  a  tubercle  near  the  summit.  In  moist  soil,  Quebec  to  Fla.?  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Ark.  July- Oct. 

Ambrosia  trifida  integrifblia  (Muhl.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
not  Iobe4;  plant  usually  lower.  Frequent  with  the  type. 

O^S-1  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  L.  RAGWEED.  ROMAN  WORMWOOD.  HOG- 
WEED.  WILD  TANSY.  (I.  F.  f.  3593.)  Annual,  pubescent,  puberulent  or  hir- 
sute, paniculately  branched,  3-18  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  i-2-pinnatifid,  petioled, 
5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  alternate,  the  lower  mostly  opposite,  pale  or  canescent 
beneath,  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute;  racemes  of  sterile  heads 
very  numerous,  2-15  cm.  long,  the  involucres  hemispheric,  crenate;  fertile  heads 
obovoid  or  subglobose,  mostly  clustered,  3—4  mm.  long,  short-beaked,  4-6-spined 
near  the  summit,  sparingly  pubescent.  In  dry  soil,  often  a  pernicious  weed  in 
cultivated  fields.  N!  S.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Br.  Col.  and  Mex.  Also  in  the  W.  Ind. 
and  S.  Am.,  and  introduced  into  Europe  as  a  weed.  July-Oct. 

4.  Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  WESTERN  RAGWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3594.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  perennial  by  running  roots,  the  leaves  thick, 
the  pubescence  strigose  or  hispid.  Stems  usually  much  branched,  6-12  dm.  high, 
rather  stout;  leaves  1-2  pinnatifid.  5-12  cm.  lone,  the  lobes  acutish;  racemes  of 
gterile  he^ds  several  or  numerous,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  involucres  campanulate?  the 


AMBROSIACEAE.  QI I 

receptacles  chaffy;  fertile  heads  mostly  solitary,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  reticulated, 
short-pointed,  unarmed,  or  with  about  4  short  tubercles,  pubescent,  3-4  mm.  long. 
In  moist  open  soil,  111.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Cal.  July-Oct. 

4.  GAERTNERIA  Med.     [FRANSERIA  Cav.] 

Hispid  or  tomentose  branching  herbs,  with  the  aspect  of  Ambrosias,  sometimes 
woody  at  the  base,  with  mostly  alternate  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  monoe- 
cious greenish  heads  of  discoid  flowers,  the  staminate  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes, 
the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Involucre  of  the  pistillate 
heads  ovoid  or  globose,  closed,  i-4-celled,  i-4-beaked,  armed  with  several  rows  of 
spines  and  forming  a  bur  in  fruit;  corolla  none  or  rudimentary;  style  deeply  bifid, 
its  branches  exserted ;  stamens  none;  achenes  obovoid.  thick,  solitary  in  the  cells; 
pappus  none.  Staminate  heads  sessile,  or  short -peduncled,  their  involucres  broadlv 
hemispheric,  open,  5~i2-lobed;  receptacle  chaffy;  corolla  regular,  the  tube  short, 
the  limb  5-lobed;  style  undivided;  anthers  scarcely  coherent;  mucronate-tipped. 
[In  honor  of  Joseph  Gaertner,  1732-1791,  German  botanist.]  About  15  species, 
natives  of  America.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some  8  others  occur  in  the  west- 
ern and  southwestern  United  States. 

Plant  hirsute;  annual;  spines  of  the  fruiting  involucre  long,  flat.  i.  G.  acanthicarpa. 
Leaves  densely  white-tomentose  beneath;  spines  short,  conic;  perennials. 

Leaves  bipinnatifid.  2.  G.  discolor. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided,  the  terminal  segment  large.  3.  G.  fomentosa. 

1.  Gaertneria    acanthicarpa   (Hook.)   Britton.      HOOKER'S    GAERTNERIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3595-)     Annual,  erect  or  diffuse,   paniculately  branched,  3-6  dm.  high; 
stem  hirsute  or  hispid.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  slender-petioled,  bipinnatifid,  5-10 
cm.   long,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  sessile,  once  pinnatifid,  or  merely  lobed; 
racemes  of  sterile  heads  usually  numerous,  3-7  cm.  long;  fruiting  involucres  clust- 
ered in  the  axils,  6-8  mm.  long,  commonly  I -flowered,  armed  with  numerous  long 
flat  straight  spines.     N.  W.  Terr,  to  Kans.,  Tex.,  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     July-Sept. 

2.  Gaertneria  discolor  (Nutt.)Kuntze.   WHITE-LEAVED  GAERTNERIA.    (I.  F. 
f.  3596.)     Erect  or  ascending  from  perennial  rootstocks,   branched,  about  3  dm. 
high.      Leaves  nearly  all  bipinnatifid,  petioled.  densely  white-tomentose  beneath, 
green  and  pubescent  or  glabrate  above,  5-12  cm.  long;  sterile  racemes  narrow, 
commonly  solitary,  3-5  cm.  long;  fruiting  involucres  clustered  in  the  axils,  finely 
canescent,  about  4  mm.  long,  mostly  2-flowered,  armed   with  short,  sharp,    conic 
spines.     In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Gaertneria  tomentosa  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.    WOOLLY  GAERTNERIA.    (I.  F. 
f.  3597.)     Erect  from  a  deep  perennial  root,  usually  branched  at  the  base,  3-9  dm. 
high.     Leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  divided,  finely  and  densely  tomentose  on  both 
sides,  or  ashy  above,  the  terminal  segment  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acum- 
inate, serrulate  or  entire,  very  much  larger  than  the  2-6  rather  distant  narrow  lat- 
eral ones;  sterile  racemes  solitary,  5-10  cm.  long;  fruiting  involucres  solitary,  or 
2-3  together  in  the  upper  axils,  ovoid,  finely  canescent  or  glabrate,  2-flowered, 
about  6  mm.  long,  armed  with  subulate-conic,  very  acute,  sometimes  curved  spines. 
On  rich  prairies  and  along  rivers,  western  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Colo.     Aug. -Sept. 

4.  XANTHIUM  L. 

Monoecious  annual  branching  coarse  rough  or  spiny  herbs,  with  alternate  lobed 
or  dentate  leaves,  and  rather  small  heads  of  greenish  discoid  flowers,  the  staminate 
ones  capitate-clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  pistillate  axillary.  Stam- 
inate heads  with  a  short  involucre  of  I  to  3  series  of  distinct  bracts;  receptacle 
cylindric,  chaffy;  corollas  tubular,  5 -toothed;  anthers  not  coherent,  mucronate  at 
the  apex;  filaments  monadelphous;  style  slender,  undivided.  Pistillate  heads  of 
an  ovoid  or  oblong,  closed  involucre,  covered  with  hooked  spines,  i-2-beaked, 
2-celled,  each  cavity  containing  one  obovoid  or  oblong  achene;  corolla  none;  pap- 
pus none;  style  2-cleft,  its  branches  exserted.  [Greek,  yellow,  from  its  yielding 
a  yellow  hair-dye.]  About  15  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  not  cordate;  axils  bearing  3-divided  spines,  i.  X.  spinosum. 
Leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  or  truncate  ;  axils  not  spiny. 

Bur  12-20  mm.  long,  usually  nearly  glabrous  ;  beaks  straight  or  nearly  so. 

2.  X.  glabratuni 


912  FLORA. 

Bur  15-30  mm,  long;  beaks  hooked  or  incurved. 

Body  of  the  bur  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  thick  or  more. 

Bur  and  its  spines  merely  puberulent  and  glandular  or  with  a  few  hispid  hairs. 
Prickles  very  dense,  slender  ;  leaves  thin,  sharply  toothed. 

3.  X.  Pennsylvanicum. 
Prickles  scattered,  stout  ;  leaves  firm,  bluntly  toothed. 

4.  X.  Canadense. 
Bur  or  its  prickles  very  hispid. 

Prickles  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  bur  or  longer. 

5.  X.  speciosum. 
Prickles  not  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  bur. 

Prickles  slender,  loosely  hispid  to  about  the  middle. 

6.  X,  commune. 

Prickles   stout,    very  densely   long-hispid   nearly  to   the  strongly- 
hooked  tip.  7.  X.  Macounii. 

Bouy  of  the  bur  oval  to  ovoid,  not  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

Prickles  of  the  bur  dense  ;  pubescence  of  the  bur  and  its  prickles  brown. 

8.  X.  echinatum. 
Prickles  of  the  bur  scattered;  pubescence  of  the  bur  and  its  prickles  yellow. 

9.  X.  glanduliferum. 

1.  Xanytbium    spinosum  L.     SPINY  OR  THORNY  CLOTBUR  OR   BURWEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  "359$")     Stem   pubescent  or    puberulent,  much   branched,  3-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  lobed,   or   the   upper 
entire,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- petioled,  white  canescent  beneath  and  on  the 
whitish  veins  of  the   upper  surface,    5-12  cm.   long;    ripe  fertile  involucre  (bur) 
oblong-cylindric,  8  12  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  pubescent,  armed  with 
short  subulate  rather  inconspicuous  beaks,  and  numerous  glabrous  prickles  about 
2  mm.  long.    In  waste  grounds,  Out.  to  Fla.,  west  to  W.  Va.,  Mo.  and  Tex.   Widely 
distributed  as  a  weed.     Nat.  from  Europe  or  Asia.     Aug. -Nov. 

2.  Xanthium     glabratum     (DC.)    Britton.      SMOOTHISH    COCKLEBUR    OR 
BURWEED.      (I.  F.  f.  3599.)      Rough,   3-10  dm.   high.      Leaves  slender-petioled, 
broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  3- ribbed  and  cordate  or  cordate-reniform  at  the  base, 
the  lower  often  25  cm.  wide,  the  margins  dentate,  or  more  or  less  3-5 -lobed,  both 
surfaces  roughish  and  green;  bur  oblong,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  !2-l8  cm.   long, 
about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  its  2  sharp  subulate  2-toothed  beaks  straight  or  nearly  so, 
equalling  or  slightly  longer  than  the  numerous,   nearly  glabrous  or  pubescent 
prickles.      In  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 
[ X.    macrocarpon,  var.  glabratum  DC. ;  X.  pungens  VVallr. ;  has  generally  been 
referred  to  the  Old  World  X.  strumarium  L.,  which  has  smaller,  puberulent  burs, 
with  stouter  shorter  beaks.]     Aug. -Oct. 

3.  Xanthium    Pennsylvanicum  Wallr.     PENNSYLVANIA    CLOTBUR.      Stem 
comparatively  slender,  smooth  below,  roughish  above,  2-6  dm.  high.    Leaves  thin, 
long-petioled,  sharply  toothed  and  some  of  them  3~5-lobed,  smoothish,  or  the  upper 
surface   scabrate,    glandular;  burs   clustered   in  the  axils,  15-18  mm.  long,  about 
one-third  as  thick,  puberulent  and  resinous  glandular,  and  commonly  with  a  few 
longer  hairs;  prickles  very  numerous,  subulate,  hooked,  the  longer  ones  nearly  as 
long  as  the  diameter  of  the  bur;  beaks  slender,  but  stouter  than  the  prickles,  in- 
curved and  hooked.     D.  C.  to  Penn.,  Ont.  and  Minn. 

4.  Xanthium  Canadense  Mill.     AMERICAN  COCKLEBUR.     HEDGEHOG  BUR- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3600.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  species.    Leaves  roughish  and 
thicker,  bluntly  toothed  and  lobed  ;  bur  puberulent  and  glandular,  oblong,  15-20 
mm.  long,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  two  stout  beaks  hooked  or  incurved  at  the 
apex,    longer   than   or   equalling   the   scattered  rather   slender   hooked    prickles. 
Northern  N.  Y.  to  Mass,  and  Quebec.     Aug. -Oct. 

5.  Xanthium  speciosum  Kearney.      GREAT   CLOTBUR.     Very  stout,   1-1.5 
m.  high.     Stem  sharply  angled  above;  lower  petioles   10-15  cm-   l°ng;  leaf-blades 
broadly  triangular-ovate,  the  larger   15-22  cm.  wide,  3— 5-lobed,  dentate,  scabrous 
on  both  surfaces;  burs  commonly  clustered,  oblong  to  ovoid-oblong,  2.5  cm.  long  or 
more,  the  stout  beaks  10-12  mm.  long,  somewhat  incurved,  strongly  hooked  at  the 
apex,  equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  dense  subulate  uncinate  prickles,  which 
are  hispid  to  above  the  middle.     Tenn.  and  Mo.  to   N.  Dak.,  Kans.  and  Tex. 

6.  Xanthium  commune  Britton,  n.  sp.     COMMON   CLOTBUR.     Stem   rather 
slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  roughish.      Leaves  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  lobed,  sea- 


COMPOSITAE.  913 

brous,  especially  above;  burs  commonly  solitary  in  the  axils,  oblong,  1.5-2.5  cm. 
long,  half  as  thick,  or  less,  the  subulate-conic  beaks  slightly  incurved,  hooked  at 
the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the  subulate  uncinate  prickles,  which  are  hispid  to 
about  the  middle  with  brown  hairs.  Quebec  to  N.  Y.,  Kans..  Mo.  and  Ariz. 
Type  collected  by  N.  L.  Britton  at  Westport,  N.  Y. 

7.  Xanthium  Macounh  Britton,  n.  sp.     MACOUN'S  CLOTBUR.     Stem  purplish 
or  purple- blotched,    about  2.5   dm.   high.       Leaves    slender  petioled,    triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  irregularly  dentate,  firm,  scabrous  on  both  surfaces;  burs  mostly  2  in 
each  axil,  oblong,  the  body  about  2  cm.  long  and  8  mm.  thick,  the  stout  prickles 
very  densely  hispid,  excepting  their  strongly  incurved,  glabrous  lips,  shorter  than 
the    stouter,    hispid   incurved  beaks,   and  than  the  diameter  of  the  bur.     Goose 
Island,  Lake  Winnipeg,   Manitoba,  J.   M.   Macoun,   Aug.  16,    1884.     Specimen  in 
the  herbarium  of  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Canada. 

8.  Xanthium  echinatum  Murr.     BEACH  CLOTBUR.      Stem  rough,  purplish 
or  purple-blotched,   3-6  dm.  high.      Leaves  firm,   scabrous,   with  scattered  short 
papillose  hairs,  obtusely  toothed  and  lobed,  somewhat  resinous-glandular  beneath; 
burs  commonly  clustered  in  the  axils,  ovoid  to  oval,  15-20  mm.  long,  8-12  mm. 
thick,  glandular;  prickles  very  dense,  densely  hispid  from  the  base  to  the  middle  or 
beyond,  subulate,  hooked,  the  longer  about  5  mm.   long,  and  about  equalling  the 
stout  hispid   beaks.     Sea,  lake  and  river  beaches,  N.  C.  to  Mass.,  Que.,  northern 
N.  Y.  and  Minn.     (X,  maculatum  Raf. ;  X.  oviforrne  Wallr.,  ex  descr.) 

9.  Xanthium  glanduliferum  Greene.     GLANDULAR  CLOTBUR.      Similar  to 
X.  echinatum.     Leaves   very   thick  and   scabrous  with  short  stout  papillae;  burs 
oval,  10-15  mm.  long,  6-9  mm.  thick,  yellow,  the  prickles  scattered,  bristly-hispid 
nearly  to  the   hooked  apex,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  conic-subulate  short-bristly 
beaks.     Neb.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Assiniboia. 

Family  5.  COMPOSITAE  Adans. 

Thistle  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  (some  tropical  forms  trees),  with  watery  or  res- 
inous (rarely  milky)  sap,  and  opposite  alternate  or  basal  exstipulate 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  pistillate,  or  neutral,  or  sometimes  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  borne  on  a  common  receptacle,  forming  heads,  subtended 
by  an  involucre  of  few  to  many  bracts  arranged  in  one  or  more  series. 
Receptacle  naked,  or  with  chaffy  scales  subtending  the  flowers,  smooth, 
or  variously  pitted  or  honeycombed.  Calyx-tube  completely  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  the  limb  (pappus)  of  bristles,  awns,  teeth,  scales,  or  crown- 
like,  or  cup-like,  or  wanting.  Coralla  tubular,  usually  5-lobed  or  5-cleft, 
the  lobes  valvate,  or  that  of  the  marginal  flowers  of  the  head  expanded 
into  a  ligule  (ray);  when  the  ray-flowers  are  absent  the  head  is  said  to  be 
discoid;13  when  present,  radiate;  the  tubular  flowers  form  the  disk. 
Stamens  usually  5,  borne  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  their 
anthers  united  into  a  tube  (syngenesious),  often  appendaged  at  the  apex, 
sometimes  sagittate  or  tailed  at  the  base;  pollen-grains  globose,  often 
rouirh  or  prickly.  Ovary  i-celled  ;  ovule  i,  anatropous;  style  of  fertile 
flowers  2-cleft ;  stigmas  marginal;  style  of  sterile  flowers  commonly  un- 
divided. Fruit  an  achene.  Seed  erect;  endosperm  none;  embryo 
straight;  hypocotyl  inferior.  About  760  genera  and  not  less  than  10,000 
species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  In  Kuknia,  the  anthers  are 
distinct,  or  nearly  so. 

*  Anthers  not  tailed  at  the  base  ;  stigmatic  lines  of  the  style-branches  only  at  the  base, 
or  not  extending  beyond  the  middle  ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect, 

never  yellow  ;  rays  none. 
Style-branches  filiform  or  subulate,  hispidulous  ;  receptacle  naked. 

Tribe  i.  VERNONIEAE. 

Style  branches  thickened  upward,  obtuse,  papillose.  Tribe  2.    EUPATORIEAE. 

**  Anthers  tailed  at  the  base,  unappendaged  at  the  tip;  heads  small;   rays  none  (ex- 
cept in  Inula,  where  they  are  large  and  yellow). 

Tribe  4.  INVLEAE. 


9T4  FLORA. 

*  *  *  Anthers  not  tailed  at  the  br.se;  stigmatic  lines  of  the  style-branches  in  the  per- 

fect flowers  extending  to  the  summit;  flowers  tubular  only,  or  tubular 
and  radiate,  often  yellow. 

1.  Receptacle  naked  (see  also  Nos.  79,  80,  81  and  82  of  Tribe  7.) 

a.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  usually  well  imbricated. 
Style-branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  flattened,  with  terminal  appendages. 

Tribe  3.  ASTEREAE. 

Style-branches  truncate,  or  with  hairy  tips.  Tribe  6.  HELENIEAE. 

b.   Bracts  little  imbricated,  or  not  at  all ;  pappus  of  soft  bristles. 

Tribe  8.  SENECIONEAE. 

2.  Receptacle  chaffy  (except  in  Nos.  79,  80,  81  and  82). 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous  or  foliaceous;  not  scarious.     Tribe  5.   HELIANTHEAE. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  dry,  scarious.  Tribe  7.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 

*  *  *  *  Anthers  long-tailed  at  the  base,  with  elongated  appendages  at   the   tip;  heads 

large;  rays  none.     (In  Centaurea  often  with,  enlarged  marginal  flowers; 

bracts  imbricated.  Tribe  9.  CYNAREAE. 

Tribe  i.     VERNONIEAE. 

Pappus  double,  the  inner  of  rough  capillary  bristles,  the  outer  of  scales,  or  short  bristles ; 

heads  not  glomerate.  i.    Vernonia. 

Pappus  a  single  series  of  bristles;  heads  glomerate,  subtended  by  sessile  bracts. 

2.  Elephantopus, 

Tribe  2.     EUPATORIEAE. 

*  Achenes  3-5-angled,  not  ribbed. 
Pappus  of  5  broad  obtuse  scales;  aquatic  herb  with  linear  whorled  leaves. 

3.  Sclerolepis. 
Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

Involucre  of  more  than  4  bracts;  erect  herbs.  4.  Eupatorium. 

Involucre  of  4  bracts;  twining  herbaceous  vines.  5.    Willugbaeya. 

*  *  Achenes  8-io-ribbed,  or  8-io-striate. 

i.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  series,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 
Bracts    of   the  involucre   strongly  striate-nerved;  heads    panicled   or   corymbed   in  our 
species. 

Pappus-bristles  rough  or  serrate ;  involucral  bracts  numerous.      6.  ColeosantJius. 
Pappus-bristles  plumose ;  involucral  bracts  few.  7.  Kuhnia. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  faintly  striate,  if  at  all ;  heads  spiked  or  racemed. 

8.  Lacinaria. 

2.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  only  2  or  3  series ;  all  nearly  equal. 

9.  Trilisa. 

Tribe  3.     ASTEREAE. 

A.  Ray-flowers  yellow  (white  in  one  species  of  Solidago),  or  wanting ;  plants  net 

dioecious. 

*  Pappus  of  scales,  or  awns,  or  wanting,  never  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 
Heads  small,  nor  over  4  mm.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire. 

Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  10.  Gutierrezia. 

Annual  herb;  disk-flowers  sterile.  n.  Amphiachyris. 

Heads  large,  showy;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  spinulose-dentate. 

12.  Grindelia. 

*  *  Pappus  of  either  the  radiate  or  tubular  flowers,  or  both,  of  numerous  capillary 

bristles,  with  or  without  an  outer  series  of  shorter  ones,  or  of  scales. 
t  Pappus,  at  least  of  the  disk-flowers,  double,  an  inner  series  of  capillary  bristles,  and 

an  outer  one  of  scales  or  short  bristles  ;  heads  large. 
Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  thick,  the  pappus  obsolete,  or  of  a  few  caducous  bristles; 

achenes  of  the  disk-flowers  flat.  13.  Heterotheca. 

Achenes  of  both  ray-flowers  and  disk-flowers  flattened.  14.   Chrysopsis. 

t  f  Pappus  ivholly  of  capillary  bristles. 

i.  Heads  wholly  of  disk-flowers  (in  our  species):  ravs  none;  leaves  narrowly  linear. 
a.  Perennial  herbs:  style-tips  not  exserted;  eastern.     15.   Chondrophora. 

b.  Shrubs;  style-tips  mostly  exserted;  western. 
Involucral  bracts  gradually  narrowed  to  the  tip,  keeled,  chartaceous. 

16.   Chrysothatnnus. 
Involucral  bracts  cuspidate,  flat,  herbaceous.  17.   Oonopsis. 

2.  Heads  with  both  ray-flowers  and  disk-flowers  (in  our  species). 
a.  None  of  the  leaves  cordate;  pappus  mostly  as  long  as  the  achene,  or  longer. 
Leaves  bristly-serrate  or  pinnatifid. 

Achenes  glabrous ;  pappus-bristles  deciduous.  18.  Prionopsis. 

Achenes  \vhJte-tornentose  ;  pappus-bristles  persistent.  19.  Sideranthus, 


COMPOSITA  E.  915 

Leaves  entire,  or  toothed,  not  bristly-serrate. 

Leaves  narrow,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire;  low  western  undershrubs. 

20.  Stenotus. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs:  leaves  not  evergreen. 

Pappuo-brisiies  unequal  ;  heads  loosely  panicled  ;  annual. 

21.  Isopappus. 
Pappus-bristles  equal;  heads  variously  clustered;  perennial  herbs. 

Receptacle  alveolate  \  rays  mostly  not  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers. 

22.  Solidago. 
Receptacle   fimbrillate;    rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers;  heads 

corymbose-paniculate.  23.  Euthamia. 

b.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  cordate;  pappus-bristles  shorter  than  the  achene. 

24.  BrachycJiaeta. 

B.  Ray-flowers  present,  not  yellow  in  any  of  our  species. 

*  Pappus  a  mere  crown,  or  of  a  few  awns  or  bristles,  or  wanting,  never  of  numerous 

capillary  bristles 
i.  Receptacle  conic. 
Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  inner;  achenes  prismatic. 

25.  Aphanostephus. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  all  about  equal ;  achenes  flattened.                 26.  Bellis. 

2.  Receptacle  flat,  or  somewhat  convex. 
Achenes  of  the  disk-flowers  compressed,  of  the  ray-flowers  3-angled;    perennial  herbs 

with  large  heads.  27.    7^oivnsendia. 

Achenes  fusiform,  terete;  annual  herbs  with  small  heads.  28.  Chaetopappa. 

Achenes  obovate,  flattened,  with  thickened  or  winged  margins ;  perennials. 

29.  Boltonia. 

i.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles;  sometimes  with  an  outer  series 

of  shorter  ones. 

a.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2  to  many  series. 
Bracts  mostly  in  2-5  series;  teeth  or  lobes  of  the  leaves  not  bristle-tipped. 

Involucre  narrow,  its  bracts  firm  ;  rays  few,  white.  30.   Sericocarpus. 

Involucre  turbinate  to  hemispheric,  bracts  mostly  thin;  rays  usually  numerous,  white 
to  purple. 

Disk-flowers  turning  red,  purple,  or  brown.  31.  Aster. 

Disk-flowers  permanently  white;  leaves  subulate  to  spatulate,  crowded,  rigid. 

32.  Leucelene. 
Involucre  turbinate;  rays  not  exceeding  the  mature  pappus,  or  none. 

33.  Brachyactis. 
Bracts  in  many  series;  teeth  or  lobes  of  the  leaves  bristle-tipped  in  our  species. 

34.  Machaeranthera. 
b.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  only  i  or  2  series,  very  narrow ;  heads  mostly 

long-peduncled. 

Rays  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk.  35.  Erigeron. 

Rays  not  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk;  heads  very  small,  panicled. 

36.  Leptilon* 

2.  Pappus  distinctly  double,  the  inner  bristles  long,  the  outer  shorter. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  or  obovate;  rays  white.  37.   Doellingeria. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear;  rays  violet.  38.  lanactis. 

C.  Ray -flowers  none;  dioecious  shrubs;  pappus  capillary.          39.  Baccharis. 
Tribe  4.     INULEAE. 

*  Heads  small,  rays  none;  flowers  white  or  whitish. 

i.  Receptacle  chaffy. 

Receptacle  convex;  pappus  none.  4°-  Filago. 

Receptacle  subulate;  pappus  of  the  inner  flowers  of  rough  capillary  bristles. 

41.  Gifola. 
a.  Receptacle  naked. 

a.  Pappus,  at  least  that  of  pistillate  flowers,  of  capillary  bristles. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  notscarious;  plants  pubescent  or  glabrous,  not  woolly. 

42.  Pluchea. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  scarious,  mostly  white  or  pink;  plants  woolly. 

Plants  dioacious,  or  polygamo-dioecious. 

Pappus-bristles  of  staminate  flowers  thickened  above.         43.  Antennaria* 
Pappus-bristles  not  thickened;  stem  leafy,  44.  Anaphalis* 


91 6  FLORA. 

Plants  not  dioecious ;  flowers  all  fertile.  45.   Gnaphalium. 

b.  Pappus  none;  leaves  broad,  alternate,  woolly  beneath.  46.  Adenocaulon. 

*  Heads  large;   ray-flowers  yellow.      47-  Inula. 

Tribe  5.      HELIANTHEAE. 

A.    Disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile. 

Achenes  thick,  short,  not  flattened;  pappus  none. 

Achenes  merely  subtended  by  the  inner  involucral  bracts.  48.  Polymnia. 

Achenes  embraced  and  enclosed  by  the  inner  involucral  bracts. 

49.  Melampodium. 
Achenes  flattened. 

Ray-flowers  in  2  or 3  series;  achenes  falling  away  free.  50.  Silpkium. 

Ray-flowers  in  i  series;  achenes  adnate  to  2or  3 scales  of  the  receptacle,  falling  away 
with  them. 

Rays  large,  yellow. 

Leaves  opposite  and  basal.  51.   Chrysogonum, 

Leaves  alternate. 

Pappus  none,  or  of  2  caducous  awns.  52.  Berlandiera. 

Pappus  a  persistent  irregularly-cleft  crown.  53.  Engelmannia. 

Rays  small,  the  heads  appearing  discoid.  54.  Parthenium. 

B.    Disk-flowers  fertile. 
*  Ray  flowers  persistent  upon  the  achenes. 

Achenes  compressed,  or  3-angled;  leaves  entire.  55.  Crassina. 

Achenes  short,  thick;  leaves  toothed.  56.  Heliopsis. 

*  Ray-flowers  deciduous,  or  none. 

f  Pappus  a  cup)  or  crown,  or  of  a  few  teeth,  awns,  or  bristles. 
I.  Achenes,  at  least  those  of  disk-flowers,  not  compressed  (except  in  Ratibida  and  Ver- 

besina)  \  scales  of  the  receptacle  mostly  concave,  or  clasping. 
Scales  of  the  receptacle  small,  awn-like  or  bristle-like;  rays  white,  short. 

57.  Eclipta. 
Scales  of  the  receptacle  broad,  larger. 

Involucre  of  4  large  somewhat  united  bracts.  58.    Tetragonotheca. 

Involucre  of  several  or  numerous  separate  bracts. 
Receptacle  conic,  or  columnar. 

Ray-flowers  fertile,  or  wanting;  leaves  opposite.  59.  Spilanthes. 

Ray-flowers  sterile,  or  neutral;  leaves  mostly  alternate. 
Rays  yellow. 

Achenes  4-angled.  60.  Rudbeckia. 

Achenes  compressed,  winged.  61.  Ratibida. 

Rays  rose-purple.  62.  Brauneria. 

Receptacle  flat,  or  convex  (low-conic  in  species  of  Nos.  64  and  65;. 

Low,  fleshy  seacoast  shrubs.  63.  Borrichia. 

Tall  herbs,  not  fleshy. 

Achenes  not  much  flattened,  not  winged,  nor  margined. 

64.  Helianthus. 
Achenes  of  disk-flowers  flattened  and  margined,  or  winged. 

65.  Verbesina. 

a.  Achenes  very  flat;  scales  of  the  receptacle  flat,  or  but  slightly  concave. 

a.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  all  separate. 

Pappus  of  2  short  teeth  or  awns,  or  a  mere  border,  or  none.  66.  Coreopsis. 

Pappus  of  2-6  awns  or  teeth,  upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed  or  hispid. 

67.  Bid  ens. 
b.  Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  united  to  about  the  middle. 

68.  Thelesperma. 

1 1  Pappus  of  numerous  scales. 

Leaves  opposite,  toothed;  ray-flowers  fertile;  rays  small.  69.   Galinsoga. 

Leaves  alternate,  entire. 

Rays  large,  neutral ;  receptacle  deeply  honeycombed.  70.  Actinospermun*, 

Rays  none;  scales  of  the  receptacle  narrow,  rigid,  71.  Marshallia, 


COMPOSITAE. 

Tribe  6.     HELENIEAE. 

A.  Ray-flowers  persistent  on  the  achenes,  falling  away  with  them,  papery. 

72.  Psilostrophe. 

B.  Ray-flowers  deciduous,  or  wanting. 
*  Plants  not  dotted  with  oil-glands. 

a.  Pappus  none.  73.  Flaveria. 

b.   Pappus  present  (in  all  our  species),  of  separate  scales  or  bristles. 

i.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  petal-like,  colored,  their  margins  and  apices  scarious. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  pinnately  parted,  or  pinnatifid;  rays  none;  corolla-lobes  of 

disk-  flowers  ovate.  74-  Hymenopappus. 

Leaves  entire;  rays  present,  or  none;  corolla-lobes  of  disk-flowers  linear. 

75.  Polypteris. 
2.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  not  scarious-tipped,  nor  petal-like,  appressed,  or 

spreading. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed. 

Achenes  4-angled,  linear  or  oblong.  76.  Picradeniopsis. 

Achenes  5-io-ribbed  or  5-io-angled,  top-shaped. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  separate.  77.   l^etraneuris. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  connate  at  base.  78.  Picradenia. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  spreading,  or  reflexed  at  maturity.  79.  Helenium. 

Receptacle  with  bristle-like  chaff.  80.  Galliardia. 

*  *  Plants  dotted  with  oil-glands,  especially  the  leaves  and  involucre. 
Involucral  bracts  more  or  less  united;  style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  elongated. 
Involucral  bracts  united  at  the  base.  81.  Boebera. 

Involucral  bracts  united  high  up  into  a  cup.  82.   Thymophylla. 

Involucral  bracts  separate;  style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  very  short. 

83.  Pectis. 

Tribe  7.    .  ANTHEMIDEAE. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy. 
Achenes  flattened  ;  involucre  obovoid  to  campanulate  ;  heads  small. 

84.  Achillea. 
Achenes  terete;  involucre  hemispheric  ;  heads  large.                            85.  Anthemis. 

*  *  Receptacle  not  chaffy,  naked,  or  sometimes  hairy. 
i.  Ray-flowers  usually  present,  sometimes  wanting-;  rays  large. 
Receptacle  flat  to  hemispheric  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  series. 

86.  Chrysanthemum. 
Receptacle  conic  to  ovoid;  bracts  in  few  series;  rays  white  or  none. 

87.  Matricaria. 
2.  Ray-flowers  none  ;  heads  small. 

Heads  corymbed;  pappus  a  short  crown;  flowers  yellow.  88.    Tanacetum. 

Heads  racemose,  spicate  or  panicled;  pappus  none.  89.  Artemisia. 

Tribe  8.     SENECIONEAE. 

Leaves  all  basal;  heads  on  scapes. 

Head  solitary;  flowers  yellow  ^     Tussilago. 

Heads  corymbed  ;  flowers  white  or  purple.  QI    Petasites 

Leaves  opposite;  rays  yellow.  '  Arnica 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  white,  whitish  or  pinkish;  rays  none. 

Marginal  flowers  pistillate;  disk-flowers  perfect.  n-7    Erechtites 

Flowers  all  perfect. 

Involucre  of  about  5  bracts;  sap  milky.  04    Mesadenia 

Involucre  of  about  12  bracts  and  several  smaller  outer  ones. 

Flowers  yellow;  ray-flowers  mostly  present.  g 


Tribe  9.     CYNAREAE. 

*  Achenes  inserted  on  the  receptacle  by  their  bases,  not  oblique. 
Receptacle  densely  bristly. 
Filaments  separate. 

Involucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip  ;  leaves  not  bristly.        07.  Arctium 
Involucral  bracts  not  hooked;  leaves  bristly.  98.  Carduus. 


918  FLORA. 


Filaments  united  below.  99.  Mariana. 

Receptacle  fleshy,  not  bristly.  100.   Onopordon. 

*  *  Achenes  obliquely  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Heads  not  subtended  by  bristly  leaves;  involucral  bracts  often  bristly. 

101.  Centaurea. 
Heads  sessile,  subtended  by  bristly  leaves.  102.  Cm'cus. 

i.  VERNONIA  Schreb. 

Erect  branching  perennial  herbs,  or  some  tropical  species  shrubby,  with  alter- 
nate (very  rarely  opposite),  in  our  species  sessile  leaves,  and  discoid  cymose-panic- 
ulate  heads  of  purple,  pink,  or  white  tubular  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric, 
campanulate  or  oblong-cylindric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  or  many  series. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  5-cleft.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base, 
not  caudate.  Style-branches  subulate,  hispidulous  their  whole  length.  Achenes 
8-io-ribbed,  truncate.  Pappus  of  our  species  in  2  series,  the  inner  of  numerous 
roughened  capillary  bristles,  the  outer  of  much  shorter  small  scales  or  stout  bris- 
tles. [Named  after  William  Vernon,  English  botanist.]  About  475  species,  of 
wide  distribution  in  warm-temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in  S.  Am.  Besides 
the  following,  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  U.  S. 

Bracts  of  the  hemispheric  involucre,  or  some  of  them,  with  subulate  or  filiform  tips. 

Involucre  6-10  mm.  broad,  its  bracts  shorter  than  the  head.      i.    V.  Noveboracensis. 
Involucre  18-25  mm.  broad,  its  bracts  as  long  as  the  head.       2.    V.  crinita. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  merely  acute,  obtuse  or  truncate. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oval,  pinnately  veined. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  squarrose  tips.  3.    V.  Baldwinii. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed  or  their  tips  slightly  spreading. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces. 

Leaves  thin,  pale  beneath,  the  lower  oval,  coarsely  serrate. 

4.  V.  glauca. 
Leaves  thin,  green  beneath,  lanceolate,  finely  serrate. 

5.  V.  gigantea. 
Leaves  thick,  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate.      6.   V.fasciculata. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent  beneath,  lanceolate. 

Involucre  8-12  mm.  high  ;  plant  tomentose.  7.  V.  Drummondii. 

Involucre  6-7  mm.  high;  plant  pubescent.  8.  V.  interior. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  i-nerved,  4-6  mm.  wide,  dentate.  9.  V.  marginata. 

1.  Vernonia  Noveboracensis  (L.)  Willd.     NEW  YORK  IRON-WEED.     FLAT 
TOP.     (I.  F.  f.  3601.)     Roughish-pubescent  or  glabrate,  9-27  dm.  high.     Leaves 
lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  serrulate,  7-25  cm.  long,  10-25  mm.  wide,  acumi- 
nate or  acute  at  the  apex;    heads  peduncled;    involucre   20-30- flowered;  bracts 
brownish-purple,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tipped  with  subulate  spreading  awns 
usually  of  twice  or  three  times  their  own  length,  or  some  of  the  lower  linear  subu- 
late, the  upper  sometimes  merely  acute;  flowers  deep  purple,  rarely  white;  achenes 
hispidulous  on  the  ribs.     In  moist  soil,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Kans.    July-Sept. 

Vernonia  Noveboracensis  toment6sa  (Walt.)  Britton.  Leaves  densely  puberulent 
beneath,  broader;  involucre  purple,  some  scales  sometimes  merely  acute.  In  dry  soil, 
Va.  to  N.  Car. 

2.  Vernonia  crinita   Raf.     GREAT  IRON-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3602.)     Stout, 
glabrate  or  finely  rough-pubescent,  25-35  dm.  high.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
finely   denticulate,    acuminate.    10-30   cm.    long,   6-25   mm.    wide;    heads  stout- 
peduncled,  the  peduncles  thickened  above;  involucre  50-70  flowered;  bracts  green, 
or  the  upper  reddish,  very  squarrose,  all  filiform-subulate  from  a  broader  base  and 
equalling  the  head,  the  inner  ones  somewhat  wider  below;  achenes  hispidulous  on 
the  ribs.     On  prairies  and  along  streams,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

3.  Vernonia  Baldwinii   Torn     BALDWIN'S  IRON-WEED.      (I.  F.   f.   3603.) 
Stout,  6-16  dm.  high,  finely  and  densely  tomentose-pubescent.     Leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  10-20  cm. 
long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  scabrate  above,  densely  tomentulose  beneath;  heads  stout- 
peduncled,  15 -30 -flowered;  involucre  hemispheric,  6-8  mm  broad;  bracts  ovate, 
the  acute  tips  recurved  or  spreading.     In  dry  soil,  Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.     July- 
Sept. 


COMPOS  IT  A  E.  919 

4.  Vernonia  glauca  (L.)  Britton.     BROAD-LEAVED    IRON-WEED.      (I.  F.  fc 
3604.)     Slender,  glabrous  or  finely  puberulent,  6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  the 
lower  broadly  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  10-17 
cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide,  the  upper  narrower  and  more  finely  toothed ;  inflorescence 
loosely  branched;  heads  10-20- flowered;  involucre  canipanulate,  4-7  mm.  broad; 
bracts  ovate,  acute,  or  mucronate,  or  the  upper  ones  obtuse;  achenes  minutely  his- 
pidulous.     In  woods,  Penn.  and  Md.  to  Ohio,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Vernonia  maxima  Small.     TALL  IRON-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3605. )     Glabrous 
or   nearly  so,    1.5-3   m.  high.     Leaves    thin,    lanceolate,    sometimes    broadly  so, 
usually  long-acuminate,  fineiy  serrate,    1-3   dm.  long,  1—4  cm.  wide,  usually  gla- 
brous on  both  surfaces;  inflorescence  at  length  loosely  branched  and  open;  involucre 
campanulate,  rounded  at  the  base,  4-5  mm.  broad,  i5-3O-flcwered;  bracts  obtuse 
or  mucronate,  more  or  less  ciliate;  achenes  slightly  hispidulous;  pappus   purple. 
In    moist    soil,    Penn.    to    Ala..,   Mo..    Ky.   and  La.     July-Sept.     \V.   gigantea 
(Walt.)  Britton,  in  part.] 

Vernonia  maxima  pubescens  E.  L.  Morris.  Mostly  over  3  m.  tall,  pubescent, 
especially  on  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  the  peduncles  bracted  below  the  heads. 

6.  Vernonia  fasciculata  Michx.     WESTERN   IRON-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3606.) 
Glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  7-15  cm.  long,  4-30  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
on  both  surfaces;  inflorescence  usually  compact;   heads   short-peduncled,  or  some 
of  them   sessile;  involucre    campanulate,    4-6  mm.  broad,  20  30  flowered;  bracts 
ovate  or  oval,  acute,  ciliate,  or  sometimes  pubescent;  achenes  glabrous,  or  a  little 
pubescent.     In  moist  soil  or  on  prairies,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  N.  Dak.,  south  to  Ky. 
and  Tex.     July -Sept. 

7.  Vernonia    Drummondii    Shuttlw      DRUMMOND'S    IRON-WEED!     (I.    F. 
f.  3607.)     Stout,  densely  tomentose,  9-21  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly 
oblong,    acuminate,    finely  serrate,    7-15    cm.   long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  scabrous  above, 
densely  pubescent  beneath;  heads  short  peduncled;  involucre  hemispheric  or  short- 
cylindnc,  15-50  flowered;  bracts  purplish,  ovate,  acute,  or  mucronate,  more  or  less 
floccose-pubescent  or  ciliate;   achenes  glabrous.     Prairies,  111.  and  Ky.  to  Mo.,  Ala. 
and  Tex.     Autumn. 

8.  Vernonia  interior  Small.     INLAND  IRON-WEED.     Stem  1-2  m.  tall,  leafy. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic -lanceolate,  6-20  cm.  long,  acuminate,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate;    involucre    4-7    mm.   high,    its  bracts    pubescent,  acute  or  acuminate,  the 
tips  erect  or  slightly  spreading;   achenes  pubescent;  pappus  purple.     Prairies  and 
plains,  Mo.  to  Kans.  and  Tex.     Autumn. 

9.  Vernonia    marginata    (Torr.)    Britton.      JAMES'    IRON- WEED.      (I.    F. 
f.  3608.)     Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  minutely  denticulate, 
i-nerved,  firm,   punctate,  5-12  cm.    long,  3-9  mm.  wide,   acuminate;  inflorescence 
rather  loose;  involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate,  i5~3O-flowered,  8-12  mm.  broad; 
bracts  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,   acute,   to   short-acuminate,  purplish,  somewhat 
pubescent,  appressed ;  achenes  nearly  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent.     Prairies, 
Neb.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     Autumn. 

2.    ELEPHANTOPUS    L. 

Perennial  rigid  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal,  simple  pinnately-veined 
leaves,  and  in  our  species  glomerate  bracted  heads  of  blue  or  purple  flowers  in 
branching  corymbs.  Heads  discoid,  2-5  flowered.  Involucre  compressed,  oblong, 
its  chaffy  bracts  imbricated  in  about  2  series,  the  4  outer  bracts  shorter.  Bracts  of 
the  glomerules  large,  foliaceous.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Corolla  nearly  regu- 
lar, 5-lobed,  but  a  little  deeper  cleft  on  the  inner  side.  Achenes  lO-ribbed,  truncate. 
Pappus  of  rigid  persistent  awn-like  scales  or  bristles  in  I  or  2  rows.  [Greek,  ivory, 
or  Elephant's  foot.]  About  14  species,  natives  of  tropical  or  warm  regions. 
Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

Stem  and  branches  usually  leafy.  I.  E.   Carolinianus. 

Stem  scapiform,  naked,  or  with  i  or  2  leaves. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  1.8-5  cm-  wide;  heads  8  mm.  long. 

2.  E.  nudatus. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  5-10  cm.  wide ;  heads  12  mm.  long. 

3.  E.  tomentost^. 


92O  FLORA. 

1.  Elephantopus  Carolinians  Willd.    CAROLINA  ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.   (I.  F. 
f.  3609.)     Erect,  hirsute-pubescent,  or  glabrate  above,  branched  above,  3-9  dm. 
high.      Leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  obovate,  thin,  the  lower  rather  abruptly  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  obtuse,  creaate-dentate,  7-20  cm.  long,  5-10  cm.  wide,  the 
upper  smaller,  narrower  and  sessile;   glomerules,  including  the  bracts,  nearly  25 
mm.  broad;  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate-subulate,   gradually  narrowed  into  a 
long  slender  awn.      In  dry  woods,  southern  N.  J.   and  Penn.   to  P'la.,   Kans.   and 
Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Elephantopus  nudatus  A.  Gray.    SMOOTHISH  ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.    (I.  F. 
f.  3610.)      Erect,  rather  stout,    appressed-pubescent,  or  glabrate,  3-6  dm.    high. 
Leaves  obtuse  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  crenate  or  repand. 
5-25  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  usually  much  larger  than  those  of  the  stem  and 
branches,  or  these  usually  few  and  bract  like;  glomerules  12-18  mm.  broad;  scales 
of    the   pappus    ovate-triangular,  abruptly  narrowed  into   the  awn.      In    sandy 
woods,  Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

3.  Elephantopus  tomentosus  L.     WOOLLY  ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.    TOBACCO- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3611.)     Erect,  villous-pubescent,  or  sometimes  glabrate,  3-6  dm. 
high,  the  stem  branching  above,    leafless  or  with   I  or  2  leaves      Basal  leaves 
narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  silky- pubescent  beneath,  crenate- dentate,  10-22  cm. 
long;  glomerules  2.5-4  cm.  broad;  scales  of  the  pappus  triangular-subulate,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  into  the  awn.       In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ky.,  Ark.   and 
La.     Aug.-Sept. 

3.   SCLEROLEPIS  Cass. 

Slender  aquatic  herbs,  with  linear  entire  verticillate  leaves,  and  solitary  (rarely 
2-4)  discoid  peduncled  terminal  heads  of  small  purplish  flowers.  Involucre  broadly 
campanulate  or  hemispheric.  Bracts  imbricated  in  about  2  series.  Receptacle 
conic,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  its  tube  short,  its  limb  campanulate.  5-lobed. 
Anthers  obtuse  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender,  obtuse.  Pappus  of  5  broad 
cartilaginous  obtuse  scales.  Achenes  5-angled.  [Greek,  hard  scale,  referring  to 
the  pappus  ]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Sclerolepis  uniflora  (Walt.)  Porter.  SCLEROLEPIS.  (I.  F.  f.  3612.)  Per- 
ennial; stem  simple,  decumbent  at  the  base,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  slight- 
ly pubescent,  3-6  dm.  long,  leafy.  Leaves  sessile,  verticillate  in  4's-6's,  linear, 
i -nerved,  8-25  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  or  the  submerged  ones  filiform;  head 
about  I  cm.  broad ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  acutish,  usually  puber- 
ulent.  In  shallow  ponds  and  streams,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Fla.  July-Sept. 

4.   EUPATORIUM  L. 

Erect,  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  or  sometimes  alternate, 
often  punctate  leaves,  and  in  our  species  cymose-paniculate  discoid  heads  of  white, 
blue  or  purple  flowers.  Involucre  oblong,  ovoid,  campanulate,  or  hemispheric,  the 
bracts  imbricated  in  2-several  series.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  regular,  its 
tube  slender,  its  limb  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base, 
appendiculate  at  the  apex.  Style-branches  elongated,  flattened,  or  thickened  above, 
stigmatic  at  the  base.  Achenes  5-angled,  truncate.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary 
usually  scabrous  bristles  arranged  in  i  row.  [Named  for  Mithridates Eupator,  i.e., 
of  a  noble  father.]  About  475  species,  mostly  of  warm  or  tropical  regions.  Be- 
sides the  following,  some  35  others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  A. 

*  Leaves  alternate,  pinnatifid  into  filiform  segments.      i.  E.  capillifolium. 

*  *  Leaves  petioled,  verticillate  in  3's-6's,  or  the  upper  opposite. 
Leaves  rugose,  pubescent;  inflorescence  depressed. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute.  2.  E.  maculatum. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  long-acuminate.  3.  E.  Rydbergi. 

Leaves  nearly  glabrous ;  inflorescence  pyramidal. 

Leaves  sharply  serrate.  4.  E.  purpureum. 

Leaves  crenate,  the  teeth  apiculate.  5.  E.  trifoliatum. 

*  *  *  Leaves  opposite  (rarely  in  s^s),  or  the  uppermost  alternate. 

t  Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  more  series,  the  outer  shorter. 

i.   Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  slender-petioled.      6.  E.  serotinum. 
3.  Leaves  all  sessile,  short-petioled  or  connate-perfoliate. 
a.  Leaves  not  clasping  nor  connate-perfoliate. 
§  Lgaves  narrowed  at  the  base. 


COMPOSITAE.  92 1 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  or  cuspidate. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed,  4-12  mm.  wide.      7.  E.  leucolepis. 
Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  1-4  cm.  wide.    8.  E.  album. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 

Leaves  linear,  crowded,  usually  entire,  obtuse.  9.  E.  hyssopifolium. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  oval  or  oblong,  usually  serrate. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate.  10.  E.Torreyanum 

Leaves  oblong  to  oval,  sharply  serrate,  obtusish  or  acute,  n.  E.  semiserratum. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  dentate,  long- acuminate.       12.  E.  altissimum. 

§  §  Leaves  rounded,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base. 

Plant  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate,  long-acuminate.  13.  E.  sessilifoliunt. 

Plants  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  to  lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  usually  obtuse. 

14.  E.  verbenaefolium. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  crenate-dentate,  mostly  truncate  at  the  base,  obtusish. 

15.  E.  rotundifolium. 
Leaves  ovate,  dentate,  acute.                                                        16.  E.  pubescens. 

b.  Leaves  clasping  or  connate-perfoliate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  connate-perfoliate;  involucral  bracts  acute.  17.  E.  perfoliatum. 

Leaves  merely  clasping ;  involucral  bracts  obtuse.  18.  E.  resinosum. 

\  t  Involucral  bracts  in  i  or  2  series,  all  equal  or  nearly  so. 
Receptacle  flat;  flowers  white. 

Leaves  thin,  5-12  cm.  long,  sharply  dentate,  acuminate.  19.  E.  ageratoides. 

Leaves  thickish,  25  cm.  long,  blunt-toothed,  acute  or  obtusish. 

20.  E.  aromaticum. 
Receptacle  conic ;  flowers  blue  or  violet.  21.  E.  coelestinum. 

1.  Eupatorium  capillifolium  (Lam.)  Small.      DOG-FENNEL.      HOG-WEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  3613.)     Erect,  paniculately  much  branched,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Artemi- 
sia,  the   stem    finely    pubescent,    1-3    m.   high.      Leaves   crowded,    glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  alternate,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  heads  very  numerous, 
about  3  mm.  high,  short-peduncled,  racemose-paniculate,  3-6  flowered;  bracts    of 
the  involucre  in  about  2  series,  linear,  cuspidate,  narrowly  scarious-margined,  gla- 
brous; flowers  greenish  white.     In  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.     Also  in  the  W.  Ind.     Sept. 

2.  Eupatorium  maculatum  L.     SPOTTED  JOE-PYE  WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3614.) 
Scabrous  or  pubescent,  6-18   dm.    high.     Stem  usually  striate,  often   rough   and 
spotted  with  purple;  leaves  thick,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate,  ver- 
ticillate  in  3's-5's,  or  the  upper  ones  opposite;  peduncles  and  outer  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre pubescent;  flowers  pink  or  purple.     In  moist  soil,  N.  Y.  toKy.,  Minn.,  Br. 
Col.,  Kans.  and  N.  Mex.     Aug.-Sept. 

Eupatorium  maculatum  amoenum  (Pursh)  Britton.     Leaves  opposite,  or  in  3*5  or  4*5, 
ovate  or  oblong ;  heads  smaller,  fewer ;  plant  low.    In  dryer  places,  Va.  to  N.  Y.  and  Me. 

3.  Eupatorium  Rydbergi  Britton.  n.  sp.  RYDBERG'S  JOE-PYE  WEED.     Stem 
tall,  pubescent,  often  densely  so,  at  least  above.     Leaves   verticillate  in  3's-5's, 
rather  slender-petioled,  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  scabrous  above,  finely  densely  pubescent  and  reticulate-veined  beneath,  1-1.5 
dm.  long,  2-3.5  cm-  wide;  inflorescence  depressed  or  subpyramidal;  outer  bracts 
of  the  cylindric   involucre  pubescent;  flowers  pink  or  purple.     In  moist  soil.  Iowa 
to  Neb.  and  Colo.     Type  Rydberg,  No.    1682,   from  South  Fork  of  Dismal  River, 
Neb.     July-Sept. 

4.  Eupatorium  purpureum  L.   JOE  PYE  OR  TRUMPET- WEED.   (I.  F.  f.  3615.) 
Glabrous  or  sparingly   pubescent,  1-3  cm.  high.     Stem   green  or  purple,  usually 
smooth;  leaves  thin,    verticillate  in  3's-6's,  ovate,  oval,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pet- 
ioled, acuminate,  serrate,    sometimes  incised,  1-3  dm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide;  heads 
numerous;  involucre  cylindric,  its  bracts  pink,  oblong,  obtuse,  imbricated  in  4  or 
5  series,  the  outer  shorter;  flowers  pink  or  purple,  occasionally  white.     In  moist 
soil,  N.  B.  to  Man.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  falcatum  (Michx.)    Britton.     Leaves   narrower,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, or  linear-oblong,  12-30  mm.  wide.     With  the  type. 

5.  Eupatorium   trifoliatum   L.      CRENATE-LEAVED   JOE-PYE  WEED.     Stem 
tall,  stout,  often  purple,  glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so.   Leaves  rather  firm,  lanceolate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  verticillate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  1.5-2  dm.  long, 
smooth  and  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  very  nearly  so,  crenate  ;  inflorescence  ample, 


922  FLOKA. 

its  branches  puberulent;  bracts  cf  the  cylindric  involucre  all  obtuse,  the  outer  short, 
puberulent.     In  moist  soil,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  eastern  Tenn.  and  Wis.     July-Sept. 

6.  Eupatorium    serotinum    Michx.      LATE-FLOWERING    THOROUGHWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3616.)      Much-branched,  finely  and  densely  pubescent,  or  glabrate  below, 
12-25  dm.  high.      Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, 7-15  cm.  long,    1-5  cm.  wide,  5 -nerved  at  the  base,  the  lower  opposite,  the 
upper  alternate;  heads  very  numerous,  the  inflorescence  broadly  cymose;  heads 
7-15- flowered,  4-6  mm.  high;  involucre  campanulate.  its  bracts  pubescent,  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate;  flowers  white.     In  moist  soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Iowa,  Kans. 
and  Tex.     Sept. -Nov. 

7.  Eupatorium   leucolepis  T.  &  G.       WHITE-BRACTED   THOROUGHWORT. 
JUSTICE-WEED.      (I.  F.  f.  3617.)      Slender,  puberulent,  branched  above,   3-6  dm. 
high.      Leaves  linear,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  glaucous  green,  rough,  thick, 
blunt-pointed,  sparingly  serrate,  or  the  upper  entire,  3-7  cm.  long.  4-10  mm.  wide, 
obscurely  3-nerved;  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate;  heads  6-8  mm.  high,  about 
5 -flowered;  bracts  of  the  narrow  involucre  white,  lanceolate,   densely  canescent, 
the  outer  shorter;  flowers  white.     In  moist  places,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Fla., 
Ga.  and  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

8.  Eupatorium    album    L.      WHITE    THOROUGHWORT.      (I.    F.   f.    3618.) 
Pubescent  with   spreading  hairs,  branched  above,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  obtuse, 
obtusish  or  the  upper  acute  at  the  apex,  3-10  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  rather 
thick,  minutely  scabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath;  inflorescence  cy- 
mose-paniculate; heads  numerous,  8-iomm.  long,  5~7-flowered;  involucre  narrow, 
its  bracts  bright  white,  linear,  cuspidate,  the  outer  short  and  usually  pubescent,  the 
inner  much  longer,  glabrous  and  shining;  flowers  white.     In  sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

Eupatorium  album  subvenosum  A.  Gray.  Leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  acute,  less  coarsely 
serrate,  prominently  3-nerved  at  the  base;  bracts  of  the  involucre  greenish.  Eastern 
L.  I.  and  N.  J. 

9.  Eupatorium  hyssopifolium  L.     HYSSOP-LEAVED  THOROUGHWORT.    JUS- 
TICE-WEED.    (I.  F.  £3619.)     Roughish-puberulent,  densely  corymbosely  branched 
above,  bushy,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  opposite,  and  fascicled  in  the  axils,  1-5  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  firm,  narrowed  at  the  base,  margins  usually  revolute;  inflor- 
escence densely  cymose-paniculate;  heads  6-8  mm.  long,  about  5-flowcred;  involu- 
cre campanulate,  its- bracts  linear  or  linear  oblong,  sometimes  apiculate,  puberulent; 
flowers  white.     In  dry  fields,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept.     A  plant  from 
the  coast  of  Maryland  with  very  narrow  leaves,  closely  approaches  Eupatorium 
lecheaefolium  Greene,  from  Florida. 

10.  Eupatorium  Torreyanum  Short.     TORREY'S  THOROUGHWORT.    (I.  F.  f. 
3620.)      Rootstock  tuberous- thickened;  stem  usually   densely  puberulent,   mostly 
branched  above,  4-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  commonly  with  short  leafy  branches  in 
their  axils,  often  drooping,  acute,  2-7  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide,  usually  distinctly 
3-nerved,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller,  linear,  entire;  heads 
about  6  rnm.  high,  generally  5-flowered;  bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  linear- 
oblong,  pubescent,  or  puberulent;  flowers  white.     In  dry  soil,  Penn.  to  N.  Car., 
Ky.,  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

11.  Eupatorium  semiserratuni  DC.     SMALL-FLOWERED  THOROUGHWORT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3621.)     Pubescent  or  puberulent,  loosely  branched  above,  6-9  dm.   high. 
Leaves  rather  thin,  short-petioled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  10-25  mm- 
wide,  3-nerved,  usually  with  short  branches  in  their  axils;  heads  4-6  mm.  high, 
about  5-flowered;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  linear-oblong,  canescent;  flow- 
ers white.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ark.     Aug.-Sept. 

12.  Eupatorium  altissimum  L,     TALL  THOROUGHWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  3622.) 
Densely  and  finely  pubescent,  corymbosely  much-branched  above,  12-25  dm.  high. 
Leaves  tapering  below  into  a  short  petiole,  roughish,  rather  thick,  some  of  them 
entire,  strongly  3-ribbed,  5-12  cm.  long,  10-25  mm.  wide;  heads  about  5-flowered, 
6-8  mm.  high;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  oblong,  densely  pubescent;   flow- 
ers white.     In  dry  open  places,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.,  Ala.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 
Sept. -Oct. 

13.  Eupatorium  sessilifolium  L.     UPLAND  OR  BASTARD  BONESF.T.    (I.  F.  f. 
3623  )     Glabrous    throughout,    or   pubescent   above,   branched  near  the  summit, 


COMPOSITAE.  923 

6-18  dm.  high.  Leaves  closely  sessile,  thin,  sharply  serrate,  7-15  cm.  long, 
1-3  mm.  wide;  heads  8-IO  mm.  high,  about  5-flowered;  involucre  campanulate, 
its  bracts  linear-oblong,  the  inner  obtuse,  the  outer  acutish;  flowers  white.  In  dry 
woods,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  111.  and  Ala.  Aug.-Oct. 

Eupatorium  sessilifblium  Brittonianum  Porter.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  spar- 
ingly and  finely  serrate,  firm,  rounded  at  the  base,  acute,  the  upper  2-5  cm.  long, 
12-18  mm.  wide,  pinnately  veined,  dark  green;  cymes  dense,  their  branches  puberulent. 
Budd's  Lake,  N.  J. 

14.  Eupatorium  verbenaefolium  Michx.     ROUGH  OR  VERVAIN  THOROUGH- 
WORT.     (I.  F.  f.   3624.)     Rough-pubescent,   slender,  9-25  dm.  high,  branched  at 
the  summit.     Leaves  obtuse  or  blunt-pointed,   rounded  at  the  base,  more  or  less 
crenate-dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  the  upper  pairs  distant  and  small; 
heads  5-flowered,   about  6  mm.   high;  involucre  campanulate,   its    bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  densely  pubescent;  flowers  white.     In  moist  soil,  Mass,  to  Penn., 
south  to  Fla.  and  La.     July -Sept. 

Eupatorium  verbenaefolium  Saimdersii  Porter.  Leaves  of  the  stem  lanceolate  or 
lance-ovate,  acuminate,  not  rounded  at  the  base,  strongly  incised-dentate,  with  the  teeth 
mostly  acute;  those  of  the  inflorescence  smaller  and  entire.  Collected  in  a  sphagnum- 
bog  near  Willow  Grove,  Montgomery  Co.,  Penn.,  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Saunders,  for  whom  it  is 
named,  and  later  in  Tinicum,  Delaware  Co.,  by  Mr.  B.  H.  Smith. 

15.  Eupatorium  rotundifolium  L.  ROUND-LEAVED  THOROUGHWORT.  WILD 
HOARHOUND.     (I.  F.  f.  3625.)     Rough -pubescent,  branched  at  the  summit,   3-6 
dm.   high.       Leaves    broadly    ovate,   often  as  wide  as  long,    acutish  or  obtuse, 
truncate  to  subcordate  at  the  base,  coarsely  dentate  crenate,  2  -5  cm.  long,  ascend- 
ing;   heads  about   5-flowered,   4-6  cm.  high;    involucre   campanulate,   its  bracts 
linear-oblong,  acute,  densely  pubescent;  flowers  white.     In  dry  soil,  southern  N.  Y. 
to  Fla.,  Ky.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

16.  Eupatorium   pubescens   Muhl.      HAIRY  THOROUGHWORT.      (I.    F.   f. 
3626.)    Puberulent  or  pubescent,  branched  above,  usually  taller  than  the  preceding 
species.     Leaves  often  twice  as  long  as  wide,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
coarsely  dentate  with  acute  or  acutish  teeth,  or  the  lower  incised-dentate;  heads 
5-8-flowered,  4-6  mm.  high;  involucre  campanulate,  its  linear-oblong  bracts  in  2 
or  3   series,  the  outer  shorter ;  flowers  white.     In  dry  soil,   N.   H.   and  Mass,   to 
Penn.,  W.  Va.  and  Fla.     July-Sept. 

17.  Eupatorium   perfoliatum   L.      COMMON  THOROUGHWORT.      BONESET. 
INDIAN  SAGE.     (I.  F.  f.  3627.)     Pubescent,  stout,  branched  above,  6-15  dm.  high. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  in  3*3,   divaricate,  lanceolate,   long-acuminate  with   a 
slender  apex,   finely  crenate-serrate,  rugose  and  pubescent  beneath,  1-2  dm.  long, 
2-4  cm.  wide;  heads  crowded,  io-i6-flowered,  4-6  mm.  high;  involucre  campan- 
ulate, its  bracts  lanceolate,  pubescent;  flowers  white,  rarely  blue.     In  wet  places, 
N.  B.  to  Man.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

Eupatorium  perfoliitum  trunc^tum  (Muhl.)  A.  Gray.  Leaves  separated  and  truncate, 
or  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base.  Occasional  with  the  type. 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  cune&tum  (Engelm.)  A.  Gray.  With  leaves  smaller,  nar- 
rowed and  separated  at  the  base,  occurring  in  Ark.  and  Mo,,  is  regarded  by  collectors  as  a 
hybrid  with  E.  serotinum. 

18.  Eupatorium  resinosum  Torr.     RESIN  BONESET.     (I.  F.  f.  3628.)     Slen- 
der, resinous-pubescent,  6-9  dm.  high,  branched  at  the  summit,  the  inflorescence 
comparatively  small,  7-10  cm.  broad.     Leaves  closely  sessile,  clasping,  or  slightly 
connate  perfoliate  at  the  base,  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate, 
7—15  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  roughish  above,  canescent  beneath;  heads  10—15- 
flowered;    involucre   campanulate,   about  4  mm.  high,   its  bracts  oblong;  flowers 
white.     In  wet  places,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.     Aug.-Sept. 

19    Eupatorium  ageratoides  L.  f.    WHITE  SNAKE-ROOT.     WHITE  SANICLE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3629.)    Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  much  branched,  3-12  dm.  high.    Leaves  oppo- 
site,  thin,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 
slender  petiole,  coarsely  dentate  or  crenate,  2-7  cm.   wide,  3-nerved  and  veiny 
inflorescence  rather  loose,  ample;  heads  10-30- flowered;  involucre  narrowly  carr. 
panulate,  about  4  mm.  high;  its  bracts  linear,  acute  or  acuminate.     In  rich  woods, 
N.  B.  to  Ga.,  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  the  Ind.  Terr,  and  La.     July-Nov. 


FLORA. 


^  2(?    f  u,Pat°rium  aromaticum  L.     SMALLER  WHITE  SNAKE  ROOT     rr   F  f 
3630.)     Puberulent  or  glabrate,  slender,  branched  at  the  summit    .Tdnihh 

^Sf^^ 

obtuse;  flowers  white.     In  dry  soil,  Mass"?  to  FlT'     Aui    Oct  '  general1^ 

2i.  Eupatorium  coelestinum  L.     MIST-FLOWER      (I  'F  f  ,5*^      P  T 
cent  or  puberulent,   branched.   7-0   dm    hiirh       T  Mw«         '    ?*       3&^V'J      ubes' 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,   t^ncate'  at't  b£™  Sly  S ±7^' 

5-    WILLUGBAEYA   Neck.    [MIKANIA  Willd  ] 

or  2  series.  [Probably  named  in  honor  of  Francis  Willoughby  g  i6«  1672  En/ 
hsh  naturalist,  but  the  name  spelled  by  Necker  as  above.]  g  About  ito  species  of 
Am.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  southern  U  S  5  P  ' 


^tty^^^^V-tsg&g- 

6.   COLEOSANTHUS    Cass. 

iniHe1?3  °r  ShrUbS'   Wit?   dl'&,COid  heads  °f  white>  yellowish  or  pink  flowers    in 
p.uucieb  or  cymes,  or  rarely  solitary.      Involucre  campanulate  or  oblong   its  bract* 

tSaclete;a1u!brCard  fVeVeral,SerieS'  ^e  exterior  ones  successively  smaller.     Recep- 
tacle  naked.      Corolla   regular,    5-lobed.      Anthers   obtuse    at  the   base       Stv£ 

numeto63   °ng^btUSe"     AChenCS  IO'striate  or  ™-^bed.     Pappus  a  single  row  of 
«,ic;,-3I0lli  r°£Un  1  ^r  serrate  bustles.     [Greek,    sheath-flower.  I     About  60  ^necies 

I ^  CoTeo°sa0nWnng  S°m6  *°  "^  OCCUr  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S 

'ri^°f^'i,  ^  V        f'    3633-)     Erect,    glabrous    or   puberulent.   much  branched 

-9  dm    high.     Leaves  slender-petioled,  deltoid-ovate.  cordate  at  the  base   acumi 

short  pedu^cled^  ^n     7  Cre1nate-dent1ate'   S~™  cm.   long,  2-5  cm.   wide;  heads 

!3S3f£^^ 

,o  ^^^^^^'^^:^^N^  Kan,,  N.  Me, 

7.    KUHMIA    L. 


Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  punctate  resinous-dotted  leaves  and 
heads  of  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal  cvmose  ^^bi^eS 
nate  campanulate,  its  bracts  striate,  imbricated  in  several  series  the  outer  shorrer" 
Corolla  regular  the  tube  slender,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  enHre  "i 
i^stria?  ^P  7  °r  qU-te  ,Separate'  St^e-branch«  slender,  obtusish  Achei,es 
Dr  Adam  K^  *^JFv'?a*n*Z  ^  plum°SC  bn'Stles'  Darned  foJ 
N  Am  and  Mex  '  PhlladelPhia'  a  PUK<*  Linnaeus.]  About  sSpecies,  of 


COMPOSITAE.  925 

Puberulent;  leaves  sparingly  dentate,  or  entire;  heads  loosely  clustered,  8-10  mm.  high. 

Pubescent  or  tomentulose;  leaves  sharply  serrate;  he*ads  densely  clustered    i2-iTmm' 
hl£n-  2.  K.glutinosa. 

1.  Kuhnia   eupatorioides  L.     FALSE   BONESET.     (I.  F.  f.    3634.)     Erect 
puberulent  and  resinous,    3-9  dm.   high,   branched  above.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  usually  short-petioled;  heads  several  or  numerous,   peduncled, 
8-10   mm.    high;   outer   bracts  of  the   involucre    lanceolate   or   ovate-lanceolate' 
acuminate,  the  inner  much  longer,  linear,  cuspidate;   pappus  tawny,  or  sometimes 
nearly  white.     In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ga.,  Ohio,  W.  Va.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept 

2.  Kuhnia  glutinosa  Ell.    PRAIRIE  FALSE  BONESET.    (I.  F.  f.  3635.)   Stouter 
and  often  taller  than  tbe  preceding  species,  corymbosely  or  paniculately  branched 
somewhat  viscid.     Leaves  all  sessile,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  sharply 
serrate  with  distinct  teeth,  veiny,  3-7  cm.  long,  6-20  mm.  wide;  or  those  of  the 
branches   linear- lanceolate  and   entire;    heads  numerous,   12-16  mm.   high,  their 
peduncles  mostly  short;  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate'-  pan- 
pus  tawny  or  brown.     In  dry  soil,  111.  to  S.  Dak.,  Ala.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

8.   LACINARIA  Hill.   [LIATRIS  Schreb  ] 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  usually  from  a  globular  tuber,  simple  or  little  branched 
with  alternate  entire  narrow  i-5-nerved  leaves,  and  spicate  or  racemose  discoid 
heads  of  rose  purple  or  white  flowers.     Involucre  oblong,  ovoid  or  subhemispheric 
its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.    Receptacle  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  naked.     Corolla  regular,  its  tube  slender,  its  limb  5-lobed  or  c-cleft      An 
there  obtuse  at  the  base.    Style  branches  elongated,  obtuse  or  flattened  at  the  apex 
Achenes  lo-nbbed,  slender,  tapering  to  the  base.    Pappus  of  I  or  2  series  of  slender 
barbellate  or  plumose  bristles.    [Latin,  fringed,  from  the  appearance  of  the  heads  1 
About  25  species  of  eastern  and  central  N.  Am. 

*  Bracts  of  the  involucre  acute,  acuminate  or  mucronate 
Involucre  cylindric,  or  turbinate,  i5-6o-flowered,  its  base  rounded. 

Bracts  with  lanceolate  spreading  rigid  tips.  ,    L  souarrosa 

Bracts  mucronate,  closely  appressed  jr     sy"a^rosa' 

Involucre  oblong,  or  narrowly  campanufate,  3-6-flowered  ''        W**™**' 

Inner  bracts  with  prolonged  petaloid  tips.  ,    L   ejeirans 

Bracts  all  acute,  mucronate  or  acuminate.  3<        "*****• 

Bracts  appressed ;  pappus-bristles  very  plumose. 

Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide:  spike  usually  leafy  below.  4.  L.  fiunctata 

Leaves  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  spike  mostly  naked.  5.  L   aridota 

Tips  of  the  bracts  spreading;  pappus-bristles  barbellate.         6.  L.  pycnost'achya. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  rounded,  obtuse,  or  acutish  in  No    n 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  very  obtuse 

Involucre  hemispheric,  10-25  mm.  broad,  i5-45-nowered ;  heads  peduncled. 
Involucre  oblong,  4-8  mm.  broad,  5-i5-flowered  7'  L'  SCaHosa' 

Spike  eZSld1  nT''  brHCtS  USUafUy  n0t  punctate'  heads  mostlv  ««ite- 
1SK  «in  ?        '   ¥  vfry  dense'  often  3  dm.  long.  8.  L.  spicata. 

bpike  short,  exceedingly  dense.  n    /    *v««-J 

Involucre  narrowed  at  base  ;  brarts  usually  very  punctate;  heads%duSed        ' 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  acutish,  punctate;  involucre  oblong-campanuSate^  gramAt^oli^ 

ii.  L.  Smalm. 

i.  Lacinaria  squarrosa  (L.)  Hill.  SCALY  BLAZING  STAR,  ri  F  f  16^6  ) 
Usually  stout  2-6  dm  high,  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Leaves  narrowly  lineal 
fed,  sparingly  punctate,  7-15  cm.  longj  2_5  mm.  wide;  heads  sessi,e  J  °«J 

e^^^^^^^ 

fc?.??SS^rs^  In  dry  L> 

"1  Uwi;^l°,t"mMia  (Lindl')  Porter'     Heads  M-™^;  tips  of  the  bracts 


926  FLORA. 

2.  Lacinaria  cylindracea  (Michx.)  Kuntze.      CYLINDRIC  BLAZING  STAR. 
(I.  F.  f.  3637.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  stout,  3-5  dm.   high,  sometimes  branched 
above.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  rigid,  scarcely  punctate,  7-17  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide;  heads  several  or  numerous,  peduncled,  or  the  lower  sessile,  turbinate-cylin- 
dric,  1-2.5  cm.  high,  8-12  mm.  thick;  bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  5  or  6 
series,  broadly  oval,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex;  flowers  purple;  pappus  very 
plumose.     In  dry  soil,  western  Out.  to  Minn,  south  to  111.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

3.  Lacinaria  elegans  (Walt.)  Kuntze.    HANDSOME  BLAZING  STAR.    (I.  F.  f. 
3638.)     Densely   and  finely   pubescent,    rarely   glabrate,   6-9   dm.   high.     Leaves 
linear,  very  punctate,  3-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  the  upper  much  smaller  than 
the  lower  and  soon  reflexed  ;  heads  4-5-flowered,  12-14  mm-  high*  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  very  numerous  in  a  dense  spike  or  raceme;  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2 
or  3  series,  the  inner  ones  linear,  with  rose  colored  petaloid  or  sometimes  white 
tips;  pappus  very  plumose;  flowers  purple.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and 
Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

4.  Lacinaria    punctata   (Hook.)    Kuntze.      DOTTED   BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. 
(I.   F.   f.   3639.)     Glabrous,  or  sparingly   pubescent,   1.5-7.5  dm.  high;  rootstocl* 
stout,  branching,  or  globose.     Leaves  linear,  rigid,  very  punctate.  5-15  cm.  long, 
about  2  mm.  wide,  or  the  lower  4  mm.,  the  upper  gradually  shorter,  all  erect  or 
ascending;  heads   3-6-flowered,    12-16   mm.    long,  sessile,  crowded  into  a   dense 
spike;  spike  commonly  leafy  below  ;  involucral  bracts  oblong,  cuspidate  or  acuminate, 
often  ciliate  on  the  margins,  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series;  flowers  purple.     In  dry 
soil,  Minn,  and  Manitoba  to  Mont.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.  and  Sonora.     Aug.-Oct. 

5.  Lacinaria  acid  Jta  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Kuntze.     SLENDER  BUTTON-SNAKE, 
ROOT.    (I.  F.  f.  3640.)   Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  usually  glabrous  throughv 
out.      Stem  6  dm.  high,  or  less,  slender.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  .5-1  mm.  wide, 
or  the  lower  wider,  slightly  punctate,  2-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  gradually  shorter 
spike  slender,  naked,  or  sparingly  leafy  at  the  base;  heads  3  -flowered,  12-18  mn» 
long;  involucre  narrowly  oblong-campanulate,  its  bracts  oblong  to  cvatc-lanceolatc 
more  or  less  punctate,  abruptly  or  gradually  acuminate,  glabrous  or  sparingly  c»li- 
ate;  flowers  purple.     Prairies,  Kans.  and  Mo.  to  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

6.  Lacinaria  pycnostachya  (Michx.)  Kuntze.     PRAIRIE  OR  HAIR\  VSUTTOIS- 
SNAKEROOT.        (I.  F.  f  3641.)     Hirsute-pubescent  above,  usually  glalvous  below, 
6-15  dm.  high,  very  leafy.     Lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  kelow  the 
middle  into  a  slender  margined  petiole,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  often  3  OtU.  long  and 
I  mm.  wide,  the  upper  much  smaller,  linear-subulate,  rigid,  punctate-,  heads  8-12 
mm.  long,  3—  6-flowered;  involucre  oblong  or  cylindric,  its  bracts  obio^g,  pubescent 
and  ciliate,  with  acute,  slightly  spreading,  colored  tips;  flowers  p.<ikpiC.     On  prai- 
ries, 111.  and  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Ky.,  La.,  and  Tex.     Aug.  -Sept. 

7.  Lacinaria  scariosa  (L.)  Hill.    LARGE  BUTTON-SNAKEKC  or.   (I.  F.  f.  3642.) 
Finely  pubescent,  at  least  above,  3-18  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  spat- 
ulate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  margined  petloU,  uftcn  3  dm.  long  and 
4  cm.  wide;  upper  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,   *nucK    smaller,  all   densely 
punctate;  heads  hemispheric,  on  stout  peduncles  4-50  rr.m.  Icng,  or  sometimes  ses 
sile;  bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated  ir.  5  or  6  ?enc«,  apatulate-  linear,  oblanceo 
late  or  obovate,  their  tips  dry  and  scarious,  ofvei.  colored;  flowers  bluish  purple; 
pappus  barbellate.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  Fia.,  Jr.c.,  Manitoba,  Neb.  and  Tex.    Aug 
Sept. 


Lacinaria  scaribsa  squarru!6st  (Michx.)     SiTiall.     Heads  smaller,   10-14  rnm.  broad 
turbinate-hemispheric.     Dry  wends,  Va.  to  /la.  and  Tex.     Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

8.  Lacinaria  soicata  (L.)  tfuntze.  DENSE  BUTTON-SNAKEROOT.  GAT 
FEATHER.  DEVIL'S  BI.T.  (I.  F.  f.  3643.]  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  6-18  dm.  high. 
Lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  usually  blunt  pointed,  sometimes  '<, 
dm.  long  and  I  cm.  wide,  the  upper  linear  or  even  subulate,  somewhat  or  obscurely 
punctate;  spike  generally  oense,  1-4  dm.  long;  bracts  appressed,  oblong,  obtusa 
and  scarious-ttiargined  at  the  .apex,  imbricated  in  4-6  series;  flowers  blue-purple, 
occasionally  white,  in  moist  soil,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  Ont.  ,  S.  Dak.,  Ky.,  La.  and  Ark. 
Aug.-Oct 

Lacinaria  spicata  piimila  (Lodd.)  Porter.     Low,  stout,  3-6  dm.  high.     Lower  leave§ 
broader  and  shorter,  obtuse;  spike  shorter;  heads  larger. 


COMPOSITAE.  927 

9.  Lacinaria  Kansana  Britton,  n.  sp.    KANSAS  BUTTON-SNAKEROOT.     Very 
leafy,  glabrous,  about  6  dm.  high.     Base  of  the  stem  clothed  with  the  fibrous  rem- 
nants of  old  leaves,  as  in  L.  spicata;  leaves  similar  to  those  of  that  species,  linear, 
blunt-tipped;  heads  confluent  into  a  very  dense  spike  5-7  cm.  long,  about  2.5  cm. 
thick,  with  numerous  undeveloped  ones  in  the  axils  of  linear-subulate  bracts  below; 
bracts  of  the  oblong  involucre  oblong  to  oblong-spatulate,  purple,  rounded  or  obtuse; 
pappus  plumose.     Dodge  City,  Kansas,  on  river  bottoms,   B.  B.  Smyth,  No.  163, 
1890. 

10.  Lacinaria  graminifolia  (Walt.)  Kuntze.      LOOSE-FLOWERED  BUTTON- 
SXAKEROOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3644.)     Glabrous,   or  sparingly  pubescent,   3-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  two  preceding  species,  but  more  conspicuously  punc- 
tate, usually  somewhat  ciliate  near  the  base  and  acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex;  bracts 
distinctly  punctate,  appressed,  rounded  and  scarcely  margined  at  the  apex,  thick; 
flowers  purple ;  pappus  barbellate  ;  achenes  hairy.    In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ga. 
Aug.-Sept. 

Lacinaria  graminifblia  pi!6sa  (Ait.)  Britton.  Leaves  usually  prominently  ciliate;  heads 
larger,  spicate,  racemose,  or  even  paniculate ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear- oblong  or  spat- 
ulate,  narrowly  scarious-margined.  In  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

11.  Lacinaria    Smallii    Britton,    n.    sp.       SMALL'S    BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. 
Similar  to  L.  graminifo lia.     Stem  very  slender,  3-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  scattered, 
linear,  4-10  mm.  wide,  acute,  pubescent  on  the  midvein  beneath,  very  punctate; 
heads  scattered,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  the  uppermost  leaves 
not    larger    than   the    involucral    bracts;    involucre    oblong-campanulate,    about 
8-flowered,  about  i  cm.  high,  its  innermost  bracts  linear,  acute  or  acutish,  the  out- 
ermost obtusish,  all  punctate;  flowers  purple;  pappus  short-plumose.     Iron  Moun- 
tain, Smyth  Co.,  Va.,  at  2900  ft.,  J.  K.  Small,  Aug.  8,  1892. 

9.    TRILISA  Cass. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots  and  alternate  simple  leaves;  those  oi 
the  stem  sessile  or  clasping,  the  basal  ones  narrowed  into  petioles.  Heads  small, 
discoid,  of  5-10  purple  or  white  flowers,  in  terminal  thyrsoid  or  corymbose  panicles. 
Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outer  scarcely 
shorter  than  the  inner.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  its  Iimb5-lobed. 
Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  nearly  terete,  lo-ribbed.  Style- 
branches  slender,  obtuse.  Pappus  of  I  or  2  series  of  elongated,  barbed  bristles. 
[Anagram  of  Liatris.]  Two  known  species. 

Stem  glabrous;  heads  corymbose- paniculate.  i.   T.  odoratissima. 

Stem  viscid-pubescent ;  heads  thyrsoid-paniculate.  2.    T.  paniculata. 

1.  Trilisa  odoratissima  (Walt.)  Cass.     VANILLA-LEAF.     VANILLA-PLANT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3645.)      Rather  stout,  glabrous,  6-9  dm.  high.      Leaves  thick,  entire,  or 
sometimes  dentate,  the  lower  oblanceolate,  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  10-25  cm- 
long,  2.5-3.5  cm.  wide,  those  of  the  stem  gradually  smaller,  oblong,  ovate,  or  oval, 
the  uppermost  bract-like;  heads  corymbose-paniculate,  about  6  mm.  high;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtusish;  achenes  glandular-pubescent.     In  pine-barrens, 
Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Trilisa  paniculata  (Walt.)  Cass.    HAIRY  TRILISA.    (I.  F.  f.  3646.)    Stem 
viscid-pubescent,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  entire,  the  basal  ones  lanceolate  or  nar- 
rowly oblong,  acute,  or  obtusish,  7-25  cm.  long,  1-3.5  cm-  wide>  those  of  the  stem 
much  smaller,  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate;  heads  thyrsoid-paniculate,  about 
6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtusish;  achenes  finely  pubescent. 
In  pine-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ga.     Sept.-Oct. 

10.  GUTIERREZIA  Lag. 

Erect  branching,  usually  glabrous  and  often  glutinous  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with 
linear  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow 
flowers,  corymbosely  paniculate  in  our  species.  Radiate  flowers  few,  pistillate. 
Disk-flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect,  or  some  of  them  only  staminate,  the  corolla- 
limb  5-lobed.  Involucre  ovoid  or  narrowly  campanulate.  its  bracts  -coriaceous, 
imbricated  in  few  series.  Receptacle  flat,  convex,  or  conic,  commonly  foveolate. 


928  FLORA. 

Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  narrow,  flattened,  their 
appendages  slender.  Achenes  terete,  ribbed,  or  5 -angled.  Pappus  of  several 
scales,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  shorter  than  or  equalling  those  of  the  disk.  [Named 
from  Gutierrez,  a  noble  Spanish  family.]  About  20  species  of  western  N.  Am., 
Mex.  and  western  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following  some  10  others  occur  in  the  south- 
western U.  S. 

i.  Gutierrezia  Sarothrae  (Pursh)  Britt.  and  Rusby.  GUTIERREZIA.  (I.  F.  f. 
3647.)  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  bushy,  1-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  rigid, 
ascending.  Leaves  linear,  1-3.5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  acute;  heads  oblong, 
3-4  mm.  high,  few-flowered,  usually  in  clusters  of  2-5  at  the  ends  of  the  numerous 
branches;  rays  1-6,  scarcely  2  mm.  long;  scales  of  the  pappus  linear-oblong,  sub- 
ulate or  acuminate;  achenes  pubescent.  In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  Minn,  and  Manitoba 
to  western  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Sonora,  west  to  Nev.,  Ariz,  and  Cal.  Aug. -Sept. 

ii.  AMPHIACHYRIS  DC. 

Erect,  much  branched,  glabrous  herbs,  with  small  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
very  numerous  small  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  solitary  or 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  ovoid  or  hemispheric,  its  bracts 
coriaceous,  imbricated  in  few  series.  Receptacle  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate. 
Disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile,  or  staminate.  Pappus  of  the  ray-flowers  obsolete 
or  coroniform,  that  of  the  disk  flowers  of  5-20  subulate  scales  or  bristles  somewhat 
united  at  the  base.  Achenes  pubescent.  [Greek,  chaff-around.]  Two  known 
species,  natives  of  the  south-central  U.  S. 

I.  Amphiachyris  dracunculoides  (DC.)  NuU.  AMPHIACHYRIS.  (I.  F.  f. 
3648.)  Annual,  slender,  much  brancheJ,  15-45  cm.  kigh,  the  branches  ascending. 
Leaves  linear,  12-35  mm-  l°ng>  2~4  mK1-  wide,  acutish,  the  uppermost  almost  fili- 
form; heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  short  branches,  io-3O-flowered,  about  4  mm. 
high;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  oval,  obtuse;  rays  5-10.  about  as  long  as 
the  involucre;  disk-flowers  mostly  staminate,  their  ovaries  abortive,  their  pappus  of 
5-8  subulate  aristate  scales,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base.  In  dry  soil,  Mo. 
and  Kans.  to  Tex. ;  adventive  at  Easton,  Penn.  Sept.-Oct. 

12.  GRINDELIA  Willd. 

Perennial  or  biennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  with  alternate  sessile 
or  clasping  leaves,  usually  spinulose-dentate,  and  rather  large  heads  of  both  discoid 
and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  (rays  rarely  want- 
ing). Involucre  hemispheric  or  depressed,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  or  many 
series,  usually  subulate-tipped.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked,  foveolate.  Ray- 
flowers  fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  or  sometimes  only  staminate.  Anthers  obtuse 
and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  narrow,  flattened,  their  appendages  linear 
or  lanceolate.  Achenes  short,  thick,  sometimes  compressed,  glabrous,  4-5-ribbed. 
Pappus  of  2-8  soon  deciduous  awns  or  bristles.  [Named  for  Prof.  H.  Grindel,  of 
Riga,  1776-1836.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am.,  Peru  and  Chili. 
Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusish  ;  achenes  truncate.  i.   G.  squarrosa. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute  ;  achenes  2-toothed.  2.   G.  lanceolata. 

i.  Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal.  BROAD-LEAVED  GUM  PLANT. 
(I.  F.  f.  3649.)  Glabrous,  erect  or  ascending,  2-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  or 
oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  more  or  less  clasping  at  the  base,  sharply  dentate,  some- 
times laciniate,  1-3.5  cm>  l°ng>  6-12  mm.  wide;  heads  very  glutinous;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  subulate -tipped,  strongly  squarrose;  achenes  trun- 
cate, those  of  the  outer  flowers  usually  thicker  than  those  of  the  inner;  pappus  of 
2  or  3  awns.  In  dry  soil,  III.  and  Minn,  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  Nev. 
and  Mex.  Adventive  in  southern  N.  J.  June-Sept. 

Grindelia  squarrosa  nuda  (Wood)  A.  Gray.  Rays  wanting.  Mo.  and  westward  with 
the  type. 

3.  Grindelia  lanceolata  Nutt.  NARROW-LEAVED  GUM  PLANT.  (I.  F.  f. 
3650.)  Slender,  erect,  glabrous,  about  6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
acute  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  clasping  at  the  base,  spinulose-dentate,  laciniate,  or 


COMPOS  I TAE.  929 

the  uppei  entire,  2-5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear- 
subulate,  the  inner  erect,  the  outer  spreading;  pappus  of  I  or  2  awns.  In  dry  soil, 
Tenn.  to  Kans..  LA.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

13.     HETEROTHECA  Cass. 

Erect,  hirsute  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate,  mostly  dentate  leaves,  and. 
rather  large  heads  of  both  discoid  and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  generally  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate. 
Ray -flowers  pistillate.  Disk- flowers  perfect,  or  some  of  them  only  staminate. 
Style-branches  flat,  their  appendages  lanceolate  or  triangular.  Achenes  pubescent, 
obtuse,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  thick,  those  of  the  disk-flowers  flattened.  Pappus 
of  the  ray-flowers  obsolete  or  of  a  few  caducous  bristles,  that  of  the  disk-flowers  of 
an  inner  row  of  numerous  capillary  rough  bristles,  and  an  outer  row  of  shorter 
stouter  bristles  or  scales.  [Greek,  different-case,  from  the  dissimilar  achenes.] 
Five  or  6  species  of  the  southern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

i.  Heterotheca  subaxiliaris  (Lam.)  Britt.  &  Rusby.  HETEROTHECA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3651.)  Biennial  or  sometimes  annual,  3-9  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower, 
leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  5-7  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones  oblong,  sessile  or 
clasping,  smaller,  all  acutish  or  obtuse,  dentate;  heads  rather  numerous,  12-18 
mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  6-1O  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  or 
slightly  dilated  above,  the  inner  with  scarious  margins;  rays  10-25;  inner  bristles 
of  the  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  about  4  mm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  Del.  to  Fla.,  La., 
Kans.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.  July-Sept,  \H.  Lamarckii  Cass.] 

14.    CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  sessile  entire  leaves,  or  the  basal  ones  dentate, 
and  large  many-flowered  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers  (rays 
wanting  in  some  western  species),  loosely  corymbose,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  Involucre  campanulate  to  hemispheric,  its  bracts  narrow,  imbricated  in 
several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  usually  flat,  foveolate.  Ray- flowers 
pistillate.  Disk  flowers  mostly  all  perfect.  Pappus  double  in  both  the  disk-  and 
ray-flowers,  the  inner  of  numerous  rough  capillary  bristles,  the  outer  of  smaller  or 
minute  scales  or  bristles.  Achenes  flattened,  oblong-linear  or  obovate.  Style- 
branches  narrow,  somewhat  flattened,  their  appendages  linear  or  subulate.  [Greek, 
of  golden  aspect.]  About  20  species,  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex.  Besides  the  following, 
about  8  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Leaves  elongated-linear,  parallel-veined;  achenes  linear:  involucre  campanulate. 
Pkmt  3-9  dm.  high,  silvery-pubescent;  leaves  grass-like,  7-30  cm.  long.     - 

1.  C.  graminifolia, 
Plant  1-2.5  dm.  high,  woolly-pubescent;  leaves  rigid,  2-10  cm.  long. 

2.  C.falcata. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  pinnately  veined;  achenes  obovate,  or  oval ;  invo- 
lucre hemispheric. 

Plant  densely  woolly-pubescent.  3.  C.  pitosa. 

Plants  hirsute,  or  villous-pubescent. 

Heads  numerous,  corymbose-paniculate;  eastern  species.        4.   C.  Mariana. 
Heads  fewer,  corymbose,  or  terminating  the  branches;  western  species. 
Villous-pubescent;  leaves  oblanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate. 

Leaves  acute.  5.   C.  camporum. 

Leaves  obtuse.  6.   C.  villosa. 

Hirsute-pubescent. 

Leaves  linear,  acutish,  short.  7.   C.  stenophylla. 

Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse.  8.  C.  hispida. 

Pilose-pubescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate.  9.   C.  Nuttallii. 

i.  Chrysopsis  graminifolia  (Michx.)  Nutt.  GRASS-LEAVED  GOLDEN  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3652.)  Slender,  corymbosely  branched  above.  Leaves  3 -5 -nerved,  shin- 
ing, the  basal  ones  7-30  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  the  upper  much  smaller,  and 
the  uppermost  subulate  and  erect;  heads  several  or  numerous,  about  I  cm.  broad, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  campanulate.  its  bracts  glabrate; 
achenes  linear-fusiform.  In  dry  soil,  Del.  to  Fla.,  Ohio  and  Tex.  Aug.-Oct. 


930  FLORA. 

2.  Chrysopsis  falcata  (Pursh)  Ell.      SICKLE-LEAVED  GOLDEN  ASTER.      (I.F. 
f.  3653.)      Corymbosely  branched  above,    rather  stiff,  leafy  to  the    top.     Leaves 
linear,   rigid,  spreading,   sometimes    slightly   curved,    2-6  mm.    wide,    obscurely 
parallel-nerved;  heads  rather  few,  6-10  mm.  broad,  terminating  the  branches;  in- 
volucre campanulate,  its  bracts  slightly  pubescent;  achenes  linear.     In  sandy  soil, 
eastern  Mass,  to  N.  J.     July-Aug. 

3.  Chrysopsis  pilosa  (Walt.)  Britton.     COTTONY  GOLDEN  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3654.)     Stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  branched  above.     Leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
the  lower  and  basal   ones    2-7  cm.    long,  6-10  mm.   wide,   the   uppermost   much 
smaller;  heads  usually  about  2  cm.  broad,  terminating  the  branches,  bright  yellow; 
involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  densely  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrate ; 
achenes  obovate.     In  pine-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Autumn. 

4.  Chrysopsis  Mariana  (L.)  Nutt.     MARYLAND  GOLDEN  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3655.)     Stout,  3-7  dm.  high,  loosely  villous-pubescent  with  silky  hairs  when  young, 
at  length  nearly  glabrous.     Upper  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acutish  or  obtuse, 
sessile,  2—5  cm.  long,  the  lower  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  and  narrowed  into  a  peti- 
ole, generally  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long  and  sometimes  25  mm.  wide;  heads  commonly 
numerous,  18-25  mm.  broad,   on  glandular  peduncles;  involucre  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  glandular,  acute,  viscid-pubescent;  achenes  obovate.     In  dry  soil,  southern 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Chrysopsis  campoi  urn  Greene.    PRAIRIE  GOLDEN  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3656.) 
Stem  erect,  3-7  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, entire,  or  with  a  few  low  distant  teeth,  acute,  sessile,  or  the  lower  nar- 
rowed into  petioles,  appressed -pubescent  with  short  hairs,  ciliate,  at  least  near  the 
base,   2-7  cm.   long,  4-10  mm.  wide;  heads  25—35  mm.   broad,   showy;  involucre 
nearly  hemispheric,   I  cm.  high,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent;  outer 
pappus -bristles  subulate.     On  prairies,  111.  and  Ky.  to  Mo.     July- Sept. 

6.  Chrysopsis  villosa  (Pursh)  Nutt.    HAIRY  GOLDEN  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3657.) 
Stem  villous  or  strigose-pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  ob- 
lanceolate, obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lowernarrowed 
into  a  petiole,  pale,  persistently  canescent  with  appressed  hairs;  heads  rather  few,  25 
mm.  broad  or  more;  involucre  hemispheric,  8-10  mm.   high,  its  bracts  linear-sub- 
ulate, pubescent  and  often  ciliate;  achenes  obovate.     In  dry  soil,  Minn,  and  111.  to 
Ala.,  Manitoba,  Br.  Col.  and  Neb.     July-Aug. 

7.  Chrysopsis  stenophylla  (A.  Gray)  Greene.     STIFF-LEAVED  GOLDEN  AS- 
TER.    (I.  F.  f.  3658.)     Low,   slender,  15-25  cm.  high.     Leaves  linear  or  slightly 
broadened  above,  densely  canescent   and  ciliate,   acutish,  2-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide,  the  margins  revolute  in  drying;  involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanu- 
late, its  bracts  pubescent  or  the  outer  densely  ciliate;  heads  few,  12-20  mm.  broad. 
In  dry  soil.  Neb.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

8.  Chrysopsis  hispida  (Hook.)  Nutt.     HISPID  GOLDEN  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3659.)     Lower  than  C.  villosa,  stem  rarely  over  3  dm.  high*  with  spreading  hir- 
sute or  hispid  pubescence.    Leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  entire,  spreading,  1 8-35  mm. 
long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  into  petioles  half  as  long  as 
the  blade  or  more;  heads  smaller,  often  more  numerous;  involucre  not  over  8  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  hirsute.     In  dry    soil,  Manitoba  to  Idaho,  Kans.  and 
Tex.     July-Sept. 

9.  Chrysopsis  Nuttallii  Britton.     NUTTALL'S  GOLDEN  ASTER.     (I.    F    f. 
3660.)     Pilose-pubescent  with  soft  hairs  and  minutely  glandular,  3-6  dm.  high, 
branched  above.    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  entire,  or  the  lower  serrate  or  even  incised;  heads  few,    15-25  mm.  broad, 
terminating    the    branches;     involucre    hemispheric,   its    bracts    glandular- viscid; 
achenes  obovate.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  La.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

15.  CHONDROPHORA  Raf. 

Perennial  stiff  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  corymbose-paniculate 
discoid  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  oblong  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  rigid 
and  glutinous,  imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  fl.it,  generally  foveolate, 
naked.  Corolla  regular,  tubular,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Anthers  obtuse  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  lanceolate.  Achenes  oblong, 


COMPOSITAE.  931 

somewhat  compressed.  1-2 -ribbed  on  each  side.  Pappus  of  I  or  2  series  of 
numerous  capillary  unequal  bristles.  [Greek,  cartilage-bearing.]  One,  or  per- 
haps two  species,  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

i.  Chondrophora  nudata  (Michx.)  Britton.  RAYLESS  GOLDENROD.  (I.  F.  f. 
3661.)  Glabrous,  erect,  simple,  3—7  dm.  high.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  spatulate, 
obtuse,  or  obtusish,  7—15  cm.  long,  6—12  mm.  wide,  attenuate  into  a  margined  peti- 
ole; stem  leaves  distant,  small,  linear  or  subulate;  heads  numerous,  4-6  mm.  high, 
crowded  in  a  compound  terminal  corymbose  cyme;  involucre  narrowly  campanu- 
late,  acute  at  the  base,  its  bracts  coriaceous,  appressed,  linear-oblong,  imbricated 
in  3  or  4  series,  the  outer  much  smaller  than  the  inner.  In  moist  pine-barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Aug. -Oct.  [Bigelovia  nudata  DC.] 

Chondrophora  nudkta  virgkta  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Lower  leaves  linear,  shorter,  or  the 
basal  ones  linear-spatulate.  Perhaps  specifically  distinct.  With  the  type,  southward, 
not  certainly  known  north  of  N.  Car. 

16.    CHRYSOTHAMNUS  Nutt. 

Low  shrubs,  with  equably  leafy  branches,  hard  wood,  linear  leaves,  and  discoid 
heads  of  yellow  perfect  flowers.  Heads  narrow,  5-7-flowered.  Involucre  oblong 
to  narrowly  campanulate,  its  bracts  more  or  less  keeled,  thin,  or  papery,  imbri- 
cated in  several  series,  often  so  as  to  form  5  vertical  rows.  Corolla  5 -toothed. 
Anthers  obtuse  at  the  base.  Style-branches  exserted,  their  appendages  subulate  to 
filiform.  Achenes  narrow,  mostly  pubescent.  Pappus  of  copious  capillary  rough- 
ened bristles.  [Greek,  golden-bush.]  About  25  species,  of  western  N.  Am. 

Heads  about  12  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  obtuse  or  mucronulate.  i.  C.  nauseosus. 
Heads  14-20  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts^subulate-tipped.  2.  C.  Howardi. 

1.  Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  (Pursh)  Britton.     FETID  RAYLESS  GOLDEN- 
ROD.       (I.   F.   f.   3662.)     Densely   white-tomentose.   at  least  when  young,   much 
branched,  very  leafy,  3-12  dm.   high,  odorous.     Leaves  linear,  or  slightly  spatu- 
late, 2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  heads   10-15   mm.   high,  very  numerous  and 
crowded  in  terminal  compound  corymbose  cymes;  rays  none;  involucre  narrowly 
campanulate,  acute  at  the  base,  its  bracts  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  acutish,  puberu- 
lent,  imbricated   in  about  4  series;  achenes   linear;  pappus-bristles  soft,   copious. 
In  sterile  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.,  Br.  Col.  and  S.  Cal.     Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Chrysothamnus     Howardi      (Parry)     Greene.       HOWARD'S     RAYLESS 
GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3663.)     Densely  white-tomentose  when  young,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  when  old,  tufted,  much  branched,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high.     Leavec  narrowly 
linear,  entire,  2-5  cm.   long,  about  2  mm.   wide;  heads  narrow,   5-flowered,  more 
or  less  glomerate,  usually  surpassed  by  the  upper  leaves;  involucre  slightly  pubes- 
cent, or  glabrous,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  thin,  acuminate  or  subulate-tipped;  achenes 
nearly  linear,  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  western  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  Mex. 
July-Sept. 

17.   OONOPSIS  Greene. 

Perennial  herbs,  the  following  species  glabrous,  mostly  tufted,  with  woody  roots, 
the  stems  leafy  to  the  top.  Leaves  entire,  linear  to  lanceolate.  Heads  cymose  at 
th^  end  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Involucre  campanulate  to  ovoid,  its  bracts  flat, 
imbricated  in  several  series,  herbaceous,  cuspidate,  appressed  and  erect,  or  the  outer 
spreading.  Disk-flowers  with  a  nearly  cylindric  5 -toothed  corolla.  Stamens  and 
style  included  or  scarcely  exserted.  Ray-flowers  present  or  wanting,  pistillate. 
Style-appendages  ovate  to  subulate.  Achenes  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent. 
Pappus-bristles  coarse,  rigid.  [Greek,  resembling  an  egg,  referring  to  the  ovoid 
involucre.]  Four  known  species,  natives  of  central  N.  Am. 

I.  Oonopsis  Engelmanni  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ENGELMANN'S  OONOPSIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  3664.)  Perennial  by  a  deep  woody  root,  glabrous  throughout;  stems  stiff, 
about  2  dm.  high,  densely  leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  18-35  mm-  l°ng> 
less  than  2  mm.  wide,  brittle  when  dry;  heads  clustered,  or  sometimes  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  about  I  cm.  wide,  sessile  among  the  upper  leaves;  in- 
volucre oblong-campanulate,  its  bracts  in  about  4  series,  oblong  to  spatulate,  short- 
acu:nintte  or  mucronate,  appressed;  ray-flowers  none;  achenes  linear- oblong,  nar- 
rowed .it  the  base,  many-striate.  Western  Kans.  and  Neb.  Sept.-Oct. 


932  FLORA.  AUn 

18.    PRIONOPSIS  Nutt. 

A  glabrous  annual  or  biennial  herb,  leafy  to  the  top,  with  sessile  spinulose. 
dentate  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  radiate  and  tubular  flowers.  Involucre 
broadly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
the  outer  more  or  less  spreading.  Receptacle  naked.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their 
corollas  5 -toothed.  Ray-flowers  very  numerous,  pistillate.  Achenes  glabrous, 
those  of  the  ray-flowers  broader  than  those  of  the  disk;  pappus  of  a  few  deciduous 
rigid  unequal  bristles,  the  outer  very  short.  [Greek,  resembling  a  saw,  referring 
to  the  leaf- margins.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Prionopsis  ciliata  Nutt.  PRIONOPSIS.  (I.  F.  f.  3665.)  Stem  erect,  stout, 
branched,  very  leafy,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  oval  or  the  lower  obovate, 
obtuse,  conspicuously  veined,  2-7  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  sharply  serrate  with 
bristle-pointed  teeth;  heads  few,  clustered,  stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  25-35  mm. 
broad;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its  bracts  glabrous;  achenes  of  the  ray- 
flowers  ellipsoid,  those  of  the  disk-flowers  oblong,  the  central  sterile;  pappus-bristles 
rigid,  the  inner  ones  rough  or  ciliate.  On  hillsides  and  river-banks,  Mo.  and  Kans. 
to  Tex.  Aug. -Sept.  \Aplopappus  ciliatus  DC.] 

19.    SIDER^NTHUS  Eraser. 

LERIOCARPUM    Nutt.] 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  spinulose-dentate  or  lobed  leaves  and  many- 
flowered  heads  of  tubular  or  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers  (heads 
rarely  without  rays).  Involucre  hemispheric  to  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  ones  gradually  smaller.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  gen- 
erally foveolate,  naked.  Ray-flowers  fertile.  Disk-flowers  usually  perfect.  An- 
thers obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages 
short,  lanceolate.  Achenes  oblong  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  white -tomeritose.  or  canes- 
cent,  usually  8-io-nerved,  Pappus  of  1-3  series  of  numerous  capillary  persistent 
more  or  less  unequal  bristles.  [Greek,  iron-flower.]  About  15  species,  of  America. 
Besides  the  following,  about  II  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

Rays  none;  leaves  dentate.  i.  S.  grindelioidcs, 
Rays  present. 

Leaves  dentate;  annual.  2.  S.  rubiginosus. 
Leaves  pinnatifid;  perennial. 

Tomentose-canescent.  3.  S.  spinulosus. 

Glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent.  4.  S.  glaberrimus. 

1.  Sideranthus  grindelioides(Nutt)  Britton.    RAYLESS  SIDERANTHUS.  (I.  F. 
f.  3666.)     Perennial  by  a  deep  woody  root,  finely  pubescent;  stems  tufted,  simple, 
erect,  1-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  sessile,  or  the  lower 
petioled,   1-2.5  cm.  long,  firm,   spinulose-dentate;  heads  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  puberulent,   their  tips 
somewhat  spreading,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  inner;  achenes  densely  silky  tomen- 
tose.     In  dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  Utah  and  Ariz.     July- Aug. 
\Eriocarpum  grindelioides  Nutt.  ] 

2.  Sideranthus  rubiginosus  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     VISCID  SIDERANTHUS.     (I. 
F.  f.  3667.)     Viscid,  glandular-pubescent,  erect,  annual,  branched  near  the  sum- 
mit, 3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  or  the  lowest  narrowed  into  short  petioles, 
oblong,  lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate.  conspicuously  dentate  with  distant  awn-pointed 
teeth,  3-6  cm.  long.  4-12  mm.  wide;  heads  several,  cymose  paniculate,  16-30 mm. 
broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  linear-subulate  with  spreading  tips;  pap- 
pus-bristles rigid,  very  unequal;    achenes  villous-canescent,   turbinate,   not  com- 
pressed.    Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.     Autumn. 

3.  Sideranthus    spinulosus   (Nutt.)    Sweet.     CUT-LEAVED    SIDERANTHUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  3668.)     Canescent,   much  branched   at   the   base,  perennial    from   thick 
woody   roots,    1-4  dm.   high.     Leaves  pinnatifid,   sessile,  linear   to  ovate  in  out- 
line, 1-3.5   cm'  l°ng>   2~5  mm-   wide,  the  lobes  with  bristle-pointed  teeth;  heads 
several  or  numerous  (rarely  solitary),  12-25  mm-  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  linear,   acute,  appressed;  achenes  pubescent,  narrowed  below;  pappus  soft 
and  capillary.     In  dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.  and  Tex.,  Mont.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 
March-Sept. 


COMPOS  i  TAE.  933 

4.  Sidcranthus  glaberrimus  Rydb.  NORTHERN  SIDERANTHUS.  Very  similar 
to  the  preceding  species,  but  wholly  glabrous,  or  a  little  puberulent,  wholly  desti- 
tute of  tomentum.  S.  Dak.  to  Wyo.,  Kans.  and  Oklahoma. 

«o.   STENOTUS  Nutt. 

Low  undershrubs,  with  coriaceous  narrow  entire  evergreen  leaves,  scapose  or 
leafy  stems,  and  rather  large  heads  of  both  radiate  and  tubular  yellow  flowers.  In- 
volucre mostly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  appressed,  ovate 
to  lanceolate.  Receptacle  alveolate.  Disk- flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular, 
usually  somewhat  enlarged  upward,  deeply  5-toothed.  Ray-flowers  fertile.  An- 
thers obtuse  at  the  base.  Appendages  of  the  style-branches  short,  lanceolate. 
Achenes  white-villous.  Pappus  of  soft  white  capillary  bristles.  [Greek,  narrow, 
referring  to  the  leaves.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am. 

i.  Stenotus  armerioides  Nutt.  NARROW- LEAVED  STENOTUS.  (I.  F.  f. 
3669.)  Perennial,  tufted  from  a  branched  woody  caudex,  glabrous  throughout; 
flowering  stems  slender,  naked  above,  or  quite  leafless,  1-2  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves 
numerous,  narrowly  spatulate  or  linear,  acute  or  acutish,  firm,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-4 
mm.  wide,  entire,  narrowed  below;  stem  leaves  usually  1-3,  sessile,  linear,  some- 
times none;  head  commonly  solitary,  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate, 
8-12  mm.  high,  its  bracts  broadly  oval,  green,  appressed,  obtuse  or  retuse,  scari- 
ous-margined,  rays  8-10.  In  dry,  mostly  rocky  soil,  western  Neb.  to  Wyo.,  Utah 
and  N.  Mex.  June-July.  [Aplopappus arm<.rioides  A.  Gray.] 

ai.    ISOPAPPUST.  &G. 

Rough-hairy  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  loosely  paniculately  branched,  with 
alternate  linear  to  lanceolate  i-nerved  entire  or  somewhat  toothed  leaves,  and  small 
slender  peduncled  heads  of  radiate  and  tubular  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate-cylindric,  its  appressed  lanceolate  or  subulate  bracts  in  2  or  3  series.  Re- 
ceptacle alveolate.  Ray-flowers  5-12,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  10-20,  perfect. 
Anthers  not  sagittate.  Style-appendages  narrow,  hirsute.  Achenes  terete,  narrowed 
below,  silky-villous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rough  capillary  bristles,  nearly 
equal  in  length.  [Greek,  equal  pappus.]  Two  known  species,  of  the  southern 
U.  S. 

i.  Isopappus  divaricatus  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  ISOPAPPUS.  (I.  F.  f.  3670.) 
Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  paniculately  much  branched,  slender,  rough -pubescent 
or  glandular,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear,  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  linear- 
spatulate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  dentate  with  distant  teeth,  or  sometimes  entire,  2-7 
cm.  long,  2—6  mm.  wide,  the  uppermost  much  smaller,  subulate  or  bract- 
like;  heads  numerous,  6-10  mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  subulate-tipped,  pubescent.  In  dry  soil,  Kan.  to  Tex.  east  to  Ga.  and 
Fla.  Aug. -Oct. 

22.    SOLIDAGO  L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  erect  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  simple,  or  little  branched, 
with  alternate  simple,  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  both  tubular  and 
radiate  yellow  or  rarely  white  flowers,  in  terminal  or  axillary  panicles,  thyrsi,  or 
cymose- corymbose  or  capitate  clusters.  Involucre  oblong  or  narrowly  campanu- 
late, its  bracts  '.rubricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Recep- 
tacle small,  flat,  or  somewhat  convex,  generally  alveolate.  Ray-flowers  in  one 
series,  pistillate.  Disk  flowers  mostly  all  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular  or  narrowly 
campanulate,  5-cleft  or  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  flattened,  their  appendages  lanceolate.  Achenes  terete  or  angled,  usually 
ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  rough  neaily  equal  bristles  in  I  or  2  series. 
[Greek,  to  make  whole.]  About  100  species,  mostly  of  N.  Am.,  several  in  Europe, 
a  few  in  Mex.  and  S.  Am. 

A.  Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts,  or  some  of  them  spreading  or  recurved. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate,  1-2.5  dm.  long.  i.  S.  squarrosa. 

Leaves  rough -ci Hate,  2-8  cm.  long. 

Leaves  green.  2.  S.  petiolaris. 

Leaves  silvery.  3.  S.  Wardi. 


934  FLORA. 

B.  Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  all  erect  and  appressed. 

*  Heads   in  axillary   clusters,  or  also  in  a  terminal   spike-like,  sometimes    branched 

thyrsus. 

I.    Heads  4-6  mm.  high,  chiefly  in  axillary  clusters;  achenes  pubescent. 
Stem  and  branches  terete;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong.  4.  S.  caesia. 

Stem  and  branches  grooved  or  angled. 

Leaves  broadly  oval,  contracted  into  margined  petioles.  5.  S.flextcautts. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile.  6.   S.  Curtisii. 

2.  Heads  4-6  mm.  high,  chiefly  in  a  terminal  spike-like    thyrsus;  achenes  glabrous,   or 

nearly  so. 

Rays  white;  stem  pubescent.  7.  S.  bicolor* 

Rays  yellow ;  stem  densely  pubescent.  8.  S.  hispida. 

Kays  yellow;  stem  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent. 

Leaves  thick,  not  acuminate,  dentate,  or  the  upper  entire.         9.  S.  erecta. 
Leaves  thin,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate.  10.  S.  monticola. 

3.  Heads  10-12  mm.  high;  bracts  elongated,  acute;  leaves  ovate. 

11.  S.  macrophylla. 

*  *  Heads  in  a  terminal  simple  or  branched  thyrsus,  not  at  all  secund  on  its  branches, 

or  scarcely  so. 

i .  Bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acutish. 
Plants  not  glutinous. 

High  northern;  leaves  spatulate,  glabrous.  44.  S.  multiradiata. 

Eastern;  stem  minutely  puberulent  or  glabrous;  heads  5-6  mm.  high. 

12.  S.  puberula. 
Western ;  stem  and  leaves  scabrous  or  rough-pubescent.          13.  S.  Lindheimeriana. 

Involucre  and  upper  leaves  glutinous.  14.  S.  Randii. 

2.   Bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse  (or  the  inner  acutish  in  No.  15.) 
a.  Upper  leaves  abruptly  smaller  than  the  lower,  appressed.          15.  S.  stricta. 
b.  Leaves  gradually  smaller  upward,  spreading  or  ascending. 

f  Lower  leaves  large,  oblong,  or  oval,  acute  or  obtusish. 
%  At  least  the  lowest  leaves  dentate;  plants   6-18  dm.  high. 
Lower  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  branches  of  the  thyrsus  appressed. 

1 6.  S.  uliginosa. 
Lower  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oval;  branches  of  the  thyrsus  ascending. 

17.  S.  speciosa. 

\  J  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  2-12  cm.  long.  18.  S.  rtgidiuscula. 

f  f  Basal  leaves  narrowly  spatulate.     19.  S.  Purshii. 
t  f  t  Basal  leaves  obovate,  oblanceolate,  or  broadly  spatulate. 
Plant  7-30  cm.  high,  on  alpine  summits:  stem  angular.  20.  S.  alpestris. 

Plant   3-9 dm.  high,  not  alpine;  heads  6-8  mm.  high.  21.  S.  Virgaurea. 

*  *  *  Heads  in   a    terminal,    usually    large   panicle,   secund   on   its  spreading    or    re- 

curved branches. 
J  Plant  maritime;   leaves  thick,  fleshy,  entire.     22.  S.  sempervircns. 

\  %  Plants  not  maritime;  leaves  not  fleshy. 
I.  Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  triple-nerved. 

a.  Leaves  all  entire,  thin  and  glabrous.     23.  S.  odora. 
(b)  Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  more  or  less  dentate  or  serrate. 
t  Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  2.5-5  cm-  long,  scabrous.  24.  S.  tortifolia. 
f  f  Leaves  broader,  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  ovate,  5-25  cm.  long. 

\  Stem  densely  pubescent ;  leaves  more  or  less  so. 

Leaves  rugose-veiny  beneath,  sharply  serrate.  25.  S.  rugosa. 

Leaves  not  rugose,  sparingly  dentate  or  entire.  26.  S.fistulosa. 

\  \  Stem  glabrous,  or  puberulent,  or  pubescent  only  above. 
Leaves  very  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  serrulate.  27.  S.  patula. 

Leaves   smooth,  or  minutely  roughened   on   the  upper  surface  (pubescent  in  forms  of 
No.  37.). 

Racemes  few,  widely  divergent,  very  slender. 

Lower  leaves  oblong,  coarsely  serrate.  28.  S.  ulmifolia. 

Lower  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  rather  finely  serrate.      29.  S.  Boottii. 
Racemes  numerous,  spreading,  recurved  or  ascending. 

Leaves  all  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile.  30.  S.  Elhottn. 

At  least  the  lower  leaves  petioled,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Leaves  firm,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  heads  about  4mm.  high; 

racemes  short ;  rays  several.  31.  S.  neglecta. 

Leaves  firm,  narrowly  lanceolate;  heads  about  4  mm.  high:  racemes  few, 

short;  rays  1-3.  •       32.  S.  uniligtilata. 

Leaves  firm,  lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate;  heads  3-4  mm.  high;  racemes 

numerous,  slender.  33-  s-  juncea. 

Leaves  thin,  the  lower  broadly  ovate,  short-acuminate;  heads  5-7  mm.  high  ; 
racemes  numerous.  34-  S.  arguta. 


COMPOSITAE.  935 

a.  Leaves  triple-nerved,  t'.e.,  with  a  pair  of  lateral  veins  stronger  than  the  others,  these 

often  obscure  in  No.  41. 

Stem  glabrous ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 
Leaves  and  bracts  of  the  involucre  thin. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate. 

35.  S.  rupestris. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate.  36.  .S1.  serotina. 

Leaves  and  bracts  of  the  involucre  thick,  somewhat  rigid. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  lanceolate;  achenes  glabrous. 

37.  S.  Missouriensis* 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;    achenes  silky-pubescent. 

38.  S.  Shortii. 
Basal  leaves  oblanceolate;  upper  bract-like.                39.  61.  Gattingeri. 

Stem  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  or  entire,  rough  above. 

40.  S.  Canadensis. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  spatulate,  oblong  or  ovate;  the  lower  crenate. 

Minutely  rough-pubescent,  grayish;  lower  leaves  oblanceolate;  heads 4  mmc 

high.  41-  •$•  nemoralis. 

Canescent  and  pale  ;  leaves  oblong,  or  ovate;  heads  6  mm.  high. 

42.  S.  moms. 

Very  scabrous,  green,  not  grayish,  nor  canescent.     43.  S.  radula. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate-oval,  sharply  serrate,  finely  pubescent. 

44.  S.  Drummondii. 

*  *  *  *  Heads  in  a  terminal,  corymbiform,  sometimes  thyrsoid  cyme,  forming  a  flat- 
topped  inflorescence. 

Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  oval,  very  rough  on  both  sides.  45.  S.  rigida. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  linear,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  oblauceolate ;  high  northern.          46.  S.  muitiradiata. 
Leaves  not  oblanceolate  nor  spatulate. 

Lower  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate.  47.  S.  Ohioensis. 

Leaves  all  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire. 

Stout ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  basal  2-3  dm.  long.       48.  S.  Riddellii. 
Slender;  leaves  linear,  the  basal  10-12  cm.  long.        49.  S.  Houghtoni. 

1.  Solidago  squarrosa  Muhl.    STOUT  RAGGED  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3671.) 
Stem  stout,  simple,  or  rarely  branched,  above,   glabrous  or  puberulent,  6-15  dm. 
high.      Upper  leaves  oblong,  acute,  entire  or  nearly  so,  sessile;  lower  and  basal 
leaves  obovate,  oval,  or  broadly  spatulate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply  dentate,  often 
narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole;  heads  15 -25 -flowered,  8-10  mm.  high,  numerous 
in  a  terminal  narrow  often  leafy  thyrsus  sometimes  3  dm.  in  length;  rays  10-15, 
showy,  4-6  mm.  long;   tips  of  the   involucral  bracts   green,  acute  or  obtuse,   all 
usually  strongly  recurved;   achenes  glabrous.     In  rocky  soil,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  south 
to  Va.  and  Ohio.     Aug.  -Oct. 

2.  Solidago  petiolaris  Ait.     DOWNY  RAGGED  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3672.) 
Stem  rather  slender,  pubescent  or  puberulent,  3-9  dm.  high,  simple  or  branched 
above.     Leaves  sessile,  or  very  short-petioled,   oblong  to  oval,    acute,   obtuse  or 
mueronate,  entire  or  dentate,  1-7  cm.  long,  rough  or  ciliate  on  the  margins;  heads 
6-8  mm.  high,  in  a  terminal  narrow  more  or  less  compound  thyrsus;  involucral 
bracts  with  green  acute  to  acuminate  tips,  the  outer  spreading,  the  inner  appressed; 
achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.      In  dry  soil,  111.  to  Kans.  and  Tex.,  east  to  N.  Car. 
and  Fla.     Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Solidago  Wardii  Britton,  n.  sp.    WARD'S  GOLDENROD.    Stem  puberulent, 
4-9  dm.  high.   Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate  lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth,  rather 
firm,  5-9  cm.  long,  pale  and  silvery  shining  on  both  sides,  or  only  above,  the  margins 
ciliate;  thyrsus  1-2  dm.  long,  sometimes  quite  leafy;  heads  short-peduncled,  about 
8  mm.  high,  the  bracts  linear- lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  acute,  distinctly  squarrose, 
canescent;  rays  large,  bright  yellow.     Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Ark.  and  Ind.  Terr.    Sept.- 
Oct.     Type  collected  by  L.  F.  Ward,  in  Clark  Co.,  Kans.,  Oct.  2,  1897. 

4.  Solidago  caesia  L.     BLUE-STEMMED  OR  WREATH  GOLDENROD.     WOOD- 
LAND GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3673.)    Stem  glabrous,  slender,  often  glaucous,  usually 
bluish  or  purple,  branched  or  simple,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,   glabrous,   sharply  serrate;  5—12   cm.  long,  6-30 
mm.  wide;  heads.  4-6  mm.  high,   in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes,  or  occasionally 
with  some  in  a  short  terminal   thyrsus;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse;  achenes 


936  r  -  FLORA. 

pubescent.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Fla.,  Ark.  aftd  Tex, 
Aug. -Oct. 

Solidago  caesia  axillaris  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.     Heads  few,  in  dense  short  axillary  clusters, 
much  exceeded  by  the  long  thm  leaves;  upper  leaves  often  entire.    JNi.  S.  to  Ont.  and  N.  J. 

5.  Solidago  flexicaulis  L.   ZIG-ZAG  OR  BROAD-LEAVED  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f. 
3674.)    Stem  glabrous,  angled,  usually  simple,  zig-zag,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  thin, 
ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  somewhat  pubescent,  or  glabrous  beneath,  sharply 
serrate,  5-17  cm.  long,  2-10  cm.  wide,  the  uppermost  sometimes  lanceolate  and 
entire  or  nearly  so;  heads  about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse  to 
acutish;  achenes  hirsute-pubescent.     In  rich  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ga.,  west  to  S.  Dak. 
and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

6.  Solidago   Curtisii  T.   &  G.     CURTIS'   GOLDENROD.      (I.  F.  f.  3675.) 
Stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  simple  or  branched,  slender,  4-9  dm.  high, 
angled  and   grooved.     Leaves  thin,   sometimes  broader  above  the   middle,  long- 
acuminate,  narrowed  below  into  an  entire  base,  sharply  serrate,  7-15  cm.  long, 
8-25  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  heads  4-6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre few,  obtuse.     In  mountain  woods,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  Ga.     Aug. -Sept. 

7.  Solidago  bicolor  L.     WHITE  GOLDENROD.    SILVER-ROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3676.) 
Stem  rather  stout,  hirsute-pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous,  1.5-12  dm.  high,  simple 
or  branched.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  mostly  obtuse, 
5-10  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  long  margined  petioles,  dentate  or 
crenate-dentate,  more  or  less  pubescent;  upper  leaves  smaller  and  narrower,  oblong 
or  sometimes  lanceolate,  subsessile,  often  entire;  heads  4-6  mm.  high;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  obtuse;  rays  white.     In  dry  soil,  N.  B.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Ont.,  Minn, 
and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

8.  Solidago  hispida  Muhl.     HAIRY  GOLDENROD.     (L  F.  f.  3677.)    Stout, 
stem  densely  pubescent  or  hirsute,  simple,  or  sometimes  branched,  4-9  dm.  high. 
Lower  leaves  oval,  acute,  or  obtuse,  petioled,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  usually  den- 
tate,   5-12  dm.  long,  2-5  cm.   wide;  upper  leaves  oblong,   sessile,  acute,  dentate 
or  entire,   smaller,   sessile;  heads  about  6  mm.  high,   crowded;  involucral  bracts 
obtuse ;  achenes  with  a  few  appressed  hairs,  or  glabrous.     In  dry  soil,  N.  S.  to  W. 
Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Penn.  and  Wis.     Aug.-Oct. 

9.  Solidago  erecta  Pursh.     SLENDER  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f-  3678.)    Stem 
slender,  6-9  dm.  high,  simple  or  rarely  branched.     Leaves  firm,  nearly  glabrous 
on  both  sides,  ciliolate  on  the  margins,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  broadly  oblong  or 
oval,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  crenate-dentate,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceoiate, 
acute,  usually  quite  entire;  heads  4-6  mm.   high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 
In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ga.   and   N.  Car.      Reported  from  Minn,  and 
S.  Dak.     Aug. -Sept. 

10.  Solidago  monticola  T.  &  G.     MOUNTAIN  GOLDENROD.     (L  F.  f.  3679.) 
Slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  high.     Stem-leaves  ovate-oblong,  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  and  sparingly  serrate,  or  the  upper  entire, 
2-15   cm.    long.    8-35    mm.   wide,    the  upper   sessile,   the  lower   petioled;    basal 
leaves  broadly  oblong,   obtuse,    with   slender  petioles;  heads  about  4  mm.  high; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  acutish  or  obtuse.     In  mountain  woods,  Penn.   and  Md.  to 
Ga.  and  Ala.     July-Sept. 

11.  Solidago  macrophylla  Pursh.     LARGE-LEAVED  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f. 
3680.)     Stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,   stout,    1.5-12  dm.  high.     Leaves 
thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  or  the  basal  ones  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous,  or  spar- 
ingly pubescent  beneath,  7-12  cm.  long,   2-6  cm.   wide,  abruptly  contracted  into 
margined  petioles,  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile;  heads  in  a  terminal 
compact  or  loose  thyrsus  and  usually  also  in  axillary  clusters;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre  linear,   acute;  rays  8-10,    linear-oblong,   conspicuous;  achenes  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.     In  rocky  woods.  Catskill  Mts.,  N.  Y.  to  Lab.  and  Hudson  Bay,  west  to 
Lake  Superior.     July-Sept. 

12.  Solidago  puberula  Nutt.     DOWNY  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3681.)    Mi- 
nutely  puberulent,  or  glabrous,  usually  simple,  rather  slender,  4-9  dm.  high,  leafy. 
Stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire.  3-5  cm.  long,  ses- 
sile, or  the  lower  pelioled;  basal  leaves  and  sometimes  the  lowest  ones  of  the  stem 
spatulate,  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petiolesj 


COMPOSITAE.  937 

bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate;  achenes  glabrous;  heads  rarely  a  little  secund. 
In  sandy  soil,  N.  B.  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Fla.  and  Miss.     Aug. -Sept. 

13.  bolidago  Lindheimeriana  Scheele.  LINDHEIMER'S  GOLDENROD.  (I.  F.  f. 
3682.)     Scabrous,  simple,  4-9  dm.  high,  leafy,  rather  stout  and  rigid.     Leaves 
oblong,    oblong-lanceolate   or   oval,   acute   or   acutish   at  the   apex,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  all  entire,  thickish,  rough  on  both  surfaces,  sessile  or  the  low- 
est petioled;  heads  about  6  mm.  high  in  a  terminal,  often  short  thyrsus;  bracts  of 
the   involucre    acute   or  the   outer  obtuse,   puberulent;  achenes  nearly  glabrous. 
Southern  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  northern  Mex.     Aug. -Nov. 

Solidago  Bigel6vii  A.  Gray,  another  southwestern  species,  which  is  rougher  than  this 
one,  and  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  both  ends,  is  reported  from 
Kans. 

14.  Solidago  Randii  (Porter)  Britton.     RAND'S  GOLDENROD.     Stem  stout, 
often  purple,  glabrous,  3-7  dm.  tall.     Basal  leaves  spatulate,  mostly  obtuse,  den- 
tate or  crenate- dentate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  stem-leaves  spatulate  to 
lanceolate,   the   upper    sessile,    acute,  entire;  inflorescence  and  upper  leaves  dis- 
tinctly glutinous,  adhering  to  paper  when  drying;  heads  about  8mm.  high;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  acute,  or  the  outer  obtuse.     Me.  to  northern  N.  Y.     [S.  Virgaurea 
Randii  Porter;  S.  Virgaurea  Redfieldii  Porter.] 

15.  Solidago  stricta  Ait.      WAND-LIKE    OR  WILLOW-LEAF   GOLDENROD. 
(I.   F.   f.   3683.)     Glabrous   throughout,   slender,  erect,    simple,   6-25    dm.    high. 
Basal  and  lowest  stem-leaves  oblong,  or  somewhat  spatulate,  with  few  lateral  veins, 
obtuse,  entire,  or  very  sparingly  dentate,  4-20  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide,  narrowed 
into  long    petioles;  upper  stem-leaves  narrowly  oblong,    spatulate  or  linear,  the 
uppermost  very  small  and  bract-like;  heads  about  6  mm.  high  in  a  dense  simple, 
or  sometimes  branched,  naked  thyrsus;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong;  achenes 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent.     In  wet  sandy  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
La.     Also  in  Cuba.     Aug. -Oct. 

16.  Solidago  uliginosa   Nutt.      BOG  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3684.)    Stem 
glabrous,  rather  stout,  simple,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  glabrous,  firm,  more  or  less 
ciliolate  or  scabrous  on  the  margins,  few-veined,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  and 
basal  ones  10-22  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  more  or  less  serrate  and  narrowed  into 
petioles,  the  upper  smaller,  mostly  sessile  and  entire;  heads  4-6  mm.  high;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  achenes  glabrous.     In  swamps  and  bogs, 
Nevvf.  to  northern  N.  J.  and  Penn.  west  to  W.  Ont,  Minn,  and  Wis.     Aug.-Sept. 

17.  Solidago  speciosa  Nutt.  SHOWY  OR  NOBLE  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3685.) 
Stem     stout,   glabrous  below,   often  rough  above,   usually  simple,    1-2   m.   high. 
Leaves  glabrous,  firm,  the  basal  1-2.5  °^m-  l°n£>  2-10  cm.  wide,  dentate  or  crenate, 
pinnately  veined,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  long-petioled ;  upper  leaves  smaller, 
oblong  or  oval,  acute  at  each  end,  crenate  dentate,  or  entire,  sessile  or  short-peti- 
oled,   rough -margined;    heads  6-8   mm.  high,  in  a  large    terminal   thyrsus,  the 
branches  of  which  are  ascending  and  often  leafy;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
very  obtuse;  achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     In  rich  soil,  N.  S.  to  N.  Car.  west 

.to  Minn.,  Ky.,  Kans.  and  Ark.     Aug.-Oct. 

Solidago  speci6sa  pallida  Porter.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  coriaceous,  prominently 
veined,  pale  green  :  stems  stout,  tufted,  3-6  dm.  high,  densely  pubescent  above.  On  the 
rocky  summit  of  Mt.  Mackay,  W.  Ont. 

18.  Solidago  rigidiuscula  (T.  &G.)  Porter.     SLENDER  SHOWY  GOLDENROD. 
(I.  F.  f.   3686.)     Stem  rather   slender,   usually   glabrous  below,  rough-pubescent 
above,  simple,  6-12  dm.    high.     Basal  leaves  sometimes  crenate,   strongly  cilio- 
late on  the  margins,  2-7  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
sometimes  narrowed  into  petioles;  heads  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species; 
thyrsus  generally  narrow,  dense,  simple  or  rarely  branched.     In  dry  soil,  mostly 
on  prairies,  Ohio  to  Ala.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

19.  Solidago    Ptirshii  Porter.     RIVER-BANK  GOLDENROD.      (I.  F.  f.  3687.) 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  simple,  usually  somewhat  glutinous,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  dentate,  or  crenate,  5-15 
cm.  long,    1-2.5  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  slightly  margined  petioles;  stem-leaves 
sessile,   lanceolate,   oblong  or  linear,  numerous,    crenate  or  entire,  mostly  acute, 
smaller;  heads  6-8  mm.  high,  in  a  terminal  simple  or  branched  thyrsus;  bracts  of 


93^  FLORA. 

the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  inner  acutish;  achenes  striate,  pubescent. 
On  rocky  river-banks,  Newf.  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Vt.  and  Va.  July-Sept. 

20.  Solidago  alpestns  Wald.  &  Kit.  ALPINE  GOLDENROD.  (I.  F.  f.  3688.) 
Glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent;  stems  simple,  often  tufted.  7-30  cm.  high, 
ascending,  or  erect,  angular.  Basal  leaves  serrate,  at  least  above  the  middle,  ob- 
tuse, or  acute,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  petioles;  stem-leaves  oblanceolate, 
spatulate,  or  oblong,  sessile,  or  the  lower  petioled,  mostly  distant;  inflorescence  a 
short  raceme  or  thyrsus,  with  clusters  of  heads  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  heads  6-8 
mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse  or  acute;  achenes  pubescent.  Alpine 
summits  of  the  mountains  of  Me.,  N.  H.  and  northern  N.  Y.,  mostly  above  timber 
line.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug. -Sept. 

31.  Solidago  Virgaurea  L.  EUROPEAN  GOLDENROD.  (I.  F.  f.  3689.; 
Somewhat  pubescent,  at  least  above;  stem  usually  simple,  rather  stout,  3-6  dm. 
high.  Basal  leaves  7-12  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.  wide,  or  less,  obtuse  or  acute,  mostly 
dentate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  stem-leaves  sessile,  or  the  lower  petioled, 
oblong -lanceolate  to  spatulate,  acute;  heads  6-8  mm.  high,  in  a  narrow,  dense  or 
interrupted,  rarely  branched  thyrsus  which  is  often  2  dm.  long;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre obtuse  or  acute;  achenes  more  or  less  pubescent.  Me.,  N.  H.,  Vt.  and 
northern  N.  Y.,  mostly  at  middle  altitudes.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug.-Sept. 

Solidago  Virgkurea  Deanei  Porter.  Stem  only  0.7-3  dm.  high,  often  slender;  thyrsus 
short,  5-10  cm.  long;  heads  3-6  mm.  high.  Mountains,  Me.,  Vt.  and  N.  H. 

Solidago  Virgkurea  Gillmani  (A.  Gray)  Porter.  Stout,  4-9  dm.  high;  thyrsus  pan- 
iculately  branched;  basal  leaves  very  large,  sometimes  25  cm.  long,  sharply  semite.  Sand 
hills,  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Perhaps  not  referable  to  this  species. 

22.  Solidago  sempervirens  L.    SEA-SIDE  GOLDENROD.    SALT-MARSH  GOLD- 
ENROD.    (I.   F.  f.   3690.)     Stem  stout,  leafy,  usually  simple,  6-25   dm.  high,  gla- 
brous, or  slightly  puberulent  above.     Leaves  with  2-5  pairs  of  lateral  veins,  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  oblong,   spatulate  or  lanceolate,   mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  3 
dm.  long,  narrowed  into  long  petioles;  upper  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,   acute;  heads,  6-10  mm.  high;  rays  8-10,  showy;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  acute.     On  salt  marshes,  sea  beaches,  along  tidal  rivers  and  in 
sandy  soil  near  the  sea,  N.  B.  to  Fla.  and  Mex.     Also  in  Bermuda.     Aug.-Dec. 

23.  Solidago  odora  Ait.      SWEET  OR  ANISE-SCENTED  GOLDENROD.     BLUE 
MOUNTAIN  TEA.     (L  F.  f.  3691.)     Slender;  stem  simple,   glabrous,  or   minutely 
pubescent  above,   6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  punctate,  anise-scented  when  bruised, 
lanceolate,  quite  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide,  ses- 
sile, or  the  lower  ones  petioled;  heads  4-5  mm.  high,  rays  3  or  4,  4-6  mm.  long; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.     In  dry  soil,   N.  S.  (?),  Mass,  to 
Fla.,  west  to  N.  Y.,  Ky.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

Solidago  odora  inodbra  A.  Gray.  Leaves  not  punctate,  scentless  when  bruised. 
Probably  a  mere  form. 

24.  Solidago  tortifolia  Ell.     TWISTED- LEAF  GOLDENROD.      (I.  F.  f.  3692.) 
Stem  slender,  rough-pubescent  or  puberulent,  6-9  dm.  high,  simple.     Leaves  often 
twisted,   scabrous,  sessile,  acute,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng^  3-6  mm.  wide,  obscurely  veined" 
but  with  a  distinct  midrib,  the  lower  serrate,  the  upper  entire;  heads  about  4  mm. 
high;  rays  3-5,  short;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  obtuse  or  obtusish.     In  dry 
sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Autumn. 

25.  Solidago  rugosa  Mill.    WRINKLE-LEAVED,  OR  TALL  HAIRY  GOLDENROD. 
BITTER-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3693.)     Stem  hirsute,  usually  stout,  3-22  dm.  high,  sim- 
ple, or  branched  at  the  summit.    Leaves  rather  thin,  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate  (rarely  obtusish)  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate, 
2-IO  cm.  long,  8—35  mm.  wide,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  tapering  into  peti- 
oles; heads  3-4  mm.  high;  panicle  usually  large  and  compound;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre linear,  obtuse  or  obtusish.     Usually  in  dry  soil,  in  fields  and  along  road- 
sides, Newf.  to  W.  Ont.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Nov. 

26.  Solidago  fistulosa  Mill.      PINE-BARREN  GOLDENROD.      (I.  F.  f.  3694.) 
Stem  rather    stout,  simple,    or    branched    above,    1-2  m.   high,    hirsute.      Leaves 
numerous,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  sometimes  lanceolate,  thick, 
rough  or  hirsute  on  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath,  the  upper  small,  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  entire,  the  lower  sparingly  serrate,  obtuse  or  acute,  3-10  cm.  long,  with  a 


COMPOSITAE.  939 

broad  base;  heads  about  4  mm.  high;  rays  7-10,  small;  bracts  of  the  involucre,  at 
least  the  outer,  acute.     In  moist  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La,     Aug. -Oct. 

27.  Solidago   patula  Muhl.     ROUGH-LEAVED  OR   SPREADING  GOLDENROD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3695.)     Stem  stout,  rather  rigid,  usually  simple,  6-20  dm.  high,  strongly 
angled,  at  least  below.     Leaves  thick,  glabrous  beneath,  rough  above,  the  lower 
and  basal  ones  very  large,  7-40  cm.  long,  4-12  cm.  wide,  oval  or  elliptic,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  smaller,    oval  or  oblong,    sessile,    acute,   finely 
serrate,  or  the  uppermost  entire;  heads  6-8  mm.  high;   rays  small;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse.     In  swamps,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga., 
Mo.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Oct. 

28.  Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl.     ELM-LEAVED  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3696.) 
Stem  slender,   6-12  dm.  high,   simple,  or  branched  above,  the  arched  branches 
puberulent  or  pubescent.      Leaves  thin,  oblong,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex 
and  base,  pinnately  veined,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  7-12  cm.  long,   2-4  cm.  wide,   narrowed  into  margined   petioles,  the  upper 
smaller,  sessile;  heads  4-6  mm.  high;  rays  small,  deep  yellow;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre oblong-lanceolate,  obtusish.     In  woods  and  copses,   Me.  to  Ga.,  west  to 
Minn.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

29  Solidago  Boottii  Hook.  BOOTT'S  GOLDENROD.  (I.  F.  f.  3697.)  Stem 
slender,  usually  branched  near  the  summit,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  firm,  pin- 
nately and  finely  reticulate-veined,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  ovate  or  oblong-lance- 
olate, narrowed  into  margined,  sometimes  ciliate  petioles,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
7-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  smaller,  entire,  or  finely  serrate,  sessile;  heads  4-6  mm. 
high;  rays  few,  small;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  achenes 
pubescent.  In  dry  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

30.  Solidago  Elliottii  T.  &  G.     ELLIOTT'S  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3698.) 
Stem  stout,  9-18  dm.  high,  simple,  or  branched  at  the  inflorescence.      Leaves 
firm,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  or  sometimes  narrowed  below, 
finely  serrate,  crenate-serrate.  or  the  upper  entire,  rough  on  the  margins,  glabrous 
on  both  sides,  or  puberulent  on  the  veins  beneath,  3-12  cm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide; 
heads  about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  rays  6-12, 
short;    achenes  pubescent.      In  swamps,   N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  N.  Car.  and  Ga., 
mainly  near  the  coast.     Sept.-Oct. 

31.  Solidago   neglecta  T.   &  G.     SWAMP  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3699.) 
Stem  simple,  rather  stout,  6-8  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  the  basal  and  lower  ones 
large,  sometimes  3  dm.  long,  acute  or  obtusish,  serrate  or  serrulate,  tapering  into 
margined  petioles,  rough  on  the  margins;  upper  leaves  smaller,  lanceolate,  acute, 
sessile,  serrate  or  nearly  entire;  heads  5-6  mm.  high;  rays  3-8,  small;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  achenes  glabrous,  or  nearly  so.     In  swamps, 
N.  B.  to  Wis.,  Md.  and  111.     Aug.-Sept. 

32.  Solidago  uniligulata  (DC.)  Porter.    FEW- RAYED  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f. 
3700.)     Stem  simple,  slender,  4-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  long-petioled, 
10-22  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  the  upper  sessile,  the  uppermost  very  small  and 
erect;  rays   1-4;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  achenes  glabrous. 
In  swamps,  Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Au  ^.-Sept. 

33.  Solidagro  juncea  Ait.   EARLY  OR  SHARP-TOOTHED  GOLDENROD.   YELLOW. 
TOP.     PLUME  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3701.)     Stem  rigid,  rather  stout,  simple,  or 
branched  at  the  inflorescence,  4-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  glabrous,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, serrate,  serrulate,  or  nearly  entire,  the  lower  large,  sometimes  3  dm.  long 
and  5  cm.  wide,  long-petioled;  the  upper  smaller,  sessile;  rays  7-12,  small;  bracts 
of  the   involucre  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,   obtuse  or  acute;    achenes   glabrous  or 
sparingly  pubescent.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  N.  B.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Manitoba, 
N.  Car.  and  Mo.     June-No v. 

Solidago  juncea  scabrella  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Gray.  Leaves  rigid,  scabrous,  ciliate,  pubes- 
cent on  the  upper  surface  or  also  beneath.  Ind.  to  Wis.,  Ky.  and  Mo. 

Solidago  juncea  ramosa  Porter  and  Britton.  Much  branched  at  the  summit,  the 
branches  slender,  erect,  slightly  curved,  the  heads  in  short  small  racemes.  Me.  to  west- 
ern N.  J.,  W.  Va.  and  Ohio. 

34.  Solidago  are:uta  Ait.    CUT-LEAVED  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3702.)    Stem 
simple,  rather7 stout,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  broadly 


940      x  FLORA. 

ovate  or  oval,  short-acuminate,  7-40  cm.  long,  2-12  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into 
margined  petioles,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate;  upper  leaves  sessile,  ovate  to 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  more  or  less  serrate,  smaller;  rays  5-7,  large;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse;  achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  In  rich  woods, 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  Ohio,  south  to  Va.  July-Oct. 

35.  Solidago  rupestris  Raf.     ROCK  GOLDENROD.     (I.   F.   f.  3703.)     Stem 
slender.  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  5-12  cm.   long,  6-io  mm.  wide,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  petioled,  glabrous;   heads 
small,  3  mm.  high,  secund  on  the  short  spreading  branches  of  the  small  panicle; 
rays  4-6,  short;  bracts  of  the  involucre  thin,  linear;  achenes  small,  nearly  glabrous. 
Rocky  banks  of  streams,  Penn.  to  D.  C.,  W.  Va.,  Tenn.  and  Ind.     Aug.-Sept. 

36.  Solidago  serotina  Ait.     LATE   GOLDENROD.     (I.   F.    f.    3704.)    Stem 
stout,  9-25  dm.  high,  glabrous,  sometimes  glaucous.     Leaves  thin,  sessile,  or  the 
lowest  petioled,  glabrous  on  both  sides  but  more  or  less  rough-margined,  7-15  cm. 
long,  4-25  mm.  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  heads  5-7  mm. 
high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  thin,  obtuse;  rays  7-15,  rather  large;  achenes 
finely  pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Ncvvf.   to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Ga.,   Tex.,  Nev.  and 
Ore.     Aug.-Oct. 

Solidago  serotina  gigantea  (Ait.)  A.  Gray.  Leaves  hispid  or  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  at  least  on  its  prominent  veins.  With  the  type,  at  least  in  the  East. 

37.  Solidago  Missouriensis  Nutt.    MISSOURI  GOLDENROD.    (1  F.  f.  3705.) 
Stem  rather  slender,  9-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm  or  thick,  those  of  the  stem  ses- 
sile,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed   at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  very  rough- 
margined,  entire,  or  sparingly  serrate  with  low  sharp  teeth,  the  basal  and  lowest 
ones  larger,   spatulate,    petioled;  heads  5-6   mm.   high;  bracts  of  the   involucre 
oblong,  greenish-tipped,  obtuse,  or  the  inner  acute,  thick;  rays  6-13,  short.     On 
dry  prairies,  Manitoba  and  Minn,  to  Tenn.,  Wash.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     Autumn. 

38.  Solidago  Shortii  T.  &  G.    SHORT'S  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3706.)    Stem 
slender,  6-12  dm.  high.   Leaves  sessile  (the  lowest  petioled  ?),  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,   glabrous  on  both   sides,  the  larger  5-10  cm.   long,   10-12  mm.  wide, 
sharply  serrate  with  rather  small  and  distant  teeth,  the  upper  gradually  smaller, 
sparingly  serrate,  or  entire;  heads  about  6  mm.  high;  involucre  narrowly  campanu- 
late,   its  bracts  linear-oblong,   obtuse;  rays  5-7.  rather  small.     On  rocks  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio  River  and  in  northwestern  Ark.     July-Aug. 

39.  Solidago    Gattmgeri   Chapm.      GATTINGER'S   GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f. 
3707.)     Stem  slender,  6-9  dm.  high,  branched  at  the  inflorescence.     Leaves  firm, 
glabrous  beneath,  rough  above,  ciliolate,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  acutish,  7-15  cm. 
long,    12-20  mm.  wide,   serrate  with  low  distant  teeth,  narrowed  into  margined 
petioles,  entire,  sessile;  heads  4-5  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  very 
obtuse;  rays  6-10;  achenes  puberulent,  or  glabrous  below.     In  dry  soil,  Tenn.  and 
Mo.     July-Aug. 

40.  Solidago  Canadensis  L.     CANADA  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3708.)   Stem 
stout,  puberulent-pubescent,  or  hirsute,  6  25  dm.  high.     Leaves  acute  at  each  end, 
the  lower  ones  sharply  serrate  and  petioled.  7-15   cm.   long,  8-25   mm.   wide,  the 
upper  smaller,  entire,  sessile;  heads  3-4  mm.  high,  very  numerous;  bracts  of  the 
involucre   linear,   obtuse  or  acutish;  rays  9-15;    achenes    glabrous   or   somewhat 
pubescent.     Usually  in  dry  soil,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to 
Fla.  and  Ariz.     Aug. -Nov. 

Solidago  Canadensis  proeera  (Ait.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  less  serrate,  sometimes  all 
entire,  cinereous-pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs.  With  the  type. 

Solidago  Canadensis  glabrita  Porter.  Stems  6-12  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
below,  puberulent  above  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  smooth  above,  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath;  panicles  and  heads  smaller  than  in  the  type.  Me.  to  northern  N.  Y.  and 
Penn. 

Solidago  Canaddnsis  scabriuscula  Porter.  Leaves  shorter,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire, 
rough  above,  rugose  beneath;  heads  mostly  larger  than  in  the  type.  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Solidago  'Canadensis  gilvocane*scens  Rydberg.  A  foot  high,  or  less,  leafy,  canes- 
cent,  yellowish;  leaves  remotely  serrate  above  the  middle,  or  entire;  inflorescence  dense; 
heads  smaller  than  in  the  type.  Minn,  to  Mont,  and  Kans. 

41.  Solidago    nemora'lis    Ait.      GRAY   OR    FIELD    GOLDENROD.      DYER'S 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3709.)    Slender.   1-6  dm.  high,  finely  and  densely  pubescent. 


COMPOSITAE.  94- 

Leaves  thick,  roughish;  basal  and  the  lower  stem -leaves  petioled,  obscurely 
triple-nerved,  obtuse  or  acutish,  crenate-dentate,  7-15  cm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide; 
upper  leaves  gradually  smaller,  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  acutish, 
entire;  heads  4-6  mm.  high;  panicle  usually  one-sided;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear-oblong;  rays  5-9;  achenes  pubescent.  In  dry  soil,  Quebec  to  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  Fla.  and  Tex.  July-Nov. 

Solidago  nemoralis  arenfcbla  Burgess.  Depressed,  or  prostrate,  about  15  cm.  hig;h> 
inflorescence  dense,  flattened,  composing  most  of  the  plant.  Sand  hills,  Cape  Cod  to  I  I. 

Solidago  pulcherrima  A.  Nelson,  is  the  western  representative  of  this  species,  <=>.,.. 
tending  east  into  Kans.  and  Neb.  It  differs  in  its  pale  color  and  narrower  basal  leaves, 
but  I  have  not  been  able  to  separate  it  specifically. 

42.  Solidago  mollis  Bartl.     VELVETY  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3710.)     Stem 
rigid,  stout,  low,  canescent  or  slightly  scabrous,  1.5-3  dm.   high.     Leaves  pale, 
canescent  or  rough,  entire  or  dentate,  strongly  3-nerved,  oblong,  ovate  or  oblanceo- 
late, the  lower  petioled,  5-7  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  very  obtuse,  the  upper  ses- 
sile,  smaller;  heads  4-6  mm.    high,    somewhat  or  scarcely  secund  on  the  short 
branches  of  the  erect,   dense  panicle;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong;  rays  5-9; 
achenes  pubescent.     Dry  plains,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Tex.  andMex. 
July-Sept. 

43.  Solidago  Radula  Nutt.     WESTERN  ROUGH  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3711.) 
Stem  rough-pubescent,  rather  slender.  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thick,  green,  rough 
on  both  sides,  the  lower  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  dentate-crenate,  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish, petioled,  7-20  cm.  long,  12-40  mm.  wide,  obscurely  3-nerved,  the  upper  small- 
er, oblanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  sessile,  distinctly  3-nerved;  heads  4-6  mm. 
high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  rays  3-7,  very  short; 
achenes  minutely  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  111.  to  Mo.,  La.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Sept. 

44.  Solidago    Drummondii  T.  &  G.     DRUMMOXD'S  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f. 
3712.)     Stem  rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  high,  finely  soft-pubescent.     Leaves  rather 
thin,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely,  but  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent,  or 
roughish  beneath,  sharply  serrate,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled, 
or  the  upper  sessile,  the  larger  7-10  cm.  long,  4-5  cm.  wide;  heads  4-5  mm.  high; 
bract-like  upper  leaves  obtuse,  or  acute,  entire;  rays  4-6,  conspicuous;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  achenes  pubescent.     In  rocky  soil,  111.  to  La. 
and  Mo.     Sept  -Oct. 

45.  Solidago  rigida  L.     STIFF  OR  HARD- LEAVED  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f. 
3713.)    Stem  stout,  simple,  or  branched  above,  densely  and  finely  rough-pubescent, 
hoary,  3-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  thick,  rigid,  often  obtuse,  rough  on  both  sides,  the 
upper  sessile,  clasping,  and  rounded  or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5  cm. 
long,  mostly  .entire;  lower  and  basal  leaves  long-petioled,   sometimes  3  dm.  long 
and  7  cm.  wide,  entire  or  serrulate;  heads  8-10  mm.  high,  many-flowered,  in  a 
terminal  dense  corymbose  cyme;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  oblong, 
obtuse,  the  outer  pubescent;  rays  6-IO,  large;  achenes  glabrous,  10—15 -nerved.    In 
dry  sandy,  gravelly,  or  rocky  soil,  Out.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Ga.,  Tex.  and 
Colo.     Aug. -Oct. 

46.  Solidago  multiradiata  Ait.     NORTHERN  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3714.) 
Stein  glabrous   or   somewhat   pubescent   above,  rather  slender,  1.5-4  dm.   high. 
Leaves  firm,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  or  sparingly 
serrate,  obtuse,  finely  reticulate- veined,  7-12  cm.  long,  6-18  mm.  wide,  the  upper 
smaller,  narrower,  sessile,  entire;  heads  about  8  mm.  high,  usually  few  in  a  ter- 
minal rather  compact,  corymbose  cyme;  bracts  of  the  involucre  thin,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  glabrous;  rays  8-15,  prominent,  linear;   achenes  pubescent.     Lab.  to 
Br.  Col.,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.     July- Aug. 

47.  Solidago  Ohioensis  Riddell.    OHIO  GOLDENROD.    (I.  F.  f.  3715.)  Very 
smooth  throughout;  stem  rather  slender,  simple,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  the 
basal  and  lower  ones  obtuse,  long-petioled,  serrulate   toward  the  end,  or  some- 
times entire,  often  3  dm.  long;    upper  leaves  sessile,   lanceolate,  entire,  gradually 
smaller;  heads  5—6  mm.  high,   numerous  in  a  terminal  compound  cyme,   15-25- 
flowered;  rays  6-9,.  small;  bracts  of  the  narrowly  campanulate  involucre  oblong, 
obtuse,  glabrous;  achenes  glabrous,  5 -nerved.     In  moist  soil,  western  N.  Y.  to  111. 
Aug. -Sept, 


94  2  FLORA. 

48.  Solidago   Riddellii  Frank.     RIDDELL'S  GOLDENROD.     (I.  F.  f.  3716.) 
Stem  stout,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  above,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  numerous, 
thick,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  the  lower  and  basal  01163 
long-petioled,  elongated,  often  3  dm.  long,  8-20  mm.  wide,  the  upper  smaller,  simi- 
lar, sessile  and  clasping  at  the  base,  conduplicate,  somewhat  falcate;  heads  6— 8  mm< 
high,  2O-3O-flowered,  very  numerous  in  a  dense  corymbose  cyme,  involucre  oblong, 
campanulate,   its  bracts  broadly  oblong,   obtuse;    rays  7-9,   narrow;    achenes  5* 
nerved,  glabrous.     On  moist  prairies,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     Also  at  Fortress 
Monroe,  Va.     Aug-Sept. 

49.  Solidago  Houghtonii  T.  &  G.     HOUGHTON'S  GOLDENROD.     (I.   F.  f. 
3717.)     Stem  glabrous  below,  sparingly  pubescent  above,  3—6  dm.  high.     Leaves 
linear,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  petioled,  4-8  mm.  wide,  3-nerved,  entire,  acute  at 
each  end,  the  upper  sessile,  slightly  conduplicate,  otherwise  similar,  the  uppermost 
small  and  bract-like;   heads  about  6  mm.  high,  few,  in  a  small  corymbose  cyme, 
2o-3O-flowered ;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse;  achenes 
glabrous,  4-5 -nerved.    In  swamps,  north  shores  of  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  and 
in  Genesee  Co.,  N.  Y.     Autumn. 

23.  EUTHAMIA  Nutt. 

Erect,  paniculately  branched  herbs,  perennial  by  -long  rootstocks,  with  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate  entire  sessile  1-5 -nerved  punctate  leaves,  and  numerous  small 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  clustered  in  the  large  cymose, 
convex  or  nearly  flat-topped  inflorescence.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  ap- 
pressed,  somewhat  glutinous.  Receptacle  flattish,  fimbrillate,  or  pilose.  Ray- 
flowers  pistillate,  usually  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  the  rays  small. 
Disk-flowers  perfect.  Anthers  obtuse  at  the  base.  Style  branches  with  lanceolate 
appendages.  Achenes  top-shaped  or  oblong,  villous-pubescent.  [Greek,  referring 
to  the  clustered  heads.]  Four  known  species,  the  following,  and  one  of  western 
N.  Am. 

Leaves  distinctly  3-5-nerved;  ray-flowers  12-20.  i.  E.  graminifolia. 

Leaves  i-nerved,  or  with  a  pair  of  indistinct  lateral  nerves ;  ray-flowers  5-10. 

Stem-leaves  4-6  mm.  wide  ;  disk-flowers  3  or  4.  2.  £.  leptocephala. 

Leaves  1-4  mm.  wide;  disk-flowers  5  or  6.  3.  E.  Caroliniana. 

1.  Euthamia  graminifolia  (L.)  Nutt.      BUSHY  or  FRAGRANT  GOLDENROD. 
(I.  F.  f.  3718.)     Stem  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  rough  above,  6-12  dm.  high. 
Leaves  numerous,   linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  each  end,  2-12  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  minutely  rough  pubescent  on  the  margins  and  nerves  of  the 
lower  surface;  resinous  dots  few;  heads  4—6  mm.  high,  sessile  in  capitate  clusters 
arranged  in  a  flat-topped  corymbose  cyme;  involucre  ovoid-campanulate,  its  bracts 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  viscid;  disk-flowers  8-12.    In  moist  soil,  fields 
and  roadsides,  N.  B.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Kans.     July-Sept. 

2.  Euthamia  leptocephala  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.     WESTERN  BUSHY  GOLDEN- 
ROD.     (I.   F.  f.   3719.)     Stem  much  branched,   smooth,   4-7  dm.    high.     Leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  each  end,  rough-margined,  those 
of  the  stem  usually  5—7  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide;  heads  4-6  mm.  high,  rather  nar- 
rower than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  sessile  in  the  clusters  of  the  flat-topped 
inflorescence;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong.     In  moist  soil,  Mo.  to  La.  and 
Tex.     Aug. -Oct. 

3  Euthamia  Caroliniana  (L.)  Greene.  SLENDER  FRAGRANT  GOLDENROD-. 
(L  F.  f.  3720.)  Resembles  the  preceding  species  but  is  smaller,  glabrous,  and 
somewhat  resinous,  seldom  over  4  dm.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  acu- 
minate, sessile,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  punctate,  often 
with  smaller  ones  clustered  in  the  axils;  heads  about  3  mm.  high,  very  numerous 
and  crowded  in  the  dense  corymbose  cyme;  involucre  oblong-campanulate,  its 
bracts  oblong.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  eastern  Mass,  to  III.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.,  mainly 
near  the  coast.  Aug.-Oct.  [Solidago  tenuifolia  Pursh.] 

24.  BRACHYCHAETA  T.  &  G. 

An  erect,  perennial  herb,  with  the  aspect  of  a  Goldenrod.  Leaves  alternate, 
the  lower  and  basal  ones  lar^e,  cordate,  long  petioled,  the  upper  ovate,  short* 


COMPOSITAE  943 

petioled  or  sessile.  Heads  composed  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  in  a  ter- 
minal narrow  spike-like  thyrsus.  Involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  its  bracts  cori- 
aceous, imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  successively  smaller.  Receptacle  small, 
naked.  Rays  small,  yellow,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  tubu- 
lar, somewhat  expanded  above,  5 -cleft.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base. 
Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  lanceolate.  Achenes  8-io-ribbed. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  achene.  [Greek,  short- 
bristle,  referring  to  the  pappus.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Brachychaeta  sphacelata  (Raf.)  Britton.  FALSE  GOLDENROD.  (I.  F. 
f.  3721.)  Stem  pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  7-15  cm.  long, 
the  slender  petioles  7-22  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  gradually  smaller  and  shorter-peti- 
oled,  the  uppermost  very  small  and  sessile;  heads  about  5  mm.  high,  racemose- 
secund  or  densely  clustered  on  the  short  branches  of  the  narrow  elongated  terminal 
thyrsus;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish;  rays 
and  disk-flowers  each  about  5.  In  dry  woods,  western  Va.  to  Ind.,  south  to  N.  Car. 
and  Ga.  Aug.-Sept.  \B.  cor  data  T.  &  G.] 

25.  APHANOSTEPHUS  DC. 

Erect  or  ascending  canescent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  rather 
large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear,  scarious-margined,  imbri- 
cated in  a  few  series,  the  outer  smaller.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  naked.  Ray- 
flowers  pistillate,  white  or  purplish.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  yellow,  their  corollas 
tubular,  the  limb  expanded  above,  5 -dentate.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  short,  obtuse.  Achenes  many- 
ribbed.  Pappus  a  short  dentate  crown.  [Greek,  faint-crown.]  About  5  species, 
of  the  southwestern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

i.  Aphanostephus  skirrobasis  (DC.)  Trelease.  APHANOSTEPHUS.  (I.  F. 
f.  3722.)  Erect,  or  diffusely  branched,  densely  canescent,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Basal 
and  lower  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  2-10  cm.  long,  somewhat  dentate,  laciniate  or 
entire,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  oroblance- 
olate,  obtuse  or  acute,  mostly  sessile,  smaller;  heads  16-25  mm-  broad,  6-10  mm. 
high;  rays  numerous,  narrow,  entire.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.  Also  in  Fla. 
May-Aug. 

26.  BELLIS  L. 

Tufted  herbs,  with  branching  or  scapose  stems,  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and 
rather  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  or  of  the  monocephalous  scape.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  cam- 
panulate, its  bracts  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  i  or  2  series,  nearly  equal.  Recep- 
tacle convex  or  conic,  naked.  Ray-flowers  white  or  pink,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers 
yellow,  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular,  the  limb  4-5 -toothed..  Anthers  obtuse  and 
entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  short,  triangular. 
Achenes  flattened,  nerved  near  the  margins.  Pappus  none,  or  a  ring  of  minute 
bristles.  [Latin,  pretty.]  About  9  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Only  the 
following  are  known  to  occur  in  N.  Am.,  but  2 others  are  found  in  Mex. 

Stem  branched,  15-40  cm.  high;  involucral bracts  acute.  i.  B.  integrifolia. 

Scapes  monocephalous,  3-17  cm.  high;  involucral  bracts  obtuse.     2.  B.  perennis. 

1.  Bellis  integrifolia  Michx.     WESTERN  DAISY.      (I.  F.  f.  3723.)    Slender, 
diffusely  branched,  pubescent.     Leaves   thin,  entire,   obtuse,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  spatulate,  2-7  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  smaller, 
oblong,  oblanceolate  or  linear;  heads   12-30  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
acute  or  acuminate,  scarious-margined,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  rays  usually  violet, 
oblong-linear.     In  moist  soil,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

2.  Bellis  perennis  L.     EUROPEAN  OR  GARDEN  DAISY.    (I.  F.  f.  3724.)     Per- 
ennial, tufted.     Leaves  all  basal,  obovate,  obtuse,   slightly  dentate,  2-5  cm.   long, 
narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  pubescent  and  ciliate;  heads  12-25  mm-  broad; 
rays  numerous,  linear,  white,   pink,  or  purple;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, usually  purple.     In  waste  places,  or    occasionally  spontaneous  on   lawns. 


944  FLORA. 

Southern  N.  Y.  and  eastern  Penn.  to  N.  S.  and  Ont.  Fugitive  from  Europe.  Native 
also  of  Asia.     Nat.  in  Cal.  and  Br.  Col.     April-Nov. 

77.  TOWNSENDIA   Hook. 

Tufted  scapose  or  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  linear  or  spatulate 
leaves  and  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric 
or  broadly  campanulate ;  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Re- 
ceptacle nearly  flat.  Ray-flowers  pink  or  white,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  tubular, 
mostly  perfect,  their  corollas  regular,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  lanceolate.  Achenes  of  the  disk- 
flowers  compressed,  those  of  the  rays  commonly  3-angled.  Pappus  a  single  series 
of  rigid  bristles  or  short  scales.  [Named  for  David  Townsend,  botanist  of  Phila- 
delphia.] About  20  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am. 

Branching  from  the  base  ;  heads  terminal.  i.   T.  grandiflora. 

Acaulescent,  or  nearly  so;  heads  sessile  among  the  leaves. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  green,  2.5-5  mm-  wide. 

2.  T,  intermedia. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  nearly  so,  canescent,  1-2  mm.  wide. 

3.  T.  exscapa. 

1.  Townsendia  grandiflora  Nutt.     LARGE-FLOWERED  TOWNSENDIA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3725.)     Perennial  from  a  long  woody  root,  branching  at  the  base  and  sometimes 
also   above,  pubescent,    or  at  length  glabrate,   5-20  cm.  high.     Leaves   linear  or 
linear-spatulate,  3-7  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  canescent;  heads 3-4  cm.  broad,  soli- 
tary at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  scarious-margined, 
lanceolate,   conspicuously  acuminate;  rays    violet  or  purple;    pappus  of  the  ray- 
flowers  a  crown  of  short  scales,  that  of  the  disk-flowers  of  rigid  bristles  longer  than 
the  achene.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and  N.  Mex.     May-Aug. 

2.  Townsendia    intermedia    Rydb.    n.sp.      INTERMEDIATE  TOWNSENDIA. 
Acaulescent  from  a  woody    root  but  less  branched  than  the  next,   2-5  cm.  high. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  rarely  spatulate,  mostly  acute,  green,  finely  strigose,  or  in  age 
glabrate;  heads  closely  sessile,  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  surpassed  by  the  leaves;  involucre 
broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  often  tinged  with  purple,  the 
inner  scarious-margined;   rays  rose-color  or  white;  pappus  as  in  the  next.     In  dry 
soil,  Neb.,  Kans.  and  Colo.      May-July.     Type  from  TregoCo.,  Kans. 

3.  Townsendia  exscapa  (Richards)  Porter.     SILKY  OR  Low  TOWNSENDIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3726.)     Acaulescent,  or  nearly  so,  from  a  deep  woody  root,  tufted,  2-3  cm. 
high.     Leaves  all  clustered  at  the  base,  narrowly   linear  or  slightly  broader  up- 
ward, 2-5  cm.  long,  permanently  strigose-canescent;  heads  closely  sessile,  2-4  cm. 
broad,  equalled  or  surpassed  by  the  leaves;    involucre  broadly  campanulate,   its 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  scarious-margined;  rays  white  or  purplish;  pappus 
of  both  ray  and  disk-flowers  a  row  of  rigid  bristles,  that  of  the  rays  shorter  and 
smaller.     In  dry  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.,  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.     April-July. 

28.  CHAETOPAPPA  DC. 

Annual  slender  much-branched  herbs,  with  small  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
small  Ion g-ped uncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  nar- 
rowly campanulate,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  imbricated  in  few 
series,  the  outer  slightly  shorter.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Ray -flowers  in  one 
row,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  or  the  central  ones  staminate,  their  corollas 
5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  narrow,  flattened, 
their  appendages  short,  obtuse.  Achenes  nearly  terete,  fusiform,  or  linear,  5-ribbed. 
Pappus  usually  of  5  rigid  awn-like  scabrous  bristles,  alternating  with  as  many  short 
scales  or  more.  [Greek,  bristle-pappus.]  Two  known  species,  natives  of  the  central 
and  southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Chaetopappa  asteroides  DC.  CHAETOPAPPA.  (I.  F.  f.  3727.)  Annual, 
pubescent,  erect,  5-30  cm. high,  the  branches  filiform.  Lower  and  basal  leaves  spatu- 
late, obtuse,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  petioled,  the  upper  linear,  much  smaller  and  bract- 
like,  sessile;  heads  about  6  mm.  broad;  involucre  about  4  mm.  high,  its  bracts 
scarious-margined,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  rays  5-12,  raised  on  slender  tubes;  cen- 
tral sterile  flowers  usually  awnless;  shorter  scales  of  the  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers 
hyaline,  sometimes  lacerate.  Dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  northern  Mex.  April-July. 


COMPOSITAE.  945 


if.  POifTNIA  L'Her. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  striate  or  angled  stems,  alternate  entire  sessile, 
or  clasping  leaves,  and  numerous  rather  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate 
flowers,  paniculate,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  hemispheric 
or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  scarious-  margined,  imbricated  in  few  series, 
the  outer  slightly  shorter.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  foveolate.  Ray-fiowers 
pistillate.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  elongated,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse 
and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  short,  lanceo- 
late. Achenes  flattened,  obovate,  their  margins  thickened  or  narrowly  winged, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Pappus  a  series  of  short  scales,  usually  with  2-4  slender 
rigid  bristles.  [Named  for  James  Bolton,  an  English  botanist  of  the  i8th  cen- 
tury.] As  here  limited,  the  genus  consists  of  the  4  following  species,  with  perhaps 
a  fifth  in  Oregon. 

Disk  about  4  mm.  broad;  leaves  linear.  I.  B.  diffusa. 

Disk  6-12  mm.  broad;  leaves  lanceolate. 

Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  not  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

Involucre-bracts  lanceolate,  acute.  2.  B.  asteroides. 

Involucre-bracts  spatulate,  obtuse,  or  mucronate.  3.  B.  latisquama. 

Stem-leaves,  and  sometimes  those  of  the  branches,  decurrent,  sagittate. 

4.  B.  decurrens. 

1.  Boltonia  diffusa  Ell.    PANICLED  BOLTONIA.    (I.  F.  f.  3728.)    Paniculately 
much  branched,  6-20  cm.  high,  the  branches  very  slender  or  filiform.     Leaves 
acutish,  the  larger  3-5  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches  very  small  and 
subulate;  heads  about  4mm.  high;  rays  usually  white,  2-4  mm.  long;  involucre 
broadly  campanulate,   its  bracts  oblong  or  oblong  -lanceolate,  acutish  or  obtuse; 
achenes  obovate,  narrowly  winged;  pappus  of  several  short  scales  and  2  subulate 
bristles  shorter  than  the  achene.     In  dry  soil,  southern  111.  to  Tex.,  east  to  S.  Car. 
and  Fla.     Aug.-Oct. 

2.  Boltonia  asteroides  (L.)  L'Her.     ASTER-LIKE  BOLTONIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3729.) 
Rather  stout,  6-24  dm.  high,  somewhat  cymosely  paniculate.      Leaves  lanceolate 
to  oblanceolate,  sessile,  5-12  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  the  upper  linear-lanceolate, 
smaller;  rays  white,  pink  or  purple,  6-12  mm.    long;  involucre  hemispheric,   its 
bracts  lanceolate  or  oblong  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  pappus  of  setose  scales, 
with  or  without  2-4  slender  bristles  nearly  as  long  as  the  obovate  or  oval  achene. 
In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  La      July-Sept. 

3.  Boltonia  latisquama  A.  Gray.    BROAD-SCALED  BOLTONIA.    (I.  F.  f.  3730.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species  and  perhaps  a  variety  or  form  of  iL     Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  sessile;   heads  rather  larger;   rays  blue-violet;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  or  mucronate;  pappus  of  numerous  small  short  broad 
scales  and  2  long  bristles.     Western  Mo.,  eastern  Kans.  and  Ark.     Autumn. 

4.  Boltonia  decurrens  (T.  &  G.)  Wood.      CLASPING-LEAVED  BOLTONIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3731.)     Stout,  9-18  dm.  high,  branched  above.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  elongated  lanceolate,  mucronate  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  stem  decurrent  and 
sagittate   at   the  base.   7-15  cm.    long,    12-16  mm.   wide,  those  of  the  branches 
smaller  and  merely  sessile  or  some  of  them  also  decurrent;  heads  5-6  mm.  high; 
involucre  hemispheric;   rays  about  6  mm.  long,  violet  or  purple;  pappus  of  several 
or  numerous  short  scales  and  2  very  slender  bristles.     In  wet  prairies,  111.  and  Mo. 
Aug.  -Sept. 

30.  SERICOCARPUS  Nees. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  middle-sized  heads  of  boih 
tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  in  terminal  cymose  panicles.  Involucre  ovoid,  oblong, 
or  campanulate,  its  bracts  coriaceous,  with  herbaceous  or  squarrose  tips,  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  small,  foveolate.  Ray-flowers 
white,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  mostly  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular,  narrow,  yel- 
lowish or  purplish,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  with  lanceolate-  subulate  appendages.  Achenes  slightly  compressed, 
linear-oblong,  i-nerved  on  each  side,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary 
scabrous  bristles,  the  outer  usually  shorter.  [Greek,  silky  fruit,  referring  to  the, 
achenes.]  Four  known  species?  natives  of  N,  Arn? 


946  FLORA. 

Leaves  entire,  linear,  spatulate,  or  obovate,  rigid. 

Glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate.  i.  ,5".  linifolius. 

Puberulent  or  scabrous  ;  leaves  obovate.  2.  S.  bifoliatus. 

Leaves  dentate,  oblong,  or  obovate,  thin.  3.  S.  aster  aides. 

1.  Sericocarpus  linifolius  (L.)  B.S.P.     NARROW-LEAVED  WHITE-TOPPED 
ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3732.)    Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout;  stem  rather  slen- 
der, striate,  3-5  dm.  high.     Leaves  spreading,  faintly  3-nerved,  thick,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  sessile,  or  the  lowest 
with  short  margined  petioles,  their  margins  scabrous;  heads  about  6-8  mm.  high, 
clustered  in  2's-6's  at  the  ends  of  the  cymose  branches;  involucre  oblong-campan- 
ula£c,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,   the  outer  with   somewhat  spreading  or  reflexed 
green  tips,  the  inner  scarious  and  often  lacerate  or  ciliate  at  the  apex;  rays  4  or  5, 
8-IO  mm.  long;  pappus  white.     In  dry,  usually  sandy  soil,  Canada,  Vt.  to  Ohio, 
Ga.  and  La.     June-Sept.    [S.  soKdagineus    Nees.J 

2.  Sericocarpus  bifoliatus  (Walt.)  Porter.     ROUGH  WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER. 
RATTLESNAKE  MASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3733.)     About  6  dm.  high,  the  stem  terete,  or 
slightly  angled.     Leaves  sessile,  obscurely  veined,  thick,  obtuse,  ascending  or  erect 
by  a  twist  at  the  base,  1-2.5   cm-   l°ng?   8-16  mm.   wide,  mucronulate,   densely 
appressed-puberulent  on  both  sides,  the  upper  mostly  oblong,  much  smaller;  -heads 
8-10  mm.  high,   cymose-paniculate;  involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  its  bracts 
oblong  or  the  inner  linear,  pubescent,  their  tips  somewhat  spreading;  rays  short; 
pappus  white.     In  dry  soil,   Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  mainly  near  the  coast.     July- 
Sept. 

3.  Sericocarpus  asteroides  (L.)  B.S.P.     TOOTHED  WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER. 
(I.   F.  f.  3734.)     Stem  pubescent,    or   glabrate,    slightly   angled,   3-6  dm.   high. 
Leaves  pubescent  or  glabrous,  ciliate,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  obovate  or  spatulate, 
dentate  or  rarely  entire,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-35  mm.  wide,   narrowed  into  margined 
petioles;  upper  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  dentate,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse, smaller;  heads    10-12  mm.  high,  densely  clustered;  involucre  campanulate, 
its  bracts  oblong,  ciliate  or  pubescent,  the  outer  with  green  reflexed  tips;  pappus 
brown  or  white.     In  dry  woods,   Me.  to  Fla.,  Ohio,  Ky.  and  Ala.     July-Sept. 

31,  ASTER  L.*     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual,  mostly  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and 
corymbose  or  paniculate  (rarely  racemose  or  solitary)  heads  of  both  tubular  and 
radiate  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  campanulate  or  turbinate,  its  bracts  vari- 
ous, imbricated  in  several  series,  the  exterior  ones  usually  smaller  and  shorter. 
Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  generally  foveolate.  Ray-flowers  white,  pink,  purple, 
blue,  or  violet,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  tubular,  perfect,  their  corollas  5-lobed, 
usually  yellow  and  changing  to  red,  brown,  or  purple.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire 
at  the  base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  subulate,  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  acute.  Pappus-bristles  slender,  numerous,  scabrous  or  denticulate,  usually 
in  I  series,  sometimes  in  2  series.  Achenes  mostly  flattened  and  nerved.  [Greek, 
star.]  A  genus  of  not  less  than  250  species,  most  abundant  in  N.  Am.  where, 
in  addition  to  the  following,  about  70  others  occur  beyond  our  limits.  The  species 
are  very  variable,  as  is  expressed  in  the  large  number  of  subspecies  here  admitted. 

A.   Basal  and  lower  leaves,  or  some  of  them,  cordate  and  slender-petioled.  (See  No.  52.) 
1.  None  of  the  stem-leaves  cordate-clasping. 

*  Rays  white,  violet  or  rose. 

§  Rays  white,  or  rarely  rose,  usually  2-toothed;  plants  not  glandular. 

f  Involucre  ovoid,  campanulate  or  turbinate,  its  bracts  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded;  basal 

leaves  few  and  small,  or  commonly  none  (except  in  No.  6). 

(a)  Leaves  membranous  or  thin,  smooth,  or  nearly  so. 

Heads  18  mm.  broad  or  less,  the  disk  turning  crimson;  leaves  acute  or  short-acuminate, 
chiefly  crenate-serrate.  i.  A.  carmesinus. 

Heads  18  mm.  broad  or  more,  the  disk  turning  brown  or  reddish  brown;  leaves  long- 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate. 

Heads  18-25  mm.  broad ;  leaves  of  the  branches  small,  obtuse,  or  acute. 

2.  A.  divaricatus* 


*  Prepared  with  the  assistance  of  Prof,  EPWARD  S,  BURGESS, 


COMPOSITAE.  947 

Heads  25  mm.  broad  or  more;  leaves  of  the  branches  large,  long,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate. 

Involucral  bracts  mainly  acute;  teeth  of  leaves  salient.       3.  A.  tenebrosus. 
Involucral  bracts,  all  but  the  lowe;ft,  obtuse;  leaves  low-serrate,  the  teeth  chiefly 
appressed.  4.  A.  leptocaulis. 

(b)  Leaves  thick,  firm,  rough,  at  least  when  dry. 

Heads  12-16  mm.  high;  inflorescence  forking.  5.  A.furcatus. 

Heads  8-10  mm.  high  ;  inflorescence  paniculate  or  glomerate. 

Leaves  acute,  or  short-acuminate,  pilose  beneath;  inflorescence  glomerate. 

6.  A.  glomeratus. 
Leaves  long-acuminate,  not  pilose  beneath ;  inflorescence  open-paniculate. 

7.  A.  Clay  t  on  i. 

f  f  Involucre  cylindric,  its  bracts  tapering  to  an  obtuse  apex  ;  basal  leaves  large,  tufted. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  pale,  scarious,  usually  without  herbaceous  tips. 

8.  A.  curvescens. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  broader,  with  herbaceous  tips.                       9.  A.  Schreberi. 

§  §  Rays  violet,  usually  3-toothed ;  plants  glandular. 
t  Predominant  glands  large,  capitate;  leaves  thick,  coarse,  heavy. 
Sinus  broad;  glands  chiefly  on  the  inflorescence;  plant  usually  harsh. 

10.  A.  macrophyllus. 
Sinus  narrow;  glands  abundant  on  the  leaves  and  stem;  growing  plant  clammy. 

11.  A.  roscidus. 
\  \  Predominant  glands  minute,  scarcely  capitate;  leaves  usually  thin. 

(a)  Inflorescence  rather  regular,  flat,  or  convex-topped  ;  plants  usually  less  than  8  dm.  tall. 
Sinus  broad,  shallow. 

Broader  leaves  orbicular-cordate,  their  teeth  and  the  inflorescence-leaves  inconspicu- 
ous. 12.  A.  ianthinus. 
Broader  leaves  reniform,  sharply  incised;  some  inflorescence-leaves  conspicuous. 

13.  A.  violaris. 
Sinus  rather  deep  and  narrow;  broader  leaves  ovate-cordate,  sharply  serrate. 

14.  A.  imiltiformis. 

(b)  Inflorescence  very   irregular,  paniculate-corymbose;    plants   often  1.2-1.6  m.  high; 

broader  leaves  large,  cordate,  acute.      15.  A.  nobilis. 

*  *  Rays  blue  or  purple;  plants  not  glandular. 

t  Bracts  of  the  involucre  spreading  or  recurved  ;  rays  30-45. 

16.   A.  anomalus. 
\  t  Bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed,  or  erect;  rays  8-20. 

(a)  Leaves  all  entire,  or  nearly  so,  thick,  or  firm. 

Leaves  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  above.  17.  A.  Shortii. 

Leaves  rough-puberulent  on  both  sides,  the  upper  bract-like.         18.  A.  azureus. 

(b)  Leaves  nearly  all  sharply  serrate,  thin. 
Heads  4-6  mm.  high,  numerous;  bracts  obtuse  or  obtusish. 

Leaves  rough;  petioles  not  wing-margined;  bracts  appressed. 

19.  A.  cordifolius. 
Leaves  smooth,  or  nearly  so  ;  petioles,  or  some  of  them,  wing-margined. 

20.  A.  Lowrieanus. 

Heads  8-10  mm.  high,  usually  few  ;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate.     21.  A.  Lindleyanus* 
Heads  6-10  mm.  high,  numerous;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate. 

Stem  densely  and  finely  pubescent.  22.  A.  Drummondii. 
Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  bract-tips  spreading. 

Inflorescence  racemose-paniculate.  23.  A.  sagittifolius. 

Inflorescence  corymbose-paniculate.  24.  A.  Saundersii. 

2,  Stem-leaves,  or  some  of  them,  cordate-clasping;  plant  rough  when  dry.  • 

25.  A.  undulatus. 

B.  Ko  cordate  and  petioled  leaves;  those  of  the  stem,  or  some  of  them,  with  more  or 

less  cordate  or  anricled  clasping  bases. 

i.  Stem  rough,  or  hirsute-pubescent. 

*  Leaves  entire,  oblong,  linear,  or  lanceolate. 

§  Heads  2.5-5  cm-  broad  ;  leaves  sessile,  strongly  cordate- clasping. 

f  Stem  rough  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate;  involucre  turbinate. 
Leaves  thick,  firm,  very  rough,  oblong  to  oval.  26.  A.  patens. 

Leaves  thin,  roughish,  oblong-lanceolate.  27.  A.phlogifolius. 

t  t  Stem  hirsute;  leaves  lanceolate ;  involucre  hemispheric. 

28.  A.  Novae-Angliae. 

%  §  Heads  1-2.5  cm-  broad  ;  leaves  but  slightly  clasping. 

Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  glandular.  29.  A.  oblongifolius, 

Involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  hispidt  30,  A,  amethystinus. 


948 


FLORA. 


*  *  Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  serrate. 

Stems  usually  pilose ;  bracts  very  glandular.  31.  A.  major. 

Stems  hispid-pubescent;  bracts  glabrous,  or  ciliate.  32.  A.  puniceus. 

2.  Stem  glabrous,  or  only  sparingly  pubescent  above  (yillous  informs  of  AJo.  33). 

*  Leaves  sharply  serrate. 
§  Leaves  tapering  to  the  base. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  foliaceous.  33.  A.  tardiflorus 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow,  not  foliaceous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile.  32.   A.  puniceus. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate,  the  lower  often  petioled.  34.   A.  patitlus, 

§  §  Leaves  abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles,  often  enlarged  near  the  base, 

35-  ^-  pi'enanthoides. 
§  §  §  Leaves  strongly  cordate-clasping;  bracts  green- tipped. 

.  36.  A.  laevis, 

*  *  Leaves  entire,  or  very  nearly  so. 
§  Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  appressed,  green-tipped. 

f  Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  rhomboid  green  tips. 

Stem-leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate.  36.   A.  laevis. 

Stem-leaves  elongated-lanceolate  to  linear.  37.   A.  concinnus. 

\  \  Bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  the  tips  narrower,  lanceolate;  stem-leaves  linear  ot 

narrowly  lanceolate.  38.  A,  purpuratus. 

%  §  Involucre  hemispheric. 
t  Bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow,  not  foliaceous. 

(a)   Bracts  in  several  series,  unequal. 

Bracts  linear-subulate;  leaves  narrowly  linear.  39.  A.  junceus. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  linear,  or  spatulate;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear. 

Western  dry-soil  plant,  3-6  dm.  tall;  leaves  2. 5  7.5  cm   long.  40.  A.  adscendens. 

Eastern  swamp  plant,  6-15  dm.  tall ;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long.     41.   A.  Xovi-Belgii, 

(b)  Bracts  in  only  i  or  2  series ;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate. 

42.  A.  longifolius. 
f  f  Bracts  of  the  involucre  green,  foliaceous ;  western. 

43.  A.foliaceus. 
C.  Leaves  sessile,  or  pstided,  not  at  all  clasping,  or  scarcely  so. 

i.  Leaves  silKy,  silvery  or  canescent  ou  botli  sides,  entire. 

Heads  corymbose-paniculate  ;  bracts  oblong  ;  achenes  glabrous.    44.  A.  sericeus. 
Heads  in  a  narrow  raceme;  bracts  linear;  achenes  silky.  45.   A.  coucolor. 

2.   Leaves  neither  silky,  silvery  nor  canescent,  often  toothed. 

*  Rays  normally  purple,  blue,  pink,  or  violet:    not  white. 
§  Leaves  bristly  ciliate,  linear,  rigid;  western  species.  46.   A.  Fendleri. 

§  §  Leaves  not  bristly  ciliate. 

f  Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  strongly  squarrose. 
Leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong,  rigid,  obtuse,   entire  ;  heads  2.5  cm.  broad. 

47.  A.  grandiJJorus. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  at  least  the  lower  dentate. 

Involucre  hemispheric,  or  nearly  so ;  heads  2.5  cm.  broad  or  more. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  glandular.  48.  A.  spectabilis. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  ciliate,  or  glabrous.  49.   A.  sitrcnlosns. 

Involucre  turbinate;  heads  12-18  mm.  broad.  50.   A.  gracilis. 

f  f  Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  appressed,  or  erect  (except  in  forms  of  No.  52), 
(a)  Bracts  of  the  involucre  coriaceous  or  herbaceous,  oblong,  linear,  lanceolate,  01 

spatulate. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  coriaceous,  obtuse. 

Involucre  hemispheric;  leaves  oblong,  sharply  serrate ;  stem  smooth. 

51.  A.  Radula. 
Involucre  turbinate. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  the  lower  dentate;  stern  rough.      52.  A.  Herveyi. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  entire,  ciliolate.  53.  A.  turbinellus. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  acute. 

Involucral  bracts  foliaceous;  leaves  oblong,  very  rough.         54.  A.  Nebraskensis. 
Involucral  bracts  not  foliaceous;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate,  not  rough. 
Pubescent ;  inner  involucral  bracts  abruptly  acuminate  or  obtusish. 

55.  A.  Pricea  e. 
Glabrous  ;  involucral  bracts  all  narrowly  linear,  gradually  acuminate. 

56.  A.  Kentuckiensis. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  rigid,  lanceolate,  large,  acute;  leaves  linear. 

57.  A.  paludosus. 
(b)  Bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  membranous,  acute. 

§8.  A,  nemorafa, 


COMPOMTAE.  949 

*   *   Rays  mostly  white  or  nearly  so  (often  pink  or  purple  in  Nos.  59,  61,  63,  64,  and  73). 

§  Heads  corymbose,  20-40  mm.  broad. 
Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  ;  bracts  linear-subulate. 

59.  A.  acuminatus. 
Leaves  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so;  bracts  oblong,  obtuse.  60.  A.  ptarmicoides. 

§  §  Heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  slender  branchlets. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse.  61.  A.  dumosus. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends.  62.  A.  Gravesii. 

§  §  §  Heads  paniculate,  or  racemose,  8-20  mm.  broad 
f  Bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  to  obtusish;  plants  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

(a)  Heads  paniculate,  not  in  i-sided  racemes. 
Stem  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire. 
Heads  16-20  mm.  broad. 

Plants  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  above. 

Leaves  firm,  rotighish  or  rough;  rays  often  bluish.       63.  A.  salicifolius. 
Leaves  thin,  smoothish;  rays  chiefly  white.  64.  A.  paniculatus. 

Plant  puberulent  ail  over.  65.  A.  Missouriensis. 

Heads  12-16  mm.  broad;  stem-leaves  narrowly  lanceolate.         66.  A,  Tradescanti. 
Stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  subulate,  mostly  entire. 

Heads  scattered,  12-18  mm.  broad ;  upper  leaves  linear.  67.  A.  Faxoni. 

Heads  numerous,  8-14  mm.  broad;  upper  leaves  subulate. 

Paniculately  branched,  bushy.  68.  A.  ^ricoides. 

Simple,  or  with  ascending  slender  branches;  northern.       69.  A.  Pringlei. 

(b)  Heads  racemose  and  i-sided  on  the  branches. 
Stem-leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  serrate,  or  chiefly  so. 

Stem  pubescent  or  glabrate.  70.  A.  lateriflorus. 

Stem  villous;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  thin.  71.  A.  hirsuticaulis. 

Stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  nearly  entire  ;  stem  glabrate. 

72.  A,  vimineus. 

t  f  Bracts  of  the  involucre,  at  least  the  outer,  obtuse;   plants  very  rough. 
Heads  6-8  mm.  broad,  very  numerous,  densely  clustered. 

Pubescence  appressed;  leaves  nearly  glabrous.  73.  A.  multiflorus* 

Pubescence  spreading;  leaves  pubescent  and  ciliate.  74.  A.  exiguus. 

Heads  12-16  mm.  broad,  rather  loosely  clustered;  western.  75.  A.  commutatus. 

D.  Leaves  fleshy,  narrow,  entire ;  plants  of  salt  marshes  or  saline  soil  (No.  77  some- 
times in  non-saline  situations). 

Perennial;  heads  12-25  mm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

76.  A.  tenuifolius. 
Annuals  ;  heads  6-10  mm.  broad  ;  involucral  bracts  linear-subulate. 

Involucre  campanulate;  disk-flowers  more  numerous  than  the  rays;  rays  about  4  mm. 

long.  77-  A.  ex  His. 

Involucre  cylindraceous;  disk-flowers  fewer  than  the  very  short  rays. 

78.  A.  subulatus. 

1.  Aster  carmesinus  Burgess.    CRIMSON-DISK  ASTER.    (I.  F.  £.3735.)  Stems 
erect,  delicate,  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous,    reddish  brown,    terete.     Leaves   all  peti- 
oled,  glabrate,  very  thin,  but  firm  and   crisp,  the   lower  and  basal  ones  somewhat 
oval,  rounded  into  a  small  deep  sinus  at  the  base,  bluntly  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at  the  apex,  cre/iate-serrate,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper- 
most short-elliptic;  petioles   slender  ;   inflorescence    12.5  cm.  broad,  or  less  ;  rays 
chiefly  6,  white  ;  disk  at  first  golden  yellow,  finally  deep  purplish  crimson;  florets 
broadly  bell-shaped;  outer  bracts  obtuse,  ciliate,  pale,  with  a  green  tip.    On  shaded 
rocks  in  the  lower  Hudson  valley.     Sept. 

2.  Aster   divaricatus   L.     WHITE    WOOD    ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3737.)     Stems 
tufted,    assurgent,    flexuous,    brittle,    terete,    4-6  dm.    high,  glabrate  at  maturity. 
Leaves  thin,  smoothish,    slender-petioled,   ovate,    lanceolate,  closely   dentate  with 
sharp  teeth,  or  the  small  basal  ones  coarsely  serrate,  acute  to  acuminate,  the  basal 
sinus  moderate;  leaves  of  the  inflorescence  small,  short,  ovate  and  acute  to  orbicu- 
lar, subentire;  corymb   broad,    flattish,    repeatedly    forked,  the  slender   branches 
long,  divergent ;  heads    18-25  mm-  broad  ;  rays  chiefly  6-9,  white  ;  disk  turning 
reddish  brown;  bracts  of  the  involucre  broad,  ciliate,  the  rounded  tip  with  an  in- 
conspicuous  green  spot.     In   open   woodlands  and  thickets,    in  rather  dry  soil, 
Canada  to  Man.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.     Variable;  rays  rarely  rose-purple.     Sept. -Oct. 

Aster  divaricatus  cymulbsus  Burgess.    Smaller,  bearing  a  single  dense  corymb  about 
I  dm.  broad,  or  several  smaller  ones ;  the  branches  short,   suberect;  rays  short,  broad, 


950  FLORA. 

chiefly  6-8  mm.  long.  In  grassy  openings  in  woods,  often  in  dense  patches,  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

Aster  divaricatus  curtifolius  Burgess.  Stem  erect,  reddish,  smooth,  sometimes  glau- 
cous; leaves  small,  dull  green,  firm,  ovate  to  orbicular,  the  sinus  broad,  rounded,  the  apex 
obtuse  or  apiculate;  inflorescence  loose,  flattish;  disks  turning  purple;  rays  about  i  cm. 
long;  green  tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  conspicuous.  In  moist  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

Aster  divaricatus  deltoideus  Burgess.  Delicate,  4.5  dm.  high  or  less;  lower  leaves 
triangular,  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus  or  subtruncate,  the  apex  incurved-acuminate ;  the 
teeth  large,  sharp;  petioles  often  all  filiform;  veins  directed  forward;  heads  nearly  as  in 
the  preceding  variety.  In  moist  shaded  places,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Y.,  Va.  and  Tenn. 

Aster  divaricatus  persiliens  Burgess.  Stems  virgate,  7.5  dm.  high,  or  less;  leaves 
extremely  thin,  firm,  chiefly  lanceolate-acuminate,  long  and  narrow,  the  teeth  very  slen- 
der, salient  or  recurved,  the  lowest  ovate  with  a  small  narrow  sinus ;  disk  maroon.  In 
deep  shade,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  Ky. 

Aster  divaricutus  fontinalis  Burgess.  Plants  solitary;  basal  leaves  often  numerous, 
tufted,  thin,  smoothish,  sharply  serrate  or  dentate,  15  cm.  long  by  n  cm.  broad,  or 
smaller,  broadly  oval,  acute,  the  base  subcordate  or  rounded;  involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts 
with  definite  green  tips.  In  springy  places  and  grassy  ditches  in  open  sunny  situations, 
N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

3.  Aster  tenebrosus  Burgess.     LONG-LEAVED  WOOD  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3736.) 
Stems  solitary  or  scattered,  glabrate,  striate,  6-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  very  thin  and 
smooth,  slender-petioled,  broadly  oblong,  coarsely  toothed  with  remote  acuminate 
teeth,  abruptly  long-acuminate   at  the  apex,  the  basal  sinus  broad,  rounded,  shal- 
low, except  in  the  lowest  ones;  leaves  of  the  inflorescence  lanceolate,  subentire, 
sessile,  sometimes  I  dm.  long;  inflorescence  broadly  corymbose,  heads  about  8mm. 
high,  often  3  cm.  broad;  rays  usually  9-12;  disk  pale  yellow,  becoming  purplish 
brown,  the  florets  funnelform  with  a  long  slender  tube;  outer  bracts  chiefly  elon- 
gated-triangular,  acute,   green,   the  others   linear,   obtusish,  the  green  tips  lance- 
linear.     In  moist  dark  woodlands,  N.  Y.  to  Va.     Peculiar  in  its  large  dark  leaves 
with  coarser  teeth  than  in  the  preceding  species.     Aug.-Sept. 

4.  Aster    leptocaulis   Burgess,    n.sp.       SMOOTH-STEMMED  ASTER.      Stem 
slender,  smooth,  4  dm.  high  or  more,  the  branches  puberulent,  erect-ascending, 
leafy  to  the  inflorescence.     Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  larger  1.5  dm.  long,  thin,  slightly  rough  above,  finely  and  densely  pubescent 
beneath,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the  upper 
sessile,  or  very  nearly  so,  the  lower  petioled  and  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base; 
inflorescence  corymbose,    leafy;    peduncles   slender,    1—2.5    cm<    l°ng;    involucre 
turbinate-campanulate,  about  8  mm.  high,   its  bracts  obtuse  or  obtusish,  ciliate; 
heads  about  2.5  cm.  broad.     Milwaukee,  Wis.,  collected  by  Dr.  H.  E.  Hasse. 

5.  Aster  furcatus  Burgess.     FORKING  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3738.)     Stem  leafy, 
4.5  dm.  high,  or  less,  loosely  forked  above.     Leaves  hispid  above,  hispidulous 
beneath,  firm,  saliently  cut-toothed,  the  lower  ovate,  short-petioled,  with  a  small 
or  shallow  sinus,  the  upper  sessile,  often  12.5  cm.  long  by  6  cm.  wide,  the  upper- 
most elliptic-oblong,   often  8.5   cm.   long;  heads  few  (5-20),   slender-peduncled; 
involucre  with  a  truncate  or  rounded  base;  rays  3-toothed;  disk  turning  brown, 
the  florets  furmelform  with   rather   broad  lobes;  pappus  long,   straight;  achenes 
pubescent,    subangular,  not  constricted  at  the  summit.     In  woods,  especially  on 
shaded  cliffs,  111.  and  Mo.     Aug.-Oct. 

6  Aster  glomeratus  (Nees)  Bernh.  BERNHARDI'S  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3739.) 
Loosely  clustered,  dull  green.  Leaves  not  large,  mostly  short-pilose  beneath, 
thickish,  rough  above;  basal  leaves  present,  these  and  the  lower  stem-leaves  cor- 
date with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  the  teeth  sharp,  rather  close  and  small;  petioles 
slender,  ciliate;  upper  leaves  much  smaller,  ovate,  truncate  with  a  short  broadly 
winged  base,  or  the  uppermost  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sessile,  entire;  inflorescence 
compact,  of  many  glomerate  clusters,  round-topped;  heads  about  8  mm.  high; 
bracts  pubescent,  obtuse,  green,  the  inner  twice  as  long  as  the  outer;  rays  about 
6,  cream-white,  short,  soon  deciduous;  disk  turning  brown.  In  moist  thickets, 
swamps,  or  ravines,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  July. 

7.  Aster  Clayton!  Burgess.  CLAYTON'S  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3740.)  Similar 
to  A.  divaricatus;  stems  red,  tough.  Leaves  chiefly  ovate-lanceolate,  not  large, 
rough,  thick,  slender-petioled,  coarsely  serrate,  pale,  or  dull,  acuminate,  the  upper 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  lanceolate-triangular,  serrulate;  inflorescence  high,  with 
percurrent  axis,  the  long  suberect  branches  each  bearing  a  small  umbelliform  clus- 


COMPOSTTA  E.  95  * 

ter  of  heads;  peduncles  filiform,  as  long  as  the  heads,  6-8  mm.  long;  bracts  pale; 
rays  short,  narrow,  chiefly  6,  snow-white;  disks  at  first  golden  yellow,  finally 
sienna  brown;  florets  about  20;  achenes  densely  short-hairy.  In  sunny  or  slightly 
shaded,  rocky  places,  N.  Y.  to  the  mountains  of  Va.  Sept. 

Aster  Cteytoni  crispicans  Burgess.  Basal  leaves  often  not  cordate,  deeply  incised  • 
those  of  the  stem  long-acuminate  or  even  caudate,  sharply  serrate  with  large  acute  close 
teeth,  some  of  which  are  suberect ;  chief  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute.  On  rocky  banks, 
solitary  or  in  small  clusters.  Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 

8.  Aster  curvescens   Burgess.     DOME-TOPPED    ASTER.     (I.    F.    f.   3741.) 

Dark  green,  chiefly  glabrous;  stem  pale  green,  striate,  delicate,  4-6  dm.  high. 
Basal  leaves  tufted,  conspicuous,  these  and  the  lowest  stem-leaves  with  a  broad 
shallow  sinus,  abruptly  incurved-acuminate;  middle  leaves  ovate,  short-petioled, 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  upper  lanceolate,  slenderly  acuminate,  often  falcate; 
leaves  firm,  smoothish,  the  teeth  broad,  curved;  inflorescence  small,  convex, 
7-12  cm.  broad,  its  short  filiform  naked  branches  widely  ascending;  heads 
8-10  mm.  high;  lower  bracts  short,  obtuse,  the  others  longer,  nearly  uniform, 
scarious,  shining,  linear,  often  acute,  usually  glabrous;  rays  about  8,  cream-white, 
about  10  mm.  long;  disk  becoming  purple-brown;  pappus  early  reddening; 
achenes  slender,  glabrous.  In  loose  moist  shaded  soil,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Va. 
Aug. -Sept. 

Aster  curvescens  umbeliiftirmis  Burgess.  Stem  very  smooth,  deep  red,  robust, 
straight,  sometimes  i  m.  tall;  leaves  apple-green,  smooth  when  dry,  sparingly  toothed; 
inflorescence  symmetrically  umbelliform,  decompound;  sinus  of  the  lower  leaves  rather 
deep  and  narrow.  In  grassy  woods  and  thickets,  Conn,  to  Va.  July. 

Aster  curvescens  oviformis  Burgess.  Stem  about  7  dm.  high,  leafy ;  leaves  dull 
green,  not  acuminate,  very  thin  but  rough,  ovate,  cordate  with  deep  narrow  sinus,  2  dm. 
long  by  12  cm.  wide,  or  smaller  ;  some  of  the  bracts  broader  and  green-tipped  ;  inflores- 
cence smaller  and  less  branched.  Range  of  the  preceding. 

9.  Aster  Schreberi  Nees.     SCHREBER'S  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3742.)    Stem  stout, 
6-9  dm.  high,  with  long  internodes.     Basal  leaves  often  in  extensive  colonies,  thin, 
dull  green,  firm,  rough  above,  with  scattered  slender  appressed  bristles,  pubescent 
beneath  on  the  veins,  reniform-cordate  or  cordate-triangular,  often  17  cm.  long  by 
12  cm.  wide,  the  basal  sinus,  when  well  developed,  rectangular,  5  cm.  across  and 
2.5  cm.  deep;  upper  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  with  a  short  broad  basal 
wing,  or  sessile;  lower  petioles  long,   ciliate  when  young;  inflorescence   decom- 
pound, flattish,  or  irregularly  convex,  15-30  cm.  broad;  heads  about  I  cm.  high; 
bracts  greenish,    mostly  obtuse,   ciliate;  rays  usually   10.     In  borders  of  woods, 
and  along  fence  rows  in  partial  shade,  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Va.     July-Aug. 

10.  Aster    macrophyllus  L.     LARGE-LEAVED  ASTER.     (I.    F.    f.    3743.) 
Rough;  rootstocks  long,  thick;   stem  reddish,  angular,  6-9  dm.  high.    Basal  leaves 
forming  large  colonies,  3  or  4  to  each  stem,  broad,  cordate  with  a  large  irregular 
sinus,   rough  above,   harsh,    thick,    the  teeth  broad,    curved;  upper   stem-leaves 
oblong  with  short  broadly-winged  petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile,  acute;  inflor- 
escence strigose  and  glandular,  broadly  corymbose,  irregular;   heads  10-12  mm. 
high;  peduncles  rigid,  thickish;  rays  about  16,  10-14  mm.  long,  chiefly  lavender, 
sometimes  violet,  rarely  pale;  bracts  conspicuously  green-tipped,  the  lower  acute, 
the   inner  oblong,    obtuse;  disk  turning  reddish  brown;  florets  short-lobed.     In 
moderately  dry  soil,  in  shaded  places,  Canada  to  Minn,  and  N.  Car.     Aug. 

Aster  macrophyllus  velutinus  Burgess.  Smaller;  leaves  small,  ovate-triangular, 
slender-petioled,  often  truncate  at  the  base,  about  6  cm.  long  by  5  cm.  wide,  sometimes 
none  of  them  cordate  ;  glands  fewer;  pubescence  subpilose  or  velvety  ;  bracts  broad,  flat, 
green  ;  rays  violet  or  blue.  In  grassy  woods  and  thickets,  especially  in  mountainous 
regions,  Me.  to  Minn,  and  W.  Va. 

Aster  macrophyllus  sejdnctus  Burgess.  Strigose-pubescent;  glands  numerous;  leaves 
apple-green  above,  pale  beneath,  chiefly  cordate-orbicular,  abruptly  short-acuminate, 
thick,  spongy,  commonly  minutely  wrinkled  :  basal  leaves  few ;  bracts  narrow,  obtuse ; 
peduncles  slender;  inflorescence  dense,  convex,  1-2  dm.  broad,  not  leafy  ;  rays  lilac.  In 
open  grassy  places,  Me.  to  Penn.  and  Wis. 

Aster  macrophyllus  apricensis  Burgess.  Glabrate,  deeply  branched,  the  branches 
numerous,  often  45  cm.  high  ;  rays  short,  pinkish  lavender  ;  leaves  broad,  oval  to  ovate, 
the  teeth  and  sinus  little  developed ;  petioles  often  expanded  into  a  long  wing,  sometimes 


95  2  FLORA. 


7  cm.  long  and  i  cm.  wide  ;  uppermost  leaves  short-oblong  with  a  narrowed  sessile  base. 
In  clearings  and  open  gravelly  or  sandy  places,  N,  Y.  and  Penn. 

Aster  macrophyllus  biformis  Burgess.  Small,  stocky,  with  3  or  4  small  oval  closely 
crenate  spongy-thickened  lower  leaves  with  long  slender  petioles,  the  sinus  deep,  narrow, 
the  teeth  triangular  to  semicircular  ;  stem-leaves  crowded,  much  reduced,  subentire,  ovate- 
oblong,  subsessile ;  inflorescence  nearly  naked,  dense,  convex,  usually  i  dm.  broad  ;  stri- 
gose  pubescence  little  developed  ;  rays  lilac.  In  open  grassy  sunny  situations,  forming 
small  patches,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  Lake  Erie. 

Aster  macrophyllus  pinguifblius  Burgess.  Stems  stout,  leafy,  glabrous,  about  6 
dm.  high  ;  basal  and  lower  leaves  large,  forming  extensive  patches,  deep  green  above, 
very  pale  beneath,  many  of  them  appearing  greasy,  some  roughening  in  drying  ;  petioles 
fleshy,  sometimes  23  cm.  long;  inflorescence  broad,  flat-topped;  heads  large  ;  rays  laven- 
der to  almost  white ;  only  the  upper  leaves  sessile.  Borders  of  woods,  Conn,  and  L.  I. 
to  Minn. 

Aster  macrophyllus  excelsior  Burgess.  Stem  robust,  glabrous,  often  12  dm.  tall, 
purple,  or  glaucous;  leaves  mostly  very  smooth,  pale,  numerous,  narrower,  cordate- 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  sessile ;  rays  deep  lilac  to  violet.  Along  paths  and 
borders  of  rocky  woods,  Ont.  and  western  N.  Y.  to  Mich. 

11.  Aster  roscidus  Burgess.     DEWY-LEAF  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3744.)    Clam- 
my-hairy, odorous,  copiously  glandular  when  young,  somewhat  so  at  maturity;  stem 
9  dm.  high,  or  less.     Basal  leaves  in  close  colonies,  coriaceous,  cordate-quadrate,  low- 
serrate,  the  sinus  deep,  narrow;  stem-leaves  chiefly  orbicular  and  not  cordate,  with 
short  broadly  winged  petioles,  rarely  slender-petioled  ;  involucre  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  chiefly  with  rounded  ciliate  tips;  rays  14-16,  broad,   clear  violet  ;  disks  at 
first  golden  yellow,  soon  turning  red.    In  slight  shade  and  rich  cleared  woodlands, 
Me.  to  Penn.  and  Mich.,  Aug. -Sept. 

12.  Aster   ianthinus    Burgess.     VIOLET    WOOD  ASTER.     (I.    F.  f.  3745.) 
Glandular,  dark  green,  slightly  strigose-pubescent.     Stem  erect,  or  decumbent,  6-9 
dm.  tall  ;  leaves  thinnish,  rough,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  orbicular  to  oblong,  12  cm. 
long,  or  less,  abruptly  acuminate,  low-serrate  or  crenate,  the  sinus  broad,  open, 
shallow  ;  inflorescence  open,  nearly  naked;  peduncles  slender,  divergent  ;  heads 
large  ;  rays  10-13,  l°ng>  very  deep  violet  or  sometimes  pale,  8-12  mm.  long,  bracts 
green-tipped,  little  pubescent.     On  shaded  banks  and  along  woodland  paths,  Me. 
to  Lake  Erie  and  W.  Va.     July-Oct. 

13.  Aster  violaris  Burgess.     VIOLET-LEAF  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3746.)    Caudex 
thick,   fleshy;  plant  glabrate,  bluish  green,  minutely  glandular.     Stem   slender, 
erect,  or  assurgent,  6  dm.  high,  or  less;  basal  and  lower  leaves  broadly  reniform, 
abruptly  acuminate  or  apiculate,  often  7  cm.  long  and   10  cm.  wide,  their  slender 
petioles  15-20  cm.  long,  the  sinus  very  broad  and  shallow;  middle  stem-leaves 
similar,   not  cordate;  the  upper  numerous,   long-elliptic,    chiefly   with  narrowed 
bases,   all  thin,  firm;  rough  above;  inflorescence  leafy,  small,  loose,  nearly  level- 
t.ppcd;  I.eaJs  12  mm.  high,  or  more;  rays  12-15,  pale  violet,  narrow.     In  shaded 
moist   places,   sometimes  in  leaf-mold  among  rocks,  N.  Y.  from  the  Hudson  to 
Lake  Erie.     Sept. -Oct. 

14.  Aster  multiformis  Burgess.     VARIOUS-LEAVED  ASTER.     (L  F.  f.  3747.) 
Deep  green,   minutely   glandular.     Stem  erect,   slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  angular- 
striate  in  drying.     Basal  leaves  usually  2,  large,  cordate -oblong;  stem-leaves  very 
thin,  sharply  serrate,  rough  above,  minutely  puberulent  beneath,  the  lower  ovate, 
acuminate,  usually  with  a  narrow  sinus,  the  upper  oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,   peti- 
oled,  the  uppermost  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrulate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;   inflorescence 
small,   its  branches  upwardly  curved;  heads  about  14  mm.  high,  rays  about  13, 
rounded  and  retuse  at  the  apex;  bracts  green,  glands  few,  almost  hidden  by  the 
minutely  strigose  pubescence  of  the  peduncles.     In  moist  shaded  places,   Me.  to 
western  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Md.     July- Aug. 

15.  Aster    nobilis    Burgess.      STATELY  ASTER.     (I.    F.    f.    3748.)      Tall, 
minutely  glandular  above;  stem  shining,  bright  green,  12-15  dm.   high-     Leaves 
thin,    but   firm,    smooth    in  growth,   roughened   in   drying,   minutely  puberulent 
beneath,  dark  green,  basal  and  lower  leaves  large,    the  blade  often  22  cm.  long 
by   15   cm.  wide,    about  as  long  as   the  stout  petiole,  sharply  toothed,  the  sinus 
deep,    broad,   or  the   lobes  overlapping;  stem-leaves   similar,    the  upper  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile;  inflorescence  irregularly  cymose-paniculate ;  bracts  long,  acute, 
green;  heads  12  mm.  high,  or  less;  rays  13-15,  violet-blue  or  pale  violet.    In  leaf- 
mold,  Lake  Champlain  to  Lake  Erie.     Aug.    "  , 


COMPOSITAE.  953 

16.  Aster  anomalus  Engelm.     MANY-RAYED  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3749.)   Stem 
rough,  rather  stout,  branched  above,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  the  lower  and 
basal  ones  deeply  cordate,  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  repand, 
rough-pubescent  on  both   surfaces,  acute  or  acuminate,   7-10  cm.  long,  2-5  cm. 
wide,  with  slender  naked  petioles;  upper  leaves  short- petioled  or  sessile,  lanceolate, 
oblong,  or  linear,   much  smaller;  heads  few,  8-12  mm.  high,  25-30  mm.  broad; 
receptacle  hemispheric,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  hirsute,  imbri- 
cated in  several  series,    their  foliaceous  tips  spreading  or  reflexed;  rays  30-45, 
10-12  mm.  long,  bright  violet  blue;  pappus  whitish.     On  limestone  cliffs,  111.  to 
Mo.  and  Ark.     Sept. 

17.  Aster  Shortii  Hook.     SHORT'S  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3750.)     Stem  roughish 
or  smooth,  slender,  paniculately  branched  above,  6—12  dm.   high.     Leaves  thick 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely  and  sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  the  lower  and 
basal  ones  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate  at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  often 
entire,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  borne  on  slender  naked  petioles;  upper  leaves 
lanceolate,   entire,   sessile  or  short- petioled,   not  cordate,    those   of  the  branches 
small  and  bract-like;  heads  numerous,  10-14  mm.  high;   involucre  broadly  cam- 
panulate,   its  bracts  linear,    acute,   puberulent,  imbricated,   their  green  tips  ap- 
pressed;  rays   10-15,   linear,    violet  blue,   10-12  mm.  long;  pappus  tawny.     On 
banks   and   along   edges   of  woods,   western  Penn.   to  Va.,    Ga.,  111.   and  Tenn. 
Sept. -Oct. 

1 8.  Aster  azureus  Lindl.     SKY-BLUE  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3751.)     Stem  slender, 
stiff,   rough,  branched  above,    3-12  dm.    high.     Leaves   thick,  usually  all  entire, 
scabrous  on  both  sides,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  cordate,  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or 
lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  obtusish,  5-15  cm.  long,  with  slender  often  pubes- 
cent petioles;   upper,  leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of 
the  branches  reduced  to  small  appressed  bracts;  heads  numerous,  8-10  mm.  high; 
involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  glabrous,  linear-oblong,  abruptly  acute,  imbricated, 
their  green  tips  appressed;   rays,  10-20,  bright  blue,  6-8  mm.  long;  pappus  tawny. 
On  prairies  and  along  borders  of  woods,  western  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  Minn.,  Kans.  and 
Tex.     Aug. -Oct. 

19.  Aster   cordifolius  L.     COMMON   BLUE  WOOD  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3752.) 
Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  much  branched,  bushy,  3-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin, 
rough,   more  or  less  pubescent,   sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones   slender-petioled,   broadly  ovate-cordate,   5-12    cm.    long,    the  upper  short- 
petioled  or  sessile,  ovate  or  lanceolate;  heads  very  numerous,  small.  4-6  mm.  high, 
12-18  mm.  broad,   handsome;   involucre  turbinate  to  cylindric,  its  bracts  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse  or  obtusish,   green-tipped,   appressed;  rays  10-20,  6-8  mm.  long, 
violet   or   blue,    sometimes   pale    (rarely    white);    pappus    whitish.     Woods    and 
thickets,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Mo.     Sept. -Dec. 

Aster  cordifolius  Furbishiae  Fernald.  Similar;  stem  and  petioles  densely  villous, 
the  leaves  somewhat  so  beneath.  Northern  Me. 

Aster  cordifolius  polyc^phalus  Porter.  More  robust  and  more  branched  than  the 
type,  leaves  smaller,  often  rough  only  when  dry,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  ovate;  panicle 
large;  heads  usually  smaller,  very  numerous.  Me.  and  Mass,  to  eastern  Penn.  and  Va. 

Aster  cordifolius  alvearius  Burgess.  Leaves  thin,  usually  smoothish,  cordate,  tri- 
angular-lanceolate, or  broader;  inflorescence  dense,  thyrsoid,  not  leafy,  in  form  resemb- 
ling that  of  the  lilac;  bracts  linear,  acute ;  heads  medium  sized  ;  rays  blue.  On  shaded 
banks,  Mass,  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn. 

Aster  cordifolius  pedicell&tus  Burgess.  Stem  leafy,  often  12  dm.  high;  leaves  thin, 
the  lower  ovate,  cordate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  or  those  of  the  branches  elliptic  and 
subentire;  inflorescence  loosely  pyramidal,  often  6  dm.  high  and  4  dm.  broad,  its  ultimate 
branchlets  long  and  often  naked;  heads  large,  18  mm.  broad  or  more,  often  10  mm. 
high;  rays  chiefly  purple  blue;  bracts  obtuse.  In  moist  wood  borders,  Out.  to  Va. 
and  Ky. 

20.  Aster  Lowrieanus  Porter.     LOWRIE'S  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3753.)     Glab- 
rous,   or   very  nearly   so,    throughout;  stem  branched,    3-12  dm.    high.     Leaves 
thickish.  firm,  a  little  succulent,  the  basal  slender- petioled,   ovate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late, cordate,  acute  or  obtusish,  serrate.  5-15  cm.  long,  those  of  the  stem  ovate  to 
oblong,  often  cordate,   contracted  into  winged  petioles,  the  uppermost  lanceolate; 
heads  usually  not  very  numerous.  5-6  mm.   high,  loosely  panicled;   involucre  tur- 
binate, its  bracts  obtuse  or  obtusish,  appressed ;  rays  light  blue,  6-8  mm.  long,  but 


954  FLORA. 

variable  in  length.     In  woods,  Conn,  and  southern  N.  Y.  to  Penn.,  Iowa,  N.  Car, 
and  Ky.     Sept. -Oct. 

Aster  Lowrieknus  lancifolius  Porter.  Leaves  lanceolate,  appressed-serrate,  only  the 
basal  ones  cordate.  Southern  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  W.  Va.  and  Ala. 

Aster  Lowrie&nus  Bicknellii  Porter.  Leaves  all  lanceolate,  all  sharply  serrate,  or 
the  lowest  incised,  usually  none  of  them  cordate.  Southern  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 

21.  Aster  Lindleyanus  T.  &  G.     LINDLEY'S  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3754.)    Stem 
usually  stout,   glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent,  3-10  dm.  high,  branched  above. 
Leaves  rather  thick,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent,   especially  on  the  veins,  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate. 5-10  cm.   long,  with  slender  naked  petioles;  upper  leaves  ovate,  or  lanceo- 
late, less  serrate,  or  entire,  sessile,  or  with  margined  petioles,  those  of  the  branches 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,   smaller;  heads  usually  not  numerous,   8-10  mm. 
high;  involucre  broadly  turbinate  or  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  rather  loosely  imbricated,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  their  tips  green;  rays 
10-20,  blue  or  violet,  6-10  mm.  long;  pappus  nearly  white.     In  open  places,  Lab. 
to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Me.  and  Mich.     Aug. -Oct. 

Aster  Lindleyanus  exfmius  Burgess.  Tall,  sometimes  2  m.  high;  leaves  thick, 
usually  rough  and  strigose-pubescent  above,  almost  glabrous  beneath ;  inflorescence 
widely  branched,  loosely  paniculate,  often  over  6  dm.  long;  rays  bluish  purple;  heads 
nearly  2.5  cm.  broad;  bracts  linear,  abruptly  acute.  N.  H.  to  Ohio  and  Va. 

22.  Aster  Drummondii  Lindl.     DRUMMOND'S  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3755.)  Stem 
usually  stout,  finely  and  densely  canescent,  6-15  dm.   high.     Leaves  mostly  thin, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough  above,  canescent  beneath,  the  lower  and 
basal  ones  cordate,  with  slender  naked  petioles,  sharply  toothed,  5-10  cm.  long,  the 
upper  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,   usually  on  margined  petioles,  those  of  the 
branches  sessile  and  entire  or  nearly  so,  much  smaller;  heads  6-8  mm.  high,  rather 
numerous  on  the  racemose  branches;  involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  linear,  slightly 
pubescent,  acute  or  acuminate,  their  green  tips  appressed;  rays  8-15,  blue,  6-8  mm. 
long;  pappus  whitish.     In  dry   soil,    borders  of  woods  and  on  prairies,  Ohio  to 
Minn.,  Kans.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     Sept.-Oct. 

23.  Aster  sagittifolius  Willd.     ARROW-LEAVED  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3756.) 
Stem  stout,  or  slender,  strict,   glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  6-15  dm. 
high,  paniculately  branched  at  the  inflorescence,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves 
thin,  slightly  roughened,  or  glabrous  above,  usually  glabrate  beneath,  the  lower 
and  basal  ones  cordate  or  sagittate,  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate, 
7-15  cm.  long,  with  slender  naked  or  narrowly  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves 
lanceolate,    sessile,  or  on  short  and  usually  margined  petioles,  serrate  or  entire, 
those  of  the  branches  very  small;  heads  5-8  mm.  high,  16-20  mm.  broad,  numer- 
ous, crowded,  racemose;  involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  linear-subulate,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  their  tips  green  and  slightly  spreading;  rays  10-15,  1Jgnt  blue  or  purp- 
lish, 6-8  mm.  long;  pappus  whitish.     In  dry  soil,  N.  B.  toN.  Dak.,  N.  J.,  Ky.  and 
Kans.     Aug.-Oct. 

Aster  sagittifblius  dissitifl&rus  Burgess.  Differs  from  the  typical  form  of  the  species 
in  its  broader  looser  pyramidal  inflorescence,  the  somewhat  larger  and  longer  pedun- 
cled  heads,  the  leaves  less  serrate,  often  none  cordate.  N.Y.  to  Fla.,  Miss,  and  Okla- 
homa. , 

Aster  sagittif61ius  urophyllus  (LindU  Burgess.  Leaves  pilose  beneath  during  growth, 
persistently  so  on  the  veins  rough,  above,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower,  or  all  of  them, 
cordate;  stem  often  15  dm.  tall,  the  narrow  inflorescence  sometimes  9  dm.  long;  heads 
about  6  mm.  high;  rays  white.  Grassy  thickets  and  river-banks,  N.Y.  to  Minn. 

24.  Aster  Saun  Jersii  Burgess,   n.  sp.     SAUNDERS'  ASTER.     Puberulent  on 
the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  otherwise  glabrous,  or  the   petioles    sparingly 
ciliate;  stem  3-6  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  with  narrowly  margined  or  marginless 
petioles,  longer  than  the  blades,  the  latter  ovate,  rather  deeply  cordate,  serrate,  6- 
IO  cm.  long;  lower  stem-leaves  similar,  but  with  margined  petioles,  often  broadly 
so,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  much  smaller,  partly  clasping;  heads 
corymbose-paniculate  2.5  cm.  broad  or   less;  rays  apparently  purple;  involucre 


COMPOSITAE.  955 

about  8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  acuminate  green  bracts.     S. 
Dak.  and  Iowa.     Type  from  Roberts  Co..  S.  Dak.    (De  Alton  Saunders,  No.  8067.) 

25.  Aster  undulatus  L.  WAVY-LEAF  ASTER.    SMALL  FLEABANE.  VARIOUS. 
LEAVED  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3757.)   Stem  stiff,  very  rough  and  pubescent,  divaricately 
branched  above,    3-10  dm.  high.     Leaves   usually  thick,    rough  on   both    sides, 
pubescent  beneath,  dentate,  undulate  or  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lowest  and 
basal  ones  ovate,  cordate,  5-12  cm.  long,  with  naked  or  margined  petioles;  middle 
ones  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  with  margined  petioles  dilated  and  clasping  at  the 
base,  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  those  of  the  branches  small  and  subulate;  heads 
numerous,  racemose  and  often  secund  on  the  spreading  branches,  about  8  mm. 
high,    16-20  mm.  broad;    involucre   broadly  turbinate,    its   bracts    linear-oblong, 
pubescent,   acute  or  acutish,  their  green  tips  appressed;  rays  8-15,  pale  blue  to 
violet,  6-io  mm.  long;  pappus  whitish.     In  dry  soil,  N.  B.  and  Ont.,  south  toFla., 
Ala.  and  Ark.     Sept. -Oct. 

Aster  undutetus  abruptif61ius  Burgess.  Tall,  1-1.5  m.  high;  leaves  rougher,  chiefly 
short -ovate,  sessile,  entire  and  about  5  cm.  long,  4  cm.  broad;  inflorescence  pyramidal; 
heads  much  darker,  more  crowded.  N.  Eng.  to  Va. 

Aster  undulatus  loriformis  Burgess.  Predominant  leaves  greatly  elongated,  linear- 
oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  often  15  cm.  long,  with  the  clasping  base  narrowed  or  broad- 
ened, only  a  few  of  the  lower  ones  contracted  into  winged  petioles;  plant  little  pubescent 
at  maturity.  Eastern  Mass,  to  Va.  and  Penn. 

Aster  undulktus  torqu^tus  Burgess.  Leafy,  2-3.5  dm.  high,  dark  green,  short- 
downy;  leaves  small,  very  short  and  broad,  close  together,  entire,  their  bases  clasping  the 
stem  as  a  succession  of  collars,  often  i  cm.  in  diameter;  lowest  leaves  petioled;  inflores- 
cence much  branched,  paniculate.  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  to  Long  Island. 

Aster  undulitus  triangulkris  Burgess.  Tall,  leafy,  1-2  m.  high,  pale;  pubescence 
slight;  leaves  hispid  above,  ovate-triangular,  acuminate,  chiefly  5-7  cm.  long,  18  mm. 
broad  and  sessile.  N.Y.  to  S.  Car. 

26.  Aster  patens  Ait.     LATE  PURPLE  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3758.)    Stem  slen- 
der, rough,  3-9  dm.  high,  divergently  branched.     Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rough,  pubescent,  somewhat  rigid,  strongly  cordate  or  auriculate-clasp- 
ing  at  the  broad  base,  entire,  acute,  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  those  of 
the  branches  much  smaller  and  bract-like,  the  margins  rough-ciliate;  heads  25  mm. 
broad  or  more,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  broadly  turbinate, 
its  bracts  linear-oblong,  finely  pubescent  or  scabrous  and  somewhat  glandular,  im- 
bricated,   their  green  acute  tips  spreading;    rays    20-30,  purplish  blue,  or   deep 
violet,  8-12  mm.  long;  pappus  tawny;  achenes  pubescent.     In  dry,  open  places, 
Mass,  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  Kans.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.   Reported  from  Canada. 
Aug. -Oct. 

27.  Aster  phlogifolius  Muhl.    THIN-LEAVED  PURPLE  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3759.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  usually  taller.     Leaves  larger,  lanceolate  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, entire,  thin  or  membranous,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly  auri- 
culate-clasping  at  the  base,  roughish  above,  pubescent  beneath,  usually  narrowed 
below  the  middle,  sometimes  15  cm.  long;  heads  usually  numerous,  3-5  cm.  broad, 
panicled,  or  somewhat  racemose  on  the  branches;  bracts  of  the  involucre  lance- 
olate, glabrate,  rather  loose,  with  herbaceous  tips;  rays  numerous,  purple-blue.   In 
woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     Aug. -Sept. 

28.  Aster  Novae-Angliae   L.     NEW   ENGLAND  ASTER.     (I.    F.    f.  3760.) 
Stem  stout,  hispid,  pubescent,  corymbosely  branched  above,  6-25  dm.  high,  very 
leafy.     Leaves   oblong -lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  pubescent,    5-12 'cm.  long,  12-25 
mm.  wide,  clasping  the  stem  by  an  auriculate  or  broadly  cordate  base;    heads 
numerous,  3-5  cm.  broad,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  linear-subulate,  somewhat  unequal,  green,  spreading,  pubescent 
and   more  or  less  glandular- viscid;    rays  40-50,  linear,    10-16  mm.  long,  violet- 
purple,   rarely  pink  or  red,  or  white;  achenes  pubescent;  pappus  reddish  white. 
In  fields,  and  along  swamps,  Quebec  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  S.  Car.,  Mo., 
Kans.  and  Colo.     Aug. -Oct. 

29.  Aster  oblonorifolius  Nutt.     AROMATIC  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3761.)     Stem 
much    branched,    hirsute-pubescent;    3-7    dm.   high,    the    branches    divaricate  or 
ascending.     Leaves  crowded,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,    sessile   by  a    broad, 
partly  clasping  base,  usually  rigid,  entire,  acute  or  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  rough 


956 


FLORA. 


or  hispidulous  on  both  sides,  rough-margined,  those  of  the  stem  3-5  cm.  long,  4-8 
mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches  gradually  smaller;  heads  corymbose,  nearly  25 
mm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  much  imbricated,  glandular,  aro- 
matic, linear  or  linear- oblong,  the  acute  green  tips  spreading;  rays  20—30,  violet- 
purple,  rarely  rose-pink,  6-10  mm.  long;  pappus  light  brown;  achenes  canescent. 
On  prairies  and  bluffs,  central  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,Va.,Tenn.  and  Tex.  Aug.-Oct. 

30.  Aster  amethystinus  Nutt.     AMETHYST  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3762.)     Re- 
sembles the  preceding  species,  but  is  often  taller,  sometimes  15  dm.  high.     Leaves 
often  crowded,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rough  or  hispidulous  on  both  sides,  partly 
clasping,  sessile,  acute,  those  of  the  stem  3-5  cm.  long.  4-6  mm.  wide;  heads  rather 
numerous,  racemose  or  corymbose,  1-2.5  cm.  broad;  involucre  broadly  turbinate, 
its  bracts  much  imbricated,  linear,  hispid,  not  glandular,  the  acutish  green  tips 
spreading;  rays  20-30,  blue- purple,  about  6  mm.  long;  pappus  brown;  achenes 
canescent.     In  moist  soil,  Mass,  to  southern  N.  Y.,  eastern  Penn.,  111.  and  Iowa. 
Sept. -Oct. 

31.  Aster  major  (Hook.)  Porter.     GREAT  NORTHERN  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3763.) 
Stem  stout,  leafy  to  the  summit,  usually  densely  pilose-pubescent  with  many-celled 
hairs,  rarely   glabrate,  branched  above.   12-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  membranous, 
lanceolate,   partly  clasping  by  a  narrowed  base,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  with 
low  distant  teeth,  dark  green  and  slightly  pubescent  above,  villous-pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneath,  7-12  cm.   long,  10-20  mm.  wide;  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  short  branches,   3.5  cm.   broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbri- 
cated,  green,  linear- subulate,  densely  glandular;  rays  35-^5,  purple,    10-14  mm. 
long:  achenes  appressed-pubescent;  pappus  tawny.     In  mcist  soil,  western  Ont.  to 
Dak.,  Ore.  and  Br.  Col.     Sept.-Oct. 

32.  Aster  puniceus  L.     RED-STALK  OR  PURPLE-STEM  ASTER.     (I.   F.  f. 
3764.)     Stem  usually  stout,   reddish,  corymbosely  or  racemosely  branched  above, 
hispid  with  rigid  hairs,  9-25  dm.   high.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sessile  and  clasping  by  a  broad  or  narrowed  base,  sharply  serrate,  or 
some  of  them  entire,  usually  very  rough  above,  pubescent  on  the  midrib  beneath, 
7-15  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide;  heads  generally  numerous,  2-4  cm.  broad;  involu- 
cre nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  linear  or  oblong,  attenuate,  imbricated  in  about 
2  series,   glabrous  or  ciliate,   green,    loose,   spreading,    nearly   equal,   sometimes 
broadened;  rays  20-40,   violet  purple  or  pale,    10-14  mm-  l°ng>  showy;  pappus 
nearly  white;  achenes  pubescent.     In  swamps,  N.  S.  to  western  Ont.  and  Minn., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  Ohio  and  Mich.     July -Nov. 

Aster  puniceus  firmus  (Nees)  T.  &  G.  Stem  sparingly  hispid,  or  glabrous,  6-15  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  sharply  serrate.  With  the  type. 

Aster  puniceus  oligoc^phalus  Fernald.  Stem  seldom  over  7  dm.  high,  glabrate 
below ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  short ;  heads  few  or  solitary,  large,  the  outer  invo- 
lucral  bracts  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Ont.,  N.  H.  and  north- 
ern N.  Y. 

Aster  puniceus  compdctus  Fernald.  Stem  very  hispid  ;  leaves  firm,  large,  the  upper 
mostly  longer  than  the  short  branches  of  the  inflorescence;  heads  compactly  clustered, 
large.  Eastern  Mass,  to  Penn. 

Aster  puniceus  lucfdulus  A.  Gray.  Stem  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  leaves  crowded, 
entire,  or  nearly  so,  thin,  glabrous  or  slightly  rough-pubescent.  Quebec  to  N.  Eng., 
Ont.  and  Mich. 

Aster  punfceus  CrlwfordJ  Porter.  Stems  slender,  in  height  7.5-8  dm.,  somewhat 
hispid;  lower  and  middle  leaves  linear  and  lance-linear,  acuminiate,  5-10  cm.  long  and 
about  5  mm.  broad,  becoming  revolute,  scantily  denticulate,  very  scabrous  above,  pub- 
escent on  the  midribs  beneath :  the  upper  ones  on  the  panicle  much  smaller  and  ovate. 
Collected  at  Tullytown,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  by  Mr.  Joseph  Crawford. 

33.  Aster  tardiflorus  L.  NORTHEASTERN  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3765.)  Stem 
glabrous,  slightly  pubescent  above,  or  sometimes  villous.  corymbosely  branched 
near  the  summit.  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate 
with  low  teeth,  or  some  of  them  entire,  acuminate,  narrowed  into  a  clasping  base, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  roughish  margined,  7-15  cm.  long,  8-20  mm. 
wide:  heads  about  25  mm.  broad,  not  very  numerous;  involucre  hemispheric,  its 
outer  bracts  broad  and  foliaceous,  often  12  mm.  long,  acute,  somewhat  unequal; 
rays  20-30,  violet;  pappus  nearly  white;  achenes  pubescent.  Along  streams, 
Mass,  to  Lab.  Aug.-Oct. 


COMPOSITAE.  957 

34.  Aster  patulus  Lam.     SPREADING  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3766.)    Pubescent, 
or  nearly  glabrous;  stem  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  rather  thin,   acute,  acuminate,  or  blunt,  the 
lower  7-15  cm.  long,  2.5-6  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the  upper 
sessile  and  somewhat  clasping;  heads  numerous,  panicled,   about  25  mm.  broad; 
involucre  campanulate,  6-8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear  to  linear  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, not  foliaceous.  loosely  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  the  outer  shorter;  rays 
violet-purple  or  rarely  white.     N.  B.  to  N.  H.     Sept. 

35.  Aster  prenanthoides  Muhl.     CROOKED-STEM  ASTER.     (I.    F.  f.  3767.) 
Stem  glabrous,   or  pubescent  in  lines  above,  flexuous,  much  branched,  3-6  dm. 
high.     Leaves  thin,  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  sea- 
brous  above,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long,  18-35  mm-  wide,  acumi- 
nate,   abruptly  narrowed   below    into  a  broad- margined  entire   petiole,  the  base 
auriculate-clasping;  heads  usually  numerous,   25  mm.  broad   or  more;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  green,  spreading,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series, 
the   outer  shorter;  rays  20-30,    violet,   8-12  mm.   long;  pappus  tawny;  achenes 
pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Mass,  to  Wis.,  south  to  W.  Va.,  Ky.  and  Iowa.     Aug.- 
Oct. 

Aster  prenanthoides  porrectifblius  Porter.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  much  elon- 
gated, sometimes  2  dm.  long,  gradually  contracted  into  an  entire  clasping  base.  Penn. 

36.  Aster  laevis  L.     SMOOTH  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3768.)     Stem  usually  stout, 
glabrous  often  glaucous,  6-12  dm.  high,  branched  or  simple.    Leaves  thick,  entire, 
or  serrate,  glabrous,  slightly  rough- margined,  the  upper  all  sessile  and  strongly 
cordate-clasping,  oblong-lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or  obtusish,  2-10 
cm.  long,  8-50  mm.  wide,  the  basal  and  lower  gradually  narrowed  into  winged  peti- 
oles, those  of  the  branches  often  small  and  bract-like;  heads  usually  numerous, 
about  25  mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate,   its  bracts  rigid,  acute,  appressed, 
green-tipped,  imbricated  in  several  series  ;    rays  15-30,  blue  or  violet ;    pappus 
tawny;  achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.    Usually  in  dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  Penn., 
La.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Kans.     Sept. -Oct. 

Aster  laevis  amplif61ius  Porter.  Stout,  somewhat  fleshy;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  nar^ 
rowed  toward  the  base,  strongly  clasping.  Mass,  to  eastern  Penn.,  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Aster  laevis  Potomacensis  Burgess.  Lower  stem-leaves  abruptly  contracted  into 
winged  petioles,  sharply  serrate;  heads  few,  usually  racemose;  green  tips  of  the  bracts 
broad,  conspicuous.  Md.  and  Va. 

37.  Aster  concinnus  Willd.     NARROW-LEAVED  SMOOTH  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3769.)     Similar    to   narrow-leaved   forms  of  Aster  laevis,  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent  above;  stem  paniculately  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  light  green, 
lanceolate  to  linear,  entire,  or  sometimes  serrulate,  the  upper  sessile,  somewhat 
clasping,  2—7  cm.  long,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  spatulate,  or  oblong,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  sometimes  coarsely  toothed;  heads  usually  numerous,  about 
25  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  rhomboid  acute  herbaceous  tips;  rays 
violet  to  purple.     Conn,  to  Penn.,  Va.,  N.  Car.(?)  and  Ark. 

38  Aster  pnrpuratus  Nees.  SOUTHERN  SMOOTH  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3770.) 
Stem  slender,  glabrous,  simple,  or  branched  above,  4-12  dm.  high,  the  branches  some- 
times puberulent.  Leaves  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green,  entire,  the  upper  sessile  and 
clasping  at  the  base,  elongated-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  5-12  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtusish, 
those  of  the  branches  very  small;  heads  rather  few,  loosely  paniculate,  16-25  mrn- 
broad;  involucre  campanulate  to  turbinate,  its  bracts  coriaceous,  linear,  appressed, 
green-tipped,  acute,  imbricated  in  several  series;  rays  5-10,  blue  or  violet,  6-10 
mm.  long;  pappus  tawny;  achenes  glabrous.  Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

39.  Aster  junceus  Ait.  RUSH  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3771.)  Stem  very  slender, 
glabrous,  or  minutely  pubescent  above,  simple  or  little  branched,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  firm,  glabrous,  narrowly  linear,  entire,  or  sometimes  with  a  few  distant 
teeth,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  by  a  broad  clasping  and  often  slightly  cordate 
base,  7-15  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide;  heads  paniculate,  rather  distant,  about  25 
mm.  broad ;  involucre  hemispheric,  about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  glabrous,  linear- 
subulate,  very  acute,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  the  outer  shorter;  rays  violet  to. 


958  _          FLORA. 

nearly  white,  o-iO  mm.  long;  pappus  pale.      In  swamps  and  bogs,  N.  S.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Wis.  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.     July-Sept. 

40.  Aster  adscendens  Lindl.     WESTERN  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3772.)    Stem 
slender,  rigid,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  hirsute-pubescent,  branched  or  simple,  1.5-6 
dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  entire,  rough-margined,  sometimes  ciliolate,  those  of  the 
stem  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtusish,  2-7  cm.  long,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  sessile  by  a  more  or  less  clasping  base ;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  narrowed  into 
short  petioles ;  heads  not  numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad ;  involucre  hemispheric,  its 
bracts    imbricated   in   3-5  series,  oblong-linear  or  spatulate,  their  tips  obtuse  or 
obtusish,   slightly  spreading,    the  inner  often  mucronulate ;  pappus  nearly  white: 
achenes  pubescent.     On  prairies  and  moist  banks,  western  Neb.  to  Wyo.,  Mont, 
and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  west  to  Colo.,  N.  Mex.  and  Nev.     July-Sept. 

41.  Aster  Novi-Belgii  L.     NEW  YORK  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3773.)    Stem  slen- 
der, usually  much  branched,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent  above,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  firm,  entire,  or  slightly 
serrate,  glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  sessile  and 
more  or  less  clasping  at  the  base,  5-12  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  petioled; 
heads  corymbose-paniculate,   usually  numerous,   2-3  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric to  campanulate,  its  bracts  linear,   acute,   green,  somewhat  spreading,  in 
3-5  series,  the  outer  shorter;  rays  15-25,  violet,  8-10  mm.  long;  pappus  whitish; 
achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     In  swamps,  Newf.  to  Me.  and  Ga.,  mainly  near 
the  coast.     Aug. -Oct. 

Astor  N6vi-B<Slgii  lit&reus  A.  Gray.  Low  and  spreading,  more  or  less  fleshy,  much 
branched;  leaves  shorter,  broader,  thickish,  acute,  3-6  cm.  long;  principal  bracts  of  the 
involucre  obtuse,  loose,  spatulate.  Along  salt-marshes,  Pr.  Edw.  Isl.  and  Quebec  to  Ga. 

Aster  Novi-Belgii  elodes  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Gray.  Leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  often 
elongated  to  10-15  cm.;  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute.  In  moist  ground,  southern  N.  Y. 
to  N.  Car. 

Aster  Novi-Belgii  Atlanticus  Burgess.  Leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  from  the  middle 
to  an  acuminate  base  and  apex,  sometimes  25  mm.  wide ;  heads  usually  fewer ;  inflores- 
cence racemose-corymbose.  In  shaded  swamps,  Mass,  to  N.  Car. 

Aster  Novi-Belgii  Bntt6nii  Burgess.  Leaves  thick;  heads  shbrt-peduncled,  racemose- 
spicate  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches;  green  tips  of  the  bracts  short.  Mass,  to  south- 
eastern N.  Y.  and  Va.,  near  the  coast. 

42.  Aster  longifolius  Lam.    LONG-LEAVED  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3774.)  Stem  gla- 
brous, or  somewhat  pubescent,  leafy,  paniculately  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  acuminate,   narrowed  into  a 
sessile  clasping  usually   slightly  cordate   base,   7-20  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide; 
heads  rather  numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  8-10  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  glabrous,  narrow,  green,  acute,  imbricated  in  only  I  or  2  series, 
nearly  equal;  rays  numerous,   about  8  mm.  long,  violet  or  pale  purple;  pappus 
pale.     In  swamps  and  moist   ground,  Lab.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  northern 
N.  Eng.,  Ont.  and  Mont.     Summer. 

Aster  longifblius  villic&ulis  A.  Gray.  Stem  densely  white-villous ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear-lanceolate,  the  midrib  villous  beneath;  heads  fewer,  long-peduncled;  rays  dark 
violet.  Northern  Me.  and  N.  B. 

43.  Aster  foliaceus  Lindl.    LEAFY-BRACTED  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3775.)    Stem 
usually  stout,   sparingly  pubescent  in  lines,  6-9  dm.  high,  branched  above,   the 
branches  ascending.     Leaves  rather  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  with 
a  few  small  distant  teeth,  glabrous  on  both   sides,  very  rough-margined,  5-10  cm. 
long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  the  upper  all  strongly  clasping  at  the  base,  the  lowest  peti- 
oled; heads  corymbose-paniculate,  numerous,   25  mm.   broad  or  more;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its    bracts  green,  foliaceous,  oblong,  mucronate,  the    inner   mostly 
narrower  and  acute;  rays  about  30,  violet,  8-10  mm.  long;  pappus  nearly  white; 
achenes  pubescent.     Neb.  to  Mont,  and  Cal.     August. 

44.  Aster  sericeus  Vent.     WESTERN  SILVERY  OR  SILKY  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3776.)     Stem  slender,  paniculately  or  corymbosely  branched,  stiff,  glabrous,  leafy, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Stem-leaves  sessile,  with  a  broad  base,  oblong,  entire,  mucronate, 
1-4  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  erect  or  ascending,  with  a  dense  silvery-white  silky 
pubescence  on  both  sides;  basal  and  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,   narrowed  into 
margined  petioles;  heads  numerous,  about  35  mm.  broad;  involucre  turbinate,  its 


COMPOSITAE.  959 

bracts  oblong,  or  the  inner  lanceolate,  canescent,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  their 
tips  green,  acute,  spreading;  rays  15-25,  violet-blue,  12-16  mm.  long;  pappus 
tawny;  achenes  glabrous.  In  dry  open  soil,  111.  to  Minn,  and  Man.,  south  toTenn., 
Kans.  and  Tex.  Aug. -Sept. 

45.  Aster  concolor  L.    EASTERN  SILVERY  ASTER.  LILAC-FLOWERED  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3777.)     Stem   slender,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  above,  3-7  dm.  high,  leafy, 
single,  or  with  few  erect  branches.     Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,   finely  and 
densely  canescent  on  both  sides,  or  the  lower  glabrate,  sessile,  obtuse  or  mucronate, 
4-5  cm.  long;  heads  in   an  elongated  narrow  raceme  resembling  that  of  Lacin- 
aria ;  involucre  broadly  turbinate,   its  bracts  linear  or  linear-oblong,   appressed, 
canescent,  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series,  their  tips  green,  acute,  the  outer  shorter; 
rays  10-15,  lilac,  6-8  mm.  long;  pappus  tawny;  achenes  villous.     In  dry,  sandy 
soil,  eastern  Mass,  and  R.  I.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  near  the  coast.     Aug. -Oct. 

46.  Aster  Fendleri   A.    Gray.    FENDLER'S  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3778.)    Stems 
several  or  solitary  from  thick  woody  roots,  rigid,  hirsute,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves 
linear,  rigid,  i-nerved,  acute  or  acuminate,  16-30  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  glabrous 
on  both  sides,  but  the   margins  bristly-ciliate;  heads  usually  few  and  racemose, 
1-2.5  cm-  broad;  involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  glandular,  linear-oblong,  imbricated 
in  about  4  series,  the  inner  acute,  the  outer  shorter  and  obtuse;  rays  10-15.  yi°let, 
6-10  mm.   long.     In  dry  soil  on  the  plains,  western  Kans.  to  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. 
Aug.-Sept. 

47.  Aster  grandiflorus  L.     LARGE-FLOWERED  ASTER.     (I.    F.   f.   3779.) 
Stem  rather  stiff,  divaricately  much  branched,  hispid  with  short  hairs,   3-7  dm. 
high.     Leaves  oblong,  linear,  or  somewhat  spatulate,  rigid,  sessile  by  a  broad, 
sometimes  slightly  clasping  base,  reflexed,  entire,  obtusish,  hispid,  the  larger  5  cm. 
long  and  8  mm.  wide,  t^ose  of  the  branches  very  numerous,  4—10  mm.  long;  heads 
about  5  cm.  broad,  terminating  the  branches;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  very 
squarrose  and  foliaceous,  imbricated  in  5-7  series,  linear,  or  linear-oblong,  glan- 
dular, the  outer  obtusish,  the  inner  acute;  rays  very  numerous,  deep  violet,  nearly 
25  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide;  pappus  brownish;  achenes  ribbed,  canescent.     In  dry 
soil,  Va.,  east  of  the  mountains,  to  Fla.     Sept. 

48.  Aster  spectabilis  Ait.     Low  SHOWY  ASTER.     SEASIDE  PURPLE  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3780.)     Stem  stiff,  simple,  or  corymbosely  branched  above,  puberulent,  or 
rough  below,  more  or  less  glandular  above,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  thickish, 
the  basal  and  lower  ones  oval,  acute  or  acutish,  7-12  cm.   long,  2-4  cm.  wide, 
sparingly  dentate  with  low  teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  slender  petioles;  upper 
leaves  sessile,  entire  or  very  nearly  so,   acute,   linear-oblong;  heads   several  or 
numerous,  about  35  mm.  broad,  corymbose,  very  showy;  involucre  nearly  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts   linear-oblong  or   slightly  spatulate,   glandular,  imbricated  in 
about  5  series,  the  green  obtusish  tips  spreading;  rays  15-30,  bright  violet,  12-20 
mm.  long;  pappus  whitish;  achenes  slightly  pubescent.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  Mass, 
to  Del.,  mostly  near  the  coast.     Aug. -Oct. 

49.  Aster  surculosus  Michx.     CREEPING  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3781.)   Stem  slen- 
der, from  elongated-filiform  rootstocks,  minutely  scabrous-pubescent,  25-45  cm.  high, 
corymbosely  branched  above.    Leaves  firm,  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  petioled, 
5-7  cm.  long,  8-16  mm.  wide,  rough-margined,  slightly  scabrous  above,  sparingly 
dentate,  the  upper  narrower,  sessile,  entire;  heads  few,  or  sometimes  solitary,  about 
3  cm.  broad ;  involucre  turbinate-hemispheric,  its  bracts  coriaceous,  imbricated  in 
about  5  series,  ciliate,  but  scarcely  glandular,  their  green  tips  spreading;  rays  15- 
30,  violet;  pappus  whitish;  achenes  nearly  glabrous.      In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil, 
N.  Car.  and  Ga.     Reported  from  N.  J.     Sept.-Oct. 

50.  Aster  gracilis  Nutt.     SLENDER  OR  TUBE  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3782.)    Stem 
slender,  finely  puberulent  and  scabrous,  corymbosely  branched  above,  3-4  dm.  high. 
Leaves  minutely  scabrous,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  oval,  acute  or  obtusish,  5-7  cm. 
long,  8-16  mm.   wide,  dentate,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles;  upper  leaves  linear, 
linear-oblong,  or  slightly  oblanceolate,   acute,  entire,  sessile  or  a  little  clasping; 
heads  usually  numerous,  1 2-20  mm.  broad;  involucre  narrowly  turbinate,  its  bracts 
coriaceous,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  imbricated  in  about  5  series,  their  tips  green 
and  spreading,  obtusish;  rays  9-15,  violet,  6-9  mm.   long;  pappus  nearly  white; 
achenes  minutely  pubescent.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  N.  Car. 
Rootstock  tuberous  thickened.     July-Sept. 


FLORA.       L 

51.  Aster  Radula  Ait.     Low  ROUGH  ASTER.     FILE-BLADE  ASTER.     (I.  F.  £ 

3783.)  Stem  glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  corymbosely  branched  near  the  sum. 
mit,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  rough  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  strongly  pinnately  veined,  5-7  cm.  long, 
6-25  mm.  wide;  heads  several,  or  sometimes  numerous,  25-35  mm.  broad;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  oblong  or  oblong- spatula te,  coriaceous,  appressed-pubes- 
cent,  conspicuously  ciliolate,  their  green  obtuse  tips  appressed;  rays  20-30,  violet, 
8-12  mm.  long;  achenes  glabrous,  striate;  pappus  nearly  white.  In  swamps,  Del. 
and  southern  Penn.  to  Newf.  July- Sept. 

Aster  Rddula  biflbrus  (Michx.)  Porter.  Lower,  very  slender;  heads  1-3;  leaves  nar 
rower,  less  serrate  or  entire;  involucral  bracts,  or  some  of  them,  acute.  Mountains  ot 
N.  Eng.  to  Labr.  and  Newf.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

52.  Aster  Herveyi  A.  Gray.      HERVEY'S  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3784.)    Stem 
roughish,  at  least  above,  slender,  simple  or  corymbosely  branched,  rarely  panicu- 
late, 3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  glandular-puberulent.     Leaves  firm,  rough  above, 
pubescent   on  the  veins   beneath,    the  basal   and   lower   ones   on   slender   naked 
petioles,  ovate,  with  low  usually  distant  teeth,  acute,  narrowed,  rounded  or  rarely 
cordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.   long,  2-7  cm.  wide;    upper  leaves  sessile,  or  nar- 
rowed into  winged  petioles,  smaller,  entire  or  nearly  so;  heads  25-35  mm.  broad; 
involucre  turbinate  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  appressed,  or  sometimes  spreading, 
densely  glandular,  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse  or  mucronulate;  rays  15-25,  violet, 
10-14  mm-  l°ng;  achenes  minutely  pubescent,  striate;  pappus  nearly  white.     In 
dry  soil,  eastern  Mass.,  Conn,  and  R.  I.     Aug. -Oct. 

53.  Aster  turbinellus  Lindl.      PRAIRIE  ASTER.      (I.    F.  f.   3785.)      Stem 
slender,  paniculately  branched,   glabrous  below,  puberulent  above,  6-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  firm,  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  ciliate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
5-7  cm.  long,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  those  of  the 
branches  much  smaller;  heads  about  25  mm.  broad,  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches;  involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  oblong,  coriaceous,  obtuse,  appressed, 
imbricated  in  5  or  6  series,  their  tips  green  only  at  the  apex;  rays  10-20,  6-iomm. 
long,  violet;  pappus  tawny;  achenes  finely  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  especially  on 
prairies,  111.  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  La.  and  Ark.     Sept-Oct. 

54.  Aster  Nebraskensis   Britton.      NEBRASKA  ASTER.      (I.  F.  f.   3786.) 
Stem  strictly  erect,   slender,   stiff,  rough  to  the  base,  simple,  or  with  a  few  short 
nearly  erect  branches,  very  leafy,  4-7  dm.  tall.     Leaves  thick,  rather  rigid,  ascend- 
ing, lanceolate  to  oblong -lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  subcordate  base,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  2-7  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide;  very  rough  on  both  sides,  the  mid. 
vein  prominent  beneath,  the  lateral  veins  obscure;  heads  few,  terminating  short 
leafy  branchlets,  25-30  mm.  broad ;  involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispheric, 
about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  green,  oblong,  acute,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the 
outer  quite  foliaceous;  rays  purple,  about  12  mm.  long.     Lake  shores,  central  Neb, 
Sept. 

55.  Aster  Priceae  Britton,  n.  sp.     Miss  PRICE'S  ASTER.     Stem  pubescent, 
widely  branched,   3-7  dm.    high.     Basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
entire,  petioled,  3-7  cm.  long,  the  petioles  ciliate,  broad;  stem-leaves  linear-lance- 
olate,  sessile,  ciliate,  acuminate,  2-5  cm.   long,  those  of  the  branches  similar  but 
smaller;  involucre  nearly   hemispheric,   about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  the 
outer  gradually  acuminate,  green,  the  inner  a  little  broader,  abruptly  acuminate, 
acute  or  obtusish;  heads  about  2  5  cm.  broad;  rays  bright  purple  or  pink.     Ky. 
and  N.   C.     Type  collected  by  Sadie  F.   Price  near  Bowling  Green,  Ky.     Oct. 
Similar  to  A.  ericoides  pilosus  but  with  pink  or  purple  rays. 

56.  Aster  Kentuckiensis  Britton,  n.  sp.    KENTUCKY  ASTER.     Glabrous,  over 
3  dm.  high,  the  numerous  branches  diverging.     Upper  leaves  all  linear-subulate, 
1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  ascending,  sessile,  revolute-margined ;  heads  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets,  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  rays  pink  or  purple;  involucre  about 
8  mm.  high,  its  linear-subulate  bracts  all  gradually  acuminate,  much  resembling 
the  upper  leaves.     Near  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  Sadie  F.  Price,  Oct.,  1898. 

57.  Aster  paludosus.  Ait.     SOUTHERN    SWAMP   ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.   3787.) 
Stem  roughish,  or  rough-pubescent,  slender,  simple,  or  somewhat  branched  above, 
3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  entire,  glabrous,  the  margins  rough  or  ciliate,  rathei 


COMPOSITAE.  961 

rigid,  5-15  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  mostly  i-nerved,  acute,  the  lower  part  com- 
monly sheathing  the  stem;  heads  few  or  several,  racemose  or  paniculate,  3.5—5  cm. 
broad;  involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  about 
5  series,  foliaceous,  ciliate,  the  outer  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  oblong  or  spatu- 
late;  rays  20-30,  deep  violet,  10-14  mm.  long,  pappus  tawny;  achenes  8-io-nerved, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Swamps,  Kans.  and  Mo.  to  Tex.,  N.  C.  and  Fla.  Aug.-Oct. 

58.  Aster  nemoraiis  Ait.     BOG  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3788.)     Stem  puberulent, 
slender,  simple,  or  corymbosely  branched  above,  1.5-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile, 
membranous,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  pubescent  or 
puberulent  on  both  sides,  dentate  or  entire,  2-5  cm.  long.  3-8  mm.  wide,  margins 
often  re  volute;  heads  several,  or  solitary,  25-35  mm-  broad,  the  peduncles  slender; 
involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  appressed,  linear-subulate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
imbricated  in  alxmt  3  series;  rays  15-25,  light  violet-purple  to  rose-pink;   achenes 
glandular-pubescent;  pappus  white.     In  sandy  bogs,  N.  J.  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Ont., 
Newf.  and  iiudson  Bay.     Aug. -Sept. 

Aster  nemorilis  Blakei  Porter.  Stems  3-7  dm.  high,  ascending,  leafy  from  the 
base;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  10-25  mm.  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  remotely  and  sharply 
dentate,  or  nearly  entire-,  heads  rather  few,  sometimes  solitary.  Me.,  N.  H.  and  north- 
ern N.  Y.  Forms;  resemble  the  following  species. 

59.  Aster  aciiminatus  Michx.     WHORLED  OR  MOUNTAIN  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3789.)     Stem  pubescent  or  puberulent.  zigzag,  corymbosely  branched,  often  leafless 
below.  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  broadly  oblong,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  a  somewhat  cuneate  sessile  base,  sharply  and  coarsely  dentate,  pinnately 
veined,  glabrous  or  puoescent  above,  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath,  7-15 
cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  often  approximate  above,  and  appearing  whorled;  heads 
several  or  numerous,  25-37  mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts 
subulate-linear,  acuminate,  the  outer  much  shorter;  rays  12-18.  narrow.  12—16  mm. 
long,    white    or   purplish;  pappus    soft,    fine,    nearly   white;   achenes    pubescent. 
Moist  woods,  Lab.  to  Ont.,  western  I1*!.  Y.,  and  in  the  mountains  to  Ga.    July-Oct. 

60.  Aster  ptarmicoides  (Nees)  T.  &  G.     UPLAND  WHITE  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3790.)     Stems  tufted,  slender,  rigid,  usually  rough  above,   corymbosely  branched 
near  the  summit,   3-6  dm.    high.       Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-ribbed,  entire,  or 
with  a  few  distant  teeth,  firm,  shining,  rough-margined  or  ciliate,  sometimes  sca- 
brous, acute,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  or  the  lower  petioled,  the  lowest  and  basal 
ones  7-15  cm.  long,  4-8  mm,  wide,  the  upper  smaller,  those  of  the  branches  linear- 
subulate;  heads  not  numerous,  16-2 S  mm.   broad,  terminating  the  branches  of  the 
corymb;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  4-6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, appressed,  nearly  glabrous,  green,  imbricated  in  about  4  series;  rays  10-20, 
snow-white,   6-8  mm.   long;  pappus  white;  achenes  glabrous.     In   dry  or  rocky 
*>il,  Mass.,  Vt.  and  Ont.,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  111.,  Mo.  and  Colo.     July-Sept. 

Aster  ptarmicoides  lutdscens  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  Rays  pale  yellow,  short;  involucre 
narrower.  Northern  111,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr. 

61.  Aster  dumosus  L.      BUSHY  ASTER.     RICE  BUTTON  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3791.)     Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout,  paniculately  much  branched,  3-9 
dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute, 
or  obtusish,  2-7  cm.  long,  3-9  mm.  wide,  roughish-margined,  often  reflexed,  those 
of  the  branches  very  numerous,   small  and  bract  like,  the    basal  ones  spatulate, 
dentate;  heads  8-14  mm.  broad,  terminating  the  usually  divergent  slender  branches 
and  branchlets,  usually  numerous;  involucre  broadly  campanulute,  its  bracts  linear- 
subulate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  appressed.  imbricated  in  about  4  series,  green-tipped, 
rays  15-30,  white  to  pale  violet,  4   mm.   long,  pappus   white;  achenes  minutely 
pubescent.    Sandy  soil,  Me.  to  western  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Mo.    Aug.-Oct. 

Aster  dum&sus  coridifblius  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  More  rigid  and  stouter;  branchlets 
elongated;  bracts  of  the  involucre  coriaceous:  leaves  of  the  branches  small  and  numer- 
ous, very  close,  divergent.  Pine-barrens,  Martha's  Vineyard  to  Fla. 

Aster  dumbsus  strictior  T.  &  G.  Stem  sparingly  branched,  the  branches  ascending, 
terminated  by  rather  larger  heads ;  leaves  sessile  by  a  broad  ba^e,  acuminate,  mostly 
quite  entire.  Swamps,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Md. 

62.  Aster  Gravesii  Burgess,  n.sp.  GRAVES' ASTER.  Glabrous;  stem  slender, 
6  dm.  high  or  more.  Stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  firm,  sessile,  or  the 


962 


FLORA. 


lower  petioled.  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  roughish-margined, 
the  larger  about  7.5  cm.  long;  branches  very  slender,  recurved,  bearing  few  or 
solitary  heads,  clothed  with  leaves  1-2  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  leaves  very  small 
and  bract-like;  involucre  about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  greenish- 
tipped;  heads  nearly  2.5  cm.  broad,  the  rays  purple.  In  dry  woods,  \Vaterford, 
Conn.,  C.  B.  Graves.  Sept. 

63.  Aster  salicifolius  Lam.     WILLOW  ASTER.      (I.  F.  f.  3792.)     Stem  rather 
slender,  paniculately  much  branched,  usually  very  leafy,  6-15  dm.  high,  glabrous, 
or  somewhat  pubescent  above.     Leaves  iirm,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  rough- 
margined,   acute  or  acuminate,   narrowed  and  sessile  or  slightly  clasping  at  the 
base,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  with  low  teeth,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,   5-10  cm. 
long.  4-12  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  sometimes  petioled,  those  of  the  branches  grad- 
ually smaller;  heads  numerous,  16-25  mm-  broad;  involucre  broadly  turbinate,  its 
bracts  linear-oblong,  appressed,  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series,  their  green  tips  acute 
or  obtusish;  rays  numerous,  violet,  or  violet-purple,  or  sometimes  white,  6-8  mm. 
long;  pappus  white;  achenes  minutely  pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.   to 
Mass,   and  Fla.,  west  to  Mont.,  Mo.   and  Tex.     Intergrades  wilh  A.  paniculatus. 
Aug. -Oct. 

Aster  salicif61ius  subdsper  (Lindl.)  A.  Gray.  Stem  scabrous;  leaves  more  or  less  so< 
Ind.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

Aster  salicifolius  stenoph^llus  (Lindl.)  Burgess.  Leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate, 
small,  those  of  the  branches  numerous  and  minute;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-subuj 
late.  Southern  N.  Y.  and  eastern  Penn.  to  Va. 

64.  Aster  paniculatus  Lam.     TALL  WHITE  OR  PANICLED  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3793.)     Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  paniculately  much  branched,  6  25   dm.  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  ses- 
sile or  slightly  clasping  base,  glabrous,   usually  thin,   roughish-margined,  those  of 
the  stem  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle,  or  sometimes  very  nearly  entire,  7-15  cm. 
long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  branches  gradually  smaller,  heads 
numerous,    16-20  mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  6-8  mm.   high,   it.' 
bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,   acute  or    acuminate,   appressed,    green  tipped, 
imbricated  in  4  or  5  series;  rays  numerous,   white,  or  faintly  tinged  with  violet, 
6-8  mm.  long;  pappus  white  or  nearly  so;  achenes  minutely  pubescent.      In  moist 
soil,   N.   B.   to  western  Ont.  and  Mont.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Va.,  Ky.,  La.  and  Kans. 
Aug.  Oct. 

Aster  paniculatus  bellidifl&rus  (Willd.)  Burgess.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  entire,  or  remotely  appressed  serrate,  chiefly  locm.  long  and  7  cm.  wide,  of 
less;  heads  numerous,  rather  densely  clustered  on  the  ascending  branches  of  the  large 
panicle.  In  moist  or  wet  soil,  in  open  situations,  N.  B.  to  western  Ont.,  N.  Car.,  Mo, 
and  Kans. 

Aster  paniculatus  simplex  (Willd.)  Burgess.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 
late,  thin,  long-acuminate  at  both  ends,  the  larger  often  2  dm.  long  and  25  mm.  wide, 
sparingly  serrate  with  low  teeth;  inflorescence  leafy,  the  heads  less  showy  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding. In  shaded  moist  places,  Mass,  to  Ohio,  Va.  and  Ky. 

Aster  paniculatus  acutidens  Burgess.  Leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  the  larger  often 
15  cm.  long  by  3  cm.  wide,  very  sharply  serrate,  at  least  above  the  middle;  branches 
often  very  short,  sometimes  elongated.  Along  streams  and  ditches,  Conn,  to  Va.,  Ohio 
and  Kans. 

Aster  paniculatus  cinerdscens  Fernald.  From  Maine,  is  described  as  cinerous-hir- 
sute,  a  character  otherwise  unknown  in  this  species. 

65.  Aster  Missouriensis  Britton.     MISSOURI  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3794.)    Stem 
densely  puberulent  or  pubescent,  at  least  above,   much  branched,  6  dm.  high  or 
more.     Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblai  ceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate  above  the  middle,  gradually  tapering  to  an  entire  sessile  or  slightly  clasping 
base,  or  the  lower  petioled,  puberulent  above,  finely  pubescent  beneath,  the  larger 
7-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  much  smaller,  entire;  heads  12-16  mm.-broad,  panicled, 
short-peduncled.    or    terminating    short    leafy   branch  lets,    sometimes    somewhat 
secund;  involucre  4-6  mm.  high,  its  linear  acute  bracts  well  imbricated,  ciliate  or 
pubescent;  rays  white.      In  moist  soil.  Kans.  and  Mo.     Sept.-Oct. 

66.  Aster  Trade~canti  L.      TKADKSCANT'S  ASTER.     MICHAELMAS  DAISY. 
(I.  F.  f.  3795.)     Stem  slender,  paniculately  branched.  6-15  dm.  high,  the  branches 
usually  ascending  and  often  pubescent  in  lines.     Stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate  or 


COMPOSITAE.  963 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  7-15  cm.  long,  3-12  mm.  wide, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  commonly  thin,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle 
with  low  teeth,  or  sometimes  entire;  heads  very  numerous,  racemose  but  not 
secund  on  the  branches,  10-16  mm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric  to  broadly  tur- 
binate,  4-6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  appressed,  green-tipped,  imbricated 
in  4  or  5  series;  rays  white  or  nearly  so.  numerous,  4-6  mm.  long;  pappus  white; 
achenes  minutely  pubescent.  In  fields  and  swamps,  Ont.  to  Va.,  west  to  the  N.  W. 
Terr.,  111.  and  Minn.  Extends  to  Fla.  Aug. -Oct. 

67.  Aster    Faxoni   Porter.     FAXON'S  ASTER.     (I.   F.    f.  3796.)    Glabrous 
throughout;  stem  paniculately  or  corymbosely  branched,  rather  stout,  6-15  dm. 
high.     Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed 
to  a  sessile  base,   or  the  lower  into  margined  petioles,  entire  or  nearly  so,  firm, 
5-12  cm.    long,   4-8  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches  gradually  smaller;  basal 
leaves  oblong  to  spatulate,  obtuse,  dentate;  heads  not  very  numerous,  12-18  mm. 
broad;  involucre  hemispheric,   nearly  8  mm.    high,    its  bracts    linear- lanceolate, 
acute  or  subulate,  green-tipped  or  green  on  the  back,  imbricated  in  about  3  series, 
the  outer  shorter;    rays  bright   white,  6-8  mm.  long,  numerous;  pappus  white; 
achenes  minutely  pubescent.     On  moist  cliffs,   Vt.   and  Mass,  to  Perm.,  west  to 
Wis.(?),  south  to  N.  Car.     Aug.-Sept. 

68.  Aster    ericoides  L.      WHITE  HEATH  ASTER.      FROST-WEED  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3797.)     Stem  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so.  paniculately  branched,  usually 
bushy,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  racemose,  and  the  branchlets  often  somewhat 
secund.     Leaves  firm  or  rigid,  the  basal  ones  spatulate,  obtuse,  dentate,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  glabrous  or  ciliate;  stem-leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  en- 
tire, 2-7  cm.  long.  2-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches  linear-subulate,  numerous; 
heads  usually  very  numerous,  8-12   mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate  to  hemi- 
spheric,   its  bracts  coriaceous,   lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  abruptly  acute  or 
acuminate,  green-tipped,  imbricated  in  about  3  series;  rays  15-25,  white,  or  tinged 
with  rose;  pappus  white;  achenes  finely  pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  and  Ont.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Wis.  and  Ky.     Sept.-Dec. 

Aster  ericoides  pi!6sus  (Willd.)  Porter.  Stem,  branches  and  often  the  leaves  villous- 
hirsute  or  hispid ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  W.  Ont.  to  Penn.  and  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Mo. 

Aster  ericoides  platyphyllus  T.  &  G.  Densely  villous-hirsute;  stem-leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide.  Ind.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ga. 

Aster  ericoides  depauperktus  Porter.  Glabrous,  very  slender,  15-30  cm.  high;  stem- 
leaves  and  those  of  the  branches  linear  or  subulate.  S.  Penn.  and  W.  Va. 

Aster  ericoides  Rdndi  Britton.  Low,  stout,  glabrous,  seldom  over  3  dm.  high,  corym- 
bosely or  somewhat  racemosely  branched  above,  often  bushy;  stem-leaves  elongated, 
sometimes  6  mm.  wide;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  entire;  heads  numerous,  larger 
than  in  the  type,  sometimes  over  25  mm.  broad;  rays  white  to  violet;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre greener  than  in  the  type.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species.  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Me. 

Aster  ericoides  parviceps  Burgess.  More  or  less  pilose ;  stem  strict,  erect,  about  3 
dm.  high,  usually  bushy,  branched  above,  the  branches  mostly  short;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  ascending,  with  short  leafy  branches  in  their  axils ;  heads  numerous,  crowded, 
6-8  mm.  broad,  somewhat  secund;  involucre  1-4  mm^  high;  leaves  of  the  branches  reduced 
to  small  scales.  Prairies,  111.  and  Mo. 

69.  Aster  Pringlei  (A.  Gray.)  Britton.     PRINGLE'S  ASTER.     (IF.  f.  3798.) 
Stem  very  slender,  glabrous,  simple,  or  with  few  or  numerous  slender  ascending 
branches,  not  bushy,  1.5-6  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  oblan ceo- 
late,  5-15  cm.  long,  4—12  mm.  wide,  entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  ciliate  and  some- 
times a  little  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  slender  petioles,  which  are  often  as  long  as 
the  blades;  stem-leaves  narrowly  linear,  those  of  the  branches  small  and  subulate; 
heads  as  large  as  those  oiA.  ericoides,  or  commonly  smaller,  usually  fewer,  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  branchlets;  bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre 
with  short  green  tips;  rays  white.     On  banks,  especially  in  rocky  places,  Me.  to 
Mass.,  Vt.  and  Wis.     Aug.-Oct. 

70.  Aster   lateriflorus   (L.)  Britton.      STARVED  ASTER.     CALICO  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3799.)     Stem  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  slender,  divergently  branched, 
3-15  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  ovate,  slender-petioled;  stem-leaves  broadly  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  serrate,  5-12  cm.  long,    12-25  mm- 
wide,  those  of  the  branches  smaller,  oblong  or  linear-oblong;  heads  6-iomm.  broad, 


964 


FLORA. 


racemosely  unilateral  on  the  branches,  short-peduncleil  or  sessile,  usually  numerous 
and  crowded;  involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  imbri- 
cated in  about  4  series,  their  short  green  tips  appressed  or  slightly  spreading;  rays 
numerous,  short,  white  or  pale  purple;  disk-flowers  purple;  pappus  white;  achenes 
minutely  pubescent.  In  dry  or  moist  soil,  N.  S.  to  western  Ont.,  south  to  N.  Car., 
La.  and  Tex.  Called  in  Maryland  Rosemary.  Aug.-Oct. 

Aster  lateriflbrus  glomerellus  (T.  &  G.)  Burgess.  Chiefly  unbranched,  with  thehabr 
of  Solidago  caesia  ;  leaves  hispidulous  above,  oblong-lanceolate,  dull  green,  the  teeth  very 
sharp  and  straight ;  heads  glomerate  in  the  axils,  often  somewhat  spicate  toward  the  sum- 
mit of  the  plant,  sometimes  also  on  short  branches.  In  deep  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

Aster  lateriflbrus  thyrs6ideus  (A.  Gray)  Sheldon.  Ashy-pubescent;  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate;  branches  ascending,  rather  stiff,  mostly  short;  heads  usually  densely  thyrsoid- 
paniculate,  less  markedly  secund  than  in  the  type.  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  Ont.  and  111. 

Aster  lateriflorus  grandis  Porter.  Taller  and  larger-leaved  than  the  type,  the  branches 
spreading;  leaves  lanceolate,  sometimes  15  cm. long  and  nearly  25  mm.  wide;  heads  mostly 
larger,  rather  loosely  paniculate.  In  shaded  places,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  111. 

Aster  lateriflorus  p^ndulus  (Ait.)  Burgess.  Leaves  linear-elliptic,  conspicuously 
drooping,  remotely  appressed-serrulate,  often  with  narrowly  margined  petioles,  rough ish 
when  dry;  branches  long,  slender,  often  pendulous;  heads  long-peduncled;  rays  and 
bracts  often  purple-tinged.  In  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

Aster  Iaterifl6rus  horizonUlis  (Desf .)  Burgess.  Branches  long,  slender,  widely  spread- 
ing; leaves  firm,  those  of  the  branches  very  small,  mostly  entire;  heads  very  numerous; 
rays  rather  large.  Southern  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

71.  Aster  hirsuticaulis  Lindl.     HAIRY-STEMMED  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3800.) 
Stem  slender,  erect,  4-9  dm.  high,  pubescent,  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the  usually 
short  branches  spreading  or  ascending.    Leaves  thin,  glabrous  above,  usually  pubes- 
cent on  the  midvein  beneath,  serrate  with  a  few  appressed  teeth,  or  entire,  linear- 
lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  sometimes  15  cm.  long,  4-14  mm.  wide,  sessile,  or  the  basal 
ones  spatulate  and  petioled ;  heads  more  or  less  secund  on  the  branches,  densely  or 
loosely  clustered,  often  also  solitary  or  few  in  the  lower  axils;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
in  3  or  4  series,   linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute;  rays  white,  about  4  mm. 
long.     In  woods  and  thickets,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Ky. 

72.  Aster  vimineus   Lam.     SMALL  WHITE  ASTER'.     (I.  F.  f.  3801.)    Gla- 
brous  or  nearly  so;    stem  slender,  divergently  branched,  6-15  dm.   high.     Stem- 
leaves  linear- lanceolate,  entire,  or  with  a  few  low  teeth,  7-12  cm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
wide,  acuminate,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller; 
heads  very  numerous,  6-IO  mm.  broad,  4-6  mm.  high,  generally  densely  racemose  - 
secund,   short-peduncled;  involucre  broadly   turbinate,  its  bracts  linear,   acute  or 
acutish,  green-tipped,  appressed;  rays  numerous,  about  4  mm.  long,  white;  pappus 
white;  achenes  minutely  pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Ont.  to  Mass..   Fla.,   Minn., 
Kans.  and  Ark.     Aug.-Sept. 

Aster  vimfneus  foliolfcsus  (Ait.)  A.  Gray.  Branches  ascending,  very  leafy;  heads 
paniculate,  scarcely  secund,  less  densely  clustered.  Mass,  to  Va.,  III.  and  Mo. 

Aster  vimfneus  Columbiinus  Britton.  Minutely  pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high,  the  slender 
branches  ascending;  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  those  of  the  stem  deflexed;  heads 
about  25  mm.  broad;  rays  red-purple.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species.  D.  C.  to  N.  Y. 

Aster  vimfneus  saxatilis  Fernald.  Low,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  the  leaf y-bi act eate  branches 
bearing  few  or  solitary  heads,  1-1.5  cm-  broad;  stem-leaves  sometimes  slightly  clasping  at 
the  base.  Shores  and  banks,  Me.,  Vt.  and  Quebec.  Perhaps  not  properly  referred  to 
this  species. 

73.  Aster  multifldrus  Ait.     DENSE-FLOWERED  ASTER.      WHITE  WTREATH 
ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3802.)     Stem  strict,  much  branched  and  bushy,  grayish-strigose, 
3-20  dm.    high,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading.     Leaves  rigid,   linear  or 
linear-oblong,   entire,    mostly   obtuse,  sessile   or   slightly  clasping    at   the   base, 
strigose  or  glabrate,  those  of  the  stem  1-2.5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  branches  very 
small  and  crowded;    heads   6-8   mm.    broad,    densely   crowded,   nearly    sessile; 
involucre  turbinate,   4-6  mm.   high,   its  bracts  coriaceous,   pubescent,    in  3  or  4 
series,  their  short  green  tips  obtuse  or  mucronate,  spreading;  rays  IO-2O,  white, 
3-4  mm.  long;  pappus  brownish  white;  achenes  puberulent.     In  dry  open  places, 
Me.  and  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  Ga.,  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex.     Aug.-Nov. 

74.  Aster  exiguus  (Fernald)  Rydb.  CILIATE-LEAVED  ASTER.     Stem  much 
branched  and  bushy,  3-10  dm.  high,  rough-pubescent  with  short  divaricate  hairs; 


COMPOSITAE.   '  965 

branches  spreading,  often  secund ;  leaves  as  in  the  preceding,  but  more  pubescent, 
with  spreading  hairs,  ciliate;  heads  as  in  the  preceding,  but  usually  on  shorter 
branchlets;  bracts  broader  with  a  thick,  broad,  oval  or  obovate  green  portion, 
hispid  and  ciliate.  On  prairies,  plains  and  other  open  places,  Vt.  and  Pa.  to 
Wash.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.  Rare  in  the  East.  Aug. -Nov.  -  [A.  ciliatus  Muhl.,  not 
Walt;  A.  multiflorus  var.  exiguus  Fernald.] 

75.  Aster  commutatus  Torr.  &  Gray.     WHITE  PRAIRIE  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3803.)     Similar  to  the  two  preceding  species,  except  in  the  inflorescence,  the  stem 
rough-pubescent,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  4-7  dm.  high,  with  ascending  or 
divergent  branches.    Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile  or  slightly 
clasping  at  the  base,  those  of  the  stem  2-7  cm.  long;  heads  larger  than  those  of  A. 
multiflorus,  12-16  mm.  broad  ;  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  squarrose-tipped 
and  sometimes  foliaceous;  rays  20-30,  about  6  mm.  long.     On  prairies  and  along 
rivers,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  western  Neb.,  Tex.,  Ore.,  Utah  and  N.  Mex.     Aug.-Oct. 

76.  Aster  tenuifoiius  L.     PERENNIAL  SALT-MARSH  ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3804.) 
Perennial,  glabrous  and  fleshy;   stem  flexuous,  striate,  at  least  when  dry,  sparingly 
and  loosely  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.      Stem-leaves  linear,  entire,  acute,  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  at  the  base,  the  lowest  lanceolate-linear,  5-15  cm.  long,  4-6  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  branches  minute,  bract-like,  appressed;  heads  rather  few.  12- 
25  mm.  broad,  terminating  the  branches;   involucre  turbinate,  about  8  mm.  high, 
its  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  mucronate,    glabrous,  green  on  the  back  or  tip, 
appressed,  imbricated  in  about  5  series,   the  outer   shorter;  rays  numerous,  longer 
than  the  pappus,  pale  purple  or  nearly  white;  pappus  tawny;  achenes  hispid-pubes- 
cent, 5-nerved.     In  salt  marshes,  coast  of  Mass,  to  Fla.      Aug.-Oct. 

77.  Aster  exilis  Ell.  SLIM  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f.  3805.)    Annual,  glabrous,  fleshy; 
stem   slender,  usually  much  branched,   the  branches  usually    divergent.     Leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  2-5  m:ii.  wide,  entire,  sessile,    acute  or 
acuminate,  or  the  lowest  narrowly  oblong,  6-8  mm.  wide  and  petioled,  those  of  the 
branches  subulate;  heads  numerous,  panicled,  about  I  cm.  broad ;  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-subulate,  appressed,  imbricated  in  3 
or  4  series;  rays  purplish,  abaut  4  mm.  long,  mostly  fewer  than  the  disk  flowers, 
longer  than  the  pappus;    ac!ien;s  soinewvat  pubescent.      In  moist  or  wet    soil, 
especially  in  saline  situations,  Kins,  to   Tex.,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.      Aug.-Oct. 

78.  Aster  subulatus  Michx.    ANNUAL  SALT-MARSH  ASTER.    (I.  F.  f.  3806.) 
Annual,  glabrous  and  fleshy ;  ste.n  paniculately  branched,  flexuous  above,  3-18  dm. 
high,   slightly  angled,   sometimes  25   mm.    in  diameter   at  the    base,   but  usually 
s  nailer.     Stem-leaves  Linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile  by  a  broad  or  slightly 
clasping  base,  5-25  cm.  lon»,  2-16  mm.  wide,    those  of  the  branches  very  small 
and  subulate;  heads   numerous,  6-IO  mm.  broad;    involucre    campanulate,   or  at 
length  hemispheric,  4-6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-subulate,  green,  imbricated  in 
3  or  4  series,  the  outer  shorter;  rays  20-30,  purplish,  scarcely  exceeding  the  nearly 
white  pappus,  more  numerous  than  the  disk  flowers;  achenes  compressed,  minutely 
pubescent.     In  salt  marshes,  coast  of  N.  H.  to  Fla.      Aug.-Nov. 

32.    LEUCELENE  Greene. 

Low  perennial  herbs,  with  much  branched  leafy  stems,  sessile,  rather  rigid, 
narrow  entire  leaves  and  small  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  white  flowers, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  numerous  slender  branchlets.  Involucre  turbinate.  its 
bracts  well  imbricated.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  white,  tubular-funnel- 
form,  5 -toothed.  Ray -flowers  numerous,  white,  or  drying  red  to  rose,  pistillate. 
Style  appendages  acutish.  Achenes  elongated,  flattened,  hispidulous.  Pappus  a 
single  series  of  slender  rou^h  white  bristles  [Greek,  referring  to  the  white  disk.] 
One  species,  or  more,  native  of  the  southwestern  States  and  Mexico. 

I.  Leucelena  ericoldes  iTorr. )  Greene.  ROSK  HEATH  ASTER.  (I.  F.  f. 
3807.)  Stems  tufted  from  deep  woody  roots,  corymbosely  much  branched, 
7-30  cm.  high,  hispid  or  scabrous,  the  branches  erect  or  diffuse.  Leaves  hispid- 
ciliate,  erect,  or  slightly  spreading,  obtusish  or  mucronulate,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  spatulate,  6-12  mm.  long,  tapering  into  short  petioles,  the  upper  sessile,  linear 
or  linear-spatulate;  heads  terminating  the  branches,  10-16  mm.  broad;  bracts  lan- 
ceolate, appressed,  scarious  margined,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  rays  12-15, 


966 


FLORA, 


white  to  rose,  4-8  mm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  western  Neb.  to  Kans.,  Tex.  and  Mex., 
west  to  Cal.     May-Aug. 

33.  BRACHYACTIS  Ledeb. 

Annual,  nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy  herbs,  with  narrow  chiefly  entire 
leaves,  and  small  racemose  or  racemose-paniculate  heads  of  tubular,  or  also  radiate 
purplish  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate.  Central  flowers  of  the  head  few,  perfect, 
their  narrow  corollas  4-5 -toothed;  outer  flowers  pistillate,  usually  in  2  series  or 
more,  and  more  numerous  than  the  perfect  ones;  style-appendages  lanceolate;  rays 
very  short,  or  none.  Achenes  2— 3-nerved,  slender,  appressed-pubescent.  Pappus 
a  single  series  of  nearly  white  bristles.  [Greek,  short  rays.]  About  5  species, 
natives  of  western  N.  Am.  and  northern  Asia. 

i.  Brachyactis  angustus  (Lindl.)  Britton.  RAYLESS  ASTER.  (I,  F.  f. 
3808.)  Stem  usually  sparsely  pubescent,  at  least  above,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  striate, 
at  least  when  dry.  Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  acutish,  entire,  ses- 
sile by  a  rather  broad  base,  the  basal  (when  present)  spatulate;  heads  8-12  mm. 
broad;  involucre  campanulate  or  nearly  hemispheric,  4-6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear 
or  linear-oblong,  somewhat  foliaceous,  green,  acute  or  obtuse,  imbricated  in  2  or  3 
series,  glabrous  or  slightly  ciliate,  nearly  equal;  rays  none  or  rudimentary;  pappus 
soft  and  copious.  In  wet  saline  soil,  or  .sometimes  in  waste  places,  Minn,  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  Utah  and  Colo.  Found  also  about  Chicago.  July-Sept. 

34.  MACHAERANTHERA  Nees. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  branched  herbs,  with  leafy  stems,  alternate, 
mostly  serrate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  teeth  or  lobes  usually  bristle-tipped,  and 
large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  of  numerous  series  of 
imbricated  canescent  or  glandular  bracts  with  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  spreading  or 
appressed  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate,  the  alveoli  usually  toothed  or  lacerate.  Ray- 
flowers  numerous,  violet  to  red  or  purple,  pistillate.  Disk  flowers  perfect,  their 
corollas  tubular,  5-lobed,  yellow,  changing  to  red  or  brown;  anthers  exserted, 
appendaged  at  the  tip,  rounded  at  the  base;  style-appendages  subulate  to  lanceo- 
late. Achenes  turbinate.  narrowed  below,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  stiff 
rough  unequal  bristles.  [Greek,  sickle-anther.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  west- 
ern N.  Am. 

Annual  or  biennial;  leaves  pinnatifid.  I.  j/.  tanacetifoha. 

Perennial  or  biennial ;  leaves  sharply  serrate.  2.  M.  sessiliflora. 

1.  Machaeranthera  tanacetifolia  (H.  B.  K.)  Nees.     TANSY  ASTER.     DAG- 
GER-FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3809.)     Annual  or  biennial;    stem  glandular-pubescent, 
often  viscid,  densely  leafy,  much  branched  and  bushy,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  ses- 
sile or  short  petioled,   pubescent,  the  lowest    2—7  cm.  long,   2-3-pinnatifid,   their 
lobes   linear   or   oblong,   acute  or  mucronate,  the   upper  pinnatifid,  those  of  the 
branches  sometimes  entire :  heads  numerous,  corymbose-paniculate,  3-5  cm.  broad; 
involucre  hemispheric,  8-12  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  glandular,   imbricated  in 
5-7  series;  rays  15-25,  10-16  mm.  long,  achenes  villous.    In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex. 
and  Mex.,  west  to  Cal.     June-Aug. 

2.  Machaeranthera   sessiliflora  (Nutt.)   Greene.     VISCID  ASTER.     (I.  F. 
f.  3810.)     Stem  usually  stout,  finely  rough-pubescent  or  canescent,  branched,  and 
viscid-glandular  above,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate,   linear,  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  sessile,  sharply  incised-dentate,  the  larger  2-7  cm.  long,  the  teeth  bristle- 
tipped;  heads  numerous,   racemose,  or   corymbose   above.   25-37  mm.  broad,  the 
lower  often  nearly  sessile;  involucre  broadly  turbinate  or  hemispheric,  8-12  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  acute,   imbricated  in  6-IO  series;    rays  8-12  mm.   lonq;    achenes 
narrow,  appressed-pubescent.     In  dry  soil,  central  and  western  Neb.     July-Oct. 

35.     ERIGERON  L. 

Branching  or  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  corymbose, 
paniculate  or  solitary,  peduncled  heads,  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  (rarely  all  tubu- 
lar) flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  .arrow,  nearly 
equal,  imbricated  in  but  I  or  2  series  in  our  species.  Receptacle  nearly  flat,  usually 
naked.  Ray-flowers,  in  our  species,  white,  violet  or  purple,  pistillate.  Disk- 


COMPOSITAE.  967 

flowers  yellow,  tubular,  perfect,  their  corollas  mostly  5-Iobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and 
entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  more  or  less  flattened,  their  appendages  short, 
mostly  rounded  or  obtuse.  Achenes  flattened,  usually  2-nerved.  Pappus-bristles 
fragile,  slender,  scabrous  or  denticulate,  in  I  series,  or  often  an  additional  outer 
shorter  series.  [Greek,  early-old,  alluding  to  the  early  hoary  pappus.  ]  A  genus  of 
some  130  species,  of  wide  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following,  about  60  ' 
others  occur  in  southern  and  western  N.  Am. 

*  Rays  long,  narrow,  usually  equalling  or  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk. 
t  Stem  2-25  cm.  high,  simple,  leafy ;  head  solitary;  involucre  woolly. 

i.  E.  uniflorus. 
1 1  Stem  1-9  dm.  high,  leafy,  usually  branched;  involucre  hirsute  or  glabrous. 

i.  Roots  perennial,  thick  and  woody. 

Heads  25-50  mm.  broad ;  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  oblong,  or  spatulate. 
Rays  violet  or  purple;  stem-leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  oblong. 

Stem-leaves  linear  lanceolate,  the  upper  much  smaller.         2.  E.  asper 
Stem-leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  little  smaller.          3.  E.  subtrinervis. 
Rays  mostly  white;  stem-leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong.  4.  E.  caespitosus. 

Heads  12-25  mm-  broad;  leaves  linear. 

Plants  hirsute  or  canescent;  pappus  double;  western  species. 

Stem  hirsute;  achenes  pubescent;  flowers  white.  5.  E.  pumilus. 

Stem  appressed -canescent;  achenes  glabrous;  flowers  purple  or  white. 

6.  E.  can  us. 

Plant  nearly  glabrous;  pappus  simple;  northern.  7.  E.  hyssopifolius. 

2.  Perennial  by  decumbent  rooting  stems  or  stolons. 

8.  E.flagellaris. 

3.  Roots  annual  or  biennial,  fibrous;  plants  often  perennial  by  offsets. 
Heads  25-37  mm.  broad,  few;  stem  simple  ;  eastern.  9.  E.  pulchellus. 

Heads  12-25  mm.  broad,  numerous;  stem  branched. 
Rays  100-150,  narrow,  mostly  purple  or  violet. 

Pappus  simple;  plant  erect,  corymbosely  branched.  10.  E,  Philadelphicus. 

Pappus  double;  plant  diffusely  branched,  western.  n.  E.  divcrgens. 

Rays  much  less  numerous,  purplish  or  white. 

Plants  1.5-3  dm.  high,  diffuse,  western;  pappus  simple.      12.  E.  Bellidiastrum. 
Plants  3-10  dm.  high,  erect,  corymbosely  branched;  pappus  double. 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  all  sharply  serrate.          13.  E.  annuus. 
Stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,  nearly  all  entire. 

14.  E.  ramosus. 
f  f  t  Stem  leafless  or  nearly  so ;  heads  12  mm.  broad,  corymbose. 

15.  E.  vernus. 

*  *  Rays  inconspicuous  or  short;  a  row  of  tubular  pistillate  flowers  inside  the  row  of 

rays.  16.  E.  acris. 

1.  Erigeron  uniflorus  L.     ARCTIC  ERIGERON.     (I.  F.  f.  3811.)    Perennial 
by  short  branching  rootstocks;  stems  slender,  single  or  tufted,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent, simple,  erect.     Basal  leaves  petioled,  spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  2-5  cm.  long; 
stem-leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire;  head  solitary,   pedun- 
cled,  12-25  mm.  broad;  rays  about  100,  purple  or  purplish,  4-8  mm.  long;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,   acute,  copiously  woolly ;   pappus  simple.     Lab.  and  arctic  Am. 
to  Alaska.     Rocky  Mts.   specimens  referred  to  this  species  belong  to  E.  simplex. 
Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 

2.  Erigeron  asper  Nutt.     ROUGH  ERIGERON.     (I.  F.  f.  3812.)     Stem  sim- 
ple, or  branched  above,  more  or  less  pubescent,  sometimes  hirsute,  1.5-6  dm.  high. 
Leaves    glabrous,    pubescent  or    ciliate,  entire,  the  basal  ones  spatulate,  obtuse, 
5-10  cm.   long,   6-25  mm.  wide,   narrowed  into  margined  petioles;     stem-leaves 
oblong-lanceolute  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  upper  smaller;  heads 
several  or  solitary,  slender  peduncled,  2-5  cm.  broad;  bracts  linear,  acute,  hirsute 
or  pubescent;  rays  100-150,  very  narrow,  violet,  purple,  or  nearly  white,  8-14  mm. 
long;  pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of  bristles  much  shorter  than  the  inner.     In 
dry  soil,  Minn,  to  Neb.,  west  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Utah  and  N.  Mex.     June-Sept. 

3.  Erigeron  subtrinervis  Rydberg.     THREE-NERVED  FLEABANE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3813.)      Similar  to  the  preceding  species,   finely  pubescent.      Stems  leafy  to  the 
inflorescence;  leaves  entire,  thin,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  oblanceolate  to  oblong, 
obtuse  or  acute,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  or  some- 
what clasping,  acute,  rather  distinctly  3-nerved;  heads  25-37  mm.  broad,  corym- 
bose, or  rarely  solitary;  rays  numerous,  blue  to  pink;  pappus  double,  the  outer 
bristles  very  short.     S.  Dak.  to  Neb.  and  Utah. 


968  _C"*  FLORA* 

4.  Erigeron  caespitosus  Nutt.    TUFTED  ERIGERON.    (I.  F.  f.  3814.)  btems 
tufted,  canescent,   simple,  or  branched  above,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     Leaves  canescent 
or  pubescent,  entire,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  narrowly  oblanceolate  or 
spatulate,   2-7  cm.   long;  heads  solitary  or  several,  short-peduncled,  25-37  mm. 
broad;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  canescent;  rays  40-60,  6-12  mm. 
long,  white  or  pinkish;  pappus  double,  the  outer  series  of  bristles  very  short.     In 
dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     June -Aug. 

5.  Erigeron  pumil us  Nutt.     Low  ERIGERON.     (I.  F.  f.  3815.)     Stems  tufted, 
slender,  simple,  or  branched,  1-2.5  dm.   high.     Leaves  entire,   hirsute,  the  lower 
and  basal  ones  narrowly  spatulate  or  linear,  petioled,   2-10  cm.   long,  2-4  mm. 
wide;  stem-leaves  linear;  heads  12-20  mm.  broad,  short-peduncled;  bracts  linear, 
acute,    hirsute;    rays  50-80,   white,   6-8  mm.   long,    at    length  deflexed;    pappus 
double,  the  outer  row  of  bristles  short  and  more  or  less  intermixed  with  the  inner; 
achenes  pubescent.     Dry  plains,  S.  Dak.  to  N.  W.  Terr.,  western  Kans.,  Br.  Col. 
and  Utah.     May-Sept. 

6.  Erigeron  canus  A.  Gray.     HOARY  ERIGERON.     (I.  F.  f.  3816.)    Stems 
slender,  erect,  tufted,   15^25  cm.  high,  simple,  or  branched  above.     Leaves  nar- 
row, entire,  canescent,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  narrowly  spatulate,  petioled,  5-10 
cm.  long,  the  upper  linear,  sessile,  acute,  gradually  smaller;  heads  solitary,  or  2- 
4,  12-15  mm-  broad;  bracts  linear,  acute,  densely  canescent;  rays  40-50,  purple 
or  white,  4-6  mm.  long;  pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of  bristles  rather  conspicu- 
ous.    In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  western  Neb.,  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.     June- Aug. 

7.  Erigeron  hyssopifoliusMichx.  HYSSOP  LEAVED  ERIGERON.  (I.  F.  f.  3817.) 
Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  stems  tuited  or  single,  very  slender,   simple  or 
branched,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  10-35  cm.  high.     Leaves  narrow,  thin,  the 
basal  and  lower  ones  oblong  or  spatulate,  short-petioled,  2-4  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
wide,   the  upper  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  heads  solitary  or  several,  slender- 
peduncled.  10-15  mm.  broad;  bracts  linear- lanceolate,  sparingly  pubescent;  rays 
20-30,  white  or  purplish,  4-6  mm.  long;  pappus  simple.     On  moist  cliffs,  Newf.  to 
Vt.,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Lake  Superior.     July- Aug. 

•  8.  Erigeron  flagellaris  A.  Gray.  RUNNING  FLEABANE.  (I.  F.  f.  3818.) 
Appressed-pubescent,  sometimes  densely  so.  Stem  slender,  branched,  the  branches 
elongated;  leaves  entire,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acute,  2-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  long  petioles,  the  upper  sessile,  linear  or  linear- 
spatulate,  much  smaller;  peduncles  solitary,  elongated;  heads  about  25  mm.  broad 
and  6  mm.  high;  rays  very  numerous,  white  to  pink;  pappus  double,  the  outer 
series  of  subulate  bristles.  In  moist  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Colo.,  Utah,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 
May-July. 

9.  Erigeron  pulchellus  Michx.     ROBIN'S  OR  POOR  ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN.     (I. 
F.    f.  3819.)     Perennial  by    stolons  and  offsets,   villous  pubescent;    stems  simple, 
slender,    2.5-6  dm.  high.      Basal  leaves  tufted,   spatulate  or  obovate,  somewhat 
cuneate  at  the  base,  narrowed  into  short  margined  petioles,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  2- 
7  cm  long,  1-5  cm.  wide,  dentate  or  serrate;  stem-leaves  sessile,  partly  clasping, 
oblong,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  mostly  acute,  entire,  or  sparingly  serrate;  heads  1-6, 
slender-peduncled,    bracts    linear,    acuminate,    villous;  rays   numerous,  violet   or 
purplish,  8-14  mm.  long;  achenes  nearly  glabrous;  pappus  simple.     On  hills  and 
banks,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  Fla.  and  La.     April-June. 

10.  Erigeron  Philadelphicus    L.      PHILADELPHIA   FLEABANE.     SKEVISH. 
(I.  F.  f.   3820.)     Perennial  by    stolons    and   offsets,   soft-pubescent   or   sometimes 
nearly  glabrous;  stems  slender,  mostly  branched  above,  3-9  dm.  high.     Basal  and 
lower  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  dentate,  2-7  cm.  long,  narrowed  into 
short  petioles;  upper  stem-leaves   clasping  and  often  cordate  at  the  base  ;  heads 
several  or  numerous,  corymbose-paniculate,  10-25   mm-   broad,  slender-peduncled; 
bracts  linear,  usually  scarious-margined;  achenes  puberulent.     In  fields  and  woods, 
throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north,  but  locally  rare.     April-Aug. 

11.  Erigeron  divergens  T.  &  G.    SPREADING  FLEABANE.     (I.  F.  f.  3821.) 
Annual   or    biennial,    diffusely    branched,    15-37  cm.    high,    densely    cinereous- 
pubescent  or  hirsute.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  mostly  petioled,  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  2-5  cm.    long,  4-10  mm.  wide, 
the  upper  sessile,  linear  or  narrowly   spatulate,  usually  acute,   gradually  smaller; 
beads  16-25  mm>  broad;  bracts  linear,  acute,  hirsute  or  canescent;  rays  about  100, 


COMPOS!  TA  E.  969 

purplish,  violet  or  nearly  white,  4-8  mm.  long;  pappus  double,  the  short  outer 
row  of  bristles  subulate.  In  moist  soil,  Mont,  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  Mex.,  Wash,  and 
Cal.  April-Sept. 

12.  Erigeron  Bellidiastrum  Nutt.  WESTERN  DAISY  FLEABANE.  (I.  F.  f. 
3822.)  Annual,  much  branched,  cinereous-pubescent  throughout.  Leaves  entire, 
linear- spatulate,  the  lower  and  basal  petioled,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile  and 
smaller;  heads  several,  or  numerous,  10-16  mm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric, 
about  4  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  hirsute,  acute;  rays  30-65,  white  or  purplish, 
about  4  mm.  long;  pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles.  In  moist  soil,  Neb. 
and  Kans.  to  Tex.  May-July. 

13  Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers.  SWEET  SCABIOUS.  DAISY  FLEABANE.  (I. 
F.  f.  3823.)  Annual,  sparingly  pubescent,  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  erect, 
corymbosely  branched.  Leaves  thin,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, mostly  obtuse,  petioled,  usually  coarsely  dentate,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  wide, 
the  upper  sessile  or  short-petioled.  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  linear-lanceolate;  heads 
rather  numerous,  10-14  nim.  broad;  bracts  somewhat  hispid;  rays  40—70,  linear, 
white,  or  commonly  tinged  with  purple,  4-8  mm.  long;  pappus  double,  the  inner  a 
series  of  slender  fragile  deciduous  bristles,  often  wanting  in  the  ray-flowers,  the 
outer  a  persistent  series  of  short,  partly  united,  slender  scales.  In  fields,  N.  S.  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Kans.  and  Mo.  Nat.  in  Europe.  May-Nov. 

14.  Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.    DAISY  FLEABANE.    (I.  F.  f.  3824.) 
Resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  is  usually  lower  and  the  pubescence  more 
appressed.     Stem- leaves  linear-oblong,  or  linear-lanceolate,    nearly   all  of  them 
entire;  basal  and  lowest  spatulate  or  oblong,  usually  serrate;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pappus  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding;  rays  white, 
or  sometimes  purplish,   occasionally   minute  or  wanting.     In  fields,  N.  S.  to  the 
N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Fla.,  La.  and  Tex.     May-Nov. 

Erigeron  ramosus  Beyrfchii  (F.  &  M.)  Smith  &  Pound.  Stem  more  slender;  leaves 
narrower  ;  heads  smaller  ;  pubescence  minute.  Ga.  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

15.  Erigeron  vernus  (L.)  T.    &  G.     EARLY  FLEABANE.     (I.  F.  f.    3825.) 

Perennial  by  stolons  and  offsets;  stem  slender,  simple  or  branched  above,  glabrous, 
or  the  branches  pubescent,  3-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  mainly  in  a  basal  rosette, 
glabrous,  obovate,  oval  or  spa',  ulate,  obtuse,  repand-denticulate  or  entire,  5-10  cm. 
long,  narrowed  into  margine.l  petioles;  stem-leaves  mostly  reduced  to  subulate- 
lanceolate  scales;  heads  not  numerous,  corymbose,  peduncled,  about  I  cm.  broad; 
rays  20-30,  white  or  pink,  4  6  mm.  long;  pappus  simple;  achenes  usually  4- 
nerved.  In  marshes  and  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  April-May. 

16.  Erigeron  acris  L.    Bl  UE  OR  BITTER  FLEABANE.     (I.  F.  f.  3826.)    Bien- 
nial or  perennial;  stem  hirsute-pubescent,  slender,  simple,  or  branched  above,  1.5- 
4.5  dm.    high.     Leaves  pubescent  or  glabrous,  entire,  the   basal  and  lower  ones 
spatulate,  mostly  obtuse,  2-7  cm,  long,  petioled,  those  of  the  stem  mostly  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutisl;,  sessile,  shorter;  heads  several  or  numerous,  race- 
mose or  paniculate,  peduncled,    10-12   mm.    broad;    bracts  linear,  hirsute;  rays 
numerous,  purple,  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  brownish  pappus;  tubular 
pistillate  flowers  numerous ;  pappus  simple  or  nearly  so,  copious.    Lab.  to  Br.  Col., 
south  in  the'  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo,  and  Utah.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

Erigeron  icris  Droebachi&nus  (O  F.  Mueller)  Blytt.  Usually  taller  and  less  pubes- 
cent, or  glabrate;  involucre  nearly  glabrous.  N.  B.  to  western  Ont.,  Alaska,  Br.  Col.  and 
Colo.  Also  in  Europe. 

Erigeron  &cris  dt^bilis  A.  Gray.  Slightly  pilose-pubescent,  very  slender;  heads  few. 
Range  of  the  last. 

36.    LEPTILON   Raf. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  small  racemose  thyrsoid  or  panicled  heads  of 
white  flowers,  the  rays  small,  usually  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk  or  none. 
Involucre  mostly  campanulate,  its  narrow  bracts  in  2  or  3  series.  Receptacle 
naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate;  disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  usually  4-lobed 
or  4-toothed,  the  anthers  obtuse  at  the  base;  style-branches  somewhat  flattened, 
their  appendages  short.  Achenes  flattened.  Pappus  of  numerous  simple  fragile 
bristles  in  i  series.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  small  heads.]  About  20  species, 


970  FLORA. 

natives  of  America  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  2  or  3  others  occur  in  the 
southwestern  U.  S.  and  one  is  nat.  from  Asia  on  the  southern  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
coasts. 

Lower  leaves  spatulate,  toothed;  rays  white.  i.  L,  Canadense. 

Leaves  all  linear  or  subulate,  entire;  rays  purplish.  2.  L.  divaricatum. 

1.  Leptilon  Canadense  (L.)  Britton.     HORSE-WEED.     CANADA  FLEABANE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3827.)     Stem  hispid-pubescent,   or  glabrate,    7-30  dm.  high,  the  larger 
plants  paniculately  much  branched.     Leaves  usually  pubescent  or  ciliate,  the  basal 
and  lower  spatulate,  petioled,  incised,  dentate  or  entire,  2-10  cm.  long,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  those  of  the  stem  linear  and  mainly  entire;  heads  usually  very  numerous; 
about  4  mm.  broad;  involucre,  2-3    mm.  high,  its  bracts   linear,  acute,   glabrate; 
rays  numerous,  white,  shorter  than  the  pappus  and  mostly  shorter  than  their  tubes. 
In  fields  and  waste  places,  a  common  weed  throughout  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme 
north.     Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in  the  Old  World  and  in  S.  Am.     June  Nov. 

2.  Leptilon   divaricatum    (Michx.)    Raf.      Low     HORSE-\VEED.      PURPLE 
HORSE-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3828.)    Stem  diffusely  much  branched,  7-30  cm.  high,  pubes- 
cent or  hirsute.     Leaves  all  linear  or  subulate,  entire,  8-25  mm.  long,  about  I  mm. 
wide,  the  uppermost  minute;  heads  numerous,  about  4mm.  broad;  involucre  2  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  pubescent;  rays  purplish,  shorter  than  their  tubes. 
In  sandy  soil,  especially  along  rivers,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Tenn.,  La.,  Neb. 
and  Tex.     June-Oct. 

37.     DOELLINGERIA  Nees. 

Perennial  leafy  herbs,  the  lower  leaves  reduced  to  scales  or  sheaths,  the  upper 
large,  mostly  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  in  our  species.  Basal  leaves  none. 
Heads  corymbose;  involucre  campanulate  to  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  series,  appressed,  thin,  sometimes  scarious-margined,  their  tips  not  herba- 
ceous nor  foliaceous.  Receptacle  foveolate.  Ray-flowers  white,  pistillate,  not  very 
numerous.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  the  corolla  with  a  sler.der  tube  abruptly  expanded 
into  a  campanulate  5-lobed  limb,  white  to  greenish  in  our  species.  Anthers  obtuse 
at  the  base;  style- appendages  ovate  to  subulate  (rarely  obtuse).  Achenes  obovoid. 
Pappus  double,  the  outer  series  of  numerous  short  bristles  or  scales,  the  inner  of 
long  capillary  bristles,  some  or  all  cf  which  have  thickened  tips.  [In  honor  of 
Th.  Dollinger,  botanical  explorer.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  N.  Am. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate ;  heads  mostly  numerous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate.  i.  D.  umbellata. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  2.  D.  humilts. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  obovate  ;  heads  commonly  few.  3.  D.  infirma. 

1.  Doellingeria  umbellata    (Mill.)  Nees.     TALL  FLAT-TOP  WHITE  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3879.)     Stem  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  striate,  corymbosely  branched 
at  the  summit,  6-25  dm.  high.      Leaves  glabrous  above,  usually  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,  membranous,   narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  or  the  upper- 
most sessile,  hispid-margined,   those   of  the  stem  12-15  cm-  long>  l~2'5  cm-  wide; 
heads  12-25  mm.  broad,  in  terminal  compound  corymbs;  involucre  3-4  mm.  high, 
its  bracts  lanceolate,  usually  pubescent   or  ciliate,  acutish  or  obtuse;  rays  10-15, 
white;  style-appendages  ovate,  acute;  achenes  nerved,  slightly  pubescent.    In  moist 
soil,  Newf.  to  Ga.,  west  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Mich,  and  Ark.     July-Oct. 

Doellingeria  umbellita  pabens  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  Under  leaf-surfaces  pubescent. 
Mich,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr. 

2.  Doellingeria  humilis  (Willd.)  Britton.    BROAD  LEAVED  FLAT-TOP  WHITE 
ASTER.     (I.  F.  f.  3830.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  usually  lower,  seldom 
over  12  dm.  high.     Stem  striate,  corymbosely   branched  above,  glabrous,  or  some- 
what pubescent.     Leaves  rather  firm,  sessile,  or  the  lower  very  short-petioled,  nar. 
rowed,  or  sometimes    rounded  at  the  base,  rough -margined,  those  of  the  stem  2-7 
cm.  long,  12-50  mm.  wide,  inflorescence  as   in  D.  umbellata  ;   achenes  somewhat 
pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  southern  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    July-Sept. 

3.  Doellingeria  infirma  (Michx.)  Greene.     CORNEL-LEAVED  ASTER.    (I.  F. 
f.  3831.)      Stem  slender,  glabrous,  or  roughish  above,   sparingly  branched  at  the 
summit,  terete,  4-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  entire,   hispid -margined,  glabrous  above, 


COMPOSITA  E.  97 1 

sparingly  hispid  on  the  veins  beneath,  the  lower  usually  sessile,  the  upper  larger, 
oblong- lanceolate,  acute,  5-12  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide;  heads  few,  about  25  mm. 
broad,  in  a  divergently  branched  terminal  corymbose  cluster;  involucre  4-6  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sparingly  pubescent;  rays  8-15,  white; 
style  appendages  subulate;  achenes  nerved,  glabrous.  In  dry,  usually  rocky  soil 
Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Tenn.  Aug. -Sept. 

38.  IONACTIS  Greene. 

Low,  mostly  branching,  perennial  herbs  with  numerous  narrow  entire  I -nerved 
leaves,  and  rather  large  and  showy  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate  flowers  terminat- 
ing the  stem  and  branches.     Basal  leaves  none.     Involucral  bracts  coriaceous,  im- 
bricated in  several  series,  appressed,  their  tips  not  herbaceous.     Ray-flowers  nor 
mally  violet,    pistillate.      Disk-flowers    perfect,   the   corolla  with   a   campanula-. 
limb.     Achenes  villous.      Pappus  double,  the  inner  series  of  long  capillary  bristto 
the  outer  much  shorter.      [Greek,  violet  rays.  ]     Three  known  species,  of  N.  Am. 

I.  lonactis  linariifoWs  (L.)  Greene.  STIFF  OR  SAVORY-LEAVED  ASTER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3832.)  Stems  tufted,  stiff,  puberulent  or  scabrous,  very  leafy,  corym- 
bosely  branched  above,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear  or  spatulate,  spreading, 
i-nerved,  rigid,  entire,  rough,  usually  ciliolate  on  the  margins,  mucronulate,  18-35 
mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  sessile,  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller  and  some- 
what appressed;  heads  several,  terminating  the  branchlets,  about  25  mm.  broad; 
involucre  broadly  turbinate,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  keeled,  green  on  the  back, 
the  inner  obtuse,  the  outer  usually  acute;  rays  10-15,  violet,  rarely  white,  8-10 
mm.  long;  pappus  tawny;  achenes  silky.  In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  Newf.  to  Quebec 
and  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  July-Oct.  \_Aster  linariifolius  L.] 

39.  BACCHARIS  L. 

Dioecious  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  paniculate  or  corymbose 
heads  of  tubular  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  in  our  species,  its  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  commonly  fove- 
olate.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  slender,  that  of  the  staminate  tubular, 
5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  narrow  or  sub- 
ulate, those  of  the  fertile  flowers  smooth,  exserted,  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  rudi- 
mentary, tipped  with  an  ovate  pubescent  appendage.  Achenes  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, ribbed.  Pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  copious,  capillary,  that  of  the  sterile 
flowers  short.  [Named  for  Bacchus;  originally  applied  to  some  different  shrubs.] 
About  275  species,  all  American,  most  abundant  in  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following, 
some  18  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

Shrubs;  pappus  of  fertile  flowers  in  i  or  2  series. 

Leaves  oblong,  or  lance-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  sparingly  dentate. 

i.  B.  salicina. 

Leaves  deltoid-obovate,  cuneate,  spatulate,  or  oblong,  the  lower  coarsely  dentate. 
Heads  in  numerous  terminal  clusters.  2.  B.  halimifolia. 

Heads  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  3.  B.  glomeruliflora. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  sparingly  dentate. 

4.  B.  neglect  a. 
Herbaceous  from  a  woody  base  ;  pappus  of  fertile  flowers  in  several  series. 

5.  B.  Wrightii. 

1.  Baccharis   salicina  T.  &  G.     WILLOW  BACCHARIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3833.)    A 
glabrous  glutinous   much-branched   shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  the  branches  ascending. 
Leaves  firm,  more  or  less  conspicuously  3-nerved.  narrowed  into  a  cuneate  subses- 
sile  base,   2-4  cm.   long,  4-12  mm.  wide;  heads  in  peduncled  clusters  of  1-7,  the 
involucre  of  both  sterile   and  fertile  ones  campanulate.  $-6  mm.  hi^h,  its  bracts 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  subacute:  pappus  usually  but  a  single  series  of 
nearly  white  capillary  bristles.     Western  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.      May-July. 

2.  Baccharis  halimifolia  L.     GROUNDSEL-TREE  OR  -TUTSH.     PENCIL-TREE 
(I.  F.  f.  3834.)     A  branching  glabrous  shrub,  1-3  dm.  hiVh.  the  branchlets  angled, 
sometimes  minutely  scurfy.     Leaves  thick,  those  of  the  stem  and  larger  branches 
2-7  cm.  long,   1-5  cm.  wide,  those  of  the  branchlets  oblanceolate.  short- petioled  or 
sessile,  entire,  or  few  toothed  toward  the  apex;  heads  in  terminal  peduncled  clus* 
ters  of  1-5,  those  of  the  sterile  plant  nearly  globose  when  young,  the  bracts  of  the 


972  FLORA, 

involucre  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  glutinous,  appressed,  the  inner  ones  of  the  pistillate 
heads  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish;  fertile  pappus  bright  white,  6-8  n-ai.  long,  of 
1-2  series  of  capillary  bristles,  much  exceeding  the  involucre.  Along  salt  marshes 
and  tidal  rivers,  extending  beyond  saline  influence,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  The 
white  pappus  is  very  conspicuous  in  autumn.  Sept. -Nov. 

3.  Baccharis    glomeruliflora    Pers.      AXILLARY-FLOWERED    BACCHARIS. 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  brighter  green,  the  leaves  often  spatulate; 
heads  in  small  sessile  or   short-peduncled  clusters  in  the  upper  axils;  involucral 
bracts  obtuse.     In  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast.     Sept. -Dec. 

4.  Baccharis    neglecta   Britton.     LINEAR-LEAVED    BACCHARIS.      (I.  F.  f. 
3835.)     A   much-branched,    glabrous  or   slightly    glutinous  shrub,  i    m.   high  or 
more,  the  branches  paniculate,  slender,  ascending.    Leaves  faintly  3-nerved,  grad- 
ually attenuate  into  a  nearly  sessile  base,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.   wide;  heads  in 
short-peduncled  clusters;  involucre  of  both  kinds  of  heads  campanulate,  4  mm. 
high,  its    outer  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  somewhat  obtuse,  the  inner  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate; pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  a  single  series  of  capillary  dull-white  bristles. 
Neb.  to  Tex.  and  northern  Mex.     July-Sept. 

5.  Baccharis  Wrightii  A.  Gray.     WRIGHT'S  BACCHARIS.     (I.  F.  f.  3836.) 
Much  branched,    glabrous,    not   glutinous,   3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  straight, 
nearly  erect,  slender,  striate.     Leaves  linear,   sessile,  i-nerved,  entire,  6-25  mm. 
long,  1-2  mm.  wide;  heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  10-12  mm.  broad; 
involucre  of  the  sterile   heads  hemispheric,  about  6  mm.  high,  that  of  the  fertile 
ones  somewhat  campanulate  and  longer;  bracts  of  both  involucres  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate,  with   scarious   margins  and  a  green  back;    pappus  tawny  or  purplish, 
copious.     W.  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Chihuahua.     April-July. 

40.   FILAGO   L. 

White-woolly  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  discoid  clus- 
tered heads,  usually  subtended  by  leafy  bracts.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  few  and 
scarious.  Receptacle  convex  or  elongated,  chaffy,  each  chaffy  scale  subtending  an 
achene.  Outer  flowers  of  the  heads  in  several  series,  pistillate,  fertile,  their  corol- 
las filiform,  minutely  2-4-deritate.  Central  flowers  lew,  perfect,  mainly  sterile, 
their  corollas  tubular,  4-5-toothed.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base,  the  auricles 
acuminate.  Achenes  compressed  or  terete.  Pappus  none.  [Latin,  filum,  a 
thread.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  both  the  New  W(  rid  and  the  Old.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S. 

I.  Filago  prolifera  (Nutt.)  Britton.  FILAGO.  (I.  F.  f.  3837.)  Stem  simple, 
or  branched  at  the  base,  very  leafy,  5-15  cm.  high.  Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse, 
sessile,  ascending  or  appressed,  8-16  mm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  heads  in  a  sessile 
leafy-bracted  cluster,  usually  subtended  by  I  or  several  slender,  nearly  leafless 
branches,  each  terminated  by  a  similar  cluster,  or  these  again  proliferous;  heads 
oblong  or  fusiform;  receptacle  convex;  chaff  of  the  central  sterile  flowers  woolly- 
tipped,  that  of  the  fertile  flowers  scarious,  mostly  glabrous.  In  dry  sotf,  Tex.  to 
Kans.  and  S.  Dak.,  west  to  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.  April-July. 

4i.  GI'FOLA  Cass. 

White-woolly  herbs,  closelv  resembling  those  of  the  preceding  genus,  with  alter- 
nnte  entire  leaves,  and  small  discoid  glomerate  heads,  often  subtended  by  leafy 
brnrts.  the  clusters  proliferous  in  our  species.  Involucre  small,  its  bracts  scarious, 
imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  usually  tornentose.  Receptacle  subulate, 
cvlindric  or  obconic,  chaffy,  each  chaffy  scale  near  its  base  enclosing  an  achene. 
Outermost  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  with  filiform  corollas  and  no  pappus,  or  the 
pappus  a  few  rudimentary  bristles;  inner  flowers  also  pistillate  and  fertile,  but 
with  a  pappus  of  capillary  scabrous  bristles;  central  (uppermost)  flowers  few,  per- 
fect, their  corollas  tubular,  their  pappus  capillary  and  scabrous.  Anthers  sagit- 
tate at  the  base.  Achenes  terete  or  slightly  compressed.  [Anagram  of  Filago. \ 
About  10  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

i  Gifola  Germanica  (L.)  Dumort.  CUDWEED.  COTTON  ROSE.  HERBA 
IMPIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3838.)  Annual,  erect,  cottony,  1-4.5  dm-  hl'gh»  simple,  or 
branched  at  the  base,  very  leafy.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  linear,  or  slightly 


COMPOSITAE.  973 

spatulate,  erect  or  ascending,  obtuse  or  acutish,  6-25  mm.  long ,  atem  terminated 
by  a  sessile  dense  cluster  of  heads,  usually  subtended  by  several  leafy  branches 
terminated  by  similar  clusters  and  these  often  again  proliferous;  heads  10-30  in 
each  cluster,  many-flowered;  involucre  ovoid,  light  yellow,  its  bracts  mainly  acute. 
In  dry  fields,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Penn.  and  N.  Car.  May-Sept. 

42.  PLUCHEA  Cass. 

Pubescent  or  glabrous  herbs,  or  some  tropical  species  shrubby,  with  alternate 
dentate  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  tubular  flowers  in  terminal  corymbose  cymes. 
Involucre  ovoid,  campanulate,  or  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  appressed,  herba- 
ceous, imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Outer  flowers  of  the 
head  pistillate,  their  corollas  filiform,  3-cleft  or  dentate  at  the  apex.  Central  flow- 
ers  perfect,  but  mainly  sterile,  their  corollas  5-cleft.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base, 
the  auricles  caudate.  Style  of  the  perfect  flowers  2-cleft  or  undivided.  Achenes 
4-5  angled.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  scabrous  bristles.  [Named  for  the 
Abbe  N.  A.  Pluche,  of  Paris.]  About  30  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and 
temperate  regions. 

Perennial:  leaves  sessile,  cordate,  or  clasping  at  the  base.  I.  P.foetida. 

Annual;  leaves,  at  least  those  of  the  stem,  petioled. 

Leaves  short-petioled ;  heads  about  6  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  densely  puber- 
ulent.  2.   P.  camphorata. 

Leaves  long-petioled;  heads  4-5  mrn.  high;  involucral  bracts  granulose,  ciliate. 

3.  P.  petiolata. 

1.  Pluchea  foetida  (L.)  B.S.P.     VISCID  MARSH  FLEABANE.     (I.  F.  f.  3839.) 

Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  the  summit,  puberulent  and  slightly  viscid, 
4-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  denticulate, 
pubescent  or  puberulent,  5—10  cm.  long,  1—4  cm.  wide,  reticulate-veiny ;  clusters 
of  heads  compact,  leafy-bracted ;  involucre  5-6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute,  viscid-puberulent.  In  swamps,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  mainly  near 
the  coast.  Also  in  the  W.  Ind.  July- Sept.  {Pluchea  bifrons  DC.] 

2.  Pluchea  camphorata  (L.)  DC.    SPICY  OR  SALT-MARSH  FLEABANE.   (I  F.  f. 
3840. )     Stem  usually  branched,   finely  viscid-puberulent,  or  nearly  glabrous,  6-9 
dm.  high,  somewhat  channeled.     Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  puberulent  or 
glabrous,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile 
but  not  clasping,  7-20  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  serrate  or  denticulate,  not  conspicu- 
ously reticulate-veined;  bracts   of  the   involucre   ovate-lanceolate,  or   lanceolate, 
acute;  flowers  purplish;  achenes  pubescent.    In  salt  marshes,  coast  of  N.  H.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  and  Mex.     Also  in  the  \V.  Ind.     Aug. -Oct. 

3.  Pluchea  petiolata  Cass.     INLAND  MARSH  FLEABANE.     (I.  F.  f.  3841.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  glabrate,  usually  taller,  7-12  dm.  high,  the 
stem  stout,  rather  strongly  channeled.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oval,  thin,  10-25 
cm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide,  mostly  acuminate  at  the  apex,   cuneate  narrowed  at  the 
base,  irregularly  serrate;  petioles  of  the  larger  leaves  15-25  mm.  long;  achenes 
short-pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  often  in  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  111.,  Mo.  and  the  Ind. 
Terr.     Aug. -Oct. 

43.  ANTENNARIA  Gaertn.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  woolly  dioecious  or  polygamo-dicecious  herbs,  with  alternate  and 
basal  leaves,  and  small  discoid  many-flowered  heads,  glomerate,  racemose,  solitary, 
or  corymbose.  Involucre  oblong,  ovoid  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  scarious,  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter,  usually  woolly.  Receptacle  convex,  or  nearly 
flat,  foveolate,  not  chaffy.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  truncate  or  minutely  dentate 
corolla,  usually  undivided  style  and  scanty  pappus  of  club-shaped  smooth  or 
minutely  barbed  bristles.  Pistillate  or  perfect  flowers  with  tubular  mostly  5 -toothed 
corollas,  2-cleft  style,  and  copious  pappus  of  capillary  naked  bristles,  slightly 
united  at  the  base.  Achenes  oblong,  terete,  or  slightly  compressed.  [Latin,  in 
allusion  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus  to  insect  antennae.  ]  About 
50  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone  and  southern  S.  Am.  In  addition 
to  the  following,  about  a  dozen,  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  Am.,  and 
one  or  more  in  the  Southern  States. 


974  FLORA. 

Several  species  and  subspecies  additional  to  those  here  recognized  have  been 
recently  described,  but  I  am  unable  at  present  to  characterize  them  so  that  they 
may  be  distinguished  from  the  following. 

*  Pappus-bristles  of  sterile  flowers  with  club-shaped  or  dilated  tips, 
f  Plant  not  stoloniferous  ;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate. 

i.  A,  Carpathica, 

1 1  Plants  stoloniferous  ;  growing  in  patches. 

J  Involucral  bracts  white,  greenish  brown,  or  yellowish;  plants  not  arctic. 
Basal  leaves  small,  0.7-2  cm.  long,  i-nerved,  or  indistinctly  3-nerved. 

Basal  leaves  bright  green  and  glabrous  above  from  the  first,  or  slightly  woolly  when 

unfolding.  2.  A.  Canaden^is. 

Basal  leaves  dull  and  more  or  less  persistently  woolly  on  the  upper  surface. 
Basal  leaves  spatulate,  usually  abruptly  mucronulate. 

Inner  involucral  bracts  of  the  fertile  heads  obtuse  or  acutish;  western. 

3.  A.  aprica. 
Inner  involucral  bracts  of  the  fertile  heads  acuminate ;  eastern. 

4.  A.  neodioica. 
Basal  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse. 

Stem  of  fertile  plant  slender,  2-3  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate. 

5.  A.  neglect  a. 
Stems  stout,  0.5-1.5  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  obovate.  6.  A.  campestris. 

Basal  leaves  persistently  appressed  silvery-pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  very  small. 

7.  A.  microphylla, 

Basal  leaves  large,  2-12  cm.   long,  distinctly  3-nerved,  sometimes  5-nerved,  the  lateral 
nerves  also  often  prominent. 

Plants  not  glandular;  leaves  dull  and  woolly  on  the  upper  surface,  at  least  when 
young. 

Involucre  of  the  fertile  plants  6-8  mm.  high. 

Basal  leaf-blades  obovate  to  spatulate-obovate.  8.  A.  plantaginifolia. 

Basal  leaves  with  nearly  orbicular  or  rhombic-obovate  large  blades. 

9.  A.  calophylla. 
Involucre  8-10.5  mm.  high. 

Bracts  of  the  fertile  involucre  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  the  inner  long-acu- 
minate. io.  A.fallax. 
Bracts  of  the  fertile  involucre  oblong  to  lanceolate,  the  inner  merely  acute. 

11.  A.  Farwellii. 
Plants  glandular,  at  least  above. 

Basal  leaves  and  those  of  the  ends  of  stolons  glabrous  and  bright  green  on  the 
upper  surface  from  the  first,  or  slightly  woolly  when  unfolding. 

12.  A,  Parlinii, 
Leaves  all  dull  and  more  or  less  persistently  woolly  on  the  upper  surface. 

13.  A.  ambigens. 
\  \  Involucral  bracts  dark  greenish  brown,  acute. 

14.  A,  alpina. 

*  *  Pappus-bristles  of  sterile  flowers  not  dilated,  barbellate  ;  plant  2-3  cm.  high, 
tufted  ;  head  solitary.  15.  A.  dimorpha. 

1.  Antennaria  Carpathica  (Wahl.)   Hook.      CARPATHIAN   EVERLASTING. 
(I.  F.  f.  3842.)    Plant  floccose  woolly  throughout,  not  stoloniferous;  stem  5-25  cm. 
nigh,  simple.     Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  3-5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;  stem-leaves 
linear,  acute  or  acutish,  erect,  the  upper  gradually  smaller  ;  heads  in  a  terminal 
subcapitate  cluster,  or  rarely  solitary,   5-6  mm.  broad;  involucre  4-6  mm.  high, 
woolly  at  the  base,  its  bracts  brownish  purple,  the  inner  ones  of  the  fertile  heads 
mostly  acutish,  those  of  the  sterile  heads  mainly  obtuse.     In  dry  soil,  Lab.  and 
Anticosti  to  Hudson  Bay.     Also  in  Europe  and  northern  Asia.     May-Sept. 

2.  Antennaria  Canadensis  Greene.     CANADIAN  CAT'S-FOOT.     Scape  2-3.5 
dm.  high,  slender.     Basal  leaves  and  those  of  the  ends  of  stolons  spatulate  to  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  apiculate,   2.5-3.5   cm.   long,    I  cm.  wide  or  less,  gradually 
tapering  from  above  the  middle  to  a  long  narrow  base,  i-nerved  or  with  two  faint 
lateral  nerves,   bright  green  and  glabrous  above,   lanate  beneath;  stolons  short, 
leafy,  assurgent;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  distant,    1.5-2.5  mm.  wide;  inflo- 
rescence capitate  to  racemose-corymbose;  fertile  involucre  about  Q  mm.  high,  its 
outer  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  the  inner  lanceolate,  acute  to  attenuate,     Quebec  and 
N.  B,  to  Vt.  and  Mass,     May-June, 


COMPOSITAE.  975 

3.  Antennaria  aprica  Greene.     ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  CUDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3844 
is  A.  dioica.)     Floccose-woolly  or  canescent,    surculose,   forming   broad  patches. 
Flowering  stems  6-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulate,   obtuse,    rather  abruptly 
larrowed  from  above  the  middle,  .white-canescent  on  both  sides,  or  sometimes  green 
ibove,  8-30  mm.   long,   4-8  mm.  wide;  stem-leaves  linear  to  spatulate,   sessile; 
leads  6-8  mm.  broad  in  a  terminal  capitate  or  corymbose  cluster;  involucre  8-10 
mm.  high,  the  bracts  of  the  fertile  heads  oblong,  white  or  pink,  all  obtuse,  or  the 
inner  ones  acute;  those  of  the  sterile  heads  oval  or  elliptical,  obtuse;  achenes  gla- 
brous, or  minutely  glandular.     Manitoba  to  Br.  Col.,  Neb.  and  Ariz.     May- Aug. 
Plants  previously  referred  to  the  European  A.  dioicu  are  now  divided  among  several 
species. 

4.  Antennaria  neodioica  Greene.     SMALLER  CAT'S-FOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3845.) 
Floccose-woolly,  with  numerous  stolons  which  are  leafy  throughout.     Stem  of  fertile 
plants  slender,  about  3  dm.  high;  stolons  mostly  short;  basal  leaves  about  2.5  cm. 
long,    6-10  mm.  wide,    narrowly   to  broadly  spatulate,    i-nerved,  or  indistinctly 
3-nerved,  white-tomentose  beneath,   dull  and  often  glabrate  above,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed from  above  the  middle,  distinctly  apiculate;  stem-leaves  linear,  acute;  heads 
loosely  corymbose,  6-8  mm.  broad;  outermost  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  the 
rest  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  greenish  yellow  or  brownish  below,  with  white 
tips;  achenes  obtusely  4-angled,  granular-papillose;  staminate  plant  lower,  7-20  cm. 
high;  heads  more  densely  clustered;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse.     In 
dry  shaded  places,  Quebec  to  Vt.,  Va.  and  S.  Dak.     April-July. 

5.  Antennaria  neglecta  Greene.     FIELD  CAT'S-FOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3846.)     Sto- 
loniferous,  the  stolons -mostly  long  and  slender.     Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obo- 
vate  oblanceolate,    obtuse  or  acutish,    gradually  tapering  to  a  sessile  base,  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  dull  and  glabrate  above,  i-nerved,  or  with  two  faint  additional 
lateral  nerves;  stem-leaves   linear;    fertile  plant  2-4  dm.   high;    heads  6-8  mm. 
broad,  capitate,  corymbose,  or  racemose;  bracts  brownish,  with  white  tips,  lance- 
olate, acute,  acuminate,  or  the  outer  blunt;   sterile  plant  1-2  dm.  high,  the  heads 
densely  clustered,  the  bracts  oblong,  obtuse.     In  fields  and  pastures,  Me.  to  N.  Y., 
Va.  and  Wis.     April-June. 

6.  Antennaria  campestris  Rydb.     PRAIRIE  CAT'S-FOOT.     (I.  F.  f.  3847.) 
Stolons  short,  leafy;  flowering   stems  of  both   fertile  and   sterile  plants  5-15  cm. 
high;    basal    leaves   obovate-cuneate,    white-tomentose    beneath,    glabrate   above, 
I-nerved,  or  indistinctly  3  nerved;  stem-leaves  small,  linear;  heads  6-8  mm.  broad, 
in   subcapitate   clusters;  bracts   of   the  fertile  heads   lanceolate,   greenish   below, 
brownish  at  the  middle,  the  apex  white,  acute  or  acuminate;  bracts  of  sterile  heads 
elliptic,  obtuse.     On  dry   prairies,    Neb.,   Kans.  and   S.  Dak.  to    Saskatchewan. 
May-June. 

7.  Antennaria   microphylla   Rydb.      SMALL-LEAVED  CAT'S  FOOT.      Stem 
slender,  2-3  dm.  high.      Stolons  short,  not  over  5  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  and  those 
of  the  ends  of  the  stolons  spatulate,  obtuse,  or  apiculate,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long.  2-4  mm. 
wide,  narrowed  from  above  the   middle;  stem-leaves  linear-oblong,  or  the  leaves 
linear-spatulate,  often  longer  than  the  basal  ones;  heads  corymbose,  rather  numer- 
ous; involucre  5-7  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  fertile  heads  linear-oblong,   acute  or 
acutish,   those  of  the  sterile  obtuse.     In   dry   soil,  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  to 
Mont.,  Neb.  and  Colo.     July- Aug. 

8.  Antennaria  plantaginifolia  (L.)  Richards.     PLANTAIN-LEAF  EVERLAST- 
ING.    MOUSE-EAR  EVERLASTING.     (I.  F.  f.  3848. )    Floccose-woolly,  stoloniferous. 
forming  broad  patches.     Flowering  stems  of  fertile  plant  1.5-3.5  dm.  high;  basal 
leaves  obovate  to  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  sometimes  apiculate,  distinctly  3  ribbed, 
petioled,  becoming  glabrate  and  dull  green  above,  silvery  beneath,  4-7  cm.  long, 
1-3  cm.   wide;  stem  leaves  sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate;  heads  in  corymbose  or 
subcapitate  clusters,  8-10  mm.  broad;  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  greenish 
white,    lanceolate,    acute  or   acutish;    achenes  minutely    glandular;   sterile   plant 
smaller,  7-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  somewhat  smaller;  stem-leaves  mostly  linear; 
heads  smaller,  6-8  mm.  broad;  bracts  oblong,  obtuse.     In  dry  soil,  especially  in 
open  woods,  Lab.  (?),  Ont.  to  Fla.,  111.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     April-June. 

9.  Antennaria  calophylla   Greene.     BROAD  LEAVED  CAT'S-FOOT.     Stolons 
stout,  sometimes  I  dm.  long,  their  leaves  mostly  in  a  tuft  at  the  end,  broadly  ovate 
to  ol*)vate,  8-IO  cm.  long,  4-5  cm.  wide,  obtuse,  apiculate.  narrowed  abruptly  into 


9/6  FLORA. 

the  long,  very  narrow  base  which  is  about  as  long  as  the  expanded  portion, 
strongly  3-nerved,  and  usually  with  an  additional  pair  of  lateral  nerves,  densely 
tomentose  beneath,  dull  green  and  loosely  floccose  above;  pistillate  heads  rather 
numerous,  corymbose;  involucre  about  7  mm.  .high,  its  bracts  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  brown  below,  the  inner  acuminate;  stem  of  staminate  plant  1-1.5  dm. 
high,  the  heads  small,  glomerate.  111.  and  Mo.  to  La.  The  basal  leaves  of  a  plant 
evidently  closely  related  to  this  were  collected  by  Mr.  Bicknell  at  New  York  and 
by  Mr.  Pollard  at  Washington. 

10.  Antennaria  fallax  Greene.     TALL   CAT'S-FOOT.     Stolons   rather  stout, 
often  I  dm.  long,  leafy.     Scape  of  fertile  plant  3.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  stoutish;  basal 
leaves  oval  to  obovate,   6-10  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse,  contracted 
gradually  into  a  narrow  base  about  as  long  as  the  expanded  portion,  dull  green  and 
loosely  floccose,  or  at  length   glabrous  above,   densely  white-tomentose   beneath; 
stem- leaves  lanceolate,  rather  distant,   acuminate,  2.5-5  cm-  l°ng;  heads  capitate 
to  corymbose;  involucre  8-10  mm.  high,  its  inner  bracts  attenuate-acuminate,  the 
outer  oblong,  obtuse;  staminate  plant  very  much  smaller.     In  dry  soil,  Me.  to  D.  C., 
Wis.  and  Kans.     April-May. 

11.  Antennaria  Farwellii  Greene.    FARWELL'S  CAT'S-FOOT.    Closely  resem- 
bling the  preceding  species,  sometimes  lower.     Stolons  rather  stout,  leafy;  basal 
leaves  spatulate  to  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  the  expanded  portion  usually  larger 
than  the  gradually  narrowed  base,  dull  green  and  floccose  or  becoming  glabrous 
above,  strongly  3  nerved,  4-8  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.   wide  or  less;  heads  capitate  to 
subcorymbose ;  involucre  8-10.5  mm.  high,   its  inner  bracts  acute,  obtusish,  or  a 
few  of  them  acuminate.     Me.  to  Mich.     May-June. 

12.  Antennaria   Parlinii   Fernald.     PARLIN'S   CAT'S  FOOT.     More  or    less 
glandular-pubescent;  stems  of  fertile  plant  3-4.5  dm.  tall.     Leaves  bright  green 
and  devoid  of  tomentum  on  the  upper  surface  from  the  time  of  unfolding,  or  very 
slightly  floccose  when  very  young,  the  basal  ones  obovate  or  spatulate  to  elliptic, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  gradually  contracted  into  a  narrow  base  about  as  long  as  the  ex- 
panded part,  5-8.5  cm.  long,  2-3.5  cm-  wide;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  (the  lower 
narrowly  oblong;  heads  corymbose;  involucre  about  8  mm.   high,  its  bracts  all 
lanceolate-acuminate  or  the  outer  ones  linear-oblong  and  obtusish.     Me.  and  Vt.  to 
N.  J.  and  D.  C.     May-June, 

13.  Antennaria  ambigens  (Greene)  Fernald.     INTERMEDIATE  CAT'S-FOOT. 
Similar  to  A.  fallax,  and  perhaps  only  a  glandular  form  of  that  plant.     Stem  not 
so  tall,  its  leaves  rather  closer  together,  usually  glandular  only  above;  basal  leaves 
sometimes  not  over  2.5  cm.  long;  inner  involucral  bracts  of  the  fertile  heads  acumi- 
nate.    Me.  to  D.  C. 

14.  Antennaria  alpina  (L.)  Gaertn.    ALPINE  EVERLASTING.    (I.  F.  f.  3843.) 
Surculose  by  short  stolons;  stems  floccose  woolly,  3-10  cm.  high.     Basal  leaves  usu- 
ally numerous,  spatulate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  silvery-woolly  on  both  sides,  or 
glabrate  and  green   above,    8-25   mm.   long;   stem- leaves  linear  and  small,  few; 
heads  in  a  terminal  capitate,  or  seldom  somewhat  corymbose  cluster,   rarely  soli- 
tary, 4-5  mm.  broad;  involucre  about  5  mm.  high,  the  bracts  of  the  fertile  heads 
dark  brownish  green,  the  inner  ones  acute  or  acuminate;  those  of  the  sterile  heads 
lighter,  brownish,  broader  and  obtuse;  achenes  glandular.     Lab.  and  arctic  Am.  to 
Alaska.     The  Rocky  Mountain  plant  referred  to  this  species  is  A.  media  Greene. 

15.  Antennaria   dimorpha    (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.     Low  EVERLASTING.    (I.  F.  f. 
3849.)    Tufted  from  a  thick  woody  often  branched  caudex,  3-4  cm.  high.     Leaves 
all  in  a  basal  cluster,  spatulate,  white-canescent  or  tomentose  on  both  sides,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  2~4  mm-  wide,  narrowed  into  short  petioles;  heads  of 
staminate  flowers  about  6   mm.  broad   and   high,  solitary  and   sessile  among  the 
leaves,  or  raised  on  a  very  short   sparingly  leafy  stem,  with  obtuse  or  obtusish 
brownish  involucral  bracts,  those  of  pistillate  flowers  longer,  their  inner  bracts  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, acuminate;  pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers  slender,  scarcely  thick- 
ened, but  barbellate  at  the  tips,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers  of  fine  and  smooth  bris- 
tles.    Dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Utah  and  Cal.,  north  to  Mont,  and  Br.  Col.     April-June. 

44.     ANAPHALIS  DC. 

Perennial  white-tomentose  or  woolly  herbs,  with  leafy  erect  stems,  in  our  spe- 
cies, alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  corymbose  discoid  heads  of  dioecious  flow- 


COMPOSITAE.  977 

ers.  Involucre  oblong  to  campanulate,  its  bracts  scarious,  imbricated  in  several 
series,  mostly  white,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  mostly  convex,  not  chaffy. 
Staminate  flowers  with  a  slender  or  filiform  corolla,  an  undivided  style,  and  a  pap- 
pus of  slender  bristles,  not  thickened  at  the  summit,  or  scarcely  so;  anthers  tailed 
at  the  base.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  tubular  5-toothed  corolla,  2-cleft  style,  and 
a  copious  pappus  of  capillary  separate  bristles.  Achenes  oblong.  [Greek  name 
of  some  similar  plant.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Only  the  following  and  one  other  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  PEARLY  OR  LARGE- 
FLOWERED  EVERLASTING.  (I.  F.  f.  3850.)  Stem  floccose-woolly,  corymbosely 
branched  at  the  summit,  leafy,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed 
to  a  sessile  base,  revolute,  green,  but  more  or  less  pubescent  above,  woolly  beneath 
7-12  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  shorter,  spatulate,  usually  obtuse;  cor- 
ymb compound,  5-20  cm.  broad;  heads  very  numerous,  short- peduncled  or  sessile, 
about  6  mm.  high,  8  mm.  broad  when  expanded;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  finely  striate,  pearly  white,  mostly  glabrous;  pappus- 
bristles  of  the  fertile  flowers  distinct  and  falling  away  separately.  Dry  soil,  Newf. 
to  Alaska,  N.  Car.,  Kans.  and  Cal.  Also  in  northern  Asia. 

45.    GNAPHALIUM  L. 

Woolly  branched  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  discoid  heads  of  pistillate  and 
perfect  flowers  arranged  in  corymbs,  spikes,  racemes,  or  heads.  Receptacle  flat, 
convex  or  conic,  not  chaffy,  usually  foveolate.  Pistillate  flowers  in  several  series, 
their  corollas  filiform,  minutely  dentate  or  3-4-lobed.  Central  flowers  perfect, 
tubular,  few,  their  corollas  5 -toothed  or  5  lobed.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base,  the 
auricles  tailed.  Achenes  oblong  or  obovate,  terete  or  slightly  compressed,  not 
ribbed.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles,  sometimes  thickened  above, 
cohering  at  the  base,  or  separately  deciduous.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  wool.] 
About  120  species,  widely  distributed. 

Tall,  erect ;  inflorescence  corymbose,  or  paniculate;  pappus-bristles  distinct. 

Leaves  sessile;  plant  not  viscid.  i.   G.  obtusifolium, 

Leaves  sessile;  plant  glandular-viscid.  2.   G.  Helleri. 

Leav-es  decurrent ;  plant  glandular-viscid.  3.  G.  decurrens. 

7.ow,  diffuse;  inflorescence  mostly  capitate;  pappus-bristles  distinct. 

Floccose-woolly;  involucral  bracts  yellowish,  or  white.  4.  G.palustre. 

Appressed-woolly  ;  involucral  bracts  becoming  dark  brown.  5.   G.  uliginosurn. 

Tufted  low  mountain  herbs;  heads  few;  bracts  brown;  pappus-bristles  distinct. 

6.   G.  supinum. 

Slender,  simple  ;  heads  spicate ;  pappus-bristles  united  at  base,  falling  away  in  a  ring. 
Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-spatulate,  acute  ;  heads  about  6  mm.  high;  northeastern. 
Bracts  da  i  k  brown  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate-spatulate.  7.  G.   A'orvegicum, 

Bracts  brownish  tipped ;  stem-leaves  linear.  8.   G.  sylvaticum. 

Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse  or  obtusish  ;  heads  4-5  mm.  high;  eastern  and  southern. 

9.   G.  purpureum. 

1.  Gnaphalium  obtusifolium  L.     SWEET  OR  WHITE  BALSAM.     SWEET  OR 
FRAGRANT  LIFE  EVERLASTING.     (I.  F.  f.  3851.)     Annual  or  winter-annual,  fra- 
grant; stem  erect,  simple,  or  branched  above,  tomentose,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  or  acutish,  or  the  lower  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  densely  white-woolly  beneath,  glabrate  and  commonly 
dark    green  above,    2-7    cm.    long,  4-8   mm.  wide,  the    margins  undulate;  heads 
numerous,  about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  white,  or  tinged  with  brown, 
oblong,  thin  and  scarious,  obtuse,  the  outer  woolly  at  the  base;  achenes  glabrous. 
In  dry,  mostly  open  places,   N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Manitoba,  Kans.  and  Tex.     Leaves  of 
winter  rosettes  oblong.    Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Gnaphalium  Helleri  Britton.     HELLER'S  EVERLASTING.    (I.  F.  f.  3852.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  4-6  dm.  high,   the  stem  and  branches  densely 
glandular- pubescent,  not  tomentose.     Leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  sessile,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  green  and  hispidulous  above,   white-tomentose  beneath,   the   larger 
about  5  cm.  long  and  i  cm.  wide,  the  uppermost  much  smaller  and  narrower;  heads 
very  numerous,  about  5  mm.  broad  ;  involucre  oblong,  or  becoming  campanulate, 
6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  bright  white,  tomentose,  the  outer  oblong,  the  inner  linear- 
oblong,  all  obtuse  ;  acheues  glabrous.     In  fields,  Va.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.     Sept.-Oct 


FLORA. 

3.  Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives.     CLAMMY   EVERLASTING.    WINGED   CUD- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3853.)    Annual  or  biennial,  similar  to  the  two  preceding  species, 
fragrant;  stem  very  leafy,  glandular-viscid,  6-9   dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
broadly  linear,  acutish   at  the  apex,  densely  white- woolly  beneath,   glabrate   or 
loosely  woolly  above,  sessile  and  decurrent  on  the  stem  at  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long, 
4-6  mm.  wide,  or  the  lowest  shorter  and  slightly  spatulate;  heads  about  6  mm. 
high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  white  or  brownish,  ovate,  acutish  or  the  inner  lance- 
olate  and  acute,  the  outer  woolly  at  the  base;  achenes  glabrous.    In  open,  moist  or 
dry  places,   N.  S.  to  Penn..  west  to  western  Ont.,  Mich,   and  Br.  Col.,   south  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz.     July-Sept. 

4.  Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.     WESTERN  MARSH  CUDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3854. ) 
Annual;  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  densely  but  loosely  floccose- woolly  all 
over,  5-20  cm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  oblong,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  12-25  mm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide;  heads  about  4  mm.  high,  sev- 
eral together  in  leafy-bracted  glomerules;  involucre  more  or  less  woolly,  its  bracts 
linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  white  or  pale  yellow.     In  moist  wet  soil,  N.  W.  Terr, 
to  western  Neb.  and  N.  Mex.,  west  to  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.     May-Aug. 

5.  Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.     Low  OR  MARSH  CUDWEED.     WARTWORT. 
MOUSE-EAR.     (I.  F.  f.  3855.)     Annual;  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  or  the 
stems  sometimes  erect  or  ascending.   5-20  cm.   high.     Leaves  sessile,  spatulate- 
linear,  linear,  or  the  lower  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  and  narrowed  into  petioles,  all 
obtuse  or  obtusish,  generally  mucroiiulate,  2-4  cm.  long;  heads  about  4  mm.  high, 
numerous  in  dense  leafy-bracted  terminal  glomerules;  bracts  of  the  involucre  ob- 
long or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  outer  obtuse  or  obtusish  and  more  or  less  woolly, 
the  inner  acute.     In  damp  soil,   Newf.  to  Va.  west  to  western  Ont.,  Minn,  and 
Ind.     Apparently  nat.  from  Europe,  where  it  is  common.     Occurs  also  in  the  far 
Northwest,  where  it  is  probably  indigenous.     July-Sept. 

6.  Gnaphalium  supinum  L.     DWARF  CUDWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3856.)     Peren- 
nial,   white-woolly,    much  tufted;  stems  simple,   2-8   cm.    high.     Leaves  mainly 
basal,  linear,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  12-25  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
heads  few  or  several,  capitate  or  short- spicate,  about 6  mm.  high;  flowers  yellow- 
ish; bracts  of  the  involucre  brown,  glabrous,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute. 
Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Me.  and  N.  H. ;  Lab.  and  Greenland,  and  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     July-Aug. 

7.  Gnaphalium  Norvegicum    Gunner.     NORWEGIAN  CUDWEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
3857.)    Perennial;  stem  simple,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate, 
elongated,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  woolly  on  both  sides,  or  green  and  glabrate 
above,  7-15  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled;  heads 
about  6  mm.   high,   the  lowest  often  distant,   solitary  or  glomerate  in  the  upper 
axils;  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate-oblong,  dark  brown,  or  brown-tipped,  glabrous 
or  slightly  woolly,  obtuse;  achenes  hispidulous.     Mt.  Albert,  Gaspe,  Quebec,  north 
to  Greenland  and  arctic  Am.     Also  in  Europe.     July-Aug. 

8.  Gnaphalium  sylvaticum   L.     WOOD  CUDWEED.     CHAFEWEED.     OWL'S 
CROWN.     GOLDEN    MOTHERWORT.     (I.   F.    f.  3858.)     Perennial;    stem  slender, 
simple,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
or  the  lowest  linear-spatulate,  woolly  beneath,  glabrous  or  glabrate  above;  heads 
about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  glabrous, 
yellowish  or  greenish  with  a  brown  spot  at  or  just  below  the  apex;  achenes  hispid- 
ulous.    N.  H.,  N.  B.  and  Cape  Breton  Island,  perhaps  introduced  from  Europe. 
Widely  distributed  in  Europe  and  northern  Asia.     June-Aug. 

o..  Gnaphalium  purpureum  L.  PURPLISH  CUDWEED.  (I.  F.  f.  3859.)  An* 
nual  or  biennial,  simple  and  erect,  or  branched  from  the  base  and  the  branches 
ascending,  5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  spatulate,  or  the  uppermost  linear,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, mucronulate,  woolly  beneath,  usually  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above 
when  old,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  narrowed  into  petioles.  3-5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide; 
heads  4-5  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  yellowish  brown  or  purplish,  lance, 
olate-oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  the  outer  woolly  at  the  base;  achenes  roughish.  Ii\ 
dry  sandy  soil,  eastern  Me.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Penn.,  W.  Va.,  Ky.,  Kans.,  Tex.  and 
Mex.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  and  in  S.  Am.  May-Sept, 


COMPOSITAE.  979 

46.    ADENOCAULON  Hook. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  broad  alternate  slender-petioled  leaves,  woolly  beneath, 
and  panicled  small  heads  of  tubular  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate,  composed  of 
a  few  herbaceous  bracts.  Receptacle  nearly  flat,  naked.  Corollas  all  tubular, 
4-5-lobed.  Marginal  flowers  pistillate,  fertile.  Central  flowers  perfect,  sterile, 
the  style  undivided;  anthers  slightly  sagittate  at  the  base.  Pappus  none.  Achenes 
obovoid  or  clavate,  very  obtuse,  faintly  nerved,  glandular  above,  longer  than  the 
bracts  of  the  involucre.  [Greek,  gland-stem.]  About  3  species,  natives  of  N. 
Am.,  Japan,  the  Himalayas  and  Chiie.  Only  the  following  in  N.  Am. 

i.  Adenocaulon  bicolor  Hook.  ADENOCAULON.  (I.  F.  f.  3860.)  Stem 
floccose- woolly,  or  at  length  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high,  leafless  and  mostly  panicu- 
lately  branched  above.  Leaves  all  basal  or  nearly  so,  deltoid-ovate,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  coarsely  repand-toothed  or  lobed, 
thin,  green  and  glabrous  above,  densely  and  persistently  white-woolly  beneath,  5- 
15  cm.  long  and  broad,  with  slender  narrowly  margined  petioles;  heads  numerous, 
very  slender-peduncled,  small;  bracts  of  the  involucre  4  or  5,  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
reflexed  in  fruit,  at  length  deciduous;  achenes  6-8  mm.  long,  I  mm.  thick,  the 
upper  part  beset  with  nail-shaped  glands.  In  moist  woods,  northern  Mich,  and 
Lake  Superior  to  Br.  Col.  and  Cal.  May -July. 

47.    INULA    L. 

Perennial,  mostly  tomentose  or  woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  and  basal  leaves, 
and  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemis- 
pheric or  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  often  foli- 
aceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  areolate  or  foveolate,  not  chaffy.  Ray- flowers 
pistillate,  their  ligules  3-toothed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular, 
5-toothed.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base,  the  auricles  caudate.  Style-branches  of 
the  disk- flowers  linear,  obtuse.  Achenes  4-5-ribbed;  pappus  of  capillary  rough 
bristles  in  our  species.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.  ]  About  90  species,  natives  of 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

i.  Inula  Helenium  L.  ELECAMPANE.  HORSEHEAL.  (I.  F.  f.  3861.)  Stems 
tufted  from  large  thick  roots,  simple  or  rarely  somewhat  branched,  6— 18  dm.  high, 
densely  pubescent  above.  Leaves  large,  broadly  oblong,  rough  above,  densely 
pubescent  beneath,  denticulate,  the  basal  ones  acute  at  each  end,  long-petioled, 
2.5-5  dm.  long,  1-2  dm.  wide;  stem-leaves  sessile,  or  cordate-clasping  at  the  base, 
acute  at  the  apex,  smaller;  heads  solitary,  or  few,  terminal,  stout-peduncled,  5-10 
cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  nearly  25  mm.  high,  its  outer  bracts  ovate, 
foliaceous,  pubescent;  rays  numerous,  linear;  achenes  glabrous,  4-sided.  Along 
roadsides  and  in  fields,  N.  S.  to  Out.  and  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Car.  and  Mo.  Nat. 
from  Europe. 

48.    POLYMNIA    L. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody),  with  opposite  membranous  lobed 
or  angled  leaves,  or  the  lower  alternate,  and  mostly  large  corymbose-paniculate 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  or  whitish  flowers,  or  rays  sometimes 
obsolete.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broader,  of  about  5  large  outer  bracts,  and 
more  numerous  smaller  inner  ones.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Ray-flowers  pistillate, 
fertile,  subtended  by  the  inner  involucral  bracts,  the  ligules  elongated,  minute  or 
none.  Disk-flowers  subtended  by  the  chaffy  scales  of  the  receptacle,  perfect,  ster- 
ile, their  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed.  Anthers  2-toothed  at  the  base.  Pappus 
none.  Achenes  thick,  short,  turgid,  glabrous.  [From  the  Muse  Polhymnia.] 
About  10  species,  natives  of  America.  Only  the  following  and  one  other  species 
are  known  in  N.  Am. 

Rays  commonly  12-25  mm.  long-,  yellow;  achenes  strongly  striate.        i.  P.   Uvedalia. 
Rays  commonly  minute  and  whitish,  or  none  ;  achenes  3-ribbed.  2.  P.  Canadensis, 

i.  Polymnia  Uvedalia  L.  YELLOW  OR  LARGE-FLOWERED  LEAF-CUP.  (I.  F.  f. 
3862.)  Rough -pubescent,  stout,  branched,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate 
or  deltoid,  3-nervcd,  abruptly  contracted  above  the  base,  minutely  ciliate,  more  or 
less  pubescent  on,  both  sides,  angulate-lobed,  the  lower  often  3  dm.  long  and  broad, 


980  FLORA. 

petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  somewhat  clasping;  heads  few,  4-7  cm.  broad;  rays 
10-15,  linear-oblong,  bright  yellow;  exterior  bracts  of  the  cup-like  involucre  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate,  8-20  mm.  long ;  achenes  slightly  oblique  and  laterally  com- 
pressed,  nearly  6  mm.  long.  In  rich  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  and  Mich.,  Fla.,  Mo. 
and  Tex.  July-Aug. 

2.  Polymnia  Canadensis  L.  SMALL-FLOWERED  LEAF-CUP.  (I.  F.  f.  3863.) 
Rather  slender,  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  above,  6-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  deltoid- 
ovate  to  hastate,  usually  very  thin,  all  petioled,  deeply  angulate-lobed  and  the 
lobes  dentate,  or  the  lower  lyrate-pinnatifid,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  the  upper  ones  some- 
times ovate  and  entire  or  merely  denticulate;  heads  few,  8-12  mm.  broad;  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  to  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  4-6  mm.  long; 
achenes  3-angled,  obovoid,  obcompressed,  3-ribbed.  In  damp,  rich  shaded  places, 
western  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Ga.,  Mo.  and  Ark.  June-Sept. 

Polymnia  Canadensis  radi&ta  A.  Gray.  Ligules  larger,  sometimes  12  mm.  long, 
3-lobed,  nearly  white.  Occasional  in  the  range  of  the  type. 

49.     MELAMPODIUM     L. 

Herbs,  some  species  woody,  with  opposite  entire  or  dentate  leaves,  and  ter- 
minal peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate,  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  our 
species.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  series,  the  4  or  5  outer  ones  broad, 
often  connate  at  the  base,  the  inner  hooded,  embracing  or  permanently  surrounding 
the  pistillate  fertile  ray  flowers.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy.  Ray-flowers 
in  i  series,  the  rays  spreading,  2-3-lobed  or  entire.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  sterile, 
their  corollas  with  a  narrowly  campanulate  5-toothed  limb,  the  anthers  entire  at 
the  base,  the  style  undivided.  Achenes  obovoid,  more  or  less  incurved.  Pappus 
none.  [Greek,  black  foot,  without  significance.]  About  25  species,  natives  of 
the  warmer  parts  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the 
southwestern  U.  S. 

i.  Melampodium  leucanthum  T.  &  G.  PALE  MELAMPODIUM.  (I.  F.  f. 
3864  as  M.  cinercum.}  Perennial,  canescent,  1-3  cm.  high,  the  branches  slender. 
Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  sessile,  entire,  undulate  or  sinu- 
ate, 3-5  cm.  long,  3-9  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the  apex;  heads  16-28  mm. 
broad;  peduncles  slender,  2-7  cm.  long  ;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or 
oval,  obtuse,  united  below ;  rays  5-9,  cuneate-oblong,  white;  inner  bracts  turbinate 
or  terete,  hooded,  muricate,  the  hood  wider  than  the  body.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to 
Colo.,  Ariz.,  Tex.  and  Mex.  June-Oct. 

50,  SILPHIUM  L. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  resinous  juice,  and  large  corymbose  or  paniculate 
(rarely  solitary)  peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers.  In- 
volucre hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  few  series.  Receptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  in  2 
or  3  series,  pistillate,  fertile,  the  ligules  numerous,  linear.  Disk-flowers  perfect 
but  sterile,  their  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed,  the  style  undivided.  Anthers  min- 
utely 2-toothed  or  entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  broad,  dorsally  flattened,  2-winged, 
notched  at  the  apex.  Pappus  none,  or  of  2  awns  confluent  with  the  wings  of  the 
achene.  [Greek,  from  the  resinous  juice.]  About  25  species,  of  N.  Am. 

Stem  leafy,  the  leaves  opposite,  alternate,  or  verticillate. 

Leaves,  or  their  petiole-bases,  con nate-per foliate ;  stem  square. 

1.  S.  perfoliatum. 
Leaves  not  connate-perfoliate,  sessile  or  petioled. 

Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate;  cauline  sessile. 

2.  S.  integrifolium 
Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  verticillate  in  3's  or  4*5,  petioled. 

3.  S.  trifoliatum. 
Most  or  all  of  the  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  dentate. 

Involucral  bracts  ovate  to  orbicular,  mostly  obtuse,  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

4.  S.  Asteriscus. 
Involucral  bracts  triangular  to  lanceolate,  acute,  hirsute  or  pubescent. 

5.  S.  Gatesii. 
Leaves  all  alternate,  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid,  large.        6.  S.  laciniatum. 

Stem  leafless  or  nearly  so,  scaly  above ;  leaves  basal,  large.          7.  S,  terebinthinaceum, 


COMPOS  I TA  E.  98 1 

1.  Silphiura  pcrfoliatura  L.     CUP-PLANT.     INDIAN-CUP.     (I.  F.  f.    3865.) 
Stem    square,   glabrous,   or  rarely  somewhat  hispid,  branched  above,   or   some- 
times simple,  1—2.4  m*  high.     Leaves  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  opposite,  the  lower 
abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles,  all  thin,  usually  scabrous  on  both  sides, 
or  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  angulate-dentate,  or  the  upper  entire,  the  larger  12- 
25  mm.  long,  8-16  mm.   wide  ;  heads  commonly  numerous,   5-7  cm.  broad;  rays 
20-30,  about  25  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its 
outer  bracts  broad,  ovate,  ciliolate,  spreading  or  erect;  achenes  obovate,  emargin- 
ate,  sometimes  2-toothed.     In  moist  soil,  southern  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  south  to  Ga., 
Neb.  and  La.     Naturalized  near  N.  Y.  City.     July-Sept. 

2.  Silphium    integrifolium   Michx.     ENTIRE-LEAVED  ROSIN-WEED.     (I.  F. 
f.  3866.)     Stem  glabrous,  rough  or  sometimes  hirsute,  corymbosely  branched  above, 
0.6-1.5  m-  hign-     Leaves  ovate  to  ovate- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  den- 
ticulate or  remotely  dentate,  rough  above,  pubescent  or  glabrous  beneath,  7-12  cm. 
long,   3-5   cm.   wide  ;  heads  usually  numerous,  2-5  cm.   broad;  involucre  nearly 
hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,   spreading,  ciliolate 
or  pubescent;  rays  15-25;  achenes  oval  or  obovate,  8-10  mm.  long,  deeply  emar- 
ginate.     On  prairies,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  La.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Silphium  trifoliatum  L.     WHORLED  ROSIN-WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3867.)   Stem 

C1  tbrous,  sometimes  glaucous,  corymbosely  branched  at  the  summit,  1-2  m.  high, 
aves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  rough  or  roughish  above,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  entire  or  den- 
ticulate, 7-17  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide;  heads  several  or  numerous,  4-5  cm.  broad; 
involucre  hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous,  or 
slightly  pubescent,  ciliolate;  rays  15-20;  achenes  oval  or  obovate,  narrowly  winged, 
emarginate,  sharply  2-toothed.  In  woods,  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Va.  and  Ala.  July- 
Get. 

4.  Silphium   Asteriscus  L.     STARRY  ROSIN-WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3868.)     Stem 
0.6-1.2  m.  high,  usually  purple.    Leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  lanceolate,  acute 
or  obtusish,  sessile,  somewhat  clasping,  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  short  petioles, 
dentate,  or  the  upper  entire,  5-12  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide;  heads  commonly  few, 
3-5  cm.  broad;  rays  12-15;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  mostly  hispid,  orbic- 
ular, ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse;  achenes  oval  or  obovate,  narrowly  winged,  2-toothed. 
In  dry  soil,  Md.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     June-Sept. 

5.  Silphium  Gatesii  Mohr.     GATES'  ROSIN- WEED.     Stems  0.6-1.5  m-  tall> 
hispid,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above.     Leaves  alternate,  broadly  linear  to 
oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  5—14  cm.    long,    acute,   remotely  serrate,   rough- 
pubescent,  the  lower  ones  short-petioled ;   heads  showy;   involucre  campanulate, 
barely  I  cm.  high,  the  bracts  mainly  triangular  to  lanceolate,  hirsute  or  pubescent, 
the  outer  acute  or  short- acuminate;  ray-flowers  several,  the  ligules  yellow,  12-20 
mm.  long;  achenes  suborbicular  or  broader  than   high,  the  teeth  when  present 
separated  by  a  broad  sinus.     In  dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tenn.  and  Ala.     May-Aug. 

6.  Silphium  laciniatum  L.    COMPASS-PLANT.    PILOT- WEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3869.) 
Rough  or  hispid,  very  resinous;   stem  2-5  m.   high;  basal  leaves  pinnatifid  or 
bipinnatifid,  long-petioled,  3  dm.  long  or  more,  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  stem- 
leaves  alternate,  vertical,  their  edges  tending  to  point  north  and  south,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  short-petioled,  the  upper  cordate-clasping  at  the  base;  heads  5-12  cm.  broad, 
the  peduncles  bracted  at  the  base  ;  rays  20-30,  25-35  mm.  long  ;  involucre  nearly 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  large,  rigid,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  very  squarrose  ;  achenes 
oval,  about  12  mm.  long,  the  wing  broader  above  than  below,  notched  at  the  apex, 
awnless.     On  prairies,  Ohio  to  S.  Dak.,  Ala.,  La.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

7.  Silphium  terebinthinaceumjacq.     PRAIRIE  DOCK.     (I.  F.  f.  3870.)    Stem 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched  and  scaly  above,  1-3  m.  high.     Leaves  coriaceous, 
ovate,   mostly  long-petioled,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  rough  on  both 
sides,  often   3  dm.  long  and    15    cm.   wide,    sharply   dentate  ;  heads   numerous, 
4-7  cm.   broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  obovate-oblong,  erect,  glabrous 
or  minutely  pubescent ;  rays  12-20  ;  achenes  obovate,  narrowly  winged,  slightly 
2-toothed  and  emarginate  at  the  apex.     On  prairies  and  in  dry  woods,  southern 
Ont.  and  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Iowa  and  La.     July-Sept. 

Silphium  terebinthiniceum  pinnatifidum  (Ell.)  A.  Gray.     Leaves  laciniate  or  pin- 
natifid.    Ohio  to  Tenn.  and  Ga. 


982 


FLORA. 


51.  CHRYSOGONUM  L. 

Pubescent  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  and  basal  petioled  leaves,  and  slender. 
peduncled  axillary  and  terminal,  rather  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  series  of  5,  the  outer  large, 
obovate  or  spatulate,  foliaceous,  the  inner  oval,  firm,  each  subtending  a  pistillate 
ray-flower.  Receptacle  chaffy,  each  scale  subtending  and  partly  enclosing  a  per- 
feet  but.  sterile  tubular  flower  with  a  5 -toothed  corolla.  Anthers  nearly  entire  at 
the  base.  Achenes  obovate.  compressed,  their  margins  acute,  not  winged,  i-nerved 
on  the  back,  i-2-ribbed  on  the  inner  side.  Pappus  a  short  half-cup-shaped  crown. 
[Greek,  golden-knee.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

l.  Chrysogonum  Virgimanum  L.  CHRYSOGONUM.  (I.  F.  f.  3871.)  Peren- 
nial by  rootstocks  or  runners,  pubescent  or  hirsute  throughout,  branched  from  the 
base,  or  at  first  acaulescent,  7—30  cm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish  at  the  apex,  the  upper  sometimes  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenate-dentate, 
rather  thin,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  v/ide,  peduncles  3-10  cm.  long  ;  heads  2.5-4 
cm.  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse  ;  rays  about  5,  8-14  mm.  long. 
In  dry  soil,  southern  Penn.  to  FJa.  April-July. 

Chrysogonum  Virgini&num  dentatum  A.  Gray.  Leaves  dentate,  the  teeth  and  acutish 
apex  mucronulate ;  outer  bracts  of  the,  involucre  acuce.  High  Island,  Potomac  River, 
near  Washington. 

52.  BERLANDIERA  DC. 

Perennial  canescent  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  rather  large, 
peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  depressed- 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  the  outermost  small,  mostly 
oblong,  the  second  series  broader,  oval  or  obovate,  the  inner  membranous,  similar, 
reticulated  when  mature,  subtending  the  ray-flowers  and  exceeding  the  disk. 
Receptacle  nearly  flat,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers 
5-12,  pistillate,  fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  tubular,  sterile,  their  corollas  5- 
toothed.  Anthers  entire,  or  minutely  2-toothed  at  the  base.  Style  of  the  tubular 
flowers  undivided,  hirsute.  Achenes  obovate,  compressed,  not  winged,  I -ribbed 
on  the  inner  side,  the  pappus  obsolete,  early  deciduous  or  of  2  caducous  awns. 
[Named  after  J.  L.  Berlandier,  a  Swiss  botanical  collector  in  Texas  and  Mexico.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  the  southern  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

Stem  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  crenate.  i.  B.  Texana. 

Plant  acaulescent,  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.  2.  B.  lyrata. 

1.  Berlandiera    Texana    DC.     TEXAN    BERLANDIERA.     (I.    F.   f.    3872.) 
Hirsute- pubescent  throughout ;  stem  erect,  branched  above,  or  simple,  6-9  dm. 
high,   leafy.    Leaves  acutish  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
5-10  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled  ;  heads  few  or 
several,  3-4  cm.  broad,  in  a  terminal  corymbose- cymose  cluster  ;  inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre  twice  as  large  as  the  outer.     In  dry  soil,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Ark.  and 
La.     July-Aug. 

2.  Berlandiera  lyrata  Benth.     LYRE-LEAVED  BERLANDIERA.     (I.  F.  f.  3873.) 
Finely  whitish-canescent;  scapes  or  peduncles  slender,  7-20  cm.   long,  bearing  a 
solitary  head,  or  rarely  2.     Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  obtuse,  petioled.  the  terminal 
segment  usually  larger  than  the  lateral  ones,  the  lower  ones  very  small,  all  obtuse, 
mostly  crenate,  sometimes  becoming  green  and  glabrate  above;  head  about  25  mm. 
broad;  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  much  broader  than  the  outer,  orbicular,  or 
wider  than  long.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  Mex. 

53.     ENGELM  ANNIA  T.  &  G. 

Perennial  hirsute  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  corymbose  slender- 
peduncled  rather  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers.  Invo- 
lucre hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outer  linear,  loose, 
hirsute,  ciliate,  the  inner  oval  or  obovate,  concave,  appressed,  subtending  the  ray- 
flowers.  Receptacle  flat,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  and  partly  enclosing  the  disk- 
flowers.  Rays  8-10,  pistillate,  fertile.  Disk-flowers  about  as  many,  tubular,  per- 
fect, sterile,  the  corolla  5 -toothed.  Anthers  minutely  2-dentate  at  the  base.  Style 


COMPOSITAE.  983 

of  the  tubular  flowers  undivided.  Achenes  obovate,  compressed,  not  winged, 
i-ribbed  on  each  face.  Pappus  a  persistent  irregularly  cleft  crown.  [Named  for 
Dr.  Geo.  Engelmann,  botanist,  of  St.  Louis.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Engeimanniapinnaddda  T.  &G.  ENGELMANNIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3874.)  Stem 
usually  branched  above,  3-9  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  slender-pctioied,  1-2  dm. 
long,  their  lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  dentate  or  entire,  obtuse  or  acutish;  upper 
leaves  smaller,  sessile,  less  divided,  the  uppermost  sometimes  entire,  or  with  a  pair 
of  basal  lobes;  heads  usually  numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  somewhat  in  2  series,  the  first  linear,  the  second  broadened  at  the  base. 
In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  La.,  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.  May-Aug. 

54.     PARTHENIUM  L. 

Perennial,  mostly  pubescent  or  canescent  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  small  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  white  or 
yellow  flowtrs.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  2  or  3  series,  obtuse,  appressed,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conic,  chaffy,  the  chaff  membranous,  surrounding  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers- 
about  5,  pistillate,  fertile,  their  ligules  short,  broad,  2-toothed  or  obcordate.  Disk- 
flowers  perfect,  sterile,  their  corollas  5 -toothed,  the  style  undivided.  Anthers 
entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  compressed,  keeled  on  the  inner  face,  margined, 
bearing  the  persistent  rays  on  the  summit.  Pappus  of  2-3  scales  or  awns.  [Greek, 
virgin.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  N.  Am.,  Mex.,  the  W.  Ind.  and  northern  S. 
Am.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern 
U.  S. 

Leaf-bases  not  auricled. 

Stem  minutely  pubescent,  or  glabrous  below  ;  rootstocks  thickened. 

1.  P.  integrifolium. 
Stem  pilose  or  hispid  ;  rootstocks  slender,  creeping,  forming  runners. 

2.  P.  repens. 
Upper  leaves  with  sessile  auricled  bases.                                                    3.  P.  auriculatum, 

1.  Parthenium  integrifolium  L.     AMERICAN  FEVER-FEW.     PRAIRIE  DOCK. 
(I.  F.  f.  3875.)     Stem  stout,  striate,  corymbosely  branched  above,  3-12  dm.  high. 
Rootstocks  tuberous-thickened;  leaves  firm,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, crenate-dentate  or  somewhat  lyrate  at  the  base,  hispidulous  and  roughish  on 
both  sides,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  often  3dm.  long  and  12  cm.  wide,  the 
upper  'Smaller,   sessile  and  partly  clasping;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,   about 
6  mm.    high,  its  bracts  firm,   the  outer  oblong,  densely  appressed -pubescent,   the 
inner  broader,  glabrous,  or  ciliate  on  the  margins;  rays  white  or  whitish.     In  dry 
soil,  Md.  to  Minn.,  Ga.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     May-Sept. 

2.  Parthenium  repens  Eggert.     CREEPING  OR  HAIRY  PARTHENIUM.     (I.  F. 
f.  3876. )     Similar  to  P.  integrifolium,  but  lower,  seldom  over  6  dm.  high.     Root- 
stocks  slender,  forming  runners;  stem  pilose  or  hispid  with  spreading  hairs;  leaves 
hispid  on  both  s'des,   irregularly  crenate,  sometimes  lyrate  at  the  base,  the  teeth 
rounded  and  obtuse  ;  heads  fewer,  slightly  larger,   in  a   smaller  looser  corymb; 
outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  proportionately  broader.    Mo.  and  Kans.    April-July.' 

3.  Parthenium  auriculatum Britton.    AURICLFD  PARTHENIUM.    (I.F.f.  3875^.) 
Rootstock  an  oval  erect  tuber  twice  as  long  as  thick;  stem  villous-pubescent,  4-7 
dm.  high.     Leaves  rough  above,  villous,  especially  on  the  veins  beneath,  oval, 
ovate  or  oblong,  irregularly  crenate-dentate,  some  or  all  of  them  laciniate  or  pinnat- 
ifid  at  the  base,  the  basal  and  lower  slender-petioled  with  petiole  as  long  as  the 
blade,  or  longer,  the  upper  with  a  sessile  clasping  auricled  base,  or  with  margined 
clasping  petioles ;  inflorescence  densely  corymbose,  its  branches  villous-tomentose; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  densely  canescent.     Near  Clarksville,  Va.;  Alleghany  Mts. 

55.   CRASSJftJA  Scepin.      [ZINNIA  L.] 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  some  species  shrubby,  with  opposite  entire,  or 
sparingly  serrate,  mostly  narrow  and  sessile  leaves,  and  large  or  middle  sized  heads 
of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  yellow  or  variegated, 
persistent  on  the  achene.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile;  corolla  cylindraceous.  its 
lobes  villous.  Involucre  campanulate  to  nearly  cylindric,  its  bracts  obtuse,  dry, 


984  FLORA. 

firm,  appressed,  imbricated  in  3  series  or  more,  the  outer  gradually  shorter.  Re- 
ceptacle  conic  or  cylindric,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  and  enwrapping  the  disk- 
flowers.  Style-branches  elongated,  not  appendaged.  Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers 
somewhat  3-angled,  those  of  the  disk  flattened.  Pappus  of  few  awns  or  teeth. 
[In  honor  of  Paul  Crassus,  an  Italian  botanist  of  the  l6th  century.]  About  12  spe- 
cies, natives  of  the  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

i.  Crassina  grandiflora  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.  PRAIRIE  ZINNIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3877.) 
Perennial,  woody  at  the  base,  tufted,  much  branched,  rough,  1-1.5  dm.  high. 
Leaves  rather  rigid,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  1-3  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide 
or  less,  connate  at  the  base,  acute  or  acutish,  crowded  ;  heads  numerous,  pedun- 
cled,  terminating  the  branches,  20-35  mm-  broad  ;  rays  4  or  5,  broad,  yellow 
rounded  or  emarginate,  their  achenes  with  a  pappus  of  2  or  4  awns  ;  involucre 
campanulate-cylindric,  6-S  mm.  high  ;  style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  subulate. 
In  dry  soil,  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Ariz.  June-Sept. 

56.  HELIOPSIS  Pers. 

Perennial  herbs  (a  tropical  species  annual),  with  opposite  petioled  3-ribbed 
leaves,  and  large  peduncled  terminal  and  axillary  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy,  the 
chaff  enveloping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  spread- 
ing,  the  tube  very  short,  commonly  persistent  on  the  achene.  Disk-flowers  perfect, 
the  tube  short,  the  limb  elongated,  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire,  or  minutely  2-toothed 
at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with  small  hirsute  appendages.  Achenes 
thick,  obtusely  3~4-angled,  the  summit  truncate.  Pappus  none,  or  of  2-4  teeth,  or 
a  coroniform  border.  [Greek,  sun-like.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  America. 
Besides  the  following,  two  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  U.  S. 

Leaves  smooth,  or  nearly  so  ;  pappus  none,  or  of  2-4  short  teeth.  i.  H.  hclianthoides. 
Leaves  rough  ;  pappus  crown-like,  or  of  1-3  sharp  teeth.  2.  //.  scabra, 

1.  Heliopsis  helianthoides(L.)B.S.P.  OX-EYE.    FALSE  SUNFLOWER.    (I.  F. 
f.  3878.)     Stem  glabrous,  branched  above,  9-15  dm.   high.     Leaves  opposite,  or 
rarely  in  3*5,  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  rather  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually 
abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,   sharply  and  nearly  equally   dentate,  7-15    cm. 
long,  2.5-6  cm.  wide  ;  heads    long-peduncled,   somewhat   corymbose,   3.5-6  cm. 
broad  ;  rays  18-25   mm.   long;   bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong   or  linear-oblong, 
obtuse  or  acutish;  achenes  glabrous,  the  summit  truncate.     In  open  places',  Ont. 
to  Fla.,  west  to  111.  and  Ky.     July-Sept.      [Heliopsis  latvis  Pers.  j 

2.  Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal.     ROUGH  OX-EYE.     (I.  F.  f.  3879.)    Similar  to 
the  preceding  species,  but  stem  rough,  at  least  above,  simple  or  branched,  6-12  dm. 
high.     Leaves   ovate   or   ovate-lanceolate,   acute   or  acuminate,   sharply  dentate, 
firm,  5-12  cm.  long,  4-5  cm.  wide,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  short  petioled; 
heads  few,  or  solitary,  long-peduncled,  5-6  cm.  broad  ;  rays  usually  25  mm.  long, 
or  more  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  canescent,  oblong  or  linear-oblong  ;  achenes  pubes- 
cent on  the  margins  when  young.     Usually  in  dry  soil,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  111., 
Br.  Col.,  Kans.  and  Ark.     June-Sept. 

57.  ECLIPTA  L. 

Erect  or  diffuse  branching  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
small  peduncled  terminal  and  axillary  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate  whitish  flowers. 
Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  about  2 
series,  nearly  equal,  or  the  outer  longer.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  chaffy,  the 
chaff  awn-like,  subtending  the  achenes.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile.  Disk- 
flowers  perfect,  mostly  fertile,  their  corollas  tubular,  4-toothed  or  rarely  5-toothed. 
Anthers  entire  or  minutely  2-toothed  at»the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk- 
flowers  with  obtuse  or  triangular  tips.  Achenes  thick,  those  of  the  rays  3-sided, 
those  of  the  disk  compressed.  Pappus  none,  or  of  a  few  short  teeth.  [Greek, 
wanting,  referring  to  the  absence  of  pappus.]  About  4  species,  mostly  of  tropical 
distribution. 

i.  Eclipta  alba  (L.)  Hassk.  ECLIPTA.  (I.  F.  f.  3880.)  Annual,  rough 
with  appressed  pubescence,  erect  or  diffuse,  1.5-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 


CQMPOSITAE.  985 

oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  denticulate  or  entire, 
narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  or  the  lower  petioled,  2-12  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide  ; 
heads  commonly  numerous,  6-12  mm.  broad,  nearly  sessile,  or  slender-peduncled  ; 
rays  short,  nearly  white  ;  anthers  brown  ;  achenes  4-toothed,  or  at  length  truncate. 
Along  streams,  and  in  waste  places,  southern  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Neb.,  south  to  Fla., 
Tex.  and  Mex.  Naturalized  from  tropical  Am.  and  widely  distributed  in  warm 
regions  as  a  weed.  July-Oct. 

58.    TETRAGONOTHECA  L. 

Erect  perennial  mostly  branched  herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  or  connate-per- 
foliate,  broad  dentate  leaves,  and  large  peduncled  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its  principal  bracts  4,  large  and 
foliaceous,  inserted  in  I  series  ;  inner  bracts  6-15,  small,  subtending  the  pistillate 
ray-flowers.  Receptacle  conic,  chaffy,  the  chaff  concave,  enwrapping  the  perfect 
fertile  disk-flowers,  the  corollas  of  which  are  slender  and  5-toothed.  Anthers 
entire  or  minutely  2-toothed  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  hispid, 
tipped  with  elongated  appendages.  Achenes  thick,  4-sided,  truncate  at  the  sum- 
mit. Pappus  none,  or  of  several  short  scales.  [Greek,  4-angled  case,  referring  to 
the  involucre.  ]  Three  known  species,  of  the  southern  U.  S.  and  northern  Mex. 

I.  Tetragonotheca  helianthoides  L.  TETRAGONOTHECA.  (I.  F.  f.  3881.) 
Viscidly  pubescent;  stem  branched  or  simple,  3-7  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate- 
oblong,  or  somewhat  rhomboid,  thin,  coarsely  and  unequally  dentate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  or  connate-perfoliate,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-7  cm. 
wide;  heads  usually  few,  3-7.5  cm.  broad;  principal  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acute; 
rays  6-10.  strongly  nerved,  2-3- toothed;  achenes  4-sided,  or  nearly  terete;  pappus 
none.  In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  May-June.  Sometimes  flowering  again 
in  the  autumn. 

59.  SPILANTHES  Jacq. 

Annual  branching  herbs,  or  some  species  perennial,  with  opposite,  usually 
toothed  leaves  and  rather  small,  long-peduncled  discoid  and  radiate  heads,  termi- 
nal, or  in  the  upper  axils,  or  rays  wanting  in  some  species.  Involucre  campanu- 
late,  its  bracts  in  about  2  series,  herbaceous,  loosely  appressed.  Receptacle  con- 
vex or  elongated,  chaffy,  its  chaff  embracing  the  disk-achenes  and  at  length  falling 
away  with  them.  Ray-flowers  yellow,  or  white,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  yellow, 
perfect,  their  corollas  tubular  with  an  expanded  4-5-cleft  limb.  Anthers  truncate 
at  the  base.  Style -branches  of  the  disk-flowers  long,  sometimes  penicillate  at  the 
summit.  Ray -achenes  3  sided,  or  compressed,  those  of  the  disk- flowers  compressed, 
margined.  Pappus  of  1-3  awas,  or  more.  [Greek,  spot-  or  stain-flower,  not  signifi- 
cant.] About  30  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

I.  Spilatithes  repens  (Walt.)  Michx.  SPILANTHES.  (I.  F.  f.  3882.)  Peren- 
nial, usually  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  stem  slender,  spreading  or  ascending,  2-6 
dm.  long.  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  petioled,  acute,  acuminate,  or  the  lower  ob- 
tuse, coarsely  toothed,  or  nearly  entire,  3-7  cm.  long;  heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of 
the  stem  and  branches,  12-20  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate;  rays  8-12,  yellow;  receptacle  narrowly  conic;  achenes  oblong,  most  of 
them  roughened  when  mature  and  hispidulous.  In  moist  or  wet  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex., 
east  to  S.  Car.  and  Fla.  June-Sept. 

60.    RUDBECKIA   L.     (See  Appendix.) 

Perennial  or  biennial  (rarely  annual),  mostly  rigid,  usually  rough  or  hispid 
herbs,  with  alternate  undivided  lobed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  large  long-peduncled 
heads  of  tubular  (mostly  purple)  and  radiate  (yellow)  flowers.  Involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  imbricated  in  2-4  series.  Receptacle  conic  or  convex,  with  chaffy 
concave  scales  subtending  or  enveloping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  neutral, 
the  rays  entire  or  toothed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  5-lobed. 
Anthers  entire  or  minutely  2-mucronate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with 
hirsute  appendages.  Achenes  4-angled,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  apex.  Pappus 
coroniform,  sometimes  of  2-4  short  teeth,  or  none.  [In  honor  of  Glaus  Rudbeck, 
1630-1702,  Swedish  anatomist  and  botanist.]  About  27  species,  of  N.  Am.  and 


FLORA. 

Mex.     In  addition  to  the  following,  some  25  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  west- 
ern  U.  S. 

*  Stem-leaves  not  cordate-clasping  ;  achenes  4-angled. 

Disk  globose  or  ovoid  and  purple  or  dark  brown  in  fruit ;  lower  leaves  entire  or  lobed. 
Lower  leaves  deeply  3-lobed  or  3-divided. 

Plant  more  or  less  hirsute;  leaves  thin;  chaff  awned.  i.  R.  triloba. 

Plant  scabrous  ;  leaves  thick ;  chaff  blunt,  pubescent  at  apex. 

2.  R.  subtomentosa* 
Leaves  neither  3-lobed  nor  3  divided. 

Plants  hispid  ;  chaff  acute  or  acutish,  hirsute  at  summit;  style-tips  subulate. 
Stem-leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  to  oblong;  involucre  shorter  than  the  rays. 
Upper  stem-leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so. 

3.  R.  hirta. 
Upper  stem-leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  toothed. 

4.  R.  monticola. 
Stem-leaves  oval  to  obovate  ;  involucral  bracts  foliaceous,  nearly  as  long  as 

the  rays.  5.  R.  Brittonii. 

Plants  pubescent,  hirsute  or  glabrate;  style-tips  obtuse. 
Leaves  denticulate  or  entire;  rays  1.8-2.5  cm.  long. 

Stem-leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  ;  disk  10-16  mm.  broad, 
subglobose. 

Basal  leaves  oval,  acute  or  acutish,  sparingly  pubescent. 

6.  R.fulgida. 
Basal  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  hirsute. 

7.  R.  Missouriensts. 
Basal  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  cordate,  obtuse,  slightly 

pubescent.  8.  R.  palustris. 

Stem-leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  ;  disk  8-10  mm.  broad,  depressed. 

9.  R.spathulata. 
Leaves  dentate  or  laciniate  ;  rays  about  3.5  cm.  long. 

Stem-leaves  elongated-lanceolate.  10.  R.  speciosa. 

Stem-leaves  ovate-lanceolate.  n.  R.  Sullivantti. 

Disk  elongated  or  cylindric  in  fruit,  yellowish  or  gray;  lower  leaves  pinnately  divided  or 

pinnatifid.  12.  R.  laciniata. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  cordate-clasping;  achenes  nearly  terete,  striate.  13.  R.  amplexicaulis. 

1.  Rudbeckia    triloba  L.     THIN  LEAVED  CONE-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3883.) 
Stem  somewhat  pubescent  and  rough,  rarely  glabrate,  branched,  6-15  dm.  high. 
Leaves  rough   on  both  sides,  bright  green,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  petioled,  the 
lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  upper  leaves  ovate,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  or  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base  or  into 
short  margined  petioles,  serrate  or  entire,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide;  heads 
nearly  5  cm.  broad,  corymbed;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,   acute,  pubescent, 
soon  reflexed;  rays  8-12,  yellow,  or  the  base  orange  or  brownish  purple;  disk  dark 
purple,  ovoid,  about  12  mm.  broad;  pappus  a  minute  crown.     In  moist  soil,  N.  J. 
to  Ga.,  west  to  Mich.,  Kans.  and  La.     June-Oct. 

2.  Rudbeckia  subtomentosa  Pursh.    SWEET  CONE-FLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  3884.) 
Densely  and  finely  cinereous-pubescent  and  scabrous;  stem  branched  above,  6-18 
dm.  high.     Leaves  thick,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  7-12  cm.  long,  the  lobes  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  dentate;  upper  leaves,  or  some  of  them,  lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  heads  numerous,  5- 7  cm.  broad;  rays 
15—20,  yellow,  or  with  a  darker  base;  disk  subglobose,  rounded,  purple,  12—16  mm. 
broad;    bracts   of  the    involucre    linear-lanceolate,   acuminate,    squarrose,    sweet- 
scented;  pappus  a  short  crenate  crown.     On  prairies  and  along  rivers,  111.  to  La., 
Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

3.  Rudbeckia  hirta  L.     BLACK-EYED  SUSAN.     YELLOW  DAISY.     (I.  F.  f. 
3885.)     Biennial  or  sometimes  annual;  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  often 
tufted,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  thick,  sparingly  serrate  with  low  teeth,  or  entire,  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  mostly  obtuse,  3~5-nerved,  5-17  cm.  long,  1-5  cm. 
wide,  the  upper  sessile,  narrower,  acute  or  acutish;  heads  commonly  few  or  solitary, 
5-10  cm.   broad;  rays  10-20,  orange,    rarely  darker  at  the  base;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  very  hirsute,   spreading  or  reflexed;  disk  globose-ovoid,  purple-brown; 
pappus  none.     In  fields,  Quebec  to  western  Ont.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to 
Fla.,    Colo,    and   Tex.     Widely  distributed  in  the  east  as  a  weed.     May-Sept. 


COMPOSITAE.  987 

4.  Rudbeckia  monticola  Small.     MOUNTAIN  CONE-FLOWER.     Perennial  by 
a  woody  root;  stem  hirsute,  simple  or  with  long,  slender  branches,  4-7  dm.  high. 
Leaves  thin,  rough-pubescent  on  both  sides,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  with  oval  to 
oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusish  blades  tapering  into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  to  acuminate,  6-12  cm.  long,  sessile  and  partly 
clasping,  or  narrowed  into  broad  clasping  petioles;    heads  very  long-peduncled, 
8-10  cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  half  as  long  as  the 
rays,  or   less.     Mountainous  regions,   W.   Va.  to  Tenri.,  N.  Car.,  Ala.   and  Ga. 
June-Aug. 

5.  Rudbeckia  Brittonii   Small.     BRITTON'S  CONE-FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3886.) 
Stem  stout,  erect,  4-7  dm.  high,   simple,  grooved,  leafy,  at  least  below.     Leaves 
serrate  or  crenate-serrate,  strigose- pubescent,  the  basal  ones  ovate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 7-10  cm.  long,  obtuse,   long-petioled ;  stem-leaves  often  with  a  lateral  lobe, 
the  petioles  wing-margined;  uppermost  leaves  often  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  cor- 
date; bracts  of  the  involucre  often  25  mm.  long  or  more;  head  5-7  cm.  broad; 
rays  about  12,  2-lobed;  style-tips  slender,  acute.     In  woods,  mountains  of  Penn.  to 
Va.  and  Tenn.     May-July. 

6.  Rudbeckia  fulgida  Ait.     ORANGE  CONE- FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3887.)     Per- 
ennial; stem  hirsute  or  strigose-pubescent,  slender,  sparingly  branched  or  simple, 
3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  more  or  less  hirsute  or  pubescent  on  both  sides,  the 
basal  and  lower  ones  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long,  3-nerved,  nar- 
rowed into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  sessile,  or  slightly  clasping  at  the  base; 
heads  few,  2-4  cm.  broad ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  lanceolate,  6-16  mm. 
long;  rays   10-15,    linear,   bright  yellow,  or  with  an  orange  base;  disk  brown- 
purple  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so  at  the 
summit;  pappus  a  minute  crown.     In  dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn,  to  Ga.,  west  to 
Mo.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

7.  Rudbeckia    Missouriensis    Engelm.     MISSOURI    CONE-FLOWER.     Stem 
more  or  less  hirsute,  4-7  dm.   high,   simple  or  branched.    -Leaves  firm,  entire, 
or  with  an  occasional  minute  callous  tooth,  the  basal  ones  narrowly  oblong,  acutish 
or  obtuse,  6-20  cm.   long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  3-nerved,  hirsute,  narrowed  into  peti- 
oles, those  of  the  stem  sessile  or  the  lower  petioled.  linear-lanceolate  to  linear, 
acute  or  obtusish;  heads  7-9  cm.  broad;  rays  mostly  12-14,  2-3-toothed;  involu- 
cral bracts  oblong  to  lanceolate,  obtuse  to  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  rays  ;  disk 
hemispheric,  purple -brown;  chaff  pointed;  style- tips  obtuse;  pappus  a  very  short 
crown.     Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

8.  Rudbeckia  palustris  Eggert.     SWAMP  CONE-FLOWER.     Perennial;  stem 
grooved,  smooth  and  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  branched,  4-9  dm.  high,  the  branches 
slender,  erect.     Leaves  rather  thin,  the  basal  ones  with  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular 
blades  5-8  cm.  long,  palmately  veined,  remotely  denticulate,  cordate  or  obtuse  at 
the  base,  their  slender  pubescent  petioles  10-15   cm.   long;  stem-leaves  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  3-5 -nerved,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  peduncles  long,  slender, 
pubescent;  heads  3  cm.  wide  or  more;  involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  appressed- 
pubescent,  half  the  length  of  the  rays  or  less.     In  wet  soil,  Ky.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

9.  Rudbeckia   spathulata   Michx.     SPATULATE-LEAVED  OR  FLAT-HEADED 
CONE-FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3888.)    Perennial;  stem  slender,  simple,  or  little  branched, 
finely  strigose-pubescent,    3-9  dm.    high.     Leaves   appressed-pubescent  on  both 
sides,  the  lower  5-10  cm.   long,   2-4  cm.   wide,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  nearly 
orbicular,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  denticulate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  heads 
few,  or  solitary,  2.5-4  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  short,  at  length  reflexed; 
disk  depressed-globose  or  ovoid,   about  I  cm.   broad;  rays  8-12,  oblong,  yellow, 
mostly  orange  at  the  base;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse;  pappus  a  short-toothed 
crown.     In  dry  woods,  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Fla.     Aug. -Sept. 

10.  Rudbeckia  speciosa  Wenderoth.      SHOWY  CONE-FLOWER.      (I.  F.  f. 
3889.)     Perennial,  more  or  less  hirsute  or  hispid;  stem  branched  above,  3—12  dm. 
high.     Leaves  firm,  slender-petioled,  5-12  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  dentate  with 
low  teeth,  acute  or  sometimes  acuminate,  3-5 -nerved;  stem-leaves  sessile  or  partly 
clasping,  or  narrowed  into  broad  margined  petioles,  laciniate  or  sharply  serrate, 
lanceolate,   acuminate,  often   15  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  smaller  and  sometimes 
entire;  heads  several,  5-7  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate, 


FLORA. 

acute;  rays  12-20,  bright  yellow,  usually  orange  at  the  base;  disk  depressed- 
globose,  10-16  mm.  broad,  brown-purple;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  acute,  ciliate  or 
naked;  florets  5.5-6.5  mm.  long;  achenes  2.5-3  mm.  high;  pappus  a  short  crown. 
In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Ala.  and  Ark.  Aug. -Oct. 

11.  Rudbeckia  Sullivantii  Boynton  &  Beadle.     SULLIVANT'S  CONE-FLOWER. 
Perennial,  5-12  dm.  high.     Stem-leaves  ovate  to  ovate -lanceolate,  the  lower  15-20 
cm.  long,  4-8  cm.  wide,  their  petioles  3-7  cm.  long,  the  blade  coarsely  and  irreg- 
ularly serrate,  more  or  less  pubescent;  heads  several,  5-9  cm.  broad;  rays  10-15; 
chaff  acute,  smooth  or  nearly  so;  florets  6.5-7.5  mm>  l°ng>  achenes  3-4  mm.  high. 
Ohio  and  Michigan. 

12.  Rudbeckia   laciniata  L.      TALL    OR  GREEN-HEADED    CONE-FLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3890.)     Perennial;  much  branched,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,    1-3.5  mm- 
high.     Leaves  rather  thin,  minutely  pubescent  on  the  margins  and  upper  surface, 
broad,   the  basal  and  lower  ones  long-petioled,  often  3  dm.  wide,   the  segments 
variously  toothed  and  lobed;  stem-leaves  shorter-petioled,  3~5-parted  or  divided, 
the  upper  ones  much  smaller,  3- lobed,  dentate  or  entire;  heads  several  or  numer- 
ous. 6-10  cm.  broad;  rays  6-10,  bright  yellow,  drooping;    bracts  of  the  involucre 
unequal;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  truncate  and  canescent  at  the  apex;  pappus  a 
short  crown.     In  moist  thickets,  Quebec  to  Manitoba  and  Mont.,  south  to  Fla., 
Kans.  and  N.  Mex.     July-Sept. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata  humilis  A.  Gray.  Simple  or  branched,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
3-6  dm.  high  some  or  all  of  the  basal  leaves  orbicular  and  undivided  ;  heads  4-6  cm.  broad; 
disk  globoee  o«-  ovoid.  Va.  and  N.  C.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.,  mostly  in  the  mountains. 

13.  Rudbeckia  amplexicanlis  Vahl.      CLASPING  LEAVED  CONE-FLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3891.)   Annual;  glabrous  throughout,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem  branched, 
grooved,  3-6  dm.  high,   the  branches  ascending.       Leaves  entire,  or   sparingly 
toothed,    i-ribbed,   reticulate-veined,   the   lower  oblong  to  spatulate,   sessile,    the 
tipper  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  lanceolate,  acute  ;  heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  long-peduncled,  about  5  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  lance- 
olate, acuminate;  rays  yellow,  or  sometimes  brown  at  the  base;  disk  ovoid- oblong, 
often  becoming  25  mm.  high;  achenes  striate  and  transversely  wrinkled,  obliquely 
attached  to  the  elongated  receptacle;  chaff  at  length  deciduous;  pappus  none.     In 
wet  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.  to  La.  and  Tex.     June -Aug. 

61    RATIBIDA  Raf.     [LEPACHYS  Raf.] 

Mostly  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately  divided  or  parted  leaves,  and 
long-peduncled  terminal  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  the  disk-flowers  gray 
or  yellow,  becoming  brown,  the  rays  yellow,  or  with  brown  bases,  drooping  or 
spreading.  Involucral  bracts  in  2  or  3  series.  Disk  globose,  oblong,  or  cylindric. 
Receptacle  columnar  to  subulate,  the  concave  chaff  subtending  or  enveloping  the 
disk-flowers,  truncate,  the  tips  inflexed,  canescent.  Ray-flowers  neutral.  Disk- 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  with  scarcely  any  tube.  Achenes  short,  flat- 
tened, sharp-margined,  or  winged,  at  length  deciduous  with  the  chaff.  Pappus 
with  i  or  2  teeth,  or  none.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  4  species,  of  N.  Am. 

Style-tips  lanceolate-subulate ;  leaf-segments  lanceolate ;  rays  25-75  mm.  long. 

1.  R.pinnata. 
Style-tips  short,  blunt ;  leaf-segments  linear ;  rays  6-30  mm.  long. 

Disk  cylindric,  at  length  2.5  cm.  long  or  more;  rays  mostly  equalling  it,  or  longer. 

2.  R.  columnaris. 
Disk  globose  to  short-oval,  about  i  cm.  high;  rays  mostly  short.    3.  R.  Tagetes. 

i.  Ratibida  pinnata  (Vent.)  Barnhart.  GRAY- HEADED  CONE-FLOWER. 
(LF.f.3892.)  Perennial;  rough  and  strigose-pubescent  throughout;  stem  branched 
or  simple,  9-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnately  3-7  divided,  the  basal  ones  sometimes 
2.5  dm.  long,  petioled,  the  segments  cleft  or  entire,  acute  or  acuminate;  upper  leaves 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  uppermost  commonly  small  and  entire;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre linear  or  linear-oblong,  short,  reflexed;  rays  4-10,  bright  yellow,  drooping; 
disk  oblong,  gray  or  becoming  brown,  rounded,  at  length  twice  as  long  as  thick; 
the  inner  margin  of  achenes  produced  into  a  short  tooth.  On  dry  prairies,  western 
N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  La.  June-Sept. 


COMPOSITAE.  989 

2.  Ratibida  columnaris  (Sims)  D.  Don.     LONG-HEADED  OR  PRAIRIE  CONE- 
FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3893.)     Perennial,  strigose-pubescent  and  scabrous;  stem  slen- 
der, usually   branched,  3-7   dm.  high.     Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  acute  or 
obtuse,  entire  dentate  or  cleft  segments,  the  cauline  short- petioled  or  sessile,  5-10 
cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  oblong,  obtuse  and  undivided,  slender-petioied; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  short,  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate,  reflexed,  rays  4-10,  yel- 
low, brown  at  the  base,  or  brown  all  over,  drooping;  pappus  of  I  or  2  subulate 
teeth  usually  with  several  short  intermediate  scales.     On  dry  prairies,  N.  W.  Terr, 
to  Minn.,  Tenn.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.     May- Aug. 

3.  Ratibida   Tagetes   (James)    Barnhart.      SHORT-RAYED   CONE-FLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3894.)      Perennial,  rough-canescent ;  stem  3-4  cm.   high,  usually  much 
branched,  leafy.     Leaves  firm,  pinnately  divided  into  3-7  mostly  entire  segments; 
peduncles  terminal,  1—5  cm.  long;  heads  25  mm.  broad,  or  less;  bracts  of  the  re- 
ceptacle narrow,  deflexed;  rays  few,  mostly  shorter  than  the  globose  to  short-oval 
disk;  pappus  of  I  or  2  subulate  deciduous  teeth,  with  no  short  intermediate  teeth. 
On  dry  plains  and  rocky  hills,  Kans.  to   Tex.,  Chihuahua,  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. 
July-Sept. 

62.  BRAUNERIA  Neck.     [ECHINACEA  Moench.] 

Perennial  erect  branched  or  simple  herbs,  with  thick  black  roots,  thick  rough 
alternate  or  opposite  3~5-nerved  entire  or  dentate  undivided  leaves,  and  large  long- 
peduncled  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  the  rays  purple,  purplish  red  or 
white,  the  disk  green  or  purple,  at  length  ovoidjor 'conic.  Involucre  depressed-hem- 
ispheric, its  bracts  lanceolate,  spreading  or  appressed,  imbricated  in  2-4  series. 
Receptacle  conic,  chaffy,  the  chaff  carinate  and  cuspidate.  Ray-flowers  neutral,  or 
with  a  rudimentary  pistil.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  the  corolla  cylindric,  5-toothed. 
Achenes  4-sided,  obpyramidal,  thick.  Pappus  a  short  dentate  crown.  [Named 
for  Jacob  Brauner,  a  German  botanist  of  the  i8th  century.]  Fire  known  species, 
natives  of  N.  Am. 

Rays  purple  to  white. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  dentate.  i.  B.  furpurea. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire. 

Rays  purplish  to  white,  2-3  cm.  long,  spreading.  2.  B.  angustifolia. 

Rays  rose-purple,  3-7  cm.  long,  narrow,  drooping.  3.  B.  pallida. 

Rays  yellow  to  red.  4.  B.  atrorubens. 

1.  Brauneria  purpurea(L.)  Bntton.     PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER.     BLACK  SAMP- 
SON.    RED   SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F.   f.  3895.)     Stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  hispid, 
usually  stout,  6-15  dm.    high.     Lower  and  basal  leaves  slender-petioied,  ovate 
mostly  5 -nerved,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  or  rarely 
cordate  at  the  base,  commonly  sharply   dentate,   7-20  cm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide  ; 
petioles  mostly  winged  at  the  summit ;  uppermost  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 3-nerved,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  often  entire  ;  rays  12-20,  purple,  crimson, 
or  rarely  pale,  4-7  cm.  long,  spreading  or  drooping.     In  moist,  rich  soil,  Va.  to 
Ala.,  west  to  111.,  Ky.  and  La.     July-Oct. 

2.  Brauneria  angustifolia  (DC.)  Heller.     NARROW- LEAVED  PURPLE  CONE- 
FLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3896  as  B.  pallida.')     Stem  hispid,  slender,  often  simple,  3-6 
dm.   high.     Leaves  lanceolate,   oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,   acute  and 
about  equally  narrowed  at  each  end,  strongly  3-nerved  and  sometimes  with  an 
additional  pair  of  marginal  less  distinct  nerves,  entire,   7-20  cm.  long,  8-25  mm. 
wide,    the   lower   and   basal  ones  slender-petioied,    the   upper   short-petioled    or 
sessile;  rays  short,  2-3  cm.,  spreading,  or  rarely  deflexed,  often  pale.     In  dry  soil, 
especially  on  prairies,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr..  Wyo.  and  Tex.     June-Oct. 

3.  Brauneria  pallida  (Nutt.)    Britton.     PALE  PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER.    Simi- 
lar to  the  preceding  species,  but  usually  taller,  sometimes  I  m.  high.     Stem- leaves 
elongated-lanceolate,  entire;  rays  narrow  and  elongated,  drooping,  4-7  cm.  long, 
3-6  mm.  wide,  rose-purple  or  sometimes  nearly  white.     In  dry  soil,  111.  to  Mich., 
Ark.,  Ala.,  La.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

4.  Brauneria  atrorubens  (Nutt.)  Boynton  &  Beadle.     RED  CONE-FLOWER. 
Glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  stiff  hairs;  stem  stout,  simple,  6-7.5  dm.  ta^' 
Leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  entire,  strongly  3-nerved,  the  lower  1.5-2  dm.  long, 
the  petioles  often  as  long  as  the  blades,   1.2-2  cm.  wide,  the  upper  sessile,  all 


99°  FLORA. 

rough-ciliate  on  the  margins  and  with  some  appressed  hairs  on  both  surfaces; 
peduncle  long,  stout;  rays  3-5  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  narrowed  below,  droop- 
ing, "very  dark  red"  according  to  Nuttall,  apparently  yellow  in  Missouri  speci- 
mens. Ark.  and  Mo. 

63.  BORRl'CHIA  Adans. 

Fleshy,  more  or  less  canescent,  branching  shrubs  of  the  seacoast,  with  opposite 
entire  or  denticulate,  cuneate,  oblong,  spatulate  or  obovate,  i-3-nervrd  leaves,  and 
terminal  large  long  peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers. 
Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  slightly  unequal,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  the 
inner  ones  coriaceous.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff  rigid,  concave, 
subtending  or  enwrapping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile.  Di^k- 
flowers  perfect,  the  corolla  tubular,  5-tocthed,  the  style- branches  elongated,  hispid. 
Anthers  dark  colored,  entire  at  the  base,  or  minutely  sagittate.  Achenes  of  the 
ray-flowers  3  sided,  those  of  the  disk-flowers  4-sided.  Pappus  a  short  dentate 
crown.  [Named  for  Olaf  Borrick,  a  Danish  botanist.]  About  5  species,  natives 
of  America.  In  addition  to  the  following,  another  occurs  in  South  Fla. 

I.  Borrichia  fru.escens  (L.)  DC.  SKA  OX-EYE.  (I.  F.  f.  3897.)  Finely 
canescent,  even  when  old;  stems  terete,  sparingly  branched,  3-12  dm.  high. 
Leaves  mostly  erect  or  ascending,  spatulate  or  obovate,  fleshy,  tapering  to  the 
sessile  base,  somewhat  connate,  3-7  cm.  long,  4-14  mm.  wide  ;  heads  solitary  or 
few,  about  25  mm.  broad  ;  rays  ¥iq-25,  rather  short  ;  exterior  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre ovate  and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner  ones  and  the  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle cuspidate.  Seacoast,  Va.  to  Fia.  and  Tex.  Also  on  the  coasts  of  Mex.  and 
W.  Ind.  April- Oct. 

64.  HELIANTHUS  L. 

trect,  annual  or  perennial,  mostly  branched  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate 
simple  leaves,  and  large  .peduncled  corymbose  or  solitary  heads  of  both  tubular 
and  radiate  flowers,  the  rays  yellow,  the  disk  yellow,  brown  or  purple.  Involucre 
hemispheric  or  depressed,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat, 
convex  or  conic,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flc  wers.  Ray-flowers  neutral 
(in  our  species),  the  rays  spreading,  mostly  entire.  Dii-k  flowers  perfect,  fertile, 
the  corolla  tubular,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  5  lobed.  Anthers  entire,  or  minutely 
2-toothed  at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with  hirsute  appendages.  Achenes 
thick,  oblong  or  obovate,  compressed,  or  somewhat  4- angled,  pappus  of  2  scales 
or  awns,  or  sometimes  with  2-4  additional  shorter  ones,  deciduous.  [Greek,  sun- 
flower.] About  60  species,  natives  of  the  New  World.  Besides  the  following, 
about  25  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

*  Disk  purple,  purplish  or  brcwn  ;   receptacle  flat  or  convex. 

1.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  the  lower  opposite. 
Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate;  perennials. 

Stem  rough:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  eastern.  i.  //.  angusti/olius. 

Stem  glabrous  ;  leaves  elongated-linear;  western.  2.  H.  orgyalis. 

Leaves  broad,  ovate  ;  annuals. 

Leaves  dentate;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  hispid.         3.   //.  annnus. 
Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  canescent.         4.  //.  petiolaris. 

2.  Leavs  mostly  opposite,  the  upper  alternate. 

Leaves  hispid,  abruptly  contracted  into  \vinged  petioles.  5.  //.  atrorubens. 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  into  petiole?. 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate  :  involucral  bracts  acuminate.  6.   //.  scaberrimus. 

Stem-leaves  rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  involucral  bracts  acute. 

7.  H.  subrhomboidcus. 
*  *  Disk  yellow  or  yellowish;  receptacle  convex  or  conic. 

t  Leaves  nearly  all  basal  or  near  the  base  oj  the  stem;  upper  b^-act-hke. 

8.  //.  accident alis. 

t  f  Stems  leafy  ;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite. 
I.  Leaves  prevailingly  lanceolate  and  3-8  times  as  long  as  wide. 
«.  Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides  ;  heads  2.5-4  cm.  broad. 

9.  H.  laevigatus. 
b.  Leaves  scabrous,  at  least  on  the  upper  surface. 

Heads  1-3.5  cm.  broad  ,  leaves  thin  ,  stem  glabrous.  10.  //.  microcephalus. 


COMPOSITAE.  991 

Heads  3.5-8  cm.  broad ;  leaves  firm,  many  of  them  often  alternate. 

Stem  scabrous,  scabrate  or  hispid,  at  least  above ;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous  above,  hirsute  beneath,  flat. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate,  narrowed  at  the  base.       n.  H.  giganteus. 
Leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  opposite,  obtuse  at  base. 

12.  H.  ambiguus, 
Leaves  very  scabrous  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  conduplicate,  pinnately  veined. 

Plant  1-4  m.  high  ;  heads  numerous  ;  leaves  mostly  alternate. 

13.  H,  M aximiliani . 
Plant  4-7  dm.  high;  heads  i  or  2;  leaves  all  but  the  upper  opposite. 

14.  //.  Daiyi. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  3-nerved. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base. 

15.  H.  subtubcrosus. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

16.  H.  Rydbergi, 

Stem  glabrous ;  leaves  sessile  by  a  truncate  base.  19.   H.  divaricatus. 

Stem  glabrous;  leaves  petioled. 

Stem  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  firm.  17.  H.  grosseserratus. 

Stem  not  glaucous  ;  leaves  elongated,  linear-lanceolate,  thin. 

18.  H.  Kellermani. 
a.  Leaves  prevailingly  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong. 

a.  Leaves  sessile,  or  very  nearly  so. 

Stem  glabrous ;  leaves  divaricate.  19.  H.  divaricatus. 

Stem  hirsute  or  hispid ;  leaves  ascending. 

Leaves  cordate-clasping  at  the  base.  20.  H.  mollis, 

Leaves  narrowed  from  below  the  middle.  21.  H.  doronicoides. 

b.  Leaves  manifestly  petioled. 
Stem  puberulent  or  glabrous. 

Leaves  membranous,  slender-petioled,  sharply  serrate. 

Leaves  regularly  serrate.  "  22.  H.  decapetalus. 

Leaves  irregularly  serrate-laciniate.  23.  H.  scrophulariifolius. 

Leaves  firmer,  shorter-petioled,  less  serrate  or  entire. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  much  longer  than  the  disk.         24.  H,  tracheliifolius. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  about  equalling  the  disk.  25.  H.  strumosus. 

Stem  hirsute,  hispid,  or  scabrous. 

Leaves  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  short-petioled.        26.  H.  hirsutus. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  upper,  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  appressed.       27.  H.  laetiflorus 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-acuminate,  spreading. 

Leaves  villous-pubescent  beneath.  28.  H.  tomentosus. 

Leaves  scabrous  or  puberulent  beneath.  29.  H.  tuberosus. 

1.  Helianthus  angustifblius  L.     NARROW-LEAVED  OR  SWAMP  SUNFLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3898.)     Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  stem  branched  above,  or  simple, 
slender,  often  hirsute  below,  6-20  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  entire,  sessile,  slightly 
scabrous,  rarely  somewhat  canescent  beneath,  5-17  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  the 
margins  revolute  when  dry;  heads  usually  few,  sometimes  solitary,  5-7  cm.  broad; 
involucre  hemispheric,   its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  scarcely 
squarrose,  pubescent;  receptacle  slightly  convex;   chaff  entire  or  3 -toothed;  rays 
12-20;  achenes  truncate,  glabrous;  pappus  usually  of  2  short  awns.     In  swamps, 
Long  Island,  N.  Y..  to  Fla  ,  Ky.  and  Tex.,  mainly  near  the  coast.     Aug.-Oct. 

2.  Helianthus  orgy-alls  DC.     LINEAR-LEAVED  SUNFLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3899.) 
Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;   stem  branched  near  the  summit,  very  leafy  to 
the  top,  2-3  m.  high.     Leaves  sessiie,  entire,  remotely  dentate  and  short-petioled, 
rough  with  mucronate- tipped  papillae,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  acuminate, 
1-4  dm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide;  heads  usually  numerous,  about  5  cm.  broad,  termi- 
nating slender  branches;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  linear-subulate 
to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  squarrose,  ciliate;  receptacle  convex,  its  chaff  entire,  or 
toothed,  slightly  ciliate;  rays  10-20;  achenes  oblong-obovate,  glabrous,  2-4-awned. 
On  dry  plains,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.     Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Helianthus  annuus  L.    COMMON  SUNFLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3900. )    Stem  his- 
pid or  scabrous,  stout,  branched  above,  1-2  m.  high,  or  in  cultivated  forms  some- 
times 4.5  m.  high.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  petioled,  3-nerved,  dentate  or  denticulate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  rough  on  both  sides,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath,  the  lower 
cordate  at  the  base,  7-30  cm.  long;  heads  in  the  wild  plant  7-15  cm.  broad;  invo- 


992  FLORA. 

lucre  depressed,  its  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  usually  long-acuminate  or  aristate; 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  3-cleft;  achenes  obovate-oblong,  appressed-pubescent,  or 
nearly  glabrous.  On  prairies,  etc.,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Much  larger  in  cultivation ;  an  occasional  escape  in  the  east.  July-Sept. 

4.  Helianthus   petiolaris   Nutt.     PRAIRIE  SUNFLOWER.     (I.    F.    f.  3901.) 
Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  smaller  and  with  smaller  heads;  stem 
strigose-hispid  or  hirsute,  3-10  dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled,  oblong,  ovate,  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough  on  both  sides,  usually  paler  beneath  than  above,  3-7  cm.  long, 
entire,  or  denticulate,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base; 
heads  4-7  cm.  broad;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its  bracts  not  hispid-ciliate, 
acute,  or  short-acuminate;  achenes  villous-pubescent,  at  least  when  young.     On 
dry  prairies,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Ore.,   south   to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
Found  rarely  in  waste  places  farther  east.     June-Sept. 

Helianthus  petioliris  c^nus  Britton.  Leaves  ovate,  white-canescent  beneath.  Neb. 
to  Tex.  and  N.  Alex. 

Helianthus  petiol&ris  patens  (Lehm.)  Rydb.  Heads  larger,  Ion g-ped uncled,  the 
peduncles  fleshy  toward  the  top ;  leaves  large,  long-petioled.  Neb.  and  Mo. 

5.  Helianthus  atrorubens  L.     HAIRY  WOOD  SUNFLOWER.     PURPLE-DISK 
SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3902.)     Perennial;  stems  hirsute  below,   often  minutely 
pubescent   above,  branched  at  the  summit,  6-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  hirsute  on  both 
sides,  or  canescent  beneath,  mostly  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  dentate 
or  crenate-dentate,  10-25  cm.  long,  3-10  cm.  wide;  heads  not  numerous,  slender- 
peduncled,  about  5  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  oblong  to  obovate, 
obtuse,  ciliolate,  appressed;  receptacle  convex,  its  chaff  acute,  entire,  or  3-toothed; 
rays  10-20;  achenes  obovate,  truncate,  finely  pubescent,  about  4  mm.  long;    pap- 
pus usually  of  2  lanceolate  awns.     In  dry  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ohio,  Minn., 
Mo.,  Ark.  and  La.     Aug. -Oct. 

6.  Helianthus  scaberrimus  Ell.     STIFF  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3903.)    Per- 
ennial; stems  simple  or  little  branched,  hispid  or  scabrate,  5-25  dm.  high.    Leaves 
thick,  coriaceous,   serrate  or  serrulate,  very  scabrous  on  both  sides.  1—5  cm.  long, 
5-17  cm.  wide,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  short-petioled ; 
heads   solitary  or  few,  5-7    cm.   broad;   involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  ciliate;  receptacle-  convex,  its  chaff  obtuse;  rays  15-25,  light  yellow;  achenes 
more  or  less  pubescent,  obkmg-obovate ;  pappus  of  2  broad  scales  or  of  2-4  stout 
awns.     Prairies,  Minn,  to  111.,  Ga.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

7.  Helianthus   subrhomboideus    Rydb.      RHOMBIC-LEAVED    SUNFLOWER. 
Stem  simple,  sparingly  hirsute,  usually  tinged  with  red.     Leaves   opposite,    firm, 
very  scabrous,  3-nerved,  slightly  serrate,  the  basal  ones  broadly  ovate  to  obovate- 
spatulate,  those  of  the  stem  rhomboid-ovate  to  rhomboid-lanceolate,  short-petioled, 
5-10  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  very  small;  heads  1-3,  2.5-4  cm.  in  diameter;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong,  acutish,  densely  white-ciliate.     Plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Sas- 
katch.,  Neb.  and  Mont.     July-Sept. 

8.  Helianthus  occidentalis  Riddell.     FEW-LEAVED  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F.  f. 
3904.)     Perennial;  stems  appressed-pubescent  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  slen- 
der, mostly  simple,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  mainly  basal,  firm,  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3~5-nerved,  ser- 
rulate or  entire,  mostly  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  with  slender  petioles  ; 
heads  several  or  solitary,  4-6  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  lance- 
olate or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  generally  ciliate,  appressed;  recep- 
tacle convex,  its  chaff  acute;  rays  12-15;  achenes  truncate  and  pubescent  at  the 
summit;  pappus  of  2  lanceolate-subulate  awns.     In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Fla.  and  Mo.     Aug. -Sept. 

Helianthus  occidentalis  Dowelli&nus  (Curtis)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  broader  and  more 
numerous,  smooth  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides.  D.  C.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ga. 

9.  Helianthus  laevigatus  T.  &  G.     SMOOTH  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3905.) 

Stems  slender,  from  a  perennial  root,  simple  or  little  branched,  glabrous,  or  some- 
what glaucous,  6-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  nearly  all  opposite,  firm,  glabrous,  lance- 
olate, short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  serrulate  or  entire,  pale  beneath,  acumi- 
nate, narrowed  at  the  base,  7-15  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  the  margins  sometimes 


COMPGSITAE.  993 

roughish;  heads  few  or  solitary;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  ciliolate,  the  tips  of  the  outer  ones  spreading;  rays  5- 10; 
chaff  linear;  achenes  slightly  pubescent  at  the  summit;  pappus  of  2  lanceolate  or 
ovate  awns,  with  or  without  2  intermediate  scales.  In  dry  soil,  mountains  of  Va. 
and  N.  Car.  Aug. -Oct. 

10.  Helianthus  microcephalus  T.  &  G.     SMALL  WOOD  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F. 
f.  3906.)     Stems  slender,  glabrous,  branched  above,  or  rarely  simple,  1-2  m.  high. 
Leaves  thin  or  thinnish,  petioled,  most  of  them  opposite,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower 
ovate  lanceolate,  rough  above,  canescent  or  puberulent  beneath,  long -acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrulate,  or  the  lower  serrate,  7-17  cm.  long,  1-4 
cm.   wide;  heads  commonly  several  or  numerous,   borne   on  slender,    sometimes 
roughish  peduncles;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  ciliolite,  the  tips  of  the  outer  ones  spreading;  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
oblong,  entire, -or  3-toothed;  rays  5-10;  disk  yellow;   achenes  nearly    glabrous; 
pappus  usually  of  2  subulate  awns.     In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  Penn.  to 
Ga.,  west  to  Ohio,  Mo.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

11.  Helianthus   giganteus    L.     TALL  OR   GIANT   SUNFLOWER.     (I.    F.  f. 
3907.)     Perennial  by  fleshy  roots  and  creeping  rootstocks;  stems  hispid  or  scabrous, 
at  least  above,  1—3.5  in-  h^Sn>     Leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled,  firm,  serrate  or 
denticulate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm- 
wide;  heads  usually  several,  mostly  long-peduncled,  4-6  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  squarrose,  lanceolate-subulate,  hirsute  or  ciliate,  commonly  as 
long  as   the  diameter  of  the  disk;    chaff  of  the  receptacle  oblong-linear,   acute; 
achenes  oblong,  glabrous;  rays  10-10;   pappus  of  2  subulate  awns.     In  swamps 
and  wet  meadows,  Me.  and  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Fla.,  Neb.  and  La. 
Stem  commonly  purple.     Aug.-Oct. 

12.  Helianthus  atnbiguus  (T.    &  G.)  Britton.      AMBIGUOUS    SUNFLOWER. 
Stem  slender,  rough-hispid  above,  5-8  dm.  high,  simple  or  little  branched.     Leaves 
thin,    lanceolate,    sharply  serrate,    long-acuminate,   6-10  cm.  long,   finely  rough- 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  broadest  just  above  the  obtuse  or  subacute  base,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  short-petioled;  heads  few,  7-8  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,   acuminate,  densely  ciliate.     In  moist  soil,  L.  I.  and  Ga.     July-Sept. 
[//.  giganteus  ambiguus  T.  &  G.  ] 

13.  Helianthus  Maximiliani  Schrad.     MAXIMILIAN'S  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F. 
f.  3908.)     Perennial  by  fleshy  roots  and  thickened  rootstocks;  stems  stout,  scabrous 
or  hispid   below,   1-4  m.  high.     Leaves  folding  in  drying,   rigid,   acuminate  or 
acute  at  both  ends,  denticulate  or  entire,  7-17  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide;  heads  few 
or  numerous,  5-7  cm.  broad,  on  stout  densely  rough-pubescent  peduncles;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  squarrose,  densely  strigose-pubescent, 
often   18   mm.  long;  rays   15-30;  chaff  linear,   acute,    pubescent  above;   achenes 
linear-oblong,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pappus  commonly  of  2  lanceolate  awns.     On 
dry  prairies,  Minn,  and  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

14.  Helianthus  Dalyi  Britton.    JUDGE  DALY'S  SUNFLOWER.     Perennial  by  a 
fusiform  tuber,  3-4  cm.  long.     Stem  slender,    simple,   roughish,  appressed-pubes- 
cent,  about  6  dm.  high;   leaves  firm,  conduplicate,   drooping,    finely  rough  pubes- 
cent on  both  sides,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  distantly  serrate 
with  low  teeth,  the  larger  about  I  dm.  long  and  1.4  cm.  wide,  all  opposite  or  the 
uppermost  alternate;  heads  usually  solitary  and   long-peduncled,  rarely  2,  about 
8  cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate  with  long  subulate  tips;  rays 
acute;  pappus  2  subulate  awns;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  pubescent  at  the  acute  apex. 
Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y. 

15.  Helianthub  subtuberosus  Bnurgeau.   INDIAN  POTATO.   Fleshy  roots  thick 
and  edible.     Leaves  thick,  more  or  less  serrate,  all  or  all  but  the  upper  distinctly 
petioled.  sometimes  all  opposite,  6-12   cm.    long,  acuminate   at  the  apex,   mostly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  ciliate;  heads  not  very  numerous;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  densely  pubescent  and  white-ciliate,  about  1.5  cm. 
long;  rays  3-4  cm.  long.     Mich,  and  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Wyo.  and  Mont. 
Aug. -Sept.      [//.  giganteus  subtuberosus  Britton.  | 

1 6.  Helianthus  Rydbergi  Britton,  n.  sp.     RYDBERG'S  SUNFLOWER.     Peren- 
nial by  a  narrowly  fusiform  tuberous  root  with  several  stout  branches.     Stem  0.7- 
1.5  m,  high,  somewhat  branched  near  the  summit;  leaves  ovate- lanceolate  or  the 


994  FLORA. 

upper  ones  lanceolate,  thick,  pale  green,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  3-nerved,  sparingly 
serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles, 
the  larger  about  I  dm.  long  and  3  cm.  wide;  heads  several,  stout-peduncled,  8-9 
cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  long-ciliate.  Sand  hill 
region  of  central  Neb.;  type,  Rydberg  No.  1767,  from  Middle  Loup  River, 
Hooker  Co. 

17.  Helianthus  grosseserratus  Martens.     SAW-TOOTH  SUNFLOWER.  (I.  F. 
t.    3909.)     Perennial    by    fleshy  roots    and  slender    rootstocks;  stems    glabrous, 
glaucous,  branched  above,  2-3  m.  high,  the  branches  usually  strigose-pubescent; 
leaves  long -lanceolate,   slender-petioled,   long-acuminate,   narrowed  at   the   base, 
sharply  serrate,  or  merely  denticulate,  the  uppermost  entire,  rough  above,  densely 
puberulent  or  canescent  beneath,  1-2  dm.  long,  1-2.5  cm-  wide;  heads  several  or 
numerous,  4-7  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts   squarrose,   narrowly 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute;  chaff  linear-oblong,  pubescent  at  the  summit,  acute, 
often  3-toothed;  disk  yellowish;  rays  10-20,  deep  yellow;  achenes  nearly  glabrous; 
pappus  of  2  lanceolate  awns.     In  open  places,  eastern  L.  I.  to  Penn.,  S.  Dak.,  Mo. 
and  Tex.     May  contain  more  than  one  species  as  here  characterized. 

18.  Helianthus  Kellermani  Britton.  n.  sp.   KELLERMAN'S  SUNFLOWER.   Stem 
2-3  m.  high,  very  smooth,  much  branched  above,   the  branches  slender.      Leaves 
narrowly  elongated-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  drooping,  rather  thin,  distantly 
serrate  with  very  small  teeth,   long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  attenuate  at  the  base 
into  short  petioles  or  the  upper  sessile,  scabrate  and  sparingly  pubescent  on  both 
surfaces,  pinnately  veined,  the  lower  about  2  dm.  long  and  1.5  cm.  wide;  branches 
of  the  inflorescence  pubescent;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  about  1.5 
cm.    long,  and  1.5  mm.  wide  at  the  base,   ciliate,    long-acuminate;  rays  golden- 
yellow,  3-4  cm.  long;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  linear.     Columbus,  Ohio.      W.  A. 
Keller  man,  Sept.  5,  1898. 

19.  Helianthus     divaricatus  L.      ROUGH    OR    WOODLAND    SUNFLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3910.)     Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  stem  glabrous  throughout,  or  pu- 
bescent at  the  summit,  slender,  6-20  dm.  high.     Leaves  usually  all  opposite,  di- 
varicate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,   firm,  dentate   or   denticulate,   3-nerved, 
rough  above,  pubescent  beneath,  gradually  long- acuminate,  7-20  cm.  long,  6-36  mm. 
wide  ;   heads  few  or  solitary,   about  25  mm.  broad,  borne  on  strigose-pubescent 
peduncles;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate- lanceolate,    stri- 
gose  or  hirsute,  the  outer  ones  spreading;  rays  8-15;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  apicu- 
late;  achenes  glabrous;  pappus  of  2  short  subulate  awns.      In  dry  woodlands,  Me. 
and  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Fla.,  Neb.  and  La.     July-Sept. 

20.  Helianthus  mSllis  Lam.  HAIRY  SUNFLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  3911.)   Perennial, 
stem  stout,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched  above,  6-12  dm.  high.    Leaves  pinnately 
veined,  3-nerved  above  the  base,   all  opposite,   or  the  upper    alternate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  scabrous  or  cinereous  pubescent   above,  densely    and  finely  pubescent 
beneath,  serrulate,  5-12  cm.   long,  2-6  cm.  wide;  heads   solitary  or  few,  5-7  cm. 
broad;    involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  lanceolate,     acuminate,  densely  villous- 
canescent,  somewhat  spreading;  rays  15-25;  chaff  canescent  at  the  summit;  ma- 
ture achenes  nearly  glabrous;  pappus  of  2  lanceolate   scales.     In  dry  barren  soil, 
Ohio  to  Ga.,  west  to  Iowa,  Kans.,  and  Tex.;  also  on   L.  I.     Aug.-Sept. 

21.  Hslianthus  doronicoides  Lam.     OBLONG-LEAVED  SUNFLOWER.     (L  F. 
f.  3912.)     Perennial   by   slender    rootstocks;   stems   stout,  rough,  or  finely  rough- 
pubescent,  branched  above,  1-2  m.  high.      Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong,  or  ovate, 
thick,  ascending,   serrate  or  serrulate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rough  on 
both  sides,  or  finely  pubescent  beneath,    somewhat   3-nerved,    1-2  dm.  long,  2-6 
cm.  wide;  heads  commonly  numerous,  6-10  cm.   broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its 
bracts    lanceolate,   acuminate,  pubescent   or  hirsute,    somewhat   spreading;    rays 
12-20,  8-12  mm.  wide;  achenes  glabrous;   pappus  of  2  subulate  awns.   In  dry  soil, 
Ohio  to  Mich.,  Mo.  and  Ark.     Aug.-Sept. 

22.  Helianthus    decapetalus    L.     THIN-LEAVED  OR    WILD  SUNFLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3913.)     Perennial    by   branched,    sometimes  thickened  rootstocks;  stem 
slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched  above,  3-15  dm.  high;  branches  puberu- 
lent.    Leaves  7-20  cm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper 
commonly  alternate,  roughish  above,  finely  but  often  sparingly  pubescent  beneath, 
acuminate,  the  rounded  or  truncate  base  decurrent  on  the  petiole;  heads  numer- 


COMPOSITAE.  995 

ous,  5-7  cm.  oroad;  involucre  hemispheric ;  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
hirsute,  ciliate,  spreading,  often  longer  than  the  disk;  rays  8-15,  light  yellow;  chaff 
entire  or  3-toothed,  pubescent  at  the  apex;  achenes  glabrous;  pappus  of  2  subulate 
awns.  In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  Quebec  to  Mich.,  Ga.  and  Ky.  Aug.- 
Sept. 

23.  Helianthus  scrophulariifolius  Britton,  n.  sp.     FIGWORT  SUNFLOWER. 
Root  3  dm.   long,  or  more,  slender.     Stem  simple,  glabrous,  and  smooth,  striate, 
about  I  m.  high.      Leaves   rather  thin,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  7-12  cm.  long, 
roughish  on  both  sides,  3-nerved,  sharply,  deeply,  and  very  irregularly  toothed, 
the  apex  long-acuminate,  the  base  rather  gradually  narrowed  into  a  ciliate  margined 
petiole  2-4  cm.  long,  or  the  uppermost  leaves  nearly  sessile;  heads  few,  on  slen- 
der scabrous  peduncles,  6-8  cm.  broad;  in volucral  bracts  linear  to  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  about  equalling  the  disk,  not  conspicuously  ciliate.     Hillside  thicket  north- 
west of  Woodlawn,  N.  Y.  City,  E.  P.  Bicknell. 

24.  Helianthus  tracheliifolius  Mill.     THROATWORT  SUNFLOWER.    (I.  F. 
f.  3914.)  Similar  to  the  following  species,  but  the  stem  usually  roughish-pubescent. 
Leaves  short-petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved  near  the  base,  green  both  sides, 
but  darker  above,  generally  rougher  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lower  ones  sharply 
serrate;  branches  and  peduncles  scabrous;  heads  several,  6-8  cm.  broad;  bracts 
of  the  hemispheric  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  ciliate  and  puberu- 
lent,  sometimes  foliaceous,  and  3  times  the  length  of  the  disk.     In  dry  soil,  Penn. 
and  Ohio  to  Wis.     Aug. -Sept. 

25.  Helianthus   struraosus  L.     PALE-LEAVED  WOOD  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F. 
f.  3915.)     Perennial  by  branched,  sometimes  tuberous-thickened  rootstocks;  stem 
glaibous  below,  sometimes  glaucous,  1-2  m.  high,  branched  above,  the  branches 
usually   pubescent.     Leaves   ovate   or  ovate-lanceolate,    not  membranous,  rough 
above,  pale  and  somewhat  puberulent  or  canescent  beneath,  acuminate,  contracted 
much  below  the  middle  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  3-nerved  above  the  base,  7-20 
cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  mostly  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate;  heads  com- 
monly  several,  6-10   cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,   its  bracts  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate;    rays  5-15;  chaff  pubescent;  achenes  nearly 
glabrous.     In  dry  woods  and  on  banks,  Me.  and  Ont.   to  Minn.,  Ga.  and  Ark. 
July-Sept. 

Helianthus  strum6sus  macroph^llus  (Willd.)   Britton.      Leaves  finely  and  densely 
canescent  beneath.     Mass,  to  Penn.,  Iowa  and  Miss. 

26.  Helianthus  hirsutus  Raf.     STIFF-HAIRED  SUNFLOWER.     (I.  F.  f.  3916.) 
Perennial;    stem  usually  branched,   stout,  rigid,   6-12  cm.   high.     Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  thick,  very  rough  above, 
rough-pubescent  beneath,  3-nerved,  serrate  or  serrulate,  7-15  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm> 
wide,  nearly  all  opposite;  heads  usually  several,   5-7  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  mostly  puber- 
ulent, erect  or  but  slightly  spreading,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  disk ;  rays  12-15  > 
chaff  obtusish,  pubescent  at  the  summit;  achenes  oval,  rounded  at  the  summit, 
glabrous;  pappus  of  I  or  2  subulate  awns.     In  dry  soil,  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Wis., 
south  to  W.  Va.,  Ga.,  Kans.  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 

Helianthus  hirsutus  trachyph^llus  T.  &  G.    Leaves  thick,  very  rough  on  both  sfdes ; 
i    heads  larger;  involucral  bracts  more  spreading.     Neb.  to  Ark. 

27.  Helianthus  laetiflorus  Pers.     SHOWY  SUNFLOWER.     (I.   F.   f.  3917.) 

Perennial;  stem  scabrous  or  hispid,  leafy,  1-2.8  m.  high.  Leaves  oval- lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  3-nerved,  rough  on  both  sides,  long-acuminate  at 
the  apex,  serrate  or  serrulate,  10-25  cm.  long,  1-6  cm.  wide,  the  upper  often  alter- 
nate; heads  usually  several,  5-10  cm.  broad,  mostly  short-peduncled;  bracts  of 
the  hemispheric  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  imbricated  in  only 
2  or  3  series,  ciliate,  otherwise  nearly  glabrous,  appressed  or  but  little  spreading, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  disk;  rays  15-25,  showy;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  en- 
tire, or  sometimes  3-toothed.  On  prairies  and  barrens,  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Minn. 
Aug. -Sept. 

28.  Helianthus  tomentosus  Michx.    WOOLLY  SUNFLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3918.) 
Perennial  ;   stem  stout,  hirsute  or   hispid,  especially   above,   branched,  1-3   m. 
high.     Leaves  rather  thin,  ovate,  or  the  lower  oblong,  mostly  alternate,  3 -ribbed 


996 


FLORA. 


above  the  base,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles,  rough 
above,  sparingly  serrate,  the  lower  often  3  dm.  long  and  I  dm.  wide;  heads  com- 
monly several  or  numerous,  7-10  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts 
imbricated  in  many  series,  densely  hirsute  and  ciliate,  usually  longer  than  the 
disk;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  and  lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  pubescent;  pappus  of  2 
subulate  awns.  In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  Reported  from  111.  Aug. -Oct. 

29.  Helianthus  tuberosus  L.  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE.  EARTH  APPLE. 
(I.  ¥.  f.  3919.)  Perennial  by  fleshy  thickened  rootstocks  bearing  tubers  ;  stems 
branched  above,  2-3.5  m-  high-  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate  oblong,  firm,  3-nerved 
near  the  base,  narrowed,  or  the  lower  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rather  long-petioled,  serrate,  1-2  dm.  long,  4-7  cm.  wide, 
the  upper  alternate,  the  lower  opposite;  heads  several  or  numerous,  5-8  cm.  broad; 
involucre  hemispheric;  rays  12-20;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  acute  and  pubescent  at 
the  summit;  achenes  pubescent.  In  moist  soil,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr., 
south  to  Ga.,  Kans.  and  Ark.  Often  occurs  along  roadsides  in  the  east,  a  relic  of 
cultivation  by  the  aborigines.  Now  extensively  grown  for  its  edible  tubers.  Sept.- 
Oct 

Helianthus  tuber6su»  subcandscens  A.  Gray.  Lower;  leaves  densely  white  canes- 
cent  beneath.  Prairies,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Mo. 

65.  VERBESINA  L. 

Pubescent  or  scabrous  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubby),  with  leaves  often 
decurrent  on  the  stem  and  branches,  and  corymbose  or  solitary  heads  of  both  tubu- 
lar and  radiaie  yellow  or  white  flowers,  or  the  rays  sometimes  wanting.  Involucre 
campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  few  series.  Receptacle  chaffy, 
the  chaff  embracing  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  or  neutral.  Disk- 
flowers  perfect,  mostly  fertile,  their  corollas  with  an  expanded  5-lobed  limb,  usually 
longer  than  the  tube.  Style  branches  of  the  disk  flowers  with  acute  papillose 
appendages.  Achenes  flattened,  or  those  of  the  ray-flowers  3  sided,  their  margins 
winged  or  wingless.  Pappus  of  2  (1-3)  subulate  awns,  sometimes  with  2  or  3 
intermediate  scales.  [Name  altered  from  Verbena.]  A  large  genus,  variously 
restricted  by  authors,  mainly  natives  of  the  New  World.  Besides  the  following, 
about  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  U.  S. 

Involucre  campanulate,  4-6  mm.  broad ;  heads  small,  numerous. 

Leaves  alternate;  rays  white.  i.  V.  Virginica. 

Leaves  opposite;  rays  yellow.  2.  V.  occidentalis. 
Involucre  hemispheric,  12-20  mm.  broad ;  heads  few,  large. 

Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  serrate.  3.  V.  helianthoides. 

Leaves  deltoid,  petioled,  coarsely  dentate.  4.  V.  encelioides. 

Involucre  of  a  few,  at  length  deflexed  bracts;  disk  globose.  5.  V.  alternifolia. 

1.  Verbesina  Virginica  L.     SMALL  WHITE  OR  VIRGINIA  CROWNBEARD. 
(L  ¥.  f.  3920.)     Perennial;  stem  densely  puberulent,  terete  or  winged,   1-2  m. 
high.     Leaves  usually  thin,  ovate,  roughish  above,  puberulent,  canescent  or  gla- 
brate  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate,  10-25  cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  wide,  contracted  at  the 
base  into  winged  petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile,  lanceolate,  smaller,  often  entire; 
heads  corymbose-paniculate,  12-20  mm.  broad;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  erect, 
obtuse,   pubescent;  rays  3-5,  obovate,  white,  pistillate;  achenes  minutely  pubes- 
cent, winged  or  wingless.     In  dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Va.,  111.  and  Kans.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     Aug. -Sept. 

2.  Verbesina  occidentalis  (L.)  Walt.   SMALL  YELLOW  CROWNBEARD.   (I.  F. 
f.  3921.)     Perennial;  stem  glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  usually  much  branched, 
narrowly  4-winged,  1-2  dm.  high,  the  branches  also  winged  and  pubescent.    Leaves 
thin,  ovate,  or  the  upper  oblong,  minutely  rough -pubescent  on  both  sides,  or  gla- 
brate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  contracted  below  into  slender  petioles, 
serrate,  10—25  cm*  ^onS>  2~^  cm-  wide;  heads  12-25  mm-  broad,  corymbose;  bracts 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  erect,  or  the  tips  slightly  spreading,  pubescent;  rays  1-5,  usu- 
ally pistillate,  rarely  none;    achenes  wingless.     In  dry  thickets   and  on  hillsides, 
Md.  and  southern  Penn.  to  111.,  Fla.  and  Ga.     Aug.-Oct. 

3.  Verbesina  helianthoides  Michx.      SUNFLOWER  CROWNBEARD.      (I.  F. 
f.  3922.)     Perennial;  stem  hispid  or  hirsute,  4-winged,  usually  simple,  6-12  dm. 


COMPOSITAE.  997 

high.  Leaves  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rough 
or  appressed-hispid  above,  densely  pubescent  or  canescent  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long, 
2-4  cm.  wide,  all  alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite;  heads  solitary  or  few,  5-7  cm. 
broad;  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish,  canescent,  appressed;  rays  8-15,  pistillate  or 
neutral,  linear- oblong,  yellow;  achenes  scabrous  or  pubescent,  broadly  winged. 
On  dry  prairies  and  in  thickets,  Ohio  to  Ga..  Iowa,  Kans.  and  Tex.  June-July. 

4.  Vcrbesina  encelioides  t^Cav.)  A.  Gray.      GOLDEN  CROWNBEARD.     (I.  F. 
£3923.)   Annual;  stem  densely  puberulent,  much  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.    Leaves 
thin,  5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate;  acute  or  blunt  at  the  apex,  green  and  minutely 
pubescent  above,  pale  and  densely  canescent  beneath,  all  alternate,  or  the  lowest 
opposite,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  naked  or  wing-margined  petioles,  which  are  often 
provided  with  dilated  appendages  at   the  base;  heads  3-5   cm.  broad;  involucre 
hemispheric,  about   12   mm.  high,   its  bracts   lanceolate,  canescent;  rays   12-15, 
bright   golden   yellow,  3-toothed;    achenes    of  the  disk-flowers  obovate,  winged, 
pubescent;  those  of  the  ray-flowers  rugose,  thickened,  often  wingless.     In  moist  soil, 
Kans.  to  Tex.,  Ariz,   and  Mex.       Also  in  Fla.,  and  widely  distributed  in  warm 
regions  as  a  weed.     Summer. 

5.  Verbe.ina  alternifolia  (L.)  Britton.      ACTINOMERIS.      (I.  F.  f.  3924.) 
Perennial;  stem  puberulent  or  glabrous,  narrowly  winged,  or  wingless,  simple  or 
branched  near  the   summit,   leafy,  1.2-3  m-  high-     Leaves   oblong-lanceolate  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  serrulate  or  entire,  rough  or  roughish  on  both  sides, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  or  the  lower  short-petioled,  1-3  dm.  long, 
1-7  cm.  wiJe,  sessile,  short-petioled,  alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite  and  slender- 
petioled;  heads  numerous,  3-5  cm.  broad,  corymbose-paniculate;  rays  2-10,  yellow; 
achenes  broadly  winged  or  nearly  wingless,  sparingly  pubescent.    In  rich  soil,  N.  J. 
to  western  N.  Y.,  Iowa,  Fla.,  Kans.  and  La.     Aug. -Sept. 

66.  COREOPSIS  L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  upper  alternate,  and  large  long-peduncled 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  the  rays  yellow,  or  brown  at  the  base,  or 
brown  throughout,  or  pink.  Involucre  usually  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  distinct 
series,  all  united  at  the  base,  those  of  the  outer  series  commonly  narrower  and 
shorter  than  the  inner.  Receptacle  flat  or  slightly  convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff  flat  or 
concave.  Ray- flowers  neutral.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  with 
slender  tube  and  broader  5-toothed  limb.  Anthers  mostly  entire  at  the  base. 
Achenes  flat,  orbicular  to  oblong.  Pappus  of  2  short  teeth;  or  a  mere  coroniform 
border,  or  none.  [Greek,  bug-like,  referring  to  the  achenes.]  About  50  species, 
natives  of  America,  S.  Africa  and  Australasia.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some 
10  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 

*  Rays  pink,  or  occasionally  white;  leaves  linear,  entire. 

i.  C.  rosca. 

*  *  Rays  yellow  with  a  brown  base,  or  brown;  lower  leaves  pinnately  divided. 
Lobes  of  the  lower  leaves  oblong  or  oval ;  achenes  winged.  2.  C.  cardaminefolta. 

Leaf-lobes  all  linear-lanceolate  ;  achenes  wingless.  3.  C.  tinctoria, 

*  *  *  Rays  yellow  throughout. 
i.  Leaves  sessile,  rigid,  palmately  3-lobed  below  the  middle. 

4.   C.  palmata. 

2.  Leaves  sessile,  some  or  all  3-divided  to  the  base,  appearing  verticillate. 
Leaf-segments  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire.  5.   C.  major. 

Leaf-segments  i-2-pinnately  parted. 

Divisions  of  the  segments  linear-lanceolate.  6.   C.  delphinifolia. 

Divisions  of  the  segments  very  narrowly  linear.  7.  C.  verticillata. 

3.  Stem-leaves  sessile  or  petioled,  entire,  or  the  lower  3~5-lobed ;  achenes  often  with  a 

callus  at  each  end  on  the  inner  side. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate ;  achenes  winged. 

8.  C.  lanceolata. 
Plants  hirsute,  hispid  or  pubescent,  at  least  below. 

Plant  leafy,  6-12  dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  acutish. 

9.  C.  pubescens. 
Leaves  few  ;  plants  3-6  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  mostly  obtuse. 

Achenes  broadly  winged;  basal  leaves  oblong.  10.  C.  crassifolia. 

Achenes  narrowly  winged ;  basal  leaves  nearly  orbicular. 

ii.  C.  auricvlata. 


• 


998  FLORA. 

4.  Leaves,  or  most  of  them,  i-2-parted  into  linear  segments;  rays  lobed. 

12.  C.  grandiflon 
5.  Leaves  petioled,  all  but  the  upper  pinnately  3~s-divided;  rays  entire. 

13.  C.  tripteris. 

1.  Coreopsis  roseaNutt.     SMALL  ROSE  OR  PINK  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3925.) 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks;  stems  at  length  much  branched,  slender,  strict, 
glabrous,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  opposite,  glabrous,  obscurely  I -nerved,  3-6  cm. 
long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  sessile,  or  the  lower  petioled;  heads  slender-peduncled,  several 
or  numerous,  12-25  mm.  broad;  disk  yellow;  rays  4-8,  oblong  to  obovate,  slightly 
3  toothed  or  sometimes  entire;  inner  bracts  of  the  hemispheric  involucre  ovate, 
oblong,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  outer  ones;  style-tips  truncate; 
achenes  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  thin,  not  winged,  slightly  ribbed  on  the  inner  face; 
pappus  a  very  short  truncate  crown.  In  open  swamps,  eastern  Mass,  to  Ga.,  near 
the  coast.  July-Aug. 

2.  Coreopsis  cardaminefolia  (DC.)  T.  &  G.     CRESS-LEAVED  TICKSEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  3926.)     Annual;   stem  glabrous,  branched,  3-8  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves 
petioled,  5-10  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  distant,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  pinnately  parted 
into  linear  segments,  or  the  uppermost  entire;  heads  16-25  mm.  broad,  slender- 
peduncled;  involucre    hemispheric,  its  inner  bracts  brown,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, obtuse  or  obtusish,  scarious-margined,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  obtus- 
ish  outer  ones;  rays  4-8,  3  toothed;  achenes  oval,  2-3  mm.  long,  winged,  smooth, 
or  slightly  papillose;  pappus  of  2  minute  awns,  or  none.      In  moist  soil,  Kans.  to 
N.  Mex.,  La.  and  northern  Mex.     May-Get. 

3.  Coreopsis  tinctoria  Nutt.     GARDEN  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3927.)    Annual; 
stem  glabrous,    branched,   3-10  dm.  high;  heads  slender-peduncled,  20-25  mm- 
broad,  or  in  cultivation  much  broader;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  inner  bracts 
brown,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  scarious-margined,  3-5  times  as  long  as 
the  obtuse  outer  ones;  rays  6-10,  cuneate,  yellow  with  a  brown  base  or  brown  all 
over;  style-tips  truncate;  achenes  linear  or  linear-oblong,  about  2  m.  long;  pappus 
a  mere  border,  or  hone.     In  moist  soil,  Minn,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south  to  Neb., 
La.  and  Ariz.     Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  and  waste  places  eastward. 
May-Sept. 

4.  Coreopsis'palmata  Nutt.     STIFF  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3928.)     Perennial, 
stems  rigid,  glabrous,  simple  or  little  branched,  very  leafy,  3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves 
sessile,  5-7  cm.  long,  the  uppermost  entire,  thick,  rigid,  the  lobes  linear-oblong, 
obtusish,  entire,  or  with  1-3  lateral  lobes,  their  margins  rough;  heads  few  or  soli- 
tary, short-peduncled,  3-5  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  somewhat 
united  at  the  base,  those  of  the  outer  series  narrower  and  nearly  as  long  as  the 
inner  ones;  rays  6-10,  bright  yellow,  oblong  or  obovate,  mostly  3-toothed;  achenes 
oblong,  narrowly  winged,  slightly  incurved;  pappus  of  2  short  tips,  or  none.     On 
dry  prairies  and  in  thickets,  111.  to  La.,  west  to  Minn.,  Manitoba,  Neb.  and  Tex. 
June-July. 

5.  Coreopsis  major  Walt.-   WOOD,  OR  GREATER  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3929.) 
Perennial;  stem  pubescent,  branched  above,  6-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  more  or  less 
pubescent,  or  glabrous,  divided  into  3,  segments  5-10  cm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide, 
which  appear  as  if  in  verticils  of  6;  the  upper  and  lower  leaves  (rarely  all  of  them) 
undivided   and   entire;  heads   several  or   numerous,  slender-peduncled,  3-5  cm. 
broad;  bracts  of  the  hemispheric  involucre  all  united  at  the  base,  the  outer  ones 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  broader  inner  ones,   all  pubes- 
cent; rays  6-10,  oblong,  entire;  disk  yellow;  achenes  oblong  to  elliptic,  winged, 
1-4  cm.  long  ;  pappus  of  2  short  deciduous  teeth.     In  dry  sandy  woods,  Va.  and 
N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     July-Aug. 

Coreopsis  mijor  Ofcmleri  (Ell.)  Britton.     Plant  glabrous  throughout;   leaf-segments 
often  narrower.     Va.  and  W.  Va.  to  Ga. 

6.  Coreopsis  delphinifblia  Lam.     LARKSPUR  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3930.) 
Perennial,  stem  glabrous,  branched  above,  rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  high.    Segments 
3-5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  heads  several  or  numerous,  4-6  cm.  broad;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  glabrous,  the  outer  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  or 
equalling,  the  ovate-oblong  inner  ones;  rays  6-10,  entire;  disk  brown;    achenes 


COMPOSITAE.  999 

oblong  to  oval,  narrowed  at  the  base,  narrowly  winged;  pappus  of  2  short  teeth. 
In  dry  woods,  Va.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     Aug. -Sept. 

7.  Coreopsis  verticillata  L.     WHORLED  TICKSEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3931.)  Peren- 
nial; stem  stiff,  much  branched,  slender,  leafy,  3-6  dm.  high.     Heads  numerous, 
3-4  cm.  broad;  involucre   hemispheric,  or  short- cylindric  in  fruit,    glabrous,  its 
outer  bracts  linear,  obtuse,  commonly  somewhat  shorter  and  much  narrower  than 
the  ovate-oblong  inner  ones;  rays  6-10,  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse;  disk  dull  yellow; 
achenes  oblong,  narrowly  winged,  4  mm.  long;  pappus  of  2  short  teeth.     In  dry 
soil,  western  Ont.  to  northern  Mich.,  Md.,  N.  Car.,  Ky.,  Neb.  and  Ark.      June- 
Sept. 

8.  Coreopsis  lanceolata  L.     LANCE-LEAVED  TICKSEED.     (I.   F.   f.  3932.) 
Perennial;  stem  slender,   3-6  dm.    high.     Leaves  glabrous,  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  slender-petioled,  spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  5-15  cm.  long, 
entire,  or  with  1-3  lateral  obtuse  entire  lobes;  heads  few  or  solitary  on  elongated 
slender  peduncles.  4-6  cm.  broad,  showy;  peduncles  often  3  dm.  long;   involucre 
depressed-hemispheric,  its  bracts  glabrous  or  ciliate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  outer  narrower  than  the  inner,  but  nearly  as  long;  rays  6-10,  cuneate,  3-7- 
lobed;  achenes  oblong,  about  2  mm.  long;  pappus  of  2  short  teeth.     In  dry  or 
moist  soil,  western  Ont.  to  Va..  Fla.,  La.  and  Mo.     May-Aug. 

9.  Coreopsis  pubescens  Ell.     STAR  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3933.)   Perennial; 
stem    leafy,  little  branched,    or   simple,  erect.       Leaves  pubescent  or   glabrous, 
entire,  or   some   of  them  3~5-lobed  or  divided,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  slender- 
petioled,  obovate  oval,  obtuse,  the   upper  short- petioled  or  sessile,  5-7  cm.  long; 
heads  few,  2.5-3.5   cm.  broad,  long-peduncled;    involucre  depressed-hemispheric, 
glabrous,  star-like,  its  lanceolate  obtuse  or  acute  outer  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  but 
much  narrower  than  the  ovate  inner  ones;  rays  8-10,  cuneate,  lobed  at  the  apex; 
achenes  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species  or  broader.     In  dry  woods,  Va. 
to  111.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     June-Aug. 

10.  Coreopsis   crassifolia  Ait.      THICK-LEAVED    OR    HAIRY    TICKSEED. 
(I.  F.  f.  3934.)     Perennial;  stem  ascending,  little  branched,  2-5  dm.  high.   Leaves 
rather  thick,  hirsute  or  pubescent,  all  entire,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  4-7 
cm.   long,   8-20  mm.  wide;    stem-leaves  few,  short  petioled  or  sessile,  obtuse  or 
acutish.    narrower;    heads   few,    3-5    cm.  broad,  borne   on   slender,   puberulent 
peduncles   of  ten  3    dm.  long,  similar  to  those   of  C.  fanceolata,  as  are  the  rays, 
involucral   bracts    and  achenes.     Dry    soil,  111.  to  La.,  east   to  S.  Car.  and  Fla. 
May-Aug. 

11.  Coreopsis  auriculata  L.     RUNNING  OR  LOBED  TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f. 
3935-)     Perennial;  stolon iferous;  stems  weak,  very  slender,  decumbent  or  ascend- 
ing, 1.5-4  dm.  long,  little  branched,  or  simple.     Leaves  thin,  entire  or  pinnately 
3-5-lobedor  3-5-divided,  the  terminal   segment  entire  and  much' larger  than  the 
lateral  ones,  the  lower  and  basal  more  or  less  pubescent,  with  slender  pubescent 
petioles;  stem- leaves  few,  petioled  or  sessile,  mostly  obtuse;  heads  2-4  cm.  broad, 
slender-peduncled;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  narrower  than  the  mostly 
ovate  and  acute  inner  ones;  rays  6-10,  cuneate,  about  4- toothed,  yellow;  achenes 
oval,  the  wings  involute  and  thick.     In  woods,  Va.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 
May-Aug. 

12.  Coreopsis  grandiflora   Hogg.     LARGE-FLOWERED  TICKSEED.     (I.    F. 
£  3936.)    Perennial  (or  sometimes  annual  ?);  stem  glabrous,  usually  branched  above, 
3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves,  or  most  of  them,  i-2-pinnately  parted,  or  the  lower  entire 
and  slender-petioled;  segments  of  the  lower  stem-leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  the  termi- 
nal one  larger  than  the  lateral;  segments  of  most  of  the  stem-leaves  linear  or  even 
filiform;  petioles  ciliate;  heads  commonly  several,  3-5  cm.  broad,  long  peduncled; 
outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  narrower  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  oval 
or  ovate-lanceolate  inner  ones;  rays  6-10,  achenes  oblong,  broadly  winged  when 
mature,  the  projections  on  the  inner  face  usually  large ;  pappus  of  2   short  scales. 
In  moist  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.  to  Tex. ,  east  to  Ga.     May-Aug. 

13.  Coreopsis   tripteris  L.     TALL   TICKSEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3937.)     Perennial; 
stem  glabrous,  much  branched  above,  12-25  dm.  high-     Leaves  petioled.  glabrous, 
or  very  nearly  so,  firm,  the  lower  all  divided  into  lanceolate  entire  acute  rough-mar- 
gined segments,  which  are  5-12   cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide  and  pinnately  veined ; 
uppermost  leaves  lanceolate,  entire;  heads  numerous,  slender-peduncled,  3-4  cm. 


1000  FLORA. 

broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  invoiucre  linear,  obtusish,  much  narrower  than  the  ovate- 
oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  inner  ones;  rays  6-io,  yellow,  obtuse,  achenes  oblong 
to  obovate,  narrowly  winged,  emarginate;  pappus  none.  In  moist  woods  and 
thickets,  Penn.  to  Wis.,  Kans.,  Va.,  Fla.  and  La.  July-Oct. 

67.     BIDENS    L.      (See  Appendix.) 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite,  serrate,  lobed,  divided  or  dissected 
leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  and  mostly  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and 
radiate  flowers,  or  the  rays  none,  or  rudimentary.  Involucre  campanulate  or 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  series,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the  base;  the  outer 
often  foliaceous  and  much  larger  than  the  inner.  Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so, 
chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Rays,  when  present,  neutral,  mostly 
entire,  yellow  in  our  species.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  tubular, 
5-toothed.  Anthers  entire,  or  minutely  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  with 
short  or  subulate  tips.  Achenes  flat,  quadrangular  or  nearly  terete,  cuneate,  ob- 
long, or  linear.  Pappus  of  2—6  teeth  or  subulate  awns,  upwardly  or  downwardly 
barbed  or  hispid.  [Latin,  two-toothed,  referring  to  the  achenes.]  About  75  spe- 
cies of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  several  others  occur 
in  the  southern  and  western  U.  S. 
Plants  terrestrial,  erect ;  leaves  simple,  or  divided. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  undivided,  rarely  lobed  (pinnately  divided  in  B.  connata 
pinnata. 

Rays  present,  large  and  conspicuous,  twice  as  long;  as  the  disk  or  longer. 
Heads  usually  erect ;  rays  oval ;  leaves  lanceolate,  many-toothed. 

1.  B.  laevis. 
Heads  nodding ;  rays  linear-oblong;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  fine  toothed. 

2.  B.  elegans. 
Rays  small,  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  disk,  sometimes  very  short  of 

wanting. 

Heads  nodding  after  flowering.  3.  B.  cernua. 

Heads  persistently  erect. 

Pappus-awns  downwardly  barbed. 

Involucral  bracts  not  foliaceous;  stem  purple; 

flowers  orange.  4.  B.  connata. 

Involucral  bracts  foliaceous  ;  stem   straw-color  ;  flowers  greenish 
yellow. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  erect  or  nearly  so ;  lower  leaves  petioled. 

5.  B.  comosa, 
Outer  involucral  bracts  spreading;  leaves  sessile. 

6.  B.  acuta. 
Pappus-awns  upwardly  barbed.                                   7.  B.  bidentoides. 

Leaves,  some  or  all  of  them,  pinnately  i-3-parted  or  dissected. 
Rays  rudimentary,  none,  or  very  short. 

Achenes  flat ;  leaves,  some  or  all  of  them,  i-3-divided. 
Outer  involucral  bracts,  4-8 ;  aclienes  nearly  black. 

Achenes  4-4.5  mm.  long  ;  awns  very  short  ;  outer  bracts  4. 

8.  B.  discoidea. 
Achenes  6  mm.  long  ;  awns  half  as  long  as  the  achene ;  outer 

bracts  6-8.  9.  B.  frondosa. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  10-16  ;  achenes  brown.          10.  B.  vulgata. 
Achenes  linear ;  leaves  dissected.  n.  B.  bipinnata. 

Rays  large  and  conspicuous. 

Achenes  sparingly  pubescent,  not  ciliate  ;  pappus  of  2  short  teeth. 

12.  B.  corona  fa. 
Achenes  ciliate  ;  pappus  2-4  subulate  teeth  or  awns. 

Achenes  cuneate,  or  linear-cuneate.  13.  B.  trichosperma. 

Achenes  obovate,  very  flat. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous  or  ciliate,  short. 

14.  B.  aristosa. 
Outer  bracts  densely  hispid,  much  longer  than  the  inner. 

15.  B.  involucrata. 
Plant  aquatic ;  submersed  leaves  filiformly  dissected.                           16.  B.  Beckii. 

I.  Bidens  laevis  (L.)  B.S.P.  LARGER  OR  SMOOTH  BUR-MARIGOLD.  BROOK 
SUNFLOWER.  (I.  F.  f.  3938.)  Annual;  glabrous  throughout;  stems  branched, 
erect  or  ascending,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  sessile,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  sometimes  connate-perfoliate  base,  7-20  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide;  heads 


CO  M  POSIT  A  E.  IOC  I 

numerous,  short-peduncled,  erect,  4-6  cm.  fer^ad;  rays  very  showy,  golden  yellow; 
involucre  hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  linear-oblong  or  spatulate,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  broader,  ovate  or  oblong,  membranous  inner  ones;  rays  8-IO,  oval  to 
oblong,  obtuse;  achenes  cuneate,  truncate,  2  mm.  long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the 
margins;  pappus  of  2-5  (usually  2),  rigid  downwardly  barbed  awns.  In  swamps 
and  wet  meadows,  Mass,  to  N.  Car.  and  western  N.  Y.  Aug. -Oct. 

2.  Bidens   ele^ans  Greene.     NARROW-RAYED   BUR-MARIGOLD.     Glabrous; 
stem  slender,    sparingly  branched,  terete,  red -purple.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, 6-8  cm.  long,  with  few  short  salient  teeth  ;  heads  nodding,  on  long  slender 
peduncles;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  inner;  rays  6—8,  about  3 
times  as  long  as  the  involucre;  outer  achenes  4-awned,  the  inner  3-awned;  awns 
and  margins  of  the  achenes  retrorsely  barbed.     Southeastern  Va. 

3.  Bidens    cernua  L.      SMALLER   OR    NODDING  BUR-MARIGOLD.      (I.    F. 
f.  3939.)    Annual;  stems  glabrous,  or  hispid,  usually  erect,  branched,  5-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  sessile  and  commonly  somewhat  connate-perfoliate  at  the  base,  glabrous, 
acuminate,  7-15  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide;  heads  numerous,  globose,  short-pedun- 
cled,  1-2.5  cm-   broad,  nodding  after  or  during  flowering;  rays  6-10,  short  (6-12 
mm.),  or  none;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  commonly  ciliate, 
often  large,  foliaceous  and  much  exceeding  the  broad,  yellowish-margined  mem- 
branous inner  ones;  achenes  cuneate,  about  4  mm.  long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the 
margins;  pappus  of  2-4  (usually  4)  downwardly  barbed  awns.     In  wet  soil,  N.  S. 
to  Hudson  Bay  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  N.  Car.,  Mo.  and  Cal.     Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.     July-Oct.     It  has  recently  been  proposed  by  Professor  E.    L.    Greene  to 
separate  this  into  several  species,  and  Mr.  Wiegand  has  suggested  two  subspecies. 

4.  Bidens  connata  Muhl.     PURPLE-STEMMED  SWAMP  BEGGAR-TICKS.    (I.  F. 
f.  3940.)     Annual;  glabrous  throughout;  stem  erect,  usually  much  branched,  1.5- 
25  dm.  high.    Leaves  petioled,  thin,  apex  acuminate,  base  tapering,  blade  5-12  cm. 
long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  the  lower  sometimes  with  a  pair  of 
lateral  basal  lobes;  heads  several  or  numerous,  peduncled,  1-4  cm.  broad;  involu- 
cre campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  ciliate  or  naked,  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  ovate-oblong  inner  ones;  rays  none,  or  1—5  and  inconspicuous;  stamens 
often  exserted;  achenes  cuneate  or  obovate,  hairy  and  tubercled,  or  nearly  glabrous, 
often  keeled,  the  margins  with  either  erect  or  retrorse  hairs,  or  both;  pappus-awns 
3  or 4;  corolla  5 -toothed.     In  swamps  or  moist  soil,  N.  S.  to  the  N.  W.  Terr.,  south 
to  Del.,  Ga.,  Ky.  and  Mo.     Aug. -Oct. 

Bidens  connata  pinnata  S.  Wats.     Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  4-6  pairs  of  acute, 
entire  to  incised  segments.     Minn. 

5.  Bidens  comosa  (A.  Gray)  Wiegand.     LEAFY-BRACTED  TICKSEED.     (I.  F. 
f.  3941. )     Annual,  glabrous;  stem  erect,  branched,  1.5-10  dm.  high.     Leaves  short- 
petioled,  with  mostly  smaller  teeth  than  in  B.  connata,  tapering  to  each  end,  the 
petioles  broadly  margined ;  heads  several  or  numerous,  I  cm.  broad  or  more ;  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  foliaceous,  often  toothed,  2-4  times 
as  long  as  the  head;  corollas  mostly  4-lobed,  stamens  and  style  included  ;  achenes 
larger,  7-11  mm.  long,  evenly  cuneate,   very  flat,  retrorsely  hairy;  pappus-awns 
commonly  3,  downwardly  barbed.     In  wet  soil,  southern  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  111. 
Aug.-Oct. 

6.  Bidens  acuta  (Wiegand)  Britton.     PRAIRIE  BEGGAR-TICKS.     Similar  to 
B.  comosa.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base, 
4-8  cm.   long,  sharply  serrate,  the  margins  sparingly  ciliate  ;   involucre  broader 
than  high,  1.5-3  cm-  broad;  outer  bracts  foliaceous,  ciliate,  acutish,  longer  than 
the  achenes,  spreading;  inner  bracts  narrowly  triangular-lanceolate,  acute;  achenes 
cuneate,  sparingly  retrorsely  hairy;  awns  3,  retrorsely  barbed,   the  longer  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  wet  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.     Aug.-Sept.      [B. 
comosa  acuta  Wiegand ;  B.  riparia  Greene.  ] 

7.  Bidens  bidentoides   (Nutt.)  Britton.     SWAMP  BEGGAR  -  TICKS.      (I.  F. 
f.  3942.)    Closely  resembles  B.  connata,  glabrous  throughout;  stem  branched.  3-12 
dm.  high.     Leaves  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile  and  entire,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  involucre  narrowly  or  becoming  somewhat  broadly  campan- 
ulate, its  outer  bracts  linear,  foliaceous,  not  ciliate,  usually  much  exceeding  the 
Oblong  inner  ones;  rays  none,  or  rarely  present  and  veiy  short;  achenes  linear- 


1002 


cuneate,  8-10  mm.  long,  their  sides  and  the  2  slender  pappus-awns  (rarely  with 
a  short  intiermediate  awns)  upwardly  barbed  or  hispid.  Muddy  shores,  Penn., 
N.  J.,  Del.  and  Md.  Aug. -Oct. 

8.  Bidens  discoidea  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.    SMALL  BEGGAR-TICKS.    (I.  F.  f.  3943.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  slender,  branching,  erect.  5-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  membranous, 
very  slender-petioled,  all  the  lower  ones  divided  into  3  lanceolate  or  oblong-lance- 
olate,  dentate,  acuminate  segments  which   are  2-7   cm.  long  ;  uppermost  leaves 
commonly  rhombic-lanceolate  and    undivided;    heads  usually  numerous,  slender- 
peduncled,  5-10  mm.  broad;  involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its  outer 
bracts  mostly  foliaceous  and  obtuse,  usually  much  surpassing  the  inner  ones;  rays 
apparently  always  wanting ;  achenes  flat,  narrowly  cuneate,  upwardly  strigose,  about 
4  mm.  long;  pappus  of  2  short,  upwardly  hispid,  rarely  downwardly  barbed  awns. 
In  swamps  and  wet  places,  Conn,  to  Va.,  Ohio,  Mich.,  La.  and  Tex.     July- Sept. 

9.  Bidens    frondosa    L.      BLACK    BEGGAR-TICKS.      Annual ;     stem    erect, 
branched,    sparingly  pubescent   or    glabrous,    5-10  dm.  high.      Leaves  -  slender- 
petioled,  pinnately  3-5 -divided,  or  the  uppermost  undivided,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  usually  slightly   pubescent  beneath,  stalked,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide; 
heads  usually  numerous,  slender-peduncled,  9-15  mm.  broad;  involucre  campan- 
ulate, becoming  hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  foliaceous,  often  exceeding  the  oblong 
inner  ones;    achenes  flat,  cuneate,  nearly  black,  the  margins  upwardly  hairy;  the 
two  slender  awns  downwardly  barbed,  or  sometimes  upwardly  hispid.     In  moist 
soil,  often  a  weed  in  fields,  N.  B,  to  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex.     July-Oct. 

10.  Bidens  vulgata  Greene.    TALL  BEGGAR-TICKS.    (I.  F.  f.  3944,  as  B.  fron- 
dosa.}    Taller,  sometimes  3  m.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.    Leaves  pinnately  3-5. 
divided,  the  veins  straight  and  prominent;  heads  larger,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  stout- 
peduncled;  outer involucral  bracts  linear  to linear-spatulate,  ciliate,  the  inner  mostly 
ovate  or  narrowly  triangular,  pubescent  at  the  apex;   ray-flowers  usually  present, 
pale  yellow;  achenes  very  flat,  7-9  mm.  long,  4—5  mm.  wide,  br<  wn  or  greenish 
brown;  the  margins  downwardly  barbed  above,  upwardly  hairy  belt  w;  awns  2,  half 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  more,  downwardly  barbed.     In  moist  soii,  Ont.  to  N.  Car., 
Br.  Col.,  Mo.  and  Cal. 

Bidens  vulg&ta  pubdrula  (Wiegand)  Greene.  Crisp-pubescent  above,  ^sp^cially  on 
the  involucre;  inner  bracts  pubescent  on  the  back.  Wis.  to  Saskatch.,  Io\va,  Neb.  and 
Mo. 

11.  Bidens  bipinnata  L.    SPANISH  NEEDLES.    (I.  F.  f.  3945.)    Annual;  stem 
quadrangular,  erect,  freely  branched,  rather  slender,  3-15  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin, 
acuminate,  petioled,  I-3-pinnately  dissected  into  ovate  or  oblong,  toothed  or  iobed 
segments;   lower  leaves  often  2  cm.  long;  heads  usually  numerous,  long-peduncled, 
4-8  mm.  broad;  involucre  narrow,   its  outer  bracts  linear,   ascending,   nearly  a? 
long  as  the  broader  erect  inner  ones;  rays  3-4,  yellow,  short,  sometimes  none; 
achenes  linear,  4-angled,  slightly  pubescent,  narrowed  upward  into  a  beak,  ib-iS 
mm.  long,  the  outer  ones  commonly  shorter  and  thicker  than  the  inner;  pappus  oi 
2-4  (usually  4),  downwardly  barbed,  slightly  spreading  awns,  much  shorter  than 
the  achene.     In  various  situations,  often  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields,  R.  I.  to  Fla., 
west  to  Ohio,  Neb.  and  Ariz.     Also  in  Mex.  and  tropical  Am.,  and  introduced  as  a 
weed  into  southern  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Oct. 

12.  Bidens  coronata  (L.)  Fisch.    SOUTHERN  TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER.    (I.  F. 
f.  3946.)    Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout;  stem  branched,  3-9  dm.  high. 
Lower  leaves  petioled,  7-12  cm.  long,  3-divided,  the  terminal  segment  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  serrate,  much  larger  than  the  serrate  or  entire  lateral  ones; 
upper  leaves  much  smaller.  3-parted,  3-lobed  or  undivided,  sessile  or  short-petioled, 
entire  or  serrate;  heads  numerous,   slender-peduncled,  3-5  cm.  broad;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding 
the  broader  inner  ones;  rays  6-10,  obtuse;  achenes  broadly  cuneate,  2-4  mm.  long; 
pappus  of  2  chaffy,  divergent,  somewhat  laciniate  teeth,  rarely  with  2  shorter  inter- 
mediate ones.     In  wet  places,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     July- Sept. 

13.  Bidens  trichosperma  (Michx.)  Britton.     TALL  TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER. 
(I.  F.  f.  3947.)     Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous;  stem  tall,  obscurely  quadrangular, 
aauch  branched,  6-15  dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  petioled,  1-2  cm.  long,  pinnately 


COMPOSITAE.  IO03 

divided  into  5-7  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  incised  or  nearly  entire, 
sessile  or  short-stalked  segments;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  3  lobed,  3- 
divided,  or  entire  and  linear-lanceolate;  heads  numerous,  4-6  cm.  broad,  long- 
peduncled ;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  linear  or  spatulate,  sometimes 
ciliate,  about  the  length  of  the  broader  inner  ones;  rays  6-19,  obtuse,  golden  yellow, 
14-25  mm.  long;  achenes  6-8  mm.  long;  pappus  of  2  upwardly  hispid  teeth  or  short 
awns.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Mass,  to  Ga,,  111.  and  Ky.  Aug.-Oct. 

Bidens  trichosperma  tenuiloba  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  Segments  of  the  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire;  achenes  sometimes  smaller.  In  bogs,  111.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Iowa 
and  southern  Ont.  A  similar  form  occurs  in  southern  N.  J. 

14.  Bidens  aristosa  (Michx.)   Britton.     WESTERN   TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER- 
(I.  F.  f.  3948.)     Annual  or  biennial;  stem  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves 
thin,  slender-petioled,  pubescent  beneath,   the  lower  ones  pinnately  5~7-divided, 
7-15  cm.  long,  the  segments  lanceolate,   serrate,  incised  or  pinnatitid,  acuminate, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  upper  leaves  less  divided,  lanceolate,  or  merely  lobed,  sessile 
or  short- petioled ;  heads  numerous,  slender-peduncled,  2-5  cm.  broad;  outer  bracts 
of  the  hemispheric  involucre  linear  or  spatulate;  rays  6-g,  obtuse;  achenes  upwardly 
ciliate  and  strigose-pubescent;  pappus  of  2  slender  upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed 
awns,  nearly  as  long  as  the  achene,  rarely  wanting.     In  swamps  and  wet  prairies, 
Del.  to  Mich.,  La.  and  Mo.     Aug.-Oct. 

15.  Bidens   involucrita  (Nutt.)   Britton.     LONG-BRACTED  TICKSEED- SUN- 
FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  3949.)     Similar  to  the  two  preceding  species,  minutely  pubes- 
cent, 3-9  dm.  high,   much  branched.     Segments  of  the    leaves    narrower,   linear- 
lanceolate,  incised  or  pinnatifid,  long-acuminate;  heads  numerous,  3-5  cm.  broad, 
on  slender,  usually  hispid  peduncles ;  outer  bracts  of  the  hemispheric  involucre  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  rays  orange  at  the  base;  achenes  flat,  ciliate  and  strigose; 
pappus  of  2  short  teeth.     In  swamps,  111.  to  Kans.,  Ark.  and  Tex.     July— Sept. 

16.  Bidens  Beckii  Torr.     WATER  MARIGOLD.     (I.  F.  f.  3950.)     Perennial, 
aquatic;  stems  simple,  or  little  branched,  6-25  dm.  long.    Submersed  leaves  sessile, 
3-5  cm.  long;  emersed  leaves  few.  sessile,  opposite,  or  sometimes  in  3*5,  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acute,  serrate  or  laciniate,  1-4  cm.  long;  heads  solitary  or  few,  short- 
peduncled,  2.5-3.5  cm<  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  oval  or  oblong,  ob- 
tusish,  glabrous,  the  outer  somewhat  shorter  than  the  inner;  rays  6-io,  obovate, 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  golden  yellow;  achenes  nearly  terete,  each  end  truncate;  pappus 
of  3-6  slender  awns,  downwardly  barbed  above,  smooth  below,  divergent,  12-25 
mm.  long.     In  ponds  and  streams,  Quebec  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Manitoba   and  Mo. 
Aug-Sept.     Emersed  leaves  sometimes  wanting.     This  and  a  northwestern  species 
constitute  the  recently-described  genus  Megalodonta  Greene. 

68.  THELESPERMA  Less. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  linear  and  undivided,  or  finely  dissected  leaves, 
and  long-peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  or  the  rays  wanting. 
Involucre  of  2  distinct  series  of  bracts,  the  outer  short,  narrow  and  somewhat 
spreading,  the  inner  united  into  a  cup,  their  tips  scarious-margined.  Receptacle 
flat,  chaffy,  the  2-nerved  broad  white  scarious  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers  and 
achenes.  Ray-flowers,  when  present,  neutral,  the  rays  yellow,  entire  or  toothed. 
Disk -flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corolla  with  a  slender  tube  and  5-toothed  limb. 
Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-tips  acute.  Achenes,  some  or  all  of 
them,  papillose  on  the  back,  oblong  or  linear,  slightly  compressed  or  terete,  wing- 
less. Pappus  of  2  retrorsely  hispid  awns  or  scales,  or  sometimes  none.  [Greek, 
nipple-seed.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  the  south  central  U.  S.,  Mex.  and  south- 
ern S.  Am. 

Rays  large ;  pappus-awns  shorter  than  the  width  of  the  achene. 

Leaves  not  rigid,  their  segments  filiform-linear ;  annual  or  biennial. 

i.   T.  trifidum. 

Leaves  rigid,  their  segments  linear ;  perennial.  2.   T.  intermedium. 

Rays  inconspicuous,  or  none  ;  awns  longer  than  the  width  of  the  achene. 

3.   T.  gracile. 

i.  Thelesperma  trifidum  (Poir.)  Britton.  FINE-LEAVED  THELESPERMA. 
(L  F.  f.  3951.)  Stem  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  numerous,  4-5  cm.  long, 


1004  FLORA. 

bipinnately  divided;  heads  2.5-3  cm.  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  about 
8,  subulate-linear,  equalling  or  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  inner,  which  are 
united  not  higher  than  the  middle;  rays  6-IO,  somewhat  spatulate,  3-lobed;  disk 
purple  or  brown;  achenes  linear-oblong,  straight,  or  slightly  curved,  the  outer 
ones  strongly  papillose.  In  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.  June-Aug. 

2.  Thelesperma    intermedium     Rydb.      INTERMEDIATE    THELESPERMA. 
(I.   F.  f.  3952.)     Perennial   from  a  deep    woody  root;  stem  rigid,  usually  much 
branched,  3-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  usually  numerous,  4-5  dm.  long,  less  compound 
than  those  of  the  preceding  species;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-subu- 
late, usually  much   shorter   than   the   inner  ones,  which  are  united  to  about  the 
middle;  rays  and  achenes  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding.      In  dry  soil,  Wyo., 
Colo,  and  Neb.     June-Aug.     It  has  been  confused  with  the  southwestern  T.  ambi- 
guum,  which  is  less  leafy  and  has  a  slender  rootstock. 

3.  Thelesperma  gracile  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.     RAYLESS  THELESPERMA.     (I.  F. 
f.  3953.)    Perennial  from  a  deep  root;  stem  rigid,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly 
erect.     Leaves  rigid,  erect  or  ascending,   5-7  cm.   long,  pinnately  or  bipinnately 
divided  into  linear  segments,  or  the  upper  linear  and  entire  ;    heads   1.2-2  cm. 
broad;  rays  usually  none,   sometimes  present  and  4-6  mm.   long;  outer  bracts  of 
the  involucre  4-6,  oblong  or  ovate,   mostly  obtuse,   very  much  shorter  than  the 
inner  ones  which  are  united  to  the  middle  or  beyond;   disk  yellow,  or  brownish; 
outer  achenes  slightly  papillose.     On  dry  plains,  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.,  northern 
Mex.  and  Ariz.     May -Aug. 

69.   GALINSOGA   R.  &  P. 

Annual  branching  herbs,  with  opposite,  mostly  petioled  leaves,  and  small 
>eduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  terminal  and  in  the  upper 
.ixils.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  2  series,  ovate, 
obtuse,  membranous,  striate,  nearly  equal,  or  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  conic  or 
elongated,  its  thin  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  white,  pistil- 
late, fertile,  the  rays  4  or  5,  short.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  perfect,  the  corolla 
5 -toothed.  Anthers  minutely  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with 
acute  appendages.  Achenes  angled,  or  the  outer  ones  flat.  Pappus  of  the  disk- 
flowers  of  several  short  laciniate  or  fimbriate  scales,  that  of  the  ray- flowers  of 
several  or  few  short  slender  bristles,  or  none.  [Named  in  honor  of  M.  M.  Galin- 
soga,  superintendent  of  the  Botanic  Gardens  at  Madrid.]  About  5  species,  natives 
of  tropical  and  warm  temperate  America. 

i.  Galinsoga  parviflora  Cav.  GALINSOGA.  (I.  F.  f.  3954.)  Slightly 
appressed-pubescent,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  deltoid -ovate,  3-nerved, 
2-8  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  base,  dentate,  the  lower 
slender-petioled,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  sessile,  and  sometimes  nearly  or  quite 
entire;  heads  usually  numerous,  4-6  mm.  broad,  slender-peduncled ;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  outer  shorter;  pappus  of  the  disk  flowers 
4-16,  oblong  to  spatulate,  fimbriate  obtusish  scales,  shorter  than  the  finely  pubes- 
cent obpyramidal  acliene.  In  door-yards  and  waste  places,  eastern  Mass,  to  Ore., 
N.  Car.,  Kans.  and  Mex.  Nat.  from  tropical  Am.  June-Nov. 

Galinsoga  parviflbra  hlspida  DC.  Pubescence  more  abundant,  especially  above, 
spreading ;  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  attenuate,  bristle-tipped.  In  waste  places,  R.  I. 
to  Penn.,  N.  Car.  and  Wis. 

70.    ACTINOSPERMUM   Ell. 

Erect  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  narrow  punctate  leaves,  and  large  terminal 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  or  those  of  the  disk  purplish. 
Involucre  hemispheric,  its  small  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  appressed,  or 
with  spreading  tips,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  convex,  deeply  honey-combed, 
chaffy,  the  persistent  chaff  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  laterally  united,  subtending 
the  disk-flowers.  Rays  large,  neutral,  toothed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  the 
corolla  5 -toothed.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  with  truncate 
subulate  tips.  Achenes  turbinate,  silky- villous.  Pappus  of  7-12  scarious  nearly 
"qual  scales.  [Greek  ray-seed.]  Two  known  species,  natives  of  the  south- 
istern  U.  S. 


COMPOSITAE.  1005 

r.  rxctmospermum    uniflorum  (Nutt.)   Barnhart.      ONE-HEADED  ACTING- 

SPERMUM.  (I.  F.  f.  3955-)  Stem  stout,  puberulent,  simple,  or  with  a  few  erect 
branches,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  thick,  spatuiate- linear  or  the  upper  linear,  ses- 
sile, erect  or  ascending,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  4-6  mm.  wide;  heads  long, 
peduncled,  solitary,  5-6  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acuminate, 
thick,  their  tips  at  length  spreading;  rays  20-30,  cuneate,  3-4- toothed  at  the 
truncate  apex;  disk  16-25  mrr'  broad;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  cuneate,  truncate, 
very  cartilaginous,  more  or  less  united  laterally,  the  summit  eroded;  achenes 
obconic;  pappus  of  7-9  oblong  scales  about  as  long  as  the  achene.  In  wet  pine- 
barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  July-Sept. 

71.  MARSHALLIA  Schreb. 

Perennial,  often  tufted,  nearly  glabrous  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate,  entire 
leaves,  and  large  long -peduncled  discoid  heads  of  purple,  pink  or  white,  glandular- 
pubescent  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  I 
or  2  series,  herbaceous,  narrow,,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  convex  or  at  length 
conic,  chaffy,  the  scales  narrow,  rigid,  distinct.  Rays  none.  Flowers  all  perfect 
and  fertile,  their  corollas  with  a  deeply  5-lobed  or  5 -parted  campanulate  limb  and 
a  slender  tube.  Anthers  minutely  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  long, 
truncate.  Achenes  turbinate,  5 -ribbed  and  5 -angled.  Pappus  of  5  or  6  acute  or 
acuminate,  ovate  or  lanceolate-deltoid,  nearly  entire  scales.  [Named  for  Humph- 
rey Marshall,  of  Pennsylvania,  botanical  author.]  About  8  species,  of  the 
southern  and  central  U.  S. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  or  oval-lanceolate,  3~5-nerved  ;  corolla-tube  swollen  at  the  throat. 

Stem-leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  i.  M.  trinervia. 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse.  2.  M.  grandiflora 
Leaves  linear,  or  the  basal  spatuiate,  thick ;  corolla-tube  not  swollen  at  the  throat. 

3.  M.  caespitosa. 

1.  Marshallia  trinervia    (Walt.)    Porter.      BROAD-LEAVED    MARSHALLIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3956.)     Stem  simple,  or  little  branched,  leafy  to  or  beyond  the  middle, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base, 
5-7    cm.    long,  18-35  mm-  wide;  heads  1-2  cm.   broad;  corolla  purplish;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  subulate- 
filiform;    pappus-scales    lanceolate-acuminate   from   a   triangular  base;    achenes 
glabrous  when  mature.     In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Ala.  and  Miss.     May-June. 

2.  Marshallia    grandiflora  Beadle  &   Boynton.     LARGE-FLOWERED    MAR- 
SHALLIA.    Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  leafy  to  above  the  middle.     Lower 
and  basal  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  petioles  often  as  long  as 
the   blade,  obtuse  or  obtusish  ;    upper  leaves  lanceolate,   sessile  ;    florets  slightly 
larger  than  those  of  M.  trinen'ia,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  achenes  larger,  4-5  mm.  long, 
pubescent.     In  moist  soil,  Penn.  to  W.  Va.  and  N.  Car.     July-Aug. 

3.  Marshallia  caespitosa  Nutt.     NARROW- LEAVED  MARSHALLIA.     (I.  F.  f. 
3957.)     Stems  usually  tufted  and  simple,  sometimes  sparingly  branched,    leafy 
either  only  near  the  base  or  to  beyond  the  middle,  2-4  dm.  high.    Leaves  near  the 
base  usually  much  longer  and  linear,  sometimes  I  dm.  long  and  6  mm.  wide,  the 
upper  ones  linear,  acutish,  shorter;  head  about  25  mm.  broad,  borne  on  a  pedun- 
cle often  2.5  dm.  long;  corollas  pale  rose  or  white;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear- 
lanceolate,   acute  or  acutish;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  linear,   or   slightly  dilated 
above ;  achenes  villous  on  the  angles ;  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  acutish,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  achene.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.     May-June. 

72.  PSILOSTROPHE  DC. 

Branched  woolly  herbs,  often  nearly  glabrous  when  old,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  middle-sized  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  corymbose,  or 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  its  4-10  bracts  in 
i  series,  narrow,  equal,  densely  white-woolly,  separate,  but  erect  and  connivant, 
commonly  with  1-4  scarious  ones  within,  and  occasionally  a  narrow  outer  one. 
Rays  broad,  becoming  papery  and  whitish,  persistent,  5-7-nerved.  2-3-toothed, 
pistillate.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Disk  flowers  perfect,  fertile,'  their  corollas 
with  a  short  proper  tube  and  elongated  cylindraceous  limb,  ^-toothed,  the  teeth 


1006  FLORA. 

glandular-bearded.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the 
disk-flowers  capitellate.  Achenes  linear,  striate.  Pappus  of  4-6  nerveless  acute 
scales,  glabrous  or  villous.  Four  species,  natives  of  the  southwestern  U.  S.  and 
northern  Mex. 

i.  Psilostrophe  villosa  Rydb.  NORTHERN  PSILOSTROPHE.    (I.   F. 

£.3958.)  Perennial,  branched,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  loosely  white-woolly.  Basal  and 
lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  entire,  dentate  or  rarely  piimatifid,  mostly  obtuse,  5-10 
cm.  long;  upper  leaves  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  smaller,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
entire;  heads  several  together  in  the  clusters,  8-10  mm.  broad,  short-peduncled,  or 
subsessile;  rays  few,  lemon  yellow,  4  mm.  long,  commonly  wider,  with  2  or  3 
broad  teeth  or  lobes  at  the  summit;  achenes  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent;  pap- 
pus scales  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  disk  corollas.  In  dry  sandy 
soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.  June-Sept.  It  has  been  confused  with  P.  Tagetinae 
with  orange  persistent  rays  5-10  mm.  long. 

73.  FLAVERIA  Juss. 

Glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent,  light  green',  mostly  annual  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site sessile  leaves,  and  small,  i-several-flowered,  usually  sessile,  oblong  and  densely 
cymose-capitate  heads  of  tubular,  01  both  tubular  and  radiate,  yellow  or  yellowish 
flowers.  Involucre  of  2-5  narrow,  nearly  equal,  appressed  bracts,  sometimes  with 
I  or  2  additional  small  exterior  ones.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Ray-flower 
commonly  one,  pistillate,  fertile,  sometimes  wanting.  Disk-flowers  1-15,  perfect, 
fertile,  their  corollas  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the 
disk-flowers  truncate.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  8-iO-ribbed.  Pappus  none. 
[Latin,  flavus,  yellow,  from  its  dyeing  properties.]  About  7  species,  natives  of 
America.  In  addition  to  the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

i.  Flaveiia  campestris  Johnston.  NARROW. LEAVED  FLAVERIA.  (I.  F. 
£.'3959.)  Annual,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  little  branched. 
Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  serrulate  or  entire,  3-nerved,  acuminate  or  acute  at 
the  apex,  sessile  by  a  broad  and  somewhat  clasping  base.  3-6  cm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
wide;  heads  about  6  mm.  high,  closely  sessile  in  terminal  glomerules  or  these 
pedunculate  from  the  upper  axils;  involucre  usually  of  3  oblong-lanceolate  bracts, 
2-5  flowered;  ray  equalling  or  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  disk;  achenes  linear, 
glabrous,  about  3  mm.  long.  In  alkaline  soil,  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and 
N.  Mex.  Aug. -Oct. 

74.  HYMENOPAPPUS  L'Her. 

Perennial  or  biennial,  erect  herbs,  with  angled  stems,  alternate  or  basal,  mostl^ 
pinnatifid  or  dissected  leaves,  and  small  or  rather  large  discoid  heads  of  white  or 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  6-12, 
in  I  or  2  series,  nearly  equal,  mostly  appressed,  colored,  petal-like,  the  margins 
and  apices  scarious.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Rays  none.  Disk- flowers  all 
perfect  and  fertile,  their  corollas  with  slender  tubes  and  reflexed  or  spreading  cam 
panulate  5  lobe d  limbs,  the  lobes  ovate.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  with  short  conic  appendages.  Achenes  obovoid  or  obpyramidal,  4-5- 
angled,  the  faces  usually  prominently  i-3-nerved.  Pappus  of  10-20  thin  obtuse 
scales,  sometimes  very  short  or  none.  [Greek,  membrane-pappus.]  About  8 
species,  natives  of  N.  Am.  and  Mex. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  bright  white.  i.  H.  Carolinensis. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  obovate  or  oblong;,  green  with  whitish  or  yellow  tips. 
Achenes  puberulent  or  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  angles. 

Colored  portion  of  the  bracts  broad,  whitish  to  sulphur-yellow;  corolla  whitish. 
Segments  of  the  leaves,  at  least  of  the  lower,  oblong  or  broadly  linear. 

2.  //.  sulphureus. 

Segments  of  all  the  leaves  narrowly  linear.  3.    H.  corymbosus. 

Colored  portion  of  the  bracts  narrow,  yellow ;  corolla  yellow. 

4.  //.  flavescens. 
Achenes  densely  villous  or  hirsute. 

Pappus  over  i  mm.  long,  equalling  the  corolla-tube  or  nearly  so,  not  hidden  by 

the  hairs  of  the  achenes;  heads  numerous.  5.   H.  tenuifolius. 

Pappus  less  then  i  mm.  long:,  shorter   than  the  corolla-tube  and  hidden  by  the 
hairs  of  the  achenes ;  heads  few.  6.  H,  filifolius. 


COMPOSITAE.  1007 

1.  Hymenopappus  Carplinensis  (Lam.)  Porter.    WHITE-BRACTED  HYMENO- 
PAPPUS.     (I.  F.  f.  3960.)     Biennial  ;  stem  leafy  below,  corymbosely  branched  and 
nearly  naked  above,  6-9  dm.  high.   Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,  1-1.5  ^m-  l°ng» 
l-2-pinnately  parted  or  deeply  pinnatifid  into  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusish 
lobes,  more  or  less  white-tomentose  beneath;  heads   commonly  numerous,  corym- 
bose, 12-20  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  involucre  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  thin,  bright  white; 
corolla  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  throat,  white;  achenes  puberulent  or  pubescent; 
pappus  of  very  small  nerveless  scales,  shorter  than   the  width   of  the  top  of  the 
achene.     In  dry  sandy  soil,  III.  to  Tex.,  S.  Car.  and  Fla.     March-June. 

2.  Hymenopappus  sulphureus  Rydb.     SULPHUR-BRACTED  HYMENOPAPPUS. 
Biennial;  stem  more   or  less   permanently  white-tomentose,  branched  above,  3-6 
dm.  high.     Lower  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  oblong  or  linear  toothed  often  ob- 
tuse lobes,  white-tomentose  beneath,  glabrate  above;  upper  leaves  twice  pinnate 
with  narrower  lobes;  heads  corymbose,  about  I  cm.  broad;    bracts  obovate,  their 
tips  light  sulphur  or  almost  white;  corolla  whitish;  its  lobes  as  long  as  the  throat; 
achenes  puberulent,  short-hairy  on  the  angles;  pappus  scales  obovate,  shorter  than 
the  width  of  the  achene.     Prairies,  Kans.  to  Tex.     Apr. -July.    [Type  from  Riley 
Co.,  Kans.,  J.  B.  Norton,  No.  285.] 

3.  Hymenopappus  corymbosus  T.  &  G.     CORYMBED,  OR  SMOOTH  WHITE 
HYMENOPAPPUS.     (I.  F.  f.  3961.)     Biennial;  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  corym- 
bosely branched  and  nearly  naked  above,  3—6  dm.  high.     Lower  and  basal  leaves 
petioled,  i-2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  nearly  filiform,  acute  or  acutish  glabrous 
lobes,  or  somewhat  tomentose  beneath;  upper  leaves  few,  much  smaller  and  less 
divided;  heads  corymbose,   numerous,  8-12    dm.    broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
obovate  to  oblong,  puberulent,  their  tips  greenish  white;  corolla  white,  its  lobes 
about  as  long  as  the  throat;  achenes  puberulent;  pappus-scales  small,  nerveless, 
shorter  than  the  width  of  the  achene.     On  dry  prairies,  Neb.  to  Tex.     Summer. 

4.  Hymenopappus  flavescens  A.  Gray.     WOOLLY  YELLOW  HYMENOPAP- 
PUS.    (I.  F.  f.  3963.)    Biennial;  stem  densely  white- woolly,  at  least  when  young, 
3-7  dm.  high,  leafy,  branched  above.    Leaves  1-3 -pinnately  parted  or  divided  into 
linear  segments;  heads  numerous,  usually  larger  than  those  of  the  following  spe- 
cies; involucral  bracts  obovate  to  ovate  with  greenish -white  margins;  corolla  yel- 
low or  yellowish,  the  lobes  about  equalling  the  throat;  achenes  sparingly  short- 
villous ;  pappus-scales  spatulate,  shorter  than  the  slender  corolla-tube.     In  sandy 
soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Ariz,  and  northern  Mex. 

5.  Hymenopappus  tenuifolius   Pursh.     WOOLLY  WHITE  HYMENOPAPPUS. 
(I.  F.  f.  3962.)     Biennial;  stem  lightly  tomentose,  or  at  length  glabrate,  3-6  dm. 
high,  slender,  leafy  below,  corymbosely  branched  and  nearly  naked  above.     Lower 
and  basal  leaves  petioled,  1-3 -pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  filiform  lobes,  woolly- 
pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young;  heads  numerous,  corymbose,  8-12  mm. 
broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obovate-oblong,  usually  densely  tomentose;  corolla 
white,  its  lobes  slightly  shorter  than  the  throat;  achenes  densely  villous-pubescent; 
pappus  of  several  oblong  to  ovate  ribbed  or  nerved  scales,  which  are  about  as  long 
as  the  width  of  the  top  of  the  achene.    On  dry  prairies,  S.  Dak.  to  Tex.   June-Sept. 

6.  Hymenopappus  filifolius  Hook.     Low  TUFTED  HYMENOPAPPUS.     (I.  F. 
f.  3964.)     Perennial  from  a  deep  woody  root;  stems  usually  tufted,  woolly  when 
young,  sometimes  glabrate  when  old,  densely  leafy  toward  the  base,  usually  naked 
or  nearly  so  above,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high.     Leaves  tomentose  when  young,  the  lower 
and  basal  ones  petioled,  i-3-pinnately  parted  or  pinnatifid  into  narrowly  linear, 
somewhat   rigid  lobes;    heads  commonly  few,   12-25    mm«  broad;    bracts   of  the 
involucre  obovate-oblong,  usually  densely  woolly,  their  tips  whitish ;  corolla  yellow 
or  yellowish,  its  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  throat;  achenes  densely  villous;  pap- 
pus-scales costate,  short.    On  prairies  and  in  dry  rocky  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  S.  Dak., 
Neb.  and  Ariz.     June-Sept. 

75-  POLYPTERIS  Nutt. 

Erect  rough,  glandular  or  cinereous  herbs,  with  alternate,  mostly  entire  leaves, 
or  the  lower  opposite,  and  corymbose  heads  of  tubular  or  both  tubular  and  radiate 
pink  or  purple  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  or  obconic,  its  bracts  in  I  or  2 
series,  narrow,  herbaceous,  nearly  equal,  or  with  a  few  exterior  shorter  ones, 
appresssd,  usually  colored.  Receptacle  small,  flat,  naked.  Ray-flowers,  when 


1008  FLORA. 

present,  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  3 -cleft.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  thei* 
corollas  with  slender  tubes  and  deeply  5-parted  campanulate  limbs.  Style- branches 
filiform,  acutish,  glandular-pubescent  throughout.  Achenes  linear  or  obpyramidal, 
quadrangular.  Pappus  of  8-12  lanceolate  strongly  costate  scales,  that  of  the  outer 
achenes  often  much  shorter  than  that  of  the  inner.  [Greek,  many- winged.]  About 
6  species,  natives  of  the  southern  and  south-central  U.  S.  and  Mex. 

Rays  purple,  deeply  3-lobed  ;  leaves  lanceolate.  i.  P,  Hookeriana,. 

Rays  none ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate.  2.  /*•  callosa. 

1.  Polypteris   Hookeriana  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Gray.     HOOKER'S  POLYPTERIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  3965.)     Annual;  stem  rather  stout,  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  above, 
3-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
rough  on  both  sides,  the  upper  alternate,  the  lower  opposite  and  slender-petioled, 
tj-io  cm.  long,  6-IO  mm.  wide;  bracts  of  the  involucre  10— 16,  linear- lanceolate  or 
spatulate,  glandular-hispid,  the  inner  with  purplish  tips;  ray-flowers  8-10;  achenes 
about  8  mm.  long  and  I  mm.  thick;  pappus-scales  of  the  disk-flowers  6-8,  lanceo- 
late, awned,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  as  many,  spatulate,  obtuse,  shorter.     In  dry 
soil,'  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.     July-Sept. 

2.  Polypteris   callosa   (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.      RAYLESS  POLYPTERIS.      (I.    F. 
f.  3966.)     Annual;  glandular,  at  least  above;  stem  slender,  paniculately  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  entire,  short-petioled,  mostly 
alternate;  bracts  of  the  top-shaped  involucre  8-10,  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  her- 
baceous, pubescent,  about  6  mm.  long;  corollas  purple,  deeply  5-parted;  achenes 
narrowly  obpyramidal,   pubescent  or  glabrous,  nearly  as  long  as  the  involucre; 
pappus-scales  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  rounded  or  retuse,  or  sometimes  minute, 
or  none.     In  dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.    June- Oct. 

76.  PICRADENIOPSIS  Rydb. 
[BAHIA  Nutt.,  not  Lag.] 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  more  or  less  woolly,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  or  rather  large  corymbose  or  solitary  heads,  of  both  tubular  and  radiate 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  I  or  2  series 
herbaceous,  obtuse,  appressed,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  small,  nearly  flat,  naked, 
foveolate.  Ray-flowers  in  I  series,  pistillate,  fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile, 
their  corollas  with  campanulate  or  cylindric  5 -cleft  limb.  Anthers  entire  or  emar- 
ginate  at  the  base.  Style-tips  mostly  truncate  and  obtuse.  Achenes  quadrangu- 
lar; linear  or  oblong.  Pappus  of  several  nerveless  or  costate  scales,  rarely  none. 
[Name  referring  to  resemblance  of  this  genus  to  Picradenia.~\ 

i.  Picradeniopsis  oppositifolia  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  FALSE  BAHIA.  (I.  F.  f.  3967.) 
Perennial,  herbaceous;  stem  densely  cinereous,  much  branched,  1-3  dm.  high,  very 
leafy.  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  1-4  cm.  long,  palmately  2-5- 
parted  into  linear,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  entire  segments,  finely  cinereous  on  both 
sides;  heads  short-peduncled,  12-18  mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate,  or  becom- 
ing hemispheric,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  densely  tomentose;  rays  5-7,  short; 
achenes  linear-oblong,  glandular-pubescent;  pappus  of  4-8  spatulate  to  lanceolate 
scales  with  thickened  bases.  On  plains,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Mont,  to  Kans.  and 
N.  Mex.  June-Sept.  [Bahia  oppositifolia  Nutt.] 

77.  TETRANEURIS  Greene. 

Branched  or  scapose,  villous-pubescent  or  glabrous,  bitter  and  aromatic  herbs, 
with  alternate  or  basal,  often  punctate  entire  leaves,  and  small  or  rather  large, 
peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers,  or  rays  rarely  want- 
ing. Involucre  hemispheric,  campanulate  or  depressed,  its  bracts  imbricated  in 
2-3  series,  appressed.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate 
and  fertile,  the  rays  3-toothed,  3-lobed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas 
with  4-5-toothed  limbs.  Anthers  entire  or  minutely  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  truncate  and  penicillate  at  the  summit.  Achenes  turbinate,  5-io-ribbed 
or  angled,  villous  or  pubescent.  Pappus  of  5-12  thin  aristate  acuminate  or  trun- 
cate scales.  [Greek,  four- nerved.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  western  N.  Am. 
and  Mex.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  the  western  U.  S, 


COMPOSITAE. 

Annual,  or  perhaps  biennial,  with  a  branching  stem.  I.  7*.  linearifolia. 

Cespitose  scapigerous  perennials  with  all  the  leaves  basal. 

Branches  of  the  caudex  comparatively  slender  and  elongated;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
the  blade  much  narrower  than  the  dilated  base. 

Bases  of  the  leaves  and  involucre  sparingly  silky-villous.  2.    T.  stenophylla* 

Bases  of  the  leaves  conspicuously  arachnoid  hairy;  involucre  densely  villous. 

3.    T.  fastigiata . 

Branches  of  the  caudex  very  short  and  thick ;  leaves  from  linear  to  spatulate,  but 
the  blade  not  much  narrower  than  the  base  if  at  all. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  acutish,  densely  silky;  leaves  decidedly  silky. 

Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  oblanceolate,  4-7  cm.  long.        4.    7'.  simplex. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long.  5.    7\  acaulis. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  rounded,  obtuse,  sparingly  silky;  leaves  nearly  glabrous. 

6.    7'.  herbacea. 

1.  Tetraneuris  linearifolia  (Hook.)  Greene.     FINE-LEAVED  TETRANEURIS* 
(I.   F.  f.   3968.)     Annual  or  perhaps  biennial;  stem  usually  diffusely  branched' 
finely  hirsute,  or  glabrous,  or  woolly  at  the  base,  slender,  15-35  cm-  high-     Stem- 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  1-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide;  basal  leaves  spatulate' 
often   villous,    much    broader,  obtuse,    narrowed  into   margined   petioles;    heads 
numerous,   slender-peduncled,  12-16  mm.  broad;  involucre  broadly  campanulate, 
its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent,  imbricated  in  about  2  series;  receptacle  conic; 
rays  6-10,  oblong;  achenes  pubescent;  pappus  of  5  or  6  ovate  awned  scales.     In 
dry  soil,   Kans.   to  La.,  Tex.   and  N.  Mex.     May-Sept.     \Picradenia  linearifolia 
(Hook.)  Britton. 

2.  Tetraneuris  stenophylla  Rydb.     NARROW-LEAVED  TETRANEURIS.     Per- 
ennial  with  a  branched  caudex;  branches  often  5—8  cm.  long,  upper  portion  covered 
with  the  scarious  bases  of  old  leaves;  bases  of  the  leaves  dilated,  sparingly  silky- 
villous;  blades  narrowly  linear,  3-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  conspicu- 
ously punctate;  scape  6-IO  cm.    high,   minutely  strigose;  involucre    10-13   mm- 
wide;  bracts  oval  or  oblong-acutish;  rays  about  10  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide.    In 
dry  soil,   Kans.  to  Colo,   and  Mex.     \Actinellaglabra  T.  &  G.,  not  Nutt.;  Picra- 
denia  scaposa  Britton,  111.,  FL,  in  part.] 

3.  Tetraneuris  fastigiata  Greene.     FASTIGIATE  TETRANEURIS.     Like  the 
preceding,  but  leaves  still  narrower,   about  I  mm.  wide,  the  bases  conspicuously 
arachnoid  villous;  involucre  about  8  mm.  wide;  bracts  ovate,  densely  villous.    Only 
known  from  the  imperfect  type  material  from  dry  hills  near  Coolidge,  Kans. 

4.  Tetraneuris  simplex  A.  Nelson.     SIMPLE  TETRANEURIS.     Cespitose  per- 
ennial; caudex  with  very  short  thick  erect  branches ;  scapes  few,  I -2  dm.  high,  silky- 
strigose;  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate,  silky  but  less  so  than  in  the  next,  4-7 
cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  involucre  15-18  mm.  wide,  its  bracts  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  densely  silky-villous;  rays  about  I  cm.  long.     On  dry  hills,  Black  Hills  of 
S.  Dak.,  western  Neb.,  Wyo.  and  Mont.     June-July. 

5.  Tetraneuris  acaulis  (Nutt.)  Greene.     STEMLESS  TETRANEURIS.     (I.  F.  f. 
3970.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  perennial  by  thick  roots  and  a  stout 
branched  caudex;  scapes  tufted,  densely  silky  or  tomentose,  5-15  cm.  high.    Leaves 
all  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  caudex,  spatulate,  entire,  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  3-5  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  densely  silky  or  villous;  heads  18-35  mm- 
broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  densely  villous;  rays  10-15;  pappus  of  5 
or  6  ovate  or  oblong  awned  scales.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Mont., 
Neb.,  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex.     May- Aug.      [Picradenia  acaulis  (Nutt.)  Britton.] 

6.  Tetraneuris  herbacea  Greene.    GREEN  TETRANEURIS.    Perennial,  with  a 
rather  simple  caudex;  scape  stout,  10-15  cm.  high,  strigose-silky;  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  at  first  sparingly  long-silky,  soon  gla- 
brous and  green;  involucre  about  16  mm.  wide,  its  bracts  oblong,  rounded,  obtuse, 
sparingly  silky;  rays  15  mm.  or  more  long,  20-25  in  number.     Hills,  Ohio  and  111. 
May-June. 

78.  PICRADENIA  Hook. 

Branched,  more  or  less  pubescent  plants  with  alternate,  pinnately  divided  leaves 
with  linear  segments  and  peduncled  radiate  heads  with  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  series,  the  outer  ones  united  at  the  base.  Receptacle 
convex  or  conic,  naked-  Ray- flowers  pistillate  anol  fertile,  usually  3-toothed.. 


1010  FLORA. 

Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile.  Style-branches  truncate  and  penicillate  at  the  summit. 
Achenes  turbinate,  pubescent.  Pappus  scales  acuminate  or  awned.  [Greek,  bitter 
glands.] 

i.  Picradenia  odorata(DC.)  Britton.  FRAGRANT  PICRADENIA.  LIMONILLO. 
(I.  F.  f.  3971.)  Annual;  stem  much  branched,  puberulent,  sparingly  hirsute  or 
glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy.  Leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  1-3  parted  into  filiform 
entire  somewhat  pubescent  segments  about  I  mm.  wide;  heads  commonly  numer- 
ous, I2-2O  mm.  broad.  Involucre  campanulate,  puberulent,  its  outer  bracts  6-9, 
lanceolate,  keeled,  acute,  united  at  the  base;  rays  7-10,  cuneate;  pappus-scales 
lanceolate,  acuminate.  In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Cal.  April- July. 

79.  HELENIUM   L. 

Erect,  mostly  branching  herbs,  with  alternate,  mainly  decurrent,  punctate  bitter 
entire  or  dentate  leaves,  and  large  peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate, 
yellow  or  brownish-yellow  flowers,  or  rays  sometimes  wanting.  Involucre  broad 
and  short,  its  bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  linear  or  subulate,  reflexed  or  spreading. 
Receptacle  convex,  tub-globose  or  oblong,  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  and  fer- 
tile, or  neutral,  the  rays  cuneate,  3-5  lobed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their 
corollas  4-5-toothed,  the  teeth  glandular-pubescent.  Anthers  2-toothed  or  sagittate 
at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  dilated  and  truncate  at  the  apex. 
Achenes  turbinate,  ribbed.  Pappus  of  5-8  entire,  dentate  or  incised,  acuminate  or 
aristate  scales.  [The  Greek  name  of  some  plant,  from  Helenusor  Helena.]  About 
24  species,  natives  of  North  and  Central  America.  In  addition  to  the  following, 
some  18  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  U.  S. 
Stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dentate  rays  fertile,  disk  yellow. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  i.  H.  autumnale. 

Leaves  grayish,  scabrous,  puberulent.  2.  H.  montanum, 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  mainly  entire;  rays  neutral;  disk  purple. 

3.  H.  nudtflorum. 
Leaves  all  linear-filiform,  entire;  rays  fertile.  4.  H.  tenuifolium. 

1.  Helenium  autumnale  L.     FALSE  OR  SWAMP  SUNFLOWER.    SNEEZEWEED- 
YFLLOW-STAR.    OX-EYE.    (I.  F.  f.  3972.)   Perennial;  stem  puberulent  or  glabrous* 
rather  stout,  narrowly  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  leaves,  corymbosely 
branched  above,  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  sessile  base,  pinnately  few-veined,  5—12  cm.  long,  .5—5  cm.  wide,  bright 
green;  heads  numerous,  3—5  cm.  broad,  borne  on  long  puberulent  peduncles;  bracts 
of  the  flattish  involucre  densely  canescent,  linear-lanceolate;  rays  10-18,  drooping, 
bright  yellow,  3-cleft;  achenes  pubescent  on  the  angles;  pappus-scales  ovate,  acu- 
ninate  or  aristate,  often  lacerate  or  toothed.    In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Que.  to 

Conn.,  Fla.,  S.  Dak.,  Kans.  and  Ala.     Aug.-Qct. 

2.  Helenium  montanum  Nutt.     WESTERN  SNEEZEWEED.     Like  the  last  but 
lower,  3-8   dm.  high.     Leaves  narrower  with  smaller  and  closer  teeth,  grayish, 
scabrous  on  both  sides,  especially  beneath;  stem  also  very  scabrous;  rays  short, 
about  8  mm.  long,  reflexed;  bracts  lanceolate.     Meadows,  Manitoba  to  Br.  Col., 
south  to  Miss,  and  Ariz.     July-Sept.      [//.  autumnale  pubescens  Britton.] 

3.  Helenium  nudiflorum  Nutt.    PURFLE-HEAD  SNEEZEWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3973.) 
Perennial;  stem  mostly  slender,  puberulent  at  least  above,  corymbosely  branched, 
V9  dm.  high,  narrowly  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaf  bases.     Stem-leaves  4-7  cm. 
ong,  4-12  mm.  wide,  sessile;  basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  dentate, 
apering  into  margined  petioles;  heads  3-4  cm.  broad,  on  slender  or  short  puberulent 

peduncles;  rays  10-15  (sometimes  wanting),  drooping,  yellow,  yellow  with  a  brown 
base,  or  brown  throughout,  3-toothed;  pappus-scales  ovate,  aristate.  In  moist  soil, 
Kans.  to  111.,  Tex.,  east  to  N.  Car.  and  P'la.  Also  near  Philadelphia.  June-Oct. 

4.  Helenium  tenuifolium  Nutt.    FINE-LEAVED  SNEEZEWEED.    (I.  F.  f.  3974.) 
Annual;  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent   above;    stem    slender,    very    leafy    and 
usually  much  branched,  2-6  dm.  high.   Leaves  sessile,  often  fascicled,  1-4  cm.  long, 
I  mm.  or  less  wide;  heads  several  or  numerous,  corymbose,  18-30  mm.  broad,  borne 
on  slender  or  filiform  peduncles;  bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  linear  or  subulate, 
sometimes  pubescent,  soon  reflexed;  rays  4-8,  at  length  drooping;  achenes  villous; 
pappus-scales  ovate,  tipped  with  slender  awns.     In  moist  soil,  S.  E.  Va.  to  Fla.? 
Mo.,  Kans.,  Ark-  and  Tex,     Aug.-Oct. 


COMPOSITAE.  1 0 1 1 

80.  GAILLARDIA    Foug. 

Branching  or  scapose,  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  large 
peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  or  rays  wanting.  Involucre 
depressed-hemispheric,  or  flatter,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  their  tips 
spreading  or  reflexed.  Receptacle  convex  or  globose,  bristly,  fimbrillate  or  nearly 
naked.  Rays  cuneate,  yellow,  purple,  or  parti -colored,  neutral  or  rarely  pistillate, 
3-toothed  or  3-lobed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  with  slender  tubes 
and  5-toothed  limbs,  the  teeth  pubescent  with  jointed  hairs.  Anthers  minutely 
sagittate  or  auricled  at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with  filiform  or  short 
appendages.  Achenes  turbinate,  5-ribbed,  densely  villous,  at  least  at  the  base. 
Pappus  of  6-12  i-nerved  awned  scales,  longer  than  the  achene.  [Named  for  M. 
Gaillard  de  Marentonneau,  a  French  botanist.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the 
U.  S.  and  Mex.,  I  in  southern  S.  Am. 

Stem  leafy;  style-tips  with  filiform  hispid  appendages. 

Fimbrillae  of  the  receptacle  obsolete,  or  short;  southern.  i.  G.  lanceolata. 

Fimbrillae  subulate  or  bristle-like,  mostly  longer  than  the  achenes. 

Rays  yellow;  fimbrillae  exceeding  the  achenes.  2.   G.  aristata. 

Rays  purple,  or  red  at  base;  fimbrillae  about  equalling  the  achenes. 

3.  G.  pulchella. 
Leaves  basal;  style-tips  with  short  naked  appendages;  rays  none,  or  few. 

4.  G.  suavis. 

1.  Gaillardia  lanceolata  Michx.     SWEET  GAILLARDIA.     (I.   F.  f.  3975.) 
Annual,  or  perhaps  perennial;  stem  puberulent  with  jointed  hairs,  or  cinereous, 
usually  branched,  4-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  straight,  nearly  erect.     Stem-leaves 
sessile,  spatulate  or  linear,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  puberulent  ciliolate,  acute 
or  obtusish  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long,  4-8 
mm.  wide;  basal  leaves  broader,  very  obtuse,  sometimes  short-petioled;  heads  3-5 
cm.  broad,  long-peduncled;   flowers  sweet-scented;  bracts  of  the  involucre  about 
equalling  the  violet  disk;  rays  8-12,  yellow  or  reddish  with  darker  veins,  rarely 
none;  achenes  villous  at  the  base,  or  to  beyond  the  middle;  awns  of  the  pappus 
slender.     In  dry  woods,  Kans.  to  Tex.,  east  to  S.  Car.  and  F.a.     May-Sept. 

2.  Gaillardia    aristata   Pursh.     GREAT-FLOWERED    GAILLARDIA.      (I.    F. 
f-  3976.)     Perennial;  stem  simple,  or  little  branched,  hirsute,  or  densely  pubescent 
with  jointed  hairs,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  firm,  densely  and  finely  pubescent,  the 
lower  and  basal  ones  petioled,  oblong  or  spatulate,  laciniate,  .pinnatifid  or  entire, 
mostly  obtuse,  5-12  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  or  slightly 
spatulate,    smaller,    entire  or  dentate,   rarely  pinnatifid;  heads  4-10  cm.  broadj 
long-peduncled;  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,   acuminate,  hirsute;  achenes 
villous,  at  least  at  the  base.     On  plains  and  prairies,  Minn,  to  the  JN".  W.  Terr.,  Br. 
Col.,  Kans.,  Colo,  and  N.  Mex.     Leaves  sometimes  all  basal.     May-Sept. 

3.  Gaillardia  pulchella  Foug.     SHOWY  GAILLARDIA.     (I.  F.  f.  3977.)    An- 
nual; diffusely  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  ascending,  15-35  cm'  high*  or 
larger  in  cultivation,  more  or  less  hirsute  or  pubescent  with  jointed  hairs.     Leaves 
lanceolate,  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  3-7  cm.  long,  entire,  dentate  or  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  all  but  the  lowest  sessile;  heads  3-7  cm.  broad,  long-peduncled,  bracts 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute  or  pubescent:  achenes  more  or  less 
villous,  or  glabrous.     In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Kans.  to  La.,  Mex.  and  Ariz.     May- 
Sept. 

4.  Gaillardia  suavis  (A.    Gray)   Britt.  £  Rusby.     RAYLESS  GAILLARDIA. 
(I.  F.  f.  3978.)     Annual  or  biennial.     Leaves  in  a  basal  tuft,  or  a  few  near  the 
base  of  the  slender  pubescent  scape,  spatulate  or  obovate  in  outline,  5-15  cm.  long, 
pinnatifid,  dentate,  or  some  of  them  entire;  scape  3-6  dm.  high,  monocephalous; 
head  about  25  mm.  broad,  with  the  odor  of  heliotrope,  globose  in  fruit;  rays  none, 
or  short  and  pistillate,  or  a  few  of  them  longer  and  neutral;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
oblong  or  lanceolate,   sparingly  pubescent;  fimbrillae  of  the  receptacle  obsolete; 
achenes  densely  villous;    pappus-scales  broad,  their  awns  very  slender.     Ill  dry 
rocky  soil,  Kans.  to  Tex.     April-June*    \Q.  simplex  Scuede.J 


1 01 2  FLORA. 

81.   BOEBERA   Willd. 
[DvsdoiA  Lag.,  not  Cav.] 

Erect  or  diffuse,  branching,  mostly  annual,  strong-scented  more  or  less  glandu- 
lar  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  mostly  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  small 
peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  cylindric, 
campanulate  or  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  I  series,  united  into  a  cup,  usually 
with  a  few  small  additional  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  pubescent,  or  covered 
with  short  bristles.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  the  rays  short.  Disk  flowers  perfect, 
their  corollas  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire  or  minutely  2 -toothed  at  the  base.  St}  le- 
br.oiches  of  the  disk-flowers  elongated,  hirsute,  sometimes  apiculate.  Achenes 
narrowly  obpyramidal,  3~5-angled,  striate.  Pappus  of  about  10  scales,  parted  to 
beyond  the  middle  into  numerous  capillary,  rather  stiff,  bristle-like  segments. 
[Named  for  J.  von  Boeber,  a  Russian  botanist.] 

i.  Boebera  papposa  (Vent.)  Rydb.  FETID  MARIGOLD.  FALSE  DOG- 
FENNEL.  (I.  F.  f.  3979.)  Annual,  very  leafy,  glabrous  or  finely  pubescent,  gland- 
dotted,  much  branched,  15-45  cm.  high,  the  branches  diffuse  or  erect.  Leaves 
opposite,  sessile,  or  short- petioled,  1-4  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or 
slightly  spatulate,  sharply  serrate  or  incised  segments;  heads  numerous,  short - 
peduncled,  6-IO  mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate,  of  8— 10  appressed,  oblong, 
>btuse,  green  or  purplish,  glabrous  or  ciliate  bracts,  with  several  narrow  shorter 
outer  ones;  rays  few,  not  longer  than  the  width  of  the  disk;  receptacle  and  achenes 
pubescent.  Along  streams  and  roadsides,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  Neb.,  south  to  La., 
Mex.  and  Ariz.  Occasionally  found  as  a  weed  in  waste  places  in  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States;  and  in  Ont.  July-Oct.  \Dysodia papposa  (Vent.)  A.  S.  Hitchc. 

82.  THYMOPHYLLA  Lag. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  some  species  low  undershrubs,  with  gland-dotted 
foliage  arid  involucre,  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  both  tubular 
and  radiate,  mostly  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  principal  bracts 
united  into  a  cup,  sometimes  with  smaller  outer  ones.  Receptacle  naked,  or  fim- 
brillate,  not  chaffy.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile. 
Style-branches  truncate  or  blunt.  Achenes  striate.  Pappus  of  several  or  numer- 
ous scales  or  bristles.  [Greek,  thyme-leaf,  not  applicable  to  the  following  species.] 
About  15  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others  occur 
•  in  the  western  parts  of  the  U.  S. 

I.  Thymophylla  aurea  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  THYME- LEAF.  (I.  F.  f.  3980.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  1-3  dm.  high,  much  branched;  the  leaves  and  involucre  with 
large  oval  oil-glands.  Leaves  alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  very  deeply  parted  into  5-9  linear  filiform,  mostly  entire,  blunt  segments; 
heads  numerous,  corymbose,  12-20  mm.  broad,  terminating  the  branches;  invo- 
lucre about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  acute;  rays  about  12,  5-6  mm.  long;  pappus  of 
6-8  erose  trnncate  scales,  somewhat  longer  than  the  thickness  of  the  achene. 
Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  June-Sept. 

83.  PECTIS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial,  diffuse  prostrate  or  erect,  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  gland- 
dotted  and  strong-scented,  with  opposite  narrow  sometimes  ciliate  leaves,  and 
small  usually  cymose  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
cylindric,  oblong  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  I  series,  narrow,  keeled,  distinct. 
Receptacle  small,  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  the  rays  small,  entire  or  3-lobed. 
Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  with  expanded,  somewhat  irregularly  5 -cleft 
limbs.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  very  short, 
obtuse.  Achenes  linear,  slightly  angled,  striate.  Pappus  of  several  or  numerous 
scales,  slender  bristles  or  awns,  sometimes  with  a  few  outer  smaller  additional  ones. 
[Latin,  pecten,  comb,  referring  to  the  pappus.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  about  10  others  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  U.  S. 

I.  Pectis  angustifdlia  Torr.  LEMON-SCENTED  PECTIS.  (I.  F.  f.  3981.) 
Annual,  much  branched,  1-3  dm.  high,  the  branches,  diffuse  or  ascending.  Leaves 


COMPOS1TAE.  1013 

narrowly  linear,  sessile,  obtusish,  1-5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  often  ciliate 
with  a  few  bristles  near  the  base;  heads  several  or  numerous,  short-peduncled, 
about  6  mm.  broad;  involucre  short-cylindric  or  narrowly  campanulate,  its  bracts 
about  8,  linear,  acutish,  partly  enclosing  the  outer  achenes;  rays  few,  3-toothed,  or 
entire;  pappus  a  crown  of  4-6  somewhat  united  short  scales,  with  or  without  2 
slender  short  awns.  In  dry  soil,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Mex.  and  Ariz.  Plant  with  the 
odor  of  lemons.  May-Oct. 

84.  ACHILLEA*  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  perennial,  with  erect,  leafy  stems,  finely  dissected,  pinnatifid  or 
serrate  alternate  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowei  s.  corym- 
bose at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Involucre  obovoid,  or  campanulate,  its 
bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  nearly 
flat,  or  convex,  chaffy,  the  membranous  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray- 
flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  white  or  pink.  Disk- flowers  perfect,  fertile, 
their  corollas  yellow,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style 
branches  of  the  disk-flowers  truncate.  Achenes  oblong  or  obovate,  slightly  com- 
pressed.  Pappus  none.  [Named  for  Achilles.  ]  About  75  species,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  mostly  of  the  Old  World.  Besides  the  following,  several 
others  occur  in  northwestern  N.  Am. 

Leaves  serrate.  i.  A.  Ptarmica. 

Leaves  finely  dissected. 

Involucre  broadly  campanulate  ;  bracts  fuscous-margined ;  rays  10-20. 

2.  A.  boreatis. 
Involucre  oblong;  bracts  scarcely  fuscous-margined;  rays  5-10. 

Rays  3-6  mm.  broad  ;  plant  villous ;  achenes  broadly  margined. 

3.  A.  lanulosa. 

Rays  2-3  mm.  broad  ;  plant  sparsely  villous  or  glabrate  ;  achenes  scarcely  mar- 
gined. 4.  A.  Millefolium. 

1.  Achillea  Ptarmica  L.      SNEEZEWORT.     WHITE  TANSY.     (I.  F.  f.  3982.) 
Perennial  by  horizontal  or  creeping  rootstocks  ;  stem  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent, nearly  or  quite  simple,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear  or  linear- lanceolate,  ses- 
sile txr.d  slightly  clasping  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  regularly  and  closely  serrate, 
so.netimes  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  3-6  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide;  heads  not 
very   numerous,    10-18  mm.    broad;    peduncles  puberulent;  bracts  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse  or  obtusish,  slightly  tomentose;  rays  5-15,  white,  rather  large.     In  moist 
soil,  Newf.  to  Quebec,  Mass,  and  Mich.     Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

2.  Achillea  borealis    Bong.     NORTHERN   YARROW.      Perennial,    2-4  dm. 
high;   stem   more   or  less  lanate.        Leaves  bipinnate,  with   numerous    crowded 
segments,  sparingly  lanate;  corymb  dense;  heads  4-8  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts 
somewhat  scariouswith  broad  fuscous  margins;  rays  large,  white  or  pink,  3-5  mm. 
broad;  achenes  prominently  winged.     Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  in  the  mountains  of 
the  Pacific  Coast  to  Mex.     June-Sept. 

3.  Achillea  lanulosa  Nutt.     WESTERN  YARROW.     Perennial,  3-5  dm.  high; 
stem  lanate.     Leaves  finely  bipinnatifid,  with  approximate  segments;  cyme  rather 
dense  in  age,  becoming  flat-topped;  involucral  bracts  stramineous,  with  greenish 
keel  and   brown   margins  ;  achenes  elliptical,    broadly   margined.       Plains    and 
mountains,  S.  Dak.  to  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mex.  and  Kans.     Also  introduced  further 
east.     June-Sept. 

4.  Achillea  Mlllefolium   L.     YARROW.     MILFOIL.     (I.  F.  f.  3983.)     Peren- 
nial from  horizontal  rootstocks;  flowering  stems  sparsely  pubescent,  or  nearly  gla- 
brous, simple,  or  corymbosely  branched  above,  3-6  dm.  high.     Basal  leaves  and 
those  of  the  numerous    short  sterile  shoots,    mostly  petioled,  sometimes   25    cm. 
long  and  I  cm.  wide,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  all  somewhat  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous;  heads  numerous,  4—6  mm.  broad,  in  terminal  compound  dense,  some- 
what convex  corymbs;  involucre  ovoid,  its  bracts  oblong,  stramineous  with  greenish 
keel,  obtusish,  pubescent;  rays  4-6,  white,  or  often  pink  or  purple.     In  various 
situations  in  the  east  occurring  as  a  naturalized  weed.     Native  of  Europe  and 
Asia.     June-Nov. 

Achillea  ligustica  All.,  a  native  of  Europe,  has  been  collected  in  N.  Y.  and  Mass. 
It  differs  from  A.  Millefolium  in  the  open  loose  panicle  and  broad  and  short  leaf -seg- 
ments. 


1014  FLORA, 

85.  ANTHEMIS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  dissected,  alternate  leaves,  and 
usually  large  peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  terminating  the 
branches.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  scarious- 
margined,  appressed,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  convex,  conic  or  oblong, 
chaffy  at  least  toward  the  summit,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray- 
flowers  pistillate  and  fertile,  or  neutral,  the  tube  terete  or  2-winged,  the  ray  white 
or  yellow,  entire  or  2-3 -toothed.  Disk -flowers  perfect,  fertile,  yellow,  their  corol- 
las with  5-cleft  limbs.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of 
the  disk-flowers  truncate.  Achenes  oblong,  angled,  ribbed  or  striate.  Pappus 
none,  or  a  short  coroniform  border.  [Greek  name  of  Camomile.]  About  60 
species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Rays  white. 

Rays  neutral ;  plant  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  fetid.  i.  A.  Cotula. 
Rays  pistillate  ;  plants  pubescent. 

Annual ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  acute.  2.  A,  arvensis. 

Perennial;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  obtuse.  3.  A.  nobilis. 

Rays  yellow ;  plant  pubescent,  or  tomentose.  4.  A.  ttnctoria. 

1.  Anthemis  Cotula  L.     MAYWEED.     DOG'S,  OR  FETID  CAMOMILE.     DILL- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  3984.)     Annual,  glandular  and  with  a  fetid  odor  and  acrid  taste, 
much  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  mostly  sessile,  3-5  cm.  long,  finely  1-3- 
pinnately  dissected  into  narrow,  or  almost  filiform,  acute  lobes;  heads  commonly 
numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusish, 
usually    somewhat    tomentose;  rays  10-18,    mostly  3  toothed;  receptacle  convex, 
becoming  oblong,   its  chaff  bristly,   subtending  the  central  flowers;  achenes  10- 
ribbed,  rugose  or  glandular-tuberculate;  pappus  none.     In  fields,  waste  places  and 
along  roadsides,  all  over  N.  Am.,  except  the  extreme  north.     Nat.  from  Europe. 
June-Nov. 

2.  Anthemis  arvensis  L.     CORN  OR  FIELD  CAMOMILE.     (I.   F.  f.  3985.) 
Annual  or  sometimes  biennial,  not  fetid;    stem  finely  pubescent,  usually   much 
branched,  about  3  dm.  high,  the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending.    Leaves  sessile. 
3  -9  cm.  long,  1-2  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  acute  lobes,  less  divided 
than  those  of  the  preceding  species  and  with  broader  segments;  heads  commonly 
numerous,  3-4  cm.  broad;    bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  usually  some- 
what pubescent,  with  broad  scarious  margins;  rays  10-18,  mostly  2-toothed;  chaff 
of  the  obtuse  receptacle  lanceolate;  achenes  oblong,  obtusely  4  angled;  pappus  a 
mere  border.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Va.,  west  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  on 
the  Pacific  coast.     Nat.  from  Europe.     May-Aug. 

3.  Anthemis  nobilis  L.     GARDEN,   SCOTCH,  WHITE  OR  Low  CAMOMILE. 
(I.  F.  f.  3986.)     Perennial,  pubescent,  aromatic,  much  branched,  1.5-4.5  dm.  high, 
the  branches  procumbent.     Leaves  numerous,  3-5  cm.  long,  finely  and  compactly 
dissected  into  nearly  filiform  lobes  and  segments;  heads  about  25  mm.  broad;  bracts 
of  the  involucre   obtuse,  pubescent,   their  scarious  margins  broad;    rays   12-18, 
2-3-toothed;  chaff  of  the  conic  receptacle  broad,  membranous;    achenes  oblong, 
obtusely  3- angled;  pappus  none.     Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens,  R.  L  to  Del. 
and  Mich.     Adventive  from  Europe.     June-Aug. 

4.  Anthemis  tinctoria  L.     YELLOW  OR  OX-EYE  CAMOMILE.     (I.  F.f.  3987.) 
Perennial;  stem  erect,  branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  nearly  erect  branches.    Leaves 
sessile,  3-7  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided,  the  oblong  segments  pinnatifid  into  narrow 
acute  lobes;  heads  few  or  several,  3-4  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
obtuse,  densely  tomentose;    rays  20-30,  pistillate,  usually  2-toothed;  chaff  of  the 
nearly  hemispheric  receptacle  lanceolat  ? acuminate,  rather  rigid;  achenes  4-angled, 
somewhat  compressed ;  pappus  a  crc.-w-i-ake  border.     In  fields  and  waste  places, 
Me.  to  N.  J.,  and  locally  escaped  fro/a  g/irdesis.     Adventive  from  Europe.     June- 
Sept. 

86.  CHRYSANTHEMUM   L. 

Perennial  or  annual,  mostly  erect  and  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  dentate 
incised  or  dissected  leaves,  and  large,  usually  long-peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular 
and  radiate  flowers,  or  rays  rarely  wanting.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  depressed, 


COMPOSITAE.  IOI5 

its  bracts  appre^d,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle 
flat,  convex  or  hemispheric,  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  white, 
yellow  or  rose-colored,  entire  or  toothed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corol- 
las with  terete  or  2-winged  tubes  and  4-5 -cleft  limbs.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire 
at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  truncate,  penicillate.  Achenes 
angled  or  terete,  5-10  ribbed,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  commonly  3-angled.  Pappus 
none  or  a  scaly  cup.  [Greek,  golden-flower.]  About  100  species,  of  wide  distribu- 
tion in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  north- 
western arctic  America.  Our  species  have  white  ray -flowers. 

Heads  large,  few  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or  branches. 

Stem-leaves  linear-spatulate,  pinnately  incised;  weed.  i.  C.  Leucanthemum. 

Stem-leaves  cuneate-spatulate,  toothed  or  lobed  above;  arctic.    2.  C.  arcticum. 
Heads  numerous,  small,  corymbose;  plants  escaped  from  gardens. 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  segments  incised.  3.  C.  Parthenium. 

Leaves  oblong,  serrate.  4.  C.  Balsamita. 

1.  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  L.   WHITE-WEED.    WHITE  OR  OX-EYE 
DAISY.     (I.  F.  f.  3988.)     Perennial;  stem  glabrous,  or  sparingly  puberulent,  sim- 
ple or  little  branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  often  tufted,  the  branches  nearly  erect.    Basal 
leaves   obovate,  oblong,  or  spatulate,  coarsely  dentate  or  incised,  narrowed  into 
long  slender  petioles;  stem-leaves  mostly  sessile  and  partly  clasping,  3—7  cm.  long, 
the  uppermost  very  small  and  nearly  entire;  heads  3-5  cm.  broad,  on  long  naked 
peduncles;  rays  20-30,  white,  spreading,  slightly  2-3-toothed;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly  glabrous,  with  scarious  margins  and  a  brown 
line  within  the  margins;  pappus  none.     In  pastures,  meadows  and  waste  places, 
common  as  a  weed.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Rays  rarely  short  and  tubular.     Disk 
bright  yellow.     May-Nov. 

2.  Chrysanthemum  arcticum  L.     ARCTIC  DAISY.     (I.  F.  f.  3989.)     Similar 
to  the  preceding  species,  but  somewhat  fleshy,  lower,  seldom  over  3  dm.  high. 
Leaves  cuneate-spatulate,  3.5-7.5  cm.  long,  crenate  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
into  a  long  tapering  entire  base,  or  the  lower  into  slender  petioles,  slightly  clasping 
at  the  base,  the  uppermost  few.  small,  linear  and  nearly  entire;  heads  solitary  or 
few,  long-peduncled,  3-4  cm.  broad;  rays  20-30,  white;    bracts  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse,  brown  or  with  broad  brown  scarious  margins,  usually  pubescent; 
pappus  none.     Coast  of  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska.     Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 

3.  Chrysanthemum  Parthenium  (L.)  Pers.    COMMON  FEVERFEW.    FEATH- 
ERFEW.     (I.  F.  f.  3990.)     Perennial;  stem  puberulent  or  glabrate,  much  branched, 
3-7  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  the  lower  often   15  cm.  long,  petioled,  or  the  upper 
sessile,  pinnately  parted  into  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnatifid  or  incised  segments;  heads 
numerous,  corymbose,  slender-peduncled,  12-20  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  depressed 
involucre  lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  keeled,  pubescent,  acute  or  acutish;  rays  10-20, 
white,  oval  or  obovate,  spreading,  mostly  toothed,  long-persistent;  pappus  a  short 
toothed  crown.     In  waste  places,  N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  and  locally  in  the  inte- 
rior, mostly  escaped  from  gardens.     Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Chrysanthemum  BalsamitaL.  COSTMARY.  COST.  ALECOST.  ALECOAST. 
(I.  F.  f.  3991.)     Perennial,  puberulent  or  canescent;  stem  much  branched,  6-12 
dm.  high.     Leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  stem  mostly  sessile,  and  often  with  a 
pair  of  lateral  lobes  at  the  base;  heads  numerous,  corymbose,  slender-peduncled, 
10-15  mm'  broad,  or  when  rayless  only  6  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  nar- 
row,  obtuse,    pubescent;  rays   10-15,    white,    spreading;    pappus  a  short  crown. 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens,  Ohio  to  Ont.  and  N.  S.    Native  of  the  Old  World. 
Summer. 

87.  MATRICARIA  L. 

Mostly  erect  herbs,  similar  to  some  species  of  the  preceding  genus,  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  dissected  into  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  segments  and  lobes,  and  pe- 
duncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  or  rays  wanting  in  some  species. 
Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer 
shorter.  Receptacle  conic,  elongated  or  hemispheric,  naked.  Rays, when  present, 
white,  pistillate  and  fertile.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas 
4-5 -toothed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk- 


FLORA. 

flowers  truncate,  penicillate.  Achenes  3-5 -ribbed.  Pappus  none,  or  a  coroniform 
border.  [Latin,  matrix,  from  its  medicinal  virtues.]  About  20  species,  natives 
of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  South  Africa. 

Rays  present,  white. 

Achenes  obpyramida!,  strongly  3-ribbed. 

Plant  tall,  much  branched;  bracts  of  the  involucre  green,  i.  M.  inodora. 
Plant  low,  nearly  simple,  arctic;  bracts  dark  brown  or  black. 

2.  M.  grandiflora. 

Achenes  nearly  terete,  oblong,  faintly  3~5-ribbed.  3,  M.  Chamomilla, 

Rays  none;  achenes  oblong,  faintly  nerved.  4.  M.  matricarioides. 

1.  Matrioaria  inodora  L.    SCENTLESS  CAMOMILE.    CORN  MAYWEED.   (I.  F.f. 
3992.)     Annual;    stem  glabrous,   or  very   nearly  so  throughout   3-6  dm.   high. 
Leaves  numerous,    sessile,    2-3  pinnately  dissected  into  filiform  lobes,  the  rachis 
somewhat   dilated   at   the   base.     Heads   several   or   numerous,   terminating   the 
branches,  1.5-4  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  green 
with  brown  scarious   margins;  receptacle  hemispheric  or  ovoid;  pappus  a  short 
entire  or  4- toothed  crown.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  and  locally 
in  the  interior.     Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     June-Sept. 

2.  Matricaria  grandiflora  (Hook.)  Britton.     ARCTIC  CAMOMILE.     (I.  F.  f. 
3993.)     Perennial;    stem  usually  simple  and  monocephalous,   glabrous,   1-3  dm. 
high.     Leaves  sessile,  or  the  lowest  short- petioled,  I -2-pinnately  disseeted,  3-7  cm. 
long.     Head  not  very  long-peduncled,  3-5  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate 
or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous,  brown  or  nearly  black,  or  with  broad,  brown, 
scarious  margins;  receptacle  hemispheric  when  mature.     Coast  of  Hudson  Bay  to 
Alaska.     Reported  from  Lake  Huron.     Summer. 

3.  Matricaria  Chamomilla  L.      WILD  OR  GERMAN  CAMOMILE.      (I.  F.  f. 
3994.)    Annual,  glabrous,  much  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.    Leaves  aromatic,  finely 
2— 3-pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  linear  lobes;  heads  numerous,  16-25  mrn- 
broad,   slender- peduncled    at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse,  green,  or  with  brownish  margins;  receptacle  ovoid,  becoming  conic 
and  hollow;  pappus  none.     In  waste  places  and  on  ballast,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Penn.. 
Adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.     Summer. 

4.  Matricaria  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter.     RAYLESS  CAMOMILE.     (I.  F. 
£   3995-)     Annual,   glabrous;  stem  very  leafy,  at   length  much  branched,    15-45 
cm.   high.     Leaves  2-3-pinnately  dissected  into  linear  acute  lobes;  heads  numer- 
ous, 6-8  mm.  broad,  peduncled;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval  or  oblong,  green  with 
broad  white  scarious  margins,  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid  yellow  disk;  receptacle 
conic;  pappus  an  obscure  crown,  sometimes  produced   into  2   coriaceous  oblique 
auricles.     In  waste  places,  in  ballast  and  along  railroads,  Mont,  to  Mo.,  Me.  and 
M.isf      Adventive  from  the  Pacific  coast.     May -Aug.      [M.  discoidea  DC.] 

88.  TANACETUM  L. 

Erect,  strongly  aromatic  herbs,  our  species  perennials,  with  alternate,  1-3 -pin- 
nately dissected  or  divided  leaves,  and  numerous  small  corymbose  heads  of  tubular 
flowers,  or  with  rays  sometimes  present  and  imperfectly  developed.  Involucre 
hemispheric,  depressed,  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in  several 
series.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Marginal  flowers  pistillate,  fertile, 
their  corollas  2~5-toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  produced  into  short  rays.  Disk-flowers 
perfect,  fertile,  the  corollas  5 -toothed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base,  their 
tips  broad.  Style-branches  truncate  and  penicillate  at  the  summit.  Achenes 
5-angled  or  5-ribbed,  truncate  or  obtuse.  Pappus  none,  or  a  short  crown.  [From 
tanasie,  old  French  for  tansy;  Greek,  athanasia,  immortality.]  About  35  species, 
natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  6  others  occur  in  western 
and  northwestern  N.  Am. 

Glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  heads  numerous,  6-10  mm.  broad.  I.   T,  vulgare. 

Villous-pubescent;  heads  few,  12-16  mm,  broad.  2.   T.  Huronense, 

i.  Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  TANSY.  (I.  F.  f.  3996.)  Stem  stout,  usually 
simple  up  to  the  inflorescence,  4-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  linear- 
oblong,  pinnatifid  or  incised  segments,  the  lobes  acute,  usually  serrate;  lower  seg- 
ments of  the  leaves  oftens  mailer  than  the  others;  basal  leaves  often  i  dm.  lon^:  heads 


COM  POSIT  A  £.  IOI7 

rather  short-peduncled ;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its  bracts  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  or  the  outer  acute,  slightly  pubescent  or  ciliate;  receptacle  flat;  flowers 
yellow;  marginal  corollas  with  short  oblique  3-toothed  limbs;  pappus  a  short 
crown.  Along  roadsides,  mostly  escaped  from  gardens,  N.  S.  and  Out.  to  S.  Dak., 
south  to  N.  Car.,  Mo.  and  Kans.  Nat.  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

Tanacetum  vulgire  crispum  DC.  Leaf-segments  more  incised  and  crisped.  Occa- 
sional, in  similar  situations;  in  some  places  more  plentiful  than  the  type. 

2.  Tanacetum  Huronense  Nutt.  LAKE  HURON  TANSY.  (I.  F.  f.  3997.) 
Villous-pubescent  throughout,  at  least  when  young,  less  so  when  mature,  3-6  dm. 
high.  Leaves  2-pinnately  divided,  the  lobes  dentate  or  incised,  acute,  the  lower 
segments  commonly  smaller  than  the  others;  heads  1-8,  on  very  stout  pubescent 
peduncles;  involucre  depressed-hemispheric  ;  marginal  flowers  with  3-5-lobed 
limbs,  often  expanded  into  short  rays;  pappus  a  short  crown.  In  moist  soil,  N.  B. 
10  Hudson  Bay,  Me.,  Lake  Superior,  Alaska  and  Ore.  July-Sept. 

89.    ARTEMISIA   L. 

Odorous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  discoid,  racemose, 
spicate,  glomerate  or  paniculate  heads  of  greenish  or  yellowish  flowers.  Involucre 
ovoid,  oblong,  or  broadly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer 
gradually  shorter.  Receptacle  naked  or  pubescent,  not  chaffy.  Central  flowers 
perfect,  sometimes  sterile,  with  abortive  ovaries  and  undivided  styles,  sometimes 
perfect  and  fertile,  with  truncate  style-branches;  marginal  flowers  usually  pistillate 
and  fertile,  their  corollas  2-3-toothed;  or  flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile  in  some 
species.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base,  often  tipped  with  subulate  appen- 
dages. Achenes  obovoid  or  oblong,  2-ribbed  or  striate,  rounded  at  the  summit, 
usually  bearing  a  large  epigynous  disk.  Pappus  none.  [Named  for  Artemisia, 
wife  of  Mausolus.]  About  200  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and 
southern  S.  Am.  Besides  the  following,  some  30  others  occur  in  western  N.  Am. 

*  Marginal  flowers  pistillate;  central  flowers  perfect,  sterile. 

a.  Biennial  or  perennial  herbs. 
Leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  narrowly  linear  lobes. 

Heads  very  numerous,  2  mm.  broad;  leaves  mostly  glabrous. 

i.  A.  caudafa. 
Heads  4  mm.  broad,  in  narrow  panicles;  leaves  silky-pubescent. 

Heads  few;  involucre  brown,  mostly  pubescent.  2.  A.  borealis. 

Heads   numerous;  involucre  green,  mostly  glabrous.  3.  A.  Canadensis. 

Leaves  linear,  the  lower  sometimes  3-cleft  or  pinnately  divided. 

Leaves  glabrous.  4.  A.  dracunculoide*. 

Leaves  finely  and  densely  pubescent.  5.  A.  glauca. 

b.  Shrubby,  silvery-canescent ;  heads  small  and  numerous. 

6.  A.filifolia. 

*  *  Marginal  flowers  pistillate;  central  flowers  perfect,  fertile.  . 

a.  Receptacle  villous-pubescent. 

Leaf-segments  linear-filiform,  short.  7.  A.frigida. 

Leaf-segments  oblong,  or  linear-oblong;  introduced.  8.  A.  Absinthium. 

b.  Receptacle  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent. 
Leaves  dissected,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  green,  not  tomentose. 

Heads  about  4  mm.  broad,  numerous  in  panicled  racemes ;  perennial. 

9.  A.  Abrotanum. 
Heads  about  2  mm.  broad,  paniculate  or  spicate;  annuals. 

Leaves  finely  2-3-pinnately  divided;  heads  paniculate.       10.  A.  annua. 
Leaves  pinnately  divided;  segments  pinnatifid;  heads  in  leafy  spikes. 

11.  A.  biennis. 
Leaves  densely  white-canescent  or  tomentose,  at  least  beneath. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  dissected. 

Heads  6-8  mm.  broad;  racemose-glomerate;  sea-beach  plant. 

12.  A.  Stcllcriana. 
Heads  2-4  mm.  broad,  spicate-paniculate  or  racemose. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  segments  mostly  incised. 

13.  A.  vulgaris* 

Leaves  finely  dissected  into  short  linear  lobes.  14.  A.  Pontica. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  5-7  narrow  entire  segments. 

15.  A,  Kansant* 


I0l8 

Leaves  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  linear,  serrate,  somewhat  lobed,  or  entire,  not 
piniiatifid. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  above.  16.  A.  serrata. 

Leaves  linear,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  lobed. 

Leaves  elongated,  at  length  glabrous  above.  17.  A.  longifolia. 

Leaves  shorter,  oblanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  tomentose  both  sides. 
Heads  4  mm.  high,  2.5-3  mm.  broad;  leaves  entire  or  some  of  the  lower 

toothed,  white-tomemose  on  both  sides.  18.  A.  gnaphalodes. 

Heads  3  mm.  high,  2-2.5  mm.  broad;  leaves,  except  the  upper  ones, 

deeply  3-7  lobed,  greener  above.  19.  A.  Ludoviciana. 

Leaves  cuneate,  i  cm.  long,  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  20.  A.  Bigclovii* 

*  *  *  Flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile;  far  western  species. 

Leaves  cuneate,  3-toothed  or  3-lobed.  ax.  A.  tridentata. 

Leaves  linear,  entire.  22.  A.  cana. 

1.  Artemisia  caudata  Michx.    TALL  OR  WILD  WORMWOOD.    (I.  F.  f.  3998.) 
Root  biennial  (sometimes  perennial?);  stems  slender,  glabrous,  tufted,  strict,  very 
leafy,  0.6-2  m.  high,  at  length  paniculately  branched;  branches  glabrous,  or  rarely 
slightly  pubescent,  nearly  erect.    Lower  and  basal  leaves  and  those  of  sterile  shoots 
slender-petioled,    sometimes   a   little   pubescent,    7-15    cm.    long,    2-3-pinnatelj 
divided  into  lobes  about  I  mm.  wide;  the  uppermost  entire  and  short;  heads  short 
peduncled,  mostly  nodding;  bracts  of  the  ovoid-campanulate  involucre  ovate,   or 
the  inner  elliptic,  glabrous;  receptacle  hemispheric,  naked;  central  flowers  sterile. 
In  dry  sandy  soil,  abundant  on  sea-beaches,  Quebec  to  Fla.7  Manitoba,  Neb.  and 
Tex.    July-Sept. 

2.  Artemisia  borealis  Pall.     NORTHERN  WORMWOOD.     (I.   F    f.  3999.) 
Perennial,  12-35  cm.  high,  densely  silky-pubescent  all  over.     Leaves  less  divided, 
the  basal  and  lower  ones  petioled,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile,  linear  and  entire 
or  3-parted;  heads  about 4  mm.  wide  in  a  dense,  terminal,  rarely  branched  thyrsus; 
involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  brown  or  brownish,  pilose-pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous;  receptacle  convex,  naked;  disk-flowers  sterile.     Me.  (according 
to  Fernald);  Quebec  to  Greenland,  west  through  arctic  Am.  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Colo.     Also  in  northern  Asia.     July-Aug. 

3.  Artemisia  Canadensis  Michx.    CANADA  WORMWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  4000.) 
Root  perennial  (or  sometimes  biennial);  stem  pubescent  or  glabrous,  strict,  3-6 
dm.  high,  the  branches  appressed  and  erect.    Leaves  usually  pubescent,  but  some- 
times sparingly  so,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long,  2-pinnately 
divided  into  lobes  which  are  shorter  and  broader  than  those  of  Artemisia  caudata; 
upper   leaves  sessile,    less   divided;  heads  short-peduncled,  mostly  spreading  or 
erect,  in  small  forms  the  panicle  reduced  to  a  nearly  or  quite  simple  terminal 
raceme;  involucre  ovoid,  its  bracts  ovate  or  oval;  receptacle  hemispheric;  central 
flowers  sterile.     In  rocky  soil,  Hudson  Bay  to  northern  Me.  and  Vt.,  west  to  Minn., 
Manitoba,  the  Canadian  Pacific  Coast,  south  to  Ariz,  and  Neb.     July-Aug. 

4.  Artemisia  dracunculoides  Pursh.     LINEAR-LEAVED  WORMWOOD.     (I.  F. 
f.  4001.)  Perennial,  glabrous;  stem  somewhat  woody,  usually  much  branched,  6-12 
dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly  erect.     Leaves  3-9  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  acute, 
entire,  or  the  lower  and  basal  ones  sometimes  3-cleft  or  even  more  divided;  heads 
very  numerous,  2-3  mm.  broad,  nodding,  very  short-peduncled,  racemose-panicu- 
late; involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its   bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  green,  scarious- 
margined;  receptacle  hemispheric,  naked.     Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Manitoba  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Br.  Col.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  Cal.     July-Nov/ 

5.  Artemisia  glauca  Pall.     SILKY  WORMWOOD.    (I.  F.  f.  4002.)    Perennial, 
similar   to   the   preceding   species;    stems  strict,    leafy,   usually   simple  or   little 
branched,  3-6  dm.  high,   pubescent,   tomentose  or  canescent,  or  glabrous  below. 
Leaves  linear,  1-6  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  entire,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  or  thfl 
lower  or  sometimes  nearly  all  of  them  3-cleft  into  linear  lobes  2-4  cm.  long;  pan- 
icle  narrow,   branched,   its  branches  nearly  erect;  heads  drooping,   sessile,  very 
numerous,  scarcely  more  than  3  mm.  long;  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  scari- 
ous-margined,  obtuse;  receptacle  naked.     Minn,  and  Manitoba  to  the  N.  W.  Terr. 

6.  Artemisia  filifolia  Torn     SILVERY  WORMWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  4003.)     Stem 
branched.  3-6  dm.  high,  the  rigid  branches  nearly  erect.     Leaves  2-5  cm.  long, 
nearly  all  3-parted  into  filiform  entire  segments  less  than  I  mm.  wide,  or  the  upper- 
most undivided;   heads  exceedingly  numerous,    about   I   mm.  broad,    racemose, 


COMPOSiTAE.  1019 

paniculate,  very  short-peduncled,  3-5-flowered;  involucre  oblong,  its  bracts  densely 
canescent;  receptacle  small,  naked  or  slightly  fimbrillate;  central  1-3  flowers 
sterile.  On  dry  plains,  S.  Dak.  to  Utah,  south  to  Tex.,  Mex.  and  N.  Mex.  July- 
Get. 

7.  Artemisia  frigida  Willd.     PASTURE  SAGE-PRUSH.     WORMWOOD    SAGE. 
(I.  F.  f.  4004.)   Perennial,  woody  at  the  base,  densely  silky-canescent  all  over;  stem 
2.5-5  dm.  high.    Leaves  1-4  cm.  long,  ternately  or  5-nately  divided  into  numerous 
short,  acutish,  mostly  entire  lobes  less  than  I  mm.  wide,  the  lower  and  basal  ones 
petioled,  and  often  with  a  pair  of  entire  or  3-cleft  divisions  near  the  base  of  the 
petiole,  the  upper  sessile   and  less  divided;    heads  rather  numerous,  racemose  or 
racemose-paniculate,  short-peduncled,  nodding,  about  4  mm.  broad;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  oblong,  canescent  or  tomentose.    On  dry  plains  and  in  rocky  soil, 
Minn,  to  the  Yukon,  Idaho,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.     July-Oct. 

8.  Artemisia  Absinthium  L.     COMMON  WORMWOOD.    ABSINTH.    (I.  F.  f. 
4005.)     Shrubby,  finely  canescent;  stem  much  branched,  6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves 
5-12  cm.  long,   l-3-pinna».ely  divided,  the  lower  long-petioled,  the  upper  short- 
petioled  or  sessile,  tlis  uppermost  commonly  linear  and  entire;  heads  numerous, 
yellow,  racemose-paniculate,  drooping,  short-peduncled,  4-5  mm.  broad;  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  outer  bracts  linear,  the  inner  much  broader,  scarious-margined; 
receptacle  pilose-pubescent;    central   flowers  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  fertile  or 
sterile.     In  waste  places,  Newf.  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Mass.,  western  Ont.,  Mont, 
and  N.  C.     Nat.  or  adventive  from  Europe.     July-Oct. 

9.  Artemisia  Abrotanum  L.    SOUTHERNWOOD.    (I.  F.  f.  4006.)    Perennial, 
somewhat  shrubby;  stem  puberulent  or  glabrous,  much  branched,  6-12  dm.  high, 
the  branches  short,  erect  or  ascending.     Leaves  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent, 
1-7  cm.  long,  i-3-pinnately  parted   into  linear,  obtuse,  entire  lobes  about  I  mm. 
wide,  or  the   uppermost   linear  and  entire,  the  lowest   petioled;    heads  several- 
flowered,  yellow,  very  numerous,  nodding,  4-5  mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  hemis- 
pheric, pubescent,  its  outer  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  ones  obovate.    In  waste 
places,  Mass,  to  N.  C.,  Ont.,  and  Neb.     Adventive  from  Europe. 

Artemisia  procera  Willd.,  a  similar  species,  but  with  glabrous  involucre,  is  stated  by 
Dr.  Gray  to  have  escaped  from  gardens  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

10.  Artemisia  annua  L.     ANNUAL  WORMWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  4007.)    Annual, 
glabrous  throughout,  much  branched,  6-15  dm.  high.    Leaves  5-15  cm.  long;  lobes 
very  narrow,   short,   obtuse;  lower  and  basal  leaves  slender -petioled,  the  upper 
sessile  and  less  divided,  but  none  of  them  entire;  heads  very  numerous,  drooping, 
borne  on  very  slender  peduncles  of  about  their  own  length  or  less;  involucre  hemis- 
pheric, glabrous,  its  bracts  few,  ovate  to  oblong.     In  waste  places  Ont.  to  D.  C., 
Tenn.,  Ark.  and  Kans.;  a  bad  weed  in  some  places.     Adventive  or  nat.  from  Asia. 
Summer. 

11.  Artemisia  biennis  Willd.     BIENNIAL   WORMWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.   4008.) 
Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  throughout;  stem  very  leafy,  usually  branched,  3-12 
dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly  erect.     Leaves  2-8  cm.  long;  lobes  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  acutish,  serrate  or  incised;  lowest  leaves  petioled,  the  uppermost  less  divided 
or  rarely  quite  entire;  heads  not  drooping,  sessile  and  exceedingly  numerous  ii   axil- 
lary crowded  glomerules;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  green,  scarious- 
margined.     Native  in  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  the  northwestern  U.  S.,  now  widely 
distributed  as  a  weed  from  Manitoba  to  N.  S.,  south  to  Kans.,  Ky.  and  Penn. 
Aug.-Oct 

12.  Artemisia  Stelleriana  Bess.     BEACH    WORMWOOD.     (I.  F.  f.  4009.) 
Perennial,   densely  white-tomentose;    stem  branched,  3-5  dm.  high,   bushy,   the 
branches  ascending.     Leaves  obovate  to  spatulate,  3-10  cm.  long,  pinnatifid  into 
oblong  obtuse  entire  or  few-toothed  lobes,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  all 
densely   tomentose  beneath,  but  becoming  green  and  glabrous  above  when  old; 
heads  not  drooping;  involucre  oblong-campanulate,  its  bracts  tomentose,  Janceolate 
or  oblong -lanceolate.     Sandy  sea-beaches,  Me.  and  Mass,  to  N.  J.     Cultivated  in 
gardens  along  the  coast.     Native  of  northeastern  Asia.     Occurs  also  on  the  coast 
of  Sweden.     July-Aug. 

13.  Artemisia  vulgaris  L.    COMMON  MUGWORT.    (L  F.  f.  4010.)    Perennial; 
stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  much  branched,  3-10  dm.  high.     Leaves  3-12  cm. 


I02O  FLORA. 

long,  deeply  pinnatifid,  into  linear,  oblong  or  somewhat  spatulate,  pinnatifid, 
toothed  or  entire  lobes,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  the  uppermost  sometimes  linear  and 
entire;  heads  numerous,  erect,  about  4  mm.  broad,  in  panicled  simple  or  compound 
spikes;  involucre  oblong  campanulate,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtusish,  scarious-margined; 
tomentose  or  g'abrous.  In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  N.  C.  and  Penn. 
Nat.  from  Eur  /pe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  July-Oct. 

14.  Arte  nisia  Pontica  L.     ROMAN  OR  HUNGARIAN  WORMWOOD.     (I.  F.  f. 
4011.)     Per  nnial;  stem  branched,  glabrous  or  canescent,  3-10  dm.  high.     Leaves 
3-6  cm.  lo;  g,  2-3  pinnately  dissected  into  short  narrow  lobes  less  than  2  mm.  wide, 
canescent  on  both  sides,  or  tomentose  beneath,  the  lower  petioled  and  the  petioles 
somewhat  clasping  or  auricled  at  the  base,  the  upper  mostly  linear  and  entire; 
heads  numerous,  2-4  mm.  broad,  drooping,  slender-peduncled;    involucre  hemi- 
spheric, canescent,  its  bracts  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  the  outer  short,  lanceolate. 
Railway  embankment  near  Tumble  Station,  Hunterdon  Co.,  N.  J, ;  mountain-side 
near  Lily  Lake,  Luzerne  Co.,  Pa.     Fugitive  or  adventive  from  central  Europe. 
July-Aug. 

15.  Artemisia   Kans£na   Britton.      KANSAS  MUGWORT.     (I.  F.  f.   4012.) 
Densely  white-woolly  all  over;  stem  erect,  much  branched,  the  branches  strict, 
bearing  very  numerous  small  heads  forming  a  narrow  dense  panicle.     Leaves  nu- 
merous, crowded,  the  lower  pinnately  divided  into  3-7  narrowly  linear  revolute- 
margined  segments    I    mm.   wide  or  less,   greenish  above;    upper  leaves  mostly 
narrowly  linear  and  entire;  heads  oblong-oval,  sessile,  or  very  short-peduncled, 
erect,  or  somewhat  spreading,  3  mm.  long;  involucre  very  woolly,  its  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.     Plains,  western  Kans. 

16.  Artemisia    serrata    Nutt.      SAW-LEAF    MUGWORT.      (I.    F.   f.   4013.) 
Perennial;  stem  stout,  tomentose  or  becoming  glabrous,  much  branched,  1.5-3  m- 
high.     Leaves  lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long.  6-25  mm.  wide,  densely  white-tomentose 
beneath,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  or  the  lowest  petioled; 
heads  very  numerous,  greenish,  erect,  about  3  mm.  broad,  sessile  or  short-peduncled 
in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes;  involucre  canescent,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  or 
the  outer  ones  lanceolate.     Prairies,  111.  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.     Introduced  on  the 
Mohawk  River,  near  Schenectady,  N.  Y.     Aug.-Oct. 

17.  Artemisia  longifolia  Nutt.     LONG-LEAVED  MUGWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  4014.) 
Perennial;  stem  densely  white-tomentose,  branched,  6-15  dm.  high.    Leaves  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,   5-12  cm.  long,   2-10  mm.  wide,   acuminate,  tapering  to  a 
sessile   base,   or  the  lower   petioled,   densely  white-tomentose  on    both    sides,   or 
becoming  green  and  glabrate   above;  heads  numerous,  erect,   spicate-paniculate. 
about  4  mm.  broad;  involucre  tomentose,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse.     In  dry  rockj 
soil,  western  Neb.  to  Minn.,  Mont,  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.     Aug.-Sept. 

18.  Artemisia    gnaphalodes    Nutt.      PRAIRIE,   WESTERN    OR    CUD-WEED 
MUGWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  4015.)     Perennial,    similar  to  the  preceding  species;   stem 
white-tomentose,  usually  much  branched,  3-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong,   3-7  cm.  long,   4-12  mm.  wide,  entire,  or  the  lower  somewhat  toothed, 
white-tomentose  on  both  sides,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  or  the  lower  narrowed 
into  short  petioles;  heads  numerous,  erect,  spicate-paniculate,  above  3  mm.  bread, 
involucre  oblong,  tomentose.     On  prairies  and  dry  banks,  western  Ont.  and  111.  to 
Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  Mex.  and  Cal.     Aug.-Oct. 

19.  Artemisia  Ludoviciana  Nutt.    LOBED  CUD-WEED.    Perennial,  ascending 
or  erect,  lower  than   the   preceding,   3-5    dm.   high,   branched;  stem   somewhat 
tomentose.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  somewhat  cuneate  in  outline,  2-5  cm.  long, 
densely  white-tomentose   beneath,   floccose  but  greener  above,   deeply  3-7-lobed 
with  lanceolate  lobes,  or  the  upper  entire;  heads  very  small  and  numerous,  somewhat 
nodding;  involucre  oblong-campanulate,  tomentose,  but  less  so  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding.    Prairies  and  mountain-sides,  Mo.  to  Col.     Aug.-Oct. 

20.  Artemisia  Bigelovii  A.  Gray.    BIGELOW'S  SAGE-BUSH.    (I.  F.  f.  4016.) 
Perennial,  shrubby,  silvery-canescent  throughout,  2-4  dm.  high,  much  branched, 
the  branches  erect.     Leaves  narrowly  cuneate.  or  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate,  or  3-5- 
io  >thed  at  the  apex,  10-18  mm.   long,    about  2  mm.  wide;  heads  very  numerous, 
about  2  mm.  broad,  densely  glomerate-spicate  in  a  narrow  virgate  panicle,  2-5- 
flowered,  I  or  2  of  the  marginal  ones  pistillate,  the  others  perfect  and  fertile;  invo- 


COMPOSITAE.  I O2 1 


lucre  short-oblong,  canescent  or  tomentose,  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse.     Kans.  (ac« 
cording  to  Smyth),  and  Colo,  to  Ariz.     Aug.-Oct. 

21.  Artemisia    tridentata    Nutt.      COMMON   SAGE-BUSH.       SAGE-BRUSH. 
SAGE-WOOD.     MOUNTAIN   SAGE.     (I.   F.  f.  4017.)     Shrubby,    silvery-canescent; 
stem  much  branched,  3-35  dm.    high.     Leaves  narrowly  cuneate,  1-4  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  sessile,  3-7-toothed  at  the   truncate  apex;  heads  very  numerous, 
5-8-flowered,  about  3  mm.  broad,  sessile,  or  very  nearly  so,  in  large  dense  panicles; 
involucre  oblong,  tomentose,  its  inner  bracts  oblong,  the  outer  short,  ovate,  all  ob- 
tuse or  obtusish.     On  dry  plains  and  in  rocky  soil,  western  Neb.  to  Colo.,  Utah  and 
Cal.,  north  to  Mont,  and  Br.  Col.     July-Sept. 

22.  Artemisia  cana  Pursh.     HOARY  SAGE-BUSH.     (I.  F.  f.  4018.)     Shrubby, 
densely    white-canescent;  stem  much   branched,  3-7  dm.   high.     Leaves  linear, 
linear-oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,   sessile,  acute  at  both  ends,  3-5  cm.  long, 
3-6  mm.  wide,  usually  quite  entire,  rarely  with  2  or  3  acute  teeth  or  lobes;  heads 
numerous,  about  3  mm.  broad,  glomerate  or  sometimes  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  or  crowded  into  a  naked  thyrsus  at  the  summit,  5-9  flowered;  involucre 
oblong,  canescent,  its  inner  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  usually  with  1-3 
shorter  outer  ones.    Plains,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  N.  Dak.  and  the  N.  W.  Terr.  July- 
Sept. 

89.   TUSSILAGO  L. 

An  acaulescent  herb,  more  or  less  white-tomentose,  with  slender  perennial  root- 
stocks,  broad  basal  cordate,  dentate  or  lobed,  long-petioled  leaves,  and  large  soli- 
tary,  monoecious  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  flowers  at  the  summit 
of  a  scaly  scape,  appearing  before  the  leaves  of  the  season.  Involucre  campanu- 
late  to  cylindric,  its  principal  bracts  in  a  single  series,  equal,  with  or  without  a 
few  shorter  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Ray-flowers  in  several  series, 
pistillate,  fertile.  Disk- flowers  perfect,  sterile,  the  corolla  5 -cleft,  the  style  undi. 
vided  and  obtuse.  Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  linear,  5-iO-ribbed.  Pappus 
copious,  of  numerous  slender  roughish  bristles,  that  of  the  sterile  flowers  shorter 
than  that  of  the  fertile.  [Latin,  tussis,  cough,  for  which  the  plant  was  a  reputed 
remedy.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Tussilago  FarfaraL.  COLTSFOOT.  COUGHWORT.  (I.  F.  f.  4019.)  Scape 
slender,  7-45  cm.  high,  bearing  a  solitary  large  head  at  the  summit.  Leaves 
nearly  orbicular,  or  broadly  ovate-reniform,  angulately  lobed  and  dentate,  7—16 
cm.  broad,  green  and  glabrous  above,  persistently  white-tomentose  beneath;  head 
about  25  mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate;  rays  bright  yellow,  numerous,  linear, 
pistillate,  fertile.  In  moist  soil,  along  roadsides,  etc.,  N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to  Mass., 
N.  Y.  and  Minn.  Nat.  from  Europe.  April-June. 

90.   PETASITES  Gaertn. 

Herbs  with  perennial  thick  horizontal  rootstocks,  broad  basal  petioled  leaves, 
and  scaly  scapes  bearing  racemose  or  corymbose  heads  of  tubular  or  both  tubular 
and  radiate,  white  or  purplish,  often  dioecious  or  subdioecious  flowers.  Involucre 
campanulate  to  cylindric,  its  bracts  in  I  series,  equal.  Receptacle  flat,  or  nearly 
so,  not  chaffy.  Corolla  of  pistillate  flowers  very  slender,  2-5-toothed,  truncate  or 
sometimes  with  a  ray,  marginal,  or  composing  most  of  the  head;  perfect  but  sterile 
flowers  with  a  tubular  5-cleft  corolla,  the  style  undivided.  Anthers  entire  or 
minutely  sagittate  at  the  base.  Fertile  achenes  linear,  the  pappus  of  numerous 
capillary  rough  or  barbellate  bristles.  [Greek,  a  broad-rimmed  hat,  referring  to 
the  broad  leaves  of  these  plants.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate 
and  subarctic  zones. 

Flowers  whitish,  the  pistillate  radiate  ;  natives  ;  northern. 

Leaves  orbicular,  y-n-cleft  nearly  to  the  base.  I.  P.  palmata. 

Leaves  hastate- reniform,  sinuate-lobed  or  toothed.  2.  P.frigida. 

Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  repand-denticulate.  3.  P.  sagittata. 

Flowers  all  rayless,  purple ;  introduced.  4.  P.  Petasites. 

i.  Petasites  palmata  (Ait.)  A.  Gray.  PALMATE-LEAF  SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  4020.)  Scape  very  scaly,  stout,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  7-30  cm.  broad, 
green  and  glabrous  above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  at  least  when  young, 


1022  FLORA.\ 

sometimes  becoming  glabrate,  the  lobes  oblong  or  obovate,  acute,  often  somewhat 
cuneate,  sharply  dentate  or  incised;  heads  mostly  dioecious,  corymbose  or  racemose- 
corymbose,  numerous,  7-12  mm.  broad;  flowers  nearly  white,  fragrant.  In 
swamps  and  along  streams,  Newf.  to  Alaska  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Mass.,  N.  Y., 
Wis.  and  Cal.  April-June. 

2.  Petasites  frigida  (L.)  Fries.   ARCTIC  SWEET  COLTSFOOT.    (I.  F.  f.  4021.) 
Scape  very  scaly,  7-30  cm.  high.    Leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  irregularly  and  angulately 
lobed   and  incised,  green  and  glabrous  above,   persistently  white-tomentose  be- 
neath, the  lobes  entire  or  few-toothed  ;    heads  usually  fewer  and  larger  than  those 
of  the  preceding  species ;    involucre  short-campanulate;  flowers  nearly  white,  fra- 
grant.    Lake  Winnipeg  to  the  Arctic  Sea,  west  to  Alaska  and  the  mountains  of  Br. 
Col.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     June— Aug. 

3.  Petasites  sagittata  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.     ARROW-LEAF  SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 
(I.  F.  f.  4022.)     Scape  and  racemose-corymbose  inflorescence  similar  to  those  of  the 
two  preceding  species.     Leaves  deltoid-ovate  or  reniform-ovate,  persistently  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  1-3  dm.  long,  their  margins  sinuate- 
denticulate,  neither  cleft  nor  lobed;  involucre  campanulate;  flowers  nearly  white. 
In  wet  ground,  Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba  and  Minn.,  Br.  Col.,  S.  Dak.  and  Colo. 
May-June. 

4.  Petasites  Petasites  (L.)  Karst.     BUTTER-BUR.     BUTTERFLY-DOCK.     (I. 
F.  f.  4023.).    Scape  very  scaly,  15-45  cm.  high.     Leaves  orbicular  or  hastate-reni- 
form,  often  3  dm.  broad  when  mature,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  repand- 
denticulate   all  around,   persistently  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  mostly 
glabrous  above;    heads  8-12  mm.  broad,  mostly  dioecious,  in  a  dense  raceme,  the 
staminate  ones  smaller  than  the  pistillate.      In  cultivated  and  waste  ground,  Pa. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     Native  a(sc  o.  northern  Asia.     April. 

93.  ARNICA  L. 

Erect,  simple  or  little  branched  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  upper  rarely 
alternate,  and  large,  long-peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow 
flowers,  or  rays  wanting  in  some  species.  Involucre  turbinate  or  campanulate,  its 
bracts  in  I  or  2  series,  narrow,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  fimbrillate 
or  villous.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  spreading,  entire,  or  2-3. 
toothed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  the  corolla  5 -lobed,  the  style  with  slender 
branches.  Anthers  entire  or  minutely  2-auriculate  at  the  base.  Achenes  linear, 
5-  lo-ribbed,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rough  or  barbellate 
rigid  slender  bristles.  [Derivation  uncertain,  perhaps  from  Ptarmica.]  About  30 
species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Basal  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sessile;  southern.  I.  A.  acaulis. 
Basal  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  cordate-ovate,  pe.tioled. 

Basal  leaves  cordate-ovate.  2.  A.  cordifolia. 
Basal  leaves  not  cordate,  tapering  to  the  petiole* 

Stem-leaves  3-5  pairs,  the  upper  somewhat  smaller.  3.  A.  lanceolata. 

Stem-leaves  1-3  pairs,  the  upper  much  smaller.  4.  A.  alpina. 

1.  Arnica  acaulis  (Walt.)  B.S. P.    LEOPARD'S  BANK.    (I.  F.  f.  4024.)   Gland- 
ular-hirsute; stem  3-9  dm.  high,  bearing  several  slender- peduncled  heads  at  the 
summit.     Basal  leaves  tufted,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base, 
denticulate  or  entire,    5-12  cm.   long,  4-7  cm.  wide;  stem-leaves  1-3  pairs,  and 
some  alternate,  very  small  ones  above;  heads  25-35  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish;  rays  12-15,  commonlv  3  toothed  at  the 
truncate  apex;  achenes  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature. 
In  low  woods,  Del.  and  southern  Pen.i.  to  Fla.     April-May. 

2.  Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.    HEART- LEAF  ARNICA.    (I.  F.  f  4025.)    Hirsute, 
or  pubescent;  stem  simple,  or  sparingly   branched,  3-9  dm.    high.     Basal  and 
lower  leaves  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base, 
dentate,  3-7  cm.  long,  with  slender  sometimes  margined  petioles;  stem- leaves  1-3 
pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  much  smaller;  heads  1-8,  5-7  cm. 
broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acuminate,  12-20  mm.  long;  rays  12- 16, 


COMPOSITAE.  1023 

toothed  at  the  apex;  achenes  hirsute-pubescent,  or  glabrous  at  the  base.     Western 
Neb.  to  S.  Dak.,  the  N,  W.  Terr.,  Nev.  and  Br.  Col.     May-July. 

;•:  Arnica  lance ol£ta  Nutt.  NORTHERN  ARNICA.  (I.  F.  f.  4026.)  Sparingly 
villous-pubescent;  stem  simple,  or  little  branched,  3-7  dm.  high,  bearing  1-6 
heads  at  the  summit.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  dentate  or  entire,  acute 
or  obtuse,  5-12  cm.  long,  6-18  mm.  wide,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  narrowed  into 
petioles,  the  upper  sessile,  and  usually  somewhat  connate  by  a  broad  or  narrowed 
base,  those  of  the  stem  3-5  pairs,  usually  with  some  alternate  small  ones  on  the 
branches;  heads  2-5  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute;  rays  10-15,  3-toothed: 
achenes  hirsute-pubescent.  Mountains  of  northern  N.  Y.,  N.  H.  and  Me.  to  N.  B., 
west  to  Lake  Superior.  June-Aug.  It  has  been  confused  with  the  grayish 
pubescent  A.  Chamissonis  of  the  west. 

4.  Arnica  alpina  (L.)  Olin.  MOUNTAIN  TOBACCO.  ARCTIC  ARNICA.  (I.  F. 
f.  4027.)  Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  smaller  and  more  slender,  15-35 
cm.  high,  villous  or  pubescent.  Stem  simple,  usually  bearing  but  a  single  head; 
leaves  lanceolate,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  thickish,  entire  or  dentic 
ulate,  3-nerved,  the  basal  ones  petioled,  those  of  the  stem  1-3  pairs,  sessile  or 
short-petioled,  scarcely  connate,  the  upper  pair  usually  much  smaller  than  the 
lower  ones;  heads  about  5  cm.  broad;  rays  10-15,  toothed;  achenes  hirsute  or 
glabrate.  Labrador  to  Greenland  and  the  Arctic  Sea.  Also  in  northern  Europe. 
May-Sept 

93-  ERECHTITES  Raf. 

Erect,  usually  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  (in  our  species) 
rather  large  discoid  many-flowered  heads  of  whitish  flowers,  corymbose-paniculate 
at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Involucre  cylindric,  swollen  at  the  base,  its 
principal  bracts  in  I  series,  linear,  with  or  without  some  much  smaller  outer  ones. 
Receptacle  concave,  naked.  Marginal  flowers  in  2-several  series,  pistillate,  fertile, 
their  corollas  filiform,  the  limb  2-4- toothed.  Central  flowers  perfect,  fertile;  corolla 
narrowly  tubular,  the  limb  4-5 -toothed,  the  style-branches  elongated,  truncate  or 
obtuse  at  the  summit.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  linear- 
oblong,  angled  or  striate.  Pappus  of  copious  caspillary  soft  smooth  white  bristles. 
[Ancient  name  of  some  groundsel.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  America  and 
Australasia.  The  following  is  the  only  one  known  to  occur  in  North  America. 

i.  Ercchtites  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  FIRE-WEED.  PILEWORT.  (I.  F.  f. 
4028.)  Annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  hirsute;  stem  striate,  succulent,  usually 
branched,  3-25  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dentate 
and  often  deeply  incised,  5-20  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping, 
mostly  acuminate,  the  lower  usually  narrowed  into  petioles ;  heads  12-20  mm.  long, 
alxmt  6  mm.  in  diameter,  the  involucre  conspicuously  swollen  at  the  base  before 
flowering,  its  bracts  numerous,  striate,  green,  with  narrow  scarious  margins;  pap- 
pus bright  white.  In  woodlands,  thickets  and  waste  places,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
the  N.  W.  Terr.,  Neb.,  Kans.  and  La.  Also  in  Mex.  and  S.  Am.  July-Sept 

94.  MESADENIA  Raf. 

Tall  perennial  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves  and  nu- 
merous, rather  small,  corymbose,  discoid  heads  of  white,  yellowish  or  pinkish 
flowers,  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Sap  milky  (at  least  in  some  species).  Involucre 
cylindric  or  nearly  so,  its  principal  bracts  5,  in  I  series,  equal,  usually  with  a  few 
short  outer  ones.  Receptacle  fl.it,  not  chaffy,  with  a  fleshy  projection  in  the  center. 
Corollas  with  somewhat  spreading  5-cleft  limbs,  the  lobes  usually  with  a  mid-nerve. 
Style-branches  conic  or  obtuse  at  the  apex.  Achenes  oblong,  glabrous.  Pappus  of 
copious  white  scabrous  bristles.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  central  projection  of  the 
receptacle.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  North  and  Central  America.  Besides 
the  following,  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  U.  S. 

Leaves  thin,  reniform  or  fan-shaped,  lobed,  or  angulate-dentate. 

Leaves  green  both  sides,  annulate-dentate.  I.  M.  reniformis. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  green  above,  angulate-lobed.  2.  M.  atriplicifolia, 

Leaves  thick,  green  both  sides,  ovate  or  oval,  entire,  or  repand.  3.  M.  tuberosa. 


1024  FLORA. 

1.  Mesadenia  reniformis  (Muhl.)  Raf.     GREAT  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.    WILD 
COLLARD.     (I.  F.  f.  4029.)     Glabrous  ;    stem  angled  and  grooved,   1-3  m.  high. 
Leaves  green  both  sides,  the  basal  and  lower  reniform,  long-petioled,  sometimes 
6  dm.  wide,  the  upper  ovate  or  fan-shaped,  mostly  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  upper- 
most small  and  oblong;  heads  numerous,  mostly  5-flowered,  about  5  mm.  broad,  in 
large  compound  corymbs;  involucre  6-8  mm.  high.     In  woods,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.     July-Sept.     \_Cacalia  reniformis  Muhl.  | 

2.  Mesadenia  atriplicifolia  (L.)  Raf.     PALE  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.     (I.  F.  f. 
4030.)    Stem  terete,  glabrous,  glaucous,  9-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  thin,  the  lower  and 
basal  ones  slender- petioled,  sometimes  15  cm.  wide,  the  upper  reniform,  fan-shaped, 
or  triangular  with  a  nearly  truncate  base,  the  uppermost  commonly  small,  lanceo- 
late or  oblong  and  entire;  heads  very  numerous,  about  3  mm.  broad,  in  large  loose 
compound  corymbs,  involucre  6-8  mm.  high.     In  woods,  W.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Kans.     July-Sept.     [Cacalia  atriplicifolia  L.] 

3.  Mesadenia  tuberosa   (Nutt.)     Britton.     TUBEROUS   INDIAN   PLANTAIN. 
(L  F.  f.  4031.)     Glabrous  and   green  throughout;  stem  angled,  stout,  6-18  dm. 
high.     Leaves  strongly  5 -9- nerved,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  oval,  ovate,  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  usually  quite  entire,  but  sometimes  rapand,  long  peti- 
oled, narrowed  at  the  base,  or  rarely  subcordate,  1-2  dm.  long.  2-7  cm.  wide;  up- 
per leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  cuneate. obovate,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  much  smaller; 
heads  very  numerous  in  a  compound  corymb,  mostly  5-flowered,  about  4  mm.  broad; 
involucre  6-8  mm.  high.     On  wet  prairies  and  in  marshes,  Ohio  and  W.  Ont.  to 
Minn.,  Ala.,  La.,  Ark.  and  Kans.     June-Aug.     [Cacalia  tuberosa  Nutt.] 

95.  SYNOSMA  Raf. 

A  perennial  leafy  herb,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so.  with  triangular  or  hastate, 
alternate  leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  and  several  or  numerous, 
corymbose  or  corymbose-paniculate,  discoid  heads  of  white  or  pinkish  flowers. 
Involucre  nearly  cylindric,  its  principal  bracts  12-15,  linear,  acute,  usually  with 
some  subulate  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Flowers  perfect;  corolla  5- 
lobed.  Style-branches  not  appendaged.  Pappus  of  very  numerous  white  soft 
capillary  bristles.  [Greek,  perhaps  signifying  a  fragrant  composite.]  A  mono- 
typic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 

i.  Synosma  suaveolens  (L.)  Raf.  SWEET-SCENTED  INDIAN  PLANTAIN. 
(I.  F.  f.  4032.)  Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout;  stem  striate,  1-1.5  m- 
high,  leafy  to  the  inflorescence.  Leaves  triangular-lanceolate  or  hastate,  sharply 
and  irregularly  serrate,  acuminate,  1-2.5  dm.  l°ng>  5-I5  cm-  wide  at  the  base, 
the  auricles  sometimes  with  I  or  2  lobes  on  the  lower  side;  petioles  margined,  or 
those  of  the  basal  leaves  naked  and  slender;  uppermost  leaves  sometimes  merely 
lanceolate  and  sessile;  heads  4-6  mm.  broad  in  a  usually  large  and  compound 
corymb;  involucre  8-12  mm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  linear,  acute;  heads  20-30- 
flowered.  In  woods,  Conn,  and  N.  J.  to  111.  and  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  W.  Va. 
and  Ky.  Aug. -Oct.  [Cacalia  suaveolens  L.J 

96.  SENECIO  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubby  or  even  arborescent), 
with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  solitary  corymbose  or  paniculate  many-flowered 
heads,  of  both  tubular  and  radiate,  or  only  tubular  flowers,  in  our  species  yellow. 
Involucre  cylindric  or  campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  in  I  series,  distinct,  or 
united  at  the  base,  usually  with  some  shorter  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  mostly  naked,  often  honeycombed.  Rays,  when  present,  pistillate,  fer- 
tile. Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  tubular,  the  limb  5-toothed  or  5- 
lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base,  or  rarely  slightly  sagittate.  Style- 
branches  of  the  disk-flowers  usually  recurving  or  spreading.  Achenes  terete,  or 
those  of  the  marginal  flowers  somewhat  compressed,  5-io-ribbed,  papillose,  or 
canescent,  at  least  after  wetting,  and  then  usually  emitting  a  pair  of  spiral  threads. 
Pappus  of  numerous  slender  or  capillary,  smooth  or  rough,  mostly  white  bristles. 
[Latin,  senex,  an  old  man,  referring  to  the  hoary  character  of  some  species,  or  to 
the  white  pappus.]  An  immense  genus  of  probably  at  least  1000  species,  of  very 
wide  geographic  distribution.  In  addition  to  the  following,  some  70  others  occur 


COMPOS JTAE.  IO25 

in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America.     Our  species  known  as 
Groundsel,  Ragwort,  or  Squaw-weed. 

*  Heads  conspicuously  radiate  (except  in  forms  of  Nos.  9,  10  and  16). 

(a)  Heads  solitary  or  few,  12-25  mm.  high  ;  northern  species. 

Stout;  leaves  1-2  dm.  long;  heads  4-5  cm.  broad.  i.  S*  Pseudo-Arnica. 

Low;  leaves  3-5  cm.  long;  heads  2-3  cm.  broad.  2.  S.frigidus. 

(b)  Heads  several  or  numerous,  corymbose,  mostly  smaller. 
f  At  least  the  lowest  leaves  entire  or  dentate,  not  pinnatifid  (or  sometimes  pinnatifid 

in  Nos.  7  and  14). 
J  None  of  the  loaves  cordate. 
Heads  10-14  mm.  high;  plants  3-15  dm.  tall;  northwestern  species. 

Involucral  bracts  acuminate;  leaves  mostly  entire.  3.  S.  integerrimus. 

Bracts  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  black-tipped;  leaves  denticulate. 

4.  S.  alt  iapiculatus. 
Heads  6-10  mm.  high;  plants  1.5-7  dm.  tall. 

Leaves  and  stems  persistently  more  or  less  tomentose  or  woolly. 

Achenes  glabrous.  5.  S.  Purshianus. 

Achenes  hispidulous  or  glandular. 

Basal  leaves  long-pttioled,  crenate-dentate  or  sometimes  pinnatifid;  plants 
tall. 

Basal  leaves  crenate-dentate;  eastern.  6.  S.  tomentosus. 

Stem-leaves,  and  often  also  the  basal,  pinnatifid;  western. 

7.   S.  Plattensis. 

Basal  leaves  short-petioled,  much  tufted,  oval,  few-toothed  or  entire;  plant 
low.  8.  S.  antennatiifoiius. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  often  woolly,  especially  below. 
Basal  leaves  obovate,  spatulate,  or  oval;  achenes  glabrous. 

Basal  leaves  obovate  or  suborbicular,  crenate  or  dentate;  involucral  bracts 

4-5  mm.  long.  9.  S.  obovatus. 

Basal  leaves  ovate  to  oval;  involucral  bracts  6-iomm.  long. 

Rays  usually  wanting,  northern  species.  10.  S.  discoid  fits. 

Rays  large  and  conspicuous.  n.  S.  Crawfordi. 

Basal  leaves  oblong;  achenes  glabrous  or  hispidulous. 

Heads  few  or  several,  6-8  mm.  high;  basal  leaves  2-7  cm.  long. 

12.  S.  Balsamitae. 
Heads  numerous,  4-5  mm.  high;  basal  leaves  7-15  cm.  long. 

13.  S.  Sma/h'i. 
Basal  leaves  linear-cuneate,  entire  or  3-toothed  at  apex. 

14.  S.  compactus. 
\  J  Basal  leaves  cordate  or  subcordate;  plants  mostly  glabrous. 

Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate.  15.  S.  Robbinsii. 

Basal  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate-oval.  16.  S.  aureus. 

tt  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire.  17.  S.  spartioides, 

•fit  Leaves  all   pinnatifid   or   coarsely  sinuate-dentate;    plants  glabrous,    or  somewhat 

woolly  when  young. 

Leaves  sinuate-dentate,  lanceolate;  heads  8-10  mm.  high.  19.  S.  palustris. 

Leaves  pinnatifid. 

Segments  narrowly  linear,  entire.  18.  S.  Fremontii. 

Segments  not  linear. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided;  segments  dentate;  heads  4-6  mm.  high. 

20.  S.  lobatus. 
Leaves  2-pinnatifid;  heads 6  mm.  high;  introduced  species. 

21.  S.  Jacobaea. 
*  *  Heads  discoid,  the  rays  none,  or  minute;  introduced  species. 

Leaves  pinnatifid;  plants  glabrous  or  puberulent;  achenes  canescent. 
Heads  6-8  mm.  high;  involucre  naked,  or  nearly  so  at  the  base. 

22.  S.  sylvaticus. 
Heads  8-12  mm.  high;  involucre  with  several  short  outer  bracts. 

23.  6".  vulgaris. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  ;  plant  viscid-pubescent;  achenes  glabrous.       24.  S.  viscosus. 
Basal  leaves  obovate,  orbicular,  or  spatulate,  merely  dentate. 

Nos.  9,  10  and  16. 

i.  Senecio  Pseudo- Arnica  Less.  SEA-BEACH  SENECIO.  (I.  F.  f.  4033.) 
Perennial,  somewhat  fleshy;  stem  stout-  mostly  simple,  very  leafy,  1.5-9  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong-obovate,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  densely 
tomentose  beneath,  at  least  when  young,  repand-dentate  or  denticulate,  narrowed 
to  a  sessile  and  partly  clasping  base,  or  the  lowest  into  margined  petioles;  heads 
stuut-peduncled,  nc.irly  25  mm.  high;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts 


1026  FLORA. 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly  tomentose,  commonly  with  several  subulate  spread- 
ing  ones  at  the  base;  rays  12-15,  linear,  conspicuous;  disk- corollas  5  lobed; 
achenes  glabrous;  pappus  dull.  On  sea-beaches  and  rocks  near  the  sea,  Me., 
N.  B.  and  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  to  Lab.  and  the  Arctic  Sea.  Also  in  Alaska 
and  northern  Asia.  July-Aug. 

2.  Senecio  frigidus  Less.     ARCTIC  SENECIO.      (I.    F.  f.    4034.)     Perennial, 
more  or  less  tomentose,  or  becoming  glabrous  when  old;  stem  slender,  1.5-3  dm. 
high,  bearing  a  solitary  head  i rarely  2  or  3).      Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or 
obovate,  petioled,  obtuse,  repand-deatate  or  entire;  stem-leaves  oblong  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  sessile,  mostly  entire,  smaller;  involucre  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  with  no  exterior  smaller  ones;  rays   10-16, 
I2-2O  mm.  long,  3-toothed,    linear-oblong,  or  cuneate  at  the  base;    achenes  gla- 
brous or  sparingly  pubescent.     Lab.  and  arctic  Am.  to  Alaska.     Also  in  north- 
eastern Asia.     Summer. 

3.  Senecio  integerrimus  Nutt.  ENTIRE-LEAVED  GROUNDSEL.  (I.  F.  f.  4035.) 
Perennial,  more  or   less  woolly  when  young,   glabrous    or  nearly   so   when  old. 
Leaves  entire,  or  sparingly  denticulate,  somewhat  fleshy,  the  lower  and  basal  ones 
oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  7-15  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  peti- 
oled, the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  the  uppermost  very  small;    heads  nu- 
merous, corymbose,  long-peduncled,  12-20  mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  cylindric, 
its  principal  bracts  linear,  green,  usually  with  a  few  subulate  outer  ones ;  rays  8-12, 
linear-oblong;  achenes  nearly  glabrous.     Minn,   and  Manitoba  to  Wyo.  and  Br. 
Col.     June-July. 

4.  Senecio  atriapiculatus  Rydb.     BLACK-TIPPED  GROUNDSEL.     (I.  F.  f.  4036 
as  S.  higens.)     Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  more  or  less  woolly  when  young, 
soon  glabrous;  stem  stout,  3-9  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  oblong,  oval, 
or  slightly  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acute,  denticulate  or  dentate,  5-12  cm.   long,  3-4 
cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  few,   sessile,  small  and 
bract-like;  heads  several  or  numerous,  corymbose,  often  short-peduncled,    12-20 
mm.  broad;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  rays 
IO  12,  oblong-linear;  achenes  glabrous.     In  moist  soil,  the  N.  W.  Terr,  to  Minn., 
Iowa  and  Neb.,  west  toBr.  Col.  and  Cal.     Jui.e— Aug.     This  has  been  confused  with 
the  smaller  arctic  S.  lugens  Richardson. 

5.  Senecio    Purshianus   Nutt.      PURSH'S   GROUNDSEL.     (I.    F.   f.    4037   as 
S.   camis.)     Perennial,   densely  and  persistently  white-tomentose  to  the  inflores- 
cence; stems  slender,  usually  tufted,  1-2  dm.  high.     Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatu- 
late or  oval,  entire,  very  obtuse,  3-6  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  petioles;  upper  leaves 
oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acute,  mostly  sessile,  smaller,  entire;  heads  several 
or  numerous,  10-15  mm'  broad,  usually  slender-peduncled;  involucre  campanulate, 
or  at  first   short- cylindric,   about  8  mm.  high,   its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute 
sparingly  tomentose,  or  glabrate,  usually  with  no  exterior  smaller  ones;  rays  8-12; 
achenes  glabrous,  at  least  below.      In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  Minn,  and  Neb.,  west 
to  Br.  Col.  and  Utah.     May-Aug.     It  has  been  confused  with  the  larger  S.  canus 
of  the  Rockies. 

6.  Senecio  tomentosus   Michx.     WOOLLY   RAGWEED.     ASHWORT.     (I.  F. 
f.  4038. )    Perennial,  more  or  less  densely  and  persistently  tomentose  or  woolly-canes- 
cent;  stems  rather  stout,  solitary,  or  sometimes  tufted,  3-7  dm.  high.      Basal  and 
lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong  or  rarely  spatulate,  erect,  very  obtuse,  5-15 
cm.  long,  1-5  cm.  wide,  narrowed  or  truncate  at  the  base;  stem-leaves  few  and  dis- 
tant, small,  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate,  crenate  or  rarely  laciniate;  heads  mostly 
long-peduncled,  16-20  mm.  broad;   involucre  cylindric,  or  narrowly  campanulate, 
its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,   acute  or  acuminate,   at  length  glabrate;  rays  10-15; 
achenes  hispidulous,  at  least  on  the  angles.      In  moist  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla., 
west  to  La.      April-June. 

7.  Senecio  Plattensis  Nutt.     PRAIRIE  RAGWORT.     (I.  F.  f.  4039.)     Peren- 
nial; similar  to  the  preceding  species,  usually  smaller-leaved,  lower  and  less  tomen- 
tose, or  becoming  glabrate  in  age,  seldom  over  4  dm.   high.     Bas.il  leaves  oval, 
ovate  or  oblong,  some  or  all  of  them  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  the  terminal 
segment  much  larger  than   the  lateral  ones,   crenulate  cr  dentate,  long  petioled ; 
heads  several  Or  numerous,  compactly  or  loosely  corymbose,  conspicuously  radiate. 
III.  to  S.  Dak.,  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Ind,  Terr.     April-June.  \ 


COMPOSITAE.  1027 

8.  Senecio  antennariifolius  Britton.     CAT'S-PAW  RAGWORT.    (I.  F.  f.  4040.) 
Perennial,  tufted  in  mostly  large  clumps;  stems  slender,  2-4.5  dm-  nigh»  loosely 
white-woolly.     Leaves  nearly  all  basal,   commonly  numerous,  oval  to  spatulate, 
angulately  few-toothed  or  entire,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  as  long  as 
the  blade  or  longer,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  finally  glabrous 
above,   2-4  cm.  long;    stem-leaves  small,   spatulate,  laciniate,  or  the  upper  nar- 
rowly linear  and  entire;  heads  slender-peduncled,  rather  less  than  25  mm.  broad; 
rays  golden  yellow,  showy;  involucre  6  mm.  high,  white- woolly;  achenes  glandu- 
lar-pubescent.    White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va.,  on  a  loose  slate  hillside;  Blue 
Ridge,  Va.  i 

9.  Senecio  obovatus  Muhl.     ROUND-LEAF  SQUAW- WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  4041.) 
Perennial ;  stems  commonly  several  from  the  same  root,  glabrous,  or  a  little  woolly 
at  the  base,  2-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  rather  thick,  the  basal  ones  very  obtuse  and 
rounded  at  the  apex,  2-7  cm.  long,  1-2.5  mm-  wide,  often  purplish;  usually  with 
short,  margined  petioles,  or  the  earliest  sessile;  stem-leaves  commonly  few  and  ses- 
sile, spatulate  to  oblong,  often  incised   or  pinnatifid;  headr  several,  corymbose, 
12-16  mm.  broad,  about  6mm.  high,  slender-peduncled;  inv>  "ucre  nearly  cylin- 
dric,  its  principal  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long,  acute;  rays  8-12,  usually 
conspicuous.     In  moist  soil  and  on  banks,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Ky. 
and  Mo.     April-June. 

Senecio  obovitus  elong&tus  (Pursh)  Britton.  Stem  slender,  weak  ;  leaves,  or  some  of 
them,  with  tufts  of  wool  in  their  axils  ;  heads  few,  rayless  or  short-rayed,  often  long- 
peduncled.  On  moist  shaded  banks,  eastern  Penn. 

Senecio  obovatus  rotundus  Britton.  Basal  leaves  orbicular,  broadly  oval,  or  ovate- 
orbicular,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  the  larger  6-7  cm.  broad.  On  wet 
banks,  or  rocks,  Ky.  to  Mo.  and  the  Ind.  Terr. 

10.  Senecio  discoideus  (Hook)  Britton.     NORTHERN  SQUAW- WEED.     (I.  F. 
f.  4042.)     Perennial,  glabrous  except  for  small  tufts  of  wool  in  the  axils  of  the 
lower  leaves;  stem  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  tall;  basal  leaves  oval  to  ovate,  obtuse, 
thin,  sharply  dentate,  abruptly  narrowed  into  petioles  longer  than  the  blade;  stem- 
leaves  few,  small,  more  or  less  laciniate;  heads  few  or  several,  slender-peduncled, 
corymbose;  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear.  6-10  mm.  long;  rays  usually 
very  short,  or  none.     In  moist   places,  Mich,  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,    and  Alaska. 
June-Aug. 

11.  Senecio  Crawfordii  Britton.     CRAWFORD'S  SQUAW-WEED.     Perennial, 
with  slender  thread-like  roots,  glabrous,  or  with  sparse  woolly  pubescence  below. 
Stem  slender,  about  4  dm.  high;  leaves  thick,  firm,  the  basal  ones  erect,  the  larger 
2-2.5  dm.  l°ng>  tne  blades  oval,  oblong,  or  some  of  them  narrowly  obovate,  mostly 
not  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  slender  petioles,  sharply  and  nearly  equally 
serrate  from  the  apex  to  the  entire  cuneate  base,  or  the  lower  teeth  somewhat 
larger  than  the  upper;    stem-leaves   lanceolate  or  narrower,  mostly   acuminate, 
incised-serrate,  clasping,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled,  the  uppermost  very 
small;    heads  3-7;   peduncles   1.5-10  cm.   long,    slender,   bracted,   rarely  forked; 
involucre  7-9  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-1.5  mm.  wide, 
shorter    than   the   white   barbellate    pappus;     rays    8-10   mm.    long;     achenes 
linear,  striate,  2.5  mm.  long,  0.5  mm.  thick.     Tullytown,  Pa. 

12.  Senecio  Balsamitae  Muhl.     BALSAM  GROUNDSEL.     (I.  F.   f.   4043.) 
Perennial,  often  tufted;  stems  slender,  2.5-5  dm.  high*  woolly  at  the  base  and  in 
the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves.     Basal   leaves   slender-petioled,  very  obtuse,   nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  mostly  thick,  crenate,  often  purplish,  3-7  cm.  long,  6-12  mm. 
wide,  their  petioles  and  sometimes  their  lower  surfaces  persistently  tomentose  or 
woolly,  or  glabrous  throughout;  lower  stem-leaves  petioled,  laciniate  or  pinnatifid, 
the  upper  sessile,  very  small;  heads  few  or  several,  slender-peduncled,  12-20  mm. 
broad;  rays  8-12.     In  dry  or  rocky  soil,   N.  S.  to  N.  Car.,  west  to  Wash.,  Br. 
Col.,  Tex.  and  Neb.     May-July. 

Senecio  Balsamitae  paup^rculus  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Lower;  heads  few,  sometimes 
only  one.  Me.  to  Lab.  Apparently  merely  a  reduced  form  of  the  type. 

Senecio  Balsamitae  prae!6ngus  Greenman.  Tall;  lower  leaves  long-petioled,  1.5-6 
cm.  long,  10-12  mm.  broad;  stem-leaves  large,  sometimes  2  cm.  wide,  deeply  pinnatifid 
with  usually  rounded  lobes;  achenes  hispidulous.  Vt.  and  Mont,  to  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 


1028  FLORA. 

13.  Senecio  Smallii  Britton.      SMALL'S  SQUAW. WEED.      (I.    F.   f.   4044.) 
Similar   to   the   preceding   species   but   taller,  growing  in  large   clumps.     Stem 
4-7  dm.  high,  slender,  densely  and  persistently  floccose- woolly  at  the  base  and  in 
the  lower  axils,  or  finally  glabrate;   basal  leaves  elongated-oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
obtuse  or  acute,  loug-petioled,  crenate-dentate,  at  first  tomentose,  at  length  nearly 
glabrous;  stem-leaves  several,  deeply  pinnatifid,  or  the  lower  lyrate;  heads  very 
numerous,  8-10  mm.  broad,  slender-peduncled,  forming  large  corymbs;  rays  8-IO. 
In  meadows  and  thickets,  Va.  andN.  Car.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     May-June. 

14.  Senecio    compactus     (A.    Gray)    Rydb.      WESTERN     SQUAW-WEED. 
(I.    F.   f.  4045.)      Perennial;    stem  usually   tul'te  d,  low,  rather  stout,  15-30  cm. 
high,  woolly  at  the  base  and  in  the  lower  axils,  or  glabrous.      Basal  leaves  linear- 

t  cuneate,  entire,  or  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  2-7  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  thick, 
slender-petioled,  the  petioles  com.i.only  woolly-margined;  lower  stem  leaves  often 
much  larger  and  broader,  usually  laciniate  or  pinnatifid,  but  sometimes  similar  to 
the  basal,  the  uppermost  very  small  and  sessile;  heads  several,  16-20  mm.  broad, 
short-peduncled  in  a  compact  corymb;  rays  10-15;  achenes  hispidulous.  On  dry 
plains,  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  May-June. 

15.  Senecio  Robbinsii  Oakes.     ROBBINS'  SQUAW- WEED.     (I.   F.  f.  4046  ) 
Perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout;   stems  slender,   3-7  dm.  high. 
Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute  at   the  apex,   cordate,  sub- 
cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  usually  thin,  5-10  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  sharply 
dentate;  heads    several   or   numerous,    slender- peduncled    in    an    open   corymb, 
i6-;o  mm.  broad;  rays  6-12;  achenes  glabrous.     In  swamps  and  mountain  mead- 
ows, northern  N.  H.,  Me.,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  and  on  the  summit  of  Roan  Mountain, 
N.  Car.     June-Sept. 

1 6.  Senecio  aureus  L.     GOLDEN  RAGWORT.     LIFE-ROOT.     SWAMP  SQUAW- 
WEED.     (I.  F.  f.  4047.)     Perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout;  stems 
rather  slender,   solitary  or  tufted,  3-7  dm.  high.        Basal    leaves  cordate-ovate, 
cordate-orbicular  or  reniform,   crenate-dentate,   very  obtuse   and   rounded,   often 
purplish,  2-15  cm.  long,  with  long  slender  petioles;   lower  stem-leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  usually  laciniate,  pinnatifid  or  lyrate,  somewhat  auriculate  and  clasp- 
ing;  heads  several,   16-20  mm.  broad,   8— 10  mm.   high,   slender-peduncled  in  an 
open  corymb;   rays  8—12,  golden  yellow;  achenes  glabrous.     In  swamps  and  wet 
meadows,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ont.,  Mo.  and  Tex.     May- July. 

Senecio  aureus  pauciflbrus  (Pursh)  Britton.  Glabrous  or  with  a  little  wool  in  the 
axils  of  the  lower  leaves  ;  stem  rather  stout,  15-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  ovate  to  orbicu- 
lar, about  i  cm.  broad,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenate;  stem-leaves  few,  pin- 
natifid; heads  i-io,  short-peduncled,  rather  large,  apparently  always  rayless;  bracts  very 
narrow,  acuminate,  tinged  with  purple.  Newf.  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.  and  Wyo. 

Senecio  aureus  gracilis(  Pursh)  Britton.  Stem  slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  lowest  axils 
sometimes  woolly.  Basal  leaves  smaller  than  those  of  the  type,  cordate  or  subcordate; 
heads  numerous,  rather  small;  rays  conspicuous.  In  wet  soil,  R.  I.  to  Mich.,  S.  Dak., 
Va.  and  Mo. 

17.  Senecio  spartioides  Torr.  &  Gray.     LINEAR-LEAVED  SENECIO.     Like 
the  next  in  habit,  but  slender  from  a  woody  base,  glabrous;  leaves  entire,  narrowly 
linear,   5-10  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide;  heads  numerous;  involucre  about   I   cm. 
high,  6-8  mm.  broad,  almost  cylindraceous;  rays  about  7,   golden  yellow.     Dry 
plains.  Neb.  to  Wyo.,  south  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.    July-Sept.    [S.  Douglasii  A.  Gray 
in  part.] 

1 8.  Senecio  Fremontii  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.     NARROW-LOBED  SENECIO.     (I.  F. 
f.  4048  as  S.  Douglasii.}    Woody  at  the  base,  usually  branched,  sometimes  shrubby, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  leafy,  3-18  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  or  the  lowest  petioled, 
thick,  3-7  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  3-9  linear  or  filiform  entire   segments, 
or  the  upper  entire;  heads  corymbose  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  1-2  cm.  broad, 
slender-peduncled;  involucre  cylindric  or  becoming  campanulate,  10—15  mm-  high, 
its  bracts  linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  usually  with   some  subulate  exterior  ones; 
rays  8-15,  achenes  canescent.     Plains,  in  dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.    June- 
Sept.     [S.  filifolius   var.  Fremontii,  T.  &  G. ;  S.  Riddellii  T.  &  G. ;  S.  Douglasii 
A.  Gray,  in  part.  ] 

19.  Senecio  palustris  (L.)  Hook.     MARSH  FLEAWORT.     PALE  RAGWORT. 
MARSH  GROUNDSEL.     (I.  F.  f.  4049.)     Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent  or  glabrate; 


L'OMPOSITAE.  IO29 

stem  hollow,  15-60  cm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  spatulate,  entire,  den- 
tate, or  laciuiate,  acute  or  obtuse,  5-18  cm.  long,  6-30  mm.  wide,  or  the  upper 
linear-lanceolate  and  small,  those  of  the  stem  sessile  and  somewhat  auriculate- 
clasping,  the  basal  petioled;  heads  numerous,  12-25  mm-  broad,  mostly  short- 
peduncled  in  a  large,  rather  dense,  terminal  corymb;  involucre  cylindric,  becom- 
ing campanulate,  6-8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  more  or  less  pubescent, 
with  no  shorter  outer  ones;  rays  15-20,  pale  yellow;  achenes  glabrous;  pappus 
white,  elongated,  at  length  twice  the  length  of  the  involucre.  In  swamps,  Iowa 
and  Wis.  to  Manitoba  and  arctic  Am.,  west  to  Alaska.  Reported  from  Lab.  Also 
in  Greenland,  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

20.  SeueciolobatusPers.    BUTTERWEED.   CRESS-LEAVED  GROUNDSEL.  (I.  F. 
f.  4050.)     Annual,  glabrous  throughout,  or  slightly  woolly  when  young,  fleshy  and 
tender;  stem  hollow,  simple  or  branched,  3-9  dm.  high.     Leaves  5-25  cm.  long, 
the  segments  orbicular,  oblong,  obovate  or  cuneate,  obtuse,  sinuate-dentate,  entire 
or  lobed,  the  terminal  segment  usually  larger  than  the  others;  lower  and  basal 
leaves  slender-petioled;  heads  numerous,   14-20  mm.  broad,  slender-peduncled  in 
terminal  corymbs;  involucre  nearly  cylindric,  5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute, 
usually  with  no  smaller  outer  ones;  rays  6-12;  achenes  minutely  hispidulous  on 
some  of  the  angles.     In  swamps,  Mo.  and  southern  111.  to  N.  Car.,  N.  Mex.,  Mex. 
and  Fla.     April-Sept. 

21.  Senecio  Jacobaea  L.      TANSY  RAGWORT.      STAGGERWORT.      (I.   F. 
f.  4051.)     Perennial  by   short  thick  rootstocks,   somewhat   woolly,   or  glabrous; 
stems  stout,  simple,  or  branched  above,  6-12  dm.  high,  very  leafy.     Leaves  5-20 
cm.  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lobes  oblong-cuneate,  dentate  or 
incised;  heads  very  numerous,  12-16  mm.  broad,  short-peduncled  in  large  com- 
pact corymbs;  involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  about  5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  green,  or  tipped  with  black;  rays   12-15;  achenes  of  the  disk- 
flowers  pubescent,  those  of  the  rays  glabrous.     In  waste  places,  N.  S.,  N.  B.  and 
Ont.,    and   in   ballast   about  N.  Y.   and  Philadelphia.     Adventive  from  Europe. 
July-Sept. 

22.  Senecio  sylvaticus  L.     WOOD  GROUNDSEL.     (I.  F.  f.  4052.)     Annual; 
stem  usually  much  branched,  3-7  dm.  high,  leafy.     Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  in 
outline,  the  segments  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  dentate,  lobed  or  entire,  or  the 
uppermost  leaves  linear  and  merely  dentate;  heads  several  or  numerous  in  the 
corymbs,  slender-peduncled.  about  4  mm.  broad;  involucre  usually  swollen  at  the 
base;  rays  none,  or  very  short  and  recurved;  achenes  canescent.     In  waste  places, 
N.  S.  and  Pr.  Edw.  Isl.  to  Me.     Also  on  the  coasts  of  Cal.  and  Br.  Col.    Nat.  or 
adventive  from  Europe.     April- Sept. 

23.  Senecio  vulgaris  L.     COMMON  GROUNDSEL.     (I.  F.  f.  4053.)    Annual; 
stem  hollow,  usually  much  branched,    1.5-3.5  dm.  high*     Leaves  5-15  cm.  long, 
the  lower  spatulate  in  outline,  petioled,  obtuse,  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping  at  the 
base,  more  deeply  lobed  or  incised,  their  segments  oblong,  dentate;  heads  several 
or  numerous  in  the  corymbs,  nearly  6  mm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear, 
often  blackish-tipped;  rays  none;  achenes  slightly  canescent.     In  cultivated  ground 
and  waste  places,  Newf.  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Va.,  west  to  Mich,  and  S.  Dak.     Also 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Nat.  from  Europe.     April-Oct. 

24.  Senecio  viscosus  L.     FETID  OR  Viscous  GROUNDSEL.     (L  F.  f.  4054.) 
Annual,  strong-scented;  stem  usually  much  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  1-2- 
pinnatifid,  4-7  cm.  long,  oblong  or  somewhat  spatulate  in  outline,  the  segments 
oblong  or  cuneate,  dentate  or  incised;  lower  leaves  petioled;  heads  few  in  the  cor- 
ymbs, 6-8  mm.  broad,  mostly  slender-peduncled;  involucre  nearly  cylindric,  8-IO 
mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  usually  with  1-3  shorter  outer  ones;  rays  com- 
monly about  20,  very  short,  recurved  and  inconspicuous;  pappus  about  one-third 
longer  than  the  involucre.     In  waste  places  and  on  ballast  near  the  coast,  N.  B.  to 
N.  Car.     July-Sept. 

97.   ARCTIUM   L. 

Large  coarse  branching,  rough  or  canescent,  mostly  biennial  herbs,  with  broad 
alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  rather  large  heads  of  purple  or  white  perfect  tubular 
flowers,  racemose,  corymbose  or  paniculate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre 
subglobose,  its  bracts  rigid,  lanceolate,  tipped  with  spreading  or  erect  hooked  bristles, 


1030  FLORA. 

imbricated  in  many  series.  Receptacle  flat,  densely  bristly.  Corollas  tubular  with 
5-cleft  limbs.  Filaments  glabrous.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Achenes  ob- 
long, somewhat  compressed  and  3-angled,  ribbed,  truncate.  Pappus  of  numerous 
short  serrulate  scales.  [Greek,  bear,  from  the  rough  involucre.]  About  6  species, 
natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Bracts  densely  cottony ;  heads  corymbose.  i.  A.  tomentosum* 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous,  or  slightly  woolly. 

Involucre  25  mm.  broad  or  more;  inner  bracts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  flowers. 

2.  A.  Lappa. 
Involucre  12-20  mm.  broad ;  inner  bracts  not  exceeding  the  flowers. 

3.  A.  minus. 

1.  Arctium  tomentosum  (Lam.)  Schk.     WOOLLY  OR  COTTONY  BURDOCK. 
(I.  F.  f.  4055.)     Similar  to  the  following  species.     Heads  16-20  mm.  broad,  corym- 
bose at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  mostly  long-peduncled;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
densely  cottony,  the  inner  ones  erect  and  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowers.     In 
waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Mass,  and  southern  N.  Y.     Adventive  from  Europe.     July- 
Aug. 

2.  Arctium  Lappa  L.    GREAT  BUR,  BURDOCK,  OR  CLOTBUR.     (I.  F.  f.  4056.) 
Stem  much  branched,   12-27  dm.    high.     Leaves   thin,  broadly  ovate,  pale   and 
tomentose-canescent  beneath,  obtuse,  entire,   repand  or  dentate,  mostly  cordate, 
the  lower  often  4.5  dm.  long;  petioles  solid,  deeply  furrowed;  heads  clustered  or 
subcorymbose,  sometimes  long-peduncled,  3-4  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  their  spines  all  spreading;  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  limb. 
In  waste  places,  N.   B.   and  Ont.  to  southern  N.  Y.,  and  locally  in  the  interior. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Oct. 

3.  Arctium  minus   Schk.     COMMON   BURDOCK.     (I.   F.   f.    4057  )     Smaller 
than  the  preceding  species,  seldom  over  15  dm.    high.     Leaves  similar,  the  lower 
deeply  cordate;  petioles  hollow,  not  deeply  furrowed;  heads  numerous,  racemose 
on  the  branches,    short-peduncled  or  sessile;  bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous   or 
slightly  cottony,  the  spines  of  the  outer  ones  spreading,  those  of  the  inner  erect  and 
shorter  than  the  flowers;  corolla-tube  about  as  long  as  the  limb.     In  waste  places, 
common  throughout  our  area.     Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Nov. 

98.    CARDUUS  L. 

Erect,  branched  or  simple,  prickly  herbs,  some  species  acaulescent,  with  alter- 
nate or  basal,  sinuate-dentate  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  usually  very  spiny  leaves,  some- 
times decurrent,  and  large  many-flowered,  solitary  or  clustered,  discoid  heads  of 
purple,  yellow  or  white,  tubular,  perfect  and  fertile,  or  rarely  dioecious  flowers. 
Involucre  ovoid  or  globose,  its  bracts  prickle-tipped  or  unarmed,  imbricated  in 
many  series.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  bristly.  Corolla  tube  slender,  the  limb 
deeply  5-cleft.  Filaments  pilose,  or  rarely  glabrous.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  short  or  elongated,  obtuse.  Achenes  obovate  or  oblong, 
compressed  or  obtusely  4-angled,  glabrous,  smooth  or  ribbed.  Pappus  of  several 
series  of  slender,  plumose,  minutely  serrulate,  or  simple  bristles,  connate  at  the 
base.  [The  ancient  Latin  name  of  these  plants.]  About  250  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  35  others  occur 
in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  N.  Am. 

*  Pappus-bristles,  at  least  those  of  the  inner  flowers,  plumose.    (Plumed  Thistles.) 
t  Outer  involucral  bracts,  or  all  of  them,  strongly  prickly-pointed. 

i.  Leaves  glabrous  or  hispid   above,  tomentose  beneath  (tomentose  on 

both  sides  in  No.  3). 
All  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  prickles ;  naturalized  weed. 

i.   C.  lanceolatus. 

Outer  bracts  prickle-tipped,  the  inner  merely  acuminate;  native  species. 
Branches  leafy  up  to  the  heads ;  involucral  bracts  firm  or  rigid. 

Leaves  undivided,  lobed  or  dentate,  rarely  pinnatifid.  2.  C.  altissimus. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  into  lanceolate  or 'linear  segments. 

Leaves  tomentose  on  both  sides,  strongly  spiny ;  stem  white-tomentose. 

3.  C.  Flodmanii. 
Leaves  glabrate  above,  weakly  spiny;  stem  green,  glabrous. 

4.  C.  discolor. 
Heads  naked-peduncled,  25  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  thin.       5.  C.  Virginianus, 


COMPOSITAE.  IO3I 

a.  Leaves  tomentose  on    oth  sides,  or  becoming  glabrous  above;  western. 
Leaves  pinnately  parted;  segments  linear,  entire  or  lobed.  6.  C.  Pitcheri. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  into  triangular  or  lanceolate  dentate  segments. 
Outer  bracts  with  spines  less  than  one-half  their  length. 

Leaf-lobes  triangular;  flowers  pink  or  purple.  7.  C.  undulatus. 

Leaf-lobes  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong ;  flowers  cream-color. 

8.  C.  Plattensis. 

Outer  bracts  with  spines  of  nearly  or  quite  their  length.  9.  C.  ochrocentrus. 

Leaves  entire  or  undulate;  outer  pappus-bristles  barbellate.  10.  C.  Nebraskensis. 

3.   Leaves  green  both  sides,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaf-lobes  acute;  bracts  of  the  involucre  faintly  nerved.  n.  C.  odoratus. 

Leaf-lobes  blunt ;  bracts  with  a  prominent  glutinous  midnerve.         12.  C.  Hillii, 

f  f  Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  at  all  prickly-pointed,  or  scarcely  so. 
Heads  large,  few,  3-10  cm.  broad  ;  flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile. 

Heads  involucrate  by  the  upper  very  spiny  leaves ;  flowers  usually  yellow. 

13.  C.  spinosissimus. 
Heads  peduncled,  naked,  or  with  i  or  2  bracts  at  the  base;  flowers  purple. 

14.  C.  muticus. 
Heads  small,  numerous,  2.5  cm.  broad  or  less;  flowers  imperfect,  dicecious. 

15.  C.  arvensis. 
*  *  Pappus-bristles  simple,  or  minutely  serrulate.     (Plumeless  Thistles.) 

Head  solitary,  nodding;  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate.  16.   C.  nutans. 

Heads  clustered,  erect  or  ascending;  bracts  linear  17.  C.  crispus. 

1.  Carduus  lanceolatus  L.     COMMON  BUR  OR  SPEAR  THISTLE.     (I.   F. 
f.  4058.)     Biennial;  stem  stout,  branched,  more  or  less  tomentose,  1—1.5  m>  high, 
leafy  to  the  heads.     Leaves  dark  green,  lanceolate,   acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
7-15  cm.   long,  or  the  lowest  larger,   decurrent  on  the  stem  and   branches,  the 
lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  tipped  with  stout  prickles,  the  margins  and  decurrent 
bases  bristly,  the  lower  surface  brown-tomentose  and  midnerve  pilose  especially 
when  young;  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  4-5   cm.  broad, 
4-5  cm.  high;    bracts  of  the  involucre  cottony,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
flowers  dark  purple.     In  fields  and  waste  places,  Newf.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Kans.     Nat.  from  Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia. 

2.  Carduus  altissimus  L.     TALL  OR  ROADSIDE  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  4059.) 
Biennial  or  perennial;  roots  often  thickened;  stem  pubescent,  or  tomentose,  stout, 
branched,  leafy  to  the  heads,  1-3  m.  high.     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  or  slightly  clasping,  sparingly  pubescent  above,  densely  white-tomen- 
tose  beneath,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  decurrent,  acute,  spinulose-margined,  entire, 
dentate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth  or  lobed,  sometimes  pinnatifid,  the  lowest  some- 
times 2  dm.  long,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the  uppermost  linear  or  lanceo- 
late, much  smaller;  heads  about  5  cm.  broad,  4-5  cm.  high,  mostly  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches;   outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate   or   ovate-lanceolate, 
firm,  with  a  dark,  slightly  glandular  spot  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  short  prickles; 
flowers  light  purple.     In  fields  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  S.  Dak.,  Fla.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 
Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Carduus  Flodmanii  Rydb.     FLODMAN'S  THISTLE.     Stem  rather  slender, 
.5-1  m.  high,  more  or  less  white  cottony.    Leaves  deeply  divided  into  linear-oblong 
01  lanceolate,  acute  segments,  floccose  but  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath; 
head   campanulate,  3-4  cm.  broad;  bracts  like  those  of  the  preceding  but  nar- 
rower;  flowers  rose  or  reddish  purple.     In  river-bottoms  and  meadows,  Neb.  to 
Mont,  and  Wyo.     July-Sept. 

4.  Carduus  discolor  (Muhl.)  Nutt,     FIELD  THISTLE.     (L  F.  f.  4060.)   Simi- 
lar  to    Cardnus   altissimus,  but  lower  and  more  leafy,   seldom  over  2  m.  high. 
Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  into  linear,  linear-lanceolate,  or  falcate,  prickly-toothed 
segments,  white-tomentose  beneath,  sessile,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  3  dm.  long; 
heads  4-5  cm.  broad,  about  4  cm.  high,  usually  involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves, 
mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  coriaceous, 
ovate,  slightly  woolly,  tipped  with,  slender  bristles,  which  are  longer  than  those  of 
C.  altissimus  ;  flowers  light  purple  or  pink,  rarely   white.     In  fields  and  along 
roadsides,  Quebec  and  Ont.  to  Ga.,  S.  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Mo.     July-Nov. 

5.  Carduus  Virginianus  L.    VIRGINIA  THISTLE.    (I.  F.  f.  4061.)     Biennial; 
stem  slender,  naked  or  scaly  above,  pubescent  or  somewhat  tomentose,  simple  or 
branched,  6-12  dm.  high.    Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  slightly 


1032  FLORA. 

spatulate,  sessile,  or  somewhat  clasping,  not  decurrent,  spinulose-margined,  entire, 
lobed  or  pinnatifid  into  triangular-lanceolate  lobes,  the  lower  sometimes  2  dm. 
long  and  5  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  all  pubescent  or  gla- 
brate  above,  and  densely  white-tomentose  beneath;  heads  long  peduncled;  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  not  coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tipped  with 
weak  short  bristles;  flowers  purple.  In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Va.  to  Ky.,  Ohio, 
Fla.  and  Tex.  April-Sept. 

6.  Carduus  Pitched  (Torr.)  Porter.     PITCHER'S  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  4062.) 
Biennial,    persistently  white-tomentose  throughout;   stem   stout,    leafy  up  to  the 
heads,  usually  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.     Leaves  sessile,  partly  clasping,  or  slightly 
decurrent,  with  sparingly  prickly  segments  4-6  mm.  wide,  with  revolute  margins; 
basal  leaves  often  3  dm.  long;  heads  solitary  or  several  and  racemose-spicate  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  about  4  cm.  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sparingly  pubescent  and  tomentose-ciliate,  glutinous  on  the  back,  tipped 
with  short  spreading  bristles,  the  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  some- 
times tipped  with  weak  prickles;  flowers  cream  color.     Shores  of  Lakes  Michigan, 
Huron  and  Superior.     June-Aug. 

7.  Carduus   undulatus  Nutt.     WAVY- LEAVED  THISTLE.     (I.   F.   f.  4063.) 
Biennial,  persistently  and  densely  white-tomentose  throughout,  or  the  upper  sur- 
faces  of  the   leaves   at  length    green    and    glabrous;  stem   stout,   leafy,    usually 
branched,    3-10   dm.    high.     Leaves    lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
acute,  sessile  or  decurrent,   or  the  lowest  petioled,  undulate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid; 
heads  about  5  cm.  broad,  and  nearly  as  high,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches; 
outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  firm,  glutinous  on  the  back, 
tipped  with  short  spreading  prickles,   the  inner  ones  lanceolate,    acuminate.     On 
plains  and  prairies,  Lake  Huron  to  the  N.  W.  Terr,  and  Br.  Col.,  south  to  Kans., 
N.  Mex.  and  Ore.     June-Sept. 

Carduus    undulktus    megac^phalus  (A.    Gray)   Porter.     Heads   larger   than  in    the 
type,  5-7  dm.  broad.     Minn,  to  Idaho  and  Ariz. 

8.  Carduus     Plattensis     Rydb.       PRAIRIE    THISTLE.      (I.  F.  f.    4064.) 
Perennial  or  biennial,    the  root  thick    and  deep.     Stem  stout,   simple,    or  little 
branched,  4-7  dm.   tall,  densely  white-felted.     Leaves   deeply  pinnatifid.  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  green,  loosely  tomentose,  or  glabrate  above,  the  lower  12-17 
cm.    long,    the  lobes   lanceolate   to  oblong,  acute,   prickly  tipped   and  margined ; 
heads  few,  about  5  cm.  high  and  broad;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  dark,  tipped  with  short  weak  spreading  prickles,  the  inner 
linear- lanceolate,  unarmed,  tipped  with  scarious  rtflexed  erose  appendages;  pap- 
pus of  outer  flowers  merely  barbellate.     Sand  hills,  Neb.  and  S.  Dak.     May-July. 

9.  Carduus   ochrocentrus   (A.    Gray)   Greene.     YELLOW-SPINED  THISTLE. 
(I.  F.  f.  4065.)     Similar  to   Carduus  undulatus,  but  commonly  taller  and  more 
leafy,  often  2  m.  high,  equally  white-tomentose.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  out- 
line,  usually  very   deeply  pinnatifid  into   triangular-lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire 
segments,  armed  with   numerous  long  yellow  prickles;  lower  leaves  often  15-20 
cm.   long;  heads  about  5  cm.   broad.  4-5  cm.   high,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  tipped  with  stout  yellow  prickles 
of  nearly  or  quite  their  own  length,  the  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acumi- 
nate; flowers  purple  (rarely  white  ?).     On  plains,  Neb.  to  Tex.,  Nev.   and  Ariz. 
May-Sept. 

10.  Carduus  Nebraskensis  Britton.     NEBRASKA  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  4066.) 
Stem  densely  white-woolly,  apparently  over  3  dm.  high.     Leaves  linear-oblong  to 
lanceolate,  white-woolly  beneath,  green  and  sparingly  loosely  woolly  above,  irregu- 
larly slightly  toothed  or  entire,   the   upper  7-15  cm.   long,   5-25   mm.  wide,  the 
margins  prickly;  heads  solitary,  or  few.  short- peduncled,  about  4  cm.  high;  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  prickle-tipped,  the  inner  narrower,  with  rerlexed 
acute  scarious  appendages;  pappus-bristles  of  inner  flowers  plumose,  of  the  outer 
barbellate.     Scott's  Bluff,  western  Neb.  and  Wyo.     July-Aug. 

11.  Carduus    odoratus    (Muhl.)    Porter.     PASTURE   THISTLE.     FRAGRANT 
THISTLE.     (I.  P\  f.  4067.)     Biennial,  more  or  less  villous-pubescent;  stem  stout, 
simple  or  branched,  leafy,  3-10  dm.  high.     Roots  thick,  branched,  solid;  stem- 
leaves  sessile  and  clasping,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  acute,  7-17  cm. 


COMPOS1TAE.  1033 

long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  pinnatifid  into  triangular  acute  dentate  prickly  lobes;  basal 
leaves  petioled ;  heads  solitary,  terminal,  5-7  cm.  broad,  about  5  cm.  high,  often 
involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves;  outer  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  with  a 
slight  glutinous  strip  on  the  back,  glabrous  or  sparingly  tomentose,  tipped  with 
slender  prickles,  the  inner  narrow,  long-acuminate;  flowers  purple,  rarely  white, 
fragrant.  In  fields,  Me.  to  Penn.  and  Del.  July-Sept. 

12.  Carduus  Hillii  (Canby)  Porter.     HILL'S  THISTLE.    (I.  F.  f.  4068.)    Bien- 
nial (?),  low,  villous-pubescent  or  somewhat  woolly;  stem  leafy,  simple  or  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Root  perpendicular,  fusiform,  slender  and  hollow  above,  enlarged 
below,  2.3  dm.  long;  leaf-lobes  dentate,  spinulose  or  with  some  rather  stout  prickles, 
upper  leaves  oblong,  sessile  and  clasping,  the  lower  spatulate-oblong,  narrowed  at 
the  base  or  the  lower  petioled  and  5  cm.  long;  heads  1.5-2  dm.  broad,   5-7  cm. 
high  ;   outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  tipped  with  short  bristles, 
the  inner  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acuminate;  flowers  purple.     In  fields,  western 
Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Penn.,  111.  and  Iowa.     June-July. 

13.  Carduus  spinosissimus  Walt.  YELLOW  THISTLE.    (I.  F.  f.  4069.)  Bien- 
nial or  perennial,   somewhat  woolly  when  young,   but  becoming  glabrate;  stem 
branched,  leafy,  6-10  dm.  high.     Leaves  green  both  sides,  lanceolate  or  oblong  in 
outline,  sessile  and  clasping  or  the  basal  ones  short-petioled  and  somewhat  spatu- 
late,  pinnatifid  into  triangular  or  broader  spinulose-margined  and  prickle-tipped, 
entire  or  dentate  lobes;  heads  5-10  cm.  broad,  4-6  cm.  high;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre narrowly  lanceolate,  roughish  and  ciliate.  long-acuminate;  flowers  yellowish, 
or  occasionally  purple.     In  moist  or  dry  sandy  soil,  Me.  to  Penn. ,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
May-Aug. ,  or  earlier  in  the  South. 

14.  Carduus  muticus   (Michx.)  Pers.     SWAMP  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  4070.) 
Biennial;  stem  woolly  or  villous  when  young,  becoming  glabrate,  slender,  striate, 
leafy,  paniculately  branched  above,  1-2. 5m.  high.     Leaves  densely  white-tomen- 
tose  beneath  when  young,  sometimes  becoming  glabrous  on  both  sides,  deeply  pin- 
natifid into  lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire,  lobed  or  dentate,  spiny  segments  usually 
tipped  with  slender  prickles;  basal  leaves  petioled,  1-2  dm.  long,  those  of  the  stem 
sessile  and  smaller;  heads  about  4  cm.  broad  and  high;  outer  bracts  viscid,  ap- 
pressed,  more  or  less  cottony,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  inner  linear- lanceolate, 
acute,  all  unarmed.     In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  N.  W.  Terr,  and 
Tex.     July-Oct. 

Carduus  muticus  subpinnatifidus  Rritton.     Leaves    lobed,  not  deeply   pinnatifid, 
green,  and  nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides.     N.  J.  to  W.  Va. 

15.  Carduus  arvensis  (L.)  Robs.     CANADA  THISTLE.     CREEPING  THISTLE. 
(I.  F.  f.  4071.)     Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks,  forming  patches,  nearly  gla- 
brous; stems  striate,  3-10  dm.  high,  branched  above.     Leaves  sessile  and  slightly 
clasping,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate   deeply  pinnatifid  into  very  prickly,  lobed 
or  dentate  segments;  basal  leaves  sometimes  petioled,  12—20  cm.  long;  heads  nu- 
merous, corymbose,  purple  or  white;  staminate  heads  globose,  corollas  projecting; 
pistillate  heads  oblong-campanulate,  corollas  shorter,  the  long  pappus  conspicuous; 
outer  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  appressed,  tipped  with  short  prickly  points; 
inner  bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  linear,  elongated.     In  fields  and  waste  places, 
Newf.    to  Va.,  S.  Dak.,  Mont,  and  Kans.     In  many  places  a  pernicious  weed. 
Nat.  from  Europe.     June-Sep. 

1 6.  Carduus  nutans  L.      MUSK  THISTLE.     PLUMELESS  THISTLE.     (I.    F. 
f.  4072.)     Biennial,  branched,  sparingly  tomentose,  6-9  dm.  high.    Leaves  lanceo- 
late in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid,  acuminate,  7-15  dm.  long,  the  lobes  triangular, 
very  prickly;  heads  long-peduncled,  4-6 cm.  broad,  purple,  rarely  white,  fragrant; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  in  many  series,  long-acuminate,  the  prominent  midnerve 
prolonged  into  a  prickle,  or  the  inner  nerveless  and  awned;  pappus-bristles  20-25 
mm.  long.     In  waste  places,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  to  N.  B.,  and  in  ballast  about  the 
seaports.     Nat.  or  adventive  from   Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     July-Oct. 

17.  Carduus  crispus   L.     CURLED  THISTLE.     WELTED  THISTLE.     (I.    F. 
f.  4073.)     Biennial,  somewhat  tomentose;  stem  much  branched,  densely  prickly, 
6-12  dm.  high.     Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  with  undulate  and  ciliate-spiny  mar- 
gins, all  sinuate-pinnatifid  into  broad,  3  lobed,  toothed  segments,  the  teeth  prickle, 
pointed;  heads  several,  usually  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  winged  branches,  25  mm. 


1034  FLORA. 

broad  or  less,  purple  or  white,  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  or  some  of  them  rarely 
solitary  and  slender-peduncled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  linear,  the 
outer  prickle-tipped  and  rigid,  the  inner  thinner  and  merely  acuminate.  In  waste 
places,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  seaports.  Adventive  from 
Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  July-Sept. 

99.  MARIANA  Hill. 

Annual  or  biennial,  simple  or  branched,  nearly  glabrous  herbs,  with  large  al- 
ternate clasping,  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  white-blotched  leaves,  and  large  dis- 
coid heads  of  purple  tubular  flowers,  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  stem  or  branches. 
Involucre  broad,  subglobose,  its  bracts  rigid,  imbricated  in  many  series,  the  lower 
ones  fimbriate-spinulose  at  the  broad  triangular  summit,  the  middle  ones  similar 
but  armed  with  huge  spreading  or  recurved  spines,  the  inner  lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Receptacle  flat,  densely  bristly.  Corolla-tube  slender,  the  limb  expanded  and 
deeply  5. cleft.  Filaments  monadelphous  below,  glabrous.  Anthers  sagittate  at 
the  base.  Style  nearly  entire.  Achenes  obovate-oblong,  compressed,  glabrous, 
surmounted  by  a  papillose  ring.  Pappus-bristles  in  several  series,  flattish,  barbel- 
late  or  scabrous.  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

i.  Mariana  Mariana  (L.)  Hill.  MILK  THISTLE.  (I.  F.  f.  4074.)  Stem 
striate,  glabrous  or  slightly  woolly,  little  branched,  6-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  prickly,  strongly  clasping,  the  lower  often  3  dm.  long  and  15  cm.  wide, 
the  upper  much  smaller,  scarcely  lobed,  acute;  heads  about  6  cm.  broad;  spines 
of  the  middle  involucral  bracts  often  4  cm.  long;  pappus  bristles  white,  barbellate. 
Escaped  from  gardens  near  Kingston,  Ontario;  in  ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports, 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  from  Br.  Col.  to  southern  Cal.,  where  it  is  naturalized. 
June-Aug.  \Silybum  Marianum  Gaertn.] 

100.  ONOPORDON  L. 

Coarse,  branching,  or  rarely  acaulescent,  tomentose  herbs,  with  stout  stems 
winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  alternate  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  prickly  leaves, 
and  large  discoid  heads  of  purple,  violet  or  white  flowers,  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  Involucre  nearly  globular,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  many  series, 
all  tipped  with  long  spines  in  our  species,  the  inner  narrower  than  the  outer.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  fleshy,  honeycombed,  not  bristly.  Corolla-tube  slender,  the  limb 
expanded  and  deeply  5 -cleft.  Filaments  pilose.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base. 
Achenes  obovate  or  oblong,  4-angled  or  compressed,  smooth  or  corrugated .  Pappus- 
bristles  in  several  series,  filiform,  barbellate  or  plumose,  united  at  the  base. 
[Greek,  Asses'  Thistle,  the  ancient  name.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World. 

i.  Onopordon  Acanthium  L.  COTTON  THISTLE.  SCOTCH  THISTLE.  (I. 
F.  f.  4075.)  Biennial,  white-tomentose  all  over;  stem  usually  much  branched, 
leafy,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  lobed  and  dentate,  acute,  very  spiny,  the 
lower  often  3  dm.  long;  heads  4-5  cm.  broad,  about  4  cm.  high,  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong,  minutely  serru- 
late, tipped  with  long,  stout,  spreading  spines;  flowers  pale  purple;  achenes  slightly 
corrugated;  pappus -bristles  brownish,  longer  than  the  achene.  In  waste  places, 
N.  S.  and  Ont.  toN.  J.  and  Mich.  Nat.  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  July- 
Sept. 

101.  CENTAUREA  L. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  entire,  dentate,  incised  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  large  or  middle-sized  heads  of  tubular  purple-violet,  white  or  rarely 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  ovoid  or  globose,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  many  series, 
appressed,  fimbrillate,  or  dentate.  Receptacle  flat,  densely  bristly.  Marginal 
flowers  usually  neutral  and  larger  than  the  central  ones,  which  are  perfect  and  fer- 
tile, or  flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile  in  some  species.  Corolla  tube  slender,  the 
limb  regular  or  oblique,  5-cleft  or  5 -lobed,  the  segments  sometimes  appearing  like 
rays.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  short,  somewhat  connate,  ob- 
tuse. Achenes  oblong  or  obovoid,  compressed  or  obtusely  4-angled,  usually  smooth 
and  shining,  obliquely  or  laterally  attached  to  the  receptacle,  surmounted  by  a  disk 
with  an  elevated  margin.  Pappus  of  several  series  of  brisMes  or  scales,  rarely 


COMPOSITAE.  1035 

none.  [Greek,  of  the  Centaurs,  who  ~*ere  said  to  use  it  in  healing.]  About  350 
species,  mostly  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Besides  the  following,  2  others,  intro- 
duced species,  occur  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  are  rarely  found  in  ballast  about  the 
eastern  seaports. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  lacerate  or  fimbriate,  not  spiny. 

Heads  4  cm.  broad  or  less;  achenes  laterally  attached;  introduced  species. 

Annual;  pappus  about  the  length  of  the  achene.  i.  C.  Cyanus. 

Perennials  ;  pappus  obsolete,  or  short. 

Flowers  all  perfect;  marginal  ones  scarcely  enlarged.  2.  C.  nigrat 

Marginal  flowers  neutral,  with  palmately  cleft  corollas.       3.   C.  Jacea. 
Heads  5-10  cm.  broad;  achenes  obliquely  attached;  native  western  species. 

4.  C.  Americana. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  stout,  nearly  simple  spines.  5.   C.  Calcitrapa. 

1.  Centaurea     Cyanus    L.    BLUE-BOTTLE.     CORN    BLUE-BOTTLE.     CORN- 
FLOWER.    (I.  F.  f.  4076.)     Annual,  woolly  or  tomentose,  at  least  when  young;,  stem 
leafy,  slender,  branched,  3—7  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending.     Leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  7-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  inostly  den- 
tate or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  or  sometimes  all  of  them,  entire;  heads  on  long  naked 
peduncles;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  greenish  yellow  or  with  darker  tips 
and  margins,  appressed;  flowers  blue  or  purplish,  varying  to  white,  the  marginal 
ones  neutral  with  large  radiant  corolla-limbs;  achenes  slightly  compressed,  or  4- 
angled;  pappus  bristles  unequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  achene.     In  waste  places, 
escaped  from  gardens,  and  in  ballast,  Quebec  to  N.  Y.,  Va.,   S.  Dak.  and  Kans. 
July-Sept. 

2.  Centaurea  nigra  L.     BLACK  KNAPWEED.     HORSE-KNOPS.     HARDHEADS. 
CENTAURY.    (I.  F.  f.  4077.)     Perennial,  scabrous  or  pubescent;  stem  stiff,  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high.     Lower  and   basal  leaves  ^patulate  or  oblong,  acutish,  entire   den- 
ticulate, dentate  or  lobed,  not  pinnatifid,  7-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  long  peti- 
oles; upper  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile,  or  partly  clasping,  entire  or  nearly 
so;  heads  rarely  2.5  cm.  broad,  bi acted  by  the  small,  uppermost  leaves;  involucre 
globose,  its  bracts   lanceolate,  or  ovate- lanceolate,  closely  imbricated,  tipped  with 
brown  fimbriate  appendages,  or  the  uppermost  merely  lacerate;  flowers  rose-purple; 
achenes  slightly  4-sided;  pappus  none,  or  a  ring  of  minute  scales.     In  waste  places 
and  fields,  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  N.  J.     Nat.  from  Europe.     July-Sept. 

3.  Centaurea  Jacea  L.     BROWN  OR  RAYED  KNAPWEED.     (I.  F.  f.  4078.) 
Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species.     Leaves  entire  or  denticulate,  rarely 
lobed;  heads  2.5—4  cm.   broad;  involucre  globular  to  ovoid,  its  bracts  closely  im- 
bricated, brown  or  with  brown  bracts,  the  outer  ones  with  fimbriate  appendages, 
the  middle  ones  lacerate,  the  inner  entire  or  nearly  so;  achenes  obscurely  4-sided; 
pappus  none,  or  a  minute  crown.     In  waste  places,  N.  Y.  to  Conn,  and  Vt.  and  in 
ballast  about  eastern  seaports.     Also  in  Br.  Col.     Fugitive  from  Europe.     June- 
Sept. 

4.  Centaurea  Americana  Nutt.     AMERICAN  STAR  THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  4079.) 
Annual,  roughish;  stem  stout,  simple,  or  little  branched,  6-18  dm.  high.     Leaves 
entire  or  denticulate,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  spatulate  or  oblong,  5-12  cm.  long, 
narrowed    into   petioles,   the   upper   oblong-lanceolate,   sessile,   mucronate;  heads 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  leafy  stem  or  branches;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate  with  conspicuously  pectinate  appendages;  flowers  pink  or 
purple,  the  marginal  ones  with  enlarged  and  radiant  corolla-limbs;  achenes  some- 
what compressed;  pappus  of  copious  unequal  bristles  longer  than  the  achene.     Dry 
plains,  Mo.  and  Ark.  to  La.,  Mex.  and  Ariz.     May-Aug. 

5.  Centaurea  Calcitrapa  L.     STAR   THISTLE.     (I.  F.  f.  4080.)     Annual, 
pubescent  or  glabrous,  green;  stem  much  branched,  3-4  dm.  high.     Leaves  1-2- 
pinnatifid   into    oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  serrulate -pinulose,   dentate  or  entire 
mostly  acute  lobes,  the  upper  sessile  and  slightly  clasping,  the  lower  and  basal 
short-petioled,  1-2  dm.  long,  the  uppermost  somewhat  involucrate  at  the  bases  of 
the  sessile  heads,  which  are  about  25  mm.  broad;  involucre  ovoid,  its  outer  bracts 
ovate-oblong,  spiny ;  flowers  purple,  none  of  them  radiant;  achenes  compressed  or 
obscurely  4- sided;  pappus  none.   In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J. 
and  Va.     Also  in  Br.  Col.     Adventive  or  nat.  from  Europe.     June-Oct. 


1036  FLORA. 

102.  carious  L. 

An  annual  herb,  with  alternate  pinnatifid  or  sinuate-dentate  leaves,  the  lobes 
or  teeth  spiny,  and  large  sessile  heads  of  yellow  tubular  flowers,  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  subtended  by  the  upper  leaves.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated in  several  series,  the  outer  ovate,  the  inner  lanceolate,  tipped  by  long  pin» 
nately  branched  spines.  Receptacle  flat,  bristly.  Achenes  terete,  striate,  laterally 
attached,  the  horny  margin  lo-toothed  at  the  summit;  pappus  of  2  series  of  awns, 
the  inner  fimbriate,  the  outer  longer,  naked;  anther-appendages  elongated,  united 
to  their  tips.  [Latin  name  of  Safflower,  early  applied  to  thistles.]  A  monotypic 
genus  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Cnicus  benedictus  L.  BLESSED  THISTLE.  OUR  LADY'S  THISTLE.  (L 
F.  f.  4081.)  Hirsute  or  pubescent,  much  branched,  seldom  over  7  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  rather  thin,  reticulate-veined,  7-15  cm.  long, 
the  upper  clasping,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  narrowed  at  the  base  and  petioled; 
heads  about  25  mm.  broad,  subtended  by  several  large  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate 
leaves;  bristles  of  the  receptacle  soft,  long;  outer  awns  of  the  pappus  alternating 
with  the  inner.  In  waste  places,  N.  S.  to  Md  ,  Penn.  and  Ala.  and  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  AdventivH  from  southern  Europe.  May-Aug. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  THE 
COMPOSITAE.* 

(AMBROSIACEAE,  CICHORIACEAE,  CARDUACEAE.) 

PREPARED   BY 

DR.  KARL  M.  WIEGAND. 

PAG» 

A  Flowers  of  the  head  all  ligulate Family  CICHORIACEAE    898 

b  Pappus  of  scales,  or  of  scales  and  bristles,  or  none. 

c  Flowers,  blue  or  white Cichorium    890 

cc  Flowers  yellow. 

d  Pappus  of  scales,  often  with  bristles  also. 
e  Achenes  truncate,  i5~20-ribbed;   involucre  in  1-2  series. 

Adopogon  (Krigia)     891 
ee  Achenes  contracted  into  a  beak,  lo-ribbed;   involucre  in  2-4  series. 

Nothocalais  (Troximori)     900 
dd  Pappus  none. 

e  Achenes  2o~30-nerved Lapsana    891 

ee  Achenes  8-io-nerved  or  ribbed. 

/  Scapose  plants Arnoseris     892 

//  Leafy-stemmed  plants Serinia     891 

bb  Pappus  of  bristles. 
c  Bristles  plumose,  at  least  some  of  them. 

d  Receptacle  chaffy Hypochaeris    892 

dd  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

e  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  cauline Tragopogon    894 

ee  Leaves  not  grass-like;   plants  often  scapose. 

/  Flowers  pink  or  purple Ptiloria     894 

//  Flowers  yellow. 

g  Plants  scapose Leontodon    893 

gg  Plants  leafy-stemmed Picris    893 

cc  Bristles  simple. 
d  Achenes  with  spiny  processes  near  the  summit. 

e  Stem  branching,  leafy;   heads  small Chondrilla    895 

ee  Stem  scapose;   heads  large,  solitary Taraxacum     896 

dd  Achenes  smooth  or  merely  papillose. 
e  Achenes  flattened. 

/  Achenes  truncate  at  the  summit Sonchus    896 

//  Achenes  narrowed  into  a  beak  or  neck Lactuca     897 

ee  Achenes  not  distinctly  flattened. 
/  Flowers  white,  cream-colored,  or  purple. 

g  Leaves  mostly  linear  or  scale-like,  often  nearly  wanting  .  Lygodesmia    899 
gg  Leaves  broad,  ovate  to  triangular  or  oblong .  Nabalus  (Prenanthes)     906 
//  Flowers  yellow,  orange,  or  flame-red. 
g  Achenes  truncate  or  merely  narrowed  at  the  summit. 
h  Pappus  bright  white. 

*  The  names  in  parentheses  are  those  used  in  Gray's  Manual  for  the  corresponding 
genera,  wholly  or  in  part. 

1037 


1038   ANALYTICAL    KEY  TO  GENERA  OF  COMPOSITAE. 

PAGE 

*  Pappus  in  2  series,  the  inner  coherent  at  the  base  and  deciduous 

in  a  ring Malacothrix    895 

U  Pappus  simple Crepis    901 

hh  Pappus  tawny  or  brown. 
i  Involucre  narrowly  cylindrical,  few-flowered;   bracts  10  or  fewer. 

Nabalus  (Prenanthes)     906 
ii  Involucre  campanulate,  many -flowered;    bracts  more  than  10. 

Hieracium     903 
gg  Achenes  slender-beaked. 
h  Pappus-bristles  surrounded  by  a  villous  white  ring  at  the  base. 

Sitilias  (Pyrrhopappus)     901 
hh  Pappus  naked  at  the  base. 

*  Pappus  entirely  of  bristles Agoseris    900 

ii  Pappus  of  both  scales  and  bristles Nothocalais  (Troximon)     900 

A  A     Flowers  of  the  head  all,  or  all  but  the  marginal,  not  ligulate. 
b  INVOLUCRE     OF    PISTILLATE     FLOWERS     CLOSED     AND 
WOODY;     FLOWERS  GREENISH;     MONOECIOUS;     HEADS 

UNISEXUAL Family  AMBROSIACEAE    908 

c  Involucral  bracts  of  tht  staminate  heads  separate;  pistillate  heads  form- 
ing an  oblong  bur Xanthium    911 

cc  Involucral  bracts  of  the  staminate  heads  united. 
d  Pistillate  involucres    naked    or   with    a    single    series    of    tubercles 

or  prickles Ambrosia     910 

dd  Pistillate  involucres  with  numerous  prickles  in  several  series. 

Gacrtneria,     911 

bb  INVOLUCRE  NOT  CLOSED  AND  WOODY.  .Family  COMPOSITAE    913 
c  HEADS  DISCOID. 
d  Pappus  composed  of  awns. 
e  Involucral  bracts  with  pinnate  spines;  inner  pappus  awns  fimbriate. 

Cnicus  (in  Centaur  ea}  1036 
ee  Involucral  bracts  naked;    pappus  awns  not  fimbriate. 

/  Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinct  or  nearly  so Bidens  1000 

//  Bracts  of  the  inner  involucre  united  to  the  middle  . .  Thelesperma  1003 
dd  Pappus  composed  of  scales. 

e  Involucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip Arctium  1029 

ee  Involucral  bracts  naked. 

/  Receptacle  chaffy Marshall-la  1005 

//  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

g  Heads  white  or  yellow Hymenopappus  1006 

gg  Heads  pink  or  purple. 

h  Aquatic  herbs Sclerolepis    920 

hh  Terrestrial  herbs. 

*  Heads  glomerate,  the  glomerules  also  with  an  involucre. 

Elephantopus    919 
ii  Heads  separate,  not  glomerate. 

7*  Pappus  scales  awned  at  tip;    leaves  mostly  basal. .  .  .Gaillardia  ion 
//'  Pappus  scales  rounded  or  retuse;    leaves  cauline. . .  .Polypteris  1007 
ddd  Pappus  none  or  a  mere  crown. 
e  Corolla  large,  deeply -lobed;    flowers  pink,  purple,  or  white,  showy. 

Centaur  ea  1034 

ee  Corolla  small,  dentate;   flowers  yellow  or  yellowish  white. 
/  Receptacle  chaffy. 

g  White-woolly  herbs Filago  (Evax)     972 

gg  Puberulent  or  scabrous  uerbs. 

h  Heads  8-15  mm.  broad;   leaves  very  large,  1-3  dm.  broad,  deltoid- 
ovate,  irregularly  lobed Polymnia     979 

hh  Heads  2-6  mm.  broad;    leaves  linear,  ovate,  or  spatulate . . Iva    908 
//  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO   GENERA    OF  COMPOSITAE. 

PAGB 

g  Receptacle  conic. Matricaria  1015 

gg  Receptacle  flat  or  convex. 
h  Heads  corymbose;    pappus  a  short  crown. 

i  Leaves  serrate Chrysanthemum  1014 

ii  Leaves  i-3-pinnately  dissected  or  divided Tanacetum  1016 

hh  Heads  paniculate-racemose  or  spicate;    pappus  none. 

i  Leaves  deltoid,  undivided Adenocaulon     979 

ii  Leaves  lanceolate,  linear  or  pinnatifid Artemisia  1017 

dddd  Pappus  capillary. 

e  Receptacle  chaffy;  white-woolly  herbs Gifola  (Filago)     972 

ee  Receptacle  not  chaffy,  sometimes  bristly. 

/  Involucral  bracts  white -scarious,  in  several  series;  white-woolly  herbs. 
g  Basal  leaves  larger  than,  and  differing  from,  the  cauline;   dioecious 

herbs      Antennaria     973 

gg  Basal  leaves  nearly  similar  to  the  cauiine  or  wanting. 
h  Involucre  papery-white,  spreading;   plants  dioecious .  .  .  .Anaphalis     976 
hh  Involucre  appressed,  yellow,  whitish,  purple,  or  brown;  plants  not 

dioecious. 
i  Heads  narrow,  5-7-flowered;    bright  yellow;    corolla  large. 

Chrysothamnus  (Bigelovia)     931 
ii  Heads  broader,  many-flowered,  not  bright  yellow;  corollas  small. 

Gnaph  a  Hum     977 
//  Involucral  bracts  not  scarious,  or  only  at  the  tip,  or  if  entirely  so 

plant  not  white-woolly. 
g  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish -cream  color. 
h  Involucral  bracts  in  one  series,  often  with  minute  ones  at  the  base. 

*  Flowers  cream -color Erechthites  1023 

ii  Flowers  bright  yellow Senecio'  1024 

hh  Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series. 
i  Leaves  spiny  or  spinulose-dentate. 

j  Heads  3-10  cm.  broad Carduus  (Cnicus)   1030 

jj  Heads  12-30  mm.  broad Sideranthus  (in  Aplopappus)     932 

ii  Leaves  not  spiny. 
/  Shrubby  at  least  at  the  base. 

k  Dioecious;  glabrous  or  glutinous Baccharis    971 

kk  Flowers  perfect;   plants  white-woolly  when  young. 

Chrysothamnus  (in  Bigelovia)     931 
jj  Herbaceous. 

k  Involucre  glutinous;  eastern Chondrophora  (in  Bigelovia}     930 

kk  Involucre  not  glutinous;  western Oonopsis  (in  Bigelovia}     931 

gg  Flowers  purple,  violet,  or  white. 
h  Involucral  bracts  in  i  series,  often  with  minute  bracts  at  the  base. 

i  Climbing  plants Willugbaeya   (Mikania)     924 

ii  Not  climbing. 

j  Leaves  all  basal Petasites  1021 

jj  Leaves  cauline. 
k  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  toward 

the  base Erechthites  1023 

kk  Leaves  oval,  reniform  or  hastate-lanceolate. 

/  Involucre  of  about  5  bracts Mesadenia  (in  Cacalid)   1023 

//  Involucre  of  about  12  bracts Synosma  (in  Cacalia)   1024 

hh  Involucral  bracts  in  2 -many  series. 

*  Foliage  spiny. 

j  Receptacle  densely  bristly. 

k  Filaments  separate Carduus  (Cnicus}  1030 

kk  Filaments  united  below Mariana  (Silybum)   1034 

jj  Receptacle  not  bristly Onopordon  1034 

ii  Foliage  not  spiny. 

j  Shrubby  plants;  dioecious. .........................  Baccharis    971 

7;  Herbs  j   not  dioecious. 


IO4O  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO   GENERA   OF  COMPOSITAE. 

k  Receptacle  densely  brist  ';    corolla  deeply  lobed;    involucral 

bracts  fimbriate  or  dentate Centaurea  1034 

kk  Receptacle  naked;   corolla  dentate. 
/  Bracts  of  involucre  in  2  series,  outer  shorter;  leaves  large;  heads 

in  involucrate  glomerules Elephantopus    919 

//  Bracts  in  2-3-series,  all  nearly  equal. 
m  Flowers  4-30  in  the  head. 

n  Achenes  lo-ribbed Trilisa    927 

nn  Achenes,  5-angled Eupatorium     920 

mm  Flowers  50-100;  achenes  2~3-nerved. .  Brachyactis  (in  Aster)     966 
///  Bracts  of  involucre  in  several  series,  outer  shorter. 
m  Involucral  bracts  strongly  striate-nerved;   heads  paniculate  or 

corymbose. 
n  Pappus-bristles  rough  or  serrate;  involucral  bracts  numerous. 

Coleosanthus  (Brickelli:i)     924 

nn  Pappus-bristles  plumose;    involucral  bracts  few.  .Kuhnia      924 
mm  Involucral  bracts  faintly  if  at  all  striate. 

n  Heads  spiked  or  racemose Lacinaria   (Liatris)     925 

nn  Heads  corymbose. 

o  Anthers  tailed  at  the  base Pluchea     973 

oo  Anthers  not  tailed. 

p  Pappus  single Eupatorium     920 

pp  Pappus  double Vernonia    918 

cc  HEADS  WITH  RAY  AND  DISK-FLOWERS. 
d  Pappus  composed  of  awns;   rays  yellow,  white,  or  purple. 
e  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

/  Heads  6  mm.  broad Chaetopappa     944 

'  //  Heads  20-35  mm-  broad Grindelia     928 

ee  Receptacle  chaffy. 
/  Involucral  bracts  of  2  distinct  sorts. 

g  Bracts  all  separate  or  nearly  so .Bidens  1000 

gg  Bracts  of  the  inner  series  united  to  about  the  middle .  Thelesperma  1003 
//  Involucral  bracts  of  one  sort,  the  outer  merely  shorter. 

g  Receptacle   convex   or  low-conical Verbesina     996 

gg  Receptacle  narrow-conical  or  cylindrical. 

h  Rays  4  or  5,  broad,  persistent Crassina    983 

hh  Rays  8-12,  deciduous Spilanthes    985 

dd  Pappus  composed  of  scales. 
e  Receptacle  chaffy. 
/  Rays  white  or  nearly  so,  pistillate. 

g  Leaves  opposite Galinsoga  1004 

gg  Leaves  alternate Parthenium    983 

//  Rays  bright  yellow,  neutral. 

g  Involucral  bracts  of  2  distinct  sorts Coreopsis     997 

gg  Involucral  bracts  of  i  sort,  the  outer  merely  shorter. 
h  Leaves  punctate,  spatulate-linear.  .  ..Actinospermum  (Baldwinia)   1004 

hh  Leaves  not  punctate Helianthus    990 

ee  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 
/  Rays  purple,  violet,  or  white. 

g  Rays  nearly  entire,  elliptical Boltonia   945 

gg  Rays  cuneate,  3-lobed,  or  cleft. 
h  Involucral  bracts  petal-like,  colored,  scarious  at  the  tip.  .Polypteris  1007 

hh  Involucral  bracts  not  as  above Gaillardia  ion 

//  Rays  yellow. 

g  Plants  dotted  with  oil-glands,  especially  the  leaves  and  involucres. 
h  Involucral  bracts  more  or  less  united;    style-branches  of  the  disk- 
flowers  elongated. 

*  Bracts  united  only  at  the  base Boebera  (Dysodia)  1012 

ii  Bracts  united  high  up  into  a  cup ,.,,,...  Thymophylla  1912 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO   GENERA   Of  COMPOSITAE.    104! 

PAGB 

hh  Involucral  bracts  separate;    style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers 

very  short Pectis  1012 

gg  Plants  not  dotted  with  oil-glands. 
h  Rays  rounded  and  nearly  or  quite  entire  at  the  apex. 
i  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs;    disk-flowers  all  or  nearly  all  fertile. 

Gutierrezia   927 

ii  Annual  herbs;  disk-flowers  sterile Amphiachyris    928 

hh  Rays  truncate  and  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed  at  the  apex. 

*  Involucral  bracts  spreading  or  reflexed. 

;  Receptacle  usually  bristly Gaillardia  ion 

;;'  Receptacle  naked Helenium  1010 

ii  Involucral  bracts  appressed  or  erect. 
j  Rays  persistent;   achenes  linear,  striate. 

P  silo  strophe  1005 
jj  Rays  deciduous. 

k  Achenes  4-angled,  linear  or  oblong Picradeniopsis  1008 

kk  Achenes  5-io-ribbed  or  5-io-angled,  top-shaped. 
/  Outer  involucre  bracts  separate. 

Tetraneuris  (Actinella  t  Picradenia)   1008 
//  Outer  involucre  bracts  connate  at  the  base. 

Picradenia  (Actinella)  1009 
ddd  Pappus  none  or  a  mere  crown. 
e  Receptacle  not  chaffy. 
/  Rays  yellow. 

g  Leaves  pinnately  divided  or  compound Tanacetum  1016 

gg  Leaves  serrate  or  entire Flaveria  1006 

//  Rays  white  or  purple. 

g  Rays  narrow-linear,  numerous,  30  or  more;   leaves  not  divided. 
h  Outer  involucral  bracts  shorter  than  the  inner;  achenes  prismatic. 

Aphanostephus   943 

hh  Outer  bracts  all  about  equal;  achenes  flattened Bettis    943 

gg  Rays  broader,  fewer  than  30;    leaves  frequently  divided. 
h  Receptacle  flat  or  convex;     involucral    bracts    in  several  series. 

Chrysanthemum  1014 

hh  Receptacle  ovoid-conic;  bracts  in  few  series Matricaria  1015 

ee  Receptacle  chaffy. 
/  Rays  white  or  purple. 
g  Involucral  bracts  of  2  sorts. 
h  Inner  bracts  hooded,  embracing  the  ray -achenes  . . .  .Melampodium    980 

hh  Inner  bracts  flat,  not  embracing  the  ray-achenes Coreopsis     997 

gg  Involucral  bracts  similar. 

h  Heads  very  large,  5-15-011.  broad Brauneria  (Echinacea)     989 

hh  Heads  smaller,  4  cm.  broad  or  less. 

*  Leaves  opposite Eclipta     984 

it  Leaves  alternate. 

j  Achenes  flattened;    heads  small Achillea  1013 

jj  Achenes  terete;  heads  large Anthemis  1014 

//  Rays  yellow. 
£  Ray-flowers  neutral. 

h  Involucral  bracts  of  2  sorts Coreopsis    997 

hh  Involucral  bracts  similar,  the  outer  often  shorter. 

i  Achenes  4-angled Rudbeckia     985 

ii  Achenes  compressed,  winged Ratibida  (Lepachys)     988 

gg  Ray-flowers  pistillate. 
h  Achenes  flattened. 

i  Rays  in  2-3  series;   achenes  falling  free Silphium     980 

ii  Rays  in  i  series;  achenes  attached  to  2  or  3  scales  of  the  receptacle. 

j  Leaves  opposite  and  basal Chrysogonum    982 

jj  Leaves  alternate. 
k  Pappus  none  or  qf  2  caducous  awns-  •  •  .;«'»*•-« Berlandiera    982 


1042   ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO   GENERA    OF  COMPOSITAE. 

PAGB 

kk  Pappus  a  persistent  irregularly  cleft  crown Engelmannia     982 

h  At  least  the  disk  achenes  not  flattened. 

i  Disk-flowers  sterile;   leaves  very  large  and  thin Polymnia    979 

ii  Disk-flowers  fertile;    leaves  smaller. 
j  Involucre  of   4   large  somewhat  united  outer  bracts,  and  6-15 

smaller  inner  ones Tetragonotheca     985 

jj  Involucre  of  many  ordinary  bracts. 

k  Fleshy  seacoast  plants;   leaves  spatulate,  entire Borrichia     990 

kk  Inland  plants. 

/  Leaves  pinnately  dissected Anthemis  1014 

II  Leaves  ovate,  serrate Heliopsis     984 

dddd  Pappus  capillary;    receptacle  not  chaffy. 
e  Rays  yellow. 
/  Involucral  bracts  in  one  series,  rarely  in  two. 

g  Leaves  opposite Arnica  1022 

gg  Leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

h  Head  solitary  on  a  bracted  scape,  appearing  before  the  large  orbicu- 
lar leaves Tussilago  1021 

hh  Heads  solitary  or  numerous,  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves. 

Senecio  1024 
//  Involucral  bracts  in  3-several  series. 

g  Lower  and  basal  leaves  cordate Brachychaeta    942 

gg  None  of  the  leaves  cordate. 
h  Leaves  bristly-serrate  or  pinnatifid. 
i  Achenes  glabrous;    pappus-bristles  deciduous. 

Prionopsis  (in  Aplopappus)     932* 
ii  Achenes  white- tomentose;    pappus-bristles  persistent. 

Sideranthus  (in  Aplopappus)     932 
hh  Leaves  entire  or  toothed,  not  bristly-serrate. 
i  Leaves  narrow,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire;   low  western  under- 

shrub Stenotus    933 

ii  Leaves  not  evergreen. 

/  Pappus  double,  the  inner  long,  the  outer  of  short  scales  or  bristles. 
k  Achenes  of  disk  flattened;    ray-pappus  obsolete. . .  .Heterdtheca     929 
kk  Achenes  of  both  disk  and  ray  flattened;  ray -pappus  present. 

Chrysopsis    929 
//  Pappus  single. 

k  Heads  very  large,   5-10  cm.  broad Inula     979 

kk  Heads  small,  0.5-2  cm.  broad. 
/  Annuals;  heads  very  loosely  paniculate  on  long,  slender  pedicels. 

Isopappus  (in  Aplopappus)     933 
//  Perennials. 
m  Receptacles   simply   alveolate;     rays   few;    panicles   mostly 

dense Solidago     933 

mm  Receptacle  fimbrillate;  rays  several  or  many;  inflorescence 

more  open,   corymbose Euthamia   (in  Solidago}     942 

ee  Rays  violet,  purple,  or  white. 
/  Pappus-bristles  very  rigid  and  coarse. 
g  Achenes  of  the  disk-flowers  compressed,  of  the  ray-flowers  3-angled; 

perennial  herbs  with  large  heads Townsendia     944 

gg  Achenes  fusiform,  terete;    annual  herbs  with  small  heads. 

Chaetopappa     944 
ggg  Achenes  obovate,  flattened,  with  thickened  or  winged  margins; 

perennials Boltonia    945 

gggg  Achenes  turbinate,  narrowed  below,  not  winged. 

Machaeranthera  (in  Aster)     966 
//  Pappus-bristles  soft  and  fine. 

g  Involucral  bracts  in  many  series;  teeth  or  lobes  of  the  leaves  bristle- 
tipped Machaeranthera    966 

gg  Involucral  bracts  in  *-?  series,  very  narrow, 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  GENERA    OF  COMPOSITAE*    1 043 

PAGE 

h  Leaves  very  large,  reniform  or  orbicular,  basal Petasites  1021 

hh  Leaves  smaller,  cauline,  and  basal. 
i  Heads  6-35  mm.  broad;   rays  mostly  longer  than  the  diameter  of 

the  disk Erigeron    966 

ii  Heads  4  mm.  broad;    rays  not  longer  than  diameter  of  disk. 

Leptilon  (in  Erigeron)     969 
ggg  Involucral  bracts  in  3-5  series. 
h  Involucral  bracts  firm;   rays  few,  white;  leaves  spatulate,  linear,  or 

obovate,  nearly  or  quite  entire Sericocarpus    945 

hh  Involucral  bracts  membranous. 

i  Pappus  distinctly  double;    inner  bristles  long,  outer  shorter. 
j  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  obovate;    rays  white. 

Doellingeria  (in  Aster)     970 

jj  Leaves  narrowly  linear;    rays  violet lonactls  (in  Aster)     971 

U  Pappus  single. 

j    Disk-flowers  turning  redr  purple,  or  brown Aster    946 

jj  Disk-flowers    permanently    white;     leaves    subulate-spatulate, 

crowded,  rigid Leucelene    965 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  THE 
FAMILY  GRAMINE/E, 

INCLUDING   GENERA   CULTIVATED   WITHIN   THE 
RANGE   OF  THIS   WORK. 

PREPARED    BY 

KARL   M.    WIEGAND. 

NOTE. — The  scales  borne  on  the  primary  axis  of  the  spikelet  are  termed 
glumes;  the  one  on  each  secondary  axis  is  termed  the  palet.  The  two  lowest 
glumes,  termed  empty  glumes,  inclose  no  flowers  and  frequently  differ  from  the 
other  glumes.  Rarely  there  are  more  than  two  empty  glumes,  sometimes  one, 
or  none  at  all. 

Make  a  careful  dissection  of  the  spikelet  before  using  the  key.  Count  the 
nerves  by  transmitted  light  if  possible. 

e.g.  =  spk.  means, — at  least  one  empty  glume  equal  in  length  to  the  spikelet 
or  longer,  e.g.  <  spk.  means, — both  empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

The  names  in  parenthesis  represent  genera  in  cultivation  only. 

a  An  ivory-like  ovoid  capsule  at  base  of  each  fl.  cluster,  from  an  orifice  in  the 

top  of  which  the  stam.  spikelets  project (Coix.) 

aa  No  such  ivory-like  capsule. 

b  Pist.  spikes  axillary,  grown  together  forming  a  cob,  the  whole  inclosed  in  a 
leafy  involucre;    stam.  inf.  terminal;  stout  leafy  grasses  with  broad  leaves. 

(ZEA.) 

bb  Inflorescence  not  as  above. 

c  Glumes  or  glume-like  involucre  bearing  on  the  surface  hooked  or  straight 
spines  or  prickles. 

d  With  hooked  prickles.  . . . — NAZIA. 

dd  With  straight  or  slightly  curved  spines. 
e  One  recurved  spine  from  middle  of  glume;    spike  dense,  one-sided. 

CAMPULOSUS. 

ee  Several  spines  on  the  globular  involucre CENCHRUS. 

cc  Glumes  not  spiny  nor  prickly. 

d  Spikelets  in  distinctly  one-sided  spikes  or  spike-like  panicles. 
e  Spikelets  laterally  compressed;   glumes  keeled. 
f  Some  of  the  glumes  long-pointed  or  awned,  or  3-toothed. 
g  Spikelets  3- or  more-fld.,  in  panicles  or  spikes;  glumes  5  or  more;  e.g.<spk. 
h  Spikelets  regularly  imbricated  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  axis  of  solitary 

or  digitate  spikes DACTYLOCTENIUM. 

hh  Spikelets  fascicled  at  apex  of  stiff  branches  of  the  interrupted,  spike- 
like  or  open,  one-sided  panicle DACTYLIS. 

gg  Spikelets  i-2-fld.,  often  with  some  rudimentary  modified  fls.;    in  true 

spikes  only;   normal  glumes  3  or  4. 
h  Normal   glumes  4;    spikes  somewhat  whorled;    fl.   gl.   much   broader 

than  e.g.,  usually  with  subapical  awn;  e.g. < spk CHLORIS. 

hh  Normal  glumes  3;    sometimes  also  abnormal  ones  besides. 

1045 


1046  ANALYTICAL  KEY 

i  Rudiment  of  4th  or  5th  glume  present;  e.g.  =  spk. 
j  Spikes  dense;  lateral  teeth  of  fl.  gl.  awn-pointed  or  awned .  BoUTELOUA. 
jj  Spikes  very  slender,  interrupted;    lateral  teeth  of  fl.  gl.  minute,  not 

awn-pointed GYMNOPOGON. 

(Atheropogon  sometimes  has  secund  spikes.) 
ii  Rudiment  of  4th  glume  absent. 
j  Spikes  very   slender,   almost    filiform;     spikelets   distant;     e.g.<spk. 

SCHEDONARDUS. 

jj  Spikes  more  dense;   spikelets  overlapping;   e.g.  =  spk SPARTINA. 

ff  None  of  the  glumes  long-pointed  or  awned,  nor  distinctly  3-toothed. 
g  Spikelets  almost  circular,  i.e.  very  broad,  strongly  imbricated;   e.g.  =  spk. 

BECKMANNIA. 
gg  Spikelets  narrower;   glumes  narrow;   e.g.<spk. 

h  Spikelets  i  -fld. ;  spikes  digitate C APRIOLA. 

hh  Spikelets  2-  or  more-fld.;  spikes  racemose. 

*  Spikes  filiform,  alternately  fld LEPTOCHLOA. 

ii  Spikes  dense : ELUSINE. 

ee  Spikelets  not  laterally  compressed;   glumes  rounded. 
f  Glumes  or  some  of  them  awn-pointed  or  awned;   e.g.  =  spk.  or  none. 
g  Leaves  setaceous;    well-developed  glumes  only   i;    spikelets  distant,   in 

solitary  true  spike NARDUS. 

gg  Leaves  broad;  glumes  more  than  i;  one  glume  indurated;  spikelets  in 
spikes  or  spike-like  panicles,  which  are  racemose. 

h  Glumes  3 ERIOCHLOA. 

hh  Glumes  4. 

i  First  glume  awned;    creeping  grasses (OPLISMENUS.) 

ii  First  glume  usually  awnless;    glumes  coarsely  hairy;    erect  grasses. 

ECHINOCHLOA. 
ff  Glumes  not  awn-pointed. 

g  Peculiar  extensively  creeping  grasses  with  monoecious  inf.,  only  the  stam. 
secund,  pist.  very  different,  clustered  in  the  upper  sheaths;  e.g.<spk. 

in  stam.  spk ...  BULBILIS. 

gg  Ordinary  grasses  with  hermaphrodite  inf.,  all  spikelets  alike;  one  glume 

indurated. 
h  Glumes  4. 

i  Second  glume  shorter  than  spk..  3-nerved SYNTHERISMA. 

ii  Second  glume  equaling  the  spk.,  or  nearly  so;   5-nerved.  .BRACHIARIA. 
hh  Glumes  3;  e.g.  =  spk. 

*  First  glume  3-nerved,  2d  7-nerved SYNTHERISMA. 

ii  First  and  2d  glume  3~5-nerved. 

j  Back  of  indurated  glume  turned  toward  rachis PASPALUM. 

jj  Back  of  indurated  glume  turned  away  from  rachis ANASTROPHUS. 

dd  Spikelets  not  in  distinctly  i -sided  spikes. 

e  Hairs  or  bristles  forming  a  tuft  or  whorl  at  base  of  fl.  gl.,  or  on  the  rachis, 
or  on  sterile  pedicels,  or  forming  an  involucre  around  the  spikelet:  hairs 
on  the  fl.  gls.,  if  present,  are  abruptly  different  (shorter  or  appressed) 
and  do  not  grade  gradually  over  into  the  others. 

(The  pedicels  of  the  ordinary  spikelets  are  very  villous  in  Lamarckia.) 
f  Glumes  4,  the  3d  gl.  with  stamens  only  or  empty,  and  usually  of  thinner 
texture  than  the  4th  gl.;   spikelets  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bristles 
or  hairs. 
g  Involucre  of  rigid  barbed  persistent  bristles;   e.g.=  or  <spk. 

CHJSTOCHLOA. 
gg  Involucre  of  unequal  softer  bristles  or  hairs  which  are  often  plumose; 

4th  gl.  scarcely  coriaceous;  e.g.  =  spk (PENNISETUM.) 

ff  Glumes  similar  in  texture  or  else  the  3d  firmer  than  the  ist  and  2d  or  the 

outer  gls.  firmer. 

g  Spikelets  in  pairs  or  threes,  all  but  one  often  sterile  and  reduced;  hairs 
outside  of  empty  gls.;  fl.  gl.  of  perfect  spikelet  long-awned  except  some- 
times in  Sorghum;  ist  e.g.  larger  than  2d  and  =spk. 


TO    THE   GENERA    OF  THE  FAMILY  GRAMINE&.      1047 

h  Both  spikelets   of    the  cluster  perfect,  one  longer  pediceled  than  the 

other;   large  ornamental  grasses. 
i  Axis  of  spike  continuous;  panicle  somewhat  fan-shaped.  (MISCANTHUS.) 

ii  Axis  of  spike  articulate;    panicle  denser ERIANTHUS. 

hh  Spikelets  of  the  cluster  unlike,  one  or  two  sterile  and  more  slender  or 

much  reduced  (often  to  a  mere  pedicel). 
i  Clusters  of  spikelets  in  irregular  panicles. 

j  Lateral  spikelets  reduced  to  mere  plumose  pedicels,  two  with  each 
fertile  spikelet,  all  sessile  at  apex  of  a  long  common  pedicel. 

SORGHASTRUM. 

jj  Lateral  spikelets  with  glumes;  ultimate  branches  of  inf.  dichotomously 
sympodial,  two  branches  at  base  of  each  fertile  spikelet,  one  bearing 
a  sterile  spikelet,  the  other  a  continuation  of  the  inf.,  terminal 

spikelet  with  two  sterile  ones .  SORGHUM. 

ii  Clusters  of  spikelets  in  false  spikes. 

j  Spikes  in  pairs  or  digitate;    rachilla-internodes  and  pedicels  opaque. 

ANDROPOGON. 
jj  Spikes  panicled;  rachilla-internodes  and  pedicels  thickened  on  margins, 

intervening  portion  thin  and  translucent AMPHILOPHIS. 

gg  Spikelets  not  in  small  definite  clusters  as  above;    ist  e.g.  smaller  than  or 

equaling  the  2d  (rarely  slightly  longer  in  Calama grostis) . 
h  Spikelets  i-fld.  or  with  rudiment  of  2d  fl. 

i  Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  fl.  gls.,  nearly  equal REDFIELDIA. 

ii  Empty  glumes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  fl.  gls.,  or  if  shorter  then 

very  unequal. 

j  Flowering  glume  awned;   e.g.  =  spk. 
k  Fl.  gl.  with  a  terminal  awn. 
/  Awn  twisted,  very  long;    fl.  gl.  4  mm.  or  more  long,  firmer  than 

empty  gls STIPA. 

//  Awn  straight;    fl.  gl.  less  than  4  mm.  long,  about  as  firm  as  empty 

glumes MUHLENBERGIA. 

kk  Fl.  gl   awned  on  back;   rachilla  extending  beyond  the  palet;  empty 

gls.  nearly  equal ' CALAMAGROSTIS. 

kkk  Fl.  gls.  awned  between  2  teeth;  spikelets  spiked  on  slender  branches 

of  inflorescence GYMNOPOGON. 

jj  Flowering  glume  not  awned. 

k  A  small  tuft  of  hair  on  either  side  of  base  of  fl.  gl.,  each  borne  on  a 
minute  scale  representing  the  very    udimentary  3d  and  4th  glumes; 

e.g.  =  spk PHALARIS. 

kk  Hairs  at  base  of  fl.  gl.  in  a  ring,  not  borne  as  above. 

/  Panicle  dense,  spike-like;  e.g.  =  spk AMMOPHILA. 

//  Panicle  open;  e.g.=  or  <spk CALAMOVILFA. 

hh  Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

i  Very  tall  reed-like  grasses  (1.5-6  m.  high);   e.g.<spk. 
[/  Leaves  8-50  mm.  broad,  evenly  distri  uted  up   the  culm   (see   also 

Arundo) PHRAGMITES. 

jj  Leaves  very  long  and  narrow,  recurved,  densely  clustered  at  base  of 

stems (GYNERIUM.) 

ii  Lower  ordinary  grasses. 
j  Flowering  glume  with  a  dorsal  awn. 

k  Spikelets  more  than  7  mm.  long;  e.g.=  or  <spk AVENA. 

kk  Spikelets  7  mm.  or  less  long. 

/  Fl.  gl.  acutely  2-toothed  at  apex;   e.g.<spk TRISETUM. 

//  Fl.   glume  blunt  or  bluntly  2-lobed  at  apex;  e.g.  =  or  <spk. 

DESCHAMPSIA. 

jj  Flowering  glume  awnless  or  3-toothed  or  mucronate. 
k  Fl.    glume   3-toothed,   broad,    shorter  than   empty   glunies;     sheaths 

villous  at  summit;   ligule  a  ring  of  hairs;   e.g.  =  spk SIEGLINGIA. 

kk  Fl.  glume  not  3-toothed,  broad  or  narrow. 
/  Ligule  a  ring  of  hairs;   e.g.<spk. 


1048  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

m  Panicle  contracted;    spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  y-n-fld.;    fl.  glumes 

broad  and  rounded RHOMBOLYTRIUM. 

mm  Panicle  diffuse;    spikelets  6mm.  long,   i-3-fld.;  fl.  gls.  narrow, 

acute REDFIELDIA. 

//  Ligule  scale-like. 

m  Fl.  glume  rounded;  rachis  glabrous;  e.g.  =  spk SCOLOCHLOA. 

mm  Fl.  glume  keeled. 

n  Rachis  hirsute;  e.g.<spk GRAPHEPHORUM. 

n;i  Rachis  glabrous;   e.g.  =  spk DUPONTIA. 

(See  also  Poa  ) 
ee  Hairs  or  bristles  at  base  of  flowering  glumes,  if  present,  grading  over  into 

those  on  the  flowering  glumes. 
/  Spikelets  in  little  clusters  (of  2-5)  of  two  very  distinct  sorts,  one  sterile  of 

many  glumes  usually  concealing  the  few-fld.  fertile;    e.g.  <  spk. 
g  Glumes  of  both  kinds  of  spikelets  obtuse;    fertile  spikelets  i-fld. 

(LAMARCKIA.) 

gg  Glumes  of  the  very  flat  sterile  spikelets  pointed  or  awned;  fertile  2-3-fld. 

CYNOSURUS. 

jff  Spikelets  not  conspicuously  dimorphic;  or  if  so  then  the  fertile  and  sterile 
not  in  the  same  little  clusters,  or  the  sterile  with  few  glumes  (4  or  less) 
or  rudimentary. 
g  Blade  articulated  with  the  sheath  and  eventually  deciduous  at  this  point; 

branched  plants  with  large  lanceolate  leaves;  e.g.  <  spk. 
h  Internodes  not  flattened;    sheaths  persistent. 

i  Stamens  3;  empty  glumes  2,  short ARUNDINARIA. 

ii  Stamens  6;    empty  glumes  2-6,  gradually  increasing  in  size  upward. 

(BAM  BUS  A.) 

hh  Internodes  flattened  at   least  on  one  side;    sheaths  soon   deciduous; 
stamens  3;    the    1-2  spikelets   surrounded  by  a  large    leaf    at  the 

base (PHYLLOSTACHYS.) 

gg  Leaves  not  articulated  with  the  sheath,  though  sometimes  with  a  dif- 
ferent-colored zone  at  this  point. 

h  Flower-bearing  glumes  rugose  with  transverse  and  longitudinal  cellular 
reticulations;  palet  similar,  i -nerved;  two  much  shorter  empty  glumes, 

and  still  two  more  fold-like  ones  at  the  base (ORYZA.) 

hh  Flower-bearing  glumes  and  spikelets  not  as  above. 
i  Empty  glumes  at  base  of  spikelet  strongly  transversely  wrinkled  or 
pitted,  thick  and  coriaceous;    spikelets  imbedded  in  the  thickened 

rachis  and  very  closely  appressed;   e.g.  =  spk MANISURUS. 

ii  Empty  glumes  at  base  of  spikelet  not  strongly  transversely  wrinkled 

nor  pitted  as  above. 
j  Rachis  of  spike-like  inf.  very  thick ;  pist.  spikelets  at  its  base  and  imbedded 

in  it;  stam.  spikelets  above,  not  imbedded;  e.g.  =  spk TRIPSACUM. 

jj  Rachis  slender  and  spikelets  often  paniculate. 

k  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  spike-like  branches  of  the  in- 
florescence, one  longer  pediceled  than  the  other;  fl.  gl.  and  rachis 
with  long  silky  spreading  hairs;  e.  gls.  three;  fl.  gl.  awned;  e.g.= 

spk .' ERIANTHUS. 

kk  Spikelets  2-3  at  each  node  of  the  simple  spike-like  inf.,  5  mm.  or 

more  long.     (See  also  kkk.) 
I  Empty  glumes  at  base  of  spikelet  absent  or  minute  and  awn-like; 

spike  very  open  with  spreading  long-awned  spikelets HYSTRIX. 

//  Empty  glumes  present;  spikelets  usually  ascending  and  approximate; 

e.g.=  or  <spk. 

m  Spikelets  i-fld.,  or  with  a  mere  rudiment  of  a  second;  lateral  spike- 
lets  usually  imperfect HORDEUM. 

mm  Spikelets,  at  least  most  of  them,  2-  or  more-fld.,  all  usually  similar. 
n  Rachis  of  spike  easily  breaking  up  at  maturity;  western .  SITANION. 

nn  Rachis  not  breaking  up  into  joints ELYMUS. 

kkk  Spikelets  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  spike,  or  panicled. 


TO   THE  GENERA   OF   THE  FAMILY   GRAM1NEJE.      104$ 

/  Empty  glumes  of  pist.  fls.  indurated,  with  3  green  terminal  ligulate 
lobes;   extensively  creeping  grasses  with  pist.  spikelets  clustered  in 

upper  sheaths;  e.g.  =  spk BULBILIS. 

//  Empty  glumes  and  habit  not  as  above. 

m  Very  tall  corn-like  grasses  (2-10  m.  high),  with  rather  short  and 
very  broad,  evenly  distributed,  spreading  leaves;  fl.  gls.  very  long- 
silky-hairy;  e.g.  =  spk= (ARUNDO.) 

mm  Habit  not  as  above. 

n  Flowering  glumes  narrowed  into  a  3-branched  awn;    e.g.  =  spk. 

ARISTIDA. 
nn  Flowering  glumes  awnless  or  with  a  simple  awn  (which  may  be 

borne  between  two  awn-pointed  teeth). 
o  Flowering  glumes,  at  least  one  of  them,  bearing  an  awn  on  back, 

or  between  the  terminal  teeth,  or  strongly  3-toothed. 
p  Awn  borne  on  the  back  below  the  apex  or  apical  notch;   e.g.= 

spk.  except  in  Avena,  Trisetum,  and  Bromus. 
q  Glumes  3. 

r  Panicle  spike-like,  very  dense. 

s  Empty  glumes  densely  covered  with  woolly  hairs .  .  (LAGURUS.) 
ss  Empty  glumes  not  densely  woolly,  sometimes  villous. 

t  Empty  glumes  not  awned ALOPECURUS. 

//  Empty  glumes  awned POLYPOGON. 

rr  Panicle  open,  branches  long  and  slender. 

s  Apex  of  fl.  glume  bifid APERA. 

55  Apex  of   fl.   glume  entire AGROSTIS. 

qq  Glumes  4  or  more,  the  3d  sometimes  sterile. 
r  One  of  the  two  flowers  awnless,  one  flower  staminate  only. 
s  Plant  glabrous,    awn  on  lower  flower  only,  long  bent  and 

twisted ARRHENATHERUM. 

ss  Plant  soft-velvety;  awn  on  upper  flower  only,  usually  hooked. 

HOLCUS. 

rr  At  least  two,  usually  all,  of  the  flowers  with  awns. 
s  Rachilla  produced  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  upper  flower; 
stigmas  terminal. 

/  Spikelets  more  than  7  mm.  long AVENA. 

tt  Spikelets  7  mm.  long  or  less .TRISETUM. 

ss  Rachilla  not  produced  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  upper 

flower. 
/  Spike  lets  many-flowered;  fl.  gl.  about  6-8  mm.  long;  stigmas 

inserted  below  apex  of  ovary BROMUS. 

tt  Spikelets  2-fld.;    fl.  gls.  nearly  glabrous AIRA. 

///  Spikelets  essentially  3-fld.,  but  the  two  lower  fls.  staminate 
or  sterile;  fl.  glumes  ciliate  or  silky,  fragrant-aromatic 
grasses. 

u  Fifth  glume  very  acute,  3d  and  4th  staminate. .  .  SAVASTANA. 

uu  Fifth  glume  obtuse,  3d  and  4th  empty..  .  ANTHOXANTHUM. 

PP  Awn  borne  between  two  terminal  teeth,  or  the  apex  3-toothed. 

q  Spikelets  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  clustered  rigid  apical 

foliage    leaves,     low   erect    or   prostrate    grasses;     wrestern; 

e.g.  <  spk MUNROA. 

qq  Spikelets  in  ordinary  spikes  or  panicles. 

r  Spikelets  i-fld.  (glumes  3),  or  with  a  rudiment  of  a  second. 
5  Inflorescence  spicate. 

t  Spikelets  reflexed;  e.g.<spk ATHEROPOGON. 

tt  Spikelets  ascending;  e.g.  =  spk GYMNOPOGON 

ss  Inflorescence  paniculate;  e.g.  =  spk CINNA. 

rr  Spikelets  2-many-fld.  (glumes  4  or  more). 

5  Spikelets  regularly  spiked;  e.g.  <spk TRITICUM. 

55  Spikelets  paniculate. 

(Tricholana,  with  very  long  silky  glumes,  rarely  has  awns.) 


I05O  ANALtilLAL  KEY 

t  Empty  glumes  nearly  or  quite  equaling  the  spikelet. 

u  Fl.  gl.  with  long  bent  awn;    spk.  2-fld DANTHONIA. 

uu  Fl.  gl.  3-toothed;   spk.  3-5 -fld.  . " SIEGLINGIA. 

//  Empty  glumes  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

«  Fl.  glume  5~9-nerved. BROMUS. 

uu  Fl.  glume  i-3-nerved,  margin  and  nerves  pilose. 
v  Internodes   in   the   spikelets   long    (|   length   of   glume); 

callus  long-pointed  pilose TRIPLASIS. 

w  Internodes  very  short;   callus  short. 

iv  Spikelets  irregularly  paniculate TRICUSPIS. 

•ww  Spikelets  distantly   spicate  on    branches  of  the  open 

inflorescence DIPLACHNE. 

00  Flowering  glume  awnless,  or  sometimes  narrowed  into  a  terminal 

cusp  or  awn,  the  latter  not  borne  between  two  teeth. 
p  Glume  i  (empty  glumes  absent);   spikelets  flattened  laterally, 
i -fld. 

(See  also  Muhlenbergia  and  Brachyelytrum.') 
q  Lowest  glume  awned,  at  least  in  the  pist.  spikelets;    spikelets 

unisexual,  monoecious. 
r  Pistillate  spikelets  ovate,  borne  at  the  apex  of  each  branch  of 

the  panicle ZIZANIOPSIS. 

rr  Pistillate  spikelets  linear,  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of 

the  panicle ZIZANIA. 

qq  Lowest  glume  not  awned;    spikelets  hermaphrodite. 

HOMALOCENCHRUS. 

PP  Glumes  2  (ist  empty  glume  absent) Abnormal  conditions 

in  Muhlenberg^a,  Brachyelytrum,  and  Phippsia. 
ppp  Glumes  more  than  2. 

q  Glumes  5,   the   3d   and  4th   reduced  to  minute,  often  hairy 
scales;   outer  glumes  large  and  keeled,  equaling  the  spikelet. 

PHALARIS. 

qq  Glumes  3;  spikelets  i -fld.     (See  also  qqq.} 
r  Fl.  gl.  awned  at  tip  (awn  in  one  genus  soon  deciduous). 
s  Awn  twisted;  glume  4  mm.  or  more  long;  e.g.  =  spk.  . STIPA. 
ss  Awn  straight;  glume  short  or  long. 

/  Fl.  gl.  broad,  oval  or  elliptical,  much  firmer  than  empty  glume; 
e.g. -spk. 

u  Fl.  gl.  short-hairy  or  glabrous ORYZOPSIS. 

uu  Fl.  gl.  silky,  hairs  longer  than  spikelet ERIOCOMA. 

U  Fl.  gl.  narrow,  elliptical  to  linear,  not  conspicuously  firmer 

than  empty  glumes. 
u  Leaves  6-18  mm.  wide;  e.  gls.  very  minute. 

BRACHYELYTRUM. 

uu  Leaves  less  than  6  mm.  wide;  e.  gls.  long  or  short. 
v  Fl.  gl.  3-nerved;  grain  inclosed  by  glume .  MUHLENBERGIA. 

w  Fl.  gl.  i-nerved;  grain  and  seed  free SPOROBOLIS. 

rr  Fl.  gl.  awnless. 
s  Fl.  gls.  distinctly  coriaceous  and  firmer  than  the  empty  glumes; 

e.g.  =  spk. 
t  Sheaths    papillose-hirsute;     both    aerial    and    subterranean 

spikelets  present AMPHICARPON. 

//  Sheaths  glabrous;  no  subterranean  spikelets MILIUM. 

ss  FJ.  gls.   not  distinctly  different  in  texture  from  the  empty 

glumes. 

t  Spikelets  truly  spiked,  alternately  arranged,  appressed,  acute; 
plant  decumbent,  much  branched;  e.g.  =  spk..  .LEPTURUS. 
//  Spikelets  paniculate,  panicle  contracted  or  open. 
u  Empty  glumes  cuspidately  awn-pointed,  equaling  the  spike- 
let;  panicle  very  densely  spike-like;   e.g.  =  spk.  .PHLEUM. 
uu  Empty  glumes  gradually  acute,  or  obtuse. 


TO    THE  GENERA    OF  THE  FAMILY  GRAMINE&.      10$  I 

v  Empty  glumes  minute;   low  arctic  grasses  with  dense  in- 
florescence   PHIPPSTA. 

w  Empty  glumes  one-half  length  of  fl.  glumes  or  more. 
•w  Spikelets  very  densely  spicate;    upper  sheaths  inflated. 

HELEOCHLOA. 

ww  Spikelets  interruptedly  spicate  or  open-paniculate. 
ot  Third  glume  shorter  than  the  2d,  rarely  equaling  it, 

hyaline AGROSTIS. 

XX  Third  glume  equaling  2d  or  longer,  membranous,  not 

hyaline. 
.  y  Arctic  grasses;   3d  glume  obtuse,  hispid  on  keel. 

ARCT  AGROSTIS. 
yy  Not  arctic;   3d  glume  acute  or  obtuse,  not  distinctly 

hispid  on  keel. 
z  Rootstock  densely  scaly;    3d  gl.   usually  3-nerved; 

grain  inclosed  by  glume MUHLENBERGIA. 

22  No    densely    scaly    rootstocks;     3d    glume    usually 

i -nerved;  grain  and  seed  free SPOROBOLIS. 

qqq  Glumes  four  or  more,  only  the  ist  and  zd  occasionally  very 

dissimilar  from  other  in  size. 
r  Glumes  4,  but  the  3d  glume  empty  or  containing  stamens  only, 

membranous;    the  4th  coriaceous;    e.g.  =  spk. 
S  Second  glume  much  enlarged,  saccate  at  base;   panicle  con- 
tracted  SACCIOLEPIS. 

ss  Second  glume  not  enlarged'  nor  saccate. 
/  Empty  glume  densely  covered    with  long  silky  hairs  which 

equal  or  exceed  the  spikelet (TRICHOL,ENA;) 

tt  Empty  glume  not  long-silky PANICUM. 

rr  Glumes  4  or  more,  all  similar  in  texture,  or  the  lower  two 

firmer. 

S  Very  large  grasses  2-6  m.  high,  with  the  very  long  rigid  re- 
curved leaves  densely  clustered  at  base;    not  hardy  north; 

e.g.  <  spk (GYNERIUM.) 

SS  Smaller  grasses  not  as  above  (Uniola  25  dm.  tall,  but  leaves 

ordinary). 

t  Spikelets  truly  spicate,  turned  with  their  edges  toward  the 
axis  and  the  empty  glume  in  the  axil  regularly  absent; 

e.g.  =  or  <  spk LOLIUM. 

tt  Spikelets  paniculate,  or  if  spicate  then  the  side  turned  toward 

the  axis  and  both  empty  glumes  present. 
«  Fl.  glumes  i-3-nerved. 

V  First  empty  glume  linear,  acute,  second  broad  oblanceolate 
or  obovate,  truncate  or  abruptly  acute;    e.g. < spk. 

EATONIA. 

W  Empty  glumes  not  very  dissimilar  except  in  size. 
•w  Lateral  nerves  of  fl.  glumes  pilose;  e.g.<spk.  TRICUSPIS. 
•ww  Lateral  nerves  glabrous. 

x  Spikelets  alternate  and  distant,  in  a  true  spike,  lanceo- 
late  acute;    fl.  glume  i -nerved;    e.g.  =  spk. 

LEPTURUS. 

xx  Spikelets  paniculate;  e.g.<spk. 
y  Flowering  glumes  keeled. 
2  Inflorescence  contracted;   spikelets  very  flat,  2-c;-fld. 

KOELERIA. 

22  Inflorescence  open;    spikelets  2-;?5-fld.ERAGROSTis. 
yy  Flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back. 
2  Panicle  narrow,  more  or  less  contracted. 
21  Fl.  glume  coriaceous  when  mature;    seed  beaked. 

KORYCARPUS. 


IO52  ANALYTICAL   KEY 


21z1  Fl.  glume  membranous;   seed  not  beaked. 

MOLINIA. 

20  Panicle  open : CATABROSA. 

uu  Fl.  glumes  5-many-nerved;  e.g.<spk.  (excepting  in  Savas- 

tana}. 
v  Palet  with  the  keels  winged  or  appendaged;    fl.   glumes 

broad,  truncate  or  erose  at  apex PLEUROPOGON. 

w  Palet  without  wings  or  appendages. 
w  Fl.  glumes  more  or  less  strongly  compressed  and  keeled. 
x  Empty  basal  glumes  3-6;   spikelets  very  flat  and  broad, 

ovate-oval,  15-35  mm-  l°ng UNIOLA. 

xx  Empty  glumes  only  two. 

y  Ligule  a  ring  of  hairs;  spikelets  dioecious.  .DISTICHLIS. 
yy  Ligule  scale-like. 

2  Spikelets  regularly  spiked;    fl.  gls.  awned. .  (SECALE.) 
zz  Spikelets  in  an  open  or  dense  panicle. 
2l  Empty  glumes  equaling  or  exceeding  the  spikelet. 

SAVASTANA. 

z'z1  Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 
z2  Glumes   short-awned,    5-6   mm.    long;     spikelets 
fascicled  at  ends  of  stiff  rays  of  interrupted  spike- 
like  or  open  panicle;  green  or  purple. DACTYLIS. 
Z2z2  Glumes  awnless. 

z3  Silvery  shining  condensed  panicle;  no  cobwebby 
hairs  on   keel   of   thin   fl.    glumes;     spikelets 

2-5-fld KOELERIA. 

2sz3  Not  silvery  shining;   panicle  rarely  condensed. 
z4  Hairs  at  base  of  y-nerved  fl.  glume  glandular. 

DEMAZERIA. 

z*z4  Hairs  at  base  of  5-nerved  fl.  glume  cobwebby. 

POA. 
(Some  species  of  Bromus  have  glumes  slightly 

keeled.) 

•ww  Fl.  glumes  rounded  on  the  back. 
x  Spikelets  regularly  spiked,  one  spikelet  at  each  node, 

placed  with  its  side  to  the  axis. 

y  Fl.  glume  deciduous  at  maturity  and  with  a  distinct 
callus  which  is  limited  by  a  furrow  at  the  base. 

AGROPYRUM. 

yy  Fl.  glume  persistent  at  maturity  and  without  a  callus. 

(TRITICUM.) 

xx  Spikelets  paniculate. 

y  Spikelets  abruptly  nodding  on  the  pedicel ;  empty  glume 
not   much    shorter   than    the   spikelet;     uppermost 

glumes  empty MELICA. 

(See  also  Avena  saliva,  awnless  varieties.) 
yy  Spikelets  not  abruptly  nodding, 
z  Palet  exceeding  the  lanceolate,  acute  fl.  glumes. 

PANICULARIA. 

zz  Palet  shorter  than  the  fl.  glumes. 
z1  Nerves  of  the  fl.  glumes  not  converging  above  and 
usually  not  reaching  the  scarious  blunt  or  truncate 
apex. 

z2  Fl.    glumes    cordate    at    the    apex,    margin    very 
broadly  scarious,  outline  nearly  orbicular. 

BRIZA. 

Z222  Fl.  glumes  not  cordate  at  the  base. 
z3  Fl.  glumes  plainly  5~7-nerved;   style  present. 

PANICULARIA. 


TO    THE   GENERA    OF  THE  FAMILY  GRAMINEsE.     1 053 
23s3  Fl.  glumes  obscurely  5 -nerved;    style  wanting. 

.PUCCINELLIA. 

z'z1  Nerves  of  the  fl.  gumes  converging  above,  almost 
or  quite  reaching  the  usually  acute,  often  awned 
apex. 

z2  Stigmas  subapical  on  ovary;    nerves  of  fl.  glum 
5-9 BROMUS. 

Z2z2  Style  apical;   nerves  of  fl.  glume  5.  .  .  .FESTUCA. 


APPENDIX. 


THE  following  appendix  contains  descriptions  of  additional  species 
found  within*  the  area  covered  by  this  Manual,  and  of  species  made  known 
from  investigation,  during  the  two  years  that  the  first  edition  of  this 
book  was  in  press  and  during  the  three  years  since  it  was  published. 
Several  species  proposed  by  various  students  have  not  been  admitted,  as 
they  appear  to  require  further  investigation  before  their  status  can  be 
satisfactorily  established.  A  few  corrections  are  also  noted. 

P.  24,  add: 

za.  Lycopodium  porophilum  Lloyd  &  Underw.  ROCK  CLUB-MOSS.  Pros- 
trate portion  of  stems  short,  abundantly  rooting,  curving  upward,  then 
dichotomously  branching  1-3  times  to  form  a  rather  dense  tuft  (4-10  cm. 
high)  of  vertical  stems,  densely  clothed  with  spreading  or  reflexed  leaves; 
leaves  (7-9  mm.  X  i  mm.)  very  slightly  broadened  above  the  middle  and 
similarly  contracted  toward  the  base,  those  between  the  strobilar  regions 
shorter  (6-7  mm.),  broadest  at  the  base  but  very  gradually  tapering,  entire 
or  very  minutely  denticulate;  sporangia  compressed-reniform;  sporophylls 
minutely  denticulate  above  the  middle  or  entire,  acuminate  (4-5  mm.  X 
I  mm.  wide  at  base) ;  plant  often  gemmiparous.  Differs  from  L.  lucidulum 
in  its  nearly  linear  entire  leaves  and  smaller  size,  and  from  L.  Selago\n 
the  bases  of  its  leaves,  which  are  flattened.  On  sandstone  rocks,  Wis., 
Ind.  and  Ala. 

P.  25,  add: 

3a.  Lycopodium  Chapmanii  Underw.  CHAPMAN'S  CLUB-MOSS.  Stems 
prostrate  and  frequently  rooting  or  slightly  arching  and  rooting  toward 
the  end,  18-40  cm.  long,  simple  or  occasionally  pinnately  branching,  thick 
(about  3  mm.  in  diameter) ;  leaves  6-7  mm.  long  by  2  mm.  broad,  thick, 
rigid,  lanceolate-acuminate,  upwardly  curving,  the  margin  irregularly 
toothed,  the  teeth  often  compound  below  the  middle  of  the  leaf;  peduncles 
10-25  cm.  long,  slender,  leafy  with  more  or  less  appressed  subulate- 
toothed  leaves  below  and  similar  entire  leaves  above;  strobiles  about  3 
mm.  in  diameter  and  1.8-7  cm-  long;  sporophylls  I  mm.  X  5-6  mm.  with 
a  broad  base,  suddenly  contracted  above  into  a  narrow  subulate  apex, 
usually  more  or  less  toothed  near  the  base;  sporangia  subglobose.  Dif- 
fers from  L.  inundatum  by  its  much  thicker  stems,  toothed  leaves,  tall 
peduncles,  and  long  narrow  strobiles.  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.,  mostly  near 
the  coast. 

P.  26,  at  end  of  description  of  Lycopodium  complanatum,  strike  out  the 
last  sentence  commencing  with  "  Forms  with  ",  and  add: 

12.  Lycopodium  tristachyum  Pursh.  CREEPING  CHRISTMAS-GREEN. 
Rhizomes  extensively  creeping  2-4  cm.  below  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
white,  terete,  their  whorled  or  loosely  spirally  arranged  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate  to  broadly  ovate;  the  terminal  branchlets  regularly  producing 
innovations  the  second  and  sometimes  the  third  season,  the  older  foliage 
branches  ultimately  spreading  and  becoming  lax;  leaves  of  the  primary 

1055 


1056  APPENDIX. 

axis  in  6-8  rows,  from  ovate  through  lanceolate-acute  to  acuminate,  those 
of  the  subterminal  and  terminal  branchlets  in  four  rows,  glaucous,  bluish 
green,  acuminate,  appressed,  those  of  the  under  row  differing  scarcely  at 
all  from  those  of  the  other  three  rows,  the  leaves  of  the  lateral  rows  some- 
what incurved  underneath;  peduncles  terete,  glaucous,  50-60  mm.  long  to 
the  first  forking,  usually  twice  forked,  the  second  8-18  mm.  distant  from 
the  first,  spreading  and  curving  upward;  strobiles  two,  three  or  usually 
four,  20-28  mm.  long,  the  sporophylls  broadly  depressed-ovate,  truncate 
at  the  base,  the  lateral  margins  variously  toothed,  suddenly  contracted 
into  a  subulate  scarious  tip;  sporangium  reniform,  opening  by  a  transverse 
slit  along  the  top;  spores  ripening  early  in  August.  (L.  Chamaecyparissus 
A.  Br.)  Differs  from  L.  complanatum,  with  which  it  has  been  confused, 
in  its  subterranean  habit,  its  uniform  leaves,  its  method  of  branching,  and 
in  its  distant  clusters  of  strobiles.  Me.  to  Ga.  and  Minn. 

P.  28,  after  Isoetes  lacustris,  insert: 

i a.  Isoetes  heter6spora  A.  A.  Eaton.  Submerged  with  a  bilobed 
trunk.  Leaves  50-75,  5-8  cm.  long,  stiffly  erect,  tapering  to  a  sharp 
point,  without  stomata;  sporange  spotted  with  dark  cells,  co.vered  one- 
third  to  two- thirds  by  the  velum;  macrospores  540-675  /«  in  diameter 
or  even  much  more  densely  covered  with  thick  jagged  convoluted 
crests,  often  reticulate-honeycombed  below;  microspores  about  35X27;*, 
dark  brown,  papillose.  In  ponds,  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Me. 

After  Isoetes  Tuckermani,  insert: 

2a.  Isoetes  hieroglyphica  A.  A.  Eaton.  Submerged  with  a  bilobed 
trunk.  Leaves  10-20,  6—7.5  cm.  long,  blunt  at  the  apex,  without 
stomata;  sporange  unspotted,  covered  one- third  by  the  velum;  macro- 
spores  486-590  fi  in  diameter,  polished,  covered  with  bold  vermiform, 
subconfluent  and  somewhat  reticulated  ridges,  becoming  naked  near 
the  equator;  microspores  31-44  /*  m  diameter,  distinctly  verrucose. 
St.  Francis,  Moosehead  and  Rangeley  lakes,  Me. 

After  Isoetes  echinospora  Braunii,  insert: 

3a.  Isoetes  Harveyi  A.  A.  Eaton.  Submereged,  the  trunk  2-lobed 
or  occasionally  3-lobed.  Leaves  50-140,  without  stomata,  short,  5-6 
cm.,  very  stout  and  fleshy,  strongly  recurved,  with  an  abrupt  sharp 
point,  purple-bronze  or  reddish  in  drying;  sporange  small,  unspotted, 
covered  one-fourth  to  one-third  with  the  velum;  macrospores  526-648  fi 
in  diameter  or  rarely  larger,  with  irregular  parallel  thickish  crests  above, 
and  reticulate-honeycombed  below;  microspores  35-40  /*  long  by  22-30  /* 
broad,  rough.  Pushaw  Pond,  Oldtown,  and  Long  Pond,  Mt.  Desert,  Me. 

P.   29,  after  Isoetes  Canaddnsis,  insert: 

8a.  Isoetes  Gravesii  A.  A.  Eaton.  Dioecious  or  polygamous  with 
submerged  or  emersed  leaves.  Leaves  50-75,  12-15  cm.  long,  erect, 
sharp-pointed,  dark  green,  with  abundant  stomata  and  four  bast  bundles; 
sporange  oval,  cinnamon -colored  from  the  abundant  vermiform  cells, 
with  only  the  margins  covered  by  the  velum;  macrospores  small,  351- 
405  IL  in  diameter,  the  upper  faces  flat,  covered  with  short  truncate 
mostly  single  columns;  microspores  rare.  Mud  flats  near  outlet  of 
Tyler  Pond,  Goshen,  and  gravelly  tidal  shore,  Selden's  Cove,  Lyme,  Conn. 

P.  33,  after  Pinus  rigida,  add: 

ii.  Pinus  serdtina  Michx.  BLACK  PINE.  POND  PINE.  A  tree, 
sometimes  25  m.  high,  and  with  a  trunk  9  dm.  thick,  the  bark  flaky. 
Leaves  in  3*3,  glaucous,  15-25  cm.  long,  the  sheaths  about  1.5  cm. 
long;  cones  lateral,  ovoid  to  globose-ovoid,  4-6  cm.  long;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  minute  prickle;  wing  of  the  seed  nearly 
2  cm.  long.  In  swamps,  "S.  6,  Va.  to  Fla.  Mar.-April. 


APPENDIX,  1057 

P.  37,  after  Juniperus  Virgianina,  insert: 

3a.  Juniperus  scopulorum  Sargent.  WESTERN  RED  CEDAR.  A  tree, 
resembling  the  eastern  Red  Cedar,  but  with  larger  fruit,  7-8  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, which  ripens  at  the  close  of  the  second  season  and  usually  contains 
two  seeds.  Alberta  to  W.  Tex.,  Br.  Col.,  Ore.,  Nev.  and  Ariz. 

P.  40,  before  Sparganium  simplex,  insert: 

2a.  Sparganium  Americanum  iMutt.  SIMPLE-STEMMED  BUR-REED.  Sim- 
ilar to  5.  androcladum,  but  the  stem  simple,  the  lower  heads  of  the  inflores- 
cence merely  peduncled.  Leaves  drying  green,  the  upper  with  more  or 
less  sac-like  bases  and  broad  hyaline-scarious  margins;  nutlets  slightly 
angled,  each  gradually  narrowed  into  a  stout  conspicuous  style.  In  low 
grounds  or  ponds,  Ont.  to  Br.  Col.,  Penn.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  Summer. 

P.  40,  after  Sparganium  minimum,  add : 

5.  Sparganium  hyperboreum  Laest.  NORTHERN  BUR-REED.  Stem  2-3 
dm.  high;  leaves  shorter  and  narrower  than  those  of  5\  minimum,  1-3 
mm.  wide;  inflorescence  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  pistillate  heads  i  or  2,  sessile, 
or  the  lower  one  short-peduncled;  ripe  fruiting  heads  5-10  mm.  in  diam- 
eter; nutlets  oblong,  obscurely  triangular  at  the  summit;  stipe  very  short, 
stigma  oval,  oblique,  minute,  sessile,  or  nearly  so.  Lab.  and  Hudson 
Bay.  Also  in  northern  Europe.  Summer. 

P.  49.  Additional  species  and  subspecies  of  Potamogeton  have  been  de- 
scribed by  Arthur  Bennett  in  recent  papers  published  in  the  "  Journal  of 
Botany." 

P.  68,  after  Erianthus  brevibarbis  Michx.,  insert: 

4a.  Erianthus  contortus  Ell.  TWISTED-AWNED  PLUME-GRASS.  Culms 
1-2  m.  tall,  the  summit  and  panicle-axis  glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
1.5-8  dm.  long,  5-20  mm.  wide;  panicle  1.5-3  dm-  long,  3-5  cm.  wide; 
spikelets  crowded,  exceeding  the  basal  hairs  and  about  one-half  again  as 
long  as  the  internodes,  the  outer  scales  7-7.5  mm.  long,  the  fourth  scale 
2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  awn  1.5-2  cm.  long,  the  included  portion  often 
a  little  spiral  at  the  base,  the  remainder  loosely  spiral.  In  pine  woods, 
Del.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.  Sept.  and  Oct.  Differs  from  E.  brevibarbis  in  hav- 
ing the  spikelets  smaller  and  the  exserted  portion  of  the  awn  loosely  spiral. 

P.  70,  after  Andropogon  Virginicus  L.,  insert: 

4a.  Andropogon  tetrastachyus  Ell.  FOUR-SPIKED  BEARD-GRASS.  Culms 
tufted,  8-15  dm.  tall;  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  densely  villous,  with 
dark  hairs;  leaves  4  dm.  long  or  less,  2-4  mm.  wide,  the  lower  ones  villous 
on  both  surfaces  toward  the  base;  spathes  usually  3-4  cm.  long,  extending 
beyond  the  racemes;  racemes  usually  in  fours,  3-4  cm.  long;  sessile  spike- 
let  3-4  mm.  long,  the  awn  straight,  1.5-2  cm.  long.  In  dry  or  moist  soil, 
Va.  (according  to  T.  H.  Kearney,  Jr.)  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Sept.  and  Oct. 
Differs  from  A.  Virginicus  in  having  the  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones, 
densely  villous  all  over,  and  the  racemes  usually  in  fours. 

P.  73,  after  Paspalum  laeve  Michx.,  insert: 

5a.  Paspalum  angustifolium  Le  Conte.  NARROW-LEAVED  PASPALUM. 
Culms  tufted,  6-12  dm.  tall;  sheaths  compressed,  glabrous;  leaves  long, 
the  larger  2-4  dm.  long,  less  than  I  cm.  wide,  glabrous,  or  the  upper  sur- 
face sometimes  sparingly  hairy  near  the  base;  racemes  3-5,  spreading, 
usually  o-io  cm.  long;  spikelets  singly  disposed,  3-3.5  mm.  long  and  about 
2.5  mm.  wide,  glabrous.  In  fields,  D.  C.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Kans.  and  Mo. 
June-Sept.  Differs  from  P.  laeve  in  having  the  leaves  elongated  and  in1 
the  more  numerous  racemes. 


1058  APPENDIX. 

5b.  Paspalum  australe  Nash.  SOUTHERN  PASPALUM.  Culms  tufted, 
4—7  dm.  tall;  sheaths  usually  hirsute  only  on  the  margins;  leaves  erect, 
short,  commonly  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  5—10  mm.  wide,  strongly  ribbed, 
rather  thick,  firm,  glabrous  beneath  or  nearly  so,  hirsute  above;  racemes 
2-5,  finally  spreading,  usually  5  cm.  long  or  less;  spikelets  singly  dis- 
posed, oval,  2.7-3  mm.  long  and  about  2  mm.  wide,  glabrous.  On 
grassy  flats  and  banks,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Aug.  and  Sept.  Differs  from 
P.  laeve  and  P.  angustifolium  by  its  hairy  sheaths,  and  from  the  latter  also 
by  its  short  leaves.  Type  collected  by  Dr.  J.  K.  Small,  at  Stone  Mt.,  Ga., 
Aug.  1-6,  1895. 

P.  73,  after  Paspalum  circulate  Nash,  insert: 

6a.  Paspalum  Boscianum  Fluegge.  Bosc's  PASPALUM.  Culms  5-12 
dm.  long,  compressed,  finally  branched,  often  decumbent  at  the  base  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  sheaths  compressed,  glabrous,  or  the  basal 
ones  papillose-hirsute;  leaves  4-30  cm.  long,  3-10  mm.  wide,  hairy  above 
near  the  base;  racemes  2-13,  spreading  or  ascending,  4-9  cm.  long,  the 
rachis  broadly  winged;  spikelets  in  pairs,  and  often  so  crowded  as  to  ap- 
pear in  4  rows,  frequently  reddish  brown,  broadly  obovate,  2-2.3  mm. 
long,  1.5-1.8  mm.  broad,  the  flowering  scale  deep  brown  at  maturity.  In 
meadows  and  moist  places,  Va.  (according  to  T.  H.  Kearney,  Jr.)  to  Fla. 
and  Miss.  Aug.-Oct.  Differs  from  P.  laeve  and  its  relatives  in  having 
the  spikelets  in  pairs  and  the  flowering  scale  a  deep  seal-brown  at  ma- 
turity. 

P.  74,  after  Paspalum  longipedunculatum  Le  Conte,  insert: 
na.  Paspalum  Kentuckidnse  Nash.  KENTUCKY  PASPALUM.  Culms 
tufted,  2—5  dm.  tall,  slender;  sheaths  ciliate  on  the  overlapping  margin, 
otherwise  glabrous;  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  6  cm.  long  or  less,  4-10  mm. 
wide,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  ciliate  on  the  margin  with  hairs  less  than 
I  mm.  long;  racemes  single  or  in  pairs,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  1.6 
mm.  long  and  about  1.3  mm.  wide,  glabrous.  In  dry  soil,  Ky.  and  Tenn. 
June-Aug.  The  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves  in  this  species  are  glabrous., 
while  in  P.  longipedunculatum  they  are  pubescent;  the  marginal  leaf-hairs 
in  this  are  but  i  mm.  long,  about  one-half  the  length  of  those  in  P.  longi- 
pedunculatum. Type  collected  near  Poor  Fork  P.  O.,  Ky.,  by  T.  H. 
Kearney,  Jr.,  Aug.  1893.  • 

P.  83,  after  Panicum  amarum,  insert: 

loa.  Panicum  amaroides  Scribn.  &  Merr.  SOLITARY  SEA-BEACH 
PANICUM.  A  low  grass  with  long  rootstocks,  from  which  at  rather 
distant  intervals  culms  arise  singly,  glaucous  foliage,  and  a  slender 
narrow  panicle  which  bears  but  few  spikelets.  Culms  3-8  dm.  tall; 
sheaths  overlapping;  blades  thick  and  leathery,  involute,  at  least  at 
the  apex,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  less  than  i  cm.  wide;  panicle  1-2  dm.  long, 
the  branches  appressed;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long,  commonly  broad 
and  stout,  the  first  scale  much  exceeding  one-half  the  length  of  the 
spikelet,  or  often  equalling  it  or  nearly  so,  the  second  and  third  scales 
about  equal,  all  the  scales  acute.  In  sands  along  the  coast,  Ct.  to  Fla. 
and  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  Differs  from  P.  amarum  Ell.  by  its  rootstocks, 
nearly  simple  panicle,  and  larger  spikelets. 

P.  84,  after  Panicum  angustifolium,  insert: 

2ia.  Panicum  Btishii  Nash.  BUSH'S  PANICUM.  A  tufted  nearly 
glabrous  perennial.  Culms  about  3  dm.  tall,  finally  much  branched; 
leaves  about  3 ;  blades  erect,  linear,  acuminate,  very  rough  on  the  margins, 
ciliate  at  the  base  with  a  few  very  long  hairs,  the  larger  primary 
blades  8— 10  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  much  exserted,  6-7  cm. 
long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long  and  about  1.2  mm 


APPENDIX.  1059 

wide,  obovoid,  glabrous.  In  dry  ground,  Mo.  June  and  July.  Related 
to  P.  angustifohum  Ell.,  but  has  glabrous  leaves  and  spikelets,  the  latter 
also  differing  in  shape. 

P.  84,  before  No.  17,  insert: 

i6a.  Panicum  perlongum  Nash.  ELONGATED  PANIC-GRASS.  A  tufted 
pubescent  perennial.  Culms  2-4  dm.  tall,  simple;  sheaths  hirsute  with 
long  ascending  hairs;  leaves  elongated,  linear,  erect,  papillose-hispid  be- 
neath, 2-3  mm.  wide,  the  upper  one  commonly  8-14  cm.  long;  panicle 
much  exserted,  generally  extending  beyond  the  apex  of  the  upper  leaf, 
4-6  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  about  3.25  mm. 
long  and  1.5-1.75  mm.  wide,  pubescent  with  a  few  scattered  long  hairs. 
On  prairies  and  in  dry  soil,  111.  to  S.  Dak.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  May -Aug. 
Differs  from  P.  Enslini  in  having  larger  spikelets  which  are  nearly  gla- 
brous. 

P.  84,  afte  Panicum  Bicknellii  Nash,  insert: 

i8a.  Panicum  ciliatum  Ell.  CILIATE  PANIC-GRASS.  Culms  tufted,  1-2.5 
dm.  tall,  simple,  glabrous,  the  axis  of  the  panicle  and  its  branches  hirsute; 
sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  spreading  or  ascending,  glabrous  on  both  sur- 
faces, conspicuously  ciliate  on  the  margin,  usually  2-6  cm.  long  and  5-10 
mm.  wide;  panicle  3-5  cm.  long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  1.8-2 
mm.  long  and  about  I  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  pubescent  with  short  spreading 
hairs.  In  sandy  soil,  Va.  (according  to  T.  H.  Kearney,  Jr.)  to  Fla.  and 
Miss.  May-July.  The  short  and  broad  strongly  ciliate  leaves  distinguish 
this  from  P.  Bicknellii  Nash,  and  the  glabrous  sheaths  separate  it  readily 
from  P.  laxiflorum  Lam. 

P.  85,  before  No.  24,  insert: 

233.  Panicum  Yadkinense  Ashe.  YADKIN  PANIC-GRASS.  A  glabrous 
perennial.  Culms  single,  8-10  dm.  tall,  finally  somewhat  branched; 
sheaths  white-spotted;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  pri- 
mary ones  8-12  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide;  panicle  8-12  cm.  long,  its 
branches  long,  ascending;  spikelets  about  2.3  mm.  long  and  I  mm.  wide, 
elliptic,  acute,  glabrous.  In  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Md.  to  Ga.  June-Sept. 
Differs  from  Panicum  dichotomum  L.  in  its  taller  culms,  and  larger  leaves 
and  spikelets. 

No.  24,  read  "lucidum  Ashe"  instead  of  "  sphagnicola  Nash";  length 
of  spikelets  should  be  1.5-2  mm.;  omit  in  line  7  the  words  "or  sparsely 
pubescent ". 

After  Panicum  Eatoni  Nash,  insert: 

273.  Panicum  octonodum  J.  G.  Smith.  EIGHT-JOINTED  PANIC-GRASS. 
Glabrous.  Culms  erect,  7-n  dm.  tall,  finally  branched;  leaves  erect,  firm, 
4-1 1  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  lanceolate;  panicle  9-13  cm.  long,  oblong, 
dense,  2-4  cm.  wide,  its  branches  erect  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  1.3  mm. 
long  and  about  0.8  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  oval  or  nearly  globular.  In  wet 
places,  N.  J.  to  Ala.  and  Tex.  May-Aug.  Differs  from  Panicum  Eatoni 
in  its  smaller,  nearly  globular  glabrous  spikelets. 

P.  85,  after  Panicum  Eatoni,  insert: 

270.  Panicum  paucfpilum  Nash.  FEW-HAIRED  PANICUM.  A  tufted 
nearly  glabrous  perennial.  Culms  6-10  dm.  tall;  leaves  5-8;  sheaths 
with  the  exterior  margin  ciliate  toward  the  summit;  blades  erect  or 
ascending,  thickish,  sometimes  minutely  puberulent  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, the  lower  and  larger  primary  ones  6-9  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide; 
panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  rather  dense,  its  branches  erect- ascending  or 
erect;  spikelets  numerous,  about  1.4  mm.  long  and  0.8  mm.  wide, 
oval,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs.  In  wet  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
and  Miss.  July  and  Aug. 


1060  APPENDIX. 

270.  Panicum  leucbthrix  Nash.  GRAY-HAIRED  PANICUM.  A  villous 
densely  tufted  perennial.  Culms  3-6  dm.  tall;  primary  leaves  3-5; 
blades  erect,  rather  firm,  lanceolate,  densely  and  softly  pubescent  on 
the  lower  surface  with  short  spreading  hairs,  glabrous  above,  3-5  cm. 
long,  4—6  mm.  wide;  primary  panicle  usually  3-5  cm.  long,  broadly 
ovoid,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  about  1.2  mm.  long  and  about 
0.6  mm.  wide,  oval,  pubescent.  In  usually  dry  sandy  soil,  southern 
N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July  and  Aug. 

After  Panicum  boreale,  insert: 

28a.  Panicum  Clutei  Nash.  CLUTE'S  PANICUM.  A  tufted  nearly 
glabrous  perennial.  Culms  rather  stout,  6-8  dm.  tall,  at  length  branched; 
leaves  4  or  5;  sheaths  rather  loose,  minutely  pubescent  at  the  apex; 
blades  firm,  ascending,  lanceolate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  rough 
on  the  margins,  the  lower  and  larger  7-14  cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  wide; 
panicle  considerably  exserted,  broadly  ovoid,  6-10  cm.  long;  spikelets 
oval,  acutish,  about  2.3  mm.  long  and  1.3  mm.  wide,  densely  pubescent 
with  short  hairs.  In  the  pine-barrens  of  southern  N.  J.  July.  Differs 
from  P.  boreale  Nash  by  its  stouter  habit  and  larger  spikelets. 

P.  86,  No.  35,  read  "  unciphyllum  Trin."  instead  of  "  pubescens  Lam.", 
and  as  a  synonym  add  "  P.  pubescens  A.  Gray,  not  Lam." 

After  No.  35,  insert: 

35a.  Panicum  Tennesseense  Ashe.  TENNESSEE  PANIC-GRASS.  Culms 
tufted,  4-6  dm.  tall,  rather  weak  and  ascending,  papillose-hirsute  with 
long  spreading  hairs;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate,  the  lower  surface  softly 
and  densely  pubescent  with  short  hairs,  the  upper  surface  with  scattered 
long  hairs,  the  primary  leaves  4-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  those  on  the 
branches  much  shorter  and  spreading  and  with  the  upper  surface  nearly 
glabrous;  panicle  7-10  cm.  long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  1.7-2 
mm.  long,  0.8-0.9  mm.  wide,  elliptic  or  obovoid,  strongly  pubescent  with 
long  spreading  hairs.  In  woods,  N.  Y.  and  111.  to  Tenn.  and  Fla.  July- 
Sept.  Differs  from  P.  unciphyllum  Trin.  in  its  lighter  color,  usually  weak 
culms,  and  the  glabrous  upper  surface  of  the  leaves. 

P.  87,  No.  38,  read  "  scoparium  Lam."  instead  of  "  viscidum  Ell.",  and 
refer  the  latter  to  synonymy,  to  which  add  also  "  P.  pubescens  Lam." 

After  No.  38,  insert: 

38a.  Panicum  scabriusculum  Ell.  ROUGHISH  PANIC-GRASS.  Culms  gla- 
brous or  pubescent,  8-14  dm.  long,  erect,  finally  branched;  sheaths  gla- 
brous or  pubescent;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous, 
1-2  dm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide;  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  its  branches  spreading 
or  ascending;  spikelets  lanceolate,  glabrous,  2-2.3  mm-  long  and  i  mm. 
broad,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  nerves  of  the  flowering  scale 
very  prominent.  In  swampy  places  and  ponds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
May-Aug.  Differs  from  P.  scoparium  Lam.  in  its  longer  and  narrower 
glabrous  leaves  and  glabrous  spikelets. 

P.  87,  after  Panicum  Addisbnii,  insert: 

39a.  Panicum  psamm&philum  Nash.  SAND  PANICUM.  A  tufted 
perennial.  Culms  2—4  dm.  tall,  appressed-hirsute  below,  finally  much 
branched;  leaves  of  the  main  culm  3-5;  sheaths  appressed-pubescent ; 
blades  erect  or  nearly  so,  thick,  firm,  serrulate  on  the  margins,  puberu- 
lent  beneath,  occasionally  with  a  few  long  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface,  the  primary  blades  2-?  cm.  long  and  2-5  mm.  wide;  primary 
panicle  usually  2-3  cm.  long,  at  feast  its  axis  puberulent ;  spikelets  broadly 
obovate,  1.3-1.5  mm.  long,  0.8-1  mm.  wid«,  obtuse,  densely  pubescent 
with  spreading  hairs.  In  sandy  soil  along  the  coast,  Mass,  to  N.  J. 
June  to  Aug.  Differs  from  P.  Addisonii  Nash  by  its  much  smaller 
spikelets. 


APPENDIX.  1 06 1 

After  Panicum  Commonsianum,  insert : 

4<>a.  Panicum  scoparioides  Ashe.  A  tufted  pubescent  perennial. 
Culms  3-8  dm.  tall,  rather  slender,  pubescent  with  ascending  hairs; 
leaves  about  4;  sheaths  strongly  papillose,  ascending  stiff  hairs  arising 
from  the  papillae;  blades  ascending,  lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-8  mm. 
wide,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lower  surface  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent with  scattered  spreading  hairs;  panicle  barely  exserted,  5-8  cm. 
long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long  and  about 
1.3  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  pubescent.  In  dry  soil,  Penn.  and  Del.  July 
and  Aug.  Differs  from  P.  Commonsianum  Ashe  in  the  barely  exserted 
panicle,  the  broader  leaf-blades,  and  the  papillose  sheaths  with  spreading 
shorter  hairs. 

After  Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash,  insert: 

43a.  Panicum  oligosanthes  Schult.  Culms  tufted,  erect,  3-8  dm.  tall, 
villous,  finally  fasciculately  branched;  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones  and 
those  of  the  branches,  papillose-hispid,  ciliate  on  the  margin;  leaves  erect 
or  ascending,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  softly  and  densely 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  the  upper  surface  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
primary  panicle  6-8  cm.  long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets  about  3.5 
mm.  long  and  1.7  mm.  wide,  oval,  pubescent.  In  dry  soil,  Va.  to  Ga.  and 
Miss.  June-Sept.  Differs  from  P.  Scribnerianum  Nash  by  its  usually 
fewer  spikelets  and  the  softly  pubescent  lower  surface  of  the  leaves. 

43b.  Panicum  Ravenelii  Scribn.  &  Mer.  RAVENEL'S  PANIC-GRASS.  Culms 
tufted,  erect,  4-6  dm.  tall,  finally  branched,  papillose-hirsute  below  with 
ascending  hairs,  the  pubescence  above  softer;  sheaths  densely  papillose- 
hirsute  with  ascending  hairs;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  above, 
densely  and  softly  pubescent  beneath,  broadly  lanceolate,  8-12  cm.  long,  1-2 
cm.  wide,  cordate  at  the  clasping  base;  panicle  8-10  cm.  long,  its  branches 
ascending;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long  and  1.8  mm.  wide,  obovoid,  pubes- 
cent with  rather  weak  hairs.  In  woods,  D.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La.  July-Sept. 
(P.  scoparium  Ell.,  not  Lam.)  Differs  from  P.  Scribnerianum  in  its  broader 
leaves  with  the  lower  surface  softly  pubescent,  and  from  P.  oligosanthes  in 
its  larger  leaves  and  more  numerous  spikelets. 

P.  88,  after  Panicum  Porterianum  Nash,  insert: 

5ia.  Panicum  pubifolium  Nash.  HAIRY-LEAVED  PANIC-GRASS.  A  tufted 
softly  pubescent  perennial.  Culms  3-7  dm.  tall,  the  nodes  densely  barbed; 
sheaths  densely  pubescent  and  ciliate  on  the  margins;  leaves  spreading  or 
ascending,  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  cordate  at  the  rounded  clasping  base, 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces  with  short  spreading  hairs,  the  upper  primary 
leaves  7-11  cm.  long  and  2-3  cm.  broad,  the  lower  smaller;  primary  pan- 
icle usually  but  little  exserted,  7-11  cm.  long,  its  axis,  as  well  as  the 
branches,  densely  pubescent  with  short  soft  spreading  hairs;  spikelets 
4-5  mm.  long  and  about  1.6  mm.  broad,  narrowly  obovoid,  the  scales  dis- 
tant, strongly  pubescent  with  long  spreading  hairs.  In  rocky  woods, 
N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Miss.  June-Sept.  Differs  from  Panicum 
Porterianum  Nash  in  having  the  whole  plant  softly  pubescent,  especially 
the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  and  the  panicle. 

P.  88,  after  Panicum  clandestinum,  add: 

53.  Panicum  decoloratum  Nash.  DISCOLORED  PANICUM.  A  more 
or  less  purplish  tufted  perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Culms  4—6  dm. 
tall,  finally  branched,  the  nodes  barbed;  leaves  5  or  6;  sheaths  loosely 
embracing  the  culm,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  papillose-hirsute  between 
the  nerves,  the  upper  ones  ciliate  on  the  external  margin;  blades  erect 
or  ascending,  variously  colored  with  black-purple,  broadly  lanceolate, 
cordate-clasping  at  the  base,  7-12  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  very  rough 
on  the  margins;  panicle  usually  included  at  the  base;  spikelets  2.7  mm. 
long  and  1.3  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  sparingly  pubescent.  In  sandy  soil, 
Penn.  May  and  June.  Differs  from  its  nearest  relative,  P.  clandes- 


1062  APPENDIX. 

tinum  L.,  in  the  softer  pubescence,   naked  leaf-margins,   and  smaller 
spikelets. 

P.  90,  before  Chaetochloa  occidentals  Nash,  insert: 

aa.  Chaetochloa  imberbis  (Poir.)  Scribn.  PERENNIAL  FOXTAIL-GRASS. 
Perennial.  Culms  tufted,  3-7  dm.  tall,  from  rootstocks,  slender,  com- 
pressed, rough  below  the  raceme;  sheaths  glabrous,  compressed;  leaves 
1-3  dm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide,  the  upper  surface  often  with  a  few  long  hairs 
at  the  base;  racemes  dense,  spikelike,  2-5  cm.  long,  nearly  i  cm.  in  diam- 
eter, exclusive  of  the  bristles,  the  rachis  pubescent;  bristles  5-10  mm.  long; 
spikelets  ovoid,  acute,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scale  acute,  striate, 
finely  transverse-rugose.  In  moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  and  in  Kans. 
and  Mo.  Also  in  Tropical  America.  June-Aug.  Differs  from  C.  glauca  in 
having  the  bristles  green  or  purplish  instead  of  tawny  yellow,  and  in  being 
perennial  instead  of  annual.  From  C.  versicolor  Bicknell  it  is  distinguished 
by  the  S-7-nerved  second  scale  of  the  spikelet. 

P.  90,  after  Cenchrus  tribuloides  Lv  insert: 

la.  Cenchrus  macrocephalus  (Doell)  Scribn.  LARGE  BUR-GRASS.  Culms 
at  first  erect  or  ascending,  finally  falling  prostrate,  becoming  branched 
and  forming  mats,  3-6  dm.  long;  sheaths  very  loose,  glabrous,  com- 
pressed; leaves  flat  or  complanate,  smooth  and  glabrous,  i  dm.  long  or  less, 
4-8  mm.  wide;  spikes  stout,  3-5  cm.  long;  involucres  5-12,  6-8  mm. 
broad,  enclosing  2  spikelets,  pubescent,  the  spines  usually  5-8  mm.  long, 
the  spikelets  not  exserted  beyond  the  involucre.  Along  the  seashore, 
N.  J.  to  Miss.  July-Sept.  Differs  from  C.  tribuloides  L.  in  having  the  in- 
volucres much  larger;  in  that  species  they  are  usually  less  than  5  mm. 
broad. 

P.  95,  after  Aristida  gracilis  Ell.,  insert: 

xoa.  Aristida  intermedia  Scribn.  &  Ball.  INTERMEDIATE  ARISTIDA. 
Culms  slender,  finally  branching,  3-8  dm.  tall;  sheaths  glabrous  or  sparsely 
hirsute;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  erect,  involute;  panicle 
2-4  dm.  long,  slender,  its  branches  appressed;  spikelets  8-10  mm.  long, 
the  empty  scales  manifestly  awned,  about  equal,  the  flowering  scale 
strongly  hispidulous  above  the  middle,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  empty 
scales,  the  awns  spreading,  the  middle  one  15-25  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones 
shorter.  In  sandy  soil,  la.  to  Miss,  and  Tex.  July-Sept.  Intermediate  be- 
tween A.  gracilis  and  A.  purpurascens,  having  the  large  spikelets  of  the 
latter,  and  more  the  habit  of  the  former. 

P.  105,  before  Sporobolus  longifolius  (Torr.)  Wood,  insert: 
xa.  Sporobolus  canovirens  Nash.  SOUTHERN  RUSH-GRASS.  Culms  erect, 
3-10  dm.  tall;  leaves  2.5  dm.  long,  or  less,  1-3  mm.  wide,  attenuate  and 
filiform  above;  panicle  5-13  cm.  long;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long,  the  scales 
acuminate,  the  empty  ones  unequal,  the  flowering  scale  appressed-pubes- 
cent  below  with  long  hairs,  about  equalling  or  a  little  exceeded  by  the 
acute  palet.  In  dry  sandy  soil,  Tenn.  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  Miss,  and  Tex. 
July-Sept.  Resembles  S.  asper,  but  the  spikelets  are  smaller,  and  the 
palet  much  shorter  relatively,  equalling  or  but  little  exceeding  the  flower- 
ing scale. 

P.  130,  after  Eragrostis  capillaris  (L.)  Nees,  insert: 

la.  Eragrostis  hirsuta  (Michx.)  Nash.  HAIRY  ERAGROSTIS.  Culms 
densely  tufted,  rather  stout,  7-13  dm.  tall;  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones, 
strongly  papillose-hispid,  each  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex;  leaves  flat, 
the  lower  ones  4-6  dm.  long,  less  than  I  cm.  wide;  panicle  5-8  dm.  long, 
diffuse,  its  branches  finally  widely  spreading;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  3-4 
mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  2-2.5  mm.  long.  In  dry  fields,  thickets 


APPENDIX.  1063 

and  woodlands,  Va.  (according  to  T.  H.  Kearney,  Jr.)  to  Fla.,  the  Ind. 
Terr,  and  Tex.  Aug.  and  Sept.  Differs  from  E.  capillaris  in  its  stouter 
and  taller  culms,  strongly  papillose-hispid  sheaths,  and  elongated  leaves. 

P.  131,  after  Eragfostis  secundiflora  Presl,  insert: 

i2a.  Eragrostis  capitata  (Nutt.)  Nash.  Culms  branching  and  creeping, 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  which  send  up  branches  6-10  cm.  long;  sheaths,  at  least 
those  on  the  branches,  pubescent;  leaves  spreading  or  ascending,  1-3  cm. 
long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  flat,  lanceolate,  pubescent;  panicle  2-3  cm.  long, 
nearly  or  quite  as  broad,  oval;  spikelets  crowded,  clustered,  12-30- 
flowered,  6-14  mm.  long.  (Poa  capitata  Nutt.)  In  sandy,  usually  wet  soil, 
Ark.  and  La.  to  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Tex.  Also  in  Mexico.  June-Aug. 
Differs  most  prominently  from  E.  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.S.P.  by  its  longer 
pubescent  flowering  scales. 

P.  132,  in  Eatonia  obtusata  (Michx.)  A.  Gray,  third  line,  omit  the 
words  "sometimes  pubescent";  add: 

ia.  Eatonia  pubescens  Scribn.  &  Mer.  HAIRY  EATONIA.  A  tufted  per- 
ennial, with  the  sheaths,  back  of  the  ligule  and  lower  part  of  the  culm 
softly  and  densely  pubescent.  Culms  3-8  dm.  tall;  leaves  5-18.  cm.  long, 
3-6  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  or  often  softly  pubescent;  panicle  5-20  cm.  long; 
spikelets  2.5-3.5  mm.  long.  In  dry  soil,  Conn,  to  Penn.,  Ga.  and  Tex. 
May-Aug.  Differs  from  E.  obtusata  in  having  the  sheaths,  and  often 
also  the  leaves  and  culms,  softly  pubescent. 

After  Eatonia  nitida  (Spreng.)  Nash,  insert: 

3a.  Eatonia  glabra  Nash.  SMOOTH  EATONIA.  Clums  densely  tufted, 
slender,  3-7  dm.  tall;  sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  rough,  flat,  2-7  cm.  long, 
1.5-3  mm-  wide;  panicle  7-15  cm.  long,  slender,  nodding  at  the  sum- 
mit; spikelets  3-4  mm.  long.  In  woods,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Term.  May- 
July.  The  glabrous  sheaths  and  leaves  separate  this  from  E.  nitida.  Type 
collected  in  Madison  Co.,  Tenn.,  by  S.  M,  Bain,  Apr.  1893,  No.  507. 

P.  135,  after  Uniola  laxa  (L.)  B.S.P.,  insert: 

ia.  Uniola  longifolia  Scribn.  HAIRY-SHEATHED  UNIOLA.  Culms  tufted, 
8-12  dm.  tall;  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  densely  hirsute;  leaves  flat, 
3  dm.  long  or  less,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  6-12  mm.  wide;  panicle  2-4.5 
dm.  long,  its  branches  short  and  appressed,  or  the  lower  ones  sometimes 
long  and  ascending;  spikelets  3-4-flowered,  usually  about  6  mm.  long,  the 
flowering  scales  about  5  mm.  long.  In  dry,  usually  sandy  soil,  Tenn.  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Aug.  and  Sept.  Distinguished  by  its  larger  size  and  strongly 
hirsute  sheaths. 

P.  156,  in  Elymus  striatus  Willd.,  sixth  line,  omit  the  words  "  rough, 
hispid  or";  add: 

ia.  Elymus  Arkansanus  Scribn.  &  Ball.  ARKANSAS  WILD  RYE.  Culms 
slender,  erect,  6-9  dm.  tall;  sheaths  ciliate  on  the  margin;  leaves  1-2  dm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  erect  or  ascending,  auricled  at  the  base,  rough  on  the 
lower  surface,  the  upper  surface  finely  and  densely  pubescent;  spike  long- 
exserted,  nodding,  6-9  cm.  long;  spikelets  2  at  each  node,  2-flowered; 
empty  scales  linear-subulate,  hispidulous  and  2-3-nerved  above,  8-10  mm. 
long  and  bearing  a  straight  awn  1-2  cm.  long;  flowering  scales  minutely 
hispidulous,  about  7  mm.  long,  ending  in  a  straight  awn  2-4  cm.  long.  In 
woods,  la.  to  Ark.  and  Mo.  July.  Differs  from  E.  striatus  in  having  the 
empty  and  flowering  scales  merely  hispidulous. 

P.  157,  after  Elymus  hirsutiglumis  Scribn.  &  Sm.,  insert: 

3a.  Elymus  australis  Scribn.  &  Ball.     SOUTHERN  WILD  RYE.     Culms 

stout,  erect,  9-15  dm.  tall;  sheaths  rough-hairy;  leaves  ascending,  2-3  dm. 

long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  very  rough  on  the  lower  surface,  rough  or  rough- 


1064  APPENDIX. 

hairy  above;  spike  1-1.5  dm.  long;  spikelets  2  at  each  node,  4-5-flowered; 
empty  scales  diverging,  thickened,  coriaceous  and  somewhat  curved  at 
the  base,  usually  rough-hairy,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  oi 
about  the  same  length;  flowering  scales  8-10  mm.  long,  hirsute,  termi- 
nated by  a  straight  awn  2.5-3  cm-  long.  In  moist  woods  and  thickets, 
N.  C.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  Mo.  July  and  Aug.  Intermediate  be- 
tween E.  hirsutighmiis  and  E.  Canadensis;  separated  from  the  former  by 
its  stouter  spike  and  longer  scales  and  awns,  and  from  the  latter  by  the 
thickened  and  hirsute  empty  scales. 

3b.  Elymus  glabriflorus  (Vasey)  Scribn.  &  Ball.  SMOOTH-FLOWERED 
WILD  RYE.  Culms  erect,  stout,  5-10  dm.  tall;  sheaths  loose,  smooth  or 
rough-hairy;  leaves  numerous,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide,  erect  or  as- 
cending,  somewhat  roughened  on  the  lower  surface,  rough  and  sometimes 
a  little  hairy  on  the  upper  surface;  spike  stout,  erect  or  nodding,  1-1.5  dm. 
long,  sometimes  glaucous;  spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  node,  3-5-flowered; 
empty  scales  thickened,  strongly  3-5-nerved,  hispidulous  on  the  nerves, 
11-15  mm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  about  2  cm.  long;  flowering  scales  9-12 
mm.  long,  minutely  hispidulous,  terminated  by  a  straight  slender  awn  2-3 
cm.  long.  In  low  rich  woods  or  thickets,  Penn.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.,  west  to 
N.  Mex.  July  and  Aug.  Related  to  E.  hirsutiglumis,  but  distinguished  by 
its  merely  hispidulous,  not  hirsute,  flowering  scales. 

In  Eiymus  Canadensis  L.,  line  6,  omit  the  words  "  nearly  smooth  to  "; 
add: 

4a.  Elymus  brachystachys  Scribn.  &  Ball.  SHORT-SPIKED  WILD  RYE. 
Culms  stout,  3-10  dm.  tall,  erect;  sheaths  glabrous;  leaws  1-2  dm.  long, 
6-10  mm.  wide,  ascending,  smooth  or  a  little  rough  below,  finely  hispidu- 
lous above;  spike  rather  dense,  8-16  cm.  long,  much  exserted;  spikelets  2 
at  each  node,  3-5-flowered;  empty  scales  hispidulous,  8-10  mm.  long, 
bearing  a  straight  awn  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  flowering  scales  smooth  or  mi- 
nutely hispidulous,  11-13  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  the  nerves  next  the  mid- 
nerve  often  shortly  excurrent,  terminated  by  a  straight  or  sometimes 
diverging  awn  2-4  cm.  long.  In  moist  open  or  shaded  places,  Mich,  and 
S.  Dak.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Tex.  Also  in  Mexico.  June-Aug.  Distinguished 
from  E.  Canadensis  by  its  smaller  size  and  merely  hispidulous,  not  hirsute, 
flowering  scales. 

P.  161,  Cyperus  microdontus,  read  for  range,  Va.  and  N.  C.,  and  add: 
5a.  Cyperus  Gatesii  Torr.  GATES'S  CYPERUS.  Annual;  bright  green. 
Leaves  0.5-4  mm.  wide;  scapes  tufted,  1-4  dm.  high,  often  longer  than  the 
leaves;  bracts  of  the  involucre  surpassing  the  3-8-rayed  umbel;  rays  of  the 
umbel  1-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  6-15  mm.  long, 
acute;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  shining,  striate;  achene  oblong,  abruptly 
apiculate.  In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-Sept.  Differs  from 
C.  microdontus  in  the  oblong,  not  ovate,  scales,  the  3-8-rayed,  not  capitate, 
umbel,  and  the  abruptly  apiculate  achene. 

P.  162.  Cyperus  Schweinitzii,  strike  Kans.  from  range  and  add: 
pa.  Cyperus  Bushii  Britton.  BUSH'S  CYPERUS.  Perennial  by  tuber- 
like  corms.  Leaves  3-4  rnm.  wide,  smooth;  scapes  smooth,  3-6  dm.  high, 
longer  than  the  leaves;  longer  involucral  bracts  much  exceeding  the 
umbel;  umbel  capitate,  or  with  1-5  rays;  spikelets  loosely  capitate,  flat, 
linear,  acute,  8-16  mm.  long;  scales  firm,  shining,  oblong,  mucronate, 
strongly  about  n-nerved;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  thick,  apiculate,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale.  In  sandy  soil,  Minn. 
to  Wis.,  Neb.  and  the  Ind.  Terr.  July-Sept.  Type  collected  by  B.  F. 
Bush  at  Arkansas,  Ind.  Terr. 

P.  169,  Eleocharis  ovata,  ranges  southward  only  to  Mass,  and  Mich.; 
add: 


APPENDIX.  1065 

8a.  Eleocharis  obtusa  Schultes.  BLUNT  SPIKE-RUSH.  Differs  from 
Eleocharis  ovata  in  the  pale  scales  of  the  spike  and  in  the  tubercle,  which  is 
nearly  or  quite  as  broad  and  about  one-third  as  high  as  the  achene.  In 
wet  soil,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Br.  Col.,  Kans.  and  Texas. 

P.  170,  before  Eleocharis  acicularis,  insert: 

loa.  Eleocharis  Smallii  Britton.  SMALL'S  SPIKE-RUSH.  Perennial; 
alms  rather  stout,  about  6  dm.  high  and  2-3  mm.  thick.  Summit  of  the 
basal  sheath  oblique;  spikelet  cylindric,  acute,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  about 
as  thick  as  the  culm;  scales  narrowly  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate; 
achene  dark  brown,  obovate,  turgid-lenticular,  somewhat  Jiining, 
1.5  mm.  long,  rounded  at  the  top;  tubercle  bulb-like,  constricted  at  the 
base,  one- fourth  as  long  as  the  achene  and  about  one-half  as  wide;  bristles 
about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle.  Valley  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  Pa.  Aug.-Oct. 

P.  171,  after  Eleocharis  intermedia,  insert: 

2ia.  Eleocharis  Macounii  Fernald.  MACOUN'S  SPIKE-RUSH.  Annual, 
similar  to  E.  intermedia,  but  with  stouter  culms,  longer,  narrower,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  densely  flowered  spikelets  about  I  cm.  long.  Scales  dark 
brown;  achene  compressed-trigonous,  obovate,  light  brown,  shining, 
tubercle  deltoid-conic,  about  half  as  long  as  the  achene;  bristles  down- 
wardly barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle.  Borders  of 
marshes,  North  Wakefield,  Quebec. 

P.  178,  after  Scirpus  validus,  insert: 

i5a.  Scirpus  heterochaetus  Chase.  UNEQUAL-BRISTLED  BULRUSH.  Simi- 
lar to  S.  validus,  but  more  slender,  though  about  as  tall.  Umbel  com- 
pound, of  9-17  ovoid-oblong  acute  spikelets  8-12  mm.  long;  scales  reddish 
brown,  ovate-oblong,  emarginate,  glabrous,  the  excurrent  midvein  sca- 
brous; style  3-cleft;  bristles  2-4,  usually  2,  unequal,  fragile  shorter 
than  the  achene,  retrorsely  barbed;  achene  obovate,  trigonous,  2.5-3 
mm.  long.  Lakes  and  ponds,  Vt.  to  N.  Y.,  111.,  Minn.,  Nebr.  and  Ore. 

P.  179,  after  Scirpus  robustus,  insert: 

iga.  Scirpus  Fernaldi  Bicknell.  FERNALD'S  BULRUSH.  Slender, 
rather  pale  green,  the  sharply  three-angled  culms  4-8  dm.  high;  leaves  2-6 
mm.  wide,  slenderly  attenuate,  the  longer  ones  often  surpassing  the  culms; 
primary  involucral  leaf  erect,  mostly  1.5-2  dm.  long;  spikes  rather  pale, 
short-ovate  or  finally  broadly  ovate,  1-1.5  cm-  long,  1-3  in  a  sessile  cluster 
or  stipitate,  and  1-5  borne  on  slender,  stiffly  flexuous  or  crinkled,  wiry, 
diverging  peduncles  2-7  cm.  long;  scales  finely  close-puberulent,  the  lower 
ones  often  somewhat  spreading,  becoming  bifid  and  finally  lacerate,  the 
midvein  excurrent  in  a  recurved  awn  3-12  mm.  long;  achene  yellowish 
brown  and  shining,  broadly  truncated,  obovoid-cuneate,  2.5-3  mm.  long 
and  broad,  almost  equally  trigonous  or  slightly  depressed-trigonous  with 
rounded  angles  or  the  dorsal  swelling  more  or  less  umbonate,  short- 
mucronulate;  bristles  fugacious,  shorter  than  or  equal  to  the  achene. 
Mt  Desert,  Me.,  shore  of  Somes  Sound  with  S.  paludosus,  Aug.  20,  1898. 

*gb.  Scirpus  paludosus  A.  Nelson.  Low  MARSH  BULRUSH.  Similar  to 
S.  robustus  Pursh,  but  lower  and  more  slender,  with  shorter,  narrower 
leaves  and  more  densely  clustered,  sessile,  mostly  ovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
dark  brown  spikes;  culms  1.5-6  dm.  high,  stiff  and  often  very  slender, 
usually  growing  in  close  colonies,  the  leaves  1-4  mm.  wide.  Resembles 
S.  interior  Britton,  of  the  prairie  region,  but  the  spikes  are  much 
darker,  the  achenes  more  truncate-obovate  and  more  bluntly  angled. 
From  Can.  and  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  at  alkaline  inland  stations,  flower- 
ing from  2-4  weeks  earlier  than  S.  robustus. 


1066  APPENDIX. 

No.  24,  for  "  Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl ",  read  "  Scirpus  rubrotinctus 
Fernald."  .S.  microcarpus  occurs  only  on  the  Pacific  slope. 

P.  1 80,  at  end  of  Scirpus,  add: 

30.  Scirpus  atrocinctus  Fernald.  BLACKISH  WOOL-GRASS.  Similar  to  S, 
cyperinus  L.,  5".  Eriophorum  Michx.,  but  the  culm  slender,  about  1.5  mm. 
thick  at  the  top,  the  bases  of  the  involucral  leaves  black  or  nearly  so; 
inflorescence  loose  and  ample  with  the  spikelets  pedicelled,  or  these  in  a 
subcapitate  cluster;  scales  greenish  black;  bristles  light  brown  or  olive- 
brown.  In  wet  places,  Newf.  to  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  Conn.,  Penn. 
and  Iowa. 

For  "Scirpus  cyperinus  Eriophorum"  read  "Scirpus  Eriophorum 
Michx."  The  plant  proves  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  S.  cyperir.us  and 
from  the  foregoing. 

P.  1 86,  after  Rynchospora  gracile"nta,  insert: 

xoa.  Rynchospora  Smallii  Britton.  SMALL'S  BEAKED-RUSH.  Culms 
rather  stout,  1.4  m.  high  or  less,  tufted.  Leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  wide; 
spikelets  numerous  in  several  rather  loose  clusters,  3—4  mm.  long,  fusi- 
form, their  scales  brown;  bristles  upwardly  barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene 
and  tubercle;  achene  narrowly  obovate,  brown,  smooth,  shining,  1.5  mm. 
long,  the  smooth  tubercle  about  one-half  as  long.  Bogs  and  damp 
hillsides,  Pa.  and  N.  C.  July-Aug. 

P.  1 88,  after  Scleria  pauciflora,  insert: 

Scleria  ciliata  Michx.  HAIRY  NUT-RUSH.  Resembles  Scleria  pauciflora, 
but  is  usually  stouter,  3-6  dm.  high,  pubescent;  bracts  of  the  flower-clus- 
ters ciliate;  achenes  subglobose  to  globose-ovoid,  3  mm.  long,  acute, 
roughened  by  short  ridges  or  projections;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely 
3-angled  border  supporting  3  tubercles,  these  often  2-lobed.  In  pine 
lands,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Tex.  Also  in  the  W.  I.  June-Sept. 

P.  189,  before  Uncinia,  insert: 

2.  Kobresia  elachycarpa  Fernald.  Tufted;  culms  compressed,  wiry, 
5.5  dm.  high  or  less,  rough  toward  the  top.  Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  flat, 
much  shorter  than  the  culms;  spike  1-2.5  cm-  l°ng;  spikelets  2-7, 
staminate,  androgynous,  or  pistillate;  scale  ovate;  glume  ovate,  connate 
at  base,  emarginate;  stigmas  2,  elongated;  stamens  2;  achene  oblong, 
truncate,  nerveless,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  Me.  June-July. 

P.  223,  after  Carex  interior  capillacea,  insert: 

i76a.  Carex  seorsa  E.  C.  Howe.  HOWE'S  SEDGE.  Loosely  tufted;  culms 
weak,  6.5  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  pale  green,  soft,  14-4  mm.  wide, 
shorter  than  the  culms;  spikes  2  to  6,  subglobose  to  oblong,  6-20- 
flowered,  remote,  or  the  upper  approximate,  3 . 5-7  mm.  long,  the  lowest 
one  often  subtended  by  a  filiform  tract,  the  uppermost  with  many  stam- 
inate flowers  at  its  base;  scales  membranous,  ovate,  acute,  much  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  perigynia  ovate  elliptic,  widest  near  the  middle, 
strongly  nerved,  tapering  to  both  ends,  substipitate,  with  a  very  short 
and  smooth  beak.  In  wet  woods  and  swamps,  Mass,  to  S.  N.  Y.  and 
Del.  May-June. 

P.  226,  before  Carex  scoparia,  insert: 

iQ2a.  Carex  Crawfordii  Fernald.  CRAWFORD  NOTCH  SEDGE.  Culms 
slender,  tufted  or  solitary,  1-3  dm.  tall,  rough  above.  Leaves  2.5  mm. 
wide  or  less,  often  exceeding  the  culms;  spikes  oblong  or  ovoid,  bluntish, 
greenish  brown,  clustered  in  an  oblong  head,  the  lower  one  often  sub- 
tended by  a  filiform  bract  which  sometimes  surpasses  the  head;  peri- 
gynia narrowly  lanceolate,  firm,  about  4  mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  wide  or 
less.  Newf.  to  Assiniboia,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.  June-Sept. 


APPENDIX.  1067 

P.  227,  after  Carex  leporina,  insert: 

i94a.  Carex  Orone'nsis  Fernald.  ORONO  SEDGE.  Loosely  caespitose, 
I  m.  high  or  less,  the  slender  culms  erect,  rough  above.  Leaves  2.5-4 
mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culms;  spikes  3-9,  oval  to  obovoid,  5-10  mm. 
long,  ascending,  dark  brown,  acutish,  clustered  in  an  oblong-cylindric 
spike;  scales  scarious-margined,  ovate,  acutish,  about  equalling  the 
perigynia;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  narrowly 
winged  above.  Woods,  thickets,  and  fields,  Orono,  Me.  June-July. 

P.  227,  after  Carex  adusta,  insert: 

ip6a.  Carex  aenea  Fernald.  WIRY  SEDGE.  Culms  wiry,  smooth, 
12  dm.  high  or  less,  tufted,  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  the  top  nod- 
ding. Leaves  flat,  2—4  mm.  wide;  spikes  obovoid,  light  brown,  the 
upper  close  together,  the  lower  separated;  perigynia  ascending,  len- 
ticular, ovate,  4—5  mm.  long,  about  one-half  as  wide  as  long,  brown, 
the  inner  face  nerveless  or  few-nerved  toward  the  base.  Newf.  to 
Alberta,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  Mich.  June-Aug. 

P.  228,  after  Carex  tenera  in  visa,  insert: 

20oa.  Carex  suberdcta  (Olney)  Britton.  PRAIRIE  SEDGE.  Culms 
tufted,  slender  but  stiff,  erect,  6-9  dm.  high,  longer  than  the  leaves, 
rough  above.  Leaves  flat,  2-3.5  mm-  wide;  spikes  2-6,  clustered  at 
the  top  of  the  culm,  ovoid  or  oblong,  acutish,  7-10  mm.  long,  ferru- 
ginous; scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  appressed, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  perigynia  ovate,  about  5  mm.  long  and 
one-half  as  wide  as  long,  appressed  or  closely  ascending,  broadly  winged, 
rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  sharp  beak  (C.  tenera  var.  suberecta 
Olney;  C.  foenea  var.  ferruginea  A.  Gray,  not  C.  ferruginea  Scop.).  Ohio 
to  Mich.,  111.  and  Iowa. 

P.  229,  after  Arisaema  triphyllum,  insert: 

i a.  Arisaema  Stewardsonii  Britton.  STEWARDSON  BROWN'S  INDIAN 
TURNIP.  Dark  green,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaf-segments  3,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, thin,  narrowed  at  the  base,  shining  on  both  sides,  4-20  cm.  long; 
spathe  about  as  long  as  its  peduncle,  strongly  fluted,  green  with  white 
stripes,  the  dilated  part  acuminate;  spadix  slender,  blunt;  fruits  8-10  mm. 
in  diameter.  In  wet  woods,  growing  among  Sphagnum,  Penn.  to  Vt. 
Differs  from  related  species  by  its  fluted  spathe  and  shining  leaves. 
Type  from  Tannersville,  Penn.,  collected  by  Stewardson  Brown,  E.  P. 
Bicknell  and  N.  L.  Britton,  July  4th,  1901. 

P.  236,  after  Xyris  Caroliniana,  insert: 

4a.  Xyris  Congdoni  Small,  n.  sp.  CONGDON'S  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS. 
Scapes  relatively  stout,  4-6.5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  linear  from  a  broad 
base  which  is  sometimes  over  i  cm.  wide,  the  longer  ones  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scapes;  head  oval  or  nearly  so,  11-16  mm.  long;  bracts 
erose  at  the  top,  the  larger  ones  6-8  mm.  long;  lateral  sepals  6-7  mm. 
long,  the  broad  keel  crested  above  the  middle.  Differs  from  X.  Caro- 
liniana in  the  greater  size  of  the  plant,  the  broader  greatly  elongated 
leaves,  the  more  numerous  bracts  of  the  head,  and  the  longer  lateral 
sepals.  Low  grounds,  Mass  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast.  Type  from  South 
Kingston,  R.  I.  Aug.-Sept. 

P.  237,  after  Eriocaulon  septangulare,  insert: 

la.  Eriocaulon  Parkeri  Robinson.  PARKER'S  PIPE-WORT.  Tufted, 
nearly  glabrous,  6-n  cm.  high.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  wide 
at  the  base,  3-6  cm.  long,  7~9-fenestrate-nerved ;  scapes  erect,  sub- 
rigid;  heads  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  campanulate  at  the  base  in  fruit 
(ellipsoid  in  E.  septangulare)  \  flowers  erect  (the  outer  ones  spreading  in 


1068  APPENDIX. 

E.    septangulare) ;     perianth-segments   nearly   glabrous.     In    tidal   mud 
near  Camden,  N.  J.     Sept.-Oct. 

P.  248,  after  Juncus  tenuis,  insert: 

na.  Juncus  interior  Wiegand.  INLAND  RUSH.  Plants  5-10  dm.  tall, 
light  green.  Leaves  basal;  blades  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  scape, 
1-1.25  mm.  wide,  sometimes  involute;  scapes  grooved;  inflorescence  3-10 
cm.  long,  many-flowered,  the  branches  ascending;  flowers  scattered,  rather 
distant;  perianth  straw-colored,  3-4  mm.  long;  sepals  and  petals  nearly 
equal,  lanceolate-subulate,  slenderly  acute  or  acuminate,  appressed  or 
erect;  stamens  6,  one-half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers  much  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  oblong  or  rarely  ovoid-oblong,  about  as  long 
as  the  perianth,  obtuse  or  barely  apiculate;  seeds  oblong,  0.35-0.50  mm. 
long.  In  dry  woods  or  on  prairies,  111.  to  Wyo.,  Tenn.,  Miss,  and  Ariz. 
Spring  and  early  summer.  Differs  from  J.  secundus  in  the  longer  bracts 
of  the  inflorescence,  the  larger  perianth,  the  flowers  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
secund. 

nb.  Juncus  Dudley!  Wiegand.  DUDLEY'S  RUSH.  Plants  3-10  dm.  tall, 
pale  green.  Leaves  basal;  blades  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  scape,  or 
less,  very  narrowly  linear,  flat,  frequently  somewhat  involute;  scapes 
tufted,  often  relatively  stout,  but  wiry,  striate-grooved;  inflorescence  2-5 
cm.  high,  or  rarely  slightly  larger,  usually  rather  congested,  considerably 
exceeded  by  its  bract,  few-flowered;  perianth  green  or  pale  straw-colored, 
4-5  mm.  long;  sepals  and  petals  firm,  nearly  equal,  lanceolate-subulate, 
acute,  more  or  less  spreading,  scarious-margined;  anthers  slightly  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsules  ovoid-oval,  shorter  than  the  perianth,  some- 
what apiculate;  seeds  oblong,  0.37-0.45  mm.  long,  apiculate  at  each  end. 
In  damp  soil  and  open  places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Saskatchewan,  Wash.,  Conn., 
Tenn.  and  Mex.  Spring  and  summer.  Differs  from  J.  tenuis  by  the 
yellow-brown  cartilaginous  margins  of  the  leaf-sheaths. 

P.  248,  after  Juncus  Vaseyi,  insert: 

I3a.  Juncus  Orondnsis  Fernald.  ORONO  RUSH.  Perennial,  tufted, 
similar  to  /.  Vaseyi,  but  the  inflorescence  elongated  and  much  shorter 
than  the  filiform  lower  bract,  which  is  sometimes  9  cm.  long;  branches 
of  the  inflorescence  nearly  erect,  the  flowers  secund;  perianth  4-5  mm. 
long;  stamens  6,  half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  anthers  as  long  as 
the  filaments;  capsule  oblong,  triquetrous,  shorter  than  the  perianth; 
seeds  larger  than  those  of  /.  Vaseyi,  about  i5-ribbed,  i  mm.  long, 
short-tailed.  In  swamps,  Me. 

P.  252,  before  Juncus  megac^phalus,  insert: 

34a.  Juncus  validus  Coville.  STURDY  RUSH.  Stout,  i  m.  high  or 
less,  the  compressed  stem  i-3-leaved.  Leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide,  compressed,  the  septa  complete;  inflorescence  3.5  dm.  long  or  less, 
its  branches  stiff,  spreading;  heads  several  or  numerous,  globose,  12— 
15  mm.  in  diameter;  perianth  4-5  mm.  long,  its  parts  subulate,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  3  stamens;  capsule  subulate,  often  falcate,  i-celled, 
exceeding  the  perianth,  beakless,  dehiscent  to  the  base;  seeds  broadly 
oval,  reticulate  in  about  20  longitudinal  rows.  In  sandy  soil,  Mo.  to 
Miss,  and  Texas. 

P.  254,  after  Juncoides  campestre,  adu: 

8.  Juncoides  bulbosum  (Wood)  Small.  BULBOUS  WOOD-RUSH.  Base 
of  the  plant  accompanied  by  bulblets.  Foliage  almost  glabrous  or  some- 
what webby  on  the  leaf-margins  and  at  the  tops  of  the  sheaths;  stems  1-4 
dm.  tall;  inflorescence  umbel-like,  the  peduncles  very  unequal  at  maturity; 
sepals  and  petals  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  brown- 
ish, acuminate,  neither  manifestly  soft  nor  hyaline  at  the  apex;  capsule 


IP  FEND  IX.  1069 

broadly  obovoid,  or  globose-obovoid,  often  nearly  as  thick  as  long,  sur- 
passing the  sepals  or  sometimes  about  equalling  them.  [Luzula  campestris 
var.  buibosa  Wood.]  In  woods,  thickets  and  open  sandy  places,  Va.  to 
Kans.,  Ga.  and  Tex.  Spring. 

P.  263,  after  Allium  vineale,  add  : 

6a.  Allium  carinatum  L.  KEELED  GARLIC.  Similar  to  A.  vineale.  BuPj 
ovoid,  its  coats  membranous;  stem  terete,  leafy  to  about  the  middle,  2.5 
dm.  tall  or  less;  leaves  linear,  channeled  below,  flat  toward  the  apex,  2-3 
mm.  wide,  prominently  3~5-nerved;  bracts  of  the  umbel  2,  narrowly  linear, 
one  much  longer  than  the  other;  umbel  erect,  bearing  either  bulbs  or  cap- 
sules; pedicels  filiform,  2-4  cm.  long,  filaments  simple,  not  toothed. 
Bucks  Co.,  Penn.  Fugitive  from  Europe. 

P.  263,  after  Allium  Nuttallii,  insert: 

pa.  Allium  H^lleri  Small.  HELLER'S  WILD  ONION.  Bulbs  ovoid, 
usually  two  together,  fibrous-coated.  Scape  2  dm.  high  or  less,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  leaves;  leaves  basal,  linear,  about  2  mm.  wide;  bracts 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  pedicels  slender,  8—15  mm.  long;  peri- 
anth white  or  rose,  6-7  mm.  long,  its  segments  oblong-lanceolate  to 
elliptic,  obtuse;  bases  of  the  filaments  broadened;  capsule  crestless, 
much  shorter  than  the  perianth.  Dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Kans.  and  Texas. 
April-June. 

P.  266,  insert: 

7a.  TULIPA  L. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  erect  leaf-bearing  stems  and  large  solitary  (rarely 
2)  erect  flowers.  Perianth  campanulate,  the  segments  distinct,  erect  or 
erect-spreading,  deciduous,  usually  with  a  spot  at  the  base,  but  without  a 
nectar-gland;  stamens  6,  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  anthers 
erect,  basifixed;  ovary  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous; 
capsule  oblong  or  globose;  seeds  numerous,  flat.  [Ancient  name.]  Fifty 
species  or  more,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

x.  Tulipa  sylvestris  L.  WILD  TULIP.  Bulb  ovoid,  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less;  stem  about  3  dm.  high,  with  1-3  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  leaves; 
flower  yellow,  7-9  cm.  broad;  inner  perianth-segments  rather  broader 
than  the  outer,  acute;  filaments  pubescent  at  the  base.  In  meadows,  Bucks 
Co.,  Penn.  Adventive  from  Europe. 

P.  274,  after  Trillium  viride,  insert: 

2a.  Trillium  viride*scens  Nutt.  Stem  4-6  dm.  tall,  slender,  usually  pu- 
bescent at  the  top;  leaves  ovate,  orbicular-ovate  or  broadly  elliptic,  10—15 
cm.  long,  acuminate,  sometimes  abruptly  so,  5-nerved,  sessile ;  flower  sessile ; 
sepals  linear-lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  4-5  cm.  long,  acute,  green; 
petals  conspicuously  narrow,  the  claw-like  base  linear,  1.5-2  cm.  long, 
greenish,  the  blade  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  or  nearly  linear,  fully  twice 
as  long  as  the  claw-like  base,  pale  purple;  filaments  2.5-5  mm.  long; 
anthers  12-15  mm.  long;  stigmas  6-8  mm.  long,  straight,  or  recurved  only 
near  the  tip.  On  hillsides  and  rich  woods,  Kans.  and  Ark.  Spring.  Dif- 
fers from  T.  viride  in  its  acuminate  leaves  and  pale  purple  narrower  petals. 

P.  283,  after  Iris  Caroliniana,  insert: 

3a.  Iris  folibsa  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  LEAFY  BLUE  FLAG.  Stems 
rather  stout,  6— 10  dm.  tall,  flexuous.  Leaves  broadly  linear,  green,  not 
glaucous,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide,  often  6  dm.  long,  exceeding  the  flowers, 
which  are  thus  partly  hidden  among  them;  flowers  about  3,  their  pedicels 
2-3  cm.  long;  perianth-segments  bluish,  spreading,  crestless,  about 
6  cm.  long;  capsule  strongly  6-angled.  Meadows  and  borders  of  low 
woods,  Mo.  June. 


10/0  APPENDIX. 

P.  294,  after  Limnorchis  hyperborea,  insert: 

za.  Limnorchis  major  (Lange)  Rydb.  LARGE  GREEN  ORCHID. 
Stem  stout,  2-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  5-30  cm. 
long,  1.5-4  cm.  wide;  spike  dense,  5-15  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate,  the 
lower  slightly  exceeding  the  flowers;  flowers  12-14  mm-  long;  upper 
sepal  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  5  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  ovate-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  spreading;  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  oblique,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  sepals;  lip  5-6  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse;  spur  almost 
equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  lip,  distinctly  clavate  and  curved. 
Greenland  to  N.  Y.  and  Wis.  May-Aug. 

P.  294,  after  Limnorchis  fragrans,  add: 

6.  Limnorchis  graminifolia  Rydb.  GRASS-LEAVED  ORCHID.  Very 
slender,  3-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  5-10  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
wide;  spike  short;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  flowers 
white,  12-15  mm.  long;  upper  sepal  ovate,  4  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones 
lanceolate,  slightly  shorter  than  the  upper  one;  lip  lanceolate,  obtuse 
dilated  near  the  base,  but  not  rhombic;  spur  one- third  to  one-half  longer 
than  the  lip,  clavate  toward  the  apex,  acute.  Alaska;  Riviere  du  Loup, 
Canada. 

P.  294,  add  the  genus: 

7a.  PIPERIA  Rydb. 

Somewhat  leafy-stemmed  plants,  but  the  leaves  usually  near  the  base 
and  withering  at  or  before  anthesis,  the  stem-leaves  reduced  and  bract- 
like.  Tubers  spherical  or  ellipsoid;  flowers  greenish  or  white;  sepals 
and  petals  i -nerved  or  very  obscurely  3-nerved;  upper  sepal  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  erect,  the  lateral  ones  spreading,  linear  to  lanceolate,  their 
bases  united  with  the  claw  of  the  lip;  upper  petals  free,  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  oblique,  but  not  cordate;  blade  of  the  lip  linear-lan- 
ceolate to  ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  hastate  at  the  base,  concave  but 
with  a  longitudinal  low  ridge  in  the  middle  produced  by  the  undulation 
of  the  lip,  the  claw  united  with  the  bases  of  the  lower  sepals,  bordered 
with  an  erect  margin  which  connects  the  lip  with  the  column;  anther- 
cells  unusually  large  for  the  size  of  the  flower,  parallel,  opening  nearly 
laterally;  stigma  a  small  beak  in  the  angle  between  the  anther-cells; 
ovary  sessile,  ellipsoid  in  fruit.  About  10  species,  natives  of  North 
America.  [In  honor  of  Professor  C.  V.  Piper.] 

i.  Piperia  Unalasch&isis  (Spreng.)  Rydb.  ALASKA  PIPERIA.  Stem 
strict,  slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  leafy  only  near  the  base;  basal  leaves 
oblanceolate,  1-1.5  dm.  l°ng»  °-8~3  cm-  wide;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late to  lanceolate,  attenuate,  0.5-1  cm.  long;  spike  long  and  lax,  1-3 
dm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  one-half  to  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  flowers;  flowers  greenish,  distinctly  in  spirals,  8-10  mm. 
long;  petals  and  sepals  2-4  mm.  long;  upper  sepal  ovate,  acutish,  the 
lateral  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  obtusish;  petals  purplish  green,  somewhat 
fleshy,  lanceolate,  oblique  at  the  base;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly 
hastately  lobed  near  the  base;  spur  filiform  or  slightly  clavate,  a  little 
exceeding  the  lip,  but  shorter  than  the  ovary.  In  damp  woods  from 
southern  Alaska  and  Alberta  to  Cal.  and  Colo.,  and  on  Jupiter  River, 
Anticosti. 

P.  300,  after  Gyrostachys  c€rnua,  insert: 

43.  Gyrostachys  parviflora  (Chapm.)  Small.  SMALL-FLOWERED 
LADIES'  TRESSES.  Stem  2^4  dm.  tall,  leafy  below,  minutely  pubescent 
above;  blades  of  the  basal  and  lower  cauline  leaves  broadly  linear  tc 
linear-oblong,  4-16  cm.  long;  spike  compact,  elongating  in  age,  the 
bracts  not  surpassing  the  flowers;  perianth  white;  lateral  sepals  lanceo- 
late, sometimes  broadly  so,  with  the  base  often  dilated,  about  5  mm, 


APPENDIX.  1071 

long;  petals  broadly  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  lip  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  about  5  mm.  long,  the  callosities 
somewhat  incurved.  In  woods  and  swamps,  Ohio,  Ala.  and  La.  Oct. 

P.  313,  after  Salix  lucida,  insert: 

4a.  Salix  serissima  (Bailey)  Fernald.  LATE-FRUITING  WILLOW.  A 
Tub  sometimes  4  m.  high,  with  glabrous  brown  shining  twigs.  Leaves 
lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  1-3.5  cm-  wide,  finely 
glandular-serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  firm,  dark  green  and  shining 
above  with  a  light  green  midrib,  pale  green  and  dull  beneath,  glabrous; 
petioles  12  mm.  long  or  less,  bearing  large  glands  at  the  apex;  aments 
borne  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches,  the  rachis,  peduncles,  and 
scales  densely  white-pilose,  the  staminate  oblong,  2  cm.  long  or  less; 
pistillate  aments  loosely  flowered,  becoming  4  cm.  long  or  less;  capsules 
glabrous,  shining,  larger  than  those  of  5.  Lucida,  ripening  from  August 
to  October.  In  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  J., 
Ohio,  and  Ky.  May-June. 

P.  316,  after  Salix  interior,  insert: 

2ia.  Salix  Wheeled  (Rowlee)  Ryd.b.  WHEELER'S  WILLOW.  A 
low  shrub,  related  to  5.  interior,  but  in  habit  and  pubescence  more 
resembling  the  western  5.  argophylla  Nutt.  Young  twigs  appressed- 
silky  with  white  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  toward  the  end  of  the  first 
season;  bark  of  older  twigs  grayish  brown;  leaves  linear-lanceolate 
to  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  7-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm-  wide, 
sessile,  rather  strongly  veined,  densely  white-silky  on  both  sides,  evenly 
denticulate,  rather  abruptly  short-acuminate;  aments  borne  at  the  ends 
of  short  leafy  branches,  shorter  and  denser  than  those  of  S.  interior, 
clustered;  bracts  oblong,  light  brown,  villous;  capsule  pubescent.  Sandy 
beaches,  N.  B.  to  Mich.,  N.  Y.  and  111.  June-July.  (5.  interior  Wheel- 
eri  Rowlee.) 

P.  328,  after  Betula  populifolia,  insert: 

la.  Betula  coeriilea  Blanchard.  BLUE  BIRCH.  Similar  to  B.  populi- 
folia, but  larger  and  stouter,  the  white  bark  freely  separating  in  thin 
sheets.  Foliage  bluish  green;  young  shoots  warty;  leaves  ovate,  or 
sometimes  deltoid-ovate,  long-petioled,  irregularly  sharply  serrate, 
truncate  to  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  apex  gradually  acuminate 
to  long- acuminate,  both  surfaces  glabrous  when  mature;  ripe  pistillate 
aments  stalked,  cylindric  or  oblong-cylindric,  1-3.5  crn-  l°ng;  bracts 
densely  puberulent,  their  lateral  lobes  larger  than  the  middle  one;  nut 
narrower  than  its  wings.  Woods,  Vermont.  May. 

P.  328,  after  Betula  nigra,  insert: 

4a.  Betula  Sandbergi  Britton.  SANDBERG'S  BIRCH.  Young  twigs 
loosely  pubescent,  green,  becoming  brown.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate, 
acute,  rather  evenly  serrate,  dark  green  and  strongly  netted-veined 
on  the  upper  side,  light  green,  very  glandular  and  slightly  pubescent 
on  the  veins  beneath,  6  cm.  long  or  less,  cuneate  at  the  base;  petioles 
glabrous,  1.5  cm.  long  or  less;  staminate  catkins  6  cm.  long  or  more; 
strobiles  slender-stalked,  cylindric,  2-2.5  cm-  l°ng>  about  6  mm.  thick, 
their  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  pubescent,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  mid- 
dle lobe  a  little  longer  than  the  blunt  ascending  lateral  ones,  all  the 
lobes  blunt;  nut  oval  to  obovate,  1.5  mm.  long,  rather  narrower  than 
its  wings.  Swamps,  Hennepin  County,  Minn.,  and  Saskatchewan. 

P.  329,  after  Betula  lutea,  insert: 

5a.  Betula  Alleghanie*nsis  Britton.  SOUTHERN  YELLOW  BIRCH. 
Resembling  B.  lenta  and  B.  lutea.  Bark  either  close  and  furrowed,  or 
peeling  off  in  thin  yellowish-gray  layers;  young  twigs  long-pubescent, 
becoming  brown  and  shiny;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  usually 


10/2  APPENDIX. 

gradually  acuminate,  12  cm.  long  or  less,  rather  coarsely  and  sharply 
serrate,  mostly  cordate  at  the  base  but  sometimes  rounded,  dark  green 
and  glabrous  above,  yellow- green  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath  when  mature;  petioles  pubescent,  about  i  cm.  long; 
staminate  catkins  6  cm.  long  or  more,  their  scales  broadly  ovate  and 
obtusish;  strobiles  oblong-cylindric,  2-3  cm.  long,  very  short-stalked 
or  sessile,  their  scales  4-6  mm.  long,  pubescent,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide 
as  long,  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  the  wedge-shaped  part  below  the 
lobes  short,  the  margins  ciliate;  nut  narrowly  obovate  to  oblong,  2-3  mm. 
long,  mostly  narrower  than  its  wings.  Mass,  to  Que.  and  Mich.,  south 
to  southern  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  in  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

P.  330,  after  Alnus  Alnobetula,  insert: 

la.  Alnus  mdllis  Fernald.  HAIRY  GREEN  ALDER.  Similar  to  A. 
Alnobetula,  but  more  pubescent,  especially  on  the  young  twigs  and  the 
under  leaf- surf  aces,  which  are  often  quite  densely  hairy.  Leaves  finely 
unequally  serrate,  10  cm.  long  or  less;  fruiting  pistillate  aments,  aver- 
aging larger,  1.2-2  cm.  long;  nut  oblong,  its  thin  wing  about  as  broad 
as  the  body.  Rocky  places  and  swampy  soil,  Newf.  to  Man.,  Mass., 
N.  Y.  and  Mich.  May-June. 

ib.  Alnus  Mitchelliina  M.  A.  Curtis.  MITCHELL'S  ALDER.  Resem- 
bles A.  mollis,  but  the  young  twigs  are  glabrate,  or  only  sparingly 
pubescent.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  blunt  or  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  often  quite  deeply  cordate  at  the  base, 
the  veins  of  the  under  side  quite  densely  pubescent,  otherwise  glabrous 
or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  staminate  aments  stout;  ripe  pistillate 
aments  as  large  as  those  of  A.  mollis,  or  larger,  much  larger  than  those 
of  A.  Alnobetula.  High  mountains  of  Va.,  N.  C.,  and  Eastern  Tenn. 
May. 

P.  330,  after  Alnus  inckna,  insert: 

2a.  Alnus  Noveborace"nsis  Britton.  NEW  YORK  ALDER.  A  shrub 
or  small  tree,  sometimes  8  m.  tall,  with  a  trunk  1.5  dm.  thick. 
Young  twigs  and  petioles  densely  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  to  obovate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  12  cm.  long  or  less,  sharply  irregularly  serrate,  very 
densely  pubescent  on  the  prominent  veins  beneath,  otherwise  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  dark  green  above,  paler  green  but  not  at  all  glaucous  on 
the  under  side;  ripe  pistillate  aments  numerous,  oblong,  1.5  cm.  long, 
very  short-stalked;  nut  oval,  about  one-half  longer  than  wide,  nar- 
rowly margined.  Woods  and  thickets  near  the  coast,  southeastern  N.  Y. 
Type  from  Grant  City,  Staten  Island. 

P.  339,  after  Celtis  occidentalis,  insert: 

la.  Celtis  canina  Raf.  DOG  HACKBERRY.  Taller  than  C.  occiden- 
talis, the  trunk  sometimes  nearly  a  meter  thick.  Leaves  broadly  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  light  green,  8-16  cm.  long,  thin,  attenuate- 
acuminate,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface  when  mature,  pubescent  be- 
neath, at  least  on  the  veins;  petioles  slender,  2  cm.  long  or  less,  about  half 
as  long  as  the  fruiting  peduncles;  drupe  oblong  to  globular,  purple, 
about  i  cm.  long.  In  rich  soil,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  S.  Dak.,  Pa.  and  Mo. 
April-May. 

P.  339,  after  Celtis  crassifolia,  insert: 

2a.  Celtis  Georgiana  Small.  GEORGIA  HACKBERRY.  A  shrub  or  small 
tree,  with  pinnately  arranged  branches,  the  young  twigs  puberulent. 
Leaves  small,  mostly  less  than  5  cm.vlong,  short-petioled,  obliquely  ovate, 
subcordate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  sharply  few-toothed  or  some  of 
them  entire,  firm,  rough  or  roughish  above,  prominently  reticulate- 


APPENDIX.  1073 

veined  beneath;  peduncles  short,  2-8  mm.  long,  mostly  not  longer  than 
the  diameter  of  the  globose  fruit.  In  rocky  places,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Mo. 
and  Ala.  April. 

P.  339,  after  Celtis  Mississippie*nsis,  add: 

4.  Celtis  reticulata  Torn  NET-VEINED  HACKBERRY.  A  small  tree. 
Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  strongly  reticulate- veined  beneath,  the 
veins  impressed  in  the  upper  surface;  blades  7  cm.  long  or  less,  bright 
green,  and  either  very  rough  or  nearly  smooth,  above,  ovate,  acute,  serrate 
or  entire;  drupe  red,  globular,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter.  Along  streams, 
Kans.  to  Texas,  Colo,  and  Cal. 

P.  341,  after  Humulus  Lupulus,  add: 

IE.  Humulus  Japonicus  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  JAPANESE  HOP.  A  twining 
vine,  similar  to  the  Common  Hop,  the  leaves  deeply  pedately  5-7-cleft. 
Pistillate  aments  few-flowered,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  deltoid,  acu- 
minate, hispid-pubescent  at  least  on  the  margins,  not  glandular.  In  waste 
ground,  Conn,  to  D.C.  Introduced  from  Japan.  Aug.— Sept. 

P.  364,  after  Polygonum  Rayi,  insert: 

24a.  Polygonum  Fowled.  Robinson.  FOWLER'S  KNOTWEED.  Similar 
to  P.  Rayi  in  habit,  but  pale  green.  Leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  often 
narrowly  so,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse;  flowers  solitary  or  2  together; 
calyx  deeply  5-parted,  whitish  or  reddish,  the  lobes  oblong;  achene 
narrowly  ovoid,  4  mm.  long,  the  narrow  tip  exserted.  Differs  from 
P.  Rayi  chiefly  in  the  more  obtuse  leaves,  which  do  not  become  black  in 
drying,  the  oblong  calyx-lobes,  and  the  smaller,  more  gradually  narrowed 
achene.  Sandy  shores.  N.  B.,  Anticosti  and  Me.  Aug.  and  Sept. 

P.  364,  after  Polygonum  exse*rtum,  insert: 

26a.  Polygonum  leptocarpum  Robinson.  NARROW-FRUITED  KNOT- 
WEED.  Resembling  P.  ramossissimum  prolificum  in  habit  but  more 
slender;  stem  about  3  dm.  tall,  profusely  branched,  the  branchlets 
angled.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  at  least  mainly  so,  pale  green, 
the  upper  ones  6-8  mm.  long;  ocrese  3  mm.  long  or  longer  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem;  calyx  2  mm.  long,  4— 5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  the  margins  pale  or  sometimes  reddish;  stamens  4  or  5; 
achene  3-angled,  lanceolate  in  outline,  about  2.8  mm.  long,  brownish, 
nearly  or  quite  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Kans.  Sept.  and  Oct. 

P.  369,  after  Chenopodium  glaucum,  insert: 

2a.  Chenopodium  vulvaria  L.  STINKING  GOOSEFOOT.  Annual,  much- 
branched,  white-mealy,  the  branches  procumbent,  3  dm.  long,  or  more; 
leaves  ovate,  entire,  2.5  cm.  long,  or  less,  the  slender  petioles  about  as  long 
as  the  blades;  flowers  in  dense  short  axillary  and  terminal  branched  or 
simple  spikes  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
obtusish.  In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Ont.  to  Del.  July-Sept. 

P.  383,  before  Allionia  B6dini,  insert: 

4a.  Allionia  bracteata  Rydb.  BRACTED  UMBRELLA-WORT  Stems 
12  dm.  high  or  less,  glabrous  below,  viscid-pubescent  above,  erect  or 
ascending.  Leaves  of  the  stem  linear  to  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3-9  cm.  long,  those  of  the  branchlets  small,  less  than  i  cm.  long, 
viscid-pubescent;  inflorescence  of  numerous  panicled  involucres;  invo- 
lucres 10—14  mm.  wide,  their  lobes  obtuse;  perianth  white  or  pale, 
about  10  mm.  broad;  fruit  oblong-obovate,  about  5  mm.  long,  8-ribbed, 
apiculate,  constricted  near  the  base.  Jn  dry  soil,  Mo,  July-Aug. 


10/4  APPENDIX. 

P.  384,  after  Sesuvium  maritimum,  add : 

la.  Sesuvium  sessile  Pers.  WESTERN  SEA  PURSLANE.  Much-branched, 
glabrous,  similar  to  S.  maritimum,  the  stems  often  copiously  verrucose; 
pedicels  1-3  mm.  long,  or  none;  stamens  numerous;  flowers  and  capsules 
slightly  larger  than  in  5\  maritimum.  On  beaches,  shores  and  in  saline 
soil,  W.  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.,  Cal.  and  Mex.  Also  in  S.  Am.  May- 
Nov. 

P.  385,  strike  "Minn."  from  range  of  Talinum  teretifolium  and  insert: 
la.  Talinum  rugospermum  Holzinger.  ROUGH-SEEDED  TALINUM.  Sim- 
ilar to  T.  teretifolium  and  confused  with  that  species.  Stamens  12-25; 
filaments  very  slender,  red;  anthers  nearly  circular  in  outline,  yellow; 
style  3-cleft  nearly  one-third  its  length  into  linear  stigmatic  lobes;  seeds 
pale,  roughened.  T.  teretifolium  differs  in  having  short,  blunt  style-lobes, 
oblong  anthers,  and  smooth  black  seeds.  In  dry  soil,  Ind.  to  Wis.  and 
Minn. 

P.  387,  after  Portulaca  retiisa,  insert: 

2a.  Portulaca  negle"cta  Mackenzie  and  Bush.  STOUT  PURSLANE.  Stems 
long,  thick,  erect  or  ascending,  bright  reddish  purple;  leaves  large, 
1-5  cm.  long,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  retuse;  flowers  6-12  mm. 
broad,  pale  yellow;  petals  deeply  2-cleft;  style  3~4-parted;  stamens 
1 2-1 8;  seeds  blackish,  tuberculate.  Forming  large  patches,  single  plants 
sometimes  a  meter  or  more  across  in  rich  soil.  Mo. 

P.  395,  after  Alsine  pubera,  insert: 

5a.  Alsine  Tennessee"nsis  (C.  Mohr)  Small.  TENNESSEE  CHICK- 
WEED.  Similar  to  A.  pubera,  the  stem  and  branches  pubescent  in  lines. 
Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  the  lower  subcrbicular,  the  upper  short-petioled, 
the  lower  often  with  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades;  flowers  long-pedi- 
celled;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  i  cm.  long,  the  outer  ones  ciliate 
with  long  hairs;  petals  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  capsule  4-5  mm.  long;  seeds  rough.  In  woods  and  thickets, 
W.  Va.,  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  Ala.  April-June. 

P.  400,  after  Arenaria  serpyllifdlia,  insert: 

la.  Arenaria  Iept6clados  Guss.  SLENDER  THYME-LEAVED  SAND- 
WORT.  Usually  more  slender  than  A.  serpyllifolia,  the  leaves  smaller, 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  very  small;  flowers 
only  about  half  as  large;  capsule  oblong,  papery  (ovoid  or  flask-shaped 
and  coriaceous  in  A.  serpyllifolia}.  Waste  places,  Me.  and  Vt.  to  Va., 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Nat.  from  Europe.  May-Aug. 

P.  404,  after  Paronychia  Jamesii  deprdssa,  insert: 

33.  Paronychia  diffusa  A.  Nelson.  SPREADING  WHITLOW-WORT. 
Low,  densely  tufted,  less  than  i  dm.  high,  the  branches  prostrate  or 
ascending.  Inflorescence  rather  loose,  the  bracts  shorter  than  the 
flowers  or  equalling  them  (in  P.  Jamesii  depressa,  best  regarded  as  a 
species,  P.  depressa  Nutt.,  the  inflorescence  is  compact  and  the  bracts 
longer  than  the  flowers).  Dry  soil,  S.  D.  to  Neb.,  Kans.,  Wyo.  and 
Colo.  June-Aug. 

P.  417,  after  Delphinium  albescens,  insert: 

4a.  Delphinium  Treleasei  Bush.  TRELEASE'S  LARKSPUR.  Roots  fasci- 
cled; stem  erect,  6-12  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  slightly  glaucous,  few-leaved; 
basal  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  palmatifid  into  linear  segments  1.5-3 
mm.  wide;  raceme  often  3  dm.  long  or  more,  loose,  the  lower  pedicels 
sometimes  branched;  pedicels  very  slender,  ascending,  the  lower  5-10  cm. 


APPENDIX.  10/5 

long,  the  upper  shorter;  flowers  blue;  sepals  and  spur  about  equal  in 
length,  puberulent;  spur  straight,  nearly  2  cm.  long;  sepals  narrowly 
ovate;  bractlets  borne  somewhat  below  the  calyx;  lower  petal  yellow- 
bearded;  follicles  3,  erect,  slightly  pubescent.  In  barrens,  Mo.  May- 
June. 

P.  431,  after  Thalictrum  dioicum,  insert: 

3a.  Thalictrum  occidentale  A.  Gray.  WESTERN  MEADOW-RUE.  Root- 
stock  slender.  Stem  glabrous,  i  m.  high,  or  less,  bearing  3-6  leaves; 
leaves  glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  minutely  glandular,  the  upper 
short-petioled;  leaflets  thin,  reniform  to  oboyate,  their  lobes  few,  rounded; 
flowers  dioecious  or  polygamo-dicecious,  in  panicles  1.5-3  dm-  high; 
achenes  6-7  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  flattened,  2-edged,  strongly  3-ribbed 
on  each  side,  the  ribs  somewhat  branching;  persistent  style  filiform,  half 
as  long  as  the  achene,  or  more;  filaments  yellowish-green  to  purplish, 
slightly  clavate.  Me.,  New  Brunswick,  and  northern  N.  Y;  Manitoba 
and  Mont,  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  May-July. 

P.  431,  after  Thalictrum  coriaceum,  insert: 

4a.  Thalictrum  caulophylloides  Small.  COHOSH-LIKE  MEADOW-RUE. 
Tall,  dioecious,  1.5  m.  high  or  less,  glabrous;  stems  slender,  somewhat 
glaucous.  Leaves  3~4-ternate;  leaflets  deep  green  above,  orbicular  or 
often  broader  than  long,  pale  beneath  and  strongly  veined,  4-9  cm. 
broad,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  blunt  or  apiculate;  panicle  large;  pedicels 
filiform  but  stiff,  8-25  mm.  long;  achenes  oblong,  4-6  mm.  long,  stalked, 
sharply  ridged;  filaments  nearly  filiform;  sepals  of  the  staminate  flowers 
4.5-5.5  mm.  long.  Slopes  and  river-banks,  Md.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Term. 
May. 

P.  442,  after  Capnoides  montanum,  insert: 

5a.  Capnoides  campdstre  Britton,  n.  sp.  PRAIRIE  CORYDALIS. 
(I.  F.  f.  1678,  as  C.  curvisiliquiim.)  Slender,  pale  green  or  somewhat 
glaucous,  3  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  very  finely  dissected;  flowers 
narrowly  racemose,  the  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
longer  than  the  pedicels;  corolla  yellow,  13-16  mm.  long,  the  nearly 
straight  blunt  spur  4—5  mm.  long;  pods  2  cm.  long  or  less,  about  2  mm. 
broad,  torulose  when  ripe,  and  ascending  or  upcurved;  seeds  shining, 
reticulated,  sharp-margined.  In  fields  and  woods,  111.  to  Nebr.,  Ark. 
and  Texas.  April-May.  Type  from  Benton  Co.,  Ark. 

P.  446,  after  Lcpidium  ap^talum,  insert: 

$a.  Lepidium  ramosissimum  A.  Nelson.  MUCH-BRANCHED  PEPPER- 
GRASS.  Biennial,  branched  from  the  base  upward,  finely  puberulent. 
Basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  the  petiole 
about  as  long  as  the  blade;  lower  stem-leaves  oblanceolate,  few- toothed 
on  the  margin,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  upper  ones  linear,  entire; 
racemes  very  numerous,  dense,  mostly  short;  sepals  i  mm.  long;  petals 
white,  spatulate,  about  0.5  mm.  long;  pods  broadly  ovate  to  oval,  3  m. 
long,  notched;  fruiting  pedicels  about  3  mm.  long;  cotyledons  incum- 
bent Dry  soil,  along  railroad,  Kearney,  Nebr.,  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
June-Aug. 

P.  456,  after  Dentaria  laciniata,  insert: 

i  a.  Dentaria  furcata  Small.  NARROW-LEAVED  TOOTH-WORT.  Dif- 
fers from  D.  laciniata,  of  which  it  may  be  a  form,  by  its  narrowly  linear 
leaf-segments,  which  vary  from  entire  to  coarsely  toothed.  In  moist 
woods,  Ohio  to  Iowa,  Ark.,  Tenn.  and  Ala.  March-May.  Specimens 
from  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  resemble  this  very  closely. 


10/6  APPENDIX. 

P.  456,  after  Dentaria  maxima,  insert: 

$a.  Dentaria  incisifolia  Eames.  CUT-LEAVED  TOOTH-WORT.  Much 
resembles  D.  maxima,  the  rootstock  similar,  with  fusiform  joints.  Stem- 
leaves  2,  opposite  or  nearly  so,  similar  to  the  long-petioled  basal  ones; 
leaf-divisions  sessile  (stalked  in  D.  maxima},  incised-dentate;  pedicels 

3  cm.  long  or  less;    petals  about  2.5  times  as  long  as  the  sepals  (about 
twice  as  long  in  D.  maxima}.     Sherman,  Conn.    \_D.  incisa  Barnes,  not 
Small.] 

Dentaria  anomala  Eames,  from  Plain ville,  Conn.,  growing  with  D.  diphylla  and  D. 
lacintata,  may  be  a  hybrid  of  these  two  species. 

P.  457,  after  Physaria  didymocarpa,  add: 

2.  Physaria  brassicoides  Rydb.  CABBAGE  BLADDER-POD.  Root 
thick  and  deep,  the  tufted  leaves  forming  a  large  rosette  often  i  dm.  in 
diameter  and  resembling  a  small  head  of  cabbage.  Basal  leaves  sinuate- 
dentate,  long-petioled,  the  blades  obovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse, 
the  petioles  margined;  flowering  stems  ascending,  about  i  dm.  high, 
their  leaves  small,  spatulate;  fruit  nearly  obcordate,  acute  at  the  base, 
deeply  lobed  above,  grooved,  8— 10  mm.  long,  densely  stellate- canescent; 
style  about  5  mm.  long.  Rocky  places,  western  Nebr.  and  N.  Dak. 
June. 

P.  465,  before  Erysimum  asperum,  insert: 

3a.  Erysimum  repandum  L.  REPAND-LEAVED  ERYSIMUM.  Annual 
or  biennial,  2-4  dm.  high,  more  or  less  rough-pubescent.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, the  lower  ones  sinuate-pinnatifid  or  repand,  short-petioled,  the 
upper  repand-dentate  or  entire;  pedicels  short,  stout;  flowers  about 

4  mm.  high,  yellow;    stigma  slightly  2 -lobed;  pods  narrowly  linear,  as- 
cending,   obtusely  quadrangular,    3-7  cm.  long;  style  short.      In  waste 
places,  Ohio,  Mo.  and  Ariz.     Adventive  from  Europe.     May-July. 

P.  482,  after  Heuchera  villosa,  insert: 

Heuchera  macrorhiza  Small.  BIG-ROOTED  HEUCHERA.  Similar  to  H. 
villosa,  but  stouter,  the  rootstock  thicker  and  woody;  pubescence  of  the 
stem  and  petioles  denser;  leaf-lobes  shorter  and  broader,  their  margins 
copiously  villous-ciliate;  pedicels  more  villous  than  the  turbinate  calyx; 
capsule  longer,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  River-banks,  Tenn.  and  Ky. 

P.  513,  after  Rosa  seti^era,  insert: 

la.  Rosa  bracteita  Wendl.  EVERGREEN  ROSE.  A  shrub  with  dark 
green  evergreen  leaves,  the  stems  and  branches  diffuse  or  spreading, 
6  m.  long  or  less,  armed  with  recurved  prickles.  Leaflets  5-11,  obovate 
to  oval,  1-2  cm.  long,  often  cuneate  at  the  base,  retuse,  truncate  or 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  serrate,  shining  above;  flowers  few  together  or 
solitary;  sepals  acuminate,  reflexed  when  old,  persistent  on  the  fruit; 
petals  white  to  yellow,  retuse  or  notched  at  the  apex;  styles  distinct; 
fruit  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter.  In  ™x>ods  and  waste  places,  Va.  to  Fla., 
Tenn.  and  Miss.  Nat.  from  China.  April-June. 

P.  518.  Additional  species  of  Crataegus  have  been  described  by  Mr. 
W.  W.  Ashe  in  "Journal  of  the  Elisha  Mitchell  Scientific  Society"  and 
in  "  Bulletin  of  the  North  Carolina  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,"  and 
by  Mr.  C.  D.  Beadle  and  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  in  the  "Botanical  Gazette," 
and  elsewhere. 

P.  518,  after  Amelanchier  oligoca'rpa,  insert: 

7.  Amelanchier  arguta  Nutt.  Low  JUNEBERRY.  A  shrub,  1.3  m. 
high  or  less,  the  leaves  glabrous,  at  least  when  mature,  the  caducous 
Stipules  long-hairy.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  sharply  serrulate 


APPENDIX.  1077 

6  cm.  long  or  less,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends;  racemes  i-3-flowered; 
pedicels  2  cm.  long  or  less;  petals  5-6  mm.  long:  pome  subgiobose  or 
somewhat  longer  than  thick,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter.  In  swamps, 
Vt.  and  Mass,  to  Mich.  May. 

P.  553,  after  Astragalus  Robbinsii,  insert: 

22a.  Astragalus  Jesupi  (Eggleston  &  Sheldon)  Britton.  JESUP'S  MILK 
VETCH.  Similar  to  A.  Robbinsii,  but  with  larger,  darker  purple  flowers, 
the  pod  longer,  acuminate,  somewhat  triangular  in  section,  with  a  dorsal 
groove,  and  a  stipe  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  rocky  places, 
Me.,  N.  H.,  Vt.  (A.  Robbinsii  Jesupi  Egg.  and  Sheld.) 

P.  555,  after  Orophaca  caespitdsa,  inser  : 

IE.  Orophaca  argoph/lla  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  SILVERY  MILK-VETCH. 
Resembles  O.  caespitpsa,  but  with  relatively  broader  and  shorter  leaflets, 
the  whole  plant  silvery-cottony.  Stipules  scarious;  corolla  smaller 
than  in  O.  caespitosa,  pubescent  outside  ((glabrous  in  O.  caespitosd); 
calyx-tube  a  little  longer  than  its  teeth  (more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
teeth  in  O.  caespitosa).  Dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Wyo.  May-July.  (Phaca 
argophylla  Nutt.;  Astragalus  kyalinus  M.  E.  Jones.) 

P.  563,  after  Lespedeza  Nuttallii,  insert: 

3a.  Lespedeza  Brittonii  Bicknell.  BRITTON'S  BUSH-CLOVER.  Light 
green  and  densely  cinereous-pubescent,  especially  above,  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  glabrate;  stems  ascending,  0.5-1  m.  long,  wand-like, 
bearing  short  flowering  branches  and  reduced  leaves  above,  often  longer 
branched  about  the  middle;  leaves  short-petioled;  petioles  2-10  mm.  long; 
leaflets  oblong,  rounded  or  contracted  at  base  and  apex,  20-45  mm.  long, 
8-20  mm.  wide;  terminal  flower-clusters  short-spicate  on  slender  pedun- 
cles 2-5  cm.  long;  lower  peduncles  short  and  few-flowered,  or  bearing 
clustered  cleisto^amous  flowers;  coralla  pinkish-purple,  much  surpassing 
the  attenuate  calyx-lobes,  6-8  mm.  long;  pod  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  4.5- 
6.5  mm.  long,  acute,  canescent  or  short-pubescent,  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx-lobes  or  less.  Dry  soil,  Bronxville,  N.  Y.  City.  Also  eastern  Mass, 
and  N.  J.  Aug.-Sept. 

3b.  Lespedeza  acuticarpa  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  Erect-ascending; 
stems  finely  pubescent  to  glabrate,  5-6  dm.  long,  slender.  Leaflets 
oblong  to  oblong-elliptic,  glabrate  above,  densely  appressed-pubescent 
beneath,  8-30  mm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or  acutish,  mucronulate; 
racemes  peduncled,  few-flowered,  much  longer  than  the  subtending 
leaves;  pedicels  2-14  mm.  long;  flowers  purplish,  6-8  mm.  long;  calyx- 
teeth  subulate,  about  3  mm.  long;  pod  ovate-oval,  6  mm.  long,  short- 
stipitate,  sparingly  pubescent,  very  acute.  Mo.  and  Ark. 

3C.  Lespedeza  Manniana  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  Erect,  somewhat 
branched,  the  slender  branches  pubescent,  ascending.  Leaflets  oblong, 
1-4  cm.  long;  4—12  mm.  wide,  obtuse  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  subcuneate  at  the  base,  sparingly  appressed-pubescent 
above,  densely  so  beneath;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves, 
several-flowered;  calyx  about  8  mm.  long,  the  subulate  teeth  5-6  mm. 
long,  equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  purplish  corolla  and  the  oval 
acute  pod.  Dry  open  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.  Aug. 

P.  564,  before  Lespedeza  Stuvei,  insert: 

4a.  Lespedeza  prairea  (Mackenzie  &  Bush)  Britton.  Resembling 
L.  violacea,  but  smaller.  Leaflets  oval  to  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse 
or  often  retuse  at  the  apex,  mucronulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  6-18  mm. 
long,  4-9  mm.  wide;  peduncles  very  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves, 


I0;8  APPENDIX. 

2— 6-flowered;  pedicels  very  short;  corolla  purplish,  6-8  mm.  long; 
calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla  and  the  broadly  oval  acute  pod. 
In  dry  soil,  Mo.,  Kans.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  Ark. 

P.  564,  after  Lespedeza  Virgmica,  insert: 

7a.  Lespedeza  simulata  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  Similar  to  L.  Vir- 
ginica,  9  dm.  tall  or  less,  erect  or  nearly  so,  the  stem  pubescent  to  nearly 
glabrous.  Leaflets  linear-oblong  to  linear-elliptic,  3  cm.  long  or  less, 
4-10  mm.  wide,  appressed  pubescent  on  both  sides,  strongly  so  beneath; 
flower-clusters  dense,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla 
purple,  6-8  mm.  long;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long,  its  linear  acuminate  lobes 
twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  pod  oval,  acute,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx- 
lobes.  In  dry  soil,  S.  Penn.,  Mo.  and  Ind.  Terr.  Aug.-Sept. 

P.  564,  before  Lespedeza  angustifolia,  insert: 

ga.  Lespedeza  velutina  Bicknell.  VELVETY  BUSH-CLOVER.  With  the 
habit  and  appearance  of  L.  capitata,  but  densely  soft-velvety  all  over,  with 
somewhat  cinereous  pubescence,  the  younger  parts  velvety-canescent,  0.5- 
1.2  mm.  high,  often  bushy-branched  above;  leaves  crowded,  ascending,  the 
petioles  3-7  mm.  long;  leaflets  oblong,  narrowed  to  the  base,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  25-40  mm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  velvety  on  both  surfaces, 
tomentose-ciliate;  inflorescence  very  dense,  of  crowded  short  clusters; 
corolla  7-8.5  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  calyx-lobes,  the  'standard  pure 
white,  with  purplish-streaked  centre;  pod  narrowly  rhomboid-oblong, 
narrowed  to  each  end,  5-6  mm.  long,  2.5  mm.  wide,  canescently  pubescent, 
much  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes.  Low  thicket  near  Woodlawn,  N.  Y. 
City.  Also  in  eastern  Mass.  Sept. 

P.  580,  after  Kallstroemia  maxima,  add: 

2.  Kallstroemia  hirsutissima  Vail.  HIRSUTE  CALTROP.  Stout,  hir- 
sute, paler  green  than  K.  maxima,  usually  much  branched.  Sepals 
linear- subulate,  bristly-hirsute,  3.5—45.  mm.  long;  fruit  6-8  mm.  long, 
the  stout  persistent  style  about  the  same  length.  Plains  and  prairies, 
Kans.  to  Colo.,  Texas,  N.  Mex.  and  Mex. 

P.  607,  after  Acer  rubrum,  insert: 

2a.  Acsr  Carolinianum  Walt.  SOUTHERN  RED  MAPLE.  Similar  to 
Acer  rubrum,  but  the  leaves  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  con- 
trast between  the  colors  of  the  two  surfaces  being  quite  striking;  leaves, 
or  many  of  them,  3-lobed,  obovate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base.  The 
bark  is  lighter  gray  than  that  of  A.  rubrum.  Moist  soil,  E.  Penn.  and 
N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Texas  and  Mo.  [A.  rubrum  tridens  A.  Wood.] 

P.  617  after  Tilia  heterophylla,  add: 

4.  Tilia  Michauxii  Nutt.  MICHAUX'S  LINDEN.  A  large  forest  tree, 
sometimes  30  m.  tall,  with  furrowed  bark.  Leaves  firm  in  texture, 
7-22  cm.  long,  acuminate,  serrate,  whitish-pubescent  beneath,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  the  base  usually  very  oblique.  Floral  bracts 
spatulate,  attenuate  downward  and  decurrent  in  the  peduncle  to 
within  1—3  cm.  of  its  base  (in  T.  heterophylla  decurrent  on  the  peduncle 
to  its  base  or  very  near  it,  and  there  rather  abruptly  narrowed) ; 
staminodia  spatulate;  fruit  oval  or  globular,  7-11  mm.  long.  In  woods, 
Pa.  and  Ohio  to  Ky.,  Ga.  and  Ala.  June-July. 

P.  622,  after  Hibiscus  Moscheutos,  insert: 

la.  Hibiscus  oculirdseus  Britton.  CRIMSON-EYE  ROSE-MALLOW.  Simi- 
lar to  H.  Moscheutos,  attaining  the  same  height,  and  leaves  nearly  idea- 


APPENDIX.  10/9 

tical.  Corolla  white  with  a  lark  crimson  center;  capsule  ovoid-conic, 
long-pointed  (globose-ovoid  'n  H.  Moscheutos);  calyx-segments  tri- 
angular-lanceolate, nearly  tvv__e  as  long  as  broad  (in  H.  Moscheutos 
triangular-ovate).  N.  J.  Aug.-Sept. 

P.  623,  after  Hibiscus  lasiocarpus,  insert: 

2a.  Hibiscus  incinus  Wendl.  VELVETY  ROSE-MALLOW.  Erect, 
1-2  m.  tall,  perennial.  Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  velvety- 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  serrate-dentate,  long-petioled,  very 
pale  green  beneath,  darker  above;  bracts  linear,  2  cm.  long  or  less, 
velvety,  not  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  velvety,  its  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  lobes  equalling  the  tube  or  shorter;  petals 
white,  yellowish  or  pink,  blotched  at  the  base,  8— 10  cm.  long;  capsule 
ovoid,  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx,  hispid.  In  swamps,  Md.  to  Fla. 
and  Ala.  June-Aug. 

P.  627,  before  Hypericum  sphaerocarpum,  insert: 

6a.  Hypericum  Bisselln  Robinson.  BISSELL'S  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 
Perennial,  4-5  dm.  high,  erect,  glabrous.  Stems  leafy,  nearly  or  quite 
simple;  leaves  oblong,  erect  or  ascending,  sessile,  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng>  3~5  mm. 
wide,  i-nerved;  cyme  about  8  cm.  wide,  many-flowered;  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  10  mm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  4  mm.  long  or  less;  flowers  about 
1.5  cm.  wide;  sepals  very  unequal,  the  larger  ones  broadly  ovate,  1.3  cm. 
long;  stamens  numerous,  not  separable  into  phalanxes  as  they  are  in 
H.  adpressum;  capsule  i-celled,  ovoid,  pointed,  7  mm.  long,  the  3  pla- 
centae not  intruded.  Southington,  Conn.  July-Aug. 

P.  631,  before  Helianthemum  CanacUmse,  insert: 

la.  Helianthemum  propinquum  Bicknell,  n.  sp.  INTERMEDIATE 
FROSTWEED.  Somewhat  intermediate  between  H.  Canadense  and 
H.  majus,  but  lower  than  either  and  growing  in  close  masses,  many  stems 
rising  separately  along  subterranean  rootstocks.  Plant  pale  bluish- 
green  and  hoary-canescent ;  stems  erect,  at  flowering  time  only  10-20 
cm.  high;  branches  ascending,  firm,  closely  leafy,  finally  crowded  with 
apetalous  flowers  in  axillary  glomerules;  leaves  linear  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  abruptly  obtuse  to  subacute,  tapering  into  petioles  2-5  mm. 
long,  densely  canescent  beneath,  the  larger  stem-leaves  3  cm.  long  and 
7  mm.  wide;  petaliferous  flowers  2-6,  terminal,  becoming  loosely  race- 
mose and  slender-pedicelled,  finally  much  surpassed  by  the  branches; 
calyx  densely  hoary- tomentulose,  5-8  mm.  high;  capsules  of  the  apeta- 
lous flowers  ovoid  or  obovoid,  2—3  mm.  high.  Southwestern  Long 
Island  in  sandy  soil,  beginning  to  flower  with  H.  Canadense.  Type 
from  Valley  Stream,  L.  I. 

P.  635,  before  Viola  Brittoniana,  insert: 

la.  Viola  Mulfordae  Pollard.  Miss  MULFORD'S  VIOLET.  Finely 
pubescent,  the  short  thick  rootstock  erect  or  nearly  so.  Leaf -blades 
oblong  to  ovate  in  outline,  pinnately  lobed,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  longer 
than  the  petioles,  the  lateral  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  the  terminal  lobe 
much  larger,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate;  scapes  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  or  at  first  exceeding  them;  flowers  violet-purple,  nearly 
2  cm.  broad;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  ciliate;  petals  obovate,  bearded; 
cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles.  Dry,  sandy  soil,  Hempstead 
Plains,  L.  I.  May. 


I08o  APPENDIX. 

P.  635,  after  Viola  Brittoniana,  insert: 

2a.  ,Viola  notabilis  Bicknell.  ELEGANT  VIOLET.  Deep  green  and 
nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  with  some  minute  mostly  marginal  pubes- 
cence, long-petioled,  broadly  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  openly  cordate  to 
nearly  truncate  at  base,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  apex,  bearing  below  the 
middle  several  oblong,  obtuse  lobes  cut  about  half-way  to  the  midrib 
or  less,  the  basal  lobe  broader  and  obtusely  dentate  or  lobed;  peduncles 
often  much  surpassing  the  leaves,  becoming  20-33  cm-  high;  flowers 
very  large,  deep  purple,  the  petals  8-15  mm.  wide;  sepals  lanceolate, 
mostly  apiculate-obtuse,  ciliolate;  cleistogamous  flowers  narrowly 
lanceolate-acuminate,  on  erect  peduncles  sometimes  surpassing  the 
leaves,  their  sepals  produced  backward  into  long  auricles.  South- 
western Long  Island  in  low  grounds.  May.  Type  from  Woodmere,  L.  I. 

P.  637,  after  Viola  cucullata,  insert: 

133.  Viola  lavenduiacea  Bicknell.  LAVENDER  VIOLET.  Light 
green  and  essentially  glabrous;  petioles  .slender,  becoming  15-23  cm. 
long;  blades  with  some  minute  scattered  hairs  on  upper  surface,  oval 
or  ovate  and  obtuse  to  deltoid-ovate  and  acute,  not  cordate,  obscurely 
crenate  or  crenate-dentate,  2.5-7  cm-  l°ng>  2~5  cm-  wide;  peduncles 
surpassing  the  leaves,  10-30  cm.  long;  flowers  pale  lilac-blue,  the  petals 
sharply  dark-lined,  only  the  lateral  pair  bearded,  the  lower  one  short; 
sepals  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtusely  purplish- apiculate ; 
cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles;  mature  capsule  not  seen. 
Boggy  meadows,  southwestern  Long  Island.  May.  Type  from  Wood- 
mere,  L.  I. 

P.  637,  after  Viola  marginata,  insert: 

i8a.  Viola  pectinata  Bicknell.  PECTINATE  VIOLET.  Dark  green 
and  nearly  glabrous;  petioles  slender,  10-30  cm.  long,  often  pur- 
plish, the  blades  with  some  minute  hispidulous  pubescence,  mostly 
widely  deltoid,  with  truncate  often  decurrent  base,  abruptly  acuminate, 
4-6  cm.  long,  6-1  o  cm.  wide,  below  the  middle  closely  cut-pectinate 
with  numerous  linear  entire  lobes  or  sometimes  sharp-dentate,  dentate 
or  crenate  above;  peduncles  equalling  the  leaves  or  shorter;  flowers 
deep  purple  or  paler,  the  petals  often  undulate-dentate;  sepals  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  tapering  acute,  with  posterior  dentate  auricles;  cleis- 
togamous flowers  small,  sharply  acuminate,  on  slender  erect  peduncles; 
eansules  oval  to  oblong,  obtuse,  6-10  mm.  long.  Near  the  borders  of 
salt  marshes,  southwestern  Long  Island.  May-June.  Type  from 
\Voodmere,  L.  I. 

P.  638,  for  "  Viola  alsophila  Greene  "  read  "  Viola  LeConteana  Don  ", 
the  older  name. 

P.  640,  after  Viola  Rafin&jquii,  add: 

44.  Viola  arv&isis  Murr.  EUROPEAN  FIELD  PANSY.  Similar  to 
V.  Rafinesquii,  but  usually  stouter,  the  stipule-segments  fewer.  Flowers 
rather  larger;  petals  pale  yellow  or  the  upper  ones  sometimes  lavender- 
tinged,  scarcely  if  at  all  longer  than  the  narrowly  lanceolate  sepals  (in 
V.  Rafinesquii  manifestly  longer  than  the  sepals).  In  fields  and  waste 
places,  Newf.  to  Mass,  and  Penn.  May-Aug. 

P.  640.  Additional  species  of  Viola  have  been  described  by  Prof.  E.  L. 
Greene  in  "  Pittonia." 

P.  657,  after  Onagra  bi£nnis,  insert: 

20.  Onagra  argillicola  Mackenzie.  NARROW-LEAVED  EVENING  PRIM- 
ROSE. Stems  finely  puberulent,  1.5  m.  high  or  less,  several  from  the 


APPENDIX.  IOS[ 

same  root.  Leaves  of  the  first  year  oblanceolate,  6-15  cm.  long,  1.5  cm. 
wide  or  less,  acute,  sinuate,  tapering  into  long  petioles;  stem-leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  6-8  cm.  long,  7  mm.  wide  or  less,  acute,  remotely  sinuate, 
glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent;  calyx- tube  very  slender,  3-4  cm.  long, 
glabrous;  petals  bright  yellow,  obcordate,  crenulate,  3-4  cm.  long; 
capsules  glabrous,  gradually  tapering  upward  from  the  base,  often 
curved,  2-3  cm.  long.  In  loose  rocky  soil,  Va.  and  W.  Va.  July-Sept. 

P.  659,  after  Anogra  pallida,  add: 

4.  Anogra  latifdlia  Rydb.  CANESCENT  EVENING  PRIMROSE.  Much 
branched,  6  dm.  high  or  less,  the  branches  stout  ascending,  canescent. 
Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  thick,  acute,  9  cm.  long  or  less,  1-3  cm. 
wide,  mostly  sinuate-dentate,  canescent  on  both  sides;  flowers  white, 
turning  pink,  5  cm.  wide  or  less;  capsules  divergent  or  upwardly  curved. 
In  dry  soil,  Nebr.  to  Kans.,  Utah  and  Wyo.  June-Aug. 

P.  660,  after  Kneiffiia  linearis,  insert: 

4a.  Kneiffia  prate*nsis  Small.  WESTERN  SUNDROPS.  Stems  erect  or 
nearly  so,  n  dm.  high  or  less,  hirsute,  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 
Leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  3-11  cm.  long,  sinuate,  acute, 
hirsute;  calyx  more  or  less  hirsute,  its  segments  lanceolate,  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  tube;  petals  2-3.5  cm-  l°ng;  capsules  club-shaped, 
1.5-2  cm.  long,  hirsute,  the  narrowly  winged  body  much  longer  than 
its  stout  stalk.  In  wet  places,  Ohio  to  111.,  Mo.  and  Ark.  May-July. 

P.  662,  after  Galpinsia.  Hartwegi,  add: 

2.  Galpinsia  lavendulaefdlia  (T.    &    G.)    Small.       LAVENDER-LEAVED 
PRIMROSE.     Low,  pale,   finely  pubescent;     stems  tufted,    1.5   dm.   long 
or  less.     Leaves  numerous,  usually  crowded,  linear  to  linear- spatulate, 
mostly   entire,   acute-  or  the   lower  obtuse,   1-4  cm.  long;    calyx  finely 
pubescent,  the  tube   gradually  dilated  above,  its  lobes  1—1.5  cm-  l°ng» 
acute;    petals  2  cm.  long  or  less;    capsules  2—2.5  cm-  l°ng-     Plains  and 
prairies,  Nebr.  to  Wyo.,  Texas  and  Ariz.     May-Aug. 

3.  Galpinsia  interior   Small.      OBLONG-LEAVED    PRIMROSE.      Hirsute- 
pubescent  or  tomentose;    stems  somewhat  tufted,  2—3  dm.  high,  erect 
or  ascending.     Leaves  mostly  oblong,  entire,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  sessile 
and  partly  clasping;  calyx  hirsute,  at  least  near  the  base,  its  lobes  1—1.5  cm- 
long,    acuminate;     petals    1.5-2.5    cm.    long;    capsules    1.5-2    cm.    long. 
Pla.ns,  Nebr.  and  Kans.  to  Texas.     June— Aug. 

P.  662,  after  Meriolix  serrulata  spinulosa,  add: 

2.  Meriolix  intermedia  Rydb.  CANESCENT  PRIMROSE.  Similar  to 
M.  se:rulata,  but  commonly  larger,  usually  finely  canescent.  Leaves 
linear  to  spatulate,  firm,  4-7  cm.  long;  flowers  larger,  the  petals  2-2.5 
cm.  long;  capsules  2—2.5  cm-  l°ng-  -Dry  soil,  Minn,  and  Man.  to  Kans. 
and  Texas.  June-July. 

P.  663,  after  Gaura  coccinea,  insert: 

2a.  Gaura  glabra  Lehm.  SMOOTH  GAURA.  Differs  from  G.  coc- 
cinea  in  its  glabrous  shining  stem,  the  leaves  also  glabrous  or  very  spar- 
ingly pubescent.  In  dry  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Mont.,  Nebr.,  Wyo.,  Colo,  and 
N.  Mex.  May-July. 

P.  663,  after  Gaura  bie"nnis,  insert: 

3a.  Gaura  Pitcheri  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  PITCHER'S  GAURA.  Resembles 
G.  biennis,  but  is  stouter,  taller,  often  much  branched.  Stem  puberu- 
lent or  canescent,  not  villous;  leaves  thicker;  fruit  6-10  mm.  long, 
puberulent.  In  dry  soil,  Iowa  to  Nebr.  and  Ark.  July-Sept. 


1082  APPENDIX. 

P.  668,  at  bottom,  add : 

3.  ECHINOPANAX  Dec.  &  PI. 

A  densely  prickly  shrub,  with  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  racemed  or 
panicled  umbels  of  small  greenish-white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete; 
petals  5,  valvate;  stamens  5;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong  or  ovate; 
ovary  2-3-celled;  styles  2;  stigma  terminal;  fruit  laterally  compressed. 
(Greek,  prickly  Panax.}  A  monotypic  genus  of  northwestern  North 
America  and  northeastern  Asia. 

i.  Echinopanax  horridum  (J.  E.  Smith)  Dec.  &  PI.  DEVIL'S  CLUB. 
Stems  erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  1-4  m.  high,  densely  prickly,  leafy 
above;  leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  1.5-6  dm.  broad,  cordate  at  the 
base  with  a  rather  narrow  sinus,  3-7-lobed,  with  scattered  prickles  on 
both  sides  and  puberulent  beneath,  the  lobes  acute,  sharply  irregularly 
serrate;  inflorescence  wooly,  terminal,  1-3  dm.  long;  peduncles  subtended 
by  a  narrow  laciniate  bract;  pedicels  filiform;  stamens  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovate  petals;  fruit  4-5  mm.  long,  scarlet.  In  rocky  places,  Isle 
Royale,  Lake  Superior  (according  to  W.  A.  Wheeler);  Mont,  to  Ore.  and 
Alaska.  June. 

P.  671,  after  Hydrocotyle  verticillata,  add: 

3a.  Hydrocotyle  australis  C.  &  R.  SOUTHERN  MARSH-PENNYWORT.  Like 
H.  verticillata,  the  inflorescence  proliferous;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  fruit 
about  2  mm.  long  and  3  mm.  broad,  rounded  at  the  base.  In  wet  soil,  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast.  Differs  from  H.  verticillata  in  the  longer 
pedicels,  and  from  H.  Canbyi  in  the  unnotched  fruit. 

P.  673,  before  Sanicula  Canadensis,  insert: 

2a.  Sanicula  Smallii  Bicknell.  SMALL'S  SNAKEROOT.  Stem  25-40  cm. 
tall,  usually  simple,  widely  2-forked  above;  leaves  slender-petioled,  sub- 
coriaceous,  dull  green,  paler  beneath,  3-divided,  the  lateral  segments  cleft 
or  parted;  divisions  obovat,e  or  broadly  rhomboid,  mostly  obtuse,  dentate- 
serrate  with  aculeate  teeth,  often  incised,  4-8  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  3-4, 
the  opposite  upper  pair  subsessile  and  3-cleft;  rays  of  umbel  2-6,  spread- 
ing; pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  sepals  finally  spreading,  linear,  cuspidate; 
anthers  little  exserted;  petals  yellowish  or  greenish,  obovate,  shorter  than 
the  sepals;  fruits  3-6,  closely  sessile,  subglobose,  5-6  mm.  long,  the 
bristles  slender;  styles  slender,  spreading,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx- 
segments;  oil-tubes  5.  Rich  or  rocky  woods,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  Ga.,  Mo. 
and  Miss.  May-June. 

P.  674,  after  Chaerophyllum  Teinturie"ri,  add: 

3.  Chaerophyllum  Texanum  Coult  &  Rose.  TEXAN  CHERVIL.  Gla- 
brous; stems  erect,  3-7  dm.  high.  Leaves  finely  divided,  the  ultimate 
segments  acutish;  rays  of  the  umbel  several,  each  10-17 -flowered; 
fruits  glabrous,  short-pedicelled  or  sessile,  beakless  but  narrowed  above, 
the  strong  ribs  much  broader  than  the  intervals  between  them.  Moist 
places,  Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Texas.  Mar.— May. 

P.  677,  after  Musineon  divaricatum,  insert: 

la.  Musineon  Hdokeri  (T.  &  G.)  Nutt.  HOOKER'S  MUSINEON. 
Similar  to  M.  divaricatum,  but  scabrous  all  over.  Fruit  scabrous, 
smaller,  2-3  mm.  long,  the  ribs  prominent;  oil- tubes  mostly  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  often  with  smaller  accessory  ones.  Plains,  S.  D.  and 
Nebr.  to  Assin.,  Mont,  and  Colo.  June-July.  (M.  trachyspermum 
Nutt.) 


APPENDIX.  1083 


P.  678,  for  "  Apium  leptophyllum  "  read  "  Apium  Ammi  (L.)  Urban  ", 

the  older  name. 

P.  679,  after  Cicuta  maculata,  insert: 

la.  Cicuta  Curtissii  C.  &  R.  CURTISS'  WATER  HEMLOCK.  Similar  to 
Cicuta  maculata,  but  with  thicker  ovate-lanceolate  leaf-segments,  the  veins 
prominent  beneath;  fruit  orbicular,  about  2  mm.  long,  constricted  at  tht 
commissure.  In  wet  soil,  Va.  and  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  La.  June-Aug. 

ib.  Cicuta  occidentals  Greene.  WESTERN  WATER  HEMLOCK.  Similar 
to  Cicuta  maculata,  the  oval  to  oblong  fruit  constricted  at  the  commissure, 
the  ribs  all  projecting  about  equally,  while  in  C.  maculata  the  fruit  is  not 
constricted  at  the  commissure,  and  the  lateral  ribs  are  much  the  largest; 
veins  prominent  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets.  In  wet  soil,  S.  Dak. 
and  Neb.  to  Idaho  and  N.  Mex.  June-Sept. 

P.  685,  for  "  Cymopterus  montanus  T.  &  G."  read  "  Phellopterus  mon- 
tanus  Nutt."  The  genus  Phellopterus  Nutt.  differs  from  Cymopterus  Nutt., 
as  shown  by  Coulter  and  Rose. 

P.  686,  before  SPERMOLEPIS,  Raf.,  insert  the  genus: 

42a.  PSEUDOTAENIDIA  Mackenzie. 

An  erect  glabrous  and  glaucous  perennial  with  stout  rootstocks. 
Leaves  ternately  decompound,  almost  identical  with  those  of  Taenidia 
integerrima.  Umbels  compound.  Involucre  and  involucels  none,  or 
rarely  of  i  or  2  bractlets.  Calyx-teeth  short.  Fruit  glabrous,  oval  or 
obovate,  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
filiform,  much  narrower  than  the  intervals,  the  lateral  ribs  thick,  broadly 
winged ;  oil- tubes  i  or  2  in  the  intervals ;  stylopodium  very  short  or  none. 
[Greek,  false  Taenidia.]  A  monotypic  genus. 

i.  Pseudotaenidia  montana  Mackenzie.  Plant  4-8  dm.  high,  the 
stems  striate.  Leaf-blades  2~3-ternate,  the  segments  entire,  mucro- 
nate,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long,  6-20  mm. 
wide,  strongly  veined  beneath;  petioles  dilated  and  sheathing  at  the 
base;  peduncles  6-20  cm.  long;  rays  of  the  umbels  8-12,  varying  from 
i  to  3  cm.  long;  rays  of  the  umbellets  3-7  mm.  long;  fruit  5-6  mm. 
long,  4  mm.  wide.  Mountains  of  Va.  and  W.  Va. 

P.  687.  Substitute  for  genus  44.  PEUCEDANUM  L.,  the  name  LOMA- 
TIUM  Raf.  As  shown  by  Coulter  and  Rose,  the  Old  World  Peucedanums 
are  generically  distinct  from  the  North  American  plants  which  have  been 
so  called.  Our  species,  according  to  these  authors,  are  as  follows: 

1.  Peucedanum  nudicaule  =  Lomatium  orientale  C.  &  R. 

2.  Peucedanum  foeniculaceum    =  Lomatium    daucifolium     (Nutt.)   C. 
&  R. 

3.  Peucedanum  Kingri  is  referred  to  Cynomarathrum  Nuttallii  (A.  Gray) 
C.  &  R. 

4.  Peucedanum  villosum  =:  Lomatium  foeniculaceum  (Nutt.)  C.  &  R. 

P.  690,  after  Cornus  Am&mum,  insert: 

5a,  Cornus  obliqua  Raf.  PURPUS'  CORNEL.  Similar  to  C.  Amo- 
mum,  the  leaves  usually  narrower,  mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed 
or  cuneate  at  the  base,  papillose  on  the  under  side,  and  appearing  glau- 
cous, the  veins  fewer  (usually  4  or  5  pairs);  flowers  rather  smaller;  fruit 
light  blue.  Moist  soil,  Que.  to  Alberta,  Conn.,  Ky.,  Mo.  and  Kans. 
(C.  Purpusi  Koehne.) 


1084  APPEKDTX. 

P.  690,  after  Cornus  asperifblia,  insert: 

6a.  Cornus  Priceae  Small.  Miss  PRICE'S  CORNEL.  A  shrub,  2  m. 
high  or  less,  the  young  twigs  red,  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  to 
ovate-elliptic,  5-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  roughish-puberulent  above,  paler  and  softly  pubes- 
cent beneath;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  pubescent;  fruit  white,  subglobose, 
only  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  the  stem  a  little  longer  than  thick,  faintly 
ribbed.  River-banks,  Ky.  and  Tenn.  May-June. 

P.  703,  after  Leucothoe  racemdsa,  add: 

5.  Leucothoe  elongata  Small.  LONG  SWAMP  LEUCOTHOE.  A 
shrub,  similar  to  L.  racemosa  in  size,  habit,  and  foliage,  the  racemes 
longer,  1-2  dm.  long;  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long;  sepals  narrower,  linear- 
lanceolate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  longer  than  the  capsule 
(in  L.  racemosa  one-quarter  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  corolla,  and  not 
longer  than  the  capsule).  Swamps,  S,  E.  Va.  to  Fla.  April-May. 

P.  704,  after  Xolisma  ligtistrina,  add: 

2.  Xoltsma  foliosiflbra  (Michx.)  Small.  Similar  to  X.  ligustrina, 
but  leaves  thicker,  and  usually  more  pubescent,  somewhat  shining  on  the 
upper  surface;  panicles  leafy-bracted ;  sepals  ovate;  corolla  2-3  mm.  in 
diameter.  In  wet  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Apr.-June. 

P.   708,  after  Polycodium   stammeum,  add: 

2.  Polycodium   negle"ctum    Small.      SMOOTH    DEERBERRY.      A   shrub, 
1-1.5   m.   high,  differing  from  P.  staminewn  in  having  leaves   and  in- 
florescence glabrous.     Woods  and  thickets,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Kans.  and 
La. 

3.  Polycodium  candicans   (C.  Mohr)    Small.       GLAUCOUS   DEERBERRY. 
A  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  differing  from  P.  stamineum  in  having  the 
leaves  white-glaucous  beneath  and  the  fruit  glaucous,  and  from  P.  neg- 
lectum   in   having  finely   pubescent    leaves    and    inflorescence.      Woods 
and  thickets,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Ohio,  Ga.  and  Ala.     April-May. 

P.  708,  after  Batodendron  arbbreum,  add: 

2.  Batodandron  andrachnefdrme  Small.  MISSOURI  FARKLEBERRY. 
A  much-branched  shrub,  the  twigs  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  oval, 
1-2  cm.  long,  serrulate,  obtuse,  strongly  reticulate-veined  on  both  sides, 
dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale,  dull,  and  pubescent  beneath;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  short  pedicels  only  2-6  mm.  long; 
corolla  globular-campanalate,  its  lobes  only  about  one-fourth  as  long 
as  the  tube.  On  bluffs,  Mo.  and  Ark.  May-June. 

P.  710,  after  Vaccinium  atrocdccum,  insert: 

7a.  Vaccinium  simufttum  Small.  SERRULATE-LEAVED  BLUEBERRY. 
A  shrub,  3  m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-7 
cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex  and  usually  acute  at 
the  base,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  pubescent,  at  least  on  the 
veins  beneath,  the  margins  serrulate;  corolla  urn-shaped,  3.5-4.5  mm. 
long;  berries  globular,  about  7  mm.  in  diameter,  glaucous.  In  moist 
woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  Ga.  and  Ala.,  mostly  in  the  mountains. 
May-June. 

P.  719,  aftsr  Dodecatheon  Me*adia  Fre*nchii,  add: 

2.  Dodecatheon  brachycarpa  Small.  SHORT-FRUITED  SHOOTING- 
STAR.  Similar  to  D.  Meadia,  the  corolla  pink-purple.  Filaments  united 
at  the  base  into  a  very  short  tube,  this  much  shorter  than  in  D.  Meadia; 
capsule  ovoid,  i  cm.  long,  little  longer  than  the  calyx  (that  of  D.  Meadia 
narrowly  ovoid  or  oblong,  1.2—1.5  cm.  long  and  much  longer  than  the 
calyx).  In  fields,  Md.  to  Mo.,  Ala.  and  Ark.  May-June. 


APPENDIX.  1085 

P.  725,  after  Fraxinus  Pennsylvania,  insert: 

4a.  Fraxinus  Michauxii  Britton.  MICHAUX'S  ASH.  A  large  tree, 
with  rough  and  fissured  bark,  the  young  twigs  either  velvety-pubes- 
cent or  giabrate.  Leaflets  5-9,  long-stalked,  oblong-lanceolate,  thick, 
entire,  13  cm.  long  or  less,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath;  samaras  broadly  spatulate,  3.5-5  cm.  long,  8-10 
mm.  wide,  the  thick  obtuse  or  notched  wing  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
the  nearly  terete  body  and  decurrent  on  its  sides  to  or  above  the  mid- 
dle. In  swamps  S.  N.  Y.  to  N.  C.  Type  specimen  from  a  wild  tree 
in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  [F.  tomentosa  Michx.  f.  Arb.  For.  3: 
pi.  p,  but  not  as  to  the  description  there  given,  which  applies  to  F. 
Pennsylvania.} 

P.  733,  after  Gentiana  parvifblia,  insert: 

pa.  Gentiana  latifdlia  (Chapm.)  Britton.  CHAPMAN'S  GENTIAN. 
Stem  puberulent,  3-5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  acute,  2-8  cm.  long,  ciliolate;  flowers  several  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  sometimes  also  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx- tube  glabrous,  its 
lobes  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  about  as  long  as  the  tube, 
ciliolate;  corolla  rose-purple,  funnelform,  4-5  cm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  "much  longer  than  the  2 -cleft  but  otherwise  nearly  entire  plaits; 
seeds  broadly  winged.  In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Oct.-Nov. 

P.  733,  after  Gentiana  Saponaria,  insert: 

loa.  Gentiana  de"cora  Pollard.  MOUNTAIN  GENTIAN.  Stems  finely 
puberulent,  5  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  thin,  ciliolate,  oblong  to  oblong- 
elliptic,  5-8  cm.  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  much 
smaller  and  obtuse;  flowers  usually  several  in  a  terminal  cluster,  some- 
times also  solitary  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  its 
lobes  subulate,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  pubescent  tube;  corolla 
purple,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  its  ovate  lobes  much  longer  than  the  cleft  plaits; 
seeds  winged.  In  mountain  woods,  Va.  to  Ga.  Sept. -Oct. 

P.  735,  after  Bartonia  Virginica,  insert: 

xa.  Bartonia  lanceolata  Small.  SHARP-PETALLED  BARTONIA.  Re- 
sembling B.  Virginica,  but  with  the  branches  spreading  or  upwardly 
curved;  corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  (in  B.  Vir- 
ginica oblong,  abruptly  tipped,  more  or  less  erose).  Moist  soil,  N.  Y. 
to  Fla.  and  Ark.  Aug.-Oct. 

P.  743,  before  Asclepias  Meadii,  insert: 

loa.  Asclepias  intermedia  Vail.  INTERMEDIATE  MILKWEED.  Stems 
erect,  glabrous,  purplish,  not  glaucous,  3  dm.  high  or  more; 
leaves  oblong-elliptic,  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and 
minutely  pubescent  beneath,  8-14  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  obtuse,  or 
the  upper  ones  subcordate  at  the  base,  obtuse  and  apiculate  at  'the 
apex,  the  margins  undulate:  petioles  1-3  mm.  long;  umbels  terminal, 
2  or  more,  short-peduncled,  i6-24-flowered;  peduncles  minutely  and 
sparingly  pubescent,  2-8  cm.  long;  pedicels  2.5-3  cm.  long,  slender, 
minutely  pubescent;  corolla  green-purple,  its  segments  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 6-8  mm.  long;  hoods  erect,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  5-6  mm. 
long,  pinkish  purple  with  a  darker  red  or  purplish  stripe  down  the  back, 
the  lateral  margins  incurved,  each  with  an  erect  tooth  somewhat  above 
the  middle;  horn  slender,  the  tips  incurved  and  meeting  over  the  anthers, . 
free  from  about  the  middle  of  the  hood.  Lawrence,  Long  Island.  Ap- 
pears to  be  intermediate  between  Asclepias  Syriaca  and  A.  amplexicaulis 
and  may  be  a  hybrid. 


1086  APPENDIX. 

P.  743,  after  Asclepias  Syriaca,  insert: 

i$a.  Asclepias  Kansana  Vail,  n.  sp.  KANSAS  MILKWEED.  Stems 
erect,  stout,  canescently-tomentose,  2  dm.  high  or  more.  Leaves  short- 
petioled,  the  basal  ones  broadly  oblong-ovate,  truncate  and  rounded  at 
the  base,  obtuse  and  mucronulate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  the  upper 
ones  elliptical-oblong,  the  lower  ones  13-16  cm.  long;  minutely  tomentose 
or  becoming  glabrate  above,  densely  canescently-tomentose  beneath, 
the  midvein  very  broad  and  conspicuous,  the  primary  veins  wide-spread- 
ing; umbels  seve  al,  axillary,  peduncled,  many-flowered;  peduncle 
3-7  cm.  long;  pedicles  2-3  cm.  long,  tomentose;  corolla-segments 
oblong,  7-8  mm.  long,  tomentose  outtide;  hoods  oblong,  about  4  mm. 
long,  diverging  at  the  obtu  e  apex,  the  lateral  margins  infolded  with  a 
broad  obtuse  tooth  on  each  side  at  about  the  middle,  the  tips  of  which 
meet  under  the  exserted  incurving  horn  horn  falcate,  affixed  near  the 
base  of  the  hood,  and  incu  vmg  over  the  edge  of  the  anthers;  follicles 
erect,  on  recurved  pedicels,  8-10  cm.  long,  3-3.5  cm.  wide,  obtuse, 
densely  white- tomentose,  echinate  with  numerous  soft  spinose  processes 
that  vary  in  1  ngth  from  3-10  mm.;  seeds  8  mm.  long.  Kansas.  Type 
from  Fort  Riley. 

P.  749,  at  end  of  Asclepiadaceae,  add: 

7.  PERIPLOCA  L. 

Woody  twining  plants  with  entire  opposite  leaves  and  middle-sized 
flowers  in  umbels.  Calyx  5-parted,  glandular  within;  corolla  deeply  5- 
parted,  the  segments  obtuse,  dextrorsely  rotate,  villous  on  the  inner  sur- 
face; corona  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  with  10  broad  or  5  slender 
elongated,  entire  or  lobed  scales  or  appendages;  filaments  short,  free, 
conniving  at  the  short  appendiculate  apex;  pollen  granulose,  loosely 
aggregated  in  two  masses  in  each  anther-cell;  follicles  slender,  glabrous, 
generally  united  at  the  apex;  seeds  comose.  (Greek,  twining.) 

i.  Periploca  Graeca  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  paler  be- 
neath; umbels  cymose;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla-seg- 
ments dull  brownish  or  greenish,  with  a  darker  line  down  the  middle  and 
a  whitish  spot  at  the  base  within;  appendages  of  the  corona  slender,  ligu- 
late,  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  A  handsome  woody  climber  of  the  Old 
World,  escaped  from  cultivation,  Mass,  to  Kans.  Native  of  Syria  and 
the  Grecian  .Islands.  Called  SILK  VINE. 

P.  753,  after  Convolvulus  sepium,  insert: 

i.  Convolvulus  fraternifldrus  Mackenzie  and  Bush.  TWO-FLOWERED 
BINDWEED.  Stem  i  m.  long  or  more,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy. 
Leaves  hastate,  6-10  cm.  long,  dark  green,  rather  thick,  finely  pubes- 
cent on  both  sides,  the  basal  auricles  divergent,  entire  or  with  one  or 
two  teeth;  axils  or  most  of  them  two-flowered,  the  peduncle  of  one  of 
the  flowers  longer  than  the  petiole,  the  other  shorter;  bracts  2.5-3  cm. 
long;  corolla  6  or  7  cm.  long,  white.  Prairies,  Mo.  July-Aug. 

P.  763,  after  Hydrophyllum  Virginicum,  insert: 

xa.  Hydrophyllum  patens  Britton.  PURPLE  WATER-LEAF.  Similar 
to  H.  Virginicum  in  habit  and  foliage,  the  petioles  more  strongly  ciliate. 
Calyx-segments  at  flowering  time  appressed  to  the  corolla  (spreading 
in  H.  Virginicum}',  corolla  purple,  its  segments  with  spreading  tips 
(erect  in  H.  Virginicum).  Minn.  June. 

P    775,  after  Onosmodium  m611e,  insert: 

2a.  Onosmodium  subset6sum  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  SMOOTHISH 
FALSE  GROMWELL.  Leaves,  branches,  and  upper  part  of  the  stem 
appressed-strigose,  the  lower  part  of  the  stern  smooth  or  with  scattered 


APPENDIX. 

stiff  hairs.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  8  cm.  long  or  less, 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  with  the  veins  conspicuous  beneath,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  pedicels  1-6  mm.  long, 
calyx-segments  linear,  obtuse;  corolla  greenish- white,  8-18  mm.  long, 
its  triangular  acute  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  nutlets  2-3  mm. 
long.  Dry  soil,  Mo.  and  Ark.  May-June. 

P.  778,  Verbena  Canade*nsis,  strike  out  range,  "Mex.  and  N.  Mex.," 
and  add: 

7a.  Verbena  Drumm6ndii  (Lindl )  Baxter.  DRUMMOND'S  VER- 
BENA. Perennial,  hirsute,  the  branches  2-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  pinnat- 
ifid  or  bipinnatifid  into  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  acute 
segments;  calyx  about  10  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  bract,  its  lobes 
setaceous;  corolla- tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  limb  n  to 
15  mm.  wide;  nutlets  3-3.5  mm.  long,  Differs  from  V.  bipinnatifida  in 
the  larger  corolla  with  a  longer  tube.  Prairies  and  fields,  Va.  to  Kans., 
La.,  Texas  and  N.  Mex.  March-July. 

P.  781,  after  Ajuga  reptans,  add: 

2.  Ajuga  Genevensis  L.  ERECT  BUGLE.  Similar  to  the  Creeping  Bugle, 
but  devoid  of  runners,  and  the  whole  plant  pubescent  with  long  hairs. 
Basal  Leaves  tufted;  flowering  stems  solitary  or  several,  1.5-3  dm.  high. 
In  lawns  and  waste  places,  Penn.  to  N.  Y.,  Me.  and  Conn.  May-June. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

P.  782,  after  Teucrium  occidentale,  insert: 

2a.  Teucrium  littorale  Bicknell.  COAST  GERMANDER.  Pale  and  canes- 
cent,  3-5  dm.  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  often  with  ascending  branches; 
leaves  thickish  and  rugose-veiny,  narrowly  oblong  or  sometimes  broadei, 
narrowed  into  the  petiole,  closely  fine-serrate  or  becoming  unequally 
dentate-serrate,  6-n  cm.  long,  1.5-4  cm.  wide;  petioles  5-10  mm.  long; 
spikes  narrow,  often  interrupted;  bracts  about  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
calyx  small,  4-5  mm.  high,  becoming  somewhat  gibbous-urceolate,  the 
teeth  short,  the  upper  ones  obtuse;  corolla  pale  pink,  about  15  mm.  long, 
loosely  pilose  without.  On  or  near  the  coast,  Me.  to  Fla.  July-Aug. 

2b.  Teucrium  roseum  Bicknell.  MAINE  GERMANDER.  Rather  stout  and 
deep  green,  3-7  dm.  high,  the  stem  soft-pubescent  or  downwardly  villous; 
leaves  broadly  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  cuneate  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  apex,  irregularly  dentate-serrate  or  somewhat  cut-serrat.e,  hoary- 
tomentose  beneath,  softly  pilose-pubescent  above,  6-9  cm.  long,  2.5-4.5 
cm.  wide,  the  slender  petioles  hoary-pubescent,  10-15  mm.  long;  inflores- 
cence hoary-villous;  calyx  often  purplish,  5-7  mm.  long,  the  upper  tooth 
acute,  the  lateral  ones  obtuse,  the  lower  pair  but  little  longer,  triangular- 
subulate;  pedicels  very  short;  bracts  usually  longer  than  the  calyx,  ciliate- 
f ringed;  corolla  rose-purple,  somewhat  smaller  than  in  T.  littorale  and  less 
exserted,  more  or  less  pilose-bearded.  Coast  of  Me.  and  Mass.  Aug.- 
Sept. 

2C.  Teucrium  boreale  Bicknell.  NORTHERN  GERMANDER.  Erect  or  as- 
cending, rather  slender,  often  widely  branched  from  the  base,  3-8  dm.  tall, 
or  more;  stem  loosely  pubescent  with  recurved  hairs  to  glabrate;  inflores- 
cence somewhat  yillous-pubescent,  scarcely  if  at  all  glandular;  spikes 
short,  or  the  terminal  one  elongated  and  somewhat  flexuous;  leaves  thin 
or  membranous,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-3.5 
cm.  wide,  acute,  serrate  to  dentate-serrate,  .above  minutely  hispidulous- 
puberwlent,  beneath  thinly  tomentulose,  or  sometimes  glabrate  through- 
out; petioles  of  the  main  leaves  becoming  1-2  cm.  long;  bracts  mostly 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  ciliate;  calvx  thin,  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  the 
suhequal  teeth  short  and  broad,  the  lateral  pair  very  obtuse;  corolla  pur- 
pilsh-pink,  12-15  mm.  long,  about  three  times  the  length  of  the  calyx, 


1088  APPENDIX. 

loosely  short-pubescent  and  dotted  with  minute  glands,  the  terminal  lobe 
broad.    N.  H.  to  northern  N.  Y.    Aug. 

2d.  Teucrium  menthifolium  Bicknell.  MINT-LEAVED  GERMANDER.  Hir- 
sute-pubescent with  recurved  hairs  to  nearly  glabrous  except  the  inflores- 
cence, smaller  and  less  branched  than  T.  occidentale,  the  denser  spikes 
shorter,  with  the  bracts  often  elongated  and  foliacepus,  the  pubescence 
not  viscid  nor  glandular;  leaves  firm,  pale  green,  minutely  pubescent  to 
glabrate  above,  white-veiny  and  thinly  tomentulose  beneath,  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  5-9  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  acute 
or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long,  narrowly  campanulate, 
the  teeth  shorter  and  less  rigid  than  in  T.  occidentale,  the  lateral  obtuse, 
the  lower  pair  only  slightly  longer;  corolla  pink,  short,  sometimes  not 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  thinly  pubescent  and  glandular,  the  terminal 
lobe  small,  often  not  broader  than  the  lateral  ones.  Central  Mich. 

P.  782,  after  Teucrium  laciniatum,  add: 

30.  Teucrium  Bbtrys  L.  Annual,  pubescent,  branched,  3-4  dm.  high. 
Leaves  bipinnatifid,  or  the  upper  ones  pinnately  parted,  the  basal  long- 
petioled;  flowers  purple,  verticillate  in  all  the  upper  axils,  the  whorls 
2-6-flowered;  pedicels  equalling  the  calyx  or  shorter;  calyx  gibbous 
at  the  base,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  triangular,  acute.  Adv.  from  Europe 
at  Great  Barrington,  Mass. 

P.  783,  after  Scutellaria  lateriflbra,  insert: 

la.  Scutellaria  Churchilliana  Fernald.  CHURCHILL'S  SKULLCAP.  In- 
termediate in  aspect  between  S.  lateriflora  and  5.  galericulata.  Leaves 
thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  long-petioled ;  bracts  of  the  racemes  similar  to 
the  leaves  but  smaller,  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  longer;  corolla  i— i  .5  cm. 
long,  blue-violet,  pilose,  the  lower  lip  somewhat  longer  than  the  upper. 
In  wet  soil,  Me.  Aug.-Sept. 

P.  788,  after  Physostegia  Virginiana,  insert: 

la.  Physostegia  Digitalis  Small.  FOXGLOVE;  LION'S-HEART.  Stems 
stout,  erect,  7-12  dm.,  tall,  sharply  angled.  Leaves  oblong-elliptic  to 
oblong-obovate ;  the  lower  1—2.5  dm.  l°ng»  7  cm-  wide  or  less,  acute  or 
acutish,  repand-dentate  above  the  middle  or  entire,  sessile  or  part?y 
clasping,  the  upper  much  smaller,  narrower,  and  entire;  racemes  simple 
or  branched,  puberulent;  bracts  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  4-6  mm. 
long;  floWers  very  nearly  sessile  in  dense  spike-like  racemes;  calyx 
8-10  mm.  long,  its  tube  cylindric-turbinate,  its  teeth  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate or  acute,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
the  lower  lip  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  marginate,  about  twice  as 
large  as  the  lateral  ones.  Moist  soil,  Mo.  to  La.  and  Texas. 

P.  793,  after  Stachys  palustris,  insert: 

7a.  Stachys  Nuttallii  Shuttlw.  NUTTALL'S  HEDGE  NETTLE.  Peren- 
nial, hirsute  to  the  base;  stems  erect,  simple,  rather  stout,  4-11  dm. 
tall.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  12  cm.  long  or  less, 
acute  or  acuminate,  serrate-dentate  all  around,  rounded,  truncate  or 
subcordate  at  the  base;  petioles  only  5-10  mm.  long;  spike  interrupted, 
i 'dm.  long  or  longer;  calyx  hirsute,  its  teeth  triangular-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  purple,  about  i  cm.  long, 
its  tube  saccate  near  the  middle,  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip 
concave,  hairy,  the  lower  lip*  drooping,  as  long  as  the  tube.  Mountain 
slopes,  Va. ,  N.  C. ,  and  Tenn.  June-Aug. 

7b.  Sta~hys  sopul&rum  Greene.  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  HEDGE  NETTLE. 
Stem  simple  or  branched  3-6  dm.  high,  softly  hirsute.  Leaves  very 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  mostly  obtuse, 


APPENDIX.  loZg 

the  upper  often  acute,  finely  pubescent,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  rather  finely  crenate-dentate  all  around,  7  cm.  long  or  less;  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,  subulate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  pink 
to  red-purple,  10-12  mm.  long,  pubescent.  Meadows  and  moist  soil, 
N.  Dak.  to  Alberta,  Wash.,  Wyom.  and  N.  Mex.  June-Sept. 

P.  796,  after  Monarda  scabra,  insert: 

SSL.  Monarda  mollis  L.  CANESCENT  WILD  BERGAMOT.  Similar  to  M. 
fistulosa  and  M.  scabra,  differing  from  the  former  in  its  canescent,  not 
spreading  pubescence,  and  from  the  latter  in  its  longer-petioled  leaves 
mostly  narrowed  at  the  base.  In  dry  soil,  N.  E.  to  Ga.,  S.  Dak.,  Kans. 
and  Tex.  Summer. 

P.  796,  after  Monarda  pectinate,  add: 

9.  Monarda  temraristata   (A.  Gray)    Small.     LONG-AWNED  MONARDA. 
Annual,  6   d.n.   high  or  less,  simple  or  branched,  puberulent.     Leaves 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  petioled,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base,   the  apex  acute;    bracts   green   or  purplish,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  into  a  long  terminal  bristle;    calyx- tube 
7   or  8  m.n.  long,  puberulent,  its  setaceous  teeth  spreading,  sparingly 
ciliate;    corolla  about  2  cm.  long;    nutlets  about  1.5  mm.  long.     In  dry 
soil,  Kans.  to  Texas,  Ariz,  and  northern  Mex.     May— Aug. 

10.  Monarda  disp€rsa    Small.     OBLONG-BRACTED   MONARDA.     Similar 
to    the    preceding   species,    2-8    dm.    high,    usually    branched.     Leaves 
oblong  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  serrate,  petioled;    bracts,  at  least 
the  lower  ones,  oblong,    1.5-2.5    cm.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 
long  terminal  bristles,  usually  purple  above;   calyx-tube  8  or  9  mm.  long, 
puberulent,    the    setaceous    teeth    sparingly    ciliate,    spreading;    corolla 
about  2.5  cm.  long.     In  dry  soil,  Kans.  and  Mo.  to  Texas  and  Mex.     Nat. 
in  Tenn.,  Ga.,  and  Fla.     May— Aug. 

P.  811,  after  Physalls  Philade*lphica,  insert: 

8a.  Physalis  subglabrata  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  GLABRATE  GROUND- 
CHERRY.  Perennial,  6  d*n.  high  or  less,  nearly  glabrous  throughout. 
Leaves  ovate,  sinuate-dentate,  very  oblique  at  the  base,  similar  to  those 
of  P.  Philadclphica;  corolla  yellow  with  a  dark  center,  about  2  cm. 
broad;  anthers  purplish;  fruiting  calyx  sunken  at  the  base,  acuminate. 
Fields  and  river  bottoms,  Out.  to  Term.,  Neb.  and  Colo.  June-Sept. 

P.  822,  after  Scrophularla  Mary  land1  ca,  insert: 

la.  Scrophularia  neg!e"cta  Rydb.  HAIRY  FIGWORT.  Stems  minutely 
pubescent,  2  m.  tall  or  less.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  rather  densely  pubescent  beneath;  calyx-lobes  ovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse;  corolla  larger  than  that  of  S.  Mcrylandica,  about 
9  mm.  long;  capsules  also  larger,  6  mm.  long  or  more.  Woods  and 
thickets,  Tenn.  to  Mo.,  Kans.  and  Ark.  Aug.— Oct. 

P.  823,  after  Scrophularia  leporella,  add: 

3.  Scrophularia  occ.dentelis  (Rydb.)  Bicknell.  WESTERN  FIG- 
WORT.  Similar  to  S.  leporella,  but  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much 
shorter  than  the  tube  (as  long  as  the  tube  in  S.  leporella} ,  and  the  short 
ascending  branches  of  the  panicle  densely  gland'ular:  leaves,  at  least 
the  lower  ones,  hastate-incised  at  the  base;  capsules  larger  than  those 
of  5.  leporella.  Thickets  and  moist  soil,  S.  Dak.  to  Kans.,  the  Ind.  Terr., 
Wash,  and  Cal.  June-Aug. 


I OQO  APPENDIX. 

P.  824,  after  Pentstemon  can6scens,  insert: 

2a.  Pentstemon  pallidus  Small.  PALE  BEARD-TONGUE.  Stem  canes- 
cent-puberulent  to  the  base,  9  dm.  tall  or  less.  Basal  leaves  broadly 
oval,  oblong  or  spatulate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  narrowed  into  petioles; 
lower  stem-leaves  mostly  spatulate,  the  others  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  usually  remotely 
dentate;  panicle  narrow,  its  branches  erect- ascending;  calyx-segments 
ovate,  acute;  corolla  pale  purple  or  nearly  white,  2-2.5  cm-  l°n»'  the 
tube  gradually  dilated  upward,  the  throat  sparingly  bearded;  s'.trilc 
filament  bearded  with  short  hairs;  capsules  5-6  mm.  long,  longe1"  than 
the  calyx.  In  sandy  soil,  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  the  Ind. 
Terr.  June-  July. 

P.  833,  after  Veronica  Americana,  insert: 

2a.  Veronica  Beccabunfa  L.  EUROPEAN  BROOKLIME.  Similar  to 
V.  Americana,  the  leaves  petioled,  but  low-serrate  and  obtuse.  City  of 
Quebec;  ballast  grounds  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  Weehawken,  N  J. 
Nat.  or  adv.  from  Europe. 

P.  838,  after  Gerardia  purpurea,  insert: 

3a.  Gerardia  fasciculata  Ell.  FASCICLE-LEAVED  GERARDIA.  Similar 
to  G.  purpurea,  often  larger,  sometimes  12  dm.  high,  puberulent  or 
slightly  hispidulous.  Leaves  linear,  usually  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  very 
rough,  the  larger  with  fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx- tube  campanulate,  2.5-3.5  mm-  l°ng. 
the  lobes  very  small,  acute;  corolla  rose-purple,  2-3  cm.  long;  capsule 
about  5  mm.  in  diameter.  In  moist  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Texas.  Aug.- 
Sept. 

P.  838,  after  Gerardia  Holmiana,  insert: 

7a.  Gerardia  Gattingeri  Small.  GATTINGER'S  GERARDIA.  Stems 
wiry,  smooth,  5  dm,  high  or  less,  the  branches  very  long  and  slender. 
Leaves  almost  filiform,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  smooth  or  roughish,  mostly 
without  smaller  ones  in  their  axils;  pedicels  filiform,  1-2.5  cm-  l°n§; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  2.5-33.5  mm.  long,  the  acute  teeth  i  mm.  lon^ 
or  less;  corolla  rose-purple,  about  i  cm.  long,  its  lobes  rounded;  cap- 
sule longer  than  the  calyx.  In  dry  soil,  Tenn.  to  Mo.,  Ala.  and  Texas. 
July-Sept. 

P.  841,  after  Euphrasia  Canade*nsis,  insert: 

2a.  Euphrasia  hirte'lla  Jordan.  HAIRY  EYEBRIGHT.  Stem  slender, 
pubescent,  simple  or  branched,  1.8  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  glandular- 
pubescent  and  also  bearing  simple  hairs,  ovate-oblong;  bracts  ovate, 
glandular-pubescent,  sharply  5-8-toothed  on  each  side;  inflorescence 
becoming  elongated;  calyx  very  pubescent,  about  5  mm.  long  in  fruit, 
its  teeth  acute;  corolla  about  7  mm.  long,  purplish.  N.  Mich,  to  Hudson 
Bay,  Minn,  and  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains.  Also  in  Europe. 

P.  841,  after  Euphrasia  Americana,  insert: 

3a.  Euphrasia    Randii    Robinson.     RAND'S    EYEBRIGHT.     Stem    often 
much  branched  and  decumbent,  or  at  first  erect,  sometimes  6  dm.  long, 
pubescent,  the  inflorescence  short,  or  much  elongated.     Leaves  mostly 
ovate-orbicular,  7-15  mm.  long,  subcordate,  ciliate,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent above,  setulose  on  the  veins  beneath,   several-toothed,   the  teeth 
obtuse  or  acutish;  flowers  borne  in  most  of  the  axils;    calyx  pubescent, 
3.5  mm.  long  in  flower,  becoming  longer  in  fruit,  its  teeth  triangular- 
lanceolate,    acute,    straight;     corolla    3—4    mm.    long,    cream-colored    to 
Sirple;    capsule    elliptic-oblong,   obcordate,   ciliate    above.      Newf.    to 
e.     July-Aug. 


APPENDIX.  1091 

P.  841,  after  Euphrasia  Oakesii,  add: 

5.  Euphrasia  Williamsii  Robinson.  WILLIAMS'  EYEBRIGHT.  Stem 
slender,  simple,  erect,  3—10  cm.  high,  pubescent  with  crisped  white 
hairs.  Leaves  5-8  mm.  long,  ciliolate  near  the  margin,  otherwise  gla- 
brous, the  lower  ovate-oblong,  about  7 -toothed,  the  upper  obovate  to 
flabelliform  or  suborbicular,  crowded;  flowers  in  a  terminal  dense  leafy 
spike,  the  bracts  with  7  or  9  acutish  teeth;  calyx  4  mm.  long,  its  teeth 
lanceolate;  corolla  brownish  purple  with  a  yellow  eye,  about  4  mm. 
long;  capsule  elliptic,  obcordate,  ciliate  above.  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H. 
July-Aug. 

P.  857,  after  Plantago  major,  insert: 

la.  Plantago  halophila  Bicknell.  SALT-MARSH  PLANTAIN.  Very 
similar  to  P.  major,  often  diminutive,  but  sometimes  as  large.  More  or 
less  hirsutulous-tomentulose  throughout,  dull  green,  the  spikes  and  scapes 
often  bright  purplish;  leaves  thick,  undulate,  often  prostrate  in  a  stiff 
rosette  or  ascending,  the  blades  usually  but  not  always  longer  than  the 
petioles;  scapes  stiff  and  slender,  commonly  upcurved-assurgent,  the 
naked  lower  part  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves  and  often  2-4  times  the 
length  of  the  narrow  spikes;  bracts  thinner  and  less  concave  than  in 
P.  major,  mostly  rather  shorter  and  more  ovate  and  acute;  pyxis  relatively 
narrower  than  in  P.  major,  circumscissile  mostly  within  the  tips  of  the 
sepals  and  somewhat  below  the  middle,  lid  longer  and  less  conic  than  in 
P.  major.  Salt  marshes  and  shores,  Me.  to  N.  J.  Type  from  Van  Cort- 
landt,  N.  Y.  City,  flowering  in  July,  about  two  weeks  later  than  P.  major. 

P.  859.  Strike  out  note  on  Plantago  occidentalis,  and  substitute: 
I2a.  Plantago  rhodospe"rma  Decne.  RED-SEEDED  PLANTAIN.  An- 
nual or  biennial,  densely  pubescent;  scapes  erect  or  decumbent, 
2.5-20  cm.  long,  usually  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  and 
spikes  similar  to  those  of  P.  Virginica;  flowers  dioecious;  bracts  and 
calyx-lobes  acuminate;  capsules  oblong,  about  3  mm.  long;  seeds  dark 
red  (golden  yellow  in  P.  Virginica}.  Sandy  soil,  Mo.  to  La.,  Tex.  and 
Ariz.  April-July. 

P.  865,  after  Galium  Mollugo,  inse  t: 

2a.  Galium  er^ctum  Huds.  UPRIGHT  BEDSTRAW.  Resembles  G. 
Mollugo,  but  has  larger  white  flowers  on  ascending  pedicels  (pedicels 
divergent  in  G.  Mollugo} ;  branches  erect  or  ascending.  In  fields,  N.  S. 
to  N.  J.  Adv.  from  Europe.  May-Sept. 

P.  868,  after  Galium  aspre*llum  insert: 

2ia.  Galium  sylv&tic'im  L  WOOD  BEDSTRAW.  Perennial,  5-8  dm. 
high,  erect.  Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent, 
not  rough;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  obtuse  or  acute,  those 
of  the  stem  whorled,  in  6's  or  8's,  3-4  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  those 
of  the  branches  fewer  in  the  whorls  or  often  opposite;  panicle  usually 
large,  the  pedicels  filiform,  nodding  before  flowering,  erect-spreading 
in  fruit;  flowers  white;  lobes  of  the  corolla  apiculate;  fruit  glabrous. 
Me.  and  Vt.  Nat.  from  Continental  Europe.  June-July. 

P.  869,  after  Asperula  odorata,  add: 

2.  Asperula  galioides  M.  Bieb.  BEDSTRAW  ASPERULA.  Leaves  linear, 
rigid,  usually  in  8's,  involute-margined,  mucronate,  subterete,  3  cm. 
long  or  less,  1-2  mm.  wide;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent below,  paniculately  branched;  fruit  smooth.  Southington,  Conn. 
Adventive  from  Europe. 

P.  885,  after  Campanula  rapunculoides,  insert: 

3a.  Campanula  Trachfelium  L.  NETTLE-LEAVED  BELL-FLOWER.  Peren- 
nial, rough-hirsute,  5—8  dm.  tall.  Basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  deeply 


IOQ2  APPENDIX. 

cordate,  acute,  coarsely  doubly  toothed,  the  slender  petiole  longer  than 
the  blade;  stem-leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  irregularly  toothed, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  lower  petioled ;  flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  upper  axils ; 
calyx  hirsute,  its  broadly  lanceolate  lobes  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
corolla;  capsules  nodding,  dehiscent  at  the  base.  Vicinity  of  Mon- 
treal, Quebec.  Nat.  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

P.  888,  before  Lobelia  pubeYula,  insert: 

5a.  Lobelia  elongata  Small.  LONG-LEAVED  LOBELIA.  Perennial, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout,  simple,  3-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear 
to  linear- oblong,  10  cm.  long  or  less,  acute,  serrate  with  gland-tipped 
teeth,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  erect  or  ascending;  raceme  1-3  dm.  long, 
the  flowers  secund;  bracts  linear  to  lanceolate,  glandular-serrate,  the 
lower  ones  sometimes  longer  than  the  flowers;  sepals  elongated-linear 
to  linear-setaceous,  entire,  often  as  long  as  the  deep  blue  corolla;  cap- 
sules 6-8  mm.  broad.  In  swamps,  Del.  to  Va.,  Fla.  and  La. 

P.  898.  Read  for  range  of  Lactuca  Scariola,  "  in  waste  places,  N.  J. 
to  W.  Va.,  Idaho  and  Mont.,  and  in  ballast  about  the  eastern  seaports;  not 
common." 

Before  Lactuca  Ludoviciana,  insert: 

la.  Lactuca  virosa  L.  STRONG-SCENTED  LETTUCE.  Similar  to  the 
Prickly  Lettuce  (Lactuca  Scariola}  and  confused  with  it.  Leaves  oblong 
to  oblanceolate,  finely  irregularly  denticulate,  rarely  slightly  sinuate; 
achenes  dark-colored.  L.  Scariola  has  sinuate-pinnatifid  leaves  and  pale 
achenes.  A  common  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  Me.  to 
N.  Dak.,  Ga.,  Kans. 

P.  907,  before  Nabalus    trifoliolatus,  insert: 

3a.  Nabalus  cylindricus  Small.  MOUNTAIN  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 
Stem  3-9  dm.  tall,  glabrous.  Leaves  triangular  or  triangular-ovate, 
10  cm.  long  or  less,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-lobed  or  3 -cleft,  sinuately 
toothed,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the  lower  ones  long-petioled ; 
panicle  narrow,  long,  contracted,  the  heads  in  clusters  in  the  upper  axils; 
involucre  about  10  mm.  long,  the  principal  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  bear- 
ing a  few  scattered  hairs,  slightly  shorter  than  the  light  brown  pappus. 
Mountains  of  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  N.  C.  Sept. 

P.  939.  after  Solidago    ulmifdlia,  insert: 

28a.  Solidago  microphy'lla  Engelm.  SMALL-LEAVED  GOLDENROD. 
Stem  smooth,  8-13  dm.  tall.  Leaves  numerous,  somewhat  pubescent, 
rough  above,  firm,  the  basal  ones  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  6-n  cm. 
long,  shallowly  toothed,  the  upper  elliptic  to  oblong,  serrate  or  entire; 
heads  numerous,  5-7  mm.  high,  the  involucre  4-4 .5  mm.  high,  2  mm. 
thick,  its  bracts  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  achenes  pubescent. 
In  dry  soil,  Kans.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.  Aug.-Oct. 

P.  940,  after  Solidago    arguta,  insert: 

34a.  Solidago  Vaseyi  Heller.  VASEY'S  GOLDENROD.  Similar  to  S. 
arguta,  the  basal  leaves  larger  and  relatively  broader;  heads  larger,  the 
involucre  5-6  mm.  high,  3-4  mm.  thick;  achenes  finely  pubescent. 
Mountain  woods,  Va.  to  Ky!,  Ga.  and  Ala.  Aug.-Oct. 

P.  941,  after  Solidago  nemoralis,  insert: 

4ia.  Solidago  longipetiolata  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  LONG-PETIOLED 
GOLDENROD.  Resembles  5.  nemoralis,  but  grayish  green.  Leaves  firm 
in  texture,  usually  with  fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils,  3 -nerved, 
the  basal  and  lower  ones  long-petioled;  heads  rather  larger  than  those 
of  S.  nemoralis;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  thick;  achenes 
pubescent.  Dry  soil,  Mich,  to  Wyo.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 


APPENDIX.  IO93 

P.  941,  after  Solidago  rigida,  insert: 

45a.  Solidago  corymbbsa  Ell.  CORYMBOSE  GOLDENROD.  Resembles 
S.  rigida,  differing  in  the  smoother  leaves  and  stem,  the  upper  leaves 
lanceolate  and  acute,  those  of  S.  rigida  being  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 
and  obtuse  or  obtusish;  heads  somewhat  smaller  than  those  of  5.  rigida 
and  mostly  fewer-flowered.  In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Tenn.,  Ga.  and  Ala. 
Aug.-Oct. 

P.  946.  Additional  species  of  Aster  have  been  described  by  Prof.  E. 
S.  Burgess  in  Dr.  Small's  "Flora  of  the  Southeastern  United  States." 

P.  976,  after  Antennaria  ambigens,  insert: 

i3a.  Antennaria  Brainerdii  Fernald.  BRAINERD'S  CAT'S-FOOT. 
Stolons  short,  assurgent;  stems  slender,  2-3  dm.  tall,  the  upper  part 
bearing  glandular  hairs  intermixed  with  the  floccose  pubescence.  Basal 
leaves  5  cm.  long  or  less,  obovate,  apiculate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  about 
as  long  as  the  blade,  dull  and  more  or  less  woolly  above,  or  becoming 
glabrous,  rather  strongly  3-nerved;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute; 
heads  corymbose,  short-peduncled  ;  involucre  6  to  8  mm.  high,  its  outer 
bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish  brown,  the  inner  white  or  white-  tipped, 
acuminate.  Woods  and  meadows,  Me.  and  Vt.  May-June. 

P.  987,  before  Rudbeckia  speci6sa,  insert: 

ga.  Rudbeckia  grandifldra  C.  C.  Gmelin.  LARGE-FLOWERED  CONE- 
FLOWER.  Perennial,  rough-  hispid,  or  scabrous;  stem  stout,  strongly 
striate,  5  to  10  dm.  tall.  Leaves  ovate-elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
rather  thick,  varying  from  sharply  toothed  to  entire,  strongly  3—  5-ribbed, 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  the  lower  1-2  dm.  long,  with  long  pubescent 
petioles;  heads  few,  large;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acuminate, 
densely  hispid;  rays  20  or  fewer,  3.5  cm.  long  or  less,  yellow,  drooping; 
disk  1.5-2  cm.  thick;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  canescent  or  pubescent  at 
the  tip;  style-branches  obtuse;  pappus  toothed.  In  dry  soil,  Mo. 
(perhaps  introduced)  ;  Ark.  to  La.  and  Tex.  June—  Aug. 

P.  988,  after  Rudbeckia  Sullivantii,  insert: 

na.  Rudbeckia  umbrdsa  Boynton  &  Beadle.  WOODLAND  CONE- 
FLOWER.  Perennial;  stem  r  m.  higher  less,  striate,  loosely  pubescent, 
branched  above.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  acute, 
5-8  cm.  long,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  dentate,  the 
upper  smaller,  short-petioled,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  often  entire;  heads 
several,  4-6  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
1-1.5  cm.  long;  rays  8-12,  yellow  or  orange-yellow,  1.5-2  cm.  long; 
disk  subglobose  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  densely  ciliate  at  the  apex  ;  style- 
tips  obtuse;  pappus  coroniform.  Woodlands,  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  Ga. 
July-Aug. 

P.  i  oo  i,  after  Bidens  combsa,  insert: 

53.  Bidens  Esttoni  Fernald.  EATON'S  BEGGAR-TICKS.  Related  to 
B.  comosa  and  to  B.  connata.  Leaves  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled, 
5-15  cm.  long;  heads  cylindric  to  obovoid,  longer  than  thick;  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  3  to  5,  exceeding  the  disk;  inner  bracts  about 
5,  oblong,  obtuse  or  mucronate,  striate;  ray-flowers  none;  corollas  4-lobed, 
pale  yellow;  achenes  7-9  mm.  long,  narrowly  oblanceolate  ;  awns  2-4, 
either  upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed,  half  as  long  as  the  achene  or 
less.  Brackish  shores,  E.  Mass.  Sept. 

P.  1022,  insert  the  genus 

HAPLOESTHES  A.  Gray. 


A  low  glabrous  somewhat  fleshy  and  woody  bushy-branched  perennial, 
with  very  narrowly  linear  opposite  leaves,  often  with  fascicles  of  similar 


IOQ4  APPENDIX. 

ones  in  their  axils,  and  numerous  small  cymose  heads  of  yellow  tubular 
and  ligulate  flowers.  Ray-flowers  few,  the  rays  short;  disk-corollas 
numerous,  5 -toothed.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  4  or  5  broadly  oval 
bracts,  the  outer  ones  overlapping  the  inner;  receptacle  nearly  flat. 
Achenes  glabrous,  striate,  linear.,  terete;  pappus  a  single  series  of  rough 
and  rather  stiff  whitish  bristles.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  few-bracted 
involucre.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  southwestern  United  States. 

i.  Haploe"sthes  Gre*ggii  A.  Gray.  GREGG'S  HAPLOESTHES.  Plant 
6  dm.  high  or  less,  tne  branches  erect  or  ascending.  Leaves  entire, 
2-5  cm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  thick,  sessile,  the  lower  pairs  connate- 
clasping  at  the  base;  involucre  2.5-3.5  mm.  high,  the  outer  bracts 
acutish,  the  inner  blunt;  rays  mostly  shorter  than  the  involucre;  achenes 
2  mm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  pappus.  Saline  and  gypsum  soil,  Kans. 
and  S.  Col.  to  Texas  and  adjacent  Mexico.  April-Sept. 

P.  1035,  after  Centaurea  Calcitrapa,  add: 

6.  Centaurea  Melite"nsis  L.  Annual,  1.3  m.  high  or  less,  gray-pubes- 
cent or  slightly  woolly,  much  branched.  Basal  leaves  lyrate,  some- 
times 1.5  dm.  long,  their  petioles  margined,  their  lobes  obtuse;  lower 
stem-leaves  few-lobed  or  entire,  the  upper  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire, 
acute,  2  cm.  long  or  less;  heads  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  involucre  1-1.5  cm- 
thick,  its  principal  bracts  tipped  with  a  slender  spine  6-12  mm.  long, 
which  bears  several  spinules  at  its  base;  corollas  yellow,  none  of  them 
enlarged;  pappus-scales  unequal.  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  Ga. 
to  Mo.,  Ariz.,  Cal.  and  Ore.,  and  in  ballast  about  eastern  seaports.  Nat. 
from  Eu.  April-Sept. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS 


Acaufescent.  With  stem  subterranean, 
or  nearly  so. 

Accnmbent.  Cotyledons  with  margins 
folded  against  the  hypocotyl. 

Achene.  A  dry  one-seeded  indehiscent 
fruit  with  the  pericarp  tightly  fitting 
around  the  seed. 

Acicular.     Needle-shaped. 

Acuminate.  Gradually  tapering  to  the 
apex. 

Acute.     Sharp  pointed. 

Adnate.  An  organ  adhering  to  a  con- 
tiguous differing  one;  an  anther  at- 
tached longitudinally  to  the  end  of  the 
filament. 

Adventive.  Not  indigenous,  but  appar- 
ently becoming  naturalized. 

Albumen.     See  Endosperm. 

Alliaceous.  Onion-like,  in  aspect  or 
odor. 

Alternate.  Not  opposite;  with  a  single 
leaf  at  each  node. 

Alveolate.  Like  honeycomb;  closely 
pitted. 

Ament.  A  spike  of  imperfect  flowers 
subtended  by  scarious  bracts,  as  in 
the  willows. 

Amphibious.  «At  times  inhabiting  the 
water. 

Amphitropous.  Term  applied  to  the 
partly  inverted  ovule. 

Amplexicaul.  Clasping  the  stem,  or 
other  axis. 

Anastomosing.  Connecting  so  as  to  form 
a  well  defined  network. 

Anatropous.  Applied  to  an  inverted 
ovule  with  the  micropyle  very  near 
the  hilum. 

Androgynous.  Flower-clusters  having 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

Angiospermous.  Pertaining  to  the  An- 
giospermae;  bearing  seeds  within  a 
pericarp. 

Anther.     The  part  of  the  stamen  which 

contains  the  pollen. 

\ntherid.  The  male  organ  of  repro- 
duction in  Pteridophyta  and  Bryo- 
phyta. 

Anthesis.     Period  of  flowering. 


Apetalous.     Without  a  corolla. 

Apical.   At  the  top,or  referring  to  the  top. 

Apiculate.     With  a  minute  pointed  tip. 
I   Appressed.     Lying  against  another  or- 
gan. 
i   Arborescent.    Tree-like,  in  size  or  shape. 

Archegone.       The   female   reproductive 
organ    in     Pteridophyta    and   Bryo- 
|       phyta. 

Areolate.     Reticulated. 

Areolation.  The  system  of  meshes  in 
a  network  of  veins. 

Areole.     A  mesh  in  a  network  of  veins. 

Aril.  A  fleshy  organ  growing  about 
the  hilum. 

Ariilate.     Provided  with  an  aril. 

Aristate.     Tipped  by  an  awn  or  bristle. 

Aristulate.     Diminutive  of  aristate. 

Ascending.  Growing  obliquely  upward, 
or  upcurved. 

Asexttal.     Without  sex. 

Assurgent.     See  Ascending. 

Auricled.  (Auriculate}.  With  basal, 
ear- like  lobes. 

Awn.     A  slender  bristle-like  organ:-  - 

Axil.  The  point  on  a  stem  immediately 
above  the  base  of  a  leaf. 

Axile.     In  the  axis  of  an  organ. 

Axillary.  Borne  at,  or  pertaining  to,  an 
axil. 

Baccate.     Berry-like. 

Barbellate.  Furnished  with  minute 
barbs. 

Basifixed. 

Berry.     A 
pulpy. 

Bilabiate.     With  two  lips. 

Bipinnate.     Twice  pinnate. 

Bipinnatifid.     Twice  pinnatifid. 

Blade.     The  flat  expanded  part  of  a  leaf. 

Bract.  A  leaf,  usually  small,  subtend- 
ing a  flower  or  flower-cluster,  or  a 
sporange. 

Bracteate.     With  bracts. 

Bracteolate.      Having  bractlets. 

Bractlet.  A  secondary  bract,  borne  on 
a  pedicel,  or  immediately  beneath  a 
flower;  sometimes  applied  to  minute 
bracts. 


Attached  by  the  base, 
fruit  with   pericarp  wholly 


1096 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL 


Bulb.  A  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usu- 
ally subterranean. 

Bulblet.  A  small  bulb,  especially  those 
borne  on  leaves,  or  in  their  axils. 

Bulbous.  Similar  to  a  bulb;  bearing 
bulbs. 

Caducous.  Falling  away  very  soon 
after  development. 

Caespitose.     Growing  in  tufts. 

Callosity.     A  small,  hard  protuberance. 

Callus.  An  extension  of  the  inner  scale 
of  a  grass  spikelet;  a  protuberance. 

Calyx.  The  outer  of  two  series  of  floral 
leaves. 

Campanulate.     Bell-shaped. 

Campy lotropous.  Term  applied  to  the 
curved  ovule. 

Cancellate.  Reticulated,  with  the  mesh- 
es sunken. 

Canescent.  With  gray  or  hoary  fine 
pubescence. 

Canaliculate.  Channelled;  longitudin- 
ally grooved. 

Capitate.  Arranged  in  a  head  ;  knob- 
like. 

Capsular.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  cap- 
sule. 

Capsule.  A  dry  fruit  of  two  carpels  or 
more,  usually  dehiscent  by  valves  or 
teeth. 

Carinate.  Keeled ;  with  a  longitudinal 
ridge. 

Carpel.  The  modified  leaf  forming 
the  ovary,  or  a  part  of  a  compound 
ovary. 

Caruncle.  An  appendage  to  a  seed  at 
the  hilum. 

Carunculate.     With  a  caruncle. 

Caryopsis.  The  grain ;  fruit  of  grasses, 
with  a  thin  pericarp  adherent  to  the 
seed. 

Caudate.  With  a  slender  tail- like  ap- 
pendage. 

Caudejc.  The  persistent  base  of  peren- 
nial herbs,  usually  only  the  part  above 
ground. 

Caudicle.  Stalk  of  a  pollen-mass  in  the 
Orchid  and  Milkweed  families. 

Cauline.     Pertaining  to  the  stem. 

Cell.     A  cavity,  of  an  anther  or  ovary. 

Chaff.     Thin  dry  scales. 

Chalaza.     The  base  of  the  ovule. 

Chartaceous.     Papery  in  texture. 

Chlorophyll.  Green  coloring  matter  of 
plants. 

ChloropJiyllous.  Containing  chloro- 
phyll. 

Ctliate.     Provided  with  marginal  hairs. 

Ciliolate.     Minutely  ciliate. 

Cilium.     A  hair. 

Cinereous.     Ashy;  ashy-colored. 


Cirdnnate.  Coiled  downward  from  the 
apex. 

Circumscissile.  Transversely  dehiscent, 
the  top  falling  away  as  a  lid. 

Clavate.     Club-shaped. 

CleistogaiHous.  Flowers  which  do  not 
open,  but  are  pollinated  from  their 
own  anthers. 

Cleft.  Cut  about  halfway  to  the  mid- 
vein. 

Clinandrium.  Cavity  between  the  an- 
ther-sacs in  orchids. 

Cochleate.     Like  a  snail  shell. 

Coma.  Tuft  of  hairs  at  the  ends  of 
some  seeds. 

Commissure.  The  contiguous  surfaces 
of  two  carpels. 

Conduplicate.     Folded  lengthwise. 

Confluent.     Blended  together. 

Connate.  Similar  organs  more  or  less 
united. 

Connective.  The  end  of  the  filament, 
between  the  anther-sacs. 

Connivent.      Converging. 

Convolute.  Rolled  around  or  rolled  up 
longitudinally. 

Coralloid.     Resembling  coral. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery  in  texture. 

Corm.     A  swollen,  fleshy  base  of  a  stem. 

Corolla.  The  inner  of  two  series  of 
floral  leaves. 

Corona;  Crown.  An  appendage  of  the 
corolla  ;  a  crown-like  margin  at  the 
top  of  an  organ. 

Coroniform.     Crown-like. 

Corymb.  A  convex  or  flat-topped  flower- 
cluster  of  the  racemose  type,  with 
pedicels  of  rays  arising  from  different 
points  on  the  axis. 

Corymbose.  Borne  in  corymbs ;  corymb- 
like. 

Costate.     Ribbed. 

Cotyledon.  A  rudimentary  leaf  of  the 
embryo. 

Crenate.  Scalloped  ;  with  rounded 
teeth. 

Crenulate.     Diminutive  of  crenate. 

Crustaceous.     Hard  and  brittle. 

Cucullate.  Hooded,  or  resembling  a 
hood. 

Culm.     The  stem  of  grasses  and  sedges. 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped. 

Cusp.     A  sharp  stiff  point. 

Cuspidate.  Sharp  pointed;  ending  in  a 
cusp. 

Cyme.  A  convex  or  flat  flower-cluster 
of  the  determinate  type,  the  central 
flowers  first  unfolding. 

Cymose.  Arranged  in  cymes;  cyme- 
like. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL    TERMS. 


1097 


Deciduous.  Falling  away  at  the  close 
of  the  growing  period. 

Decompound.     More  than  once  divided. 

Decumbent.  Stems  or  branches  in  an 
inclined  position,  but  the  end  ascend- 
ing. 

Decurrent.  Applied  to  the  prolongation 
of  an  organ,  or  part  of  an  organ  run- 
ning along  the  sides  of  another. 

De flexed.     Turned  abruptly  downward. 

Dehiscence.  The  opening  of  an  ovary, 
anther-sac  or  sporange  to  emit  the 
contents. 

Dehiscent.  Opening  to  emit  the  con- 
tents. 

Deltoid.  Broadly  triangular,  like  the. 
Greek  letter  delta. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  especially  with  out- 
wardly projecting  teeth. 

Denticulate.     Diminutive  of  dentate. 

Depauperate.     Impoverished,  small. 

Depressed.     Vertically  flattened. 

Dextrorse.  Spirally  ascending  to  the 
right. 

Diadelphous.  Stamens  united  into  two 
sets, 

Diandrous.     Having  two  stamens. 

D'.chotomous.  Forking  regularly  into 
two  nearly  equal  branches  or  seg- 
ments. 

Dicotyledonous.     With  two  cotyledons. 

Didytnous.  Twin-like;  of  two  nearly 
equal  segments. 

Diffuse.     Loosely  spreading. 

Digitate.  Diverging,  like  the  fingers 
spread. 

Dimorphous.     Of  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  Bearing  staminate  flowers 
or  antherids  on  one  plant,  and  pistil- 
late flowers  or  archegones  on  another 
of  the  same  species. 

f)iscoid.  Heads  of  Compositae  com- 
posed only  of  tubular  flowers ;  rayless ; 
like  a  disk. 

Disk.  An  enlargement  or  prolongation 
of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower  around 
the  base  of  the  pistil;  the  head  of 
tubular  flowers  in  Compositae. 

Dissected.  Divided  into  many  segments 
or  lobes. 

Dissepiment.  A  partition-wall  of  an 
ovary  or  fruit. 

Distichous.     Arranged  in  two  rows. 

Distinct.  Separate  from  each  other  ; 
evident. 

Divaricate.     Diverging  at  a  wide  angle. 

Divided.  Cleft  to  the  base  or  to  the 
mid-nerve. 

Dorsal.  On  the  back,  pertaining  to  the 
back. 

Drupaceous.     Drupe-like. 


Drupe.  A  simple  fruify  usually  inde- 
hiscent,  with  fleshy  exocarp  and  bony 
endocarp. 

Drupelet.     Diminutive  of  drupe. 

Echinate.     Prickly. 

Ellipsoid.  A  solid  body,  elliptic  in  sec- 
tion. 

Elliptic.  With  the  outline  of  an  ellipse; 
oval. 

Emarginate.   •  Notched  at  the  apex. 

Embryo.  A  rudimentary  plant  in  the 
seed. 

Embryo-sac.  The  macrospore  of  the 
flowering  plants,  contained  in  the 
ovule. 

Endocarp.  The  inner  layer  of  the  peri- 
carp. 

Endogenous.  Forming  new  tissue  with- 
in. 

Endosperm.  The  substance  surrounding 
the  embryo  of  a  seed;  albumen. 

Ensiform.     Shaped  like  a  broadsword. 

Entire.  Without  divisions,  lobes,  or 
teeth. 

Ephemeral.  Continuing  for  only  a  day 
or  less. 

Epigynous.  Adnate  to  or  borne  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  ovary. 

Epiphytic.  Growing  on  other  plants, 
but  not  parasitic. 

Eqtdtant.  Folded  around  each  other; 
straddling. 

Erose.  Irregularly  margined,  as  if 
gnawed. 

Evanescent.     Early  disappearing. 

Evergreen.  Bearing  green  leaves 
throughout  the  year. 

Excurrent.  With  a  tip  projecting  be- 
yond the  main  part  of  the  organ. 

Exfoliating.     Peeling  off  in  layers. 

Exocarp,  The  outer  layer  of  the  peri- 
carp. 

Exogenous.  Forming  new  tissue  out- 
side the  older. 

Exserled.  Prolonged  past  surrounding 
organs. 

Exstipulate.     Without  stipules. 

Extrorse.     Facing  upward. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 

Farinaceous.  Starchy,  or  containing 
starch. 

Fascicle.     A  dense  cluster. 

Fascicled.     Borne  in  dense  clusters. 

Fastigiate.  Stems  or  branches  which 
are  nearly  erect  and  close  together. 

Fenestrate.  With  window-like  mark- 
ings. 

Fertile.  Bearing  spores,  or  bearing 
seed. 

Fertilization.  The  mingling  of  the  con- 
tents of  a  male  and  female  cell. 


1098 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL    TERMS. 


Ferruginous.     Color  of  iron-rust. 

Fetid.     Ill-smelling. 

Fibrillose,  With  fibres  or  fibre-like  or- 
gans. 

Filament.  The  stalk  of  an  anther;  the 
two  forming  the  stamen. 

Filamentous.  Composed  of  thread-like 
structures;  thread-like. 

Filiform.     Thread-like. 

Fimbriate.     With  fringed  edges. 

Fimbrillate.     Minutely  fringed. 

Fistular.     Hollow  and  cylindric. 

Flabellate.  Fan-shaped,  or  arranged 
like  the  sticks  of  a  fan. 

Flaccid.     Lax;  weak. 

Flexuous.  Alternately  bent  in  different 
directions. 

Floccose.  With  loose  tufts  of  wool-like 
hairs. 

Fcliaceous.     Similar  to  leaves. 

Foliolate.     Wifh  separate  leaflets. 

Follicle.  A  simple  fruit  dehiscent  along 
one  suture. 

Follicular.     Similar  to  a  follicle. 

Foveate.  Foveolate.  More  or  less 
pitted. 

Free.  Separate  from  other  organs;  not 
adnate. 

Frond.     The  leaves  of  ferns. 

Frutescent.  Fruticose.  More  or  less 
shrub-like. 

Fugacious.  Falling  soon  after  develop- 
ment. 

Fugitive.  Plants  not  native,  but  occur- 
ring here  and  there,  without  direct 
evidence  of  becoming  established. 

Funiculus.  The  stalk  of  an  ovule  or 
seed. 

Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped. 

Galta.  A  hood-like  part  of  a  perianth 
or  corolla. 

Galeate.     With  a  galea. 

Gametophyte.  The  sexual  generation  of 
plants. 

Gamopetalous.  With  petals  more  or  less 
united.  .  '.,. 

Gemma.  A  bud-like  propagative  or- 
gan. 

Gibbous. 
side. 

Glabrate.     Nearly  without  hairs. 

Glabrous.     Devoid  of  hairs. 

Gladiate.     Like  a  sword-blade. 

Gland.  A  secreting  cell,  or  group  of 
cells. 

Glandular.  With  glands,  or  gland- 
like. 

Glaucous.  Covered  with  a  fine  bluish 
or  white  bloom;  bluish-hoary. 

Globose.     Spherical  or  nearly  so. 

Glomerate.     In  a  compact  cluster. 


Enlarged  or   swollen  on  one 


Glomerule.     A  dense  capitate  cyme. 

Glumaceous.     Resembling  glumes. 

Glume.  The  scaly  bracts  of  the  spikelets 
of  grasses  and  sedges. 

Granulose.     Composed  of  grains. 

Gregarious.  Growing  in  groups  or  colo- 
nies. 

Gynobase.  A  prolongation  or  enlarge- 
ment of  the  receptacle  supporting  the 
ovary. 

Habit.     General  aspect. 

Habitat.  A  plant's  natural  place  of 
growth. 

Hastate.  Halberd-shaped;  like  sagit- 
tate ;  but  with  the  basal  lobes  diverg- 
ing. 

' Haustoria.  The  specialized  roots  cf 
parasites. 

Head.  A  dense  round  cluster  of  sessile 
of  nearly  sessile  flowers. 

Herbaceous.  Leaf- like  in  texture  and 
color,  pertaining  to  an  herb. 

Hilum.  The  scar  or  area  of  attachment 
of  a  seed  or  ovule. 

Hirsute.     With  rather  coarse  stiff  hairs. 

Hispid.     With  bristly  stiff  hairs. 

Hispidulous.     Diminutive  of  hispid. 

Hyaline.     Thin  and  translucent. 

Hypocotyl.  The  rudimentary  stem  of  the 
embryo;  also  termed  radicle. 

Hypogynium.  Organ  supporting  the 
ovary  in  some  sedges. 

Hypogynous.  Borne  at  the  base  of  the 
ovary,  or  below. 

Imbricated.     Overlapping. 

Imperfect.  Flowers  with  either  stamens 
or  pistils,  not  with  both. 

Incised.     Cut  into  sharp  lobes. 

Included.  Not  projecting  beyond  stir-- 
rounding parts. 

Incumbent.  With  the  back  against  the 
hypocotyl. 

Indehiscent.     Not  opening. 

Indusium.  The  membrane  covering  a 
sorus. 

Inequilateral.     Unequal  sided. 

Inferior.  Relating  to  an  organ  which 
arises  or  is  situated  below  another. 

Inflexed.     Abruptly  bent  inward. 

Inflorescence.  The  flowering  part  of 
plants;  its  mode  of  arrangement. 

Integument.     A  coat  or  protecting  layer. 

Internode.  Portion  of  a  stem  or  branch 
between  two  successive  nodes. 

Introrse.     Facing  inward. 

Involucil.     A  secondary  involucre. 

Involucrate.  With  an  involucre,  or  like 
one. 

Involucre.  A  whorl  of  bracts  subtend- 
ing a  flower  or  flower-cluster.  f 

Involute.     Rolled  inward)/.  ^-.  . 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL    TERMS. 


Irregular.     A  flower  in  which  one  or 
more  of  the  organs  of  the  same  series 
are  unlike. 
Labiate.     Provided  with  a  lip-like  organ; 

belonging  to  the  family  Labiatae. 
Laciniate.     Cut   into   narrow    lobes   or 

segments. 
Lanceolate.     Considerably  longer  than 

broad,    tapering    upward    from    the 

middle  or  below;  lance- shaped. 
Latex.    The  milky  sap  of  certain  plants. 
Leajlet.     One  of  the  divisions  of  a  com- 
pound leaf. 
Legume.     A  simple  dry  fruit  dehiscent 

along  both  sutures. 
Lenticular.     Lens-shaped. 
Ligulate.     Provided  with  or  resembling 

a  ligule. 
Ligule.     A  strap-shaped  organ,   as  the 

rays  in  Compositae. 
Limb.     The  expanded  part  of  a  petal, 

sepal,  or  gamopetalous  corolla. 
Linear.     Elongated    and   narrow   with 

sides  nearly  parallel. 
Lineolate.     With  fine  or  obscure  lines. 
Lobed.     Divided  to  about  the  middle. 
Lament.      A    jointed    legume,    usually 

constricted  between  the  seeds. 
Loculicidal.     Applied  to  capsules  which 

split  longitudinally. 

Lodicules.     Minute  hyaline  scales  sub- 
tending the  flower  in  grasses. 
Lunate.     Crescent- shaped. 
Lyrate.     Pinnatifid,   with  the  terminal 

lobe  or  segment  considerably  larger 

than  the  others. 
Macrosporange.       Sporange  containing 

macrospores. 
Macrospore.     The  larger  of  two  kinds  of 

spores  borne  by  a  plant,  usually  giving 

rise  to  a  female  prothallium. 
Marcescent.     Withering  but  remaining 

attached. 
Medullary.     Pertaining  to  the  pith  or 

medulla. 
Mericarp.     One  of  the  carpels  of  the 

Umbelliferae. 
Mesocarp.      The    middle    layer    of    a 

pericarp. 
Micro pyle.      Orifice  of  the  ovule,  and 

corresponding  point  on  the  seed. 
Murosporange.      Sporange    containing 

microspores. 
Microspore.     The  smaller  of  two  kinds 

of  spores  borne   by  a   plant,   usually 

giving    rise   to  a    male    prothallium; 

pollen-grain. 
Midvein  (Midrib}.     The  central  vein  or 

rib  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Monadelphous.    Stamens  united  by  their 

filaments. 


Moniliform.     Like  a  string  of  beads. 
Monoecious.     Bearing  stamens  and  pis- 
tils on  the  same  plant,  but  in  different 
flowers. 

Monstrous.     Unusual  or  deformed. 
Mucronate.     With  a  short  sharp  abrupt 

tip. 

Mucronulate.    Diminutive  of  mucronate. 
Muricate.     Roughened  with  short  hard 

processes. 

Muticous.     Pointless,  or  blunt. 
Naked.     Lacking  organs  or  parts  which' 
are  normally  present  in  related  spe- 
cies or  genera. 

Naturalized.  Plants  not  indigenous  to 
the  region,  but  so  firmly  established 
as  to  have  become  part  of  the  flora. 

Nectary.     A  sugar-secreting  organ. 

Node.  The  junction  of  two  internodes 
of  a  stem  or  branch,  often  hard  or 
swollen,  at  which  a  leaf  or  leaves  are 
usually  borne. 

Nodose.  Similar  to  nodes  or  joints; 
knotty. 

Nodulose.     Diminutive  of  nodose. 

Nut.  An  indehiscent  one-seeded  fruit 
with  a  hard  or  bony  pericarp. 

Nutlet.     Diminutive  of  nut. 

Obcordate.     Inversely  heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate.     Inverse  of  lanceolate. 

Oblong.  Longer  than  broad,  with  the 
sides  nearly  parallel,  or  somewhat 
curving. 

Obovate.     Inversely  ovate. 

Obovoid.     Inversely  ovoid. 

Obsolete.  Not  evident;  gone,  rudiment- 
ary, or  vestigial. 

Obtuse.     Blunt,  or  rounded. 

Ochreae.  The  sheathing  united  stipules 
of  Polygonaceae. 

Ochreolae.  The  ochreae  subtending 
flowers  in  the  Polygonaceae. 

Ochroleucous.     Yellowish  white. 

Ob'sphere.  The  cell  of  the  archegone 
which  is  fertilized  by  spermatozoids. 

Operculate.     With  an  operculum. 

Operculum.     A  lid. 

Orbicular.  Approximately  circular  in 
outline. 

Orthotropoos.  Term  applied  to  the 
straight  ovule,  having  the  hilum  at 
one  end  and  the  micropyle  at  the 
other. 

Ovary.  The  ovule-bearing  part  of  the 
pistil. 

Ovate.  In  outline  like  a  longitudinal 
section  of  a  hen's  egg. 

Ovoid.     Shaped  like  a  hen's  egg. 

Ovule.  The  macrosporange  of  flower- 
ing plants,  becoming  the  seed  on 
maturing. 


I  10O 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL    TERMS. 


Palate.  The  projection  from  the  lower 
lip  of  two-lipped  personate  corollas. 

Palet.  A  bract-like  organ  enclosing  or 
subtending  the  flower  in  grasses. 

Palmate.  Diverging  radiately  like  the 
fingers. 

Panicle.  A  compound  flower-cluster  of 
the  racemose  type,  or  cluster  of  spo- 
ranges. 

Paniculate.  Borne  in  paniclts  or  re- 
sembling a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous.  Term  applied  to  the 
irregular  flower  of  the  Pea  Family. 

Papillose.  With  minute  blunt  projec- 
tions. 

Pappus.  The  bristles,  awns,  teeth,  etc., 
surmounting  the  achene  in  the  Chic- 
ory and  Thistle  Families. 

Parasitic.  Growing  upon  other  plants 
and  absorbing  their  juices. 

Parietal.  Borne  along  the  wall  of  the 
ovary,  or  pertaining  to  it. 

Parted.     Deeply  cleft. 

Pectinate.     Comb  like. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a  flower- 
cluster,  or  of  a  sporange. 

Peduncle.  Stalk  of  a  flower,  or  a  flower- 
cluster,  or  a  sporocarp. 

Pedunculate.     With  a  peduncle. 

Peltate.  Shield  shaped;  a  flat  organ 
with  a  stalk  on  its  lower  surface. 

Penicillate.  With  a  tuft  of  hairs  or  hair- 
like  branches. 

Perfect.  Flowers  with  both  stamens  and 
pistils. 

Perfoliate.  Leaves  so  clasping  the  stem 
as  to  appear  as  if  pierced  by  it. 

Perianth.  The  modified  floral  leaves 
(sepals  or  petals),  regarded  collec- 
tively. 

Pericarp.  The  wall  of  the  fruit,  or  seed- 
vessel. 

Perigynium.  The  utricle  enclosing  the 
ovary  or  achene  in  the  genus  Carex. 

Perigynous.  Borne  on  the  perianth, 
around  the  ovary. 

Peripheral.  Pertaining  to  the  peri- 
phery. 

Persistent.  Organs  remaining  attached 
to  those  bearing  them  after  the  grow 
ing  period. 

Petal.  One  of  the  leaves  of  the  cor- 
olla. 

Petaloid.     Similar  to  petals;  petal-like. 

Petiolate.     With  a  petiole. 

Petiolule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Petiole.     The  stalk  of  the  leaf. 

Phyllode.     A  bladeless  petiole  or  rachis. 

Pilose.     With  long  soft  hairs. 

Pinna.  A  primary  division  of  a  pin- 
nately  compound  leaf. 


Pinnate.      Leaves  divided  into  leaflets 

or  segments  along  a  common  axis. 
Pinnatijid.       Pinnately     cleft     to    the 

middle  or  beyond. 
Pinnule.     A  division  of  a  pinna. 
Pistil.     The  central  organ  of  a  flower 

containing        the        macrosporanges 

(ovules). 
Pistillate.     With    pistils;    and    usually 

employed  in  the  sense  of  without  sta- 
mens. 

Placenta.     An  ovule-bearing  surface. 
Plicate.     Folded  into  plaits,  like  a  fan. 
Plumose.       Resembling     a     plume     or 

feather. 
Plumule.      The    rudimentary   terminal 

bud  of  the  embryo. 

Pollen.     Pollen  grain.     See  Microspore. 
Pollinia.     The  pollen-masses  of  the  Or- 
chid and  Milkweed  Families. 
Polygamous.     Bearing  both  perfect  and 

imperfect  flowers. 

Polypetalous.     With  separate  petals. 
Pome.     The   fleshy   fruit  of  the  Apple 

Family. 
Procumbent.     Trailing  or  lying  on  the 

ground. 

Prophylla.     Bractlets. 
Prothallium.     The  sexual  generation  of 

Pteridophyta. 

Puberulent.     With  very  short  hairs. 
Pubescent.     With  hairs. 
Punctate.       With    translucent    dots   or 

pits. 

Pungent.     With  a  sharp  stiff  tip. 
Pyriform.     Pear-shaped. 
Raceme.       An    elongated     determinate 

newer  cluster  with  each  flower  pedi- 

celled. 
Racemose.     In  racemes,  or  resembling  a 

raceme. 
Rachilla.     The  axis  of  the  spikelet  in 

grasses. 
Rachis.     The  axis  of  a  compound  leaf, 

or  of  a  spike  or  raceme. 
Radiant.     WTith    the   marginal   flowers 

enlarged  and  ray-like. 
Radiate.     With  ray- flowers;  radiating. 
Radicle.     The  rudimentary  stem  of  the 

embryo;  hypocotyl. 
Radicular.     Pertaining  to  the  radicle  or 

hypocotyl. 
Raphe  ( Rhaphe).     The  ridge  connecting 

the  hi  him  and  chalaza  of  an  anatro- 

pous  or  amphitropous  ovule;  the  ridge 

on  the  sporocarp  of  Marsilea. 
Ray.     One  of  the  peduncles  or  branches 

of  an  umbel;  the  flat  marginal  flowers 

in  Compositae. 
Receptacle.     The  end  of  the  flower  stalk, 

bearinr  »he  floral  organs;  or,  in  Com- 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL    TERMS. 


IIOI 


positae,  bearing  the  flowers;  also,  in 
some  ferns,  an  axis  bearing  sporanges. 

Recurved.     Curved  backward. 

Reflexed.     Bent  backward  abruptly. 

Regular.  Having  the  members  of  each 
part  alike  in  size  and  shape. 

Rent  form.     Kidney-shaped. 

Repand.  With  a  somewhat  wavy  margin. 

Reticulate.     Arranged  as  a  network. 

Retrose.  Turned  backward  or  down- 
ward. 

Retuse.    With  a  shallow  notch  at  the  end. 

Revolute.     Rolled  backward. 

Rhachis.     See  Rachis. 

Rhizome.     See  Rootstock. 

Root  stock.  A  subterranean  stem,  or  part 
of  one. 

Ringent.  The  gaping  mouth  of  a  two- 
lipped  corolla. 

Rostellum.    Beak  of  the  style  in  Orchids. 

Rostrate.     With  a  beak. 

Rosulate.     Like  a  rosette. 

Rotate.     With  a  flat  round  corollalimb. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 

Runcinate.  Sharply  pinnatifid,  or  in 
cised,  the  lobes  or  segments  turned 
backward. 

Sac.  A  pouch,  especially  the  cavities  of 
anthers. 

Saccate.     With  a  pouch  or  sac. 

Sagittate.  Like  an  arrow-head,  with 
the  lobes  turned  downward. 

Samara.  A  simple  indehiscent  winged 
fruit. 

Saprophyte.  A  plant  which  grows  on 
dead  organic  matter. 

Scabrous.     Rough. 

Scale.  A  minute,  rudimentary  or  vesti- 
gial leaf. 

Scape.  A  leafless  or  nearly  leafless  stem 
or  peduncle,  arising  from  a  subterra- 
nean part  of  a  plant,  bearing  a  flower 
or  flower  cluster. 

Scapose.  Having  scapes,  or  resembling 
a  scape. 

Scarious.  Thin,  dry,  and  translucent, 
not  green. 

Scorpioid.  Coiled  up  in  the  bud,  or  in 
the  beginning  of  growth,  unrolling  in 
expanding. 

Secund.    Borne  along  one  side  of  an  axis. 

Segment.     A  division  of  a  leaf  or  fruit. 

Sepal.     One  of  the  leaves  of  a  calyx. 

Septate.     Provided  with  partitions. 

Septicidal.  A  capsule  winch  splits 
longitudinally  into  and  through  its 
dissepiments. 

Serrate.    With  teeth  projecting  forward. 

Serrulate.  Diminutive  of  serrate;  ser- 
rate with  small  teeth. 

Sessile.     Without  a  stalk. 


Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 

Setose.     Bristly. 

Silicle.  A  silique  much  longer  than  wide. 

Silique.     An  elongated  two-valved  cap- 

sular  fruit,  with  two  parietal  placentae, 

usually  dehiscent. 

Sinuate.     With  strongly  wavy  margins. 
Sinuous.     In  form  like  the   path  of  a 

snake. 
Sinus.     The  space  between  the  lobes  of 

a  leaf. 
Sorus  (Sori).     A   group   or   cluster  of 

sporanges. 
Spadiceous.     Like   or    pertaining   to  a 

spadix. 

Spadix.     A  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 
Spathaceous.     Resembling  a  spathe. 
Spathe.     A  bract,  usually  more  or  less 

concave,  subtending  a  spadix. 
Spatulate.    Shaped  like  a  spatula;  spoon- 
shaped. 
Spermatozoids.    Cells  developed  in  the 

antherid,   for  the  fertilization  of  the 

oosphere. 
Spicate.     Arranged  in  a  spike;  like  a 

spike. 
Spike.     An  elongated  flower-cluster  or 

cluster  of  sporanges,  with   sessile  or 

nearly  sessile  flowers  or  sporanges. 
Spikelet.     Diminutive   of   spike;    espe- 
cially    applied    to   flower-clusters  of 

grasses  and  sedges. 
Spinose.     With    spines,    or   similar    to 

spines. 

Spinule.     A  small  sharp  projection. 
Spinulose.     With  small  sharp  processes 

or  spines. 

Sporange.     A  sac  containing  spores. 
Spore.     An  asexual  vegetative  cell. 
Sporocarp.    Organ  containing  sporanges 

or  sori. 
Sporophyte.     The  asexual  generation  of 

plants. 
Spreading.     Diverging  nearly  at  right 

angles;  nearly  prostrate. 
Spur.      A    hollow    projection    from    a 

floral  organ. 

Squarrose.     With  spreading  or  project- 
ing parts. 
Stamen.     The  organ  of  a  flower  which 

bears  the  microspores  (pollen-grains). 
Staminodium.      A    sterile    stamen,    or 

other  organ  in  the  position  of  a  stamen. 
Standard.     The  upper,  usually  broad, 

petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
Stellate.     Star-like. 
Sterigmata.   The  projections  from  twigs, 

l>earing  the  leaves,  in  some  genera  of 

Pinaceae. 

S  erile.    Without  spores,  or  without  seed. 
Stigma.    The  summit  or  side  of  the 


1 1 02 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL    TERMS. 


pistil  to  which  pollen-grains  become 
attached. 

Stipe.     The  stalk  of  an  organ. 

Slipitate.     Provided  with  a  stipe. 

Stipules.  Appendages  to  the  base  of  a 
petiole,  often  adnate  to  it. 

Stipulate.     With  stipules. 

Stolon.  A  basal  branch  rooting  at  the 
nodes. 

Stolonifcrous.  Producing  or  bearing 
stolons. 

Stoma  {Stomata).  The  transpiring  ori- 
fices in  the  epidermis  of  plants. 

Strict.     Straight  and  erect. 

Strigose.  With  appressed  or  ascending 
stiff  hairs. 

Strophiole.  An  appendage  to  a  seed  at 
the  hilum. 

Strophiolate.     With  a  strophiole. 

Style.     The  narrow  top  of  the  ovary. 

Stylopodium.  The  expanded  base  of  a 
style. 

Subacnte.     Somewhat  acute. 

Subcordate.     Somewhat  heart-shaped. 

Subcoriaceous.  Approaching  leathery  in 
texture. 

Subfalcate.     Somewhat  scythe-shaped. 

Subligneous.  Somewhat  woody  in  tex- 
ture. 

Subterete.     Nearly  terete. 

Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 

Subversatile.  Partly  or  imperfectly  ver- 
satile. 

Succulent.     Soft  and  juicy. 

Sulcate.     Grooved  longitudinally. 

Superior.  Applied  to  the  ovary  when 
free  from  the  calyx;  or  to  a  calyx  ad- 
nate to  an  ovary. 

Suture.     A  line  of  splitting  or  opening. 

Symmetrical.  Applied  to  a  flower  with 
its  parts  of  equal  numbers. 

Syncarp.  A  fleshy  multiple  or  aggregate 
fruit. 

Tendril.     A  slender  coiling  organ. 

Terete.     Circular  in  cross  section. 

7"ernate.  Divided  into  three  segments, 
or  arranged  in  threes. 

Tetradynamous.  With  four  long  sta- 
mens and  two  shorter  ones. 

Thallus.  A  usually  flat  vegetative  organ. 

Thyrsoid.     Like  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.     A  compact  panicle. 

Tomentose.     Covered  with  tomentum. 

Tomentulose.     Diminutive  of  tomentose. 

Tomentum.  Dense  matted  wool-like 
hairs. 

Torsion.     Twisting  of  an  organ. 

Tortuous.     Twisted  or  bent. 

Tracheae.  The  canals  or  ducts  in  woody 
tissue. 

Trachaids.     Wood-cells, 


Triandrous.     With  three  stamens. 

Tricarpous.    Composed  of  three  carpels. 

Trimorphous.  Flowers  with  stamens  oi 
three  different  lengths  or  kinds;  in 
three  forms. 

Triquetrous.  Three-sided,  the  sides 
channeled. 

Truncate.  Terminated  by  a  nearly 
straight  edge  or  surface. 

Tuber.  A  thick  short  underground 
branch  or  part  of  a  branch. 

Tubercle.  The  persistent  base  of  the 
style  in  some  Cyperaceae;  a  small 
tuber. 

Tuberculate.     With  rounded  projections. 

Turbinate.     Top-shaped. 

Uliginous.     Inhabiting  mud. 

Umbel.  A  determinate,  usually  convex 
flower-cluster,  with  all  the  pedicels 
arising  from  the  same  point. 

Umbellate.  Borne  in  umbels;  resemb- 
ling an  umbel. 

Umbellet.     A  secondary  umbel. 

Umbelloid.     Similar  to  an  umbel. 

Uncinate.  Hooked,  or  in  form  like  a 
hook. 

Unditlate.     With  wavy  margins. 

Urceolate.      Urn-shaped. 

Utricle.  A  bladder-like  organ;  a  one- 
seeded  fruit  with  a  loose  pericarp. 

Valvate.  Meeting  by  the  margins  in 
the  bud,  not  overlapping;  dehiscent 
by  valves. 

Vascular.     Relating  to  ducts  or  vessels. 

Vein.  One  of  the  branches  of  the 
woody  portion  of  leaves  or  other  or- 
gans. 

Veinlet.     A  branch  of  a  vein. 

Velum.  A  fold  of  the  inner  side  of  the 
leaf -base  in  Isoetes. 

Velutinous.  Velvety;  with  dense  fine 
pubescence. 

Venation.     The  arrangement  of  veins. 

Vernation.  The  arrangement  of  leaves 
in  the  bud. 

Versatile.  An  anther  attached  at  or 
near  its  middle  to  the  filament. 

Verticil.     See  Whorl. 

Verticillate.  With  three  or  more  leaves 
or  branches  at  a  node ;  whorled. 

Vestigial.  In  the  nature  of  a  vestige  or 
remnant. 

Villous.  With  long  soft  hairs,  not 
matted  together. 

Virgate.     Wand- like. 

Whorl.  A  group  of  three  similar  or- 
gans or  more,  radiating  from  a  node. 
Verticil. 

Whorled.     See  Verticillate. 

Winged.  With  a  thin  expansion  or  ex- 
pansions. 


ABBREVIATIONS    OF   THE   NAMES   OF 
AUTHORS. 


A.  Benn.     Bennett,  Arthur. 

A.  Br.     Braun,  Alexander. 
Adans.     Adanson,  Michel. 
Ait.     Aiton,  William. 

Ait.  f.     Alton,  William  Townsend. 

All.     Allioni,  Carlo. 

Anders.     Andersson,  Nils  Johan. 

Andr.     Andrews,  Henry  C. 

Andrz.  Andrzejowski,  Anton  Luki- 
anowicz. 

Angs.     Angstrom,  Johan. 

Ard.     Arduino,  Luigi. 

Am.     Arnott,  George  Arnold  Walker. 

Aschers.  Ascherson,  Paul  Friedrich 
August. 

Aubl.  Aublet,  Jean  Baptiste  Christo- 
phore  Fusee. 

Attst.     Austin,  Coe  Finch, 

Bab.     Babington,  Charles  Cardale. 

Bald.     Baldwin,  William. 

Baill.     Baillon,  Henri. 

Bartl.     Bartling,  Friedrich  Gottlieb. 

Bart.     Barton,  William  P.  C. 

Bartr.     Bartram,  John. 

Beatw.  Palisot  de  Beauvois,  A.  M. 
F.J. 

Benth.    Bentham,  George. 

Benth.  6°  Hook.  Bentham,  George, 
and  Hooker,  Joseph  Dalton. 

Berch.     Berchtold,  Friedrich  von. 

Bernh.     Bernhardi,  Johann  Jacob. 

Bess.     Besser,  Wilhelm  S.  J.  G.  von. 

Bieb.     Beiberstein,  F.  A.  M.  von. 

Bigel.     Bigelow,  Jacob. 

Bisch.     Bischoff ,  Gottlieb  Wilhelm. 

Biv.     Bivona-Bernardi,  Antonio. 

Boeckl.    Boeckeler,  Otto. 

Boehm.     Bpehmer,  Georg  Rudolf. 

Boiss.     Boissier,  Edmond. 

Borck.  Borckhausen,  Moritz  Bal- 
thazar. 

Brack.    Brackinridge,  William  D. 

Brew.     Brewer,  William  Henry. 

B.  S.   P.     Britton,    N.    L.;     Sterns, 
Emerson    Alexander;     Poggenburg, 
Justus. 

Brot.     Brotero,  Felix  de  Avellar. 

Buck.     Buchenau,  Franz. 

Buckl.    Buckley,  Samuel  Botsford. 


Burgsd.     Burgsdorff,     Friedrich     Au- 
gust Ludwig  von. 
Carr.     Carriere,  Elie  Abel, 
Casp.     Caspary,  Robert. 
Cass.     Cassini,  Henri. 
Cav.     Cavanilles,  Antonio  Jose. 
Celak.     Celakowsky,  Ladislav. 
Cerv.     Cervantes,  Vicente. 
Charh.     Chamisso,  Adalbert  von. 
C.    &>  S.,    Cham,  d^  Sch.     Chamisso 

and  Sehlechtendahl. 
Chapm.      Chapman,      Alvan      Went- 

worth. 

Chois.     Choisy,  Jacques  Denis. 
Clairv.    Clairville,  Joseph  Philippe  de. 
Clayt.     Clayton,  John. 
Cogn.     Cogniaux,  Alfred. 
Coult.     (Dips.)     Coulter,  Thomas. 
Coult.     Coulter,  John  Merle. 
C.  &  K.     Coulter,  J.  M.    and   Rose, 

Joseph  Nelson. 

Darl.     Darlington,  William. 
Davenp.     Davenport,  George  Edward. 
DC.     De  Candolle,  Augustin  Pyramus. 
A.  DC.     De;  Candolle,  Alphcnse. 
Dec.     Decaisne,  Joseph. 
Desf.     Desfontaine,  Rene  Louiche. 
Desr.     Desroussoux, 
Pesv.     Desvaux,  Nicaise  Augustin. 
Dicks.     Dickson,  James. 
Dietr.      Dietrich,      David     Nathanael 

Friedrich. 

Dill.     Dillen,  John  Jacob. 
Dougl.     Douglas,  David. 
Drej.    Drejer,  Saloman  Thomas  Nicolai. 
Dryand.     Dryander,  Jonas. 
Dufr.     Dufresne,  Pierre. 
Dumort.     Dumortier,  Barth6lemy 

Charles. 

Eat.     Eaton,  Amos. 
Eat.  &>  Wr.  Eaton,  Amos,  and  Wright, 

John. 

Eberm.     Ebennaier,  Karl  Heinrich. 
Ehrh.     Ehrhart,  Friedrich. 
Ell.     Elliott,  Stephen. 
Endl.     Endlicher,  Stephen  Ladislaus. 
Engelm.     Engelmann,  George. 
Esch.     Escholtz,  Johann  Friedricb 
Fabr.     Fabricius.  Philipp  Konrad 
1103 


I  1 04     ABBREVIATIONS   OF   THE  NAMES   OF  AUTHORS. 


Fisch.     Fischer,  Friedrich  Ernst  Lud- 

wig  von. 

F.  &>M.     Fischer  and  Meyer,  C.  A. 
Foug.     Fougeroux,  Auguste  Denis. 
Forsk.     Forskal,  Pehr. 
Forst.     Forster,  Johann  Reinhold  and 

George. 
Fresen.       Fresenius,    Johann    Baptist 

Georg  Wolfgang. 
FroeL     Froelich,  Joseph  Aloys. 
Gaert.     Gaertner,  Joseph. 
Gaertn.  f.     Gaertner,  Carl  Friedrich. 
Gal.     Galeotti,  Henri. 
Gaud.     Gaudichaud-Beaupre,  Charles. 
Gey.     Geyer,  Carl  Andreas. 
Gill.     Gillies,  John. 
Ging.     Gingins  de  Lassaraz,  Frederic 

Charles  Jean. 

Glox.     Gloxin,  Benjamin  Peter. 
Gtnel.     Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb.. 
Gmel.   J.  F.     Gmelin,   Johann   Fried- 

rich. 

Gooden.     Goodenough,  Samuel. 
Gren.  6°  Godr.     Grenier,  Charles,  and 

Godron,  D.  A. 

Grev.     Greville,  Robert  Kaye. 
Griseb.     Grisebach,    Heinrich    Rudolf 

August. 

Gronov.     Gronovius,  Jan  Frederik. 
Guss.     Gussone,  Giovanni. 
Hack.     Hackel,  Eduard. 
Hall.     Haller,  Albert  von. 
Hamilt.     Hamilton,  William. 
Hartm.     Hartman,  Carl  Johann. 
Hassk.     Hasskarl,  Justus  Carl. 
Hausskn.     Haussknecht,  Carl. 
Haw.     Haworth,  Adrian  Hardy. 
HBK.    Humboldt,  Friedrich  Alexander 

von ;  Bonpland,  Aime    and  Kunth, 

Carl  Siegesmund. 
Hegelm.     Hegelmaier,  Friedrich. 
Hell.     Hellenius,  Carl  Niclas. 
Heist.     Heister,  Lorenz. 
Herb,     Herbert,  William. 
Hitch.     Hitchcock,  Albert  Spear. 
Hochst.     Hochstetter,  Christian  Fried- 
rich. 

Hoffm.     Hoffman,  Georg  Franz. 
Hoffmg.     Hoffmansegg,    Johann    Cen- 

turius. 

Holl.     Hollick,  Arthur. 
Hook.     Hooker,  William  Jackson. 
H.  &  A.     Hooker,  W.  J.,  and  Arnott, 

George  A.  Walker. 
Hook.  f.     Hooker,  Joseph  Dalton. 
Hornem.     Hornemann,  Jens  Wilken. 
Huds.     Hudson,  William. 
Irm.     Irmisch,  Thilo. 
Jacq.     Jacquin,  Nicholas  Joseph. 
Juss.     Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent. 
A-  Juss.     Jussieu,  Adrien  de. 


Karst.     Karsten,  H. 

Kl.     Klotsch,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Kuehl.     Kiihlwein. 

L.  Linnaeus,  Carolus,  or  Carl  von 
Linne. 

L.  f.     Linn6,  Carl  von  (the  son). 

LHer.  L'Heritier  de  Brutelle,  Charles 
Louis. 

Laest.     Laestadius,  Lars  Levi. 

Lag.     Lagasca,  Mariano. 

Lam.  Lamarck,  Jean  Baptiste  Antoine 
Pierre  Monnet. 

Lamb.     Lambert,  Ay  liner  Bourke. 

Leavenw.     Leavenworth,  Melines  C. 

Ledeb.     Ledebour,  Carl  Friederich  von. 

Lehm.  Lehmann,  Johann  Georg  Chris- 
tian. 

Le  Peyr.     Le  Peyrouse,  Philippe. 

Lepeh.     Lepechin,  Iwan, 

Lesp.  6°  Tkev.  Lespinasse,  G.,  and 
Theveneau,  A. 

Less.     Lessing,  Christian  Friedrich. 

Lestib.     Lestiboudois,  Francois  Joseph. 

Light/.     Lightfoot,  John. 

Lilj.     Liljeblad,  Samuel. 

Lindl.     Lindley.  John. 

Lodd.     Loddiges,  Conrad. 

Loefl.     Loefling,  Pehr. 

Lois.  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,  Jean 
Louis  Auguste. 

Loud.     Loudon,  Johri  Claudius. 

Lour.     Loureiro,  Juan. 

MacM.     MacMillan,  Conway. 

Marsh.     Marshall,  Humphrey. 

Mars.     Marsson,  Theodor. 

Mart,     Martens,  Martin. 

Mart.  6°  Gal.  Martens,  Martin,  and 
Galeotti,  Henri. 

Maxim.     Maximowicz,  Carl  Johann. 

Med.     Medicus,  Friedrich  Cassimir. 

Meisn.     Meisner,  Carl  Friedrich. 

Mer.     Merat,  Francois  Victor. 

Mert.  6-  Koch,  or  M.  6-  K.  Mertens, 
Franz  Karl,  and  Koch,  Wilhelm 
Daniel  Joseph.  j^r.  \ 

Mett.     Mettenius,  George  Heinrich. 

Mey.  Meyer,  Ernst  Heinrich  Fried- 
rich. 

Michx.     Michaux,  Andre. 

Michx.  f.     Michaux,  Fran£ois  Andre. 

Mill.     Miller,  Philip. 

Millsp.    Millspaugh,  Charles  Frederic. 

Mitch.     Mitchell,  John. 

Mont.  Montagne,  Jean  Fran£ois  Ca- 
mille. 

Moric.     Moricand,  Moise  ^tienne. 

Moq.     Moquin-Tandon,  Alfred. 

Muell.  Arg.     Miiller,  Jean,  of  Aargau. 

Muench.     Muenchhausen.  Otto  von. 

Muhl.     Miihlenberg,  Heinrich  Ludwig. 

Murr.     Murray,  Johann  Andreas. 


ABBREVIATIONS   OF   THE  NAMES   OF  AUTHORS.     I  1 05 


Neck.     Necker,  Noel  Joseph  de. 

Nestl.     Nestler,  Christian  Gottfried. 

Nutt.     Nuttall,  Thomas. 

Ort.     Ortega,  Casimiro  Gomez. 

Pall.     Pallas,  Peter  Simon. 

ParL     Parlatore,  Filippo. 

P.  Br.     Browne,  Patrick. 

Pers.     Persoon,  Christian  Hendrik. 

Planch. '   Planchon,  Jules  Emile. 

Poir.     Poiret,  Jean  Louis  Marie. 

Poll.     Pollich,  Johann  Adam. 

Pourr.     Pourret,  Pierre  Andre. 

R.  Br.     Brown,  Robert. 

Raf.  Rafinesque-Schmaltz,  Constan- 
tino  Samuel. 

Redf.  &  Rand.  Redfield,  John  H,, 
and  Rand,  Edward  S. 

Reichenb.  Reichenbach,  Heinrich  Gott- 
lieb Ludwig. 

Retz.     Retzius,  Anders  Johan. 

Richards.     Richardson,  John. 

Roem.     Roemer,  Johann  Jacob. 

R.  6-  S.  Roemer,  J.  J.,  and  Schultes, 
Joseph  August. 

Roem.  &>  Us  1.  Roemer,  J.  J.,  and 
Usteri,  Paulus. 

Rostk.  Rostkovius,  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
Gottlieb. 

Rottb.     Rottboell,  Christen  Fries. 

Roxb.     Roxburgh,  William. 

R.  6°  /".  Ruiz,  Lopez  Hipolito,  and 
Pavon,  Josef. 

Rupr.     Ruprecht,  Franz  J. 

Rydb.     Rydberg,  Per  Axel. 

St.  Mil.     St.  Hilaire,  August  de. 

Sahsb.     Salisbury,  Richard  Anthony. 

Sarg.     Sargent,  Charles  Sprague. 

Sartw.     Sartwell,  Henry  P. 

Sav.     Savi,  Gaetano. 

Schk.     Schkuhr,  Christian. 

Schlecht.  Schlechtendal,  Diedrich 
Franz  Leon  hard  von. 

Schleich.     Schleicher,  J.  C. 

Schleid.     Schleiden,  Matthias  Jacob. 

Schrad.     Schrader,  Heinrich   Adolph. 

Schreb.  Schreber,  Johann  Christian 
Daniel  von. 

Schult.     Schultes,  Joseph  August. 

Sck.  Bip.  Schultz  Bipontinus,  Karl 
Heinrich. 

Schum.  Schumacher,  Christian  Fried- 
rich. 

Schwein.    Schweinitz,Lewis  David  von. 

Scop.     Scopoli,  Johann  Anton. 

Scribn.     Scribner,  Frank  Lamson. 

Scribn.  6°  Ryd.  Scribner,  F.  L.,  and 
Rydberg,  P.  A. 

Ser.     Seringe,  Nicolas  Charles. 

Seub.     Seubert,  Moritz. 

Sheld.     Sheldon,  Edmund  P. 

Shxttlw.    Shuttleworth,  Robert 


Sibth.     Sibthorp,  John. 

Sfe6.  6°  Zucc.     Siebold,  Philipp  Franz 

von,  and  Zuccarini,  Joseph  Gerhard. 
Soland.     Solander.  Daniel. 
Spreng.     Sprengel,  Kurt. 
Steud.     Steudel,  Ernest  Gottlieb. 
Stev.     Steven,  Christian. 
Sudw.     Sudworth,  George  B. 
Sw.    Swartz,  Olof. 
S.  Wats.     Watson,  Sereno. 
Thuill.     Thuillier,  Jean  Louis. 
Thunb.     Thunberg,  Carl  Peter. 
Thurb.     Thurber,  George. 
Torr.    Torrey,  John. 
Torr.     &     Schw.     Torrey,     J.,     and 

Schweinitz,  L.  D. 
Torr.    6°  Hook.      Torrey,  John,    and 

Hooker,  William  Jackson. 
Tourn.     Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de. 
Tratt.     Trattinnick,  Leopold. 
Trel.     Trelease,  William. 
Traut.     Trautvetter,  Ernest  Rudolph. 
Trin.     Trinius,  Karl  Bernhard. 
Trin   &  Rupr.      Trinius,    Karl,    and 

Ruprecht,  F.  J. 

Tucker  m.     Tuckerman,  Edward. 
Turcz.     Turczaninow,  Nicolaus. 
Underw.     Underwood,  Lucien  Marcus. 
Vaill.     VaiUant,  Sebastien. 
Veil.     Velloso,  Jose  Marianno  de  Con- 


Vent.     Ventenat,  Etienne  Pierre. 
Vill.     Villars,  Dominique. 
Wahl.     Wahlenberg,  Georg. 
Wahlb.     Wahlenberg,  Pehr  FriedricK 
W.  &*  K.      Waldstein,   Franz  Adam 

von,  and  Kitalbal,  Paul. 
Wallr.    Wallroth,  Karl  Friedrich  Wil- 

helm. 

Walp.     Walpers,  Wilhelm  Gerhard. 
Walt.     Walter,  Thomas. 
Wang.    Wangenheim,  Friedrich  Adam 

Julius  von. 
Wats.  &  Coult.     Watson,  Sereno,  and 

Coulter,  John  Merle. 
Web.     Weber,  Friedrich. 
Wedd.     Weddell,  H.  A. 
Weinm.     Weinmann. 
Wender.    Wenderoth,  George  Wilhelm 

Franz. 

Wettst.     Wettstein,  R.  von. 
Wigg.     Wiggers,  Friedrich  Heinrich. 
Willd.     Willdenow,  Carl  Ludwig. 
Wimm.     Wimmer,  Friedrich. 
Wisliz.     Wislizenus,  A. 
With.     Withering,  William. 
Wolfg.     Wolfgang. 
Woodv.     Woodville,  William. 
Wormsk.     Wormskiold,  M.  von. 
Wr.     Wright,  John. 
Wulf.     Wulfen,  Franz  Xavier. 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


[Classes,  Orders,  Families  and  Tribes   in  SMALL  CAPITALS;  genera  in 
roman;  synonyms  in  italics.] 


Abama,  255 
Abies,  34 
Abronia,  383 
Abutilon,  621 
Acacia,  527 
Acalypha,  588 

ACANTHACEAE,  853 

Acer,  607,  1068 

ACERACEAE,   607 

Acerates,  745 
Achillea,  1013 
Achroanthes,  303 
Acnida,  379 
Aconitum,  417 
Acorus,  231 
Actaea,  414 
Actinospermum,  1004 
Acuan,  527 
Adelia,  725 
Adenocaulon,  979 
Adiantum,  7 
Adicea,  343 
Adlurma,  441 
Adonis,  431 
Adopogon,   891 
Adoxa,  877 
ADOXACEAE,  877 
AEgopodium,  680 
AEschynomene,  558 
AEsculus,  609 
AEthusa,  682 
Afzelia,  835 
Agastache,  785 
Agave,  280 
Agoseris,  900 
Agrimonia,  511 
Agropyron,   153 
Agrostemma,  388 
AGROSTIDEAE,  63 
Agrostis,  109 
Ailanthus,  582 
Aira,  115 
AIZOACEAE,  383 
Ajuga, 781,  1076 
Alchemilla,  510 
Aletris,  268 
Alisma,  54 
Alisma,  54 
ALISMACEAE,  53 
Alliaria,  447 
Allionia,  382,  1063 
Allium,  262,  1058 
Allocarya,  769 
Alnus,  329,  1062 
Alopecurus,  102 
Alsine,  394,  1064 
Althaea,  618 


Alyssum,  466 
Alyssum   466 
AMARANTHACEAE,  377 
Amaranthus,  377 
AMARYLLIDACEAE,  278 
Ambrosia,  910 
AMBROSIACEAE,  908 
Amelanchier,  517,  1066 
Amianthium,  257 
Ammannia,  648 
Ammodenia,  402 
Ammophila,  114 
Ammoselinum,  678 
Amorpha,  545 
Ampelanus,  746 
Ampelopsis,  615 
Amphiachyris,  928 
Amphicarpa,  569 
Amphicarpon,  75 
Amphilophis,  71 
Amsonia,  737 
Amygdalus,  526 
ANACARDIACEX,^,  599 
Anagallis,  718 
Anaphalis,  976 
Anastrophus,  75 
Anchistea,  10 
Andrachne,  586 
Andromeda,  703 
Andropogon,  68,  1046 
Andropogon,  71 
ANDROPOGONEAE,  62 
Androsace,  714 
Androstephium,  264 
Anemone,  418 
Anemonella,  420 
Anethum,  683 
Angelica,  684 
ANGIOSPERMAE,  38 
Anogra,  658,  1071 
ANONACEAE,  410 
Antennaria,  973,  1083 
ANTHEMIDEAE,  917 
Anthemis,  1014 
Anthoxanthum,  92 
Anthriscus,  674 
Antirrhinum,  822 
Anychia,  404 
Apera,  115 
Aphanostephus,  943 
Aphyllon,  849 
Apiastrum,  676 
Apios,  569 
Apium,  677,  1072 
Apium,  678 
Aplectrum,  304 
Aplopappus,  932,  933 


APOCYNACEAE,  737 
Apocynum,  738 
Aquilegia,  415 
Arabis,  463 
ARACEAE,  229 
Aragallus,  555 
A  RALES,   228 
Aralia,  667 
ARALIACEAE,  667 
Arceuthobium,  344 
Archentora,  686 
Archichlamideae,  306 
Arctagrostis,  108 
Arctium,  1029 
Arctostaphylos,  706 
Arenaria,  400,  1064 
Arenaria,  402 
Arethusa,  298 
Argemone,  439 
Argentina,  502 
Arisaema,  229,  1057 
Aristida,  93,  1052 
Aristolochia,  349 
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE,  347 
ARISTOLOCHIALES,  346 
Armeria,  Tig 
Arnica,  1022 
Arnoseris,  892 
Aronia,  516 
Arrhenatherum,  118 
Artemisia,  1017 
Aruncus,  492 
Arundinaria,  158 
Asarum,  348 

ASCLEPIADACEAE,   740 

Asclepias,  740,  1075,  1076 
Asclepiodora,  745 
Ascyrum,  625 
Asimina,  410 
Asparagus,  270 
Asperugo,  772 
Asperula,  868,  1081 
Aspidium,  14 
Asplenium,  10 
Asprella,  158 
Aster,  946,  1083 
Aster,  071 

ASTEREAE,   914 

Astilbe,  477 
Astragalus,  550,  1067 
Astragalus,  555,  1067 
Atamasco,  279 
Atheropogon,  123 
Atragene,  422 
Atriplex,  372 
Avena,   117 
AVENEAE,  64 

IIO7 


no8 


INDEX  OF  LA  TIN  NAMES. 


Azalea,  698 
Azolla,  21 

Calamagrostis,  in 
Calamintha,  798 

Chimaphila,  694 
Chimonanthus,  435 

Baccharis,  971 

Calamovilfa,  114 

Chiogenes,  711 

Bahia,  1008 

Calceolaria,  640 

Chionanthus,  726 

Balanops,  322 

Calla,  230 

CHLORIDEAE,  64 

Balanopsidaceae,  322 
BALANOPSI  DALES,  322 

Callicarpa,  779 
Callirrhoe,  619 

Chloris,  121 
Chondrilla,  895 

Ballota,  791 

CALLITRICHACEAE,  596 

Chondrophora,  930 

BALSAMINACEAE,  610 

Callitriche,  596 

CHORIPETALAE,  306 

BAMBUSEAE,  67 

Calluna,  706 

Chrosperma,  257 

Baptisia,  535 

Calochortus,  267 

Chrysanthemum,  1014 

Barbarea,  451 
Bartonia,  73S.  i°75 

Calophanes,  853 
Calopogon,  298 

Chrysogonum,  982 
Chrysopogon,  71 

Bartsia,  842 

Caltha,  412 

Chrysopsis,  929 

Batodendron,  7°8,  1074 

CALYCANTHACEAE,  435 

Chrysosplenium,  483 

Batrachium,  428 

Calycanthus,  435 

Chrysothamnus,  931 

Beckmannia,  123 

Calycocarpum,  434 

CICHORIACEAE,  889 

Bellis,  943 

Calypso,  304 

Cichorium,  890 

Benzoin,  436 

Camassia,  267 

Cicuta,  679,  1073 

BERBERIDACEAE,  432 

Camelina,  459 

Cimicifuga,  415 

Berberis,  432 

Cammarum,  413 

Cinna,  108 

Berchemia,  611 

Campanula,  884,  1081 

Circaea,  663 

Bergia,  630 

CAMPANULACEAE,  883 

Cissus,  615 

Berlandiera,  982 

CAMPANULALES,  881 

ClSTACEAE,   630 

Berteroa,  466 

Camptosorus,  13 

Citrullus,  882 

Berula,  681 

Campulosus,  121 

Cladium,  186 

Betonica,  793 

Cannabis,  341 

Cladothrix,  380 

Betula,  327,  1061 

Capnoides,  441,  1065 

Cladrastis,  534 

BETULACEAE,  326 

CAPPARIDACEAE,  467 

Claytonia,  385 

Bicuculla,  440 

CAPRI  FOLIACEAE,  869 

Clematis,  420 

Bidens,  1000,  1083 

Capriola,  119 

Clematis,  423 

Bifora,   676 
Bigelovia,  931 

Capsella,  459 
Cardamine,  453 

Cleome,  467 
Cleomella,  468 

Bignonia,  851 

Cardiospermum,  610 

Clethra,  692 

BlGNONIACEAE,  850 

Carduus,  1030 

CLETHRACEAE,  693 

Billia,  608 

Carex,  189,  1056 

Clinopodium,  798 

Blephariglottis,  295 

Carpinus,  326 

Clintonia,  270 

Blephilia,  797 
Blitum,  371 

Carum,  679 
CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  387 

ClitorSa,  568 
Cnicus,  1036 

Boebera,  1012 

Cassandra,  704 

Cocculus,  434 

Boehmeria,  343 

Cassia,  529 

Cochlearia,  447 

Boltonia,  945 

Cassiope,  702 

Coeloglossum,  292 

BORAGINACEAE,  766 

Castalia,  407 

Coelopleurum,  683 

Borago,  776 

Castanea,  331 

Coleosanthus,  924 

Borrichia,  990 

Castilleja,  839 

Collinsia,  826 

Botrychium,  2,   1037 

CASUARINALES,  307 

Collinsonia,  807 

Bouteloua,  123 

Catabrosa,  133 

Collomia,  761 

Boufeloua,  123 

Catalpa,  852 

Colutea,  550 

Boykinia,  480 

Caucalis,  675 

Comandra,  345 

Brachiaria,  77 
Brachyactis,  966 

Caulophyllum,  433 
Ceanothus,  613 

Comarum,  501 
Commelina,  239 

Brachychaeta,  942 

Cebatha,  434 

COMMELINACEAE,  239 

Brachyelytrum,  101 
Bradburya,  568 

CELASTRACEAE,  605 
Celastrus,  606 

COMPOSITAE,   913 

Comptonia,  321 

Bradleya,  548 

Celtis,  339,  1062 

Conioselinum,  684 

Brasenia,  406 

Cenchrus,  90    1052 

Conium,  676 

Brassica,  449 

Centaurea,  1034,  1084 

Conobea,  828 

Brauneria,  989 

Centella,  672 

Conopholis,  850 

Breweria,  750 

Centrosema,  568 

Connngia,  467 

Brickellia,  924 

Centunculus,  718 

Convallarja,  273 

Briza,  135 

Cephalanthus,  862 

CONVALLTRIACEAE,  269 

BROMELIACEAE,  238 

Cerastium,  397 

CONVOLVULACEAE,    749 

Bromus,  148 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE,  408 

Convolvulus,  753,  1076 

Broussonetia,  340 

Ceratophyllum,  408 

Convolvulus,  753 

Brvmnichia,  367 

Cercis,  529 

Cooperia,  279 

Buchloe,  12? 

Cercocarpus,  509 

Coptis,  413 

Buchnera,  835 
Bulbilis,  125 

Chaerophyllum,  674,  1072 
Chaetochloa,  89,  1052 

Corallorhiza,  305 
Corema,  598 

Bumelia,  720 
Bupleurum,  677 
Burmannia,  289 

Chaetopappa,  944 
Chamaecistus,  700 
Chamaecyparis,  36 

Coreopsis,  997 
Corispermum,  374 

CORNACEAE,   689 

BURMANNIACEAE,  289 

Bursa,  459 

Chamaedaphne,  704 
Chamaelirium,  256 

Cornus,  689,  1073,  1074 
Coronilla,  557 

Butneria,  435 

Chamaenerion,  655 

Coronopus,  446 

BUXACEAE,  598 

Chamaesaracha,  813 

Corydalis,  441 

Cabomba,  406 

Cheilanthes,  9 

Corylus,  327 

Cacalia,  1024 

Chelidonium,  440 

Cotinus,  601 

CACTACEAE,  643 

Chelone,  823 

Cotoneaster,  522 

Cactus,  644 

CHENOPODIACEAE,  368 

Tracca,  548 

CAESALPINIACEAE,  528 

CHENOPODIALES,  367 

"rantzia,  68  a 

Cakile,  448 

Chenopodium,  368,  1063 

"rassina,  983 

INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


IIOQ 


CRASSULACEAE,  473 

DlPSACEAE,  880 

Erythronium,  266 

Crataegus,  518,  1066 

Dipsacus,  880 

Eulophus,  680 

Crepis,  901 
Cristatella,  468 

Dirca,  646 
Discopk-ura,  681 

Euonymus,  605 

EUPATORIEAE,   914 

Crotalaria,  536 

Disporum,  272 

Eupatorium,  920 

Croton,  586 

Distichlis,   135 

Euphorbia,  590 

Crotonopsis,  587 

Ditaxis,  587 

EUPHORBIACEAE,   585 

CRUCI  FERAE,  443 
Cryptanthe,  769 
Cryptogramma,  8 

Dodecatheon,  719,  1074 
Doellingeria,  970 
Dolicholus,  570 

Euphrasia,  841    1080,  io8x 
Eurotia,  374 
Eustoma,  731 

Cryptotaenia,  679 
Cuoelium,  640 

Dondia,  376 
Draba,  460 

Euthamia,  942 
Evolvulus,  751 

Cucurbita,  882 

CUCURBITACEAE,  88l 

Dracocephalum,  787 
Drosera,  470 

FAGACEAE,  330 
FAGALES,  326 

Cunila,  803 

DROSERACEAE,  470 

Fagopyrum,  357 

Cuphea,  650 

DRUPACEAE,  523 

Fagus,  331 

Luscuta,  754 

Dryas,  509 

ralcata,  569 

CUSCUTACEAE,   754 

Drymocallis,  499 

Festuca,  145 

CYCADALES,  30 

Dryopteris,  14 

FESTUCEAE,  65 

CYCLANTHACEAE,  228 

Duchesnea,  501 

Ficaria,  429 

Cyclanthera,  883 

Dulichium,  166 

Filago,  972 

Cycloloma,  372 
Cymbalaria,  820 

Dupatya,  237 
Dupontia,  142 

FlLICALES,    I 

Filix,  17 

Cymopterus,  685,  1073 
Cynanchum,  747 

Dysodia,  1012 
Eatonia,  132,  1053 

Fimbristylis,  173 
Flaveria,  1006 

CYNAREAE,  917 

EBENACEAE,  721 

Floerkea,  599 

Cynoctonum,  727 

EBENALES,  720 

Foeniculum,  682 

Cynodon,  119 

Echinacea,  989 

Forestiera,  725 

Cynoglossum,  768 
Cynomarathrum,  1073 
Cynosciadium,  682 

Echinocactus,  643 
Echinocereus,  643 
Echinochloa,  78 

Fothergilla,  489 
Fragaria,  500 
Franseria,  911 

Cynosurus,  136 

Echinodorus,  54 

Frasera,  734 

CYPERACEAE,  158 
Cypcru*.  150,  1054 

Echinodorus,  54 
Echinopanax,  1072 

Fraxinus,  724,  1075 
Fritillaria,  266 

Cypripedium,  290 

Echinospernum,  768 

Froelichia,  380 

Cyrilla,  602 

Echium,  776 

Fuirena,  182 

CYRILLACEAE,  602 

Eclipta,  984 

Fumaria,  442 

Cyrtorhyncha,  430 

ELAEAGNACEAE,  646 

FUMARIACEAE,  438 

Cystopteris,  17 
Cytisus,  537 

Elaeagnus,  647 
ELATINACEAE,  629 

Gaertneria,  911 

Gaillardia,  1011 

Dactylis,  136 

Elatine,  629 

Galactia,  570 

F      :y'octenium,  124 

Elatinoidcs,  820 

Galax,  713 

Li-La,  545 

Eleocharis,  167,  1054 

GALEGEAE,  533 

Daiibarda;  499 

Elephantella,  842 

Galeopsis,  789 

Danthonia,  118 

Elephantopus,  919 

Galeorchis,  292 

Daphne,  646 

Eleusine,  124 

Galinsoga,  1004 

Dasiphora,  499 
Dasystoma,  836 

Ellisia,  763 
Elodea,  60,  629 

Galium,  864,  1081 
Galpinsia,  662,  1071 

Datura,  816 

Elsholtzia,  807 

GAMOPETALAE,  691 

Daucus,  688 

Elymus,  156,  1053 

Gaultheria,  705 

Decodon,  649 

Elyna,  188 

Gaura,  662,  1071 

Decumaria,  484 

EMFETRACEAE,  598 

Gaurella,  661 

Delphinium,  416,  1064 
Dendrium,  700 
Dennstaedtia,  19 

Empetrum,  598 
Engelmannia,  982 
Eptfagus,  850 

Gaylussacia,  707 
Gelsemium,  726 
Gemmingia,  284 

Dentaria,  455,  1065,  1066 
Deringa,  679 

Epigaea,  705 
Epilobium,  655 

Genista,  537 
GENISTEAE,  532 

Deschampsia,  116 
Desmanthus,  527 
Destnodium,  559 
Dianthera,  854 

Epipactis,  299 
EQUISETACEAE,  21 
EQUISETALES,  21 
Equisetum,  21 

Gentiana,  731,  1075 
GENTIANACEAE,  728 
GENTIANALES,  723 
GERANIACEAE,  573 

Dianthus,  394 
Diapedium,  855 

Eragrostis,  129,  io$a 
Eranthis,  413 

GERANIALES,  572 
Geranium,  573 

Diapensia,  712 

Erechtites,  1023 

Gerardia,  837,  1080 

DIAPENSIACEAE,  712 
Dicentra,  440 

Erianthus  67,  1047 
ERICACEAE,  696 

Geum,  507 
Geum,  509 

Dichondra,  750 

ERICALES,  691 

s~*.  r     .*    J^* 

uiiola,  972 

Dichromena,  172 

Erigenia,  676 

Gilia,  759 

Dicksonia,  19 

Erigeron,  966 

Gillenia,  493 

Dicliptera,  855 

DlCOTYLEDONES,   306 

Eriocarpum  932 
ERIOCAULACEAE,  236 

Ginkgo,  37 
(jlaucium,  440 

Didiplis,  648 
Diervilla,  877 

Eriocaulon,  237,  1057 
Eriochloa,  76 

Glaux,  718 
Glecoma,  787 

Digitalis,  835 

Eriocoma,  98 

Gleditsia,  530 

Diodia,  863 
Dioscorea,  281 

Eriogonum,  351 
Eriophorum,  180 

Glyceria,  142 
Glycyrrhiza,  557 

DlOSCOREACEAE,  28l 

Diospyros,  721 

Erodium,  575 
Ervum,  567 

Gnaphalium,  977 
GNETALES,  30 

Diphylleia,  433 

Eryngium,  673 

Gonolobus,  746 

Diplachne,  128 

Erysimum,  465,  1066 

Goodyera,  302 

Diplotaxis,  450 

Erythraea,  728 

Gordonia,  624 

1 1 10 


INDEX  OF  LA  TIN  NAMES. 


G  RAM  IN  ALES,    6l 

GRAMINEAE,  61 

Hypochaeris,  892 
Hypopitys,  696 

LEITNERIALES,  321 
Lemna,  232 

Graphephorum,  143 

Hypoxis,  280 

LEMNACEAE,  232 

Gratiola,  829 
Grindelia,  928 

Hyssopus,  800 
Hystrix,  158 

LENTIBULACEAE,  845 
Leontodon,  893 

GROSSULARIACEAE,  486 

Ilex,  603 

Leonurus,  790 

Gutierrezia,  927 

ILICACEAE,  602 

Lepachys,  988 

Gymnandeniopsis,  293 
Gymnocladus,  531 

Ilicioides,  604 
Ilysanthes,  830 

Lepargyraea,  647 
Lepidium,  445,  1065 

Gymnopogon,  122 

Impatiens,  611 

Leptamnium,  850 

GYMNOSPERMAE,  30 
Gypsophila,  393 
Gyrostachys    299,  1060 

Imperatoria,  687 
Indigofera,  548 
Inula,  979 

Leptandra,  834 
Leptilon,  969 
Leptocaulis,  686 

Gyrotheca,  278 

INULEAE,  915 

Leptochloa,  124 

Habenaria,  293-296 

lodanthus,  451 

Leptorchis,  303 

HAEMODORACEAE,  278 

lonactis,  971 

Lepturus,  152 

Haknia,  734 

lonidium,  640 

Lespedeza,  562,  1067,  1068 

Halesia,  722 

Ipomoea,  751 

Lesquerella,  457 

Halophila,  59 

Iresine,  381 

Leucelene,  965 

HALORAGIDACEAE,  664 

IRIDACEAE,  281 

Leucocrinum,  261 

HAMAMELIDACEAE,  488 

Iris,  282,  1059 

Leucophysalis,  813 

Hamamelis,  489 
Hartmannia,  660 

Isanthus,  782 
Isnardia,  652 

Leucothoe,  702,  1074 
Levisticum,  685 

Haploesthes,  1083 

ISOETACEAE,   27 

Liatris,  925 

Hedeoma,  797 

Isoetes,  27,  1046 

Ligusticum,  683 

HEDYSAREAE,  533 

Isopappus,  933 

Ligusticum,  685       :.,'T.!  . 

Hedysarum,  557 

Isopyrum,  413 

Ligustrurn,  726 

HELENIEAE,  917 

Isotria,  297 

Lilaeopsis,  682 

Helenium,    toio 

Itea,  485  . 

LILIACEAE,  260 

Heleochloa,  101 

ITEACEAE,  485 

Li  LI  ALES,  244 

Helianthemum,  630,  1069 

Iva,  908 

Lilium,  264 

HELIANTHEAE",  916 
Helianthium,  54 
Helianthus,  990 

Tasione,  886 
Tatropha,  589 
Teffersonia,  433 

LlMNANTHACEAE,   599 

Limnanthemum,  736 
Limnobium,  60 

Heliopsis,  984 

JUGLANDACEAE,  322 

Limnorchis,  293,  1060 

Heliotropium,  767 

JUGLANDALES,   322 

Limodorum,  298 

Helleborus,  413 

Juglans,  323 

Limonium,  719 

Helonias,  256 

JUNCACEAE,    244 

Limosella,  831 

Hemerocallis,  261 

Juncoides,  253,  1058 

LINACEAE,  578 

Hemicarpha,  183 

juncus,  244,  1058 

Linaria,  821 

Hepatica,  419 

Juniperus,  36,  1047 

Linaria,  821 

Heracleum,  688 

Jussiaea,  654 

Linnaea,  873 

Herpestis,  828 

Kallstroemia,  580,  1068 

Linum,  578 

Hesperis,  466 
Heteranthera,  243 

Kalmia,  701 
Kickxia,  820 

Liparis,  303 
Lipocarpha,  183 

Heterotheca,  929 

Kneiffia,  659,  1071 

Lippia,  778 

Heuchera,  481,  1066 

Kobresia,  188,  1056 

Liquidambar,  489       --  ' 

Hexalectris,  306 

Kochia,  374 

Liriodendron,  410 

Hexastylis,  347 

Koeleria,  132 

Listera,  301 

Hibiscus,  622,  1068,  1069 

Koellia,  800 

Lithospermum,  773 

Hicoria,  323 

Koniga,  466 

Littorella,  859     ' 

Hieracium,  903 

Korycarpus,  134 

LOASACEAE,    641 

HierochloS,  93 

Kosteletzkya,  622 

Lobelia,  887,  1082 

HlPPOCASTANACEAE,  608 

Krameria,  531 

Loeflingia,  403 

Hippuris,  665 
Hoffmanseggia,  530 

KRAMERIACEAE,  531 
Kraunhia,  549 

LOGANIACEAE,   726 

Loisekuria,  700 

Holcus,  115 

Krigia,  891 

Lolium,  152 

Holosteum,  398 

Kuhnia,  924 

Lomatium,  1073 

Homalobus,  554 

Kuhnistera,  546 

Lonicera,  874 

Homalocenchrus,  91 

Kyllinga,  166 

Lophanthus,  786 

HORDEAE,  66 

LABIATAE,  779 

Lophiola,  281 

Hordeum,  154 

Lachnocaulon,  238 

Lophotocarpus,  55 

Hottonia,  715 

Lacinaria,  925 

LORANTHACEAE,    344 

Houstonia,  860 

Lactuca   89.7,  1082 

Lorinseria,  10 

Hudsonia,  631 

Lamiaceae,  780 

LOTEAE,  533 

Humulus,  341,  1063 

Lamium,  790 

Lotus,  541 

Hutchinsia,  458 
Hydrangea,  484 
HYDRANG-EACEAE,  484 

Laportea,  342 
Lappula,  768 
Lapsana,  891 

Ludwigia,  653 
Ludwigiantha,  653 
Lunaria,  456 

Hydrastis,  412 

Larix,  33 

Lupinus,  536 

Hydrocotyle,  671,  1072 
Hydrocotyle,  672 
Hydroka,  765  . 
HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  762 
Hydrophyllutn  762,  1075 
Hymenocallis,  280 

Lathyrus,  567 
LAURACEAE,  435 
Lavauxia,  661 
Leavenworthia,  457 
Lechea,  631, 
Ledum,  697 

Luzula,  253 
Lychnis,  391 
Lycium,  815 
Lycopersicon,  815 
LYCOPODIACEAE,  24 
LYCOPODIALES,  23 

Hymenopappus,  1006 
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,  5 

LeeTsia,  91 
Legouzia,  886 

Lycopodium,  24,  1045 
Lycopsis,  776 

Hyoscyamus,  816 

Leiophyllum,  700 

Lycopus,   803 

HYPERICACEAE,  624 
Hypericum,  624,  1069 

Leitneria,  322 
LEITNERIACEAE,  322 

Lygodesmia,  899 
Lygodiunv  5 

JNDLX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


II  II 


Lysias,  294                               '• 
Lysiella,  295 

MONOTROPACEAE,  695 

Monotropsis,  696 

Osmorrhiza,  675 
Osmunda,  4 

Lysimachia,  715 

Montia,  386 

OSMUNDACEAE,  4 

LYTHRACEAE,  648 

MORACEAE,  339 

Ostrya,  327 

Lythrum,  649 

Morongia,  528 

OXALIDACEAE,    575 

Machaeranthera,  966 

Morus,  340 

Oxalis,  575 

Madura,  340 

Muhlenbergia,  99 

Oxybaphus,  382 

Macounastrum,  351 

Munroa,  125 

Oxycoccus,  711 

Macrocalyx,  763 

Muscari,  268 

Oxydendrum,  705 

Magnolia,  409 
MAGNOLIACEAE,  409 

Musineon,  677,  1072 
Myagrum,  448 

Oxygraphis,  430 
Oxypolis,  686 

Matanthemum,  271 

Myosotis,  772 

Oxyria,  357 

Mairania,  706 

Myosurus,  423 

Pachylophus,  660 

Malacothrix,  895 
Malapoenna,  436 
Malus,  516    - 

Myrica,  321 
MYRICACEAE,  320 
MYRICALES,  320 

Pachysandra,  599 
Pachystima,  606 
Paepalanthus    237 

Malva,  618 

Myriophyllum,  665 

PALMACEAE,  228 

MALVACEAE,  617 

MYRTALES,  647 

Panax,  668 

MALVALES,  616 

Nabalns,  906,  1082 

PANDANALES,  38 

Malvastrum,  620 

NAIADACEAE,  40 

PANICEAE,  62 

Manisuris,  68 

NAIADALES,  40 

Panicularia,  142 

MARANTACEAE,  288 

Naias,  50 

Panicum,  78    1049 

Mariana,  1034 

Nama,  765 

Panicum,-  77    78 

Marrubium,  785 

Napaea,  619 

Papaver,  438 

Marshallia,  1005 

Narcissus,  279 

PAPAVERACEAE,  437 

Marsilea,  20 

Nardus,  151 

PAPAVERALES,  437 

MARSILEACEAE,  20 

Northed/urn,  255 

PAPILIONACEAE,  532 

Martynia,  852 
MARTYNIACEAE,  852 
Mateuccia,  19 

Nasturtium,  451,  453 
Naumbergia,  717 
Navarretia,  762 

Pardanthus,  284 
PARIETALES,  623 
Parietaria,  343 

Matricaria,  1015 

Nazia,  71 

Parnassia,  476 

Mayaca,  235 

Nelumbo,  408 

PARNASSIACEAE,  475 

MAYACACEAE,  234 
MAYDEAE,  62 

Nemastylis,  284 
Nemophila,  763 

Paronychia,  404,  1065 
Parosek,  545 

Medeola,  273 

Nepeta,  786 

Parsonsia,  650 

Medicago,  538 

Nesaea,  649 

Parthenium,  983 

Meehania,  786 

Neslia,  459 

Parthenocissus,  616 

Megapterium,  661 

Nestronia,  346 

Paspalum,  72,  1048 

Meibomia,  559 
Melampodium,  980 

Nicandra,  808 
Nicotiana,  817 

Paspalum,  75 
Passiflora,  641 

Melampyrum,  844 

Nothocalais,  900 

PASSIFLORACEAE,  641 

MELANTHACEAE,  254 

Notholaena,  7 

Pastinaca,  688 

Melanthium,  258 

Nothoscordum,  264 

Paulownia,  827 

MELASTOMACEAE,  650 

Nuphar,  406 

Pectis.  1012 

Melica,  133 

NYCTAGINACEAE,  382          ^j 

Pedicularis,  842 

Melilotus,   538 

Nymphaea,  406 

Pedicularis,  842 

Melissa,  798 

NYMPHAEACEAE,  406 

Pellaea,  8 

Melothria,  882 

Nyssa,  691 

Peltandra,  230 

MENISPERMACEAE,  434 

Obolaria,  735 

PENTHORACEAE,  475 

Menispermum,  434 

Odontites,  842 

Penthorum,  475 

Mentha,  804 
Mentzelia,  641 

OEnanthe,  682 
OEnothera,  658 

Pentstemon,  823,  io8t 
Peramium,  302 

MENYANTHACEAE,  736 

Oldenlandia,  862 

Perilla,  807 

Menyanthes,  736 

OLEACEAE,  723 

Periploca,  1077 

Menziesia,  700 

Onagra,  657,  1070 

Persea,  435 

Meriolix,  662,  1071 

ONAGRACEAE,  651 

Perularia,  292 

Mertensia,  771 

Onoclea,  19 

Petalostemon,  546 

Mesadenia,  1023 

Ononis,  539 

Petasites,   1021 

Micrampelis,  882 

Onopordon,  1034 

Petroselinum,  678 

Micranthemum,  831 

Onosmodium,  774,  1076 

Petunia,  817 

Microstylis  ,  303 
Mikama,  924 
Milium,  98 

Oonopsis,  931 
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,   i 
Ophioglossum,  i 

Peucedanum,  687 
Peucedanum,  1074 
Phaca,  553 

MIMOSACEAE,  527 

Opulaster,  491 

Phacelia,  764 

Mimulus,  827 

Opuntia,  644     . 

PHALARIDEAE,  63 

Mitchella,  863 

OPUNTIALES,  642 

Phalaris,  92 

Mitella,  483 

ORCHIDACEAE,  289 

PHASEOLEAE,  533 

Mitreola,  727 

ORCHIDALES,  288 

Phaseolus,  571 

Modiola,  622 

Orchis,  291 

Phegopteris,  16 

Moehringia,  402 
Moenchia,  399 

Orchis,  292 
Oreocarya,  770 

Phelloptevus    1073 
Philadelphus,  485 

Mohrodendron,  722 

Origanum,  800 

Philotria,  60 

Molinia,   128 
Mollugo,  384 

Ornithogalurri,  267 
OROBANCHACEAE,  848 

Phippsia,  103 
Phleum,  102 

Monarda,  795,  1079 

Orobanche,  849 

Phlomis,  789 

Moneses,  694 

Orontium,  231 

Phlox,  756 

Monniera,  828 

Orophaca,  555,  1067 

Phoradendron,  345 

MONOCOTYLEDONES,   38 

Orthocarpus,  840 

Phragmites,  125 

Monolepis,  372 
Monopetalae,  691 
Mouotropa,  696 

ORYZEAE,  63 
Oryzopsis,  97 
Oryzopsis,  98                         -.  ^ 

Phryma,  856 
PHRYMACEAE,  855 
Phyllanthus,  585 

III2 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


Phyllitis,  13 
Phyllodoce,  702 
Physalis,  809,  1080 
Physalpdes,  808 
Physaria,  457,  1067 
Physostegia,  788 
Phytolacca,  381 
PHYTOLACCACEAE,  381 
Picea,  33 
Picradenia,  1009 
Picradeniopsis,  1008 
Picris,  893 
Pieris,  703 
Pilea   343 
Pimpinella,  680 
Pimpinella,  680 

PlNACEAE,    30 

FINALES,  30 
Pinguicula,  848 
Pinus,  31,  1046 

PlPERALES,     307 

Piper  ia,  1060 
Planera,  338 
PLANTAGINACEAE,  856 
PLANTAGINALES,  856 
Plantago,  856,  1081 
PLATANACEAE,  490 
Platanus,  490 
Pleurogyne,  734 
Pleuropogon,  134 
Pluchea,  973 
PLUMBAGINACEAE,  719 
Pneumaria,  771 
Poa,  136 

PODALYRIEAE,    532 

Podophyllum,  433 

PODOSTEMACEAE,    472 

Podostemon,  472 
Pogonia,  297 
Pogonia,  297,  298 
Polanisia,  468 

POLEMONIACEAE,    756 
POLEMONIALES,    749 

Polemonium,  761 
Polycodium,  708,  1074 
Polygala,  582 

POLYGALACEAE,  582 
POLYGONACEAE,  350 
POLYGONALES,  350 

Polygonatum,  273 
Pofygonella,  366 
P-1yr>num,  358,  1063 
1'olyrrnia,  979 

1  ^-iPODIACEAE,    6 

Polypodium,  7 
Polypogon,  107 
Polypremum,  727 
Polypteris,  1007 
Polystichum,  13 
Polytaenia,  685 

POMACEAE,   514 

Pontederia,  242 

PONTEDERIACEAE,   242 

Populus,  308 
Porteranthus,  493 
Portulaca,  386,  1064 

PORTULACACEAE,    384 

Potamogeton,  41,  1047 
Potentilla,  502 
Potentilla,  499,   502 
Prenanthes,  906,  907 
Primula,  714 
PRIMULACEAE,  713 
PRIMULALES,  713 
PRINCIPES,  228 
Prionopsis,  932 
Proserpinaca,  665 
Prosopis,  528 
PROTEACEAE,  344 
PROTEALES,  344 
Prunella,  788 


Prunus,  523 
Pseudotaemdia,  1073 
Psilocarya,  172 
Psilostrophe,  1005 
Psoralea,  542 

PSORALEAE,   533 

Ptelea,  581 
PTERIDOPHYTA,  i 
Pteris,  8 
Pterosppra,  695 
Ptilimnium,  681 
Ptiloria,  894 
Puccinellia,  145 
Pulsatilla,  420 
Pycnanthemum,  800 
Pyrola,  693 
PYROLACEAE,  692 
Pyrularia,  346 
Pyrus,  515 
Pyxidanthera,  712 
Ouamasia,  267 
Ouamoclit,  751 
Quercus,  332 
Ouincula,  812 
KANALES,  405 
RANUNCULACEAE,  411 
Ranunculus,  423 
Ranunculus,  429,  430 
Raphanus,  450 
Rapistrum,  460 
Ratibida,  988 
Razoumofskya,  344 
Redfieldia,  128 
Reseda,  469 
RESEDACEAE,  469 
RHAMNACEAE,  611 
RHAMNALES,  611 
Rhamnus,  612 
Rhexia,  651 
Rhinanthus,  844 
Rhododendron,  699 
Rhodora,  699 
Rhombolytrum,  129 
Rhus,  600 
Rhus,  602 
Rhynchosia,  570 
Ribes,  486 
Ricinus,  589 
Robinia,  549 
Roripa,  451 
Rosa    512,  1066 
ROSACEAE,  490 

ROSALES,  471 

Rotala,  649 
Rottbocllia,  68 
Roubieva,  371 

RUBIACEAE,   860 
RUBIALES,    860 

Rubus,  493 
Rudbeckia,  985,  1083 
Ruellia,  854 
Rumex,  354 
Ruppia,  49 

RUTACEAE,   581 

Rynchospora,  183,  1056 
Sabbatia,  729 
Sacciolepis,  89 
Sagina,  399 
Sagittaria,  56 
Sagittaria,  55 
SALICACEAE,  307 
SALICALES,  307 
Salicornia,  375 
Salix   310,  1061 
Salomonia,  273 
Salsola,  376 
Salvia,  794 
Salvinia,  20 
SALVINIACEAE,  20 
SALVINIALES,  19 
Sambucus,  869 


Samolus,  715 
Sanguinaria,  439 
Sanguisorba,  512 
Sanicula,  673,  1072 
SANTALACEAE,  345 
SANTALALES,  344 
SAPINDACEAE,  609 
SAPINDALES,  597 
Sapindus,  610 
Saponaria,  393 
SAPOTACEAE,  720 
Sarcobatus,  375 
Sarothra,  628 
Sarracenia,  470 
SARRACENIACEAE,  470 
SARRACENIALES,  469 
Sassafras,  436 
Satureia,  798 
SAURURACEAE,  307 
Saururus,  307 
Savastana,  93 
Saxifraga,  477 
SAXIFRAGACEAE,  476 
Scabiosa,  881 
Scandix,  674 
Schedonnardus,  122 
Scheuchzeria,  53 

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE,    $2 

Schizaea,  5 

SCHIZAEACEAE,   5 

Schrankia,  528 
Schwalbea,  840 
Schweinitzia,  696 
Scirpus,  174,  1055 

SCITAMINALES,    288 

Scleranthus,  405 
Selena,  187,  1056 
Sclerolepis,  920 
Scolochloa,   142 
Scolopendrium,  13 
Scrophttlaria,  822,  1079 

SCROPHULARIACEAE,     8l8 

Scutellaria,  783,  1078 
Sedum,  473 
Selaginella,  26 
SELAGINELLACEAE,  26 
Selenia,  456 
Sempervivum,  475 
Senecio,  1024 
SENECIONEAE,  917 
Sericocarpus,  945 
Serinia,  891 
Sesban,  550 
Sesuvium,  384,  1064 
Setaria,  89 
Seymeria,  835 
Shepherdia,  647 
Sherardia,  868 
Sibbaldia,  500 
Sibbaldiopsis,  499 
Sicyos,  883 
Sida,  620 
Sideranthus,  932 
Sieglingia,   126 
Sieglingia,  126,  129 
Sieversia,  508 
Silene,  388 
Silphium,  980 
Silybum,  1035 

SlMARUBACEAE,    582 

Simmpndsia,  599 
Sinapis,  449 
Sisymbrium,  448 
Sysymbriuin,  447,  462 
Sisyrinchium,  284 
Sitanion,  155 
Sitilias,  901 
Sium,  680 
SMILACEAE,  275 
Smilacina,  271 
Smilax,  275 


IND&X  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


IH3 


SOLANACEAE,  &>8 

Tanacetum,  1016 

Ulmus,  337 

Solanum,  814 

Taraxacum,  896 

UMBELLALES,  667 

Solea,  640 

TAXACEAE,  37 

UMBELLI  FERAE,  669 

Solidago,  933,  1082,  1083 

Taxodium,  35 

Uncinia,  189 

Sonchus,  896 

Taxus,  37 

Unifolium,  271 

Sophia,  462 

Tecoma,  851 

Uniola,  134,  1053 

Sophora,  534 

SOPHOREAE,  532 

Tephrosia,  548 
Tetragonanthus,  734 

Urtica,  342 
URTICACEAE,  341 

Sorbaria,  493 

Tetragonotheca,  985 

URTICALES,  337 

Sorbus,  515 

Tetraneuris,  1008 

Urticastrum,  342 

Sorghastrum,  71 

Tetranthera,  436 

Utricularia,  845 

Sorghum,  71 

Teucrium,  781,  1077,  1078 

Uvularia,  260 

SPARGANIACEAE,  39 

Thalesia,  849 

Vaccaria,  393 

Sparganium,  39,  1047 

Thalia,  288 

VACCINIACEAE,  707 

Spartina,  120 

Thalictrum,  430,  1065 

Vaccinium,  709,  1074 

Spathyema,  231 

Thaspium,  683 

Vaccinium,  708 

Specularia,  886 

THEACEAE,  623 

Vagnera,  271 

Spergula,  402 

Thelesperma,  1003 

Valeriana,  878 

Spergularia,  403 
Spermacoce,  863 

Thelypodium,  444 
Thermopsis,  534 

VALERIANACEAE,  878 
VALERIANALES,  877 

SPERMATOPHYTA,  30 

Therofon,  480 

Valerianella,  879 

Spermolepis,  686 

Thlaspi,  446 

Vallisneria,  60 

Sphaeralcea,  621 

Thuja,  35 

VALLISNERIACEAE,  59 

Spiesia,  555 

THYMELEACEAE,  645 

•Veratrum,  259 

Spigelia,  727 

THYMELEALES,  645 

Verbascum,  819 

Spilanthes,  985 

Thymophylla,    1012 

Verbena,  777,  1077 

Spiraea,  492 

Thymus,  802 

VERBENACEAE,  776 

Spiraea,  492,  493,  510 
Spiranthes,  299 

Tiarella,  480 
Tilia,  616,  1068 

Verbesina,  996 
Vernonia,  918 

Spirodela,  232 

TILIACEAE,  616 

VERNONIEAE,  914 

Sporobolus,  104,  1052 
Stachys,  791,  1078 

Tillaea,  473 
Tillandsia,  238 

Veronica,  832,  1080 
Viburnum,  870 

Stanleya,  444 

Tipularia,  304 

Vicia,  565 

Staphylea,  606 

Tissa,  403 

VICIEAE,  533 

STAPHYLEACEAE,  606 

Tofieldia,  255 

Vigna,  572 

Statice,  719 

Todlis,  675 

Vinca,  738 

Steironema,  716 

Townsendia,  944 

Vincetoxicum,  747 

Stellaria,  394 

Toxylon,  340 

Vincetoxicunt,  747 

Stenanthium,  257 

Trachelospermum,  739 

Viola,  633,  1069,  1070 

Stenophragma,  463 

Tradescantia,  240 

VlOLACEAE,    633 

Stenophyllus,   173 

Tragia,  588 

Viscaria,  388 

Stenosiphon,  663 

Tragopogon,  894 

VlTACEAE,    613 

Stenotus,  933 

Trapa,  664 

Vitis,  613 

Stephanomaria,  894 

TRAPACEAE,  664 

Vitis-Idaea,  708 

Stillingia,  589 
Stipa,  96 

Trautvetteria,  423 
Triadenum,  629 

Waldsteinia,  506 
Washingtonia,  675 

Streptopus,  272 

Tribulus,  580 

Willugbaeya,  924 

Strophostyles,   571 

Trichomanes,  5 

Wolffia,  233 

Struthiopteris,  19 

Trichostema,  782 

Wolffiella,  234 

Stuartia,  624 

Tricuspis,  126 

Woodsia,  17 

Stylophorum,  440 

Trientalis,  717 

Woodwardia,  10 

Stylosanthes,  558 

TRIPOLI  EAE,  533 

Wulfenia,  832 

STYRACEAE,  722 

Trifolium,  539 

Xanthium,  911 

Styrax,  722 
Suaeda,  376 

Triglochin,  52 
Trilisa,  927 

Xanthorrhiza,  414 
Xanthoxylum,  581 

Subularia,  445 

Trillium,  274,  1059 

Xerophyllum,  256 

Sullivantia,  480 

Triosteum,  872 

Xolisma,  704,  1074 

Sympetalae,  691 

Triphora,  298 

XYRIDACEAE,  235 

Symphoricarpos,  873 

Triplasis,  127 

XYRIDALES,  234 

Symphytum,  775 

Tripsacum,  67 

Xyris,  235,  1057 

SYMPLOCACEAE,  721 

Trisetum,  117 

Yucca,  269 

Symplocarpus,  231 

Trollius,  412 

Zannichellia,  50 

Symplocos,  722 
Synandra,  789 

Troximon  900 
Tsuga,  34 

Zephyranthes,  279 
Zinnia,  983 

SYNANTHAE,  228 

Tulipa,  1059 

Zizania,  91 

Syndesmon,  420 

Tunica,  393 

Zizaniopsis,  91 

Synosma,  1024 

Tussilago,  1021 

Zizia,  678 

Syntherisma,  76 

Typha,  38 

Zornia,  558 

Synthyris,  831 

TYPHACEAE,  38 

Zostera,  51 

Syringa,  724 

Ulex,  537 

ZOYSIEAE,  62 

Taenidia,  680 

ULMACEAE,  337 

Zygadenus,  257 

Talinum,  385,  1064 

Ulmaria,  510 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE,  580 

ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Abele,  308 
Absinth,  1019 

Aspen,  310 
Asphodel,  255 
Aster,  949 

Bed's-foot,  799 
Bed-straw,  865,  io8l 
Bee-balm,  798 

A.C3.C13.,  549                  4* 
ACANTHUS  FAMILY,  853 
Aconite,  413 

Golden,  929 
Heath,  965 

BEECH  FAMILY,  330 
Beech,  326,  331 

Actinomeris,  997 
Adam-and-Eve,  305 

Rayless,  966 
Savory-leaved,  971 

Beech-drops,  850 
Carolina,  696 

Adder's-mouth,  303 
ADDE«'S-TONGUE  FAMILY,  I 
Adder's-tongue,  2,  266 
Agrimony,  511 
Ague  -weed,  732 
AILANTHUS  FAMILY,  582 

Stiff,  971 
Tansy,  966 
Viscid,  966 
White  Flat-top,  970 
White-topped,  946 
Wood,  949,  952,  953 

False,  696 
Beetle-weed,  713 
Bee-tree,  617 
Beggar-ticks,  1001,  1083 
BELLFLOWER  FAMILY,  883 
Bellflower,  884,  1081 

Ailanthus    582 

Avens,  507 

Bellwort,  260 

Alder,  330,  1062 

Mountain,  508,  509 

Benjamin-bush,  437 

Black,  604 
Dwarf,  612 

Purple,  509 
Awlwort,  Water,  445 

Bennet,  680 
Bent-grass,  109,  in,  115 

White,  692 

Axeseed,  557 

Berbine,  777 

Alecoast,  Alecos*,  1015 
Alexanders,  679 

Axewort,  557 
Azalea,  Alpine,  701 

Bergamot,  796,  1079 
Bermuda-grass,  119 

Alfalfa,  538 

Trailing,   701 

Berry,  Silver,  647 

Alfilaria,  575 

Bahia,  False,  1008 

Besom,  706 

Alkanet,  Bastard,  773 

Bald  Cypress,  35 

Betony,  793 

Alleluia,  576 

Bald-rush,  172 

Wood,  793,  844 

Alligator-tree,  489 

Balm,  Basil,  796,  799 

Bilberry,  709 

Aloe,  False,  280 

Bee,  American,  795 

Bilsted,  489 

Althaea,   Shrubby,  623 

Calamint,  799 

Bindweed,  365,  753,  1076 

Alum-root,  482,  573 

Field,  799 

Blue,  815 

Alyssum,  466 

Garden,  798 

BIRCH  FAMILY,  326 

AMARANTH  FAMILY,  377 
Amaranth,  378,  379 

Lemon,  798 
Balm-of-Gilead,  309 

Birch,   328,  1061 
Bird's-nest,  Giant,  695 

AMARYLLIS  FAMILY,  278 

Balsam,  977 

BIRTHWORT  FAMILY,  347 

Amy-root,  739 
Andromeda,  Privet,  704 

Baneberry,  414 
BARBERRY  FAMILY,  432 

Birthwort,  349 
Bishop-weed,  681 

Anemone,  418 

Barberry,  432 

Bistort,  359 

False  Rue,  414 

Barley,  155 

Bitter-bloom,  730 

Angelica,  Sea-coast,  683 

Barnyard-grass,  78 

Bitter-cress,  454 

Angelico,  683 

Bartsia,  Red,  842 

Bitter-herb,  729 

Angle-pod,  748 

Basil,  Field,  799 

Bitter-nut,  324 

APPLE  FAMILY,  514 

Wild,  799 

Bitter-sweet,  815 

Apple,  516 
Balsam,  883 

Basilweed,  799 
Bass-wood,  617 

Climbing,  606 
Shrubby,  606 

Crab,  516 
Earth,  996 

Bay,  Loblolly,  624 
Red,  436 

Bitter-weed,  910 
Blackberry,  496,  498 

May,  433 

Rose,  699 

Black-cap,  406 

Mock,  883 

Swamp,  436 

Black-eyed  Susan,  986 

Prairie,  544 

Sweet,  409 

Black-grass,  248 

Apple  of  Peru,  808 

Tan,  624 

Black  Sampson,  989 

Arbor-vitae,  36 

BAYBERRY  FAMILY,  320 

Black-thorn,    525 

Arbutus,  Trailing,  705 

Bayberry,  321 

BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY,  606 

Ark,  Noah's,  291 

Bayonet,  Spanish,  269 

Bladder-nut,  606 

Arrow-arum,  230 
ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY,  52 

Beaked-parsley,  674 
Beaked-rush,  184,  1056 

Bladder-pod,  457,  458,  1066 
BLADDERWORT  FAMILY,  845 

Arrow-grass,  52 

Bean,  Black-eyed,  572 

Bladderwort,  846 

Arrow-head,  57,  58 
ARROW-ROOT  FAMILY,  288 

China,  572 
Indian,  852 

Blazing  Star,  257,  925 
Bleeding-heart,  Wild,  441 

ARUM  FAMILY,  229 

Wild,  571 

Elite,  372,  376 

Arrow-wood,  871 

Bean-tree,  852 

Blood-leaf,  381 

Artichoke,  Jerusalem,  996 

Bear-berry,  706 

Blood-root,  439 

Arum,  Water,  230 

Bear-grass,  269,  1038 

Bloodwort,  720 

Ash,  724,  1075 

Beard,  Goat's,  477 

BLOODWORT  FAMILY,  278 

Mountain,  515 

Beard-grass,  69,  71,  108 

Plcomfell,  542 

Prickly,  581 

Beard-tongue,  824,  1080 

Blowball,  806 

Sea,  581 

Beauty,  Rutland,  753 

Blue  Bells  of  Scotland,  884 

Ashwort,  1026 

Spring,  385 

Blueberry,  710,  1074 

UI5 


1 116 


ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Blue-bottle,  1035 

Bush,  Hobble,  870 

Chervil,  674,  1072 

Blue-curls,  782 

Juba's,  381 

Chess,  149,   150,  151 

Blue-eyed  Mary,  826 

Strawberry,  605 

Chestnut,  331 

Blue-grass,  139,  141 
Blue-hearts,  835 
Blue-tangle,  707 

Bush-clover,  563,  1067,  1068 
Bush-cranberry,  870 
Bush-honeysuckle,  876 

Chickweed,  386,  395,  397,  398, 
405,  1064 
CHICORY  FAMILY,  889 

Blue-weed,  776 

Butter-and-eggs,  821 

Chicory,  891 

Bluets,  861 

Butter-bur,  1022 

China-tree,  Wild,  610 

Clustered,  862 

Buttercup,  424,  430 

Chinquapin,  332 

Bog-asphodel,  256 

Butterfly-dock,  1022 

Chittam-wood,  602 

Bog-bean,  736 

-pea,  568,  569 

Choke-berry,  517 

Boneset,  922,  923 
Climbing,  924 

-weed,  741 
Butternut,  323 

Christmas-green,  1037 
Cinquefoil,  499,  500,  501,  503 

False,  925 

Butterweed,  1029 

Citronella,  807 

BORAGE  FAMILY,  766 

Butterwort,  848 

Clammy-weed,  468 

Borage,  776 

Button,  Bachelor's,  583 

Clary,  795 

Bouncing-bet,  393 

Button-ball,  490 

Claytonia,  386 

Bouteloua,  123 
Bower,  Virgin's,  421,  423 

-bush,  863 
Button-snakeroot,  926 

Cleareye,  795 
Clearweed,  343 

Bowman's-root,  493 

Button-weed,  863 

Cleavers,  865,  867 

Box  FAMILY,  598 

Button-wood,  490 

Cleever-wort,  865 

Box-thorn,  816 

Cabbage  Skunk,  231 

Cliff-brake,  8 

Brake,  8 

CACTUS  FAMILY,  643 

Climath,  601 

Bramble,  495 

Cactus,  645 

Clot-bur,  912,  1030 

Bread-root,  544 
Breeches.  Dutchman's,  440 

Simpson  s,  643 
Calais,  False,  900 

Cloud-berry,  495 
Clover,  540 

Brier,  Wild,  514 

Calamint,  799 

Hop,  538 

Brome,  151 

Calamus-root,  231 

f  »  J*^~, 
Japan,  563 

Brome-grass,  149,  151 
Brooklime,  833,  1080 

Calico-bush,  701 
Calopogon,  298 

Club,  Devil's,  1049 
Hercules',  668 

Brookweed,  715 

CALTROP  FAMILY,  580 

CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY,  24 

Broom,  537 

Caltrop,  580    1068 

Club-mosses,  24,  1045 

Base,  537 

Camomile,  1014,  1016 

Club-rush,  176 

Indigo,  535 

Campion,  388,  389,  392 

Cockle,  388 

Yellow,  535 
BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY,  848 

Canary-grass,  92 
Cancer-root,  849 

Cockle-bur,  912 
Cock's-head,  552 

Broom-rape,  849 

Candle-tree,  852 

Cockspur-grass,  78 

Brush,  Bottle,  665 

Cane,   158 

Cohosh,  Black,  415 

BUCK-BEAN  FAMILY,  736 

Canker-root,  719 

Blue,  433 

Buck-bean,  736 

Cap,  Bishop's,  483 

Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  531 

Buckberry,  708 

Soldier's,  440 

Colic-root,  269 

BUCKEYE  FAMILY,  608 

CAPER  FAMILY,  467 

Collard,  1024 

Buckeye,  609 

Caraway,  679 

Collinsia,  827 

BUCK-THORN  FAMILY,  611 

Cardinal-flower,  888 

Coltsfoot,   1021 

Buck-thorn,  525,  612,  721 

Carnation-grass,   212 

Sweet,  1021 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY,  350 

Carpet,  Water,  483 

Columbine,  416 

Buckwheat,  358,  365 

CARPET-WEED    FAMILY,   383 

Columbo,  Amer.,  734 

False,  365 

Carpet-weed,  384 

Comfrey,  775 

Buffalo-berry,  647 

Carrion-flower,  276 

Wild,  768 

-grass,  125 

CARROT  FAMILY,  669 

Compass-plant,  981 

-nut,  346 

Carrot,  688 

Cone-flower,    986,    988,  989, 

Bugbane,  Amer.,  415,  423 

Carvies,  679 

1083 

Bugle,  781,  1077 

Cassandra,  Dwarf,  705 

CONIFERS,  30 

Bugle-weed,  803 

Cassena,  603 

Coolwort,  480 

Bugloss,  894 

Castor-bean,  589 

Coral-berry,  874 

Sea,  771 

Catbrier,  277 

Coral-root,  305,  306 

Small,  776 

Catchfly,  389 

Cord-grass,  120 

Viper's,  776 

Catch-weed,  772 

CORK-WOOD  FAMILY,  322 

Bug-seed,  375 

Cat-gut,  548 

Cork-wood,  322 

Bulrush,  177    1055 

Cat-mint,  787 

Corn,  Squirrel,  441 

Bunchberry,  689 

Catnep,  787 

Corn-flower,  1035 

Bunk,  891 

CAT-TAIL  FAMILY,  38 

Cornel,  689,  1073,  1074 

BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY,  254 

Cat-tail,  39 

Corydalis,  441,  1065 

Bunch-flower,  259 

Cat's-ear,  893 

Cost,  1015 

Bur,  Great,  1030 

-foot,  974,  975,  1083 

Costmary,  1015 

Sand,  815 
Bur-chervil,  674 

Cedar,  36,  37,  1047 
Celandine,  440 

Cotton-grass,  181 
Cottonwood,  309 

Bur-cucumber,  883 

Lesser,  430 

Couch-grass,  154 

Bur-grass,  1042 

Celery,  677 

Coughwort,  1021 

Bur-head,  54 
Bur  Marigold,  1000 
Bur-nut,  580 

Centaury,  728,   1035 
Cereus,  643 
Chafe-weed,  978 

Cowbane,  686 
Cowberry,  501 
Cow-grass,  540 

BUR-REED  FAMILY,  39 

Chaff-seed,  841 

-herb,  394 

Bur-reed    39    1047 

Chaff-weed,  718 

-parsnip,  688 

Burdock,  1038 

Chain-fern,  10 

-wheat,  845 

Sea,  912 

Charlock,  450 

Cowslip,  American,  719 

BURMANNIA  FAMILY,  289 

Cheat,  150 

Virginia,  771 

Burnet,  512 

Checkerberry,  705 

Crab-grass,  77,  124 

Burseed,  769 

Cheeses,  618 

Cranberry,  711 

Burweed,  912 

Cherry,  525 

Mountain,   708 

Bush,  Burning,  605 

Winter,  812 

Cranberry-tree,  870,  8,71 

ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Ill/ 


Crane's-bill,  573 
Crazy-weed,  551,.  55$ 
Creeper,  Virginia,  610 

Dropseed-grass,  100,  106 
DUCKWEED  FAMILY,  232 
Duckweed,  232,  234 

Flax,  578 
Mountain,  584 
Wild,  578 

Cress,  445,  451,  452,  453,  455 

Dyer's-weed,  940 

Fleabane,  967,  970 

Alpine,  455 

Dye-weed,  537 

Marsh,  973 

Mouse-ear,  463 

Ear,  Hare's,  677 

Small,  955 

Swine's,  446 

EBONY  FAMILY,  721 

Fleawort,  Marsh,  1028 

Cross,  St.  Andrew's,  625 

Eel-grass,  51,  60 

Fleur-de-lis,  283 

Cross-cleavers,  866 

Egriot,  525 

Flixweed,  462 

Cross  Vine,  851 

Elder,  869 

Flower,  Cuckoo,  392 

Cross,  Widow's,  474 

Box,  608 

Gipsy,  768 

Crosswort,  716 

Marsh,  909 

Flower-of-an-hour,  623 

CROWBERRY  FAMILY,  598 

Poison,  601 

Flower,  Moccasin,  291 

Crowberry,  598 

Wild,  668 

Pasque,  420 

Broom,  598 
CROWFOOT  FAMILY,  411 

Elecampane,  979 
FJephant's-foot,  920 

Side-saddle,  470 
Fly-honeysuckle,  876 

Crowfoot,  426,  428,  429 

-trunk,  853 

Fly-poison,  257 

Seaside,  430 

Elk-wood,  409 

Fog-fruit,  779 

Crownbeard,  996 
Cuckoo-flower,  454 

ELM  FAMILY,  337 
Elm,  338 

Forget-me-not,  772 
FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY,  38* 

Cucumber,  Creeping,  882 
Star,  883 

Eryngo,  673 
EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY, 

Foxglove,  835 
False,  836 

Cucumber-root,  274 

651 

Mullen,  835 

-tree,  409,  410 
Cudweed,  972,  975,  978,  1020 

Evening-primrose,  657,  1070 
Everlasting,  974,  977 

Fox-grape,  614,  615 
-tail,  103 

Culver's-root,  834 
Cuphea,  Clammy,  650 
Cup-plant,  981 

Large-flowered,  977 
Life,  977 
Pearly,  977 

Fringe-tree,  726 
Frog's-bit,  61 
Frost-weed,  630,  1069 

Cupseed,  434 

Eye,  Pheasant's,  432 

Frostwort,  631 

Curly-grass,  5 

Eyebright,    841,   842,    1080, 

Fumitory,  442 

Currant,  488 

1081 

Climbing,  441 

Cushion,  Ladies',  720 

False-flax,  459 

Hedge,  442 

CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY,  410 

False  Mermaid,  599 

Furze,  537 

Cut-grass,  91 

FALSE  MERMAID  FAMILY, 

Galaxy,  713 

Cynthia,  892 

599 

Gale,  Sweet,  321 

Cypress,  Bald,  35 

False-oat,  117 

Gall-of-the-earth,  907 

CYRILLA  FAMILY,  602 

Fame-flower,  385 

Gama-grass,  67 

Daffodil,  279 

Farkleberry,  708,  1074 

Garget,   381 

Dagger-flower,  966 

Feather,  Prince's,  363 

Garlic,  263,  1059 

Daisy,  943,  1015 

Featherfew,  1015 

False,  264 

Michaelmas,  962 

Featherfoil,  715 

Gay-wings,  585 

Yellow,  986 

Fellonwort,  815 

Gean,  525 

Dandelion,  896 

Fennel,  682 

GENTIAN  FAMILY,  728 

Dwarf,  892 

Water,  597 

Gentian,  732,  1075 

Fall,  893 

FERN  FAMILY,  6 

Spurred,  735 

False,  901 

Fern,  Bristle,  5 

GERANIUM  FAMILY,  573 

Danes'  Blood,  885 

Brittle,  13 

Geranium,  371 

Dangleberry,  707 
Darnel,  152 

Christmas,  14 
Cinnamon,  4 

Germander,  782,  1077,  1078 
Giant  Hyssop,  786 

Date  Plum,  721 
Day-flower,  239 

Clayton's,  4 
Climbing,  6 

Gill-over-the-ground,  787 
Ginger,  Wild,  348 

Deerberry,  708,  1074 

Hartford,  6 

GINSENG  FAMILY,  667 

Deer-grass,  651 

Maiden-hair,  8 

Ginseng,  668 

Dewberry,  497,  498 
Devil's-club,  1072 

Male,  15 
Ostrich,  19 

Gipsy-herb,  804 
Gipsywort,  804 

Dew-cup,  510 

Royal,  4 

Gladiole,  Water,  887 

Dew-plant,  471 

Sensitive,  19 

Glasswort,  375 

DIAPENSIA  FAMILY,  712 

Shield,   14 

Globe-flower,  413 

Dillweed,  683,  1014 

Sweet,  321 

Globe-mallow,  621 

Ditch-moss,  60 

Venus-hair,  7 

Goat's-beard,  493,  892,  895 

Dittany,  Amer.,  803 

Ferns  and  fern-allies,  i 

Gold-of-pleasure,  459 

Dock,  355 

Fescue-grass,  146 

Golden-club,  231 

Prairie,  981,  983 

Fetter-bush,  704 

Goldenpert,  830 

Dock-cress,  Succory,  891 

Feverfew,  American,  983 

Goldenrod,    935,    942,   1082, 

Dockmakie,  871 

Common,  1015 

1083 

DODDER  FAMILY,  754 

Fever-wort,  873 

False,  943 

Dodder,  754 
DOGBANE  FAMILY,  737 
Dogbane,  738 
Dogberry,  486 

Field-madder,  868 
Fig,  Indian,  644 
FIGWORT  FAMILY,  818 
Figwort,  822,  1079 

Rayless,  931 
Golden-seal,  412 
Gold-thread,  413 
Good   King  Henry,  371 

Dog-fennel,  921 

Finger-grass,  76 

GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY,  486 

False,  1012 

Fiorin,  109 

Gooseberry,  486 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY,  689 

Fir,  34 

GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY,  368 

Dogwood,  690 

Fire-weed,   1023 

Goosefoot.  369,  371,  1063 

Door-weed,  363 

Five-finger,  506 

Goose-grass,  145,  865 

Double-claw,  853 
Dragon,  Green,  229 

Flag,  282 
Blue,  282,  1059 

Goose-tansy,  502 
Gorse,  537 

Dragon-head,  787 

Red-brown,  283 

Gosmore,  893 

False,  788 

Sweet,  231 

GOURD  FAMILY,  881 

Dragon-root,  229 
Dropseed,  106 

Yellow,  283 
FLAX  FAMILY,  578 

Gourd,  Missouri,  882 
Gout-weed,  -wort,  680 

ni8 


ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Grama-grass,  123 

Gromwell,  773 

Hobble-bush,  870 

GRAPE  FAMILY,  613 

False,  775,  1076 

Hog's-bean,  816 

Grape,  614 
False,  616 

Ground-cherry,  810,813,1078 
Ground-hemlock,  37 

Hogweed,  910,  921 
Hogwort,  586 

Grape-hyacinth,  268 
GRASS  FAMILY,  61 

Ground-nut,  569,  668 
Ground-pine,  25 

Hollow-root,  877 
HOLLY  FAMILY,  602 

Grass.  Barnyard,  78 

Ground-vine,  873 

Holly,  603 

Beard  69   71    108   1047 
Bent,  109,  115 

Groundsel,  1026,  1027,  1029 
Groundsel-bush,  971 

Mountain,  604 
Holly-fern,  13 

Blue,  139 

-tree,  971 

Wild,  604 

Black-oat,  97 

Guelder-rose,   Wild,  870 

Hollyhock,  618 

Blue-eyed,  285 
Blue-joint,  112 

Gum,  Cotton,  691 
Red,  489 

Holy-grass,  93 
Honesty,  456 

Bottle-brush,  158 

Sour,  691 

Honewort,  679 

Brome,  148 
Buffalo,  125 

Star-leaved,  489 
Sweet,  489 

Honey-bloom,  738 
HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY,  869 

Bur,  90,  1052 

Tupelo,  691 

Honeysuckle,  875 

Canary,  92 
Catch-fly,  92 

Gum-plant,  928 
Gypsophyll,  393 

Bush,  877 
Ground,  542 

Cat's-tail,  102 

Hackberry,  339,  1062 

Swamp,  698 

Cockspur,  78 

Hackmatack,  33 

Wild,  698 

Cord,  120 
Couch,  154 

Hair-grass,  101,  no,  115,  116 
Harbinger  of  Spring,  676 

Honey-sweet,  510 
Hop,  341,  1063 

Crab,  77,  124 

Hardgrass,  152 

Hop-clover,  539 

Cut,  91 

Hardhack,  492 

-hornbeam,  327 

Dog's-tail,  136 
Dog's-tooth,  119 

Hardheads,  1035 
Harebell,  884 

Hop-tree,  581 
-trefoil,  540 

Drop-seed,  100,  106 

Hare's-ear,  467 

Hornbeam,  326 

Egyptian,  124 

Hart's-tongue,  13 

HORNWORT  FAMILY,  408 

Faitour's,  595 

Haw,  519,  521 

Hornwort,  409 

Fescue,  146 

Black,  872 

Horse-balm,  807 

Finger,  76 

Hawkbit,  893 

Horse-brier,  277 

Fiorin,   109 

Hawk's-beard,  901 

-cane,  910 

Fowl,  Meadow-,  139 

Hawkweed,  903 

Horse-chestnut,  609 

Fox-tail,  89,  90,  1052 
Gama,  67 

Mouse-ear,  904 
Hawthorn,  520 

Horsefly-weed,  535 
Horse-gentian,  873 

Goose,  145 

Hazel-nut,  327 

Horse-heal,  979 

Hedgehog,  90 

Heal-all,  788,  822 

-knops,  1035 

Holy,  03 

Healing-herb,  775 

Horse-mint,  796 

T-r          *J     -'V 

Hungarian,  90 

Heart,  Floating,  736 

Horse-nettle,  814  •* 

Indian,  71 

Lion's,  788,  1078 

Horse-radish,  453 

Johnson,  71 
Joint,  73 

Heartease,  640 
Heart-seed,  610 

Horse-sugar,  722 
HORSE-TAIL  FAMILY,  21 

June,  139 
Kentucky  Blue,  139 
Manna,  143 

HEATH  FAMILY,  696 
Heath,  Mountain,  702 
Heathberry,  598 

Horse-tails,   21 
Horse-weed,  970 
Hound's-tongue,   768 

Meadow-fescue 

Heather,  706 

House-leek,  475 

Mesquite,  123 

Beach,  False,  631 

HUCKLEBERRY  FAMILY,  707 

Millet,  98 

Heather-grass,   126 

Huckleberry,  707,  710 

Munro's,  123 
Oat,  118 
Orchard,   136 

Hedge-garlic,  447 
Hedgehog-thistle,  643 
Hedge-hyssop,  828,  829 

Hunger-weed,  428 
Hyacinth,  Wild,  267 
HYDRANGEA  FAMILY,  484 

Pigeon,  89 
Plume,  67,  1047 

Hedge-parsley,   675 
Heliotrope,  767 

Hyssop,  800 
Wild,  778 

Prickle,  72 
Quake,  Quaking,  136 
Rye,  152 

Hellebore,  259,  413 
Helleborine,  299 
Hemlock,  34,  37,  686 

Indian-cup,  981 
[NDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY,  695 
fndian-root,  668 

Salt-meadow,   120 

Poison,  676 

Indigo,  Wild,  535 

Seneca,  93 

Water,  679,  1073 

Bastard,  545 

Smut,  106 

Hemlock-parsley,  684 

Blue  False,  535 

Soft,  115 

Hemp,  341 

False,  545 

Spear,  138 

Indian,  739 

[ndigo-plant,  548 

Squirrel-tail,  155 
Sweet  Vernal,  92 
Terrell,  156 

Nettle,  790 
lempweed,  Climbing,  924 
lenbane,  Black,  816 

[nkberry,  603 
[nnocence,  861 
[pecac,  American,  493 

Texas  Blue,  141 

rlenbit,  791 

Wild,  594 

Toothache"  121 

rlerb-bane,  849 

^RIS  FAMILY,  281 

Vanilla,  93 

-Gerard,  680 

[ris,  Dwarf,  283,  284 

Velvet,  115 

lerb-of-the-cross,  777 

"ron-weed,  918 

Wheat,  153 

Herb-Robert,  573 

>on-wood,  327 

White,  91 

-Sherard,  868 

Southern,  602 

Wrack,  51 

-Sophia,  462 

"ronwort,   790 

Yard,  124 

lerba  Impia,  972 

sabella-wood,  436 

Grass-of-Parnassus,  476 
GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS      FAM- 

lerd-grass,  102,   109 
leron's-bill,  575 

"vray,  152 
"vy,  American,  616 

ILY,  475 

lickory,  324,  325 

Coliseum,  820 

Grass-pink,  298 

Hoarhound,  Black,  791 

Ground,  787 

Grass-poly,  649 

Fetid,  791 

Kenilworth,  820 

Grease-wood,  376 

Marsh,  804 

Poison,  601 

Green-brier,  276 

Water,  804    923 

ack-in-the-pulpit,  229 

Green-weed,  537 

White,  785 

amestown-weed,  816 

J 

ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


1119 


essamine,  Yellow,- 727 

EWEL-WEED    FAMILY,    6lO 

imson-weed,  816 
oe  Pye  Weed,  921 
ohnson-grass,  71 
oint-grass,  73,  112 
oint-weed,  367,  665 
udas-tree,  529 
June-grass,  139 
June-berry,  517,  1066 
Juniper,  36 
Ketmia,  Bladder,  623 
King-devil,  904 

-nut,  324 

Kinnikinnik,  690,  706 
Knapweed,  1035 
Knawel.  405 
Knight's-spur,"  416 
Knot-berry,  495 
Knot-grass,  363,  405 
Knotweed,  363,  366,  1063 
KRAMERIA  FAMILY,  531 
Ladder,  Jacob's,  761 
Lady's-comb,  675 
Lamb-kill,  701 
Larch,  33 
Lark-heel,  416 
Larkspur,  416,  1064 
LAUREL  FAMILY,  435 
Laurel,  701 

Great,  699 

Ground,  705 

Lady,   646 

Spurge,  646 
Lead-plant,  545 
Leaf,  Velvet,  621 
Leaf-cup,  979 
Leather-flower,  422 

-leaf,  705 
Leather-wood,  646 

Southern,  602 
Leek,  Wild,  262 
Leopard's-bane,  1022 
Lettuce,  386,  898,  1082 

Blue,  899 

Hare's,  897 

White,  906 
Licorice,  Wild,  866 
Life-root,  1028 
Lilac,  724 
LILY  FAMILY,  260 
Lily,  265 

Atamasco,  279 

Blackberry,  284 

Day,  261 

Mariposa,  267 

Pond,  407 

Water,  407 

LlLY-OF-THE-VALLEY         FAM- 
ILY,  269 

Lily-of-the-valley,  273 

False,  271 
Limonillo,   1010 
LINDEN  FAMILY,  616 
Linden,  617,  1068 
Ling,  706 
Linseed,  578 
Lion's-foot,  907 

-heart,  788,  1078 

-mouth,  822 

-tail,  790 
Lip-fern,  9 
Liquorice,  557 
Live-forever,  474 
Liver-leaf,   420 
LIZARD'S  TAIL  FAMILY,  307 
Lizard's-tail,  307 
LOASA  FAMILY,  641 
Loco-vetch,  556 
Loco-weed,  551,  556 
Locust,  531,  549 


Locust-tree,  549 
LOGANIA  FAMILY,  726 
LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY,  648 
Loosestrife,  649,  715,  717 

Swamp,  649 
LOPSEED  FAMILY,  855 
Lopseed,  856 
Lotus,  408 
Lousewort,  843 
Lovage,  685 

Scotch,  683 
Love-apple,  815 
Lover,  Mountain,  606 
Love-vine,  755 
Lucerne,  538 
Lungwort,  771 

Sea,  771 
Lupine,  536 
Lychnis,  392 
Lyme-grass,  157 
MADDER  FAMILY,  860 
Madder,  Wild,  865,  867 
Madwort,  German,  772 
MAGNOLIA  FAMILY,  409 
Mahaleb,  526 
Mahonia,  Trailing,  432 
MALLOW  FAMILY,  617 
Mallow,  618 

Bristly-fruited,  622 

False,  620 

Glade,  620 

Indian,  621 

Virginia,  621 
Mandrake,  Wild,  433 
Manna-grass,  143 
Mantle,  Lady's,  510 
MAPLE  FAMILY,  607 
Maple,  607,  1068 
Maram,  114 
Mare's-tail,  665 
Marigold,  Fetid,  1012 

Water,  1003 
Marjoram,  800 
Marl-grass,  540 
Marsh-grass,  120,  121 

-mallow,  618 

-marigold,  412 

-pennywort,  671,  1072   . 
Marshlocks,  Purple,  501 
Masterwort,  688 
Mat-grass,  151 
Mat-rush,  178 
Mat-weed,  114 
May-cherry,  517 
Mayflower,  705 
MAYACA  FAMILY,  234 
Mayaca,  235 
Mayweed,  1014 

Corn,  1016 
Mazard,  525 
MEADOW-BEAUTY  FAMILY, 

650 
Meadow-beauty,  651 

-gowan,  412 

Meadow-grass,  138,  139,  140, 
141,  144,   145 

Meadow-parsnip,  678,  684 
Meadow-queen,  510 
Meadow-rue,  431,  1065 
Meadow-sweet,  492,  510 
Medic,  538 
Melic-grass,  133 
Melilot,   539 

Mercury,  Three-seeded,  588 
Mermaid-weed,  665 
Mesquite,   123,  528 
Mesquite-grass,   123 
MEZEREON  FAMILY,  645 
Mezereon,  646 
MIGNONETTE  FAMILY,  469 
Mignonette,  469 


Milfoil,  1013 

Milk-vetch,  551,  554,  1067 
MILKWEED  FAMILY,  740 
Milkweed,     741,      745,     746, 
1075,  1076 

MILKWORT  FAMILY,  582 
Milkwort,  583,  744 

Sea,  718 
Millet,  76,  82,  90 

-grass,  98 

MIMOSA  FAMILY,  527 
Mimosa,  527 
MINT  FAMILY,  779 
Mint,  805 

Stone,  803 
Mist-flower,  924 
MISTLETOE  FAMILY,  344 
Mistletoe,  344,  345 
Mitrewort,  483,  727 

False,  480 
Mocker-nut,  325 
Moneywort,  716 

Prairie,   717 
Monkey-flower,  827 
Monk's-hood,  417 
MOONSEED  FAMILY,  434 
Moonseed,  434 
Moonwort,  3 
Moor,  706 
Moorwort,  703 
Moose-wood,  608,  646 
MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY, 


Morning-glory,  751,  752 
MOSCHATEL  FAMILY,  877 
Moschatel,  877 
Moss,  Florida,  239 

Flowering,  712 

Long,  239 
Moss-plant,  702 
Mother-of-thyme,  802 
Motherwort,  790 

Golden,  978 
Mountain-mint,  801 
Mountain  Rice,  97 
Mouse-ear,  772,  793,  978 
Mouse-tail,  423 
Mud-plantain,  243 

-purslane,  629 

-weed,  or  -wort,  831 
Mugwort,  1019 
MULBERRY  FAMILY,  339 
Mulberry,  340 

French,  779 
Mullen,  819 
Musk-flower,  828 

-plant,  828 

-root,  877 

MUSTARD  FAMILY,  443 
Mustard,  449,  465,  4^7 

Ball,  459 

Garlic,  447 

Hedge,  448 

Tower,  465 

White,  449 
Myosote,  773 
Myrtle,  738 

Sand,  700 
Nailwort,  404 
Nanny-berry,  872 
Nard,  151 
Navew,  Wild,  450 
Neckweed,  834 
Needle,  Adam's,  269 
Nep,  787 

NETTLE  FAMILY,  341 
Nettle,  342,  343 

Dead,  790,  791 

Hedge,  792,  1078 

Spurge,  589 
Nettle-tree,  339 


749 


II2O 


ENGLISH  INDEX   OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Nightshade,  814    . 

Pencil-tree,  971 

Pogonia,  297,  298 

Enchanter's,  664 

Penny-cress,  447 

POKE-WEED  FAMILY,  381 

Nimble  Kate,  883 

Pennyroyal,  797 

Poke,  381 

Will,  100 

Bastard,  782 

Poke,  Indian,  259 

Ninebark,  492 

False,  782 

Polypody,  7 

Nipple-wort,  891 

Pennywort,  735 

Pomme  Blanche,  544 

Nondo,  683 

Pepper,  Water,  362 

Pondweed,  42 

Nonesuch,  538 

Pepperbush,   Sweet,  692 

Poplar,  308,  309 

Nut-grass,  163 

Pepper-grass,  445,  1065 

Yellow,  410 

Nut-rush,  187,  1056 

Pepperidge,  691 

POPPY  FAMILY,  437 

Nyctelea,  764 

Peppermint,  805 

Poppy,  438 

Oak,  333,  371 

Pepper-root,  455 

Celandine,  440 

Poison,  601 
Oak-fern,  17 
Oat,  118 
Sea,  or  Seaside,  135 
Water,  91 
Oat-grass,  97,  118,  119 
Oats,  Sea,  135 

-vine,  615 
-wood,  581 
Periwinkle,  738 
Persicaria,  360 
Persimmon,  721 
PHLOX  FAMILY,  756 
Phlox,  757 

Prickly,  439 
Sea,  440 
Yellow  Horned,  440 
Poppy-mallow,  619 
Pop-weed,  847 
Porcupine-grass,  97 
Portulaca,  387 

Oil-nut,  346 
OLEASTER  FAMILY,  646 
OLIVE  FAMILY,  723 
Onion,  263 

Yellow,  466 
Physic,  Indian,  493 
PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY,  242 
Pickerel-weed,  243 

POTATO  FAMILY,  808 
Potato,  Indian,  993 
Poverty-grass,  94 
Powder-horn,  397 

Wild,  263,  1059 
Opium,  Wild,  898 
Orache,  373 

Pigeon-berry,  381 
Pigmy-weed,  473 
Pig-nut,  325 

Prairie-clover,  547 
Prickle-grass,  72 
Pride-of-Ohio,  719 

Orange-grass,  628 

Pig-weed,  378 

Prim,  726 

Osage,  340 

Pilewort,  822,  1023 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY,  713 

Orange,  Mock,  485 

Pilot-weed,  981 

Primrose,  661,  714 

ORCHID  FAMILY,  289 

Pimpernel,  680,  718 

Evening,  657,  1070,  1071 

Orchis,    292,   293,    294,  295, 

False,  718,  830 

Lavender-leaved,  1071 

1060 

Water,  715,  832 

Scapose,  660 

Bog,  294,  295 

PINE  FAMILY,  30 

Showy,  660 

Crane-fly,  304 

Pine,  31,  1046 

Primrose-willow,  654 

Fen,  304 

Ground,  25 

Privet,  726 

Wood,  293 

Prince's,  695 

Puccoon,  774 

Organy,  800 
ORPINE  FAMILY,  473 

Running,  25 
PINE-APPLE  FAMILY,  238 

Pumpkin,  882 
Purse,  Shepherd's,  459         •»•* 

Orpine,  474 

Pine-drops,  695 

PURSLANE  FAMILY,  384 

Oryzopsis,  98 
Owl's  Crown,  978 

-sap,  696 
-weed,  628 

Purslane,  384,  386,  387,  1064 
Marsh,  652 

Ox-eye,  984 

PINK  FAMILY,  387 

Milk,  592 

Ox-eye,  Sea,  990 
Ox-tongue,  Bristly,  894 

Pink,  390,  391,  392,  393,  394 
Carolina,  727 

Sea,  1064 
Water,  649 

Oxytrope,  555 
Painted  Cup,  839 
Palma  Christi,  589 

Ground,  759 
Indian,  727,  751 
Marsh,  730 

Pussley,  386 
Putty-root,  305 
Pyracanth,  522 

Palms,  288 

Moss,  759 

Pyxie,  712 

Panic-grass,  1049 
Panicum,  77,  78 

Sea,  720,  730 
Swamp,  256,  698 

Quake-grass,  136 
Quaker  Lady,  492 

Pansy,  640 
Papaw,  North  Amer.,  410 

Pinkster-flower,  698 
Pinweed,   632 

Quaking-grass,  136 
Quarters,  Lamb's,  369 

Parsley,  678,  687 

Pipe,  Dutchman's,  350 

Queen-of-the-prairie,  510-" 

Fool's  682 

Indian,  696 

Queen's-delight,  590 

Marsh,  678 

Pipe-vine,  350 

Queen-root,  590 

Sea,  683 
Parsley-piert,  510 
Parsnip,  Wild,  688 
Partridge-berry,  863 

PIPEWORT  FAMILY,  236 
Pipewort,  237,  238,  1057 
Pipsissewa,  695 
PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY,  470 

Quercitron,  334 
QUILLWORT  FAMILY,  27 
Quillworts,  27 
Quitch-grass,  154 

PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY, 

Pitcher-plant,  470 

Rabbit-berry,  647 

641 
Passion-flower,  641 

Pitch-pine,  33 
PLANE-TREE  FAMILY,  490 

-foot,  540 
Radish,  Garden,  451 

-vine,  641 

Plane-tree,  490 

Wild,  450 

PEA  FAMILY,  532 

Planer-tree,  338 

RAGWEED  FAMILY,  908 

Pea,  567 

Plant,  Castor-oil,  589 

Ragweed,  910 

Cow,  572 

Obedient,  788 

Woolly,  1026 

Marsh,  567 

Oyster,  771,  895 

Ragwort,  1026,  1028,  1029 

Milk,  §70 
Partridge,  529 

PLANTAIN  FAMILY,  856 
Plantain,  857,  1081                 .  V 

Ranstead,  821 
Raspberry,  495 

Sensitive,  529 

Indian,  1024                        V- 

Rattle,  844 

Pea-nut,  559 
Hog,  or  Wild,  569 
Peach,  526 

Poor  Robin's,  904,  968    /0] 
Rattlesnake,  302 
Robin's,  968 

Rattle-box,  536,  654,  844 
Rattlesnake-grass,  143 
-master,  673 

"Pear.  S*S 

Water,  54 

-root,  907,  908 

Choke,  515 

Pleurisy-root,  741 

-weed,  904 

Prickly,  644 

PLUM  FAM.ILY,  523 

Rattlesnake-root,  907,  io8a 

Pearlwort,  399 
Pear-thorn,  522 

Plum,  524 
Ground,  551 

Ray-grass,  152 
Red-bud,  529 

Pecan,  324 

PLUMBAGO   FAMILY,   719 

Red-root,  278,  613 

Pellitory,  343 
Pencil-flower,  558 

Plum-grape,  614 
.  Plume-grass,  67,  1047 

Red-top,   109,  126,  139 
Reed,  91,  126 

ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


1121 


Reed-grass,  112,  114,  120 

Saw-grass,  187 

Spice-bush,  437 

\Vood,  108 

SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY,  476 

Pond,  436 

Rib-grass,  -wort,  857 
Rice,  Indian,  91 

Saxifrage,  478,  480 
Golden,  483 

Spider-flower,  468 
SPIDERWORT  FAMILY,  239 

Jungle,  78 
Mountain,  97 
Rice,  Wild,  91 

Scabious,  881 
Sweet,  969 
Scoke,  381 

Spiderwort,  241 
Spike-grass,  135 
Spikenard,  668 

Richweed,  343,  807 
RIVER-WEED  FAMILY,  472 

Scorpion-grass,  773 
Scouring-rush,  23 

Wild,  271 
Spike-rush,  168,  1055 

River-weed,  472 

Scurvy-grass,  447 

Spindle-tree,  605 

Robin,  Ragged,  392 
Red,  573 

Scutch-grass,   119 
Sea-blite,  376 

Spiraea,  492,  493 
Spleenwort,  10 

Rockbrake,  8 

Sea-lavender,  719 

Spruce,  33 

Rock-cress,  448,  463,  465 
ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY,  630 

SEDGE  FAMILY,  158 
Sedge,  190,  1056 

SPURGE  FAMILY,  585 
Spurge,  591 

Rocket,  450 

Coast,  179 

Mountain,  599 

Dame's,  467 

See-bright,  795 

Spurry,  402,  403 

Dyer's,  409 
False,  451 

Seed-bearing  plants,  30 
Seed-box,  654 

Spurwort,  868 
Squaw-root,  850 

Purple,  451 

Self-heal,  788 

Squaw-weed,  1027,  1028 

Sea,  American,  448 

SENNA  FAMILY,  528 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY,  605 

Root,  Musquash,  679 

Senna,  529 

Stag-bush,  872 

ROSE  FAMILY,  490 

Sensitive-brier,  528 

Stagger-bush,  704 

Rose,  388,  513,  1066 

-plant,  529 

-wort,  1029 

Cotton,  972 

Serpentary,  349 

Star-flower,  718 

Holy,  703 

Service-berry,  517 

Star-grass,  243,  269,  280 

Mallow,  622,  1068,  1069 

Shad-bush,  517 

Star-of-Bethlehem,  268 

Musk,  619 

Shag-bark,  324 

Starwort,  395,  401 

Rose-mallow,  622 
Rosemary,  Marsh,  719 

Sheep-berry,  872 
Sheep-laurel,  701 

Steeple-bush,  492 
Stickseed,  769 

Wild,  703 
Rose-of-Sharon,  623 
Rose-pink,  730 

Sheep's-bit,  887 
Shepherd's-needle,  675 
Shield-fern,   14 

Stitchwort,  396 
Stonecrop,  474,  475 
STORAX  FAMILY,  723 

Roseroot,  474 

Shin-leaf,  693 

Storax,  723 

Rosewort,  474 

Shoe-strings,  545 

Stork's-bill,  575" 

Resin-weed,  981 
Rue-anemone,  420 
RUE  FAMILY,  581 

Shooting  Star,  719,  1074 
Shore-grass,  -weed,  860 
Shrub,  High-water,  909 

Stramonium,  816 
Strawberry,  500 
Barren,  506 

Rue,  Goat's,  548 

Sickle-pod,  464 

Dry,  506 

Running-pine,  25 
RUSH  FAMILY,  244 

Silk-weed,  743 
Silver-leaf,  6ll 

T               1   •           ^ 

Indian,  501 
Yellow,  501 

Rush    246,  1058 

-rod,  936 

STRAWBERRY-SHRUB     J?A» 

Chair-maker's,  177 

-weed,  502 

ILY,  435 

Horned,  184 
Rushes,  Scouring,  21 
Rush-grass,  104,  1052 

Skevish,  968 
Skull-cap,  783,  1078 
Skunk-bush,  601 

Strawberry-shrub,   435 
Succory,  Gum,  895 
Lamb,  892 

Rye,  Wild,  156,  1053 

Slipper,  Ladies',  291 

Wild,  891 

Rye-grass,  152 
Sage,  374,  794 
Indjan,  923 
Jerusalem,  789 

Sloe,  525,  872 
Small-reed,   in 
Smartweed,  362 
SMILAX  FAMILY,  275 

Sugar-berry,  339 
Sugar-pear,  517 
Sugar-tree,  607 
SUMAC  FAMILY,  599 

Wood,  782 

Smoke-tree,  602 

Sumac,  600 

Wormwood,  1019 
Sage-brush,  1021 

Smut-grass,  106 
Snake-head,  823 

SUNDEW  FAMILY,  470 
Sundew,  471 

Pasture,  1019 
Sage-bush,  1020 

Snake-mouth,  297 
Snake-root,  349,  415,  544,  672, 

Sundrops,  659,  1071 
Sunflower,  991 

Sailors,  Blue,  891 
St.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY, 

1072 
Button,  673 

Brook,  1000 
False,  984,  1010 

624 

Seneca,  584 

Red,  98cT 

St.  John's-wort,  626,  1060 
Marsh,  629 
St.  Peter's  Wort,  625 
Salad,  Corn,  879 
Salmon-berrv    40? 
Salsify,  895 
Saltwort,  377 
Black,  7iS 

White,  923 
Snap-dragon,  822 
Sneezeweed,  1010 
Sneezewort,   1013 
Snowberry,  874 
Creeping,  711 
SOAPBERRY  FAMILY,  609 
Soapberry,  610 

Swamp,  1010 
Sun-plant,  387 
Supple-Jack,  612 
Swallow-wort,  747 
Sweating-weed,  623 
Sweet-brier,  514 
Sweet-cicely,  675 
Sweet-clover,  539 

Sand-grass,  127 

Soapwort,  393 

SWEET-LEAF  FAMILY,  721 

-parsley,  678 
-reed,  114 

Sofi-grass,  irs 
Sorrel,  354 

Sweet-leaf,  722 
Sweet  William,  394 

-star,  218 
SANDALWOOD  FAMILY,  345 
Sandwort,4oo  402,403,  1064 
Sanicle,  672 

l\rt_«.             ' 

Ax  ••untain,  357 
Sor'-fl-tree,  705 
Sour-wood,  705 
Southernwood,    1019 

Wild,  757 
Syringa,  485 
Tacamahac,  309 
Tamarack,  33 

White,  923,  924 
SAPODILLA  FAMILY,  720 
Sarsaparilla,  668 
Satin-flower,  456 
Satin-pod,  456 
Savin,  37 
Savory,  798 

Sow-thistle,   897 
Spanish  Needles,   1002 
Spear-grass,     138,     139,     140, 
141.  145 
Spearmint,  805 
^pearwort,  .435 
Speedwell,  8^a 

Trngleberry,  707 
Tansy,  1016 
White,  1013 
Wild.  «;o2,  910 
Tansy  Mustard,  462 
TAPE-CRASS  FAMILY,  59 
Tape-grass,  60 

I  122 


ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  PLANT  NAMES. 


Tar-weed,  650 

Tulip-tree,  410 

Water-plantain,  54 

Tare,  566 

Tumble-weed,  81,  378 

-shield,  406 

TEA  FAMILY,  623 
Tea,  Appalachian,  872 

Tupelo,  691 
Turkey-beard,  256 

WATER-STARWORT  FAMILY. 
506 

Blue  Mountain,  938 

Turnip,  450 

Water-starwort,  596 

Labrador,  697 

Indian,  229,  1057 

-target,  406 

Tea,  Mexican,  371 
New  Jersey,  613 

Prairie,  544 
Turtle-head,  823 

-thyme,  60 
-weed,  60 

Oswego,  795 

Twayblade,  301,  303 

WATERWORT  FAMILY,  629 

Tear-thumb,  366 

Twig-rush,  186 

Waterwort,  629 

TEASEL  FAMILY,  880 
Teasel,  880 
Terrell-grass,  156 

Twin-berry,  863 
-flower,  873 
-leaf,  433 

Waxberry,  321 
Wax-myrtle,  321 
Wax-weed,  60,  650 

Thimble-berry,  496 

Twisted  Stalk,  272 

Wax-work,  606 

Thin-grass,  no 
THISTLE  FAMILY,  913 
Thistle,  377,   1031 
Blessed,  1036 
Cotton,  1034 

Umbrella-leaf,  433 
Umbrella-tree,  409 
Umbrella-wort,  382,  1063 
UNICORN-PLANT  FAMILY,  852 
Unicorn-plant,  853 

Wayfaring  Tree,  870 
Weather-glass,  718 
Weed,  Tumble,  81 
Wheat-grass,    153 
Whin,  537 

Milk,  897,  1034 
Our  Lady's,  1036 

VALERIAN  FAMILY,  878 
Valerian,  878 

WHITE-ALDER  FAMILY,  692 
White-lettuce,  907 

Scotch,  1034 

Greek,  761 

White-man's-weed,  1015 

Star,  1035 

Vanilla-grass,  93 

White-weed,  1015 

Thorn,  519 

-leaf,  927 

White-wood,  410,  617 

Evergreen,  522 
Fire,  522 

-plant,  927 
Velvef-grass,  115 

Whitlow-grass,  460 
Whitlow-wort,  404,  1064 

Thorn-apple,  816 
Thoroughwax,  677 

Venus'-comb,  675 
Venus'-looking-glass,  886 

Whorl-grass,  133 
Whortleberry,   709 

Thoroughwort,  922 

Verbena,  778,  1077 

Wild-rye,  157 

Large-flowered,  924 

Vernal-grass,  92 

Will,   Nimble,   100 

Thread-foot,  472 

VERVAIN  FAMILY,  776 

WILLOW  FAMILY,  307 

Three-square,  177 

Vervain,  777 

Willow,  312,  1061 

Thrift,  720 

Vetch,  565 

Water,   855 

Thumb,  Lady's,  361 

Joint,  558 

Willow  Herb,  649,  655 

Thyme,  802 
Basil,  799 
Thyme-leaf,  1012 

Milk,  551,  554,  555,  1048 
Vetchhng,  567 
Vine,  Alleghany,  441 

Hooded,  785 
Night,  657 
Wind-flower,  419 

Tickseed,  998 

Balloon,  610 

Windlestraw,  115 

Tickseed  Sunflower,  1002 

Bean,  571 

Winterberry,  603,  604 

Tick-trefoil,  560 

Cypress,  751 

WlNTERGREEN    FAMILY,   6p2 

Timothy,  102 

Matrimony,  816 

Wintergreen,  693 

Toad-flax,  820,  821 

Pea,  565 

Chickweed,  718 

Bastard,  345 

Potato,  752 

Creeping,  705 

Tobacco,  817 

Sand,  747 

Flowering,  585 

Indian,  889 

Wild,  614 

Spotted,  695 

Mountain,  1023 

VIOLET  FAMILY,  633 

Spring,  705 

Wild,  889 

Violet,  6^55,  1069,  1070 

Wirebent,   151 

Tobacco-root,  878 

Bog,  848 

Wire-grass,  106,  124,  141 

-weed,  920 
Tomatillo,  811 

Dame's,  467 
Green,  640 

Wistaria,  549 
Witch-grass,  81 

Tomato,  815 

Marsh,  848 

WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY,  488 

Cherry,  815 
Strawberry,  812 
Toothache-grass,  121 

Nodding,  640 
Virginia  Willow,  485 
VIRGINIA  WILLOW  FAMILY, 

Witch-hazel,  489 
Withe-rod,  872 
Woad-waxen,  537 

-tree,  581 

485 

Wolfberry,  874 

Tooth  wort,  4ss,  1064 
Top-flat,  918 

Wahoo,  338,  605 
Wake-robin,  274 

Wolf's-bane,  Trailing,  418 
Wood-lettuce,  898 

Torch-pine,  33 
Touch-me-not,  6n 

Walking-fern,  13 
Wall-flower,  Western,  465 

Woodruff,  Sweet,  868 

Wood-rush   253,1058 

Tread-softly,  589 

Wall-pepper,  474 

WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY,  575 

Tree,  Ague,  436 

WALNUT  FAMILY,  322 

Wood-sorrel,  576 

Angelica,  668 

Walnut,  323 

Wool-grass,  180,  1056 

Catawba,  852 

Wart-cress,  446 

Worm-seed,  371 

Lime,  617 

-weed,  595 

Wormwood,  1018 

Spikenard,  668 

-wort,  978 

Roman,  910 

Silver-bell,  722 

Water-caltrop,  664 

Woundwort,  793 

Snowdrop,  722 

-chestnut,  664 

YAM  FAMILY,  281 

Tree-of-heaven,  582 
Trefoil,  Bean,  736 

-cress,  452,  453,  455 
-crowfoot,  425,  429 

Yam-root,  Wild,  281 
Yard-grass,  124 

Bird's-foot,  542 

-hemp,  380 

Yarrow,  1013 

Marsh,  736 

WATER-LEAF  FAMILY,  762 

Yaupon,  603 

Shrubby,  581 

Water-leaf,  763,  1075 

Yellow-cress,  452,  453 

Tresses,  Ladies',  299,  1060 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY,  406 

YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAM- 

TRUMPET-CREEPER   FAMILY, 

Watermelon,  882 

ILY,  235 

850 

WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY,  664 

Yellow-eyed  Grass,  235,  1057 

Trumpet-creeper,  851 

Water-milfoil,  666 

Yellow  Root,  414 

Trumpet-flower,  851 

Hooded,  847 

Yellow-top,  939 

Trumpet-leaf,  470 

WATER-NUT  FAMILY,  664 

Yellow-weed,  469 

Trumpet-weed,  921 

Waternut,  Swimming,  664 

Yellow-wood,  534 

Trumpets,  470 

Water-parsnip,  681 

Yew,  37 

Tulip,  1059,                            :  7 

WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY^ 

Zinnia,  Prairie,  984 

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